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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



WEBSTER'S 

NEW MODERN ENGLISH 

DICTIONARY 

ILLUSTRATED 

Based Upon Principles Adopted by the Late 
NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D. 

And upon his Definitions, as revised and developed by John Ogilvie, LL.D. the great English 
lexicographer, and by other eminent authorities. 

CONTAINING COLORED PLATES AND MONOTONES, WITH A REFERENCE 
LIBRARY AND TREASURY OF FACTS 



REVISED AND BROUGHT UP TO ITS PRESENT STATE OF PERFECTION BY 

ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. 

Late Professor in Teachers' College; Associate Editor of Harper's Classical Dictionary, The New Inter 
national Encyclopaedia, Harper's Latin Dictionary, Etc., Etc. 

ORIGINALLY PRODUCED, AFTER THE BEST AND LATEST AUTHORITIES ON LANGUAGE, 
UNDER THE CHIEF EDITORSHIP OF 

HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D. 

(Late Anthon Professor in the Columbia University) 

with the able assistance of the following 

EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS: 

ALBERT S. COOK, LL.D., JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D., 

Professor Yale University. Professor in the University of Pennsylvania 

FREDERIC TABER COOPER, LL.B, Ph.D., <~wat>tttc v Tr»¥-"WQrY\r i>i, r> 

Late Professor in the New York University K A , JttI?^ Ml ' U ^r A n 

Editor of the Forum, etc. Professor in Trinity College, Hartford, Con- 

necticut. 

THEODORE W. KOCH, Ph.D., D.Sc, .„.*„„ . „^ T o 

Librarian of the University of Michigan and LILIAN H. du BOIS, „-..«,, 

late Bibliographer to Cornell University. pTmT^v/ 111 W^ 1 * 011 Combined School, 

ROBERT GORDON GRANT, A.M., Ph.D., Philadelphia. 

Heidelberg University. C. L. MEADER, Ph.D.,. 

j. A. JOFFE A.M. Professor in the University of Michigan. 

Imperial Gymnasium. Ekaterinoslav; Expert j. s. P. TATLOCK, Ph.D. 

to the Congressional Library. ' *Asst. Professor 'in the University of Michigan. 

ALFRED W. LAWSON, Editor of Aircraft DONALD L. CLARK, A.B., 

JULIAN CHASE. Ph.D., Editor o'i. Motor. De Pauw University. 



This Dictionary is not published by the original publishers of Webster's Dictionary or by their successors* 

but by the 

CONSOLIDATED BOOK PUBLISHERS 

(Incorporated) 

CHICAGO 

1922 



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Copyright, 1908, By Frank E. Wnght 

Copyright, 1910, By Frank E. Wright 

Copyright, 191 1, By Frank E. Wright 

'Copyright, 1912, By Frank E. Wright 

Copyright, 1^16, By Frank E. Wright 

Copyright, 1919, By Frank E. Wright 

Copyright, 1920, By Frank E. Wright 

Copyright, 1922 

By Consolidated Book Publishers 

(incorporated) 



S£P19'22 

©CU683305 



PREFACE 



In order that a dictionary should he suited to the popular demand 
for such a work, it ought to possess the three important qualities of 
Accuracy, Completeness and Convenience. 

It must be accurate, for misinformation is worse than no information 
at all. Sound knowledge is wealth, but unsound knowledge has no 
value whatsoever. 

Completeness in a condensed dictionary means that it should contain 
all the words of the English language in general use, and that are not 
confined to a dictionary of technical terms. 

Convenience should be sought by making i«t possible for the reader 
to find instantly whatever he is seeking, and to find at the same time 
the details relating to the subject, such as the spelling and pronunciation 
of plurals, the proper use of capital and small letters, the formation of 
irregular verbs, and finally, the origin of the different classes of words, 
so that he can appreciate how far-reaching are the sources of our mother 
tongue. 

These and other essential points, it is believed, have been duly 
observed in the preparation of the present work. Its choice of words 
has been made for usefulness and for general information. The vocabu- 
lary is arranged in strictly alphabetical order, making quick reference 
easy, while the size of the type is large enough to render a close and 
painful scrutiny unnecessary. 

The pronunciation of each word is plainly indicated by phonetic 
spelling, according to the best usage of the most cultivated persons. 

The definitions, though concise, are sufficiently comprehensive to 
embrace all the most subtle distinctions and modern meanings, and are 
in every respect accurate and reliable. 

The highest authorities on the different phases of the English lan- 
guage have been carefully consulted and compared; while the value of 
the book is largely enhanced by the monographs which have been written 
by eminent specialists to form a part of the Introduction. The interest 
is increased by the many new illustrations and by the varied collection 
of facts set forth in the Reference Library at the end. . 

Etymology, or the derivation of words, should also be carefully em- 
bodied in a dictionary to an extent that may reveal the marvelous and 
multifarious sources of our mother tongue, while the orthography itself 
should be slightly simplified in a condensed dictionary — but not so far 
as to obscure the origin of the words. 

Finally, Dr. Webster's aim was that the definition should always be 
simpler than the things defined. 

Bearing all of his rules in mind, it is believed that the present 
dictionary is in every way Websterian; for it has followed out the pre- 
cepts of Noah Webster without varying them at all. Furthermore, a 
large portion of his vocabulary and definitions, upon which modern 
scholarship has been unable to improve, is incorporated in this work. 

In the belief that the demand for a convenient, complete, reliable and 
modern dictionary has been met in the present volume, it is hoped that 
the work will meet at the public's hands a favorable reception. 

THE EDITORS. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Origin and History of Dictionaries 
Origin and Development of the English 

Language 
Principles of Grammar 
Orthography 
Etymology 
Syntax 
Punctuation Marks and Their 

Meanings 
Versification and Prosody Forms and 

Rules 
Key to Abbreviations 
Key to Pronunciation 
Dictionary of Radio and Wireless 

Words, Terms and Phrases 
List of the Latest Words 
Dictionary of the English Language 
Synonyms and Antonyms 
Foreign Words, Phrases, Maxims and 

Quotations 
Dictionary of Commercial and Legal 

Terms 
Glossary of Aviation Terms 
Glossary of Automobile Terms 
Christian Names of Men and Women 
Nicknames of Famous Personages 
Famous Characters in Poetry and Prose 
Familiar Allusions 
Most Common Abbreviations 
Manner of Forecasting Weather 
Declaration of Independence 
Constitution of the United States of 

America 
Legal Holidays in the Various States 
Names of the States and Their Meaning 
Nicknames of the States and the Reason 
Metric System of Weights and Measures 
Legal Interest Rate and Statute of 

Limitations 
Simple Interest Table 
Compound Interest on One Dollar 
Value of Foreign Coins in United States 

Money 
Table of Yearly Wages 
Table of Monthly Wages 
Normal Height and Weight of Adults 



Heights and Weights of Children 
Distribution of Population of the United 

States by Sex 
Leading Occupations in the United States 
Immigration into the United States 
American Passports 
Deportation of Aliens 
Merchant Marine of the United States 
Panama Canal Statistics 
Imports and Exports by Lake Ports 
Agricultural Exports 
United States Fire Losses by Years 
Postal Information 
American Hall of Fame 
Presidents of the United States 
United States Census 1920 
World War Chronology 
Surrender Dates 

American Effort in the World War 
Treaties of Peace 
Regular Armies of the World 
Navies of the .Five Great Powers 

Compared 
Facts About the Earth 
Average Depth of Oceans and Seas 
Areas of Oceans and Great Lakes 
Largest Lakes in the United States 
Great Ship Canals of the World 
Longest Rivers in the World 
Largest Islands in the World 
Languages of the World 
Races of the World 
Religions of the World 
Origin of the Red Cross Emblem 
Boy Scout Movement in the United 

States 
Heavyweight Champions 
Fastest Voyages Across the Atlantic 
Great Steamship Disasters 
Presidents of Mexico Since June 26, 1910 
Wedding Anniversaries 
Language of Flowers 
Language of Gems 
Birth Stones 
Birth Days 



AND PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED WITH 

FULL PAGE AND DOUBLE PAGE COLOR PLATES AND MONOTONES 



THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF DICTIONARIES 

BY 

John C. Rolfe, Ph.D. 

Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, President of the American 

Philological Association and of the Classical Association of 

the Atlantic States, Formerly Professor in the 

University of Michigan, etc., etc., etc. 

The word dictionary in its broadest sense includes word-books of 
every kind. To these, various names are applied with more or less con- 
sistency. An index is a list of words in alphabetical order with the place 
where they occur, but without definitions. When the words are listed 
in connection with the sentences of which they form a part, we have a 
concordance; and when definitions are added, a vocabulary. A glossary is 
a list of rare, obsolete, or dialectic words. A dictionary or lexicon gives 
the words of a language with more or less completeness, with their 
etymology, their forms, and a full list of their meanings, illustrated by 
examples. 

The word dictionarius (sc. liber) was first used by Joannes de Gor- 
landia in 1225; the more common dictionarium makes its appearance in 
the next century. Although from its derivation (from the Latin dictio) 
a dictionary strictly means a word-book, the term has been extended to 
books of information such as dictionaries of Antiquities, of Geography, 
of Dates, of the Bible, and the like. 

The growth of dictionaries has been a gradual one, and its progress 
is marked by a comparatively small number of epoch-making works, each 
of which held the field for a long period of time, either directly or indi- 
rectly. There are two types, those in which the words of one language 
are defined in terms of another, and those in which the words of a 
language are explained in the same language. 

In the seventh century before our era we find Babylonian and 
Assyrian syllabaries, made to explain the ancient idiographs by means of 
phonetic values; and the early "dictionaries" of the Chinese, which they 
assert that they have had for three thousand years, were doubtless of the 
same general character. The making of dictionaries in the true sense 
of the word began among the Greeks, and although only a very small 
part of their vast output has been preserved, such specimens as we have, 
together with the references in extant writers, enable us to trace the 
growth of the science with considerable exactness. 

The study of Homer by schoolboys first led to the making of glos- 
saries, to explain the obsolete, poetic or dialectic words. These appear 
as early as the fifth century before our era, and reference is made to them 
by Aristophanes in one of his comedies. The scope of these glossaries 
was gradually extended and their arrangement improved, until Philetas 
of Cos (c. 325 — c. 265) compiled what may be called the first lexicon to 
Homer. 

The founder of the science of lexicography, however, was Aristo- 
phanes of Byzantium, the fourth head of the great Library at Alexandria 
and the ablest philologian of antiquity. He wrote a great lexicon treat- 
ing various classes of special words, sometimes referred to as separate 
works, which served as a source for generations of lexicographers. 

IV 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF DICTIONARIES v 

The revival of learning gave a new impulse to lexicography, and old 
glossaries and vocabularies were hunted up and copied. The humanists 
of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, however, busied themselves 
more with stylistic than with purely lexical questions, and a good speci- 
men of their work is the Elegantiarum Linguae Latinae libri VI of 
Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457). 

The Dictionarium of Ambrogio Calepino (Calepinus), published at 
Reggio in Northern Italy in 1502, contained more quotations from the 
classical literature. Calepinus at first gave his definitions in Latin; but 
other languages were added in successive editions, until it finally became 
a polyglot dictionary in eleven languages. Its vogue was so great, that 
'"Calepino" became a synonym for "dictionary/' and in France calepin 
is still applied to a polyglot lexicon. 

The beginning of modern scientific lexicography was made by 
Robert Estienne (Robertus Stephanus), a member of the famous French 
family of printers and scholars. He began with a revision of Calepinus, 
but found the work sa inadequate that he published an independent 
Thesaurus Linguae Latinae in 1531. This great work in its successive 
revisions held the field for more than two centuries. 

Dictionaries of the modern languages came later than those of Latin 
and Greek; but appeals for greater attention to the mother tongue were 
made by Dante in his Be Vulgar i EJoquio and later by Cardinal Bembo; 
and to-day nearly all the languages spoken by the nations of Europe have 
their great standard dictionaries. 

In England the first lexicons were designed as helps to the study of 
Latin, such *as the Promptorium Puerorum or Medulla Grammatice of 
1499 and the Ortus Vocabulorum, or Garden of Words of 1500. The first 
dictionaries of the English language were confined to the definition of 
words whose meaning was difficult to understand, and the earliest work 
of this kind was the English Expositor of Hard Words, published by 
John Bullokar in 1616. 

The first work of a general character, in which a complete collection 
was aimed at, was the Universal Etymological English Dictionary of 
Nathan Bailey (1721). This, like nearly all the standard dictionaries 
of different periods, was revised at first by the author and after his 
death by various hands, and in its successive editions reigned supreme 
until the appearance of Johnson's great work. 

In 1747, Samuel Johnson, who had been invited by a syndicate of 
booksellers to prepare such a work, addressed his Plan of a Dictionary 
of the English Language to the Earl of Chesterfield. In this he laid 
down the principles which he proposed to follow, illustrating them by 
numerous passages from the best known English writers, which at the 
same time showed the necessity for a new dictionary. The nobleman 
appears to have paid little attention to this address or to its author; but 
Johnson nevertheless undertook the task and labored at it until his own 
patience and that of his publishers were well-nigh exhausted. Millar, 
who had charge of the printing of the book, exclaimed when he received 
the last pages of the manuscript: "Thank God! I have done with him!'' 
to which Johnson replied, when the remark came to his ears, "I am 
glad that he thanks God for anything." It is needless to say that the 
1575 pounds, for which Johnson had agreed to make the book, had for the 
most part been spent in the pay ©f six amanuenses and other incidental 
expenses, and that the author received little compensation for his labor. 

Although Johnson to some extent disarmed criticism of his defini- 
tions by the statement in his Preface "that a few wild blunders and 



vi ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF DICTIONARIES 

risible absurdities might for a time furnish folly with laughter and 
harden ignorance into contempt," some of them were none the less 
derided, such as the classic one of network: "Anything reticulated or 
decussated at equal distances with interstices between the intersections." 
In some cases he used them as a vehicle for the expression of his per- 
sonal feelings and prejudices, as in that of oats, which he defined as 
"a grain which in England is given to horses, but in Scotland supports 
the people," to which Lord Elibank retorted: "Yes; and where else will 
you find such horses and such men?" 

Johnson's Dictionary was the standard for many years, and it was 
reprinted and revised by many hands, the best edition being that of 
the Rev. H. J. Todd (London, 1818), which was itself reissued several 
times. The advances which have been made since Johnson's time, besides 
the addition of new words, have been especially in etymology, a science 
which has been revolutionized since his day, and in the accurate and 
systematic indication of pronunciation. 

The first great lexicographer of America was Noah Webster (1758- 
1843). His work in its final form was the gradual outgrowth of earlier 
essays in the same field. He published a Dictionary as early as 1806, 
and the first edition of his American Dictionary of the English Lan- 
guage appeared in 1828. The latter may justly be called an independent 
work, since it was based upon a new collection of material and was 
advertised to contain 12,000 words and 40,000 definitions not found in any 
previous work. As the title implies, this was distinctively an American 
dictionary, admitting words which had heretofore been regarded as 
provincial and using illustrative quotations from American writers, as 
well as from British literature. In the selection of the former he pur- 
posely refrained from confining himself to the best writers, rightly 
believing that "language was not an instrument so much of literature 
as of daily association," and that "the dictionary should be a book of 
reference for the plain reader and a guide to him in the correct use of 
the vernacular." 

In his earliest Dictionary, Webster had introduced an Appendix, 
and this together with the admission of a great number of scientific and 
technical terms with full and explicit definitions, such as that of tele- 
scope, gave his American Dictionary something of an encyclopaedic char- 
acter, which has been more marked with each successive issue. Although 
the Dictionary still bears the name of its founder, it has come in course 
of time to represent the work of many scholars, and its characteristic 
features have been to some extent modified or dropped. 

For many years the supremacy of Webster's Dictionary was disputed 
by the dictionaries published by Joseph Emerson Worcester (1784-1865). 
After various preliminary essays in the field of lexicography, including 
an abridgment of Webster and an edition of Johnson (in Chalmer's 
abridgment of Todd), combined with Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary, 
Worcester published a series of dictionaries of his own, which culminated 
in the great Dictionary of the English Language (1860). Worcester 
differed from Webster in treating the language subjectively rather than 
didactically, believing that it was the province of a lexicographer to 
present the language as it existed, rather than to endeavor to improve it 
according to his own theories. He differed from Webster also in many 
points of pronunciation and spelling, and while the "war of the dic- 
tionaries" which the supporters of the rival works waged for many years 
has passed into history, each dictionary still has its adherents. 



THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

By Albert Staxbtjrrotjgh Cook, Ph.D., LL.D. 

Professor in Yale University 

The English language was originally spoken on the Continent of 
Europe. Some time in the fifth century — the traditional date is 449 — 
the Angles and Saxons from Schleswig, Holstein, and the neighboring 
islands to the west and southwest, began to pass over to Britain in 
such numbers as to leave a permanent trace on the page of history. 
Attracted, no doubt, by the greater wealth of the more highly civilized 
country, they made themselves, in process of time, masters of the south- 
eastern seaboard of what we now call England, and began to drive 
the inhabitants back into the interior. Eventually they confined this 
race, the Celtic, almost wholly to Wales, Cornwall, the Scottish High- 
lands, and, across the narrow seas, to Ireland. The civilization they 
found in Britain was, on the whole, rather Roman than Celtic, since 
Rome had built fortresses and roads, established cities, and promoted 
trade. 

These Angles and Saxons (there was a tribe of Jutes also, but they 
play a much less conspicuous part, and may for our purpose be disre- 
garded) were of the Germanic race, akin to the Swedes and Norwegians, 
the Danes, the Dutch, and the Germans of our day, or, more strictly 
speaking, to the ancestors of the latter. These various Germanic tribes 
spoke what may be called dialects of the original language, which itself 
was, so to speak, a dialect of a greater unity, the Indo-European lan- 
guage, other branches of which were Greek, Latin, Celtic (represented, 
as we have seen, by modern Irish, Welsh, and Highland Scotch), and 
the Sanskrit of the Hindu Vedas. 

The earliest specimens of the various Germanic languages — Gothic, 
Old Norse, Old High German, Frisian, English, etc. — look sufficiently 
unlike one another when they are superficially compared, though deeper 
study reveals likenesses and virtual identities at first unsuspected; but 
they are alike in this respect, among others, that they are all inflected 
languages, like Greek or Latin, though the most of them are much less 
highly inflected than either of the latter. The essential difference 
between an inflected and an analytic language consists, of course, in 
the fact that the relations between words and ideas, which in the former 
are largely indicated by the endings or occasionally by the prefixes of 
words, are in the latter more frequently indicated by other words, or 
by the mere position of words in relation to one another. 

English has uncommon facilities for borrowing and assimilating 
words from other languages. With a few verbs of the old stock, like 
6e, have, come, etc., a supply of prepositions and other particles (articles, 
personal and relative pronouns, etc.), a few inflections (like -s for the 
plural of nouns and the pres. 3d sing, of verbs, -de for the past tense of 
verbs, and -d for the past participle), the language may and does appro- 
priate nouns, verbs, and adjectives from other tongues with the utmost 
freedom, and even convert one part of speech, after such borrowing, into 
another. 

vii 



viii ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

The larger part of the very extensive Modern English vocabulary — 
quite three-fourths — is made up of borrowings from other tongues, the 
greatest single contributions being from Latin and French, the French, 
in turn, being almost wholly derived from Latin. A few Latin words 
must have been already in use among the Angles and Saxons when 
they came to Britain. Such are the words from which we have street 
{via strata), wall (vallum), pound (pondus), mint (moneta), wine 
(vinum), bishop {episcopus) . These, and a few others, constitute what 
is called the Latin of the First Period. After their establishment in 
Britain, and before the Norman Conquest, a much larger number of 
words was borrowed, representing the Latin of the Second Period, such 
as our belt (balteum) , candle (candela), devil (diabolus) , line (linea), 
minister (monasterium) , soap (sapo), tile (tegula) . The Renaissance 
drew freely upon antiquity, so that a very large number of words, many 
of them terms of scholarship, were then taken from Latin. Such Latin 
words add dignity, weight, and sonority, and are often effectively intro- 
duced to contrast with the briefer English words, as in the following 
lines from Macbeth: 

No, this my hand will rather 

The multitudinous seas incarnadine, 

Making the green one red. 

After the Norman Conquest (1066), French, being spoken by the 
conquerors, soon came to be regarded as denoting the superiority of 
those who employed it. Among the first French words recorded in 
English are these: castle, countess, court, empress, justice, miracle, 
peace, prison, privilege, procession, rent, standard, tower, treason, 
treasure, war. Some of the words introduced by the Normans replaced 
the native English expressions: such words of French origin are, 
throne, crown, sceptre; mercy, grace; peace, war, army, victory. In 
other cases the native words persist by the side of the foreign ones, so 
that we have arms, battle, county, and people, as well as weapons, 
fight, shire, and folk. Since the eleventh century the influence of 
French upon English has never ceased, being potent in the time of 
Chaucer, in that of Shakespeare, in that of Dryden, and at the present 
day. 

It might be supposed that the language of the British Celts would 
have made a considerable impression upon their conquerors; but, except 
for place-names, only a very few Celtic words have come to us through 
Old English: bannock, brat, brock, down (hill), dun (the color). Ex- 
amples of later Celtic are: from Irish, bog, brogue, shillelagh, sham- 
rock; from Highland Scotch, cairn, clan, plaid, slogan; from Welsh, 
coracle, cromlech, flannel. 

Though the incursions of the Danes began in 787, and in 1016 a 
Danish king began to rule over England, the influence of the Old Norse 
upon English is much less than might be imagined. From this period 
come such Scandinavian words as fellow, knife, husband, call, take, 
wrong, law, arrow, earl, viking. A good many words were introduced 
at later periods, such as odd, ugly, fog, geyser, jib, oaf. 

The direct influence of Greek may be said to have begun with the 
Renaissance and the study of Greek literature. During the past century 
many scientific words have been drawn from this source, such as tele- 
phone, ceramics, iodine, sphygmograph, isothermal. Other words from 
Greek are: epic, lyric, church, organ, music, abyss, chaos, cone, lamp, 
thermometer, pneumonia, myriad, ambrosia, asphodel. 



ORIGIN OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE i* 

Italian influence upon English begins as early as the fourteenth 
century, but no extensive borrowing of words took place before the 
Renaissance. Of Italian origin are madonna, piano, sonata, soprano, 
vista, stiletto, lava, volcano, macaroni, doge, and many others. 

Scarcely a language can be named from which English has not 
drawn one or several words. No attempt will be made to enumerate 
more than a few. From Spanish are: duenna, grandee, Jiidalgo, armada, 
tornado, merino, negro, sherry, cigar. From Dutch: boor, frolic, brandy, 
wagon, yacht, sloop, yawl. From Hebrew: cinnamon, Sabbath, cherub, 
seraph, amen. From Arabic: alcohol, algebra, cipher, zero, zenith, ar- 
senal, admiral, assassin, tariff 1 , elixir, coffee, cotton. From Persian: 
caravan, bazaar, divan, dervish, ghoul, shah, jasmine. From Sanskrit: 
brahmin, pundit, jungle. From Japanese: bushido, jinrikisha, sake, 
geisha, Mikado. From Chinese: tea, typhoon. From various American 
aboriginal languages: canoe, hammock, potato, tomato, tobacco, cocoa, 
squaw, wigwam, tomahawk. 

In the case of the more cultivated languages, their influence is often 
inappreciable in terms of borrowed words as compared with that which 
they have exerted upon thought, sentiment, and the music or vigor of 
the phrase. Thus the Italian of Tasso is at work in the following lines 
from Spenser's Faerie Queene, though not a single Italian word is to be 
found in the passage: 

The silver sounding instruments did meet 
With the base murmure of the waters fall; 
The waters fall with difference discreet 
Now soft, now loud, unto the winds did call; 
The gentle warbling wind low answered to all. 

The periods of the history of the language are sufficiently recogniz- 
able, but can only be approximately dated. The following table repre- 
sents such an approximation: 

Early Old English (English of Alfred) Before 900 

Late Old English (English of iElfric) 900-1100 

Transition Old English 1100-1150 

Early Middle English 1150-1250 

Late Middle English (English of Chaucer) 1250-1400 

Transition Middle English 1400-1485 

Early Modern English 1485-1650 

Late Modern English 1650- 

There has been no room to trace even in the barest outline the 
changes of pronunciation and of spelling from Old English to the 
present. We have rather been concerned to trace the process by which 
English has become to a certain extent a grammarless tongue, while 
retaining the power to wield vast numbers of words derived from every 
possible source, while continually increasing its sway over the nations 
of the earth, and while serving equally for science and history, for the 
plain speech of everyday people and the loftiest flights of oratory, for 
the organ-music of Milton and the most delicate lyrics of Tennyson or 
Shelley. 



PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR 

GRAMMAR, (from the Greek ypd/jLjxa "a letter of the alphabet") is 
the art of speaking, reading, and writing correctly. It is comprised in 
four main divisions: 

1. Orthography, which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, 
and spelling. 

2. Etymology? which explains and describes the sources from which 
the words of our language come, together with their classes and 
modifications. 

3. Syntax, which treats of the relation, agreement, government, 
and arrangement, of words in sentences. 

4. Prosody, which treats of the laws of poetry, of poetic prose, and 
in general of Versification. The study of punctuation, manner of 
utterance, and poetical figures, is closely allied with Prosody. 



I. ORTHOGRAPHY 

Orthography (from the Greek 6p6oypa<t>ia y "correct writing") is the 
art of accurate and approved spelling (Anglo-Saxon, spel), and is of 
essential importance in the study of the English language. It cannot be 
acquired wholly by means of rules, since the requisite number of rules 
would be an impossible burden; nor is it a more practicable method 
to learn the spelling of a few score words by rote. A few general 
principles, however, easily remembered, and based upon custom and 
tradition, will prevent any person from writing in a way that calls 
attention to his carelessness in spelling. These are given below and, if 
carfully studied, will be found more useful than a long treatise on the 
subject. 

The following words ought to begin with capital letters: 

The first word of every sentence. 

The first word of every line of poetry. 

All names, including pronouns, applied to God. 

Proper nouns. 

Adjectives derived from proper nouns. 

The names of the days of the week. 

The names of holidays. 

The names of the months. 

The pronoun "I". 

Any leading name which the author wishes to make emphatic. 

When a word ending in silent e is increased or augmented by a 
suffix beginning with a vowel, the e is omitted; as, give, giving; sense, 
sensible; fame, famous; cure, curable. The e is changed into i before 
fy and ty; as, pure, purity, purify ; active, activity. When the silent e 
is preceded by v, c, or g soft, it is usually retained before able and ous; 
as peace, peaceable; courage, courageous. The present tendency how- 
ever is to drop the e in words where it is preceded by v, as move, mov- 
able; love, lovable. The e is also retained before fuh less, ly, ment, ness, 



PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR xi 

some, ty: as, peaceful, nameless, wisely, excitement, whiteness, whole- 
some, surety. 

It is an established rule in the English language that words which 
end with the vowel e, and lengthen the sound of a preceding vowel (as 
in file, write, endure), should drop the e on receiving a termination and 
becoming a derivative, if that termination begin with a vowel (as er, 
ed, ing, ance). Thus file — filer, not fileer, filing; endure, enduring, 
endurance, not endureance. But in cases where the e affects the sound 
of a preceding consonant it forms an exception; as in a word with a 
soft g, or where, in juxtaposition with another e, it forms one long 
vowel; thus, singe, singeing; see, seeing. 

Monosyllabic words ending in a single consonant, not preceded by a 
long vowel, and words of more than one syllable ending in a single 
accented consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double 
the final consonant in all the derivatives which are formed by a termina- 
tion beginning with a vowel; as fit, fitted, fitteth, fitting; bar, barred, 
bar?~eth; abet, abetted; compel, compelZed. Without this doubling of the 
final consonant, the vowel in the accented syllable of the primitive word 
(that is the e in abet) would be pronounced wrongly in the derivative 
(abetted, etc.), namely, with its long sound — fited, bared, abeted. Hence 
the reason why verbs having the long sound of a vowel do not double 
the last consonant; as feared, defiled, bloated. 

Words ending in a single consonant, but not having the accent on 
the last syllable do not double the final consonant in derivatives; as 
limit, limited; civil, civiZity; enter, entered. 

A word ending in II usually drops one I on becoming part of a com- 
pound word, as all, always; fill, fulfil; full, fruitful; till, until. But 
there are some exceptions to this rule; as recall, refill, uphill; which, 
retain the orthography of their monosyllabic roots. 

Words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change the y into i on 
receiving an augment; as holy, holier; happy, happiness; pity, pitied. 
Exceptions — before ing, ish, and 5, the y is retained; as flying, babyish, 
for pity's sake; also in dryness, slyly, shyness. 

When the y is preceded by a vowel, it is retained; as boy, boyish; 
day, days; joy, joyful. Exceptions — gaiety, said, paid, laid. 



II. ETYMOLOGY 

By 

Clabexce L. Meadee, Ph.D. 

Professor in the University of Michigan 

Etymology in its broadest sense is a science which aims to give 
account of a nation's vocabulary, by discovering and describing the 
elements of words, by determining their changes in sound and meaning, 
and by tracing out the sources of borrowed words. 

All living languages are in a state of continual flux. An American 
of to-day pronounces far differently from an Englishman of Chaucer's 
or King Alfred's time. Not only the sounds, but also the meanings of 
words vary, perhaps over even wider ranges. New meanings arise 
and old ones are forgotten. Thus Old English swlig, which formerly 
meant "fortunate, happy," but it has become modern silly. In two other 



xii PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

ways the language is continually altered and enriched: (1) by the 
rise of secondary derivatives, e. g., Byronlsm, motor-cycle, and (2) by 
borrowing from foreign languages, e. g., chauffeur, from contemporary 
French. These borrowings and changes have the effect through their 
gradual accumulation of entirely transforming a language. 

To illustrate, the revised version of John 8, 21 reads: "He said 
therefore again unto them, I go away, and ye shall seek me, and shall 
die in your sin; whither I go, ye cannot come." 

Wyclif's translation, made in the fourteenth century, runs: "Therfore 
efte Ihesus seyde to hem, Lo! I go, and yee schulen seeke me, and yee 
schulen die in youre synne; whidir I go, yee mowne not come." The 
close resemblance of this passage to modern English is largely ortho- 
graphic. The sounds differ widely. English spelling has changed but 
little in four centuries. If one could hear Wyclif read the passage 
aloud, the differences would be very striking. 

The Old English (West Saxon) translation, made about the year 
1000, is as unintelligible to most moderns as its Latin original would be: 
"Witodlice eft se Hselend cwaeg to him: Ic fare, and ge me secag, and 
ge sweltag on eowre synne: ne mage ge cuman yder ic fare." English 
texts exist three centuries older than this last. In the language of that 
more remote period the above verse would seem still stranger. 

The radical changes in English sounds are illustrated by the fol- 
lowing words: Old English (eighth to eleventh centuries) hat (pro- 
nounced bat)=Mod. E. boat; O. E. hdl (hal)=Mod. E. whole; O. E. ges 
(gas)=Mod. E. geese; O. E. gos (gos)=Mod. E. goose; O. E. deman 
(daman)=Mod. E. deem; O. E. hwil (hwel)=Mod. E. while; O. E. 
mona (mona)=Mod. E. moon; O. E. nu (noo)=Mod. E. now; O. E. ful 
(fool)=Mod. E. foul; O. E. hcelan (halan)=Mod. E. heal. The hypo- 
thetical primitive Germanic forms of these words, representing a much 
earlier stage, are as follows: baitoz, hailoz, gansiz, gans, domyan, hwila 
(pron. xuila), menon-, nu, fuloz, hailyan. 

The ultimate sources of these changes are the variations of sound 
and meaning in the speech of the individual. In each individual much 
variation of pronunciation is occasioned in one and the same word 
from hour to hour and from day to day by the state of his emotions, 
by the stress, pitch, rapidity, and loudness of utterance, by chance 
physiological and anatomical conditions, and by other numerous and 
fluctuating factors. However, the desire to make one's self understood, 
the instinct of imitation, the fear of ridicule, the training of the muscu- 
lar movements of the organs of speech, along with other conditions, pre- 
vent the sudden rise of excessive changes of either form or meaning. 
Thus is preserved a close general resemblance in the speech of all the 
members of the same linguistic community. This constitutes a dialect. 
The boundaries of such communities (some very large, others very 
small) are primarily determined not by physico-geographical conditions, 
although these often play a large part, but by social interests — political, 
economic, commercial, religious, etc. In America in the nineteenth cen- 
tury with its railways, telephones and other means of rapid communica- 
tion, its books and newspapers, and its schools in which a standard 
language is taught, dialect areas are large and their boundaries vague. 
Residents of Boston, New York, Chicago, New Orleans and San Fran- 
cisco notice comparatively few striking differences in each other's 
speech. But in England in earlier days, as also to a large extent at 
the present time, dialects covered relatively small areas and were very 
pronounced. Under favorable conditions the lines of demarcation be- 



PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR xiii 

tween adjacent dialects become so sharp and the changes in each pro- 
ceed so far, that the speech of one community becomes unintelligible 
to the others. In this way new languages, the French, Spanish, Portu- 
guese, and Italian, for example, arose from Latin dialects, and thus 
English developed from the Old Germanic. 

III. SYNTAX 

By John S. P. Tatlock, Ph.D. 

Professor in the University of Michigan. 

All living languages change. Among races without the steadying 
influence of civilization and literature they change rapidly; so rapidly 
in Polynesia, it is said, that a traveler returning to an island after 
an absence of years has scarcely been able to recognize the language. 
Only the lack in the eighteenth century of the scientific and historical 
habit of mind accounts for the extraordinary proposal of Dean Swift, 
that ''Some method should be thought on for ascertaining and fixing our 
language forever, after such alterations in it as shall be thought requi- 
site." "While the most changeful elements in language are pronunciation 
and vocabulary, Syntax, too, submits to the universal law. 

By observing the development of the language during some thirteen 
hundred years, we can see the direction of the change. In general it 
has been toward the simple, the reasonable and the useful. On the 
whole, rules have become fewer, less arbitrary, but more invariable. 
Useless distinctions have been discarded, constructions alike in func- 
tion have become alike in form, means have become better adapted to 
ends. 

The causes of change in syntax have been partly external and partly 
more purely psychological. Among the former were the influence of the 
Norse tongue in the Anglo-Saxon period, of French beginning in the 
thirteenth century and of Latin in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- 
turies, as well as earlier. To-day we can detect the incipient influence 
(not always salutary) of such conditons as the immense development 
of business, newspaper headlines, advertising and telegraphing; all of 
which make for the brief and significant, if often also for the barbarous 
and violent. More important have been causes within the language 
itself. Among the principal ones (besides phonetic causes) have been 
analogy and logic; analogy, which is often due to mental confusion, espe- 
cially influencing the unintelligent, and logic the somewhat more intelli- 
gent. These forces have been at work as far back as we can see, and 
they are at work to-day. Analogy has sometimes produced curious and 
seemingly illogical constructions. There is nothing illogical, it is true, 
in "You were sent for" as a passive form for "I sent for you," because 
send for may be regarded as a loosely compound verb. But doubtless 
this analogy is a main source of such an oddity as "I am promised some- 
thing," based on "You promised me something." And, finally, analogy 
is responsible for many new constructions which are felt as more or 
less objectionable. The example of such a sentence as "Studying gram- 
mar, I notice my own mistakes in language" has produced what has 
been called "the derelict participle," as in "Studying grammar, my own 
mistakes come to mind." It is because a pronoun in the predicate is 
usually in the objective case that we often hear "It is me," "It is him"; 
a construction which can hardly yet be called orthodox, though some 



XiV PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

grammarians defend the former case. The example of sentences like 
"Who is it?" has produced so many like "Who did you speak to?" that 
whom seems ready quite to disappear from the spoken language. Confu- 
sion of analogies, especially by Americans and Scotch, has so deranged 
the future and conditional forms of verbs that when order emerges it 
will probably be a new order. Forms to express futurity justified by 
the best usage, such as I shall, I should, shall you, have largely given 
place in America to such forms as in "I will be sure to go," "I would like 
to go," "Will you want to go?" Confusion between the preterit subjunc- 
tive (which properly has no temporal force) and the preterit indicative 
has produced such constructions as "If English was [for were] Latin we 
should [or more likely would] find grammar more difficult." The gen- 
eral resemblance in meaning between unique and unusual, and between 
black and dark, has produced such incongruities as more unique and 
blackest. 

In these cases other forms in some way associated with those in 
mind have produced a change which is at variance both with the laws 
of the language and with reason. With other past and present changes, 
reason and logic have been the innovator, sometimes judiciously, some- 
times not. The best of the two, formerly allowable, is now frowned on. 
Logic and custom are often at odds in regard to nouns singular in 
sense but plural in form. We now say a means to an end (formerly a 
mean), but hesitate between the United States (or the committee) iz 
and are, disapprove of mathematics or measles are, and are disgusted 
with a woods and a little ways. We sometimes hear debate as to whether 
we should not say "She looks prettily" instead of "pretty," because the 
verb is thought to require an adverb (the truth being that when the 
verb is nearly equivalent to the verb to be, it may take a predicate 
adjective). Logic not according to knowledge is responsible for the 
formula "House to be let," for "to let"; to let is not an active infinitive 
but an old gerund, a verbal-noun phrase meaning for letting, just as 
good to eat means good for eating. A similar case is that of such alter- 
native constructions as "The house is building" (formerly a-building, in 
process of building), or ".... is being built," because is building is 
confused with the continuous present tense active and seems illogical. 
Yet it is a pity that the older construction should die out, for who 
would deny the superiority of "The house has been building a year" to 

" has been being built a year"? It is false logic, perhaps, applied 

to a matter rhetorical rather than strictly syntactical, which condemns 
such a sentence as "A preposition is a bad thing to end a sentence 
with," and prefers the more clumsy " with which to end a sen- 
tence." But the first form is not as self-convicting as it appears, for 
with here is not a preposition but an adverb (as many prepositions were 
originally). It is not, properly speaking, a short-hand form for the 
second sentence, for to end with is one of the loosely compound verbs 
already mentioned, and the modifier may as properly come to the end 
of the sentence as may a German separable prefix. 

The basis of conservatism in syntax as elsewhere is to be found in 
the rules of grammar and in the trend of good usage, which means 
the practice of the best writers and speakers. Here is the living 
solidity which keeps linguistic filibustering from carrying all before 
it. Here, if anywhere, is to be found the answer when a particular 
form is questioned. If the decree of grammar and usage in regard 
to syntax is clear, no arguments from analogy or reason avail, for living 
speech is not a matter of ideal but of reality. 



PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR XV^ 

IV. PUNCTUATION 

Punctuation is the art of pointing written composition in such a 
manner as may naturally lead to its proper meaning, construction, and 
delivery; and it thus indicates the several pauses, or rests, between sen- 
tences, and parts of sentences, according to their proper quantity or pro- 
portion, as they are expressed in just and accurate pronunciation. 

The following are the principal stops or pauses in a sentence, viz., 
the comma (,), the semicolon (;), the colon (:), the period, or full point 
(.), the note of admiration or exclamation (!), and the note of interro- 
gation (?). 

The comma (,) is a pause in reading, or slight break in sense, and is 
mostly used to distinguish nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; as, "It 
is very difficult to make fine pictures, handsome statues, good music, 
good verses." It likewise prevents ambiguity in the sense: as, "Episto- 
lary writing, by which a great part of the commerce of human life is 
carried on, was esteemed by the Romans ,a liberal and polite accomplish- 
ment." When an address is made to a person, answering to the vocative 
case in Latin, a comma is placed before and after the noun: as, "Com- 
mune with thyself, O man, and consider wherefore thou wast made." 

The semicolon ( ; ) is a pause somewhat longer than the comma, and 
is used to distinguish the different members or parts of a sentence; as, 
"A vain hope flattereth the heart of a fool; but he who is wise pursueth 
it not. Be grateful to thy father, for he gave thee life; and to thy 
mother, for she sustained thee." 

The colon ( : ) is a pause in reading of still greater length, and 
shows the preceding sentence to be perfect and entire, only that some 
remark, further illustration, or other matter connected therewith, is 
subjoined: as, "He who giveth away his treasure wisely, giveth away his 
plagues: he who retaineth its increase, heapeth up sorrow." 

The period, or full point (.), indicates a complete or temporary rest 
of the voice, and denotes a full and perfect sentence, which is always dis- 
tinguished by this point: as, "A noble spirit disdaineth the malice of for- 
tune. His greatness of soul is not to be cast down." 

The note of admiration (!) is used to express wonder, or exclama- 
tion: as, "Who art thou, O man! who presumest on thine own wisdom?" 

The note of interrogation (?) is used to show when a question is 
asked: as, "What day of the month is this?" It likewise distinguishes a 
real question from a sentence in the imperative mood: as, "Do you 
hear me?" 

•Besides the above points, there are other marks made use of in books 
and writing as references, or to point out something remarkable or 
defective: as, 

Accent (') placed over a vowel, or the last consonant of a syllable, 
shows the stress of the voice, in pronouncing a word, to be on that 
syllable over or immediately before which it is placed. 

Apostrophe (') is a comma placed over a word, to denote the omis- 
sion of a letter, for the sake of a quicker pronunciation: as, plac'd for 
placed, ne'er for never. 

Asterism, or asterisk (*) a star, and Parallel (||), direct to some 
note at the foot of the page. 

Obelisk or Dagger (f), refers likewise to some note in the margin, 
&c; and in dictionaries it commonly shows the word to be obsolete. 

The Index, or Hand (jfl^ 3 ), points to some very remarkable pas- 
sage. 



xvi PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Breve ( v ) over a vowel, denotes that it sounds short. 

Circumflex ("), or (") is placed over a vowel to denote a long syl- 
lable: as, Euphrates, or Euphrates. 

Diaeresis ('"'), consists of two points placed over one of two conjoin- 
ing vowels, thus dividing them into two syllables: as, aerial. 

Hyphen (-), is a short line to join syllables or words together. 

Makron (marked ") over a vowel shows this vowel to be long. 

Parenthesis, marked thus ( ) , serves to include a sentence which 
might be omitted, without any prejudice to the general meaning; not- 
withstanding it may be necessary for the explanation thereof: as, "Par- 
don me (added she, embracing me), I now believe what you say." 

Dash ( — ), is used when the sense breaks off abruptly, or is tem- 
porarily suspended and continued after a short interruption. A double 
dash, at beginning and end of an introduced phrase, is now frequently 
employed in place of the parenthesis. 

Bracket, or Crotchet, thus [ ] includes such a word from the sen- 
tence as serves to explain the word immediately preceding: as, "A 
treatise of [concerning] English Grammar." 

Paragraph (U), denotes the beginning of a new subject. The 

pause here may be greater than a period. 

Section (§), is used to divide a chapter into less particular argu- 
ments. 

Ellipsis, marked thus ( ), or (....), denotes that part of a word 

is left out; as, K g, for King. 

Caret (A)> is placed underneath a line to show that some letter, 
word or sentence is left out by mistake, and must be inserted exactly in 
that place. 

Quotation ("), is a double comma reversed at the beginning of a 
line, which shows that a passage is quoted, or transcribed, from some 
author in his own words. 



V. VERSIFICATION AND PROSODYj 

By Charles F. Johnson, A.M., Ph.D. 

Professor in Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. 

A collection of words constituting a verse or line of poetry is easily 
recognizable from its structure. For example, the words, 

"A sensitive plant in a garden grew," 
would be declared verse at once by the reader because they mark time. 
In reading it we naturally make four beats, instinctive movements of the 
hand or head. On looking further we see that all the lines of the poem 
have the same peculiarity and we conclude that this is the general 
law of the verses of that poem, though sometimes the beats are not so 
marked as in the opening line. The beats coincide with the syllables 
"sen," "plant," "gard" and "grew," which we recognize at once as the 
accented syllables. But if we write: 

"A sensitive plant grew in a garden" 

we see at once here is not a poetical line though we might surmise 
as before that the "sensitive plant" meant a human soul, and "the gar- 
den" human society, or the world. The symbolical or suggested mean- 
ing is not. affected, but the structure is destroyed. The four accents 



PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR xvii 

remain, but two of them, those on "plant" and "grow," are close to- 
gether. We therefore conclude that a verse of poetry consists of ac- 
cented syllables separated by one or more unaccented ones, or by pauses. 
An examination of other poems at once confirms this view. 

The Accent and the Foot 

The Latin and Greek critics, in whose languages much fine poetry 
was written, considered that the syllables were long and short; they 
regarded duration rather than force as marking them. They recog- 
nized that the short syllables were associated with the long syllables 
just as we recognize accented syllables as agglutinated to unaccented 
ones to form feet. To these feet they gave names, as trochee — a long and 
short syllable, iambus — a short and long, spondee — two long syllables, 
dactyl — a long followed by two shorts, anapest — two shorts followed by a 
long, and a few other combinations. They also considered that the 
time occupied in enunciating a short syllable was half that required 
by a long one. These names are retained in English prosody for con- 
venience; an iambus is an unaccented syllable followed by an accented 
one, and so forth. The term "foot" is retained for the agglutinated 
syllables constructing a metrical unit. The old marks ( - w ) for long 
and short are also used in English prosody, though they mean accented 
and unaccented. English from its earliest history is preeminently an 
accented language, and accent as applied to it means stress or force, 
not pitch, as it meant when used by the Greeks. 

The Line 

The feet can be combined in many ways to make lines of poetry. 
The most common is the five-accent iambic line, of which the best 
exemplar is Pope. Lines are individualized in the pages of a book by 
special printing, in reading, by a short pause at the end, which is 
frequently marked by a rhyme. The shortest line may be taken as one 
of two accents, though single words may be printed as a refrain. 

Rhyme 

Since the day of Chaucer, rhyme, coming into England from France 
and Italy, has generally marked the ends of lines. A true rhyme im- 
poses identity of the vowel sound of the last accented syllables and its 
consonant and identity of the following unaccented syllable, if there 
be any, and dissimilarity of the consonants preceding the accented 
syllable. "Flowers" and "Hours" are a rhyming pair, and so are 
"Sorrow" and "To-morrow." As our vowel sounds grade so finely 
similarity is allowed, but identity is the rule. The rule is so far relaxed 
as to allow an unaccented terminal to take the rhyme as "Eternity" and 
"Me." As the function of the rhyme is to make a pleasing echo to indi- 
vidualize the line, and to add to the artistic complexity of the structure, 
there is no reason for insisting on the letter of the law, nor have poets 
ever done so. 

The Stanza 

The stanza is a group of lines as the line is a group of feet, and 
may be called the metrical paragraph. As the accent beat, the number 
of feet in the lines, the number of lines in the stanza, and the position 
of the rhymes may all vary, the possible combinations are infinite, from 
the couplet to the fourteen-line sonnet. 



A LIST OF 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE VOCABULARY OF THIS DICTIONARY. 



adj. = adjective. 

adv. = adverb. 

comp. = comparative. 

conj . = conjunction . 

def . art. =defmite article. 

indef. art. = indefinite article. 

inter j . = interjection. 

n. =noun. 



= is the sign of equality. 



pi. = plural. 

p.p. = perfect participle, 
p.pr. = present participle, 
prep. = preposition, 
p.t- =past tense, 
superl. = superlative, 
v. i. =verb, intransitive, 
v. t.=verb, transitive. 



Key To Pronunciation 



a as in fade, aid, eight, fare, where, 

a " arm, father, calm, half, laugh, 

a "at, had, ran, shall, parrot, 

aw " awl y fall, walk, war, aught, fought. 

e " mete, we, see, near, marine, tier. 

e " her, author, bird, word, murmur. 

e " met, men, merry, kitchen, bury. 

I " mite, mine, height, my. 

i " fit, pin, division, busy, abuss. 

o " home, load, snow, tableau. 

6 " form, cord, orb, abhor, cross. 

o " not, torrid, ontology, what. 

65 " moon, move, tomb, rule, 

oo " hooky woman, wolf, full, push. 

u " mute, union, new, heum, yours. 

u " hut, drum, dull, current, 

oi " oil, ]oy, oyster. 

ou " house, how, owl. 

ch " churchy much, match. 

g good, give, dig, dagger. 

kh pibroch (Scotch guttural sound) , 

ng ring, tongue, function, bank. 

th thine, those, breathe. 

th ki thin, worth, sympathy. 

eh " azure, fusion, provision, 
xviii 



Dictionary of Radio and Wireless 
Words, Terms and Phrases 

The Radio and Wireless have become such important 
factors and their use so general that special care 
has been exercised with this original compilation. 



DICTIONARY OF RADIO AND 
WIRELESS WORDS, TERMS AND PHRASES 



EXTREME CARE HAS BEEN EXERCISED WITH THIS ORIGINAL 

COMPILATION SO IT MAY BE OF THE GREATEST 

POSSIBLE USE TO BOTH TECHNICAL STUDENTS 

AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC 



abscissa, the horizontal measure of a 
curve plotted on square paper. See 
ordinate, co-ordinate and locus. 

acceleration, rate of change of ve- 
locity. 

accumulator, a storage battery. 

acetylene, inflammable gas (C2H2). 
Formed by action of water on cal- 
cium carbide (CAC2). 

aclinic lines, lines representing the 
magnetic equator. 

acoustics, the science of sound. 

actinic rays, the rays at the violet 
end of the spectrum. 

actinometer, a photometer; a meter 
for measuring the sun's rays. 

active spark, one produced solely 
from energy contained in the con- 
denser. 

actual horse power, the exact useful 
power given out by a machine; 
found by subtracting the power 
used by the machine itself from 
the indicated horsepower. 

adamant, a substance of extreme 
hardness such as the diamond. 

adjustable condenser, a condenser, 
any part of which may be cut in 
or out of the circuit; thus varying 
its capacity 

admittance, the mho A. circuit of 
impedance; 11 ohm has an admit- 
tance of 1 mho. 

aerial, a system of wires insulated 
from and suspended at advanta- 
geous height above ground, gen- 
nerally being connected through 
suitable apparatus to earth. Used 
to radiate energy in form of ether 
waves from oscillations flowing 
along it, and to receive energy in 
form of oscillations from ether 
waves crossing it. When used for 



reception the correct name is an- 
tenna, both terms are used for 
either receiving or radiating. 

aerial circuit, consists of aerial and 
earth, including all coils and con- 
densers which may be between 
these and forming a direct path to 
earth and aerial. 

aerial tuning condenser, variable con- 
denser in aerial circuit. Used to 
vary oscillation constant. 

aerial wire, wire forming the aerial. 

aerometer, a meter for measuring the 
tension of the air. 

agonic lines, lines passing through 
certain parts of the earth where 
magnetic and geographic meridians 
coincide. There is no declination 
on these lines, of which there are 
two. 

alexanderson alternator, a type of 
high-frequency alternator which 
produces continuous oscillations. 

align, to place or form in line. 

alkali, series of compounds called 
bases, including soda, potash and 
ammonia, which neutralize strong 
acids. 

alloy, a compound of two or more 
metals. 

alternator, Dynamo arranged to pro- 
duce alternating currents by em- 
ploying collecting slip rings in- 
stead of a commutator. See high- 
frequency alternator. 

alternating current, one having its 
direction of flow constantly 
changed and incidentally its mag- 
nitude. That is, one which peri- 
odically changes its direction of 
flow. 

aluminum, Al. white, light, sonorous, 
ductile, malleable metallic element. 



KADIO TEEMS 



Specific gravity, 2.6; melting 
point, 1,157 degrees Fahrenheit. 

amalgam, alloy formed with mercury. 

ambroin, trade name of an insulator 
made from fossil copal mixed with 
certain silicates. 

ammeter, instrument for measuring 
current in amperes in a circuit. 
Is connected in series with circuit. 
Exists in a variety of form, the 
most common of which depends 
upon fact that the force a magnet 
exerts depends upon the number 
of ampere turns. Therefore the 
greater the number of amperes 
sent through its coils the greater 
will be its attraction of a balanced 
armature. See also hot-wire am- 
meter and moving-coil ammeter. 

amorphous, uncrystallized, that is, 
having no definite form. 

ampere, unit of current is that cur- 
rent which when passed through 
a certain solution of silver nitrate 
in water deposits .001,118 gram of 
silver per second. Flow of one 
coulomb per second. One ampere 
flow through one ohm when an E. 
M.F. of one volt is applied. 

ampere hour, commercial unit of 
quantity. Is that quantity which 
flows in one hour through circuit 
carrying a current of one ampere. 
Is equal to 3,600 coulombs. 

ampere turns, expressed by the pro- 
duct of number of turns of, and 
the number of amps, flowing 
through the coils of an electric- 
magnet. Thus, one ampere turn 
would be one amp. flowing through 
one turn. 

amplifier, device used to increase 
the volume of intensity of a re- 
ceived impulse or signal. See mag- 
netic amplifier, microphonic ampli- 
fier, vacuum tube amplifier. 

amplitude, the greatest vertical dis- 
tance attained above or below zero 
during a cycle bv a wave or oscil- 
lation curve. Of an A. C. it is the 
maximum voltage or current. 

analogy, a likeness in certain respects 
between things which are other- 
wise entirely different. Explana- 
tion of radio between things which 



are otherwise hydraulic analogies. 

anchor bolts, bolts used to fasten 
machines to their foundation. 

anchor gap, small spark gap in aerial 
circuit used to automatically dis- 
connect detector when transmitter 
is being used. The powerful trans- 
mission spark jumps the gap in- 
stead of passing through the in- 
struments. 

anemometer, a meter for measuring 
the direction and velocity of the 
wind. 

aneroid barometer, an instrument for 
measuring atmospheric pressure. 

angle of declination, the angle which 
a compass needle makes from the 
geographic north pole. 

angle of dip, the angle at which a 
magnetized needle dips when free 
to swing in a vertical plane. At 
the true magnetic north pole of 
the earth the needle will be point- 
ing straight down. Is also called 
angle of inclination. 

angle of inclination, see angle of dip. 

angular velocity, the speed of a re- 
volving or turning body. 

anhydrous, without water. 

annealed, softened by a process of 
heating and cooling. 

annular, having the form of a ring; 
ring shaped. 

anode, positive terminal of a con- 
ducting current. 

anode of a cell, the negative pole 
of that cell. 

antenna, aerial when used for receiv- 
ing. Actually a " feeler". See 
aerial. 

anti-friction metal, a tin, lead alloy 
like Babbitt Metal. 

anti-induction conductor, a conduc- 
tor so made that it avoids induc- 
tion effects. 

anti-logarithm, tables for converting 
mantissae to logs. 

antimony, stibium, sb. Metallic elm. 
S. G. 6.71; Mlt. pt. 860 deg. F. 

antiodes, points of greatest ampli- 
tude in a train of waves or oscil- 
lations. Also called loops and 
loops of potential. 

antispark discs, ebonite discs fixed 



EADIO TEEMS 



at intervals along brad field tube 
to assist in preventing sparks in 
wet weather. 

aperiodic, untuned. 

aperture, an opening of any de- 
scription in a partition. 

apparatus, a group of instruments 
necessary for the carrying out of 
any experiment or for the carrying 
on of any process. 

apparent solar day, time between 
zenith of sun on one day and zenith 
of sun on following day. 

arc, when two carbon rods in contact 
and having an electric current 
passing through them are separat- 
ed conducting arc of carbon vapor 
is formed between them, producing 
an intense white light. See arc 
generator. 

arc generator, a system involving 
the use of the arc for the produc- 
tion of continuous or undamped 
oscillations. 

arc lamp, a mechanism for automat- 
ically "striking" an arc, i.e., 
bringing the two carbons together 
and then automatically separating 
them to the correct distance. 
Mechanism also provided to 
"feed" the carbons as they are 
burnt away. The negative carbon 
is pointed, while the positive has 
a hollow crater tip. In England 
arc lamps are usually connected 
in parallel series, but in America 
the series connection is used. 

arc of a circle, any given portion of 
its circumference. 

arc rectifier, an apparatus used to 
change Alternating Current to 
Direct Current. 

arc spark, one in which there is a 
light arcing, due to some current 
from the transformer leaking 
across gap which is too small. 
Gives very poor production of ac- 
tive sparks. 

aerometer, an instrument for finding 
the specific gravity of a fluid. 

armature, a collection of pieces of 
iron designed to be acted on by 
magnet; a part of a generator. 

armature bore, the space within 
which the armature revolves. 



armature coils, the wires wound on 
the core of the armature. 

armor, the protective steel or iron 
wire in which are the currents 
given out by the machine. In case 
of motor the coils to which the 
driving current is applied, wound 
round an insulated cable. 

armor cable, wire enclosed in a 
metal protective covering. 

artificial magnet, one produced by 
magnetizing a previously unmag- 
netized piece of iron or steel. 

asbestos, an incombustible mineral 
having a fibrous texture. A poor 
conductor of heat, or a good insula- 
tor for heat. 

asbestos covered wire, a cable of 
very fine strands of copper wire 
all twisted together and covered 
with an asbestos covering. 

astatic galvanometer, one having an 
astatic pair of swinging needles. 

astatic pair, two magnetic needles 
of equal length and strength fixed 
parallel with unlike poles adjacent 
and with magnetic axes in same 
vertical plane. 

asynchronous, a motor which does 
not run in synchronism with the 
driving alternating current. 

atmosphere, a complex mixture 
of gases principally oxygen and 
nitrogen in a proportion of 21 to 
78, surrounding the earth with a 
thickness or depth of about 100 
miles, beyond which is presumed 
to be a nearly perfect vacuum. 
Pressure at earth 's surface is about 
14.75 pounds per square inch. 
Density about .08 pound per cubic 
foot. Commonly referred to as air. 
Unit of pressure is atmosphere 
which is equal to a column of 
mercury thirty inches high at 
degree C. 

atom, the smallest portion of an ele- 
ment that can take part in the 
chemical action. 

atomic weight, A. W., weight of an 
atom of an element compared to 
one of hydrogen, which is general- 
ly taken as unity. 

attenuate, to make thin to lesson 
the force of. 



EADIO TEEMS 



attenuation, the fractional reduction 
in intensity of a periodic distur- 
bance as the distance from the 
source increases. 

au, aurum, gold. 

auction, a De Forest type of valve 
detector. Its distinctive feature 
is the third electrode. De Forest 's 
own definition is, "a, relay operat- 
ed by electrostatic control of cur- 
rents flowing across a gaseous 
medium. " It consists of three 
electrodes in an evacuated bulb, 
one of these being a heated fila- 
ment, the second a grid-like elec- 
trode and the third a metal plate. 

audiometer, audibility meter. 

aurora borealis, luminous atmos- 
pheric and electrical phenomenon 
radiating from earth's northern 
magnetic pole. Believed to cause 
certain static disturbances. 

audibility meter, an instrument used 
to measure approximately the com- 
parative strength of incoming 
signals. 

automatic, self-acting. 

automatic transmitter, instrument 
for high speed transmission oper- 
ated by a specially perforated 
paper tape running between small 

• wheels. % 

automatic transformer, a transformer 
provided with one coil instead of 
two, part of the coil being trav- 
ersed by the primary, and part 
by the secondary current. 

auxiliary anode, the third element 
of the amplifier. 

axis of magnet, shorted line joining 
the two true poles. 

B. A., British Association. 

B. and S. W. G., Brown and Sharpe 
Wire Gauge. 

B. W. G-. Birmingham Wire Gauge. 

B. X v metal tubing containing twin 
conductors each insulated from the 
other and both wires wrapped so 
as to completely fill the tubing. 

babbitt metal, an anti-friction metal. 

back E. M. F., counter E. M. F., 

opposing E. M. F., due to opposing 
current produced by self -induction 
set up in a cureuit by a changing 
supply current. In a cell it is due 



to polarization. 

balance, electric, wheatstone bridge. 

balancer, a small auxiliary dynamo 
used in three-wire system to 
balance pressure in the three leads. 

balancing capacity, an artificial 
" earth" capacity inserted in 
aerial circuit to take the place of 
a natural ground. May be greater 
but never less than the capacity of 
the aerial. 

balancing set, a dynamo used in a 
three wire system to balance the 
electromotive force. 

balance wheel, a fly wheel; a wheel 
added to machines to prevent too 
sudden variations in speed. 
ball and socket joint, a joint in 
which spherical object is placed 
within a socket made to fit it. 

ball bearing, a bearing whose journal 
works upon a number of metal 
balls and thus reduces friction. 

ballistics, the science dealing with 
the velocity, path and impact of 
projectiles. 

ballistic galvanometer, one used for 
measuring currents of short dura- 
tion, such as a condenser discharge. 
It is so arranged that the first 
swing is proportional to the quan- 
tity of electricity passing through 
it during a momentary discharge. 
It is usually of the reflecting or 
mirror type. 

banks, referring to condensers, is a 
complete unit of a compound con- 
denser contained in one case. 

bank winding, an improved and 
modern form of winding induc- 
tance, one layer on top of another 
in such a manner that distributed 
capacity is reduced to a minimum; 
a considerable saving of space be- 
ing, also accomplished. 

bar magnet, a magnetized straight 
bar of steel. 

barometer, a meter for measuring 
the pressure of the atmosphere. 

bars, commutator, the bars of cop- 
per or bronze, making up the seg- 
ments of a commutator of a dy- 
namo or motor. 

barretter, a thermal detector. Elec- 
trolytic detector has a small loop 



EADIO TEEMS 



of Wollaston wire inclosed in a 
glass bulb. Tip of loop is clipped 
in nitric acid which dissolving the 
•silver, leaves a short length of 
extremely fine platinum wire. 
Bulb is exhausted of air. Tele- 
phones with one single shunted cell 
are connected across ends of loop 
so that a weak current is constant- 
ly flowing through it. When oscil- 
lations pass through loop, heat and 
resistance of platinum wire are in- 
creased, thus suddenly decreasing 
passing current, which action pro- 
duces audible sounds in the tele- 
phones. May be used as a bolo- 
meter. 

base plate, the plate used as a 
foundation. 

battery, a collection of coltaic cells 
or storage cells or of Leyden jars 
joined up in series. In fact, any 
collection of units multiplied and 
used together is called a battery. 

battery, dry, an open circuit battery 
containing solified zinc oxychloride 
of gelatinous silica. 

battery gauge, a small galvanometer 
for testing batteries and connec- 
tions. 

bearing, the support on which the 
moving part of a machine rests. 

bearing surfaces, the surface of bear- 
ing parts which are in mutual con- 
tact. 

beat reception, the method of detect- 
ing received oscillations, usually 
undamped, by causing them to in- 
teract with other locally produced 
sustained oscillations of slightly 
different frequency and generally 
of greater amplitude. The beat 
or resultant note is the difference 
between the frequencies of the 
two independent oscillations. The 
method is one of extreme sensitive- 
ness and selectivity. May also be 
employed, though not (so effec- 
tively, for the reception of damped 
wave trains, in which case a hiss- 
ing sound only is produced in the 
telephones by incoming signals. 
Also known as interference and 
heterodyne reception. 



beaume's hydrometer, a hydrometer 
named after its maker; used to 
measure liquids lighter than water. 

bed piece, the frame carrying a dy- 
namo or motor. 

belline tosi aerial, a directive aerial 
of square or triangular form hav- 
ing its base above but parellel to 
earth. The apex may be either 
closed or slightly open. Strongest 
radiation in the two directions of 
the plane of the aerial and zero 
at right angles to this plane. The 
same holds good for reception, the 
strongest signals being received 
when coming from the direction of 
the plane of aerial. 

bern bureau, a branch of the bureau 
(agency) of the International Tele- 
graph union, situated at Bern, 
Switzerland; established for the 
purpose of collecting and distri- 
buting information in accordance 
with the requirements of the In- 
ternational Eadio Convention. 

bichromate cell, a single fluid cell. 
Consists of two carbon plates im- 
mersed in a solution of biochro- 
mate of potash and sulphuric acid 
with water, between which is a 
removable zinc plate. E. M. F. 
2 vojts. Has low resistance. 

bifurcation, spreading into two 
branches. 

bight, a loop formed in a rope at any 
place except the ends. 

billi condenser, consists of a metal- 
lic tube made to slide over an in- 
sulating tube having a metallic 
lining. A variable tubular con- 
denser. 

binding post, screws and nut ar- 
rangement designed and used on 
electricial and radio apparatus to 
make proper connection to and 
from an external source. 

bipolar, having two poles. Usually 
refers to a dynamo or motor whose 
armature rotates between a field 
magnet having only two poles. 
Most modern machines are multi- 
polar. 

bismuth, bi. brittle white crystalline 
metallic element. Atomic weight, 
206.9; specific gravity, 9.82; melt- 



RADIO TEEMS 



ing point, 496 degrees fahrenheit. 

blower motor, refers to motor-driven 
fan used to deliver a high pressure 
blast at the spark gap to prevent 
arcing. 

blowout, see magnetic blowout. 

board of trade unit, (B. O. T.) 1,000 
watt hours. One and a third horse 
power. 

blind flange, a plate used to cover 
an orifice. 

blue stone, crystallized copper sul- 
phate. 

bolometer, type of wheatstone bridge 
having an easily heated resistance, 
such as a very fine wire in one arm. 
A barretter may be used. 

,bore, the interior diameter of a 
cylinder. 

booster, an American expression 
signifying a small dynamo used in 
conjunction with main dynamo to 
temporarily raise, when necessary, 
its normal pressure. It is general- 
ly driven by a motor supplied with 
energy from the main generator 
and thus becomes a continous cur- 
rent transformer. Frequently used 
for charging accumulators of a 
generating plant. See reversible 
bookster. 

bornite, (3Cu2S, Fe2S3) also called 
erubescite and peacock ore. It is 
a crystal rectifyer. Used in com- 
bination with zincite. It is a cop- 
per ore composed of about sixty 
parts copper, fourteen iron and 
twenty-six matrix crystals. Owing 
to peculiar bronze tint when newly 
broken is known as il horseflesh' ' 
ore. It quickly tarnishes, however. 

boron, B. nonmetallic element. Dark 
brown powder. Atomic weight, 
10.9. 

b. O. t., board of trade unit. One 
thousand watt hours. Nearly one 
and a third horse power. Is the 
product of power in watts and time 
in hours divided by 1,000. 
bradfield insulator, a particular form 
of leading-in insulator, consisting 
of an ebonite tube provided with 
zinc cone and ebonite spark disks, 
for breaking up continous streams 



of rain running down outside which 
might cause serious earthing of 
aerial. The whole is held in posi- 
tion, half way through roof of 
operation room, by means of a 
stuffing box. The aerial is led in 
by means of a steel rod running 
through center of tube. 
brake horse power, power a machine 
can exert in doing outside work, 
i. e., other than driving itself. 
Power that a ' ' brake ' ' would have 
to exert to stop a machine. Total 
power is called indicated horse 
power (I.H.P.). 
brandy coherer, early form of mar- 

coni coherer; see coherer. 
brass ordinary, alloy composed of 
about seven parts copper and three 
parts zinc. 
brass saddles, small clips used for 
holding wires in position on walls, 
etc., fixed by a small brass screw 
at each end. 
brazing, the process of joining metals 
. together. 
brazing metal, an alloy of tin and 

zinc. 
breaker, a switch or other device 

for opening a circuit. 
bridle, a short length of rope whose 
ends are fitted with a thimble for 
attaching to lugs at each end of 
spreader. A thimble is also fitted 
to the middle of the bridle for 
attaching to the halyard. 
bronze, an alloy of copper, tin and 

lead. 
brown and sharpe gauge, a wire 

gauge of American standard. 
brush discharge, a faintly luminous 
discharge which takes place at the 
surface of conductors charged to 
high potential due to ionization. 
Is also called corona, 
brushes, fixed carbon blocks or copper 
gauze held in a position that makes 
contact with the commutator of a 
dynamo or motor for the purpose 
of collecting current generated 
from or supplying. 
brush holder, metal clamp capable 
of adjustment which holds the 
brush in position on the commu- 
tator of a dynamo or motor. 



EADIO TEEMS 



B. T. U., British Thermal Unit. 

B. S. G., British Standard Gauge of 
wire. 

buckling of plates, during discharge 
of a secondary cell the plates 
gradually expand, owing to the 
fact that lead sulphate has about 
twice the volume as the same quan- 
tity of lead peroxide. Should 
this expansion or discharge take 
place too quickly, the plates will 
bend or buckle. 

buffing wheel, a wheel covered with 
leather and mounted so it can be 
rotated; used for polishing. 

bunsen burner, an alcohol flame 
burner designed to furnish a max- 
imum heat upon' applied objects, 
such as metals and glass. 

bunsen cell, a cheaper form of Grove 
cell having platinum foil replaced 
by carbon rod. In resistance and 
voltage practically same as Grove. 

bus bar, a single bar which serves 
as a common connector for a large 
number of pieces of apparatus. 
Also called omnibus bar. 

bushing, a piece of. composition or 
fiber used for the purpose of sepa- 
rating electrical circuits in any 
given piece of apparatus. 

buzzer, same as electric bell, but 
with hammer and gong remover. 
Used for testing receiver gear by 
means of a small local circuit. 
Make-and-break contact is made 
to serve as small spark gap, the 
small spark thus formed setting 
up oscillations which are plainly 
recorded by the detector. Some- 
times shunted across and exciting 
the closed circuit. 

buzzer practice set, a combination 
of a buzzer and signaling key ar- 
ranged on a common baseboard 
used for the purpose of practicing 
Morse signaling. 

B. W. G., Birmingham wire gauge. 

cable, a heavy electrical conductor 
highly insulated. 

calcium anhydrous, quicklime. Placed 
in discharger or spark gases pro- 
duced by sparks. 

call bell, a coherer arrangement giv- 
ing an audible sound used for call- 



ing up an operator to be ready to 
receive signals. It is generally 
actuated by long dash signals sent 
by the sending operator. 

calorie, cal. unit of heat. Amount 
of heat required to raise one kilo- 
gram of w T ater one degree centi- 
grade. 

cam, a revolving disc rotated on a 
shaft or spindle and shaped to 
give a variable motion to a driven 
element. 

cam friction, the friction between 
the cam and the element it act- 
uates. 

Canada balsam, a gum used in ce- 
menting lenses. Obtained from 
balsam fir. 

capacity, power of containing. A 
condenser has unit capacity 
(farad) when a charge of one cou- 
lomb creates a difference of poten- 
tial of one volt between its ter- 
minals. This farad being too large 
for practical purposes, the micro- 
farad is used. 

carrying capacity, the capacity of 
an electrical conductor to carry 
current without overheating. 

carbon C. atomic weight, 11.91. One 
of the elements; exists in three 
form s — charcoal, graphite and 
diamond. It is used as an electri- 
cal conductor, for arc lamps and 
incandescent lamp filaments. The 
carbons used for arc lamps gen- 
erally have a core of soft powdered 
carbon. 

carborundum, a potential crystal rec- 
tifier. An artificial silicate of car- 
bon (SiC) produced in an electric 
furnace. Has various tints from 
deep gray to violet purple. Is 
next in hardness to diamond. 
Silver gray kind is most sensitive 
for detector use. Used in contact 
with steel. 

cartridge fuse, one in which the fuse 
wire is surrounded by some nonin- 
flammable substance, inclosed in 
a cartridge like cardboard tube and 
having brass lugs soldered to caps 
at ends. Used to prevent the hot 
wire from i ' flying ' ' when fused. 

cascade, term applied to number of 



RADIO TEEMS 



Leyden jars or other condensers 
connected up in series. 

cascade amplification, where ampli- 
fication of received radio signals is 
accomplished by employing several 
vacuum tubes in cascade fashion. 

cascade converter, continental and 
American term for the motor con- 
verter. 

cathode the terminal of an electrical 
circuit. 

cat whisker, so called on account of 
its appearance. Usually a fine 
spring wire resting lightly on any 
mineral or crystal of a detector. 

cells multiple arc, two or more rows 
of cells in series, but with like 
poles of terminal cells connected 
together. 

cells parallel, all negative poles to- 
gether and all positive poles to- 
gether. 

cells series, negative pole of each 
cell is connected to positive pole 
of the one following. 

centrigrade, freezing point O degree 
boiling point is 100 degrees. 

centrifugal force, may best be under- 
stood by considering a stone when 
thrown from a sling. The stone 
travels in the direction which the 
sling was moving at the precise 
moment that it was thrown off. 
The apparent tendency of a body 
to "fly out" when being rotated 
is due to the fact that in a rota- 
tion it is being subjected to force 
which is constantly changing its 
point of application, but owing to 
inertia the body does not so read- 
ily respond and change its direc- 
tion of motion. The force which 
holds the body in check is termed 
centripetal force, which literally 
translated means ' ' center seek- 
ing ". 

centripetal force, see centrifugal 
force. 

cerusite, whitish gray lead ore. Pb- 
COs. Used as a rectifier. 

cesium, Cs. atomic weight, 132. 

C. G. S., metric units. Centimeter 
gramme, second. 

chalcopyrites, see copper pyrites. 
(Cu2s. Fe2S3). 



characteristic, of a log, it is the 
whole number, i. e., number to left 
of decimal point. 

characteristic curve, one showing 
relationship between voltage im- 
posed on a conductor and the cur- 
rent flowing through it. 

characteristics of sound, a, pitch; b, 
loudness; c, quality. 

charge, a quantity of electricity at 
rest, measured by units of quan- 
tity, such as the coulomb. 

charging accumulators, the forming 
and reforming of the plates or the 
changing of their chemical com- 
position by passing a current 
through them until the composi- 
tions necessary to form a primary 
cell are produced. See secondary 

check unit, generally called lock nut, 
a nut placed over another nut on 
the same bolt to lock the main 
nut in place. 

chemical compound, two or more 
elements combined by chemical 
action. Compare mechanical com- 
pound. 

chloride, a non-inflammable gas, ato- 
mic weight 34.90. Specific gravity 
1.4. 

choke cells, cells wound to have great 
self induction. Usually wound 
over an iron core, which is general- 
ly composed of a bundle of wires, 
"tails" or laminated sheets in- 
sulated from each other to prevent 
eddy currents. The choking effect 
is called impedance. 

choke coils, coils of wire wound on 
an iron sometimes called induction 
coils. 

chromic acid cell, same as bichro- 
mate cell, but has fluid of chromic 
acid and sulphuric acid in place of 
bichromate of potash. Low inter- 
nal resistance. E. M. F. two volts. 

chronoscope, an instrument for meas- 
uring very short intervals of time. 

cipher, commercially, groups of five 
letters or groups having a secret 
meaning. Compare code. Some 
government ciphers have more 
than five letters per group. 



EADIO TERMS 



circuit, the path through which the 
current flows. 

circuit-breaker automatic, a device 
that automatically breaks the cir- 
cuit in case of overload. 

circuit closed, oscillating, the path 
in which electric current flows is 
called the circuit. It may consist 
partly of a metallic conductor and 
partly of the dielectric of a con- 
denser. If this condenser has its 
plates very near together so that 
the lines of electrostatic force are 
mostly contained between the two 
plates, the circuit is called a closed 
oscillating circuit. 

circuit open or radiating, a circuit 
comprising in part a metallic con- 
ductor and in part a condenser, 
the plates or faces of which are 
very far apart, so that the lines 
of electrostatic force extending 
from one plate to the other stretch 
far out into the surrounding space. 

circuit, grounded, a circuit where 
the return wire is done away with 
so^ that the earth completes the 
circuit, as in wireless work. 

circular mil, area of a circle having 
a diameter of one mil. F. P. S. 

Clark cell, formerly the standard cell, 
but now replaced by the Weston 
cell. Container is a glass tube. 
At the bottom is mercury, the H. P. 
element, then a paste of mercurous 
sulphate and saturated zinc sul- 
phate paste but not in contact with 
the mercury. A platinum wire, 
insulated by a small glass tube, 
makes contact with the mercury 
and forms positive pole. E. M. P. 
1.43 volts at 15 degrees centigrade. 

cleats, porcelain wall fasteners for 
wires, consisting of a base having 
two grooves. 

clips, small mechanical spring devices 
to receive the wires, and a cover- 
ing piece. The whole being held 
in place by a single screw through 
the middle. Used to make a con- 
tact or connection with any circuit. 

clockwise, a machine or other device 
that runs in a right hand direction; 
that travels as do the hands of a 
clock. 



close coupling, exists where primary 
and secondary of jigger or oscil- 
lating transformer are very close 
together, when inductively coupled ; 
or if direct coupled, when a large 
proportion of the turns are com- 
mon. Causes much mutual in- 
ductance. 

cloth wheel, a polishing wheel. 

clutch, a device for engaging or dis- 
engaging two pieces of shafting. 

coatings, tinfoil of Leyden jar, or 
metallic plates of any condenser. 

code telegraphic, an alphabet made 
up of dots and dashes. 

code, real words, not forming com- 
prehensive sentences or pronounce- 
able artificial words. Compare 
with cipher. 

coefficient, a number by which the 
value of a quantity must be multi- 
plied to give numerical value of 
another quantity. 

coefficient of coupling, ratio between 
the mutual inductance and the 
square root of the product of the 
individual inductances. 

coercive force, magnetic force neces- 
sary to remove all residual mag- 
netism. See also retentivity. 

coherer, a detector based on the im- 
perfect contact of certain points 
in a circuit becoming almost per- 
fect in presence of electro-mag- 
netic waves, thus permitting a cur- 
rent to pass from a local battery 
owing to a decreased resistance. 
See Marconi, Brandy and Lodge. 

coil, a series of rings or turns of wire. 

coil, induction, built the same as a 
transformer; has a laminated iron 
core and a primary and secondary 
coil. 

coil, resistance, a coil of some poor 
conducting metal wire such as 
German silver. Used to offer resis- 
tance to flow of current. A rhe- 
ostat. 

coincide, two or more articles that 
occupy the same place in space. 

collets, small porcelain tubes having 
a collar at one end held in position 
by a screw passing through the 
center of tube. Used for laying 
twin wires. 



9 



RADIO TEEMS 



commutator, a two-way switch used 
for changing the direction of a 
current in a circuit. On a dynamo 
or motor, refers to the number of 
copper strips fixed on a cylinder 
of insulator and parallel to the 
axis of armature shaft, to which 
are affixed the ends of armature 
windings. Produces a direct cur- 
rent from the alternating current 
which dynamos naturally generate. 

compass radio, a name given to a 
form of radio telegraphic direction 
finder by which the bearing of a 
transmitting station can be ascer- 
tained by the receiving station. 

complement of angle, amount neces- 
sary to be added to produce a right 
angle. 

complement of arc, amount neces- 
sary to be added to an arc to pro- 
duce a right angle that is, ninety 
degrees of a circle. 

compound, a combination of two or 
more elements. See chemical com- 
pound, and mechanical compound. 

compound magnet, a number of mag- 
nets used as one, having like poles 
adjacent. A laminated magnet, 
magnetic battery. 

compound-wound generator, one hav- 
ing its field magnet winding partly 
in shunt with generated current. 
Gives a constant E. M. F. 

concentric, having a common center. 

condenser, two or more sheets of 
metal separated by an insulator, 
called the dielectric, which form a 
collector of electrical energy. See 
Billi condenser, Leyden jar. Vari- 
able condenser, disk condenser. 

condenser, adjustable, a condenser, 
part of which may be cut in or out 
of the circuit, thus varying its 
capacity. 

condensers in parallel, increase total 
capacity. Is same as increasing 
size of plates. 

condensers in series, decrease total 
capacity. 

conductance, property of a body for 
conducting electricity. Unit is 
mho, which is the reciprocal of the 
ohm. 



conductor, a material through which 
electricity passes freely. All 
metals are so styled. 

conductivity, the reciprocal of the 
ohm. Unit is the mho. (ohm 
written backwards.) 

conductively coupled, see direct 
coupled. 

conduit, a metal pipe through which 
electrical conductors are run. 

cone insulators, see strain rod in- 
sulators. 

consequent poles, poles occasionally 
produced in a magnetic during 
magnetization, other than the true 
poles, "end*' poles. 

constant load, a load whose pressure 
is steady and invariable. 

contact, electric, a contact between 
two conductors giving a contin- 
uous path for the current. 

contact breaker, any appliance for 
quickly opening or closing a cir- 
cuit. 

continuous, uninterrupted, without 
break or interruption. 

continous current, direct current. A 
current that always runs in the 
same direction. The opposite to 
alternating current. 

continuous waves, waves whose am- 
plitude are constant. Waves pro- 
duced by frequency multiplying 
transformers. 

converter, an electrical machine or 
apparatus for changing the poten- 
tial difference of an electrical 
current. 

convective discharge, a continuous 
discharge from high frequency or 
high potential apparatus. 

copper, cur. cuprum, metallic element, 
A. W. 63.1. S. G. 8.9. val. 2. chem. 
eq. 31.5. El. chem. Ew. 0.000,328,1 
S. R. Annealed 1,561 S. E. Hard 
drawn wire 1,621. A metal; one 
of the elements; a good conductor 
of electricity. 

copper pyrites, copper ore contain- 
ing iron occurring in several forms. 
One of which is CuFeS2 and 
another which is Cu2S. Fe2S3 
known as chalcopyrites. It is a 
copper sulphate having a brilliant 
brass yellow color. Used as a low 



10 



EADIO TEEMS 



potential rectifier crystal, in con- 
junction with Zincite. 

copper sulphate, (CuS04. 5H20). A 
salt of copper. Also known as 
blue stone and blue vitriol. 

core, the iron center of an electro- 
magnet. Center strand of multi- 
strand wire. 

core disc, toothed disc stampings of 
thin sheet iron which compose the 
laminated core of an armature. 

core type, transformer having the 
majority of its core inside both 
coils. 

corona, brush discharge effect sur- 
rounding a condenser or other 
apparatus actuated by high poten- 
tials. 

corrosion, chemical action which 
causes destruction of metals, usual- 
ly by oxidation or rusting. 

corrugated, formed with a surface 
consisting of alternate valleys and 
ridges. 

cosecant, secant of complement of 
an arc. 

cosine,, sine of complement of arc. 

cosine curve, see sine curve. 

cot, see cotangent. 

cotangent, tangent of the comple- 
ment of an arc. 

cotter pin, a headless split pin. 

coulomb, unit of quantity of elec- 
tricity. That quantity which 
flows in one second through a con- 
ductor carrying a current of one 
ampere. Three thousand six 
hundred coulombs equal one am- 
pere-hour. 

coupling, the connection of two oscil- 
lating circuits. 

coupling waves, the two waves pro- 
duced when oscillating circuits are 
coupled. 

coupling, coefficient of, this is gen- 
erally expressed as a percentage 
and denotes the ratio of the mutual 
inductance of two circuits to the 
square root of the product of their 
separate self-inductances. The 
coupling is thus spoken of as a 5 
or 10 per cent coupling or more. It 
is generally called weak when less 
than 5 per cent, and strong or 
closed when more than 10 per cent. 



coversin, see co versed sine. 

coversed sine, versed sine of com- 
plement of an arc. 

crater, the depression that forms in 
the positive carbon of a voltaic 
arc. 

C.P., abbreviation for candle power. 

crystals, bornite, carborundum, cop- 
per pyrites, galena, graphic tellu- 
rium, iron pyrites, nagyagite peri- 
con, radiocite, silicon, sylvanite, 
tellurium and zincite. 

crystal detector, one depending upon 
fact that certain combinations of 
metallic crystals and metals pass 
more readily in one direction than 
the other, thus having a rectifying 
effect upon a train of oscillations, 
converting it into an intermittent 
direct current which may be made 
to work a sensitive telephone. 
Crystals may be cleaned with car- 
bon bisulphide. See crystals. 

current, rate of flow of electricity, 
the unit of which is the ampere. 

current, alternating, a current that is 
continually changing both its 
strength and direction. A current 
that changes its flow of direction 
so many times a second according 
to the construction of the alter- 
nator. These changes are called 
cycles. 

current, direct, a current that always 
flows in the same direction. The 
opposite to alternating current. 

current, frequency, the number of 
times alternating current changes 
its flow of direction in a second. 
These changes are called cycles. 

current, induced, a current produced 
in a conductor by induction. 

current, negative, the current which 
deflects the needle to the left in 
a single needle telegraph system. 

current, positive, the current which 
deflects the needle to the right in 
a single needle telegraph system. 

current, secondary, the current in- 
duced in the secondary coil of a 
transformer or induction coil. 

current reverser, some appliance, 
generally a switch, for changing 
the direction of a current in a con- 
ductor. 



11 



RADIO TERMS 



current in a circuit, in amperes equals 
pressure in volts divided by re- 
sistance in ohms; or, C equals E 
over R. 

curve drawing or plotting, a graph- 
ical method of showing relation- 
ship between different dimensions, 
or path of a movement. 

cutout, any arrangement by which 
an electric circuit automatically 
opens itself if the current exceeds 
a certain value. The most ordi- 
nary form of cutouts is a fusible 
wire, but for larger currents a 
magnetic cutout is employed in 
which an electro-magnet traversed 
by the current opens a switch 
when the current exceeds a certain 
fixed value. 

cycle, a term given to the alterna- 
tion of an alternating current cir- 
cuit. 

cyclic, pertaining to or contained in 
a cycle. 

cymometer, fleming wave -meter. Has 
the variable inductance and capac- 
ity operated by one handle. 

cymoscope, a wave ' ' seer ' \ 

cypher, cypher. 

damping, the dying down of an am- 
plitude in a train of waves, due to 
radiation from and resistance of 
an oscillating circuit. 

damping factor, this refers to the 
numerical or algebraic expression 
giving the ratio between the am- 
plitude of one oscillation and the 
one preceding it either in the 
same or opposite direction. 

daniell cell, a double-fluid cell, 
which consists of an amalgamated 
zinc rod immersed in a dilute solu- 
tion of sulphuric acid contained 
in a porous pot, which is in turn 
immersed in a solution of copper 
sulphate contained in a copper 
pot. The CuS04 is the depolar- 
izer. Gives a constant flow E. 
M. F. at 1.1 volts. The internal 
resistance is also fairly constant. 

dash coil, an induction coil for jump 
spark ignition. 

d. c, direct current. 

dead beat, instruments whose point- 



ers move to their position steadily 
without undue oscillation and 
come to a ''dead" stop. 

dead beat discharge, nonoscillatory 
discharge. One reaching its maxi- 
mum rapidly and then slowly 
dying away. 

declination, see angle of declina- 
tion. 

decoherer, tapper. 

decrement, rate of damping natural 
log of successive current, ampli- 
tudes in the same direction. De- 
caying percentage of an oscilla- 
tion. 

decrement, logarithmic, the loga- 
rithm of the ratio of the amplitude 
of one oscillation to the next 
oscillation in the same or oppo- 
site direction. If the two suc- 
cessive oscillations are in the op- 
posite direction then the decre- 
ment is called the decrement per 
semi-period, and if the two suc- 
cessive oscillations are those in 
the same direction the decrement 
is called the decrement per com- 
plete period. 

decremeter, an instrument for meas- 
uring decrement. Wavemeter. 

degree of coupling, percentage coup- 
ling. 

delta grouping, a method of connect- 
ing up three phase windings. The 
three lines are joined to three 
meeting points. Also called mesh 
grouping. 

density, specific gravity. 

depolarizer, chemical substance used 
in a primary cell to prevent local 
action or polarization. 

detector, any apparatus which con- 
verts the oscillations received by 
the aerial into visible or audible 
signs. See coherer, crystal, elec- 
trolytic, magnetic, vacuum tube. 

deterioration, state of growing worse. 

deviation, divergence from a course. 

dia-magnetic, meaning non-magnetic. 

diameter, line passing through the 
center of a circle and terminated 
at both ends by the circumference. 

diaphragm, the iron disk in a tele- 
phone which sets up the audible 
sound waves from vibrations 



12 



EADIO TEEMS 



caused, by the periodic attractions 
of the telephone magnets. 
dielectric, the insulator between the 
plates of a condenser. Every in- 
sulator used as such is a dielectric, 
even the rubber covering of a wire. 
dielectric constant, the dielectric 
constant of a medium or substance 
is the ratio of a condenser capacity 
having this medium as a dielectric 
to the capacity of the same con- 
denser having air as its dielectric. 
For instance, air has a constant of 
1; mica, 5 to 8; glass, 3 to 9; etc. 

dielectric strength, the strain which 
a dielectric can stand without 
breaking down and permitting a 
spark to pass. 

diffraction, the bending of waves 
around an obstacle. In case of 
the earth the electromagnetic 
waves sent out from a radio trans- 
mitter follow around the earth's 
curvature to a large extent. 

direct coupling, a coupling in which 
the inductance coils of both cir- 
cuits' are metallically or directly 
connected. 

direct current, D. C, current flowing 
continuously in one direction. Con- 
tinuous current. 

direction, the direction of an electric 
current is supposed to be from the 
positive pole to the negative pole 
of the circuit. 

direction finder, two Bellin-aerials at 
right angles, each of which has in 
the middle of the lower side a coil 
which acts inductively upon an- 
other coil in detector circuit, and 
which is capable of being swung 
until parallel with either aerial 
swinging detector coil is parallel 
to coil of aerial whose plane is in 
direction of oncoming waves. In 
practice calibration is arranged to 
give readings so that weakest sig- 
nals indicate direction, since zero 
position is much more sharply de- 
fined than maximum. Also known 
as radio compass. 

directive aerial, a bent aerial gives 
greatest radiation in plane of 
aerial, but in opposite direction 
to which open or free end points. 



If an inclosed aerial, radiation is 
equal in both directions of the 
plane, and zero is at right angles 
to the plane. 
directly excited aerial, plain aerial, 
P. A. One having the spark dis- 
charge taking place in the aerial 
circuit. 
direct loose coupling, one in which 
the two inductance coils, though 
metallically connnected, are at a 
distance from each other, or in 
which only a few turns are com- 
mon to both circuits. 
direct tight couplings, exists where 
one circuit has its inductance 
formed by taking off number of 
turns from the coil actually em- 
ployed as inductance in the other 
circuit. Or when ratio between 
common turns is large. Also called 
direct close coupling. 
disk condenser, a variable condenser 
having its two sets of plates com- 
posed of semicircular interleafing 
metal vanes, separated by insulat- 
ing disks or air, the whole being 
mounted in a circular case. One 
set of vanes is fixed, while the 
other, mounted on an interleafing 
of vanes, and thus any required 
amount of capacity, 
discharge, to dissipate electric 
energy from a cell condenser or 
any other charged body, 
discharger, that piece of apparatus 
in the primary oscillatory circuit 
in which the spark or arc takes 
place. 
disk discharger, a disk having a num- 
ber of metal studs on its periphery 
capable of ad justment/ the whole 
being rapidly rotated between two 
electrodes, which may be either 
fixed or formed of rotating disks 
with or without studs. 
disruptive discharge, discharge in 
form of a spark. Due to sudden 
breaking down of resistance be- 
tween discharges. 
distance sparking, the distance be- 
tween electrodes which a spark 
from some source will jump. 
distribution box, a metal box or 
cabinet containing a distribution 



13 



EADIO TEEMS 



panel together with fuses, switches, 
etc. 

double fluid cell, one in which the 
plates are each immersed in differ- 
ent liquids. 

double pole switch, one which simul- 
taneously makes or "breaks both 
positive and negative wires of 
circuit. 

downlead, wire connecting elevated 
portion of aerial to the instru- 
ments. Portion passing into cabin 
is called leading in wire. 

drum armature, one having the wind- 
ings round the core laid to the 
shaft. 

dry cell, consists of a zinc retainer, 
having a lining of plaster of par is 
and flour, moistened with a satu- 
rated solution of salammoniac in 
the center of wich is a carbon rod 
surrounded by manganese dioxide 
and crushed carbon. The whole is 
sealed up with pitch, with two small 
vent holes left for the gases to 
escape. Polarizes rather rapidly. 

duplex, twofold, working two ways. 

dynamics, the mechanics of moving 
forces or motion, the reverse of 
static. 

dynamic equator, an irregular curve 
encircling the earth drawn through 
the point of each magnetic merid- 
ian where magnetic intensity is 
least. 

dynamo, any machine capable of 
converting mechanical energy into 
electrical energy. Usually consists 
of rotating coils of wire (arma- 
ture) which cut lines of force pro- 
duced by electromagnets (filed 
magnets). A motor is a dynamo 
which causes it to rotate. 

dyne, C. G. S. unit of force. Is that 
force which, when acting on a mass 
of one gramme for one second, 
gives it a velocity of one centi- 
meter per second; 3,835 dynes 
equal 1 poundal, the F. P. unit. 

dynometer, a meter for measuring 
mechanical force. 

duplex radiotelegraphy, a system of 
sending and receiving in which 
the two operations can go on simul- 
taneouslv without interference. 



earth, the term earth is broadly used, 
and refers to any connection to 
earth, even when such connection 
takes place through the sea or a 
river. 

earth connection or earths, the con- 
nection to the upper portion of the 
earth 's crust which is used in most 
systems of wireless telegraphy 
takes the form of a number of 
the metal plates or wires imbed- 
ded in the ground. 

earth arrester small spark gap con- 
sisting of two brass disks separa- 
ted by a disk of mica. Aerial is 
connected to top plate, and earth 
to the lower. Eeceiving gear is 
shunted across gap, thus only 
receiving charges not strong 
enough to spark across and do 
damage to delicate detector, etc. 

earth bolt hexagonal, a six sided 
brass bolt with nuts at each end, 
used for attaching earth wire to 
hull of a ship. 

earthed aerial, any type of aerial 
using the earth as balancing 
capacity. 

earth plate, a metallic plate buried 
in the ground, to which are at- 
tached the earth connection. 

earth wires, wires leading to earth 
poles or other connections to earth. 
Also refers sometimes to a net- 
work of wires buried in earth 
instead of earth plates. 

ebonite, vulcanized India rubber; 
a non-conductor of heat and elec- 
tricity. Similar to vulcanite. 

economizer, a step-down transformer. 

eddy currents, stray currents set up 
in core of electromagnets when 
magnetized by an alternating cur- 
rent, which dissipate themselves 
in the core, producing heat and 
causing loss due to electro-mag- 
netic induction of induced pres- 
sures set up in the core. They 
are reduced by insulating- the lam- 
inations of the core from each 
other with paper or varnish, etc.. 
also called Foucault currents. 

edison cell, a type of accumlator 
having positive plates made of 



14 



EADIO TEEMS 



nickel hydroxide and flake nickel 
pressed in alternate layers into 
tubes formed of helical coils of 
strip nickel. Negative plates are 
of iron oxide and mercury held in 
perforated steel pockets. The 
separators are of rubber. The 
electrolyte is a solution of caustic 
potash. Furnishes about 1.2 volts. 

efficiency, generally expressed as a 
percentage and is the number 
which denotes the ratio between 
the output of any apparatus for 
transforming energy, and the 
intake of energy, both being 
reckoned in the same units. 

einthoven galvanometer, one used in 
conjunction with photographic 
recorder. Consists of an extreme- 
ly thin thread of silvered glass 
stretched between poles of a 
strong magnet. The thread is in 
series with some suitable rectify- 
ing detector so that passage of 
oscillations set up a current in it 
(thread), which, owing to the mag- 
netic field thus, set up, is deflected, 
the slight deflection being magni- 
fied and photographed on to a 
moving strip of sensitized paper. 

electric absorption, the peculiar 
' ' soaking " up of a charge by a 
dielectric which delays a condenser 
in receiving its maximum charge 
producing "lag" in discharge, 
thereby forming residual charges. 

electric field, space surrounding an 
electrified body in which its influ- 
ence can be noticed. Electric 
strain in a dielectric medium 
caused by an electrified body. 

electric induction, electric strain in 
a dielectric medium. See induc- 
tion. Production of electrical 
effects at a distance. 

electricity, from Greek word ( l elec- 
tron", meaning amber. One of 
the earilest known methods of pro- 
ducing electric charges was by 
rubbing amber with silk. An 
unknown power; a powerful physi- 
cal agent which manifests itself 
mainly by attraction and repul- 
sion; also by luminous and heat- 
ing effects, by violent commotions, 



by chemical decompositions and 
many other phenomena. The word 
was first used by Dr. Gilbert of 
Colchester, England, in the year 
1600. 

electricity ray, a stream of electrons 

electrics, certain substances which 
can be electrified by friction. 

electro-chemical equipment, the con- 
stant quantity of each element 
of an electrolyte which is depos- 
ited by unit quantity of electricity. 
Weight in grammes deposited by 
one coulomb. In the work for 
abbreviation is el. chem. eq. 

electrodes, specially constructed ter- 
minals for passing an electric cur- 
rent through any desired sub- 
stance. See electrolysis. 

electrodynamics, science of electric- 
ity in motion. Current electric- 
ity. Electrokinetics. 

electrokinetics, see electrodynamics. 

electrolysis, the decomposing of a 
compound into its component ele- 
ments by passing an electric cur- 
rent through it. Electrodes, points 
at which the current enters 
(anode) and leaves (cathode or 
kathode) the compound to be 
decomposed (electrolyte). Ele- 
ment given off at the anode is the 
anion; that given off at the cath- 
ode is the cation or kation. In 
case of water oxygen is the anion 
and hydrogen is the cation. 

electric horse power, 746 watts are 
equal to one unit of electric horse 
power. 

electrolytic detector, consists of a 
fine platinum wire just touching 
an electrolyte contained in a small 
platinum cup. Electrolyte may be 
either 10 per cent solution of sul- 
phuric acid, dilute alkaline solu- 
tion, or a 20 per cent solution of 
nitric acid. Current from a local 
battery, which is connected to cup 
and point, keeps point covered 
with small bubbles owing to elec- 
trolysis. Passing oscillations 
break through these bubbles, de- 
stroying their insulating properties, 
and permit a momentary current 



15 



KADIO TERMS 



from local battery to flow through 
phones. 

electro-magnet, a rod of iron, usually 
soft, rendered temporarily mag- 
netic by a current passing through 
the insulated wire coiled round 
it. The current does not actually 
enter the iron, but merely flows 
around it. 

electro-magnetic inertia, reluctance 
to change. 

electrometer, early form of voltmeter. 

electro motive force, another term 
for electric pressure or voltage. 

electron, ultimate or final atom of 
negative electricity. An atom 
plus an electron is a negative ion, 
an atom minus an electron a posi- 
tive ion. Electrons also called 
negative corpuscles. 

electrophorous, an induction instru- 
ment for producing small charges 
of static electricity. Consists of 
two disks, a thin brass one at- 
tached to an insulating handle and 
an ebonite one lined on the lower 
side with tinfoil. The ebonite is 
rubbed with fur, giving it a posi- 
tive charge; brass disk held by 
insulating handle is now placed on 
ebonite, momentarily connected to 
earth and removed when it is 
found to be carrying a positive 
charge. 

electro-static field, range of space 
over which an electrified body has 
the power of inducing a charge, 
no matter how weak, into an 
unelectrifled body. 

electroscope, an instrument for 
detecting static charges of elec- 
tricity. Usually consists of two 
fold-foil leaves suspended on a 
brass rod held in a glass retainer 
with a metal disk on other end. 
When a charge is brought near to 
the disk both leaves become simi- 
larly charged, therefore repel each 
other and diverge. 

electrostatic induction, induction 
arising from static charges. 

electrostatics, the science of elec- 
tricity at rest. 

element, a pure simple substance 
which is indivisible into other com- 



ponent substances by any known 
method. Compare compound. There 
are about eighty known elements. 
Each element has a symbol, which 
is usually the first or first two 
letters of its Latin name, e.g., Au 
stands for aurum which is Latin 
for gold. Most metallic elements 
in the Latin end in um. 

embosser, telegraph, a receiver which 
embosses telegraphic paper tape. 

emergency apparatus, a small power 
set of transmitting gear carried 
on board ship, in addition to the 
main transmitter, which can be 
worked independently of the 
ship 's supply of electricity. Con- 
sists usually of a battery of accu- 
mulators and a ten-inch induction 
coil. Later types have sufficient 
batteries to operate a complete 
high power set. 

emery wheel, a machine used for 
grinding. 

E. M. F., electromotive force. Unit 
is the volt, which is that electric 
pressure necessary to force a cur- 
rent of one ampere through a con- 
ductor having a resistance of one 
ohm. 

energy, potential power of work. 

energy, electric, unit is the volt cou- 
lomb or volt ampere. 

energy stored in a condenser, is 
directly proportional to capacity 
of condenser, and proportional to 
the square of the imposed voltage. 
Thus energy equals half of pro- 
duct of quantity times volts, or 
half product capacity times volts 
square. 

E. P. S., accumulator having pasted 
plates after the Faure principle, 
but built up on a special pattern 
of grid. 

equidistant, placed at equal distance 
from the same point. 

equip otential surface, a surface at 
every point of which the potential 
has the same value. Lines of force 
cut equipotential surfaces at right 
angles. 

equivalent, electro-chemical, the 
weight of a substance set free by 
one coulomb of electricitv. 



16 



KADIO TEEMS 



equator of magnet, plane at right 
angles to axis and passing through 
neutral line. 

ERG., C.G.S. unit of work. Work 
done by one dyne moving its point 
of application one centimeter. 
421,390 ergs equal one foot- 
poundal. 

ether, name given to an imponder- 
able medium presumed to permeate 
all matter and space. The stand- 
ard or ultimate dielectric medium 
to the action of which all electric 
and magnetic phenomena are to be 
referred. 

excite, to electrify or to magnetize, 
as, for instance, a dynamo's field 
magnet. 

exciter, small auxiliary dynamo used 
to excite magnetic field of some 
types of generators. 

external circuit, the whole of a cir- 
cuit including the instruments, 
outside the generator. 

fahrenheit, thermometer whose freez- 
ing point is at 32 and the boiling 
point at 212. 

fathom, a measure of length ; six feet. 

farad, unit of capacity. Conductor 
has capacity of one farad when a 
charge of one coulomb raises its 
potential by one volt. This being 
too big for practical purposes, the 
microfarad is usually employed. 
See microfarad. 

faure plates, accumulator plates 
partly artificially formed by past- 
ing lead grids with red lead 
(minimum). After a few charges 
and discharges the plates become 
completely formed into positive 
plate of lead peroxide, Pb02, and 
negative plate of spongy lead, Pb. 

feebly dampt, a train of oscillations 
having many complete oscillatory 
motions. 

feeder, a main wire or set of wires. 

feeder, positive, the wire connected 
to the positive pole of a generator. 

feeder, negative, the wire connected 
to the negative pole of a generator. 

feeder, neutral, the wire connected 
to the middle or neutral point in 
a three-wire system. The wire 
common to both generators. 



field magnets, those electromagnets 
producing the magnetic field 
through which the armature of a 
dynamo or motor rotates. 

field regulator, a variable resistance 
regulating power supplies to field 
magnets. 

flame arc, one produced between 
carbons impregnated with or hav- 
ing a core of certain chemicals, 
such as calcium fluoride, etc. 

flats, dark marks which appear on 
commutator or slip rings of a dy- 
namo alternator or motor. Easily 
removed with very fine emery and 
an oily rag. 

flat-top aerial, aerial whose upper 
portion is parallel to earth. See 
T aerial and inverted L aerial. 

flat tuning, exists where adjustment 
of tunes may be varied consider- 
ably without materially altering 
the strength of the signals heard 
in the phones. 

fleming valve, see valve. 

flex, a flexible wire formed by twist- 
ing together a number of very 
small wires. 

flux, the act of flowing motion of a 
fluid. Liquid state from action 
of heat. A compound used in 
soldering to cause two molten 
metals to flow together, i. e., to 
unite. See also Magnetic Flux. 

flux density, number of lines of force 
per sq. cm. x section, in a mag- 
netic substance of field. Symbol B. 

foci, (plural of focus) central points. 
Points of convergence. 

foot pound, the resistance equal to 
one pound moved upwards one 
foot. 

force, that which produces or tends 
to produce a change in body's 
state of rest, or change its uni- 
form motion in straight line. 

forced oscillations, oscillations hav- 
ing different frequencies to natural 
frequency of a circuit in which 
they are set up. 

F. P. S., British system of units. 
Foot, pound, second. 

freak, a sudden peculiar change in 
the working range of radio station, 



17 



RADIO TEEMS 



without any alteration being made 
with regard to power or arrange- 
ment of instruments. Range may 
increase or decrease, while being 
strong at a much more distant 
one. Usually occur at night and 
early morning mainly in fine 
weather and between 20 and 40 
degrees both sides of the equator, 
but occur with less frequency in 
all latitudes. 

free magnetism, magnetism not actu- 
ally confined to the poles of a 
magnet. 

free oscillations, oscillations having 
the same frequency as the natural 
frequency of the circuit in which 
they are set up. 

frequency, number of waves of com- 
plete oscillations per second. 
Periodically. 

frequencies, radio, frequencies higher 
than those corresponding to the 
normally audible vibrations and 
usually above 10,000 cycles per 
second. 

fuller cell, a bichromate cell in which 
the zinc rod is placed in a porous 
pot containing dilute sulphuric 
acid with a little mercury at the 
bottom. The bichromate solution 
is in the outer pot. E. M. F. is 
about 1.9 volts. 

fundamental, serving for a founda- 
tion or basis. Primary, a primary 
principle. Groundwork of a 
system. 

fundamental wave length, natural 
wave length of an aerial or circuit. 

fuse, a short length of conducting 
material having a low melting 
point, usually lead wire, inserted 
in a circuit in such a manner that 
should the current rise above a 
safe amount the fuse melts, thus 
breaking the circuit and prevent- 
ing damage to instruments. 

fusing point, the temperature at 
which metals melt and become 
liquid. 

galena, a natural crvstal sulphide 
of lead. PbS. S.G.7.5. Also called 
lead glance. Has a blue-gray color 
similar to freshly cut lead. When 
heated in air becomes lead sul- 



phate, PbS04. The cubical crystal 
is a nonpotential rectifier. Is a 
thermo-electric detector. In use 
as such it has an adjustable graph- 
ite point or fine metal wire rest- 
ing on its surface. 

galvanic cell, named after Galvani, 
one of the discoverers, also called 
the Voltaic cell after Volta, 

galvanized iron, iron with a coating 
of zinc to prevent rusting. 

galvanometer, an instrument used 
for detecting the presence of and 
ascertaining the force and direc- 
tion of current in a circuit. Con- 
sists of a small iron needle pivoted 
in the center of a hollow coil of 
wire, moving a pointer over a 
graduated scale. See mirror gal- 
vanometer and tangent galva- 
nometer. 

galvanoscope, same as the galva- 
nometer but without the gradu- 
ated scale. 

gap, an opening by breaking or 
parting. 

gap micrometer, short gap designed 
to protect apparatus from exces- 
sive potentials. 

gasket, a ring or washer used for 
packing or insulating. 

gauge, an instrument used to measure 
size or capacity. 

gauze wire, a pliable wire cloth made 
of very fine strands of wire. 

geissler tube, a vacuum tube having 
its electrodes placed in bulbs at 
either end. 

generator, any machine for produc- 
ing electric energy. 

german silver, an alloy of brass and 
nickel of about 75 per cent brass 
in the best qualities. Usually 
manufactured by mixing two mol- 
ten alloys, one of copper and 
nickel and the other of zinc and 
nickel. 

glass, S. g. 2.89. S. i. c. from 6 to 9. 
Melting point is 2,000 degrees 
Fahrenheit. 

glass plate condenser, one formed 
of thin zinc sheet separated by 
glass plates, the whole being 
immersed in oil. 



IS 



BADIO TERMS 



glass silencer, a glass tube having 
wooden ends with holes just large 
enough to admit the discharge rods 
of an induction coil, thus inclosing 
the spark gap. 

gold, one of the elements; a conduc- 
tor of electricity. 

goniometer, an instrument for meas- 
uring angles 

gram, the unit of weight. Equal 
to 15.43 grains. 

graphic tellurium, sylvanite. A crys- 
tal rectifier. Tellurium in com- 
bination with gold or silver. 

graphite, a soft form of carbon used 
as a lubricant. 

gravity, usually refers to weight, i. 
e., the attraction of the earth 
upon a body. See specific gravity. 

grid, the frame of wire gauze placed 
between and insulated from the 
plate and filament of a vacuum 
tube. 

grid leak, a nonconductive resistance 
of denser or between the grid and 
filament of a three-element vacuum 
tube and .designed to permit ex- 
cess grid charges to leak off to an 
external source. 

ground, earth connection. 

ground clamp, a metal device fas- 
tened to a gas or water-pipe so as 
to secure an effective ground con- 
nection. 

ground wires, wires giving connec- 
tion to earth. 

grove cell, a double-fluid cell. Has 
a zinc rod in a porous pot of sul- 
phuric acid, which is immersed 
in a jar containing platinum-foil 
in concentrated nitric acid, which 
latter is depolarized. Voltage 
1.9. Has a very low internal 
resistance. 

growth on plates, spongy metallic 
lead forming on negative plate of 
an accumulator. Caused by small 
flakes of paste from positive plate 
falling on to the negative one 
where it discharges itself as well 
as the portion of plate on which 
it falls. During next charge this 
flake turns into spongy lead and 
grows rapidly with each succes- 



sive charge and discharge. May 
finally cause short circuit of cell. 

guard lamps, straight filament lamps 
connected in shunt across arma- 
ture and field leads of rotary con- 
verter to protect their respective 
windings from possible oscillatory 
surges from high frequency cir- 
cuits during wireless transmission. 

gun metal, a compound of nine parts 
copper and one part tin. 

gutta percha, substance similar to 
rubber. It is leathery, elastic, 
solid, but not flexible or resilient 
like rubber. It cannot be vulcan- 
ized. It is a very good insulator. 
S. i. c. about 2.5. 

guys, ropes used for keeping the 
spreaders of a vessel 's aerial in 
a horizontal position. Temporary 
stays. 

halyard, rope used for hoisting aerial 
into position. 

hammer "break, automatic circuit 
interrupter, operated by a magnet, 
usually the core of the induction 
coil, attracting the hammer-like 
head of a brass spring thereby 
breaking the contact it normally 
makes with a brass pillar. 
Immediately circuit is broken cur- 
rent ceases to flow through mag- 
net windings, which becoming 
demagnetized allow spring to 
again close circuit, the whole pro- 
cess being rapidly and automatic- 
ally repeated. 

hand or wing nut, a nut with flanges 
allowing it to be tightened by 
hand. 

harmonic motion, motion giving a 
sine curve. 

harmonics, incidental waves, differ- 
ing in length and frequency to 
the true and original wave of a 
transmitter. They are most 
noticeable in undamped, wave 
operation. In an earthed aerial 
the first harmonic is three times 
that of the natural frequency of, 
or one-third wave length of aerial; 
second is five times the natural 
frequency or one-fifth wave length; 
while the third is seven times and 
one-seventh, respectively. 



19 



EADIO TERMS 



heat, a physical kin, m of 

rgy. 

height of aerial, range of a station 
with constant power is dependent 
upon height of aerial so long 

es not alter the radial 
i. e., increase of height incr 
range. 

heliograph, a mirror for reflecting 
flashes of light, generally the 
sun's rays: used in signal work. 

helix, a hollow coil with only one 
il layer" of wire. 

henry, unit of inductance. Is that 
inductance in a circuit when am- 
perage is changing at a rate of one 
ampere per second and /icing 

a difference of potential in that 
circuit of one volt. 

Hertz. Heinrich. first scientist tc 
prove the existence of and method 
of producing and measuring elec- 
tric or ether wav 

hertziau oscillator, consists of two 
metal sheets or wings separated 
by a spark gap. used to produce 
oscillations which give rise to 
ether waves. 

hertzian resonator, a wire ring 
broken by a small spark gap. 
by Hertz to detect ether waves 
set aj - -illator. 

hertzian waves, ether waves, named 
after the discoverer. 

hessite, potential rectifier. Occurs 
in nature as a tellm silver. 

Ag2Te. 

H. F. C. high frequency current. 

hicks hydrometer, a small glass tube 

raining three colored glass 

la and fitted with a rubber 

teat at one end. which is use: foi 

socking up the liquid to be tested 

into the tube. When full and the 

yellow bead is floating neare-: : 

renter, the specific gravity of the 

lid is 1.170. Shonld it be the 

blue one. S.G. is 1.185. or in the 

b of the purple bead S. G. is 

It is used for testing the 

ific gravity of acid of accum- 

nlat 

high frequency, frequencies over a 
few tn nd. 

highly dampt train, one having very 



few oscillations, owing to their 
rapid dying away. 

high frequency resistance, conduc- 
tors offer more resistance to high- 
oency enrrent than to low- 
frequency current owing to the 
fact that since they, the H. P. «... 
use only the s mailer 

amount of material is offered f i 
the passage of the currents 
in the ease :_ L. P. d.. which 
in and utilize the whole of the 
ductor. It is also called skin effect. 

high frequency sliding inductance, 
two brass rods bridged by a slid- 
ing mp. Used for making 
final slight adjustment in closed 
- dllat >ry ::: joit. 

high resistance telephones, used 

whe number of turns are 

required round the magnets. The 

merely incidental and 

is not required. 

honey-comb coil, a tuning coil. A 
set of three coils — primary, second- 
ary and tickler: the primary coil 
being placed between the other 
tw . 

horizontal aerials, aerials having the 
larger portion of their length 
parallel to the earth's surf a 

horse power. American and I 

unit of power. Power require 1 t • 
perform oo f > foot if work 

per second. Seven hundred and 
forty-six watts equal one horse 
pow 

horse power hour, one horse r 
exerted for one hour. 

horseshoe magnet, a magnetize" 
bar bent into the shape of a horse- 
shoe whereby both its poles are 
brought near together. 

hot-wire ammeter, one measuring 
enrrent amperes in a circuit by 
means of a wire which expands. 
i. e., lengthens in proportion to 
heat gene y passing current. 

The greater the amperage the 
greater the heat produced and 
consequently the greater the ex- 
pansion of wire. Expansion of 
wire or amperage is indicated by 
a suitably connected pointer mov- 
f ver a graduated scale. 



20 



KADIO TEEMS 



humidity, the dampness in the atmos- 
phere which varies with the tem- 
perature. 

hunting, the getting out of "step" 
of synchronous generators or mo- 
tors, due to momentary fluctuations 
of pressure which is produced by 
uneven running of machines. Also 
called Phase Swinging. 

hugonium, an alloy used to mount 
radio crystals. Invented by H. 
Gernsback. Its melting point is 
slightly above boiling water. Com- 
posed of lead, tin, mercury and 
cadmium. 

hydroelectric generator, a generator 
driven by a turbine. 

hydrogen, h. Lightest known sub- 
stance. Elem. Gas. A. W. I. Val. I. 
Chem. Eq. I. 

hydrometer instrument for measur- 
ing the specific gravity (density) 
of a liquid by flotation. Used for 
testing state of charge and dis- 
charge of storage cells. 

hydroscopic, taking up moisture from 
the atmosphere. 

hyperbola curve, a curve where one 
of the factors is inversely pro- 
portional to the other, e. g., one 
showing decrease of current with 
increase of resistance. 

hypotenuse, side of a right-angled 
triangle which is opposite to the 
right angle. 

hypothesis, supposition, assumed for 
the purpose of argument. 

hysteresis, slowness or lagging be- 
hind when a change of condition 
is taking place. Preference to 
remain in one condition. Keluc- 
tance of changing. 

impedance, ^ the resistance which a 
coil of wire offers to a current due 
to back T. M. F. apart from that 
offered by the ohmage. It is due 
to reactance. 

impedance coil, a coil of wire wound 
over a soft iron core. 

impulse excitation, a method of pro- 
ducing free alternating currents 
in an excited circuit in which the 
duration of the exciting current 
is short compared with duration of 
the excited current. 



incandescence, electric, the heating 
of a conductor to a white heat. 

inch, the twelfth part of a foot. A 
measure of length. 

inclination, a tendency from the true 
horizontal or vertical direction, as 
in the case of the compass needle. 

increase -wavelength, add inductance 
in series with the aerial, though 
more than doubling causes appre- 
ciable loss of radiation. 

index, figures to left of point in log 
number. The whole number of log 
powers to which a given number 
is to be raised. Also called the 
Characteristic. 

india rubber, or caoutchouc. S. I. C. 
2. 5. vulcanized 2.8. 

indicated horse power, total power 
a machine system exerts, including 
the necessary power to run the 
machine against its own friction. 

indirect excited aerial, excitation of 
an aerial produced by induction. 

induced magnetism, the temporary 
magnetism produced in an unmag- 
netized piece of iron by close prox- 
imity to a magnet. 

inductance coil, a coil of wire so 
arranged as to have a large amount 
of inductance. Also called chok- 
ing coil, impedance, reactance, re- 
tardation coil. 

inductances in parallel, decrease 
total inductance. 

inductance in series, increase total 
inductance. 

inductance, the transfer of an elec- 
tric or magnetic state from an 
electrified or magnetized body to 
a nonelectrified or non-magnetized 
body by proximity without con- 
tact. 

induction coil, or Ehumkorf coil. 
An instrument which increases the 
voltage of a D. C. current at the 
expense of a corresponding loss 
of amperage by induction. Com- 
prises an iron core having a few 
windings of comparatively thick 
wire, over which is wound a second- 
ary winding of much thinner wire 
and of many more turns. Usually 
an automatic make and break of 
the hammer type, is in series with 



21 



BADIO TEEMS 



^ 



the source of supply to the pri- 
mary winding. Two ends of second- 
ary winding are attached to suit- 
able dischargers. See also Tesla 
coil. Compare transformers. 

induction motor, one having a rota- 
ting field, field called the rotor, 
while the stator, which is equiva- 
lent to an armature, is stationery. 
An alternating (usually polyphase) 
current motor having a rotor of 
short-circuit copper bars in which 
currents are induced by the stator 
of field magnets. 

inductive capacity, facility with 
which a dielectric permits static 
induction to act through it. See 
specific inductive capacity (S.I.C.) 

inductive close coupling, one in which 
the inductances of the two circuits 
are very close to each other, but 
without actual metallic contact. 

inductive coupling, two oscillatory 
circuits coupled by bringing the 
inductance coil of one into the 
field of force produced by that of 
the other. 

inductive loose coupling, one in which 
the inductances are relatively far 
apart, without any actual metallic 
contact. 

inductive shunt, see static leak. 

inductor, a step-down transformer. 

inertia, that property of matter which 
tends to preserve a state of rest 
or to resist a change of motion. 

infra red rays, see light. 

inker or inkwriter, (Morse recorder). 
A telegraph recorder by means of 
which an inked wheel attached to 
one end of a pivoted armature 
marks lines of varying lengths 
(dots and dashes) as it periodi- 
cally pressed against a moving 
paper tape during attracting of 
armature by magnets receiving 
line current. 

insulator, a material through which 
electricity will not pass except 
possible when under great pressure.- 

insulating tape, a prepared tape to 
cover and insulate ends of wires 
when making joints, etc. 

integrating wattmeter, an energy 
meter which shows total amount 



of energy in B. O. T. units that 
have been used, broadly speaking, 
it is a type of small motor whose 
rotations are counted by means of 
a worm on the armature shaft en- 
gaging a set of cogs working a 
counter. 

intensifier handle, ebonite handle at 
right hand end of multiple tuner 
which regulates the coupling of 
the intermediate circuit with the 
aerial and detector circuits. 

intensity, the strength of a current, 
expressed in amperes. 

interference, in the case of wave 
motion, two sets of waves which 
proceed from one and the same 
source or from duplicate sources 
may arrive at a distant point in 
such a manner that the motions 
or changes which constitute these 
waves annul one another at that 
point. The waves are then said to 
interfere. 

interference reception, see beat re- 
ception. 

intermittent current, a current con- 
stantly interrupted. 

interrupter, an apparatus for break- 
ing up a D. C. into series of im- 
pulses, thus producing an inter- 
mittent current. Most commonly 
used in conjunction with an in- 
duction coil. 

interrupter, electrolytic, a jar con- 
taining diluted sulphuric acid and 
metal elements whereby a current 
is interrupted so as to be suitable 
for small spark coil work. 

intersection, the place where two 
wires cross each other. 

inverted "I/* aerial, one whose 
down-leads are tapped off one end 
of its horizontal span. See length 
of aerials. 

ion, an atom of matter carrying an 
electron, or an atom deprived of 
electrons. Monad-ion charge, dyad- 
ion, divalent, carries two units, 
while triad-ion carries three unit 
charges, positive ion is an atom 
minus an electron and a negative 
ion is an atom plus an electron. 

ionization, the splitting up of mole- 
cules into ions. Ionized air or gas 



22 



EADIO TEEMS 



becomes conductive. See valve 
detectors. 

iridium-ir., hard white, brittle metal- 
lie elements. A. W. 191. 5, S. G. 
22. 4. 

iron, Fr. Ferrun. A. W. 55.5, S. G. 
cast i, 960" F. Wrought, 2.912" 
eq. .000,290,2. One of the elements. 

iron pyrites, see iron sulphide. Pt. 
cast i, 960" F. Wrought, 2.912" 
FeS2. Also known as "fool's 
gold" owing to its similar appear- 
ance to gold. Formerly used con- 
siderably as a detector. 

iron sulphide, occurs in several vari- 
eties, but only the bright crystal- 
line one is sensitive as a rectifier. 
Is used with phosphor bronze or 
gold point. See pyrites. 

isodynamic lines, lines connecting all 
parts of the earth where the mag- 
netic intensity is the same. 

isogonic lines, lines connecting all 
points of equal variation of mag- 
netic meridian from the geographic 
meridian. 

isotherms, lines on a meteorological 
chart joining all points having the 
same temperature. 

jamming, expression denoting inter- 
ference from another station. 
QEM. 

jigger, term generally accepted to 
denote an oscillation transformer. 
Used for transforming trains of 
oscillations from one circuit to an- 
other. Dr. J. Erskine Murray re- 
fers to high-frequency oscillations 
as "jigs." 

joule, unit of electrical work. Work 
done by one coulomb flowing under 
a pressure of one volt. If one 
coulomb per second, power is one 
joule per second, or one watt. Com- 
mercial unit same as above but 
with time unit of one hour called 
watt-hour joule, 100,000,000 ergs. 

Joule's law, heat produced in a cir- 
cuit is directly proportional to 
square of the current to resistance 
and to time. 

journal, that part of a shaft or 
spindle which rotates in the bear- 
ings. 
kathode, see electrolysis. 



kathode of cell, positive pole. 

kathode rays, electrons thrown off by 
the kathode of a vacuum tube, 
which produce a glow wherever 
they strike the walls forming the 
tube. They may be deflected by a 
magnet. 

key, the transmitting key is a switcli 
by which the primary circuit may 
be readily and rapidly made and 
broken. 

keeper, the piece of iron used to close 
the magnetic circuit of a horse- 
shoe magnet to protect it from ex- 
ternal disturbances. In case of 
straight-bar magnets two are used, 
the magnets being laid side by side 
with unlike poles adjacent and the 
keepers placed across the ends. 

kilowatt, one thousand watts, K. W. 

kinetic, producing motion. 

kinetic energy, power in motion. 

knife switch, one in which the mov- 
able arm wedges in between two 
parallel spring clips. May be 
either a single double pole switch 
or double pole double throw 
switch. 

lag, is present when maximum cur- 
rent does not occur until some 
time after maximum E. M. F. 
(electro magnetic force). See 
Husteresis. 

lag screw, a wood screw with a 
square head. 

laminated, composed of a number of 
thin plates, one on top of the 
other. 

lampwound, a type of winding of 
drum armatures in which the inter- 
connections are arranged so that 
winding is done in loops, the front 
connections lapping backward 
toward where the back connections 
commenced. 

lateral force, force proceeding from 
the side. 

latitude, distance north or south of 
the geographical equator, meas- 
ured in degrees, minutes and sec- 
onds. See Longitude, 
law of magnetism, like poles repel, 
unlike poles attract. The same 
law holds good for static electric 
charges. 



23 



1 



EADIO TEEMS 



lead, pb. platinum A. W. 205-35. 
S. G. 11.35. Mlt. Pt. 618 minutes 
F. Val. 2. Chem. Eq. 102.67. Elee. 
Chem. Eq. .001,071.6, S. E. 20.38. 

If ad (pronounced leed), occurs where 
maximum current is reached be- 
fore maximum E. M. F. 

leading-in or lead-in insulator, any 
form of insulator used for passing 
down leads of aerial through roof 
or walls of operating cabin. 

lead monoxide, PbO. Litharge. 
Brownish-yellow substance. 

lead peroxide, Pb02. 

leads, wires conveying or ' ' leading ' ' 
a current from point to point in a 
circuit. 

lead sulphide, PbS. See Galena. 

lead sulphate, PbS04. Also called 
anglesite. 

leaf tullurium, see nagyagite. 

leakage, a loss of current due to 
poor insulation or other causes. 

LeClanche cell, single fluid cell. Con- 
sists of a porous pot containing a 
carbon rod packed round with 
manganese dioxide and crushed 
with a zinc rod placed in a glass 
retainer partly filled with a satu- 
rate solution of sal ammoniac 
(ammonium chloride). Very slight, 
polarization. E. M. F. 1.5 volts. 
Internal resistance varies. 

length of aerial, an aerial is meas- 
ured from many of its extremities 
to point of connection with instru- 
ment, the measure of one compo- 
nent wire alone being taken into 
consideration. In a T aerial only 
half of the horizontal span must 
be added to the length of the 
downleads. An inverted L aerial 
total horizontal span must be 
added to downleads. In umbrella 
type length of aerial is taken as 
length of one radial lead added to 
downlead. 

Lenz law, an induced current always 
tends to stop the current which 
produces it. 

leyden jar, a condenser in the form 
of a flint glass jar with lower por- 
tions of its inner and outer sur- 
face coated with tinfoil. This tin- 



foil is referred to as the " coat- 
ings. ' ' 

L. F. C, low frequency current. 

light, ether vibrations varying be- 
tween 400 billions per second pro- 
ducing waves 271 ten millionths of 
an inch in length, and giving red 
light up to 1750 billions per sec- 
ond producing waves of 165 ten- 
millionths of an inch in length, 
giving violet light. Faster or slow 
vibrations produce waves not vis- 
ible, to the human eye. Shorter 
waves are called ultra-violet rays, 
while those immediately above the 
red rays are known as intra-red 
rays. The speed of light waves is 
identical with that of other electro- 
magnetic waves and electricity, 
and is 186,000 miles per second. 

lightning rod, a metal rod connected 
with the earth, used on buildings 
as a safety device. 

like charges, repel. 

line, electrical engineers refer to out- 
going or positive wire as line and 
the return wire as earth, which 
itself is frequently used for this 
purpose. 

line of force, is a curve so drawn in 
a magnetic field that the direction 
of the tangent at any point is di- 
rection of magnetic force of field 
intensity at that point. 

link fuses, a link of fusable metal, 
introduced into the circuit as a 
protective device. 

liquid barretter, barretter in which 
the loop of Wooloston wire is sub- 
stituted by fine tube of high-resis- 
tance liquid, or in another form 
has two ends of very fine platinum 
wire dipping into a liquid. 

litharge, PbO. Lead monoxid. Also 
known as massicot. Paste of nega- 
tive plate of a cumulator. Yellow- 
ish brown in color. 

lithium, Li. Lightest known solid. 
A. W. 6. 98 S. G. O. 59. 

lithanode cell, one having its nega- 
tive plate pasted with litharge. 

loading coil, a single slide, tuning 
coil. 

local currents, currents within the 
metal parts of a generator. 



24 



RADIO TEEMS 



lock nut, a nut placed over another 
nut on the same bolt to hold the 
original nut in place. A check nut. 

lodestone, a peculiar iron ore having 
the natural properties of a magnet. 
Also called magnetic. Found in 
magnesia, in Asia Minor. 

location action, or polarization as it 
is called, is produced in a cell by 
impurities in the zinc acting upon 
each other and thus setting up a 
number of minute currents over all 
the immersed plate. Amalgamation 
with mercury tends to check this. 
In accumulators is due to the ac- 
tion which takes place between the 
lead of positive and the coating of 
lead sulphate. 

locus, path of a movement graphic- 
ally represented by a curve. 

lodge disc detector, an imperfect con- 
tact detector. Consists of a steel 
disc rotating with its sharp knife 
edge just touching some mercury 
having a film of oil on it. Oscil- 
lations passing through circuit of 
disc-mercury break down resis- 
tance of oil and make good con- 
tact between them. Oil once again 
insulates disc at completion of pas- 
sage of oscillations. It is really a 
form of coherer. 

logarithm, log. In the case of com- 
mon logariths (com. log) is the 
power of ten (the base) which pro- 
duces the number in question, e. g., 
log 100 equals 2, since 100 equals 
102, 2 being the required power of 
10 to produce 100. 

logarithmic curve, one having no defi- 
nite minimum in a decreasing 
curve, or no definite maximum in 
an increasing curve. A dampt wave 
train has logarithmic curve. 

log decrement, the naperian or hy- 
perbolic log of reciprocal of the 
ratio of the first amplitude to sec- 
ond amplitude in a train of waves, 
or log of ratio of the amplitude 
of one oscillation to the next in 
the same direction. 

log tables, tables giving the mani- 
tissa log of a number. 

lohys, a silico steel. 



longitude, distance east or west of a 
meridian passing through Green- 
wich, measured in degrees, minutes 
and seconds. 

loops, antinodes. Points of greatest 
amplitude in a wave train. 

loop aerial, a frame around which 
several turns of wire are wound. 

loose coupling, a coupling without 
metallic contact or where the in- 
ductances are well apart. 

lost motion, the motion in a machine 
that produces no useful results. 

low frequency current, L. F. C. One 
having a frequency of only a few 
hundreds per second. 

low frequency iron core inductance, 
a variable inductance having an 
open-ended iron wire core. Used 
to place primary transformer cir- 
cuit in resonance with alternating 
current frequency. 

low tension, L. T. Having only a 
small P. D. low pressure. 

lugs, metal projections for simplify- 
ing the electrical connection of 
two articles. A small tube in end 
of which wire can be soldered, the 
other end being flattened out and 
having a hole drilled to receive 
any required terminal. 

lubricant, anything used to help di- 
minish friction between two or 
more working parts; like oil, 
graphite, etc. 

magnet, a piece of iron or steel that 
has the property to attract or re- 
pel other pieces of metal. 

magnet coil, the coil over an iron 
core in an electric magnet. 

magnetic field, the field or space 
over which the magnet exerts its 
influence. 

magnetic flux, the lines of force 
which flow from a magnet; mag- 
netic induction. 

magnetic force, force at any point in 
a magnetic field. 

magnet horseshoe, a bar of steel 
shaped like a horseshoe with both 
ends magnetized. 

magnetic limit, the temperature be- 
yond which metal cannot be mag- 
netized. 



25 



^ 



RADIO TERMS 



magnetic self induction, a magnet 
tends to repel its own magnetism 
and weaken itself by self-induc- 
tion. 

magnetite, a natural magnetic iron 
ore. Lodestone. 

magneto, a small generator. 

make and break current, a current 
continually broken and started 
again as is the action in an induc- 
tion coil. 

malleable, capable of being worked 
into shape. 

manganese bronze, an alloy of cop- 
per, tin and ferromanganese ore. 

manganese steel, an alloy of steel 
and metal manganese. 

Marconi filings coherer, a glass tube 
containing fine metallic filings 
used as a detector. 

megaphone, an instrument used to 
help make the voice audible at a 
distance. 

megohm, a million ohms. 

mercury, a metallic element liquid 
at ordinary temperature; also 
known as quicksilver. 

meter volt, an instrument for meas- 
uring the pressure or voltage of a 
circuit. Connected in multiple on 
your line. 

meter ampere, an instrument for 
measuring the flow of current. 

meter watt, an instrument for meas- 
uring the' wattage. Volt times am- 
peres. 

mho, unit of conductivity. The word 
ohm spelled backwards. 

mica, a mineral more or less trans- 
parent and used as an insulator. 

micanite, a manufactured insulator 
made of mica. 

micro, one millionth. 

microfarad, unit of capacity. 

microhm, one millionth of an ohm. 

micrometer, an instrument for meas- 
uring small distances like the 
thousandth or ten thousandth part 
of an inch. 

micrometer spark gap, an adjustable 
spark gap used in the aerial cir- 
cuit. 

microphone, an apparatus to magnify 
sound. 

mil circular, a unit of area. The area 



of a circle whose diameter is one 
mil. 

mil foot, a unit of resistance. A wire 
one foot long with a diameter of 
one mil. 

millimeter, a unit of length. One 
thousandth part of a meter. 

minimum, the least quantity. 

molecule, the smallest part of an ele- 
ment that can exist alone. 

molybdenite, a sulphide of molyb- 
denum. Used as a detector. 

Morse receiver, a receiver named 
after S. F. B. Morse. 

Morse inker, an instrument that re- 
cords the received message on a 
traveling paper tape. 

Mosciski condenser, a condenser in 
the form of a glass tube with a 
metal foil coating. 

motor, a machine to convert elec- 
trical energy into mechanical 
energy. 

motor generator, a combined motor 
and generator; a generator driven 
by a motor. 

motor series, a motor whose arma- 
ture windings and field windings 
are in series. 

multiple, multiple connection is that 
in which each lamp draws its sup- 
ply direct from the mains and is 
not depending on any other lamp 
or set of lamps for its supply. 
Lamps in parallel with each other. 
The opposite to series. 

mutual induction, the introduction 
of an electrical pressure in a cir- 
cuit, by another circuit not directly 
connected to it. 

natural currents, earth currents. 

natural wave length, the natural 
length of wave produced by the 
aerial's own capacity and induc- 
tance. 

negative, the opposite to positive. 
The pole to which the current 
seems to flow. 

negative charge, one of the two elec- 
tric charges, the opposite to posi- 
tive. 

neutral wire, the middle wire of a 
three wire system. The wire that 
is common to both dynamos. 

nickel silver, an alloy of nickel, cop- 

26 



KADIO TEEMS 



per and zinc. German silver used 
in making resistance coils. 

nickel steel, steel with the addition 
of a small percentage of nickel. 

non-conductor^ any material that will 
not conduct electricity. 

non-inductive circuit, a circuit pos- 
sessing a very small inductance. 

notch wire gauge, a gauge with 
notches for measuring wire. 

ohm, unit of electrical resistance. 
The resistance offered by a cou- 
lomb of pure mercury, 106.3 centi- 
meters in length by one square 
millimeter in cross section at a 
temperature of zero centigrade. 

Ohm's law, the fundamental prin- 
ciple on which all electrical mathe- 
matics are worked. The current in 
amperes is equal to the voltage 
divided by the resistance in ohms. 
The resistance is equal to the volt- 
age divided by the current in am- 
peres. The voltage is equal to the 
resistance in ohms times current 
in amperes. Thus with two known 
quantities you can always find the 
third unknown. 

ohmic resistance, true resistance. 

oscillating current, an alternating 
current of high frequency. 

oscillator, hertzian, a device for pro- 
ducing oscillations. 

oscillatory induction, induction pro- 
duced by action of an oscillatory 
discharge. 

paper condenser, a condenser made 
with tin foil and paraffin paper. 

partition insulator, a leading-in in- 
sulator. 

period, time required to produce and 
complete one wave; time required 
to complete one cycle of an alter- 
nating current circuit. 

periphery, the circumference of a 
circle. 

permanent magnet, a magnet that 
will retain its magnetism away 
from the source of magnetism. 

phenomenon, an unusual occurrence. 

phonetron, a trade name for a type 
of amplifying telephone receiver. 
Consists of an enclosed electro- 
magnetic s^enoid producing an 
annular field in which an armature 



coil is suspended from the apex 
of a conical diaphragm. The mag- 
net requires a current of 2% am- 
peres at a pressure of 6 volts. 

phosphor bronze, a very hard alloy 
of copper, tin and phosphorous. 

plunger, a movable core used with 
a solenoid to be drawn in an oil 
bath when the coil is excited. 

polarization, the changing of a vol- 
taic cell by depriving it of its 
proper pressure. 

polarity, pertaining to the poles of 
a circuit; the positive and nega- 
tive. 

polyphase, more than one phase. 
Multiphase. 

positive pole, the pole from which 
the current is supposed to start on 
its journey around the circuit. 

potential, the pressure of an elec- 
tric charge. 

potentiometer, an arrangement foi 
determining potential difference. 

poundal, British unit of force. 

power, activity; rate of doing work. 

primary coil, the coil of a trans- 
former that is connected to the 
source of supply. 

primary colors, red, yellow, blue. 

primary powers, water power; wind 
power; tide power; power of com- 
bustion; power of vital action, 

primary tuning inductance, a vari- 
able inductance in the primary 
closed oscillatory circuit. 

protective rod, a carbon rod of high 
resistance connected into circuit 
as a safety measure. 

propagation* the travelling of elec- 
tro-magnetic waves over the 
earth's surface. 

pyrometer, a meter for measuring 
excessive heat. 

quadrant, a quarter of a circle; an 
angle of 90 degrees. 

quartz, a hard rock of native silica. 

quenched spark, a spark gap made 
of series of metal plates insulated 
from each other. 

quicksilver, mercury; a liquid metal. 

radial, spreading from a centre. 

radiation, the transmission of ether 
waves through space. 

radiating circuit, the aerial circuit, 



27 



EADTO TEEMS 

radio telephony, transmission of rhumkorff coil, an induction coil. 

speech bv electro magnetic waves, rotary, turning on an axis— rotating. 
reaction, inverse action. rubber covered wire, a cable either 

reactance, the opposition offered to solid or stranded with a rubber 

the flow of current bv back elec- covering and an outer protective 

tro motive force, etc. covering of cotton braid. 

reactance coil, an adjustable iron sal ammoniac, ammonium chloride. 

core around Which is wound a coil secondary coil, the coil of a trans- 
former into which the current is 
induced. 



"1 



of wire. 

rectifier, an apparatus for changing 
alternating current to direct cur- 
rent. 

refraction, the change in direction 
of bending of the electro mag- 
netic waves. 

regenerative circuit, a reactionary 
circuit. 

receiving detector, a device to change 



series, an electrical connection where 
lamps are connected so that they 
depend one on the other for supply, 
the current passing through each 
lamp successively. The opposite 
to multiple. 
set collar, a ring used on a shaft or 
spindle to prevent end play, 
-he characteristics of incoming sextant, an instrument used on board 
oscillations so as to make them ship to measure angles, 
audible. sheet metal gauge, a gauge to 

receiving tuner, an oscillation trans- measure the thickness of metals, 
former which allows the operator shellac, a gum gathered from trees 
to receive electro magnetic waves in India used in radio and elec- 
of different lengths. trical work in the form of a var- 

relay, an instrument consisting of an nish. An excellent insulator, 
electro-magnet which actuates short curcuit, two wires of opposite 
upon receiving a current and in polarity coming in contact with 
actuating opens and closes a one another without any controll- 
circuit. in £ device. 

reluctance the resistance offered to shunt, a shunt for the receiving relay 
the flow' of lines of magnetic force. consisting of the coils of an elec- 
resistance, that property of an elec- tro magnet. 

trical conductor which tends to shunt winding, a system of winding 
oppose the flow of current over it. where the armature winding is in 
Everything in a circuit offers parallel with the field winding, 
resistance to the flow of current, silicon, a mineral. Used as a detector. 
resistance box, a box filled with sixty cycle A. C, this is when the 
resistance coils connected in series current changes its flow of direc- 
with each other; a resistance tion sixty times a second This 
frame. frequency is used a great deal for 

resistance, ohmic, true resistance. lighting and power purposes. 

resistance, spurious, counter electric single phase, using only two wires 
motive force. anc ^ one electromotive force; some- 

retardation, a retarding of the rate times called monophase. 

of transmission of signals. sliding friction, the friction that 

resonator, a sound box. exists between moving parts in 

retentivity, coercive force. sliding contact with each other. 

rheostat, an instrument used to offer slip rings, two rings on an alternator 

resistance to the flow of current. that take the place of a commu- 

Made of a number of metal coils tator on a direct current dyuamo. 

(German silver or iron) connected solenoid, an electro magnet without 

together in series and mounted on the iron core. 

a "frame from which the coils are spark coil, an insulated wire wound 
insulated. around an iron core, used for pro- 

28 



EADIO TEEMS 



ducing a spark from a source of 
low pressure. 

spark gap, the space between the 
ends of an electric resonator 
across which the spark jumps. 

specific gravity, the density of a 
solution against that of another, 
using water as a standard. 

specific resistance, resistance of any 
material having a cube of one cen- 
timeter. 

spiral winding, the system of wind- 
ing used on a ring armature. 

stage cable, a cable containing twin 
conductors each insulated from the 
other and the whole covered with 
a composition covering. 

stand-by, a position of tuning, allow- 
ing the reception of waves of va- 
rious length. QRX. 

standard cell, the weston cell is now 
used as the standard. 

starting box, an adjustable resist- 
ance to regulate the flow of cur- 
rent when starting up the motor. 

static, atmosphere disturbance. 

static charge, an electric charge at 
rest. 

static transformer, a transformer 
without moving parts. 

stator, the stationary part of an in- 
duction motor or generator. 

steel, iron hardened by the addition 
of carbon and manganese. 

step down transformer, a trans- 
former that steps down the vol- 
tage and raises the amperage; has 
a greater number of turns of wire 
in primary than in secondary. 

step-up transformer, a transformer 
that steps up the voltage and 
lowers the amperage; has a great- 
er number of turns of wire in the 
secondary than in the primary. 

storage battery, an accumulator; a 
number of cells for the storage 
of electricity. 

storage capacity, the number ampere 
hours than can be got from a stor- 
age battery. 

sulphating, the formation of a lead 
sulphate in storage batteries. May 
be overcome by prolonged charging. 

sulphuric acid, a compound of sul- 
phur, hydrogen and oxygen. 



switch, a device for opening or clos- 
ing a circuit. 

switch board, a board to which the 
mains are led connecting with bus 
bars, fuses and switches. 

switch, double pole, a heavy switch 
that disconnects or connects two 
leads simultaneously. 

switch, knife, a switch with knife 
like blades used on circuits carry- 
ing high amperage. 

switch snap, a small switch made to 
give a sharp break used on house 
lighting circuits, etc. 

switch, three way, a switch so con- 
structed that by turning its handle 
connection can be made from one 
lead to either of two other leads 
and also that connection can be 
completely cut off. 

synchronous, simultaneous; to cor- 
respond in time. 

synchronous motor, a motor which 
runs in synchronism with the alter- 
nating current. 

"T" aerial, an aerial where the hori- 
zontal span is tapped in the middle 
by the lead in wire; thus forming 
a letter T. 

telefunken, German name for radio 
telegraphy. 

terminal lugs, metal terminals for 
ends of wire used so that good 
and quick connection can be made. 

telsa coil, an oscillating transformer. 

therm, a unit of heat. 

thermal detector, a detector which 
acts by heat energy. 

toggle joint, an elbow joint. 

three wire system, a system of dis- 
tribution of electrical current 
where three wires' instead of two 
sets of two wires are used. The 
middle or neutral wire acts as a 
positive for the one side and of 
the system and as the negative 
for the other side. The advantage 
of the system is the saving of 
copper. 

tickler coil, a coil in the circuit of 
a vacuum tube receiver to transfer 
a part of the oscillating plate cur- 
rent energy into the grid circuit 
to enable the vacuum tube to gen- 



"1 



KADIO TEEMS 



erate oscillations of high fre- 
quency. It is coupled to the sec- 
ondary of the oscillation circuit. 
An inductance coil. 

tone frequency, spark frequency. 

transformer, an apparatus used on 
an alternating current circuit to 
either raise or lower the voltage. 
Made of two coils of wire named 
the primary and the secondary 
coils and a laminated iron core. 
The coils are insulated from the 
core and from each other. The 
current enters the transformer 
through the primary coil and sets 
up a magnetic flux around the core ; 
the secondary coil cuts the lines 
of magnetic force and thus a new 
current is induced in the secondary. 

transformer coils, the two coils in 
a transformer; primary and 
secondary. 

transformer core, a core made up 
of thin iron plates laid one on 
top of the other. 

transmitter, an instrument used to 
produce sounds to be transmitted. 

transverter, a trade name for a 
motor generator. 

tuning, the process of securing the 
maximum indication by adjusting 
the time period. 

two phase, an alternating current 
system of electrical distribution 
making use of two currents of dif- 
ferent phase. Can be arranged 
with either three or four wires. 

unipolar dynamo, a dynamo where 
one part of the conductor slides 
around the magnet. 

ultraudion, an audion used in a cir- 
cuit having a type of energy coup- 
ling so that a powerful relay 
action may be obtained. Its ele- 
ments are connected in two cir- 
cuits so arranged that the energy 
coupling may be obtained through 
a bridging condenser in its plate 
filament circuit. 

vacuum, a space destitute of all 
substance. 

vacuum tube, the name given to the 
highly exhausted glass tube con- 
taing three elements. Used for 
detector in radio work. 



vario-coupler, a device for varying 
the inductance in a circuit. The 
primary and secondary coils are 
connected magnetically but not 
electrically. 

variometer, a device for varying the 
inductance in a circuit. Made by 
connecting two inductances in 
series. 

varleys condenser, a static condenser. 

velocity, the rate of motion of a 
body. 

vibration period, in electrical reso- 
nance the period of a vibration in 
an electrical circuit. 

valve amplifier, audion type vacuum 
tube containing three electrodes. 

valve tuner, a tuner used with a 
valve detector. 

variable condenser, a condenser 
which allows of easy and quick 
adjustment. 

voltage, electric motive force or 
pressure. 

voltmeter, an instrument used to 
measure the pressure of a circuit. 

vulcanite, vulcanized India rubber. 

watt, the practical unit of electri- 
cal power. Amperes times voltage. 

watt hour, watts times length, in 
hours. One watt expended for 
one hour. 

watt minute, one watt expended for 
one minute. 

watt second, one watt expended for 
one second. 

wave changer, a transmitting switch 
to change from one wave length 
to another. 

waves, electro-magnetic, ether waves 
due to electro-magnetic distur- 
bances. 

wave length, the distance covered 
by a wave from the transmitting 
station before the next successive 
wave starts. 

wave train frequency, the total 
number of waves being produced 
or received per second. 

wave meter, an instrument to 
measure wave lengths. 

wire gauge, a gauge for measuring 
the diameter of wires. 



30 



A LIST OF THE LATEST WORDS 

Including those especially relating to the World War and other 
words in the Arts and Sciences which have recently 
come into our language. 

This list is designed to present a selection from the more important new 
words and meanings owing their origin to the Great War and to record new 
forms and uses produced by the normal growth of the language. It also in- 
cludes many colloquial and slang expressions which have embodied themselves 
in English speech, and therefore call for recognition. 

NEW MEANINGS OF WORDS ALREADY APPEARING IN THIS 
WORK ARE INDICATED BY AN ASTERISK. 

NOTICE.— The latest words relating to aviation will be found under the 
heading "Glossary of Aviation Terms" in the Reference Library immediately 
following the main body of the dictionary. 



acid test (as'id test), n. test by acid; 
the most searching test or proof. 

A. E. F. = American Expeditionary 
Forces (a-mer'i-kan eks-pe-dish'un- 
a-ri fors'ez), n. the United States 
military forces operating in Europe 
in the World War. 

Alien Property Custodian (a'li-en 
prop'er-ti kus-to'di-an) , n. a Federal 
official charged with the control of 
property of enemy aliens. 

American Legion ( a-mer'i-kan le'jun) , 
n. an organization of American vet- 
erans of the World War, founded in 
1919. 

ammeter (am'me-ter), n. an instru- 
ment for determining the strength in 
amperes of an electric current. 

antenna (an-ten'a), n. [pZ. antennae 
(an-ten'e)], a suspended wire for the 
transmission and reception of elec- 
tric waves. 

anti-aircraft gun (an-ti ar'kraft gun) , 
n. a gun designed to destroy enemy 
aircraft. 

Anti- Saloon League (an'ti-sa-loon 
leg), n. an American national federa- 
tion of organizations opposed to the 
liquor traffic, influential in procuring 
prohibition legislation. 

Anzac (an'zak), n. the popular appel- 
lation of members of the Australian 



and New Zealand Army Corps in the 
World War. 

applejack (ap'l-jak) , n. a brandy made 
from apples. 

Archie (ar'chi), n. army slang for an 
anti-aircraft shell. 

armored (ar'merd), adj. armor-clad, of 
cars, trains, etc. 

Articles of War (ar'ti-klz ov wawr), n. 
rules enacted by Congress governing 
military discipline. 

ashcan (ash'kan), n. navy slang for a 
depth bomb. 

audi on bulb (aw'di-un bulb), n. a 
vacuum tube forming a highly sen- 
sitive detector of incoming radio os- 
cillations. 

automat (aw'to-mat), n. a type of 
restaurant in which food is dispensed 
through the medium of slot-ma- 
chines. 

* automatic (aw-to-mat'ik) , n. an auto- 
matic gun or pistol in which the re- 
coil is utilized to eject cartridges, 
reload, and fire at a high rate of 
speed. 

A. W. O. L. ? in the American Army, 
an abbreviation signifying Absent 
Without Official Leave. 

baby tank (ba/bi tangk), n. equiva- 
lent of whippet tank, applied to the 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



BASE HOSPITAL 

French Renault whippet tank of 7 
tons. 

base hospital (bas hos'pi-tal), n. a 
hospital which receives wounded from 
the front for immediate treatment, 
then passing them on to permanent 
hospitals in the rear. 

batman (bat 'man), n. army term for 
an orderly in charge of a pack-horse. 

Big Bertha" (big ber'tha) , n. a popular 
name given to the long range gun 
which bombarded Paris in 1918, and 
to similar guns. 

Big Brothers (big bruth'eiz), n. an or- 
ganized volunteer movement, started 
in New York in 1904, to assist boys 
who are victims of their environ- 
ment to a higher plane. 

billboard (bil'bord), n. a flat surface 
for the display of advertisements and 
notices. 

birth control (berth' kon-trolO, n. a 
reform movement advocating limita- 
tion of the size of families and spread- 
ing knowledge of the use of contra- 
ceptives. Such measures are illegal 
in many states. 

Blighty (bll'ti), n. British army slang 
for a wound ; also signifying England ; 
home. 

blind tiger (blind ti'ger), n. a secret 
and unlicensed place for the sale of 
liquor. 

Blue Devils (blu dev'lz), n. a name 
given to the French chasseurs in the 
World War because of their daring. 

bombproof (bom 'proof), n. a position 
fortified against bombing attacks. 

bomb-thrower (bom'thro-er) , n. a de- 
vice for throwing bombs against the 
enemy position. 

bone-dry (bon'drl) , adj. dry as a bone; 
a term used in the 1919 prohibition 
campaign to signify absolute non-use 
of intoxicants. 

bootlegger (bootleg-er) , n. one en- 
gaged in bootlegging. 

bootlegging (boot'leg-ing) , n. the act 
of transporting on the person and 
selling liquor where its use is prohib- 
ited. 

bracer (bra'ser), n. a stimulant taken 
as a tonic. 

brancardier (brong-kar-di-a') , n. a 
stretcher-bearer . [ French . ] 

brassard (bra-sar'), n. an armband in- 



CASUAL 

cheating the office or function of the 
wearer. [French.] 

brig (brig), n. in the American navy, 
the place of confinement. 

*buck (buk), n. a sawbuck; the act of 
bucking; to pass the buck, to 
transfer responsibility: v. to butt; of 
horses, to leap with arched back, de- 
scending with head down and fore- 
legs stiffened; to fight against, resist; 
buck the tiger, in gambling, to play 
against the bank. 

buck private (buk prl'vat) , n. the low- 
est grade of private soldier. 

buddy (bud'i), n. (corruption of broth- 
er), m the army, a pal, close com- 
panion. 

buffer state (buf'er stat), n. a state 
separating two opposing nations, by 
its position forming an obstacle to 
aggression. 

bully beef (boo'li beef), n. canned or 
preserved beef. [French bouilli [boo- 
ye'], boiled.] 

bump off (bump of) , v. to kill, make 
away with. [Slang.] 

by-product (bl'prod-ukt) , n. a second- 
ary or subordinate product resulting 
from the manufacture of a principal 
product. 

cafeteria (kaf-e-te'ri-a) , n. a restaurant 
in which customers serve themselves 
from counters. 

camaraderie (kam-e-ra-der-e') , n. 
comradeship; fellowship. [French.] 

camion (kam'i-6n^), n. a truck; spe- 
cifically, an army truck. [French.] 

Camp fire Girls (kamp'fir gerk") , n. an 
association similar to the Boy Scouts, 
founded in 1913, designed to pro- 
mote out-door life, social improve- 
ment, and economy. Its members 
were active in food conservation and 
other forms of war work. 

*carry (kar'i), n. a portage. 

carry on (kar'i on'), v.i. to persist, en- 
dure, continue to the end; popular, 
to behave obstreperously. 

cartel (kar'tl), n. a written instru- 
ment embodying an agreement be- 
tween warring nations in regard to 
specific matters. 

Casey (ka'sD, n. in the A. E. F., army 
slang for K. C, Knights of Colum- 
bus. 

* casual (kazh'u-al), n. a term used in 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, tfien. 



CATERPILLAR TREAD 



DOPE 



the World War to designate a wound- 
ed or disabled soldier. 

caterpillar tread (kat'er-pil-er tred), 
n. a type of traction consisting of an 
endless band passing about the front 
and rear wheels of heavy vehicles; 
used in farm tractors and in army 
tanks. 

Central Powers (sen'tral pou'erz), n. 
in the World War, a designation of 
Germany and Austria-Hungary. 

chancellery (chan'sel-er-i), n. the of- 
fice of a chancellor. 

chaser (chas'er), n. a small drink of 
water after spirits, or of brandy, etc. 
after coffee. 

chow (chou), n. army and navy slang 
for food. 

*chuck (chuk) , v.t. to give up, abandon. 
[SJang.] 

"citation (si-ta/shun) , n. the act or 
ceremony of citing; the official order 
bestowing the distinction; generally 
accompanied by the presentation of 
a military medal or cross . 

*cite (sit) , v.t. to recognize in military 
orders of a regiment, corps, or army 
eminent services or acts of bravery 
performed by individuals or regi- 
ments. 

comfort bag (kum'fert bag) , n. a small 
individual bag containing articles 
useful to a soldier in the field. 

Congressional Medal (kong-gresh'un- 
al med'l) , n. the highest official Amer- 
ican distinction, very rarely awarded 
by Congress, and only for the most 
"conspicuous gallantry and intrepid- 
ity above and beyond the call of 
duty" in action. Less than one hun- 
dred members of the American Ex- 
peditionary Forces were thus distin- 
guished. 

conscientious objector (kon-shi-en'- 
shus ob-jek'ter) , n. a person who re- 
fuses to do military duty because of 
religious or personal scruples. 

consortium (kon-sor'ti-um) , n. part- 
nership ; a trade organization author- 
ized by the government for the con- 
trol and distribution of a commodity. 
[Latin.] 

contact mine (kon'takt min), n. a 
form of mine which is exploded by 
being struck, as a submarine mine. 

contraceptive (kon-tra-sep'tiv) , n. a 
means of preventing conception. 



contre - espionage (kon'tr - es ' pi - o - 
nazhO, n. counter-espionage, precau- 
tionary measures to detect and coun- 
teract enemy espionage. [French.] 

cootie (koo'ti), n. army slang for a 
lousa. 

counter proposal (koun'ter pro-poz'- 
al) , n. a proposal offering terms mod- 
ifying those of an opponent's pro- 
posal. 

Croix de Guerre (krwa de gar), n. the 
French war cross, given to individual 
soldiers or civilians in recognition of 
distinguished bravery or important 
service. [French.] 

culm (kulm), n. refuse of coal, espe- 
cially of anthracite. 

Czecho - Slovak Republic (chek'o- 
slov'ak re-pub'lik), n. a state com- 
prising Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, 
and Slovakia, declared an independ- 
ent nation on October 18, 1918. 

decode (de-kodO, v.t. to translate a 
code message into ordinary terms. 

deflate (de-flat) , v.t. to release the gas 
or air in a balloon or other container. 

deflation (de-fla'shun), n. the act of 
deflating. 

delouse (de-lousO, v.t. to free from 
lice. 

delousing camp (de-lous'ing kamp), 
n. a camp where soldiers undergo 
disinfection on leaving the trenches. 

demote (de-motO, v.t. to reduce in 
rank or grade. 

depth bomb (depth bom) , n. a bomb 
used for the destruction of subma- 
rines by explosion at a determined 
depth below the surface. The time 
mechanism may be a valve operated 
by water pressure or a float attached 
by a cord to a trigger. 

Der Tag (dar Tog), n. 'The Day/ pre- 
pared for and constantly toasted in 
German military, circles, on which 
the anticipated German conquest of 
Europe should begin. 

Devil Dogs (dev'l dogs), n. in the 
World War, a name given originally 
by German soldiers to the United 
States marines because of their fight- 
ing qualities. 

disgruntled (dis-grun'tld), adj. dissat- 
isfied, bad-humored. 

*dope (dop) , n. a general term for ma- 
terial used as a filler, as in treating 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



DOUGHBOY 

the cloth surface of airships, or as an 
absorbent, mixed with high explo- 
sives: v. to administer stupefying 
or stimulating drugs, as in horse- 
racing. 

doughboy (do'boi), n. in American 
army slang, an infantryman. 

*drive (driv), n. an organized effort 
during a fixed period for obtaining 
funds, etc.; as a clothing drive. 

drum- fire (drum 'fir), n. continuous, 
rattling fire, as of machine guns. 

dry (dri), adj. used of a territory in 
which the sale of liquor is prohibited: 
n. an advocate of prohibition. 

D. S. G. = Distinguished Service 
Cross (dis-ting'gwisht ser'vis kros), 
n. in the American Army, the high- 
est military honor, conferred for emi- 
nent acts of bravery. 

D. S. M. = Distinguished Service 
Medal ( dis-ting'gwisht ser'vis med'l) , 
n. an American distinction, conferred 
on soldiers and civilians for great 
bravery or service. 

D. S. O. = Distinguished Service 
Order (dis-ting'gwisht ser'vis or'der) , 
n. a British military distinction. 

dud (dud) , n. a shell that has failed to 
explode. 

duffelbag (duf'1-bag), /n. the bag used 
by soldiers and sailors to contain 
their outfit. 

Duma (doo'ma), n. the Russian Par- 
liament or Council of State, an ad- 
visory body under the empire, estab- 
lished in 1905, abolished in 1917. 

dumdum bullet (dum'dum bool'et), 
n. an expanding bullet intended to 
make a lacerated wound; frequently 
formed from ordinary bullets by fil- 
ing or biting the tip. The use of 
such bullets is prohibited by the 
regulations of the Hague Peace Con- 
ference. 

dyestuff (di'stuf), n. a dye, material 
used in dyeing. 

eagle boat (e'gl bot), n. an American 
type of small submarine chaser. 

Eagle hut (e'gl hut) , n. a hut or place 
of entertainment conducted by the 
Y. M. C. A. for the benefit of Ameri- 
can soldiers and sailors. 

eats (ets), n. slang, especially army 
slang, for food, meals. 

emplacement (em-plas'ment), n. a 



FOURTEEN POINTS 

platform or fortified location for can- 
non. 

encode (en-kod'), vJ. to put a message 
into its appropriate code form. 

enemy alien (en'e-mi a/li-en) , n. a for- 
eign subject permanently or tempo- 
rarily living in a country with which 
his government is at war. 

expropriate (eks-pro'pri-at), v.t. to de- 
prive of property rights, take out of 
the possession of a person. 

farmerette (far-mer-et'), n. a girl or 
woman engaged in farming as a con- 
servation measure during the World 
, War. 

fermeture (f er'me-chur) , n. the clos- 
ing mechanism of breech-loading fire- 
arms. 

field clerk (f eld' klerk), n. a clerical 
assistant in military operations. 

field works (feld' werks), n. fortifica- 
tions constructed for temporary use 
in the field. 

*film (film), n. colloquial for moving 
picture. 

flagship (flag'ship) , n. a ship carrying 
the flag officer of a fleet or squadron. 

flare (flar), n. an artificial illumination 
designed to detect the position of the 
enemy. 

flivver (fliv'er), n. colloquial term for a 
low-grade automobile. 

Food Administration (food ad-min- 
is-tra/shun) , n. a wartime Federal or- 
ganization for conserving foodstuffs 
and regulating their_use. 

fouragere (f oo-ra-zhar') , n. in the 
French army, a shoulder cord worn 
by the members of a regiment or di- 
vision which has been decorated. 
[French.] 

Fourteen Points (for 'ten points), n. 
_the principles named by President 
Wilson in a speech before Congress 
on January 8, 1918, as essential in 
any consideration of peace with the 
Central Powers. They were: open 
diplomacy, freedom of the seas, equal- 
ity of trade conditions, reduction of 
armaments, adjustment of colonial 
claims, settlement of Russian ques- 
tions, evacuation and restoration of 
Belgium, liberation and restoration 
of invaded French territory and re- 
turn of Alsace-Lorraine to France, 
readjustment of Italian frontiers, free 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



FRITZ 

development of the peoples of Aus- 
tria-Hungary, determination of the 
relations of the Balkan states, settle- 
ment of the Turkish question, an in- 
dependent Poland, the formation of 
a League of Nations. 
Fritz, Fritzie (frits, frit'se), n. a name 
given to the German soldier by the 
American forces in Europe. 

*gas (gas), n. colloquial for gasoline; 
asphyxiating or poison gas; v.t.to 
attack or overcome by asphyxiating 
gas. 

gas alert (gas a-lert'), n. the signal 
warning of a gas attack. [French 
alerte.] 

gas mask (gas mask), n. a device used 
in the World War to protect against 
the effects of asphyxiating gas. 

Geneva Cross (je-ne'va kros), ft. a 
Greek cross, red on a white ground, 
adopted in 1864 as a protecting sym- 
bol for neutral or non-combatant re- 
lief agents and for # ambulances, 
hospitals, hospital ships, etc., in 
war. . 

G. H. Q., abbreviation of General 
Headquarters. 

gob (gob), n. naval slang for a sailor. 

go west (go west), v.i. in the British 
and American armies, to die, of sol- 
diers wounded in battle. 

grouch (grouch), v.i. to be discontent- 
ed, surly; to grumble: ft. discontent- 
ed mood, bad temper; a surly person, 
grumbler. 

grouse (grous), v.i. British for grouch. 

headquarters (hed'kwor-terz) , n. the 
quarters of a commanding officer, or 
of the head of an organization; the 
chief seat of authority; the head- 
quarters personnel. 

*hedgehog (hej'hog), ft. an egg-shaped, 
crisscross tangle of barbed wire for 
filling in gaps in a wire entanglement. 

Heinie (hi'ne), n. a British nickname 
for the German soldier. 

heroin (her'o-in) , n. a sedative deriva- 
tive of morphine, much used by drug 
addicts. 

highball (hi'bawl), ft. a drink of liquor 
to which a considerable amount of 
water is added. 

*hike (hik), n. a tramp or march, a 
practice expedition on foot. 



I. W. W. 

Hindenburg Line (hin'den-berg lin), 
ft. an assumed impregnable German 
line of defense on the western front 
in 1917 through Laon, La Fere, St. 
Quentin, Cambrai, and Lille to Vimy 
Ridge, later in a shifting line be- 
tween Nieuport and Rheims. 

hoarding (hor'ding), n. in Great Brit- 
ain, a billboard. 

Hooyerize (hoo'ver-iz) , v.i. to econo- 
mize in food; a term derived from 
the name of Food Administrator 
Hoover. 

housewife (hous'wif), ft. the female 
head of a household ; a small bag con- 
taining sewing utensils. 

*Hun (hun), n. German; a generally ac- 
cepted term of reproach, based on 
the similarity of German ruthless- 
ness in the World War to that of the 
Huns, the most barbarous race of 
the ancient world. 

hydrophone (hi'dro-f on) , ft. a sound 
detector of American invention, with 
an effective range of six miles, by 
which the presence of a submarine 
and its position may be accurately 
determined. 

hyphenated American (hl'fen-a : ted 
a-mer'i-kan) , ft. an American citizen 
who gives partial allegiance to the 
land of his origin. 

hypo (hi'po), ft. popular abbreviation 
for hyposulphite of soda, used as a 
fixing agent in photography. 

Intelligence (in-tel'i-jens) , ft. the 
branch of army organization which 
gathers information concerning the 
enemy's operations, plans, and posi- 
tion at the front, and concerning es- 
pionage, propaganda, and the mili- 
tary, political, and economic situa- 
tion in other countries. 

inter- allied (in-t er-al-id' ), adj. pertain- 
ing to or shared by the allied nations 
in the World War. 

internationalism (in-ter-nash'un-al- 
izm), ft. a socialistic theory which 
substitutes for national patriotism a 
sentiment of world-fellowship with- 
out regard to nationality. 

internment camp (in - tern ' ment 
kamp), ft. a camp for the confine- 
ment of enemy aliens and suspected 
spies. 

I. W. W. = Independent Workers 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



JAZZ 

of the World (in-de-pen'dent wer'- 
kerz ov the werld), n. an organiza- 
tion formed in 1905 by the combina- 
tion of various labor bodies in con- 
sequence of industrial disturbances 
in the West; its propaganda, carried 
out by means of dynamiting and dis- 
loyalty, led to long prison sentences 
for many of its members. 

jazz (jaz), n. a kind of syncopated or 
ragtime music, performed on a great 
variety of instruments, with inten- 
tional discords; v. to dance by jazz 
music. 

Jerry (jer'e), n. a British army nick- 
name for the German soldier. 

* jigger (jig'er), n. a small measure for 
liquor, used in concocting drinks. 

Jugo-Slavs (yoo'go-slavz), n. south 
Slavic peoples; a nationality com- 
prising the Serbs, Croats, and Slo- 
venes, numbering about fourteen mil- 
lions, and including Serbia and Mon- 
tenegro together with various dis- 
tricts in Austria-Hungary — Croatia, 
Slavonia, Dalmatia, Bosnia-Herzo- 
govina, Istria, Trieste, etc. 

Junker (yqong'ker), n. a member of 
the Prussian landed aristocracy, an 
upholder of class privilege and mili- 
tarism. [German.] 

Eamerad (kom-er-ad') , n. comrade; 
the cry indicating surrender uttered 
by German soldiers. [German.] 

K. C., abbreviation of Knights of Co- 
lumbus. 

knocker (nok'er), n. a person given to 
constant criticism; a faultfinder. 

Erupp (kroop), n. a family of German 
gun makers. The great Krupp works 
at Essen turned out the famous long 
range guns which enabled Germany 
to prolong the World War. 

Kultur (kool-toor') , n. the German 
term for "civilization," "culture": 
the specifically German conception of 
the relation of the individual and 
the state to society; in popular ac- 
ceptation, ruthlessness, savagery. 

lachrymatory (lak'ri-ma-to-ri) , adj . 

producing tears. 
lay down (la doun), v.t. to discharge, 

fire (a barrage) . 
League of Nations (leg ov na'shunz), 



MACHINE GUN NEST 

n. a general association of nations, 
proposed by President Wilson, and 
embodied in the peace treaty with 
Germany, designed to assure against 
future wars by guarantees of political 
independence and territorial integri- 
ty to all nations. 

leatherneck (le£/i'er-nek) , n. a name 
given to the United States marines 
in the World War. 

*leave (lev), n. furlough, temporary au- 
thorized absence from military or 
other duty. 

liaison (le-a-zong', le-a'zong) , n. a bind- 
ing, tying together; the military or- 
ganization which assures interchange 
of information between armies or 
different branches of an army. 

liaison officer (le-a'zong of'is-er), n.an 
officer assigned to the army of an- 
other nation, or to another branch of 
the same army, as intermediary. 

^liberty (lib'er-ti), n. & furlough, leave. 

Liberty Loan (lib'er-ti Ion), n. the 
name given to five United States war 
loans during the World War. 

liquid fire (lik'wid fir) , n. a term used 
of blazing petroleum pro j ected against 
the enemy line in warfare. 

listening-in set (lis'n-ing-in' set), n. 
a device for intercepting communi- 
cations passing over enemy telephone, 
lines. 

listening post (lis'n-ing post), n. a 
concealed position at the front from 
which enemy communications are 
intercepted. 

long range gun (long ranj gun), n. a 
gun capable of throwing shells to a 
great distance. 

lucky bag (luk'i bag), n. a place for 
the safekeeping of lost or mislaid ar- 
ticles. [Navy slang.] e 

Lusitania (Loo-sit-a'ni-a), n. a Cunard 
Line steamer torpedoed May 7, 1915, 
with a loss of 1154 lives, including 
114 Americans. Her destruction was 
one of the underlying causes of Amer- 
ica's entrance into the war. 

machine gun (ma-sheen' gun), n. a 
small caliber cannon loaded and fired 
continuously by a mechanical device 
instead of by hand. 

machine gun nest (ma-sheen' gun 
nest), n. a concealed position for ma- 
chine gun attack. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



MANDATE 

^mandate (man'dat), n. a charge or 
commission given to a powerful na- 
tion' to protect and foster the devel- 
opment of a weak nation. 

massif (mas-sef), n. a wooded, gener- 
ally hilly, region. [French.] 

*mine (mm) , n. in naval warfare, a sub- 
merged or floating container charged 
with explosives designed to destroy 
enemy vessels. 

mine field (mm' feld), n. a zone plant- 
ed with submarine mines to prevent 
the passage of enemy vessels. 

mine-sweeper (mm'-swe-per) , n. a 
vessel equipped to remove anchored 
mines. 

minette Cmin-et'), n. a trap rock; a 
form of iron ore. 

^mobilize (mo'bi-liz) , n. to set in opera- 
tion, put to use, make active. 

monkey meat (mun'ki met), n. army 
slang for canned meat, canned roast 
beef. 

motion picture (rno'shunpik'chur),n. 
the same as moving picture. 

*motor (mo'ter), n. a motor car: v.i. to 
travel by motor car. 

Motor Corps of America (mo'ter kor' 
ov A-mer'i-ka), n. a volunteer or- 
ganization of women serving as driv- 
ers of motor cars in war work. 

M. P., abbreviation for Military Po- 
lice. 

mustard gas (mus'terd gas), n. a poi- 
sonous irritant gas used in the World 
War, so called from its odor. 

narcomaniac (nar 'ko -ma 'ni -ak) , n. 
one addicted to the use of narcotics. 

Naval War College (na'val wawr kol'- 
ej), n. a Federal institution at New- 

; port, R. I., for the advanced train- 
ing of specially selected naval officers 
in problems^ of naval warfare and 
naval operations. 

nightcap (nit'kap), n. a cap formerly 
used for sleeping; a drink before re- 
tiring. 

No Man's Land (no' manz land), n. 
the ground lying between opposing 
trenches or lines of battle. 

non-combatant (non-kom'bat-ant) , 
n. one who does not perform military 
service in war, as a child, woman, or 
aged person; one who is attached to 
an army but does not take part in 



PARAVANE 

fighting, as a surgeon, chaplain, clerk, 
etc. 

observation post (ob-zer-va'shun 
post), n. a concealed position from 
which hostile operations, the effect 
of gunfire, etc., can be noted. 

optometry (op-tom'e-tri) , n. measure- 
ment of vision. 

otology (o-tol'o-ji) , n. the science of 
the ear, medical treatment of ear 
diseases. 

ouija (we'ja or we'ya), n. a board 
containing the alphabet and other 
characters used in connection with 
the planchette (compounded of the 
French and German words for yes) . 

outflank (out-flangk') , v.t. to extend 
beyond the flank of, outmaneuver. 

outgeneral (out-jen'er-al), v.t. to be 
the superior of in generalship, to ex- 
cel in military skill. 

outlying (out-li'ing or out'li-ing), adj. 
lying outside, advanced, remote. 

outmaneuver (out-ma-noo'ver), v.t. to 
be superior in maneuvering. 

outpost (out'post), n. an outlying 
guard, an advanced post to guard 
against surprise. 

overhead (o-ver-hed'), adj. above the 
head, above. 

overhead (o'ver-hed), n. overhead cost, 
operating expenses, general costs of a 
business. 

overload (o'ver-lod), n. an excessive 
load, as of electrical current. 

overload (o-ver-lod') , v.t. to apply an 
excessive_ load. 

overseas (o-ver-sez'), adj. and adv. on 
the other side, abroad; overseas cap, 
the fatigue cap worn by troops on 
foreign service in the World War. 

over the top (o'ver the top), adv. army 
slang for over the breastworks, out 
of the trenches, to make an attack; 
in popular use, beyond a set goal. 

pacifist (pas'i-fist) , n. an opponent of 
militarism, or of war even on just 
grounds. 

paravane (par'a-van), n. a device de- 
veloped in the World War for the 
protection of vessels against sub- 
marine attack, consisting of a system 
of fenders attached to the vessel at 
an angle to divert torpedoes and 
mines. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



PARK 

♦park 'park), v.t. to arrange automo- 
biles, vehicles, artillery, etc., in a 
prescribed place or manner. 

Peace Conference (pes kon'f er-ens) , n. 
the assembly of representatives of 
the allied nations which met in Paris 
to fix the terms of peace with the 
Central Powers, embodied in the 
treaty of Versailles, signed June 25, 
1919. 

pentathlon (pentathlon), n. an ath- 
letic contest consisting of five events. 
[Greek.] 

petrol (pet'rol), n. gasoline. 

*phase (faz), n. a recurring form or ap- 
pearance of the planets or moon ; the 
stage of advance of a sound wave or 
alternating electric current. 

photo-drama (fo'to-dra-ma), n. a 
moving picture. 

piffle (pif'l), n. and inter j. nonsense, 
twaddle; used as a contemptous ex- 
clamation. 

pillbox (pil'boks), n. popular term for 
a German concrete redoubt for ma- 
chine guns. 

poilu (pwa-hV or pwa'lii), n. the popu- 
lar nickname of the French sol- 
dier, meaning "hairy," "bearded." 
[French.] 

power-boat (pow'er-bot) , n. a motor 
boat, any small craft propelled by 
motor power. 

pro-ally (pro-al-l'), adj. and n. favor- 
ing the cause of the allied nations. 

profiteer (prof-it-er'), v.i. to gain ex- 
cessive profits by taking advantage 
of the necessities of the public; n. 
one who profiteers. 

pro- German (pro-geVman) , adj. and 
n. favoring the German side in the 
World War. 

proving ground (proo'ving ground), n. 
a place for testing cannon, etc. 

pup tent (pup tent), n. a low V-shaped 
portable tent accommodating two 
soldiers. 

puttee (put-te'), n. a leather or spiral 
cloth gaiter or legging worn by sol- 
diers. 

questionnaire (kwes-chun-ar '), n. 
same as questionary. [French.] 

radio (ra/di-o), n. shortened form for 
radio-telegraphy ,_radiogram. 

radiogram (ra/di-o-graru) , n. a wire- 
less telegram. 



ROT 

railhead (raThed), n. the most ad- 
vanced point of a railroad fine. 

*ramp (ramp), n. a sloping passage- 
way, often used to take the place of 
stairs. 

rapid fire gun (rap 'id fir gun), n. a 
machine gun capable of being fired 
rapidly by one operation. 

rating (rat'ing), n. classification, valu- 
ation; class, rank. 

Red (red), n. an anarchist, a revolu- 
tionist; a member of the extreme 
wing of the socialistic party. 

Red Cross (red kros), n. an organiza- 
tion, having as its symbol the Geneva 
Cross, for the relief of wounded and 
sick soldiers in time of war and of the 
victims of wide-spread calamities in 
time of peace; specifically, the Amer- 
ican Red Cross, militarized in 1917 
on the entrance of the United States 
into the World War, when it engaged 
in extensive military and civilian re- 
lief work at home and in the warring 
countries. 

red flag (red flag), n. the emblem of 
anarchy and_extreme socialism. 

*refugee (ref-u-je'), n. in the World 
War, one who flees before the enemy 
advance. 

*register (rej'is-ter), v. t. to enter, 
record, enroll; in moving pictures, to 
depict an emotion; v.i. in printing, 
to correspond properly. 

*reserve (re-zerv'), »• the body of mili- 
tarj- forces not on active duty unless 
summoned for service. In the World 
War, in addition to the Regular Army 
reserve of enlisted men, the United 
States established an Officers' Re- 
serve Corps, to secure a body of 
trained officers for temporary service 
in the regular army in every branch 
of the service. 

reservist (re-zer'vist) , n. a member of 
the military reserve. 

rifleman (rl'fl-man), n. one armed 
with a rifle; a skillful marksman 
with the rifle. 

rifle pit (ri'fl pit), n. a pit or short 
trench with parapet for the protec- 
tion of a rifleman. 

Rookie (rook'i), n. army slang for a 
recruit. 

*rot (rot), n. nonsense, silliness (slang) ; 
an exclamation of contempt. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: 

hue, hut; think, tfien. 



R. O. T. C. 

R. O. T. C, abbreviation for Reserve 
Officers' Training Camp. 

rough-house (ruf'hous), n. rough, vio- 
lent sport; v.t. and i. to handle 
or behave roughly in sport. 

Sam Browne belt (sam broun belt) , n. 
the military belt for officers in the 
British and American armies. 

Sammy (sam'i), n. a popular appella- 
tion of privates of the American Ex- 
peditionary Forces, soon abandoned 
for "Yank." 

Scout Master (skouf mas'ter), n. 
the adult leader of a Boy Scout 
troop. 

scrap of paper (skrap ov pa/per), n. a 
phrase used by the German Chancel- 
lor von Bethmann-Holweg on Au- 
gust 4, 1914, regarding the violation 
of Belgian neutrality, which the 
Great Powers were pledged by treaty 
to uphold. 

secretariat (sek-re-ta/ri-at) , n. the of- 
fice of a diplomatic secretary. 
[French.] 

*sector (sek'ter), n. a denned area of 
military operations. 

self-determination (self -de - ter - mi- 
na/shun), n. the act by which a peo- 
ple chooses for itself its political form 
and affiliations. 

seventy- five (sev'n-ti-fiv'), n. a famous 
gun developed by the French in the 
World War, having a caliber of 75 m. 
= 2.95275 inches. [French soixante- 
quinze (swa'sont kangz') .] 

sexology (seks-oro-ji) , n. the science 
of sex-relations. 

sharpshooter (sharp 'shoot-er), n. one 
skilled in marksmanship. 

shavetail (shav'tal), n. American army 
slang for a second lieutenant. 

shell crater (sheF kra-ter) * shell hole 
(sheF hoi), n. the cavity produced 
by the explosion of a shell. 

shell shock (sheF shok), n. a severe 
nervous affection frequently result- 
ing from exposure to the concussion 
caused by exploding shells. 

shelter pit (shel'ter pit), shelter 
trench (shel'ter trench) , n. a shallow 
temporary excavation for protection 
against direct fire. 

shock troops (shok' troops), n. a body 
of picked troops used for heavy at- 
tack at close quarters. 



SUBMARINE BASE 

Signal Corps (sig'nal kor), n. the divi- 
sion of the United States Army in 
charge of communications, including 
military cables, telegraphs, tele- 
phones, etc. 

Sinn Fein (shin fan), n. a revolution- 
ary society which aims at the inde- 
pendence of the Irish race. 

Sinn Feiner (shin fa'ner), n. an adhe- 
rent of the Sinn Fein. 

sloppy (slop'i), adj. splashy, wet; care- 
less, slovenly. 

slumgullion (slum'gul-yun) , n. the 
mixture of blood and oil on the deck 
of a whaling ship; a weak drink, 
slops; a menial. 

smoke bomb (smok bom), n. a form 
of bomb which on exploding spreads 
a screen of concealing smoke. 

smoke screen (smok' skren), n. an 
enveloping screen of dense smoke 
used to conceal the movements of 
troops or ships. 

*snow (sno) , n. slang term for cocaine. 

S. O. S. 1. A wireless code-signal in- 
dicating distress and calling for 
assistance, particularly at sea. 2. In 
the American Army, abbreviation for 
Service of Supply, the department 
controlling the area back of the zone 
of advance, in which ports of de- 
barkation, hospitals, encampments, 
storehouses, etc., are situated. 

sound-ranging (sound' ran-jing), n. 
the system of locating enemy bat- 
teries by the sound of the guns. 

Soviet (so'vi-et), n. a council of sol- 
diers and workers. [Russian.] 

Spartacist (spar'ta-sist) , Spartacid 
(spar'ta-sid) , n. a member of the 
communistic party in Germany, so 
called from Spartacus, the organ of 
the party, published at Essen. 

*stall (stawl), v.t. to hold back or ob- 
struct; v.i. to pretend; to cease to 
function. 

steam-roller (stem'rol-er), n. a heavy 
machine used in road construction; 
steam-roller methods, means used 
to overcome opposition regardless of 
the rights of others. 

stretcher case (strech'er kas), n. army 
term for a severely wounded soldier 
unable to walk to a hospital. 

submarine base (sub'ma-ren bas), n. 
a locality equipped for the conceal- 
ment and care of submarines and as 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, ^en. 



SUBMARINE CHASER 

a starting point for submarine activ- 
ities. 

submarine chaser (sub'ma-ren cha'- 
ser), n. a type of swift vessel equip- 
ped for the pursuit and destruction 
of hostile submarines. 

*surcharge (ser'charj), n. an addi- 
tional charge, in the nature of a 
war tax, as on luxuries or anything 
. else. 

swank (swangk), n. bluff, aggressive 
seif-importance. [British slang.] 

swear off (swar of), v.t. and i. to re- 
solve to abandon a practice, as drink- 
ing. 

taxi (tak'si), n. abbreviation of taxi- 
cab; v.i. to travel by taxicab. 

tear gas (ter' gas), n. an irritant gas 
used in warfare to produce copious 
flow of tears, thus blinding the en- 
emy. 

tempo (tem'po), n. rate of musical 
movement, time. [Italian.]_ 

terrain (ter-rang' or ter-ran'), n. a 
tract of ground; specifically, the 
formation and topography of a tract 
from a military standpoint. [French.] 

thermic (ther'mik), adj. of or due to 
heat. 

Thrift Stamp (thrift' stamp)' n. a 
stamp costing twenty-five cents is- 
sued in the United States during the 
World War, non-interest-bearing, re- 
deemable in certain amounts for 
war saving stamps. 

time fuse (tlm' fuz), n. a fuse con- 
structed to cause automatically the 
explosion of a shell or mine at the 
end of a determined period. 

tin hat (tin hat) , n. popular army term 
for the steel helmet. 

tin willy (tin wil'i), n. army slang for 
canned corned beef. 

TNT, the symbol for trinitrate of tol- 
uol, an explosive largely used in the 
World War. 

Tommy (tom'i), n. the popular term 
for a private in the British army. 

Tommy waac (tom'i-wak), n. the 
name given to members of the 
Women s Auxiliary Army Corps of 
Great Britain. 

trench feet (trench fet), n. a painful 
form of swelling produced by pro- 
longed service in the_ trenches. 

trench fever (trench fe'ver), n. a form 



WAR BRIDE 

of fever arising from unsanitary con- 
ditions in the trenches. 

trench mortar (trench' mor'ter), n. a 
short gun firing vertically, designed 
to bombard enemy trenches. 

Triplice (tri'plis), n. a name given to 
the proposed Franco-Anglo-Ameri- 
can alliance guaranteeing the defense 
of France against future German ag- 
gressions. [French.] 

trussing (trus'ing), n. a system of 
trusses, bracing. 

Ukraine or Ukrainia (u'kran, u-kra'- 
ni-a), n. a district of southern Russia 
on the Black Sea; proclaimed an in- 
dependent state under the name of 
Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917. 

ukulele, ukelele (u-ke-le'li) , n. a 
stringed instrument resembling a 
guitar, of Hawaiian origin. 

Ulsterite (ul'ster-it), n. an inhabitant 
of Ulster in the north of Ireland; an 
opponent of the political separation 
of Ireland from England. 

*vamp (vamp), n. popular form of 
vampire. 

*vampire (vam'pir), n. a person, par- 
ticularly a woman, who preys on 
others. 

Very lights (ve'ri lits), n. a system of 
code signaling by means of colored 
lights discharged from a pistol. 

V. C. = Victoria Cross (vik-to'ri-a 
kros), n. the highest decoration given 
in the British army for conspicuous 
per sonab valor. 

Victory Loan (vik'to-ri Ion), n. the 
fifth of the Liberty war loans, issued 
in 1919. 

vocational (vo-ka/shun-al), adj. of a 
vocation or trade. 

vocational training (vo-ka'shun-al 
tra'ning), n. education for a trade or 
occupation, as contrasted with gen- 
eral training. 

Waac (wak), n. popular form of Wom- 
en's Auxiliary Army Corps. 

war bride (wawr brld), n. a wife mar- 
ried in war-time ; a wife married to a 
soldier while he is in foreign service; 
one whose marriage takes place in 
view of her husband's departure for 
foreign service; popular for a stock 
which gains in value by war-time 
operations. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



WAR CAMP C. S. 

War Camp Community Service 
(wawr kamp kom-u'ni-ti ser'vis), n. 
an American organization providing 
comfort and entertainment at home 
for men in uniform during the World 
War. 

War Chest (wawr' chest), n. a move- 
ment originating in Syracuse, now 
nation-wide, to combine all appeals 
for war charities in a single drive. 

War College (wawr kol'ej), n. an ad- 
vanced Federal institution at Wash- 
ington, D. C., for special training 
of selected United States army 
officers. 

wasps of the sea (wosps ov the se), n. 
a term applied to destroyers and 
torpedo boats. 

water-wagon (waw'ter-wag'un), n. 
popular term for giving up the use 
of liquor. 

welfare work (wel'far werk), n. a form 
of organized effort to ameliorate so- 
cial conditions. 

*wet (wet), adj. of a territory, permit- 
ting the sale of liquor; n. an oppo- 
nent of prohibition. 

whippet (whip'et), n. a breed of small 
dog; a small active creature. 



ZERO HOUR 

whippet tank (whip'et tangk), n. a 
small type of army tank. 

wire-cutter (wir'kut-er) , n. any in- 
strument for cutting wire; specifical- 
ly, a tool for cutting barbed wire en- 
tanglements. 

W. S. S. = War Saving Stamp, an 
interest-bearing stamp issued by the 
United States to facilitate popular 
subscription to the war loans, having 
a face value of five dollars. 

Y., abbreviation for the Y. M. C. A. 
or for a Y. M. C. A. hut. 

Y. M. C. A., abbreviation for Young 
Men's Christian Association. 

Y. M. H. A., abbreviation for Young 
Men's Hebrew Association, a New 
York association for the moral, men- 
tal, and physical improvement of 
Jewish young men. 

yeomanette (yo-man-et') yeowoman 
(yo'woom-an) , n. a female naval 
clerical assistant on land duty during 
the World War; not allowed on naval 
vessels. 

zero hour (ze'ro our), n. the moment 
appointed for leaving the trenches 
for an attack. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite n mit; nSte, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 




[ COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 

BOATS OF VARIOUS CLIMES 



^ 




COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 

BRILLIANT SEA SHELLS 




COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS 



A 




COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 



EDIBLE GRAINS 




COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 

FRATERNITY BADGES OF COLLEGES 

1. Kappa Alpha; 2. Alpha Delta Phi; 3. Beta Theta Phi; 4. Delta Gamma; 
Sigma; 7. Tau Beta Pi; 8. Kappa Kappa Gamma; 9. Phi Nu Theta; 10. Delta Phi* 

Psi; 13^ Sigma Phi; 14. Clioj 15. Zeta Pm; 16. Sigma Chi; 17. Phi Gamma Delta; 18. Skull and Bones; 19; 

Sl 2™ a 4^Pk5: -E.Psilon; ^ 22. Delta Kappa Epsilon; 23. Kappa Alpha; 



AND SOCIETIES 

5. Theta Delta Chi; 6. Phi Kappa 
11. Sigma Nu; 12. Delta 



Alpha Tau Omega; ' 20. Wolf's Head; 21. _ 
24. Kappa Alpha Theta; 25. Phi Beta Kappa; 



26. Psi Upsilon; 27 Chi Psi, 28. Alpha Phi; 29. Chi Phi i 



Alpha Sigma Chi; 31. Phi Delta Theta; 32. Delta Tau Delta; 33. Beta Theta Phi;'34. Scroll and Key; 35?Phi Kappa Psi 



IP 




FIG4 
SECTION OF THP HEART 



KEV TO FIG. I 

A. THE GREAT ARTERIAL TRUNK 

B. THE GREAT BRANCH 

C. THE LEFT CAROTID ARTERY 

D. THE LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY 

E. THE TWO ILIAC ARTERIES 

F. THE GREAT VEIN 
(ASCENDING VENA CAVA) 

G. THE GREAT VEIN 
(DECENDING VENA CAVA') 



KEY TO FIG. 4 

I THE GREAT VEIN (descending venacava)' 

2. THE GREAT VEIN (ascending vena cava) 

3. UPPER PART OF THE CAVITY OF THE RIGHT AURICLE 
4 UPPER PART OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE 
5. THE THREE POINTED VALVE 

6. VALVES AT THE ORIFICE OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY 





FIG. 5 
SECTION OF AIR TUBE 




FIG. I PLAN OF THE ARTERIES 



FIG. 3 
THREE VALVES 

ATTHE COMMENCEMENT 
OF THE PULMONARY 
ARTERY 



FIG. 2 
SECTION OF VEIN 

(SHOWING VALVES) 









COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY P. E. WRIGHT. 

CIRCULATION 



OF THE BLOOD 



_^A 




ETLA ONYX 



GRECIAN GREEN MARBLE 



COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY P. E. WRIGHT. 

POLISHED BUILDING STONES 




COPYRIGHT, J.yia, BY P. E. WRIGHT. 

FLAGS OF STEAMSHIP COMPANIES 



A 



A (a or a), the first letter in nearly 
every alphabet in the world, the 
chief exceptions being the Old Ger- 
manic (Runic), where it stood in the 
fourth place, and the Ethiopic, 
where it is the thirteenth letter. It 
was possibly in its earlier form a 

Eictograph, representing an ox's 
ead^ but recent research has made 
this doubtful. 

a (a), indef. art. (contraction of an), 
one; any: used before words begin- 
ning with a consonant or the 
aspirate h. 

aback (a-bak') , adv. backward ; pressed 
back against the mast: said of sails; 
by surprise. 

abacus (ab'a-kus), n. a contrivance 
of beads or balls strung upon rods 
or wires: used for arithmetical com- 
putation by the Chinese, and called 
by them swanpan. The abacus was 
probably at first developed from the 
ten digits of the human hand, which 
was a natural counting-board: the 
slab crowning a column or pillar. 

abaft (a-baff), adv. & prep, at, to- 
wards, or in the direction of the 
stern of a ship; astern. 

abaiser (a-ba/ser), n. bone black, also 
called animal black. It is used in 
refining petroleum. 

abandon (a-ban'dun), v.t. to give up; 
desert or forsake utterly; give up all 
claim to; yield one's self: n. unre- 
straint ; freedom of manner. [French.] 

abandoned (a-ban'dund) , adj. given 
up entirely: shamelessly profligate. 

abandonment (a-ban'dun-ment) , n. 
the act of abandoning; the state of 
being abandoned; freedom from re- 
straint. 

a bas (a ba/), down with. [French.] 

abase (a-bas'), v.t. to humble or de- 
grade; debase morally; dishonor. 

abasement (a-bas'ment) , n. the act 
of abasing or humiliating. 



abash (a-bash'), v.t. to put to con- 
fusion; confound or make ashamed 
by consciousness of guilt or error. 

abatable (a-ba/ta-bl) , adj. that may be 
abated. 

abate (a-baf), v.t. to lessen; sup- 
press: v.i. to decrease; moderate. 

abatement (a-bat'ment) , n. the act 
of abating; the state of being abated; 
diminution; the amount by which a 
sum or quantity is reduced. 

abatis, abattis (English ab'a-tis; 
French a-ba-te'), n. a barricade com- 
posed of felled trees with the branches 
pointing outward ; especially intended 
to repel cavalry. 

abattoir (a-bat-twar'), n. a public 
slaughter-house. [French.] 

abb (ab), n. the yarn of the warp in 
weaving. 

abbacy (ab'a-si), n. the office and juris- 
diction of an abbot. 

abbe (a-ba/) , n. an ecclesiastic devoted 
to literature. [French.] 

abbess (ab'es), n. the lady-superior of 
a convent or nunnery. 

abbey (ab'i), n. [pi. abbeys (ab'biz)], 
an establishment for religious devo- 
tees of either sex, renounced to celi- 
bacy and seclusion from the world. 

abbot (ab'ut), n. the male superior or 
head of an abbey. 

abbreviate (ab-bre'vi-at), v.t. to 
shorten, as by contraction of a word, 
or the omission of words in a sen- 
tence ; reduce the quantity to its low- 
est terms. 

abbreviation (ab-bre-vi-a'shun) , n. 
the act of shortening or abbreviat- 
ing; the state of being abbreviated; 
the word, phrase, or title so con- 
tracted, as M.D. for Doctor of Medi- 
cine. 

abbreviator (ab-bre Vi-a : ter) , n. one 
who shortens or abbreviates. 

abbreviature (ab-bre'vi-a-tur) , n. the 
sign, letter, er character used for 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; ' boon, book ; 
* hue, hut ; think, then. 



-^* 



r 



ABDICATE 



ABLAUT 



contraction ; a compendium or abridg- 
ment. 

abdicate (ab'di-kat), v.t. renounce, 
give up, or withdraw from; to re- 
linquish the crown in favor of a 
successor. 

abdication (ab-di-ka/shun) , n. the act 
of relinquishment or resignation, as 
when the member of a royal family 
abdicates either high station or the 
right to inherit such station. Thus 
Charles V., of the Holy Roman Em- 
pire, abdicated and went into a mon- 
astery; and so, in our own times, 
King Milan of Servia abdicated his 
throne and spent the rest of his evil 
life in the gambling halls of Paris. 

mbdicator (ab'di-ka-ter), n. one who 
abdicates or resigns. 

abdomen (ab-do'men), n. the belly; 
the cavity containing the digestive 
apparatus or viscera; the posterior 
segment or third division of the body 
of an insect. 

abdominal (ab-dom'i-nal), adj. per- 
taining to the abdomen. 

abduce (ab-dus'), v.t. to draw away by 
persuasion or argument; draw aside 
by an abductor muscle. 

abduct (ab-dukt'), v.t. to carry off by 
stealth or force; kidnap. 

abduction (ab-duk'shun) , n. the act 
of abducting or kidnapping. 

abductor (ab-duk'ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, abducts; a muscle 
moving certain parts from the axis 
of a limb. 

abeam (a-bem'), adv. at right angles 
to the keel of a ship. 

abed (a-bed'), adv. in bed; to bed. 

aberration (ab-er-ra'shun) , n. the 
act of departing from the usual 
path, type, or standard; mental de- 
rangement. 

abet (a-bet'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abetted, 
p.pr. abetting], to encourage; to aid 
or assist in the performance of an 
act, usually of a criminal nature; to 
incite, or instigate. 

abetment (a-bet'ment) , n. the act of 
abetting or instigating to action or 
crime. 

abettor or abetter (a-bet'er), n. one 
who aids or abets in the commission 
of a crime; one who protects a 
criminal or assists him to escape 
from justice. 



abeyance (a-ba'ans), n. held or kept 
back; held over; a state of suspen- 
sion. 

abhor (ab-hor'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ab- 
horred, p.pr. abhorring], to hate, 
loathe, execrate, abominate; be 
strongly averse to. 

abhorrence (ab-hor'rens) , n. detes- 
tation; extreme hatred; that which 
excites a feeling of strong repug- 
nance. 

abhorrent (ab-hor'rent) , adj. detest- 
able, hateful, repulsive. 

abhorrer (ab-hor 'rer) , n. one who 
abhors or detests. 

abide (a-bid'), [p.t. & p.p. abode, p.pr. 
abiding], v.t. to await, endure, with- 
stand, tolerate: v.i. to dwell, reside, 
continue, stand firm. 

abiding (a-bi'ding), p. adj. remaining; 
staying; steadfast, in faith or in 
purpose. 

ability (a-biri-ti), n. power to per- 
form; skill to achieve; capability 
for carrying out; capacity to devise; 
receive, retain, or make use of; 
physical or moral strength; talents 
or gifts, in a special or general de- 
gree; wealth; means. 

abintestate (ab-in-tes'tat) . adj. suc- 
ceeding to the estate of a person 
dying without a will. 

abiogenesis (ab-i-6-jen'e-sis) , n. spon- 
taneous generation, a doctrine now 
obsolete. 

abject (ab'jekt), adj. worthless; mean; 
low; despicable; in a sunken or de- 
graded condition. 

abjection (ab-jek'shun), n. the act 
of being cast down; cast away; deg- 
radation. 

abjuration (ab-ju-ra/shun) , n. an oath 
of renunciation, as of allegiance; the 
act of renouncing. 

abjure (ab-jur'), v.t. to renounce upon 
oath; forswear allegiance to; repu- 
diate or recant. 

ablactation (ab-lak-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of weaning a child from the 
breast. 

ablation (ab-la'shun) , n. the act of 
removal or carrying away, 

ablative (ab'la-tiv), n. the sixth case 
in Latin nouns, expressing chiefly 
separation and instrumentality and 
sometimes place. 

ablaut (ap'lout), n. the change of 



ite, arm, at,, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ABLAZE 



ABRADANT 



vowel in the base of a word, as do, 
did. [German.] 

ablaze (a-blaz'), adv. or adj. on fire; 
well alight ; in a blaze ; eager ; in- 
flamed with desire; resplendent. 

able (a'bl), adj. possessed of power, 
means, or ability; qualified, compe- 
tent; bodily or mentally strong; 
legally authorized or entitled. 

able-bodied (a/bl-bod'id), adj. pos- 
sessed of physical strength; capable 
or efficient for duty. 

ablegate (ab'le-gat), n. the envoy sent 
by the Pope with insignia, &c, to 
newly-appointed cardinals. 

abloom (a-bloom'), adv. & adj. in 
bloom. 

abluent (ab'lu-ent), adj. cleansing: 
n. that which cleanses; a substance 
which purifies the blood. 

ablution (ab-lu'shun) , n. a washing 
or cleansing of the body by water; 
moral purificatiom 

ablutionary (ab-lu'shun-a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to cleansing. 

abnegate (ab'ne-gat), v.t. to refuse or 
deny to one's self. 

abnormal (ab-nor'mal) , adj. irregular; 
deformed; unnatural; departure 
from a type, standard, or rule; 
exceptional; out of the common. 

abnormality (ab-nor-mal'i-ti), n. [pi. 
abnormalities (ab-nor-mari-tiz)], the 
state or condition of being abnormal 
or irregular; difference or departure 
from a regular type or rule. 

abnormally (ab-nor'ma-li) , adv. in an 
abnormal manner. 

abnormity (ab-nor'mi-ti), n. [pi. 
abnormities (ab-nor'mi-tiz)], deform- 
ity; irregularity. 

aboard (a-bord'), adv. on or within a 
vessel: prep, into a ship. 

abode (a-boa), n. a place of continued 
residence; a dwelling; a habitation; 
residence generally. 

abolish (a-bol'ish), v.t. to efface; do 
away with; put an end to. 

abolition (ab-o-lish'un) , n. the act of 
abolishing; the state of being abol- 
ished; the annulment or abrogation 
of decrees, rites, customs, &c. 

abolitionism (ab-o-lish'un-izm) , n. 
the doctrine or principles of those 
advocating the abolition of certain 
laws or customs, as the traffic in 
drink, slaves, &c. 



abolitionist (ab-o-lish'un-ist), n. one 
who is in favor of the repeal or 
abolition of some existing law _ or 
custom, as the slave trade or drink 
traffic. 

aboma (a-bo'ma), n. the name of a 
large species of boa or anaconda of 
tropical America. 

abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl) , adj. hate- 
ful; odious; offensive; unclean. 

abominate (a-bom'i-nat), v.t. to ab- 
hor; regard with feelings of disgust 
or hatred. 

abomination (a-bom-i-na'shun), it, 
excessive hatred; the act of abomi- 
nating; the thing abominated; defile* 
ment; pollution. 

aboriginal (ab-6-rij 'i-nal) , adj. orig- 
inal; primitive; existing from the 
beginning: n. the species of animals 
or plants presumed to have orig- 
inated within a given area. 

aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n.pl. the 
first or primitive inhabitants of a 
country; the native or indigenous 
animals or plants of any geograph- 
ical area. 

abort (a-bort'). v.i. to miscarry in 
birth; to remain undeveloped. 

aborted (a-bor'ted), p. adj. prema- 
turely born; checked or arrested id 
development ; functionally imper- 
fect, 

abortion (a-bor'shun) , n. untimely 
birth; miscarriage; that which falls 
short of maturity by arrest of de- 
velopment, 

abortionist (a-bor'shun-ist), n. one 
who is guilty of the crime of pro- 
curing a criminal abortion, or whe 
induces abortion. 

abortive (a-bor'tiv), adj. born imper- 
fect; arrested in development; with- 
out issue or result, 

abound (a-bound'>, v.i. to have ir 
plenty or abundance; to exist in 
great numbers or quantity (followed 
by in). 

about (a-bout'), adv. around; on every 
side; circuitously ; near to; intending: 
prep, concerned in; relating to. 

above (a-buy'), adv. in a higher place; 
overhead; in heaven; before; besides: 
prep, superior; beyond; in excess of. 

aboveboard (a-buv'bord) , adj. & adv. 
in open sight; without trickery. 

abradant (ab-ra/dant) , adj. having 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ABRADE 



ABSORPTION 



the property of rubbing away: n. 
substance employed for abrading or 
scouring. 

abrade (ab-rad'), v.t. to wear or rub 
away; to remove as by friction or 
abrasion; to corrode, as by acids. 

abrasion (ab-ra'zhun) , n. the act of 
wearing or rubbing away; a chafe. 

abreast (a-brest'), adv. side by side; 
in line with; opposite to; at the 
same level. 

abridge (a-brij'), *>•£. to curtail, shorten, 
condense, epitomize. 

abridgment (a-brij'ment), n. the 
state of being contracted or cur- 
tailed; an epitome. 

abroach (a-broch'), adv. & adj. Jetting 
out; placed in position for yielding 
the contents. 

abroad (a-brawd'), adv. widely; ex- 
pansively ; beyond the limits of house 
or country; wide of the mark. 

abrogate (ab'ro-gat), v.t. to abolish, 
. annul, or repealby authority. 

abrogation (ab-ro-ga'shun), n. the act 
of abrogating; the repeal or annulhng 
of a law. 

abrogator (ab'ro-ga-ter), n. one who 
repeals by authority. _ 

abrupt (ab-rupt'), adj. broken; ter- 
minating suddenly; steep; precip- 
itous; rough; unceremonious. 

abruption (ab-rup'shun), n. a sep- 
aration with violence; a sudden or 
abrupt termination. 

abscess (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses 
(ab'ses-ez)], a collection of morbid 
matter or pus in the tissues of the 
body. 

abscission (ab-sizh'un) , n. the act of 
severance; the breaking off in a 
sentence, leaving the rest to be im- 
plied. 

abscond (ab-skond'), v.i. to flee or 
retire in haste from the place of 
one's residence or post of duty; quit 
the country in secret. 

absence (ab'sens), n. the state # of 
being absent; the period of being 
absent. 

absent (ab'sent), adj. not present; 
away; wanting; regardless; ab- 
stracted: (ab-sent'), v.t. to retire or 
keep away from. 

absentee (ab-sen-te') , n. one who is 
absent or absents himself purposely 
from home or duty. 



absenteeism (ab-sen-te'izm) , n. the 
state or custom of living away from 
one's country or estate. 

absently (ab'sent-li), adv. in an ab- 
stracted manner. 

absinthe (English ab'sinth; French 
ab-sangt'), n. wormwood; a bitter 
aromatic liqueur compounded of 
brandy^ and wormwood, largely 
drunk in France. 

absinthin (ab-sin'thin) , n. the bitter 
principle of wormwood. 

absolute (ab'so-lut), adj. free as to 
condition; perfect in itself; unlim- 
ited in power; fixed, irrevocable; 
despotic; positive: n. the will or 
power of the Almighty. 

absolution (ab-so-hi'shun) , n. the act 
of absolving from the consequences 
of sin. 

absolutism (ab'so-lu-tizm), n. the 
state of being absolute ; the principle 
or system of absolute government. 

absolutist (ab'so-lut-ist), n. a sup- 
porter or advocate of despotic or 
absolute government. 

absolvatory (ab-sol'va-to-ri) , adj. con- 
taining or conferring absolution ; hav- 
ing power to pardon or absolve. 

absolve (ab-solv'), v.t. to release or set 
free ; clear of crime or guilt ; to forgive 
or remit. 

absorb (ab-sorb'), v.t. to drink in; 
imbibe; suck or swallow up; engross 
or engage wholly. 

absorbability (ab-sor-ba-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being absorb- 
able. 

absorbable (ab-sor'ba-bl) , adj. capa- 
ble of being absorbed. 

absorbency (ab-sor'ben-si), n. capac- 
ity for absorbing. 

absorbent (ab-sor'bent) , adj. absorb- 
ing: n. the capacity for absorbing; 
anything which absorbs or takes in 
nutritive matter; a vessel in the 
body; a substance capable of ab- 
sorbing or withdrawing gases or 
moisture from the air. 

absorptiometer (ab-sorp-shi-om'e- 
ter), n. an instrumer-t to show the 
amount of gas absorbed by a unit 
volume of a fluid. 

absorption (ab-sorp'shun) , n. the proc- 
ess or act of absorbing; the state of 
being absorbed; entire occupation of 
the mind. 



ft te, ton, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ABSORPTION 



ABYSS 



absorption-bands (-bandz), n.pl. the 
dark bands in the spectrum, more or 
less wide, and not usually sharply 
defined. 

absorption-lines (-llns), n.pl. dark 
lines in the spectrum produced by 
the absorption of cool vapors through 
which the light has passed. 

absorptive (ab-sorp'tiv), adj. having 
power or capacity for absorption. 

absorptivity (ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti) , n. the 
power of absorption. 

abstain (ab-stan'), v.t. to forbear; 
refrain; hold aloof; keep away froim 

abstainer (ab-stan'er) , n. one who ab- 
stains, especially from intoxicants. 

abstemious (ab-ste'mi-us) , adj. mod- 
erate and sparing in the use of food 
and drink; non-indulgent. 

abstention (ab-sten'shun) , n. the act 
of holding off or abstaining. _ 

abstentionist (ab-sten'shun-ist) , n. 
one who favors or practices absten- 
tion. 

abstentious (ab-sten'shus), adj. char- 
acterized by abstention. 

abstergent (ab-ster'jent)^ adj. pos- 
sessing cleansing or purging proper- 
ties : n. that which cleanses or purges ; 
a detergent. 

abstersion (ab-ster'shun) , n. the act 
of wiping clean; the act of cleansing 
by the use of abstergents. 

abstersive (ab-ster'siv) , adj. cleansing; 
of the nature or quality of an abster- 
gent : n. that which cleanses or purines. 

abstinence (ab'sti-nens) , n. the act or 
practice of abstaining; self-denial; 
partial or total forbearance from the 
use of food or drink. 

abstinent (ab'sti-nent) , adj. refraining 
from over-indulgence, especially with 
regard to food and drink: n. an ab- 
stainer. 

abstract (ab-strakt'), v.t. to take or 
draw away; separate; purloin or 
steal; epitomize; separate from and 
consider apart. 

abstract (ab'strakt), n. an epitome; 
a summary or abstract comprising 
the essence or principal parts of a 
larger work: adj. considered or con- 
ceived apart from its concrete or 
material nature, abstract noun, 
n. the name of a state or quality 
considered apart from the object to 
which it belongs. 



abstracted (ab-strakt 'ed) , p. adj. sep- 
arated; disjoined; refined; abstruse; 
mentally absent. 

abstraction (ab-strak'shun) , n. the 
act of separating or drawing away; 
the state of being withdrawn or ab- 
stracted; concentration of mind or 
attention. 

abstractional (ab-strak'shun-al), adj. 
pertaining to abstraction. 

abstractionist (ab-strak'shun-ist) , n. 
one who deals with abstractions; an 
idealist; a dreamer. 

abstractive (ab-strak'tiv) , adj. having 
the quality or power of abstraction. 

abstractly (ab'strakt-li), adv. in an 
abstract manner. 

abstrahent (ab'stra-hent), adj. ab- 
stract^ eliminating from unessential 
or foreign elements. 

abstruse (ab-stroos') , adj. obscure; 
hidden; difficult of comprehension; 
profound. 

absurd (ab-serd'), % odj. contrary to 
reason or sense; ridiculous. 

absurdity (ab-ser'di-ti) , n. [pi. ab- 
surdities (ab-ser'di-tiz)J, the state of 
being absurd; that which is absurd. 

abundance (a-bun'dans) , n. in great- 
plenty; an over-flowing quantity; 
affluence. 

abundant (a-bun'dant) , adj. plentiful; 
fully sufficient; abounding. 

abuse (a-buz')> v.t. to use ill; treat 
rudely or wrongfully; to defile or 
violate; use violent or abusive lan- 
guage towards; vituperate. 

abuse (a-bus'), n. ill-treatment; the 
excessive or injudicious use of any- 
thing; insult; violation. 

abusive (a-bu'siv), adj. practicing or 
containing abuse. 

abut (a-but'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. abutted, 
p.pr. abutting], to border upon; touch 
at one end; terminate. (Used with 
on, upon, against.) 

abutment (a-but'ment) , n. that which 
borders upon something else; the 
solid structure which supports the 
extremity of a bridge or arch. 

abuzz (a-buz'), adv. filled with buzzing 
sounds. 

abysm (a-bizm'), n. an abyss, a gulf. 

abysmal (a-biz'mal) , adj. pertaining to 
an abyss; bottomless. 

a-bis'), n. a bottomless gulf; 
that which is unfathomable. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



ACACIA 



ACCESS 



acacia (a-ka/shi-a) , n. a plant of the 
genus of same name. 

academic (ak-a-dem'ik) , or academi- 
cal (ak-a-dem'i-kal), n. a college 
student or member of a university: 
adj. belonging or # appertaining to a 
college or university. 

academically (ak-a-dem'i-ka-li) , adv. 
in an academical manner; after the 
fashion of an academy. 

academicals (ak-a-dem'i-kals) , n.pl. 
the costume worn by graduates and 
undergraduates at a university or a 
college. 

academician (ak-a-de-mish'an) , n. a 
member of an academy or society 
for promoting the arts, sciences and 
literature. 

academy (a-kad'e-mi) , n. a private 
school or seminary for the teaching 
of the higher branches of education; 
a school for instruction in special 
subjects; an association or society of 
men eminent in literature, science, 
and art; a building devoted to aca- 
demic purposes. 

acanthus (a-kan'thus) , n. a plant hav- 
ing sharp-toothed leaves; ornamen- 
tation adopted in the capitals of the 
Corinthian and Composite orders, 
and resembling the foliage of the 
acanthus. 

accede (ak-sed') , v.i. to come or attain 
to; to agree or yield to. 

accelerando (ak-chel-e-ran'do) . A term 
used in musie to denote that the 
movement should be quickened. 
[Italian.] 

accelerate (ak-sel'er-at) , v.t. to hasten; 
to cause to move or progress faster; 
quicken the speed of; bring nearer in 
time. 

acceleration (ak-sel-er-a'shun) , n. the 
act of accelerating; the state of being 
accelerated. 

accelerative (ak-sel'er-a-tiv) , adj. has- 
tening; tending to increase velocity. 

accelerator (ak-serer-a-ter) , n. that 
which quickens or accelerates; any 
method in photography by which a 
sensitized or chemical plate is ex- 
posed for a less time to the light. 

acceleratory (ak-sel'er-a-to-ri) , adj. 
accelerating or tending to accelerate. 

accent (ak'sent), n. the stress laid by 
the voice upon a particular syl- 
lable of a word, so as to render 



it more prominent than the rest; 
the mark or character used in 
writing and printing to express the 
manner of pronouncing a word; 
a peculiarity of utterance or ex- 
pression distinguishing the language 
of different parts or districts of the 
same or a foreign country; the em- 
phasis placed upon certain notes of 
a bar of music: v.t. to express the 
accent, or denote the vocal division 
of a word by stress or modulation 
of the voice; to pronounce; mark or 
accent a word in writing by use of 
a sign; dwell upon or emphasize, as 
a passage of music. 

accentual (ak-sen'tu-al), adj. belong- 
ing to accent; rhythmical. 

accentuate (ak-sen'tu-at) , v.t. to 
speak; pronounce or mark with an 
accent; give prominence to in speak- 
ing or writing; lay stress upon. 

accentuation (ak-sen-tu-a'shun), n. 
the act of accentuating by stress or 
accent; the act of speaking (or 
singing) with emphasis or distinc- 
tion. 

accept (ak-sept') : v.t. to take or receive 
with approbation; entertain; agree 
to, or acquiesce in; understand or 
receive in a particular sense ; to agree 
or promise to pay. 

acceptability (ak-sep-ta-bil'i-ti) , or 
acceptableness (ak-sep'ta-bl-nes) , 
n. the quality of being acceptable or 
agreeable. 

acceptable (ak-sep'ta-bl), adj. capable 
of giving pleasure or gratification. 

acceptance (ak-sep'tans) , n. the act 
of accepting; the fact of being ac- 
cepted, or received with approba- 
tion; the subscription to a bill of 
exchange; the bill accepted or the 
sum contained in it. 

acceptation (ak-sep-ta/shun) , n. the 
act of accepting, or state of being 
accepted or acceptable; the meaning 
or sense of a word or statement in 
which it is to be understood. 

acceptor (ak-sep'ter), n one who ac- 
cepts; the person who accepts a bill 
of exchange. 

access (ak'ses), n. admittance or ap- 
proach to a person or place; means 
of approach or admission; addition 
or increase; the recurrence of fits or 
paroxysms in diseases. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ACCESSIBILITY 



ACCOMPANY 



accessibility (ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
condition of being accessible. 

accessible (ak-ses'i-bl) , adj. capable 
of being approached; easy of access; 
attainable. 

accession (ak-sesh'un) , n. a coming to, 
as by succession or by right ; entrance 
or attainment ; the act of acceding by 
assent or agreement ; increase or aug- 
mentation; the acquirement of prop- 
erty by improvement, growth, or 
labor expended; the attack or com- 
mencement of a disease. 

accessional (ak-sesh/un-al) , adj. addi- 
tional; pertaining to an accession. 

accessorial (ak-ses-o'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to an accessory, as accessorial 
guilt or agency. _ 

accessory (ak-ses'o-ri) , adj. [pi. acces- 
sories (ak-ses'o-riz)], aiding; contrib- 
uting to some result or effect: n. one 
who aids in the commission of a fel- 
ony ; an accomplice ; that which is in 
the nature of an appendage. 

accidence (ak'si-dens) , n. the portion 
of grammar which deals with the 
inflections of words; a book contain- 
ing the rudiments of grammar; the 
rudiments themselves. 

accident (ak'si-dent) , n. an event 
which is unexpected, or the cause of 
which was unforseen; a contingency, 
casualty, or mishap; a property 
of a thing which is not essential 
to it. 

accidental (ak-si-den'tal) , adj. hap- 
pening by chance or unexpectedly; 
fortuitous; non-essential; connected 
with, but not necessarily belonging 
to: n. that which happens unex- 
pectedly; an adjunct, or non-essen- 
tial part or quality; a sharp, flat, or 
natural introduced into a piece of 
music to lower or raise the note 
before which it is placed. 

accidentally (ak-si-den'ta-li) , adv. in 
an accidental manner. 

acclaim (ak-klam'), v.i. to shout ap- 
plause: n. a shout of joy or praise; 
acclamation. 

acclamation (ak-kla-ma/shun) , n. a 
shout of applause, or other demon- 
stration of hearty approval; an out- 
burst of joy, or praise; the adoption 
of a resolution viva voce; a mode of 
papal election. 

acclamatory (ak-klam'a-to-ri) , adj. 



expressing joy or applause by ae* 
clamation. 

acclimate (ak'kli-mat) , v.t. to accus- 
tom a person to a foreign climate. 

acclimation ' (ak-kli-ma'shun), ?i. the 
process of acclimatizing, or the state 
of being inured to a foreign climate; 
acclimatization. 

acclimatize (ak'kli-ma-tiz) , v.L &: v.u 
to accustom or become accustomed 
to a foreign climate; said of plants 
or animals. 

acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti) , n. [pi. acclivi- 
ties (ak-kliv'i-tiz)], an ascent or up- 
ward slope of the earth; the talus of 
a rampart. _ . 

accolated (ak'ko-la-ted) , p. adj. con- 
taining two or more profile heads, 
so arranged that one partially over- 
laps the next, as in the shilling of 
William III. and Mary. 

accommodate (ak-kom'mo-dat), v.L 
to adapt or make fit or suitable; ad- 
just, settle; supply or furnish; do a 
favor to; lend money for the con- 
venience of a borrower: v.i, to be 
conformable to. 

accommodating (ak-kom'mo-da- 
ting), p. adj. obliging; of a yielding 
disposition; adapting one's self to 
the desires of others. 

accommodation (ak-kom-mo-da'- 
shun), n. the act of accommodating; 
or the state of being accommodated; 
that which supplies a want or desire. 

accommodation-bill (-bil), n. a bill 
or note endorsed by one or more 
parties to enable the drawer to raise 
money upon it. 

accommodation-ladder (-lad'er), n. 
a ladder or stairway suspended at the 
gangway of a ship. 

accommodative (ak-kom'mo-da-tiv), 
adj. disposed or tending to accommo- 
date. 

accompaniment (ak-kum'pa-ni- 
ment), n. something which is added 
to, or attends the original or princi- 
pal thing by way of ornament, or for 
the sake of harmony. 

accompanist (ak-kum'pa-nist), n. one 
who plays an accompaniment. 

accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni) , v.t. to 
keep company with; escort; join in 
movement or action; perform the 
accompaniment in a composition for 
voice and instrument. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book" 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ACCOMPLICE 



8 



ACCUMULATIVE 



accomplice (ak-kom'plis) , n. an asso- 
ciate or companion in crime. 

accomplish (ak-kom'plish) , v.t. to 
bring to completion, or to an issue; 
fulfill; attain as the result of exer- 
tion. 

accomplished (ak-kom'plisht) , p.adj. 
finished; perfected; possessed of 
social qualifications. 

accomplishment (ak-kom'plish- 
ment), n. the completion of an act 
or undertaking; fulfillment; an ac- 
quirement or qualification in art or 
manners. 

accord (ak-kord'), v.t. & v.i. to be in 
agreement with; reconcile; agree; 
give; grant; concede; to adjust or 
bring to agreement; to be in corre- 
spondence or harmony; agree in 
pitch and tone: n. agreement; uni- 
son; concurrence of will or opinion; 
harmony. 

accordance (ak-kord 'ans) , n. the state 
of being in harmony or accord. 

accordant (ak-kord 'ant), adj. corre- 
sponding; of the same mind. 

according (ak-kord'ing) , p.adj. agree- 
ing, harmonious: adv. in accordance 
(with) or agreeably (to). 

accordion (ak-kord'i-un) , n. a small 
wind instrument, having keys and 
metallic reeds, and worked by means 
of a bellows, after the fashion of a 
concertina. 

accost (ak-kost'), v.t. to draw near, or 
come face to face with; speak to; 
salute : n. the act of accosting ; manner. 

accouchement (ak-koosh/mong), n. 
delivery in child-bed; parturition; a 
lying-in. [French.] 

accoucheur (ak-koosh-er'), n. a phy- 
sician who attends confinement 
cases. [French.] 

account (ak-kount'), v.t. to reckon 
or hold to be; compute; count: v.i. 
to assign an explanation [with for]; 
take into consideration; relate: n. 
a reckoning; a financial statement 
or memorandum; a narrative; any- 
thing in the form of a statement, 
written or verbal; reason or con- 
sideration; profit; advantage; esti- 
mation; consequence; importance. 

account- current (ak-kount'-kur'ent) , 
n. the statement of account between 
two or more persons, drawn out in 
the form of debtor and creditor. 



accountability (ak-kount-a-bil'i-ti) , n a 
the state of being liable or accountable, 

accountable (ak-kount 'a-bl) , adj. an- 
swerable; responsible; liable to be 
called to account. 

accountably (ak-kount 'a-bli) , adv. in 
an accountable manner. 

accountancy (ak-koun'tan-si) , n. the 
art or practice of an accountant. 

accountant (ak-koun'tant) , "n. one 
skilled in the keeping or examination 
of accounts: adj. giving account; 
responsible. 

accoutre (ak-koo'ter) , v.t. to dress; 
equip ; to array in military dress ; fur- 
nish with accoutrements. [French.] 

accoutrements (ak-koo'ter-ments) , 
n.pl. equipage; dress; military equip- 
ments. [French.] 

accredit (ak-kred'it) , v.t. to give credit 
to; have confidence in; authorize; 
stamp with authority ; to believe and 
accept as true. 

accrescent (ak-kres'sent) , adj. increas- 
ing; growing. 

accrete (ak-kret'), v.i. to adhere; be 
added: v.t. to cause to grow or unite. 

accretion (ak-kre'shun) , n. increase by 
natural growth; the addition of 
external parts; the growing together 
of parts or members naturally sepa- 
rate. 

accretive (ak-kre'tiv) , adj. adding to 
or increasing by growth. 

accroachment (ak-kroch/ment) , n. 
the act of accroaching; usurpation. 

accrue (ak-kroo') , v.i. to come to hap- 
pen or result to naturally as an incre- 
ment, as of profit or loss, 

accruement (ak-kroo'ment), n. an 
addition or increment. 

aeeumbent (ak-kum'bent) , adj. reclin- 
ing or recumbent. 

accumulate (ak-ku'mu-lat), v.t. to 
collect or bring together; amass; 
heap up: v.i. to increase in size, 
number, or quantity. 

accumulation (ak-ku-mu-la/shun) , n. 
the act of accumulating or amassing; 
the addition of interest to principal; 
the mass accumulated. 

accumulative (ak-ku'mu-la-tiv), adj. 
tending to accumulate. 

accumulative judgment (juj'ment), 
n. a second judgment which takes 
effect against a person after the first 
sentence has expired. 



ate, iirm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, Men. 



ACCUMULATOR 



9 



ACHILLES 



accumulator (ak-ku'mu-la-ter) , n. 
one who, or that which, accumulates; 
an apparatus for equalizing pressure ; 
an electric storage battery. 

accuracy (ak'ku-ra-si) , n. the quality 
of being accurate; exactness or cor- 
rectness. 

accurate (ak'ku-rat), adj. in exact 
conformity with the truth; free from 
error; precise. 

accursed (a-ker'sed), or accurst 
(a-kerst'), p.adj. under or subject to 
a curse; doomed to destruction; de- 
testable; execrable. 

accusable (ak-kii'za-bl) , adj. liable to 
be censured or accused. 

accusation (ak-ku-za'shun) , n. # a 
charge or imputation of wrong-doing; 
the act of accusing or imputing. 

accusatival (ak-ku-za-tl'val) , adj. per- 
taining to the accusative case. 

accusative (ak-ku'za-tiv) , adj. accus- 
ing: n. the objective case, denoting 
the object of the verb; in Latin, the 
fourth case of the noun. 

accusatorially (ak-ku-za-to'ri-a-li) , 
adv. in an accusatorial manner. 

accusatory (ak-ku'za-to-ri) , or accu- 
satorial (ak-ku-za-to'ri-al), adj. ac- 
cusing, or containing an accusation. 

accuse (ak-kuz'), v.t. to charge with 
guilt or blame; make or bring an 
imputation against. 

accuser (ak-kuz'er), n. one who ac- 
cuses; one who formally charges an 
offense against another. 

accustom (ak-kus'tum) , v.t. to habit- 
uate or familiarize by custom or use. 

accustomed (ak-kus'tumd), p.adj. fre- 
quent; usual; often practiced. 

ace (as), n. [pi. aces (as'ez)], a unit; 
in playing cards and dice, a card 
or die marked with a single pip; a 
very small quantity ; an aviator who 
has brought down five enemy ma- 
chines within his own lines and, as a 
result, has received official mention. 

acedia (a-se'di-a), n. an abnormal con- 
dition of the mind, characterized by 
lassitude, listlessness, and general 
indifference. 

acentric (a-sen'trik) , adj. away from 
the center; having no center. 

Acephala (a-sef Via) , n.pl. & term 
applied to all ordinary bivalves, as 
the oyster, having no distinct head. 

acephalous (a-sef a-lus) , adj. head- 



less; without a leader; an ovary of 
a plant that has its style springing 
from the base instead of the apex. 

acerbity (a-ser'bi-ti) , n. [pi. acerbities 
(-tiz)], sourness; sharpness; harsh- 
ness or severity of temper or expres- 
sion. 

acetanilide (as-et-an'i-lid) , n. a pun- 
gent white powder, formed by the 
action of acetyl chloride on aniline: 
used in medicine as an antipyretic. 

acetate (as'e-tat), n. a salt of acetic 
acid. 

acetated (as'e-ta-ted) , p.adj. com- 
bined with acetic acid. 

acetation. See_acetification. 

acetic acid (a-se'tik & a-set'ik as'id), 
n. a clear liquid, with a strong acid 
taste and peculiar sharp smell. It 
is present in a dilute formin vinegar. 

acetification (a-set-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act or process of acetifying or 
becoming acetous; the preparation 
of vinegar. 

acetify (a-set'i-fi). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
acetified, p.pr. acetifying], to turn 
into vinegar; make acetous. 

acetimeter (as-e-tim'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for gauging the strength 
or purity of vinegar or acetic acid. 

acetin (as'e-tin), n. a combination of 
acetic acid_with glycerine. 

acetone (as'e-ton), n. a clear volatile 
liquid, composed of carbon, hydro- 
gen, and oxygen. 

acetose (as'e-tos), or acetous (as'e- 
tus), adj. of the nature of vinegar; 
sour; causing acetification. 

acetylene (a-set'i-len), n. a brilliant 
illuminating gas, produced by sub- 
jecting calcium-carbide to the action 
of water. 

ache (ak), n. pain, more or less contin- 
uous: v.i. to suffer, or be in pain. 

achievable (a-che'va-bl) , adj. possible 
to achieve; capable of being per- 
formed. 

achieve (a-cheV), v.t. to perform, carry 
out, accomplish; to gain or bring to 
a successful issue by an effort: v.i. to 
bring about a desired result. 

achievement (a-chev'ment), n. the 
act of achieving; accomplishment; 
that which is achieved or accom- 
plished; an escutcheon or armorial 
shield, also called a hatchment. 

Achilles-tendon (a-kirez-ten'dun) , n. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
4 hue, hut ; think, then. 



ACHING 



10 



ACOUSTIC 



the powerful tendon placed in, and 
moving, the heel ; usually reversed in 
writing,_"tendon-Achilles. ' ' 

aching (a'king), p.adj. enduring or 
causing pain; painful: adv. with 
aching; painfully. 

achromatic (ak-ro-mat'ik), adj. free 
from coloration; transmitting light 
without decomposition. 

achromatic- lens (-lenz), a lens free 
from chromatic aberration. 

a chromatically (ak-ro-mat 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in an achromatic manner. 

achromatize (ak-ro'ma-tiz) , v.t. to 
deprive of the power of transmitting 
color; to render achromatic. 

achromatous (ak-ro'ma-tus), adj. 
without color. 

acid (as'id), adj. sour and sharp or 
biting to the taste, as vinegar: n. 
anything sour; the name applied to 
a large number of compounds con- 
taining one or more atoms of hydro- 
gen which may be displaced by a 
metal. 

acidic (a-sid'ik), adj. containing a large 
proportion of the acid element; op- 
posed to basic. < 

acidiferous (as-i-dif 'e-rus) , adj. pro- 
ducing or containing acids. 

acidific (as-i-dif 'ik) , adj. acidifying; 
producing acidity or an acid. 

acidification (a-sid-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. 
the process of acidifying. 

acidifier (a-sid'i-fi-er), n. a substance 
having the property of imparting an 
acid quality. 

acidify (a-sid'i-jf I) , v.t. [p.t & p.p. acidi- 
fied, p.pr. acidifying], to make acid; 
convert into an acid; sour; embitter. 

acidity (a-sid'i-ti), n. the quality of 
being acid or sour. 

acidulate (a-sid'u-lat), v.t. to render 
slightly acid. m 

acidulent (a-sid'u-lent) , adj. some- 
what acid; tart;_peevish. 

acidulous (a-sid'u-lus) , adj. slightly 
sour; subacid. 

acierage (as'i-er-aj), n. the term given 
to the process of electrically de- 
positing iron on an engraved copper 
plate. 

acif orm ( a s ' i f 6 r m ) , adj. needle- 
shaped. 

acinaceous (as-i-na/shus) , adj. con- 
sisting of or full of kernels, as the 
grape, mulberry, &c. 



acknowledge (ak-norej), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. acknowledged, p.pr. acknowl- 
edging], to admit or own to be true; 
recognize; confess; admit the receipt 
of. 

acknowledgment (ak-nol'ej-ment) , 
n.the act of acknowledging; the ad- 
mission or recognition of a" truth; 
confession; the expression of appre- 
ciation of a favor or benefit con- 
ferred; a receipt. 

aclinic (a-klin'ik), adj. without in- 
clination. 

aclinic-line (a-klin'ik-lin), n. the im- 
aginary point near the equator where 
the magnetic needle has no dip. 

acme (ak'me) , n. the highest point ; the 
utmost reach ; the crisis of a disease. 

acne (ak'ne), n. a pustular eruption 
of the body, chiefly confined to the 
face, shoulders and chest. 

acock (a-kok'), adv. in a cocked or 
turned up manner. 

acock-bill (a-kok'-bil) , adv. with the 
ends directed upwards, as of an 
anchor or yards of a ship. 

acology (a-kol'o-ji), n. the science of 
remedies. 

acolyte (ak'o-llt), or acolyth (ak'o- 
lith & -lith), n. the highest of the 
minor orders in the Roman Catholic 
Church, ranking next below the sub- 
deacon. 

aconite (ak'o-nit), n. the plant wolf's- 
bane or monk's-hood; the drug pre- 
pared from the plant. 

aconitine (a-kon'i-tin & -tin), n. the 
narcotic drug prepared from the 
roots and leaves of several species of 
aconite, used as a remedy for neu- 
ralgia. 

acorn (a/korn), n. the fruit of the oak; 
a conical piece of wood affixed to the 
spindle above a vane, to keep the 
vane from being blown off. 

acotyledon (a-kot-i-le'dun) , n. a plant 
whose seeds (spores) are not fur- 
nished with cotyledons (seed-lobes). 

acotyledonous (a-kot-i-le'dun-us), 
adj. having no cotyledons or seed- 
lobes. 

acoumeter (a-koo'me-ter), n. an in- 
strument to test the power of hear- 
ing, or sensibility to sound. 

acoustic (a-koos'tik) , adj. belonging 
to the science of sound: n. a remedy 
for deafness. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut,; think, then. 



ACOUSTICS 



11 



ACTINOID 



Acoustics (a-koos'tiks) , the science of 
sound; the study of the effects of 
sound upon the organ of hearing. 

acquaint (ak-kwant'), v.t. to famil- 
iarize or make one's self conversant 
with; furnish information. 

acquaintance (ak-kwant'ans), n. the 
state of being acquainted with a 
person or subject; personal knowl- 
edge less than friendship; a person 
with whom one is_ acquainted. 

acquainted (ak-kwan'ted) , p.adj. hav- 
ing personal knowledge; familiar, 
known (with). 

acquiesce (ak-kwi-es') v.i. to agree; 
comply passively; assent [followed 
usually by in]. 

acquiescence (ak-kwi-es'ens) , n. the 
act of submitting; silent assent; 
neglect to take legal proceedings, so 
as to imply consent. 

acquiescent (ak-kwi-es'ent) , adj. dis- 
posed to submit or yield tacitly; 
resting satisfied. 

acquirable (ak-kwir'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being acquired. 

acquire (ak-kwir'), v.t. to gain or ob- 
tain possession of by one's own 
physical or intellectual exertions. 

acquirement (ak-kwir'ment) , n. the 
act of acquiring; that which is 
acquired. 

acquisition (ak-kwi-zish'un) , n. the act 
of acquiring; the object acquired. 

acquisitive (ak-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. hav- 
ing a propensity to acquire; greedily 
disposed. 

acquisitiveness (ak-kwiz'i-tiv-nes), n. 
the propensity to acquire. 

acquit (ak-kwit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
acquitted, p.pr. acquitting], to re- 
lease; set free; discharge; to pro- 
nounce not guilty. 

acquittal (ak-kwit'al) , n. the act of 
releasing or acquitting; the state 
of being acquitted; the judicial pro- 
nouncement of "not guilty." 

acquittance (ak-kwit'ans) , n. a dis- 
charge or release from debt or other 
liability; a receipt barring a further 
demand. 

acre (a/ker), n. a superficial measure of 
land containing, in Great Britain, the 
United States and the British Colo- 
nies, 4,840 sq. yds. 

acreage (a/ker-aj), n. the number of 
acres in a tract of land. 



acred (a/kerd) , adj. possessing acres or 
landed property. 

acrid (ak'rid), adj. sharp or biting to 
the taste ; pungent ; irritating ; sting- 
ing: n. an acrid or irritant poison. 

acridity (ak-rid'i-ti) , n. the quality of 
being acrid. 

acrimonious _ (ak-ri-mo'ni-us), adj. 
bitter; caustic; stinging. 

acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni) , n. sharpness 
of temper ; bitterness of expression. 

acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n. a performer on 
the tight-rope; one who^ practices 
tumbling, vaulting, trapezing, &c. 

acrobatism (ak'ro-bat-izm) , n. the 
performance of acrobatic feats; the 
profession of_an acrobat. 

acrolith (ak'ro-lith) , n. a sculptured 
figure, the head and extremities of 
which are of stone and the rest of 
wood. 

acropolis (a-krop'o-lis), n. the high- 
est part or citadel of a Grecian 
city, as that of Athens, hence a 
citadel. 

across (a-kros'), adv. & prep, from side 
to side; transversely; adversely; 
athwart; intersecting at an angle. 

acrostic (a-kros'tik) , n. a composition, 
usually in verse, in which the first 
or last letters of the lines, or other 
letters, taken in order, form a motto, 
phrase, name, or word. 

act (akt), n. an action; process of do- 
ing; a decree, edict, or enactment; 
the judgment of a court; a formal 
writing; one of the principal divi- 
sions of a drama ; a thesis maintained 
by a candidate for a degree at a 
university: v.t. to do; perform; play, 
as on the stage; set in motion: v.i. to 
exert force or energy. 

acting (akt'ing), p.adj. performing 
services, as those of an official. 

actinic (ak-tin'ik), adj. having the 
property of actinism. 

actinism (ak'tin-izm) , n. that property 
of the sun's rays which produces 
chemical action. 

actinium (ak-tin'i-um) , n. a recently 
discovered radio-active element. 

actinograph (ak-thVo-graf ) , n. an 
instrument for measuring the varia- 
tion of the chemical rays of fight. 

actinoid (ak'tin-oid) , adj. having 
the form of rays ; resembling a star- 
fish. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book i 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ACTINOLOGY 



12 



ADDITION 



actinology (ak-ti-nol'o-ji) , n. the 
science that treats of the chemical 
action of light. 

actinometer (ak-tin-om'et-er) , n. an 
instrument for measuring the inten- 
sity of heat-rays. 

action (ak'shun), n. the state of be- 
ing active, as opposed to rest; the 
effect of one body upon ; another 
(used in sing.).; an act or thing done 
(used in pi.); a suit instituted by 
one party against another in a court 
of law; the gesture or deportment 
of a speaker; the performance of a 
function; effective motion, as of ma- 
chinery; the appearance of anima- 
tion, &c, given to figures; an engage- 
ment on sea or land, less important 
than a battle. 

actionable (ak'shun-a-bl) , adj. giving 
grounds for an action at law. 

active (ak'tiv), adj. endowed with or 
exercising the power or quality of 
action; constantly active; the per- 
formance and not the continuance 
of an action; lively, moving freely* 
acting quickly. 

activity (ak-tiv'i-ti) , n. [pi. activities 
(ak-tiv'i-tiz)], energy; the state of 
action. 

actor (ak'ter), n. one who acts or 
performs; a stage-player; a proctor 
or advocate in civil causes. 

actress (ak'tres), n. a woman actor. 

actual (ak'tii-al), adj. real; existing; 
present. 

actuality (ak-tii-al'i-ti) , n. [pi. actu- 
alities (ak-tu-al'i-tiz)], the state of 
being real or actual ; that which is in 
full existence. 

actualization (ak'tu-al-i-za/shun) , n. 
making actual 

actualize (ak r tu-al-iz), v.t. to make 
actual. 

actually (ak'tu-al-li) , adv. as an exist- 
ing fact. 

actuary (ak'tu-a-ri) , n. [pi. actuaries 
(ak'tu-a-riz)], a registrar or clerk 
of a court ; one who is skilled in 
life assurance and similar computa- 
tions. 

actuate (ak'tu-at), v.t. to move or 
incite to action. 

actuation (ak-tu-a/shun) , n. the state 
of being actuatedor impelled. 

aculeate (a-ku'le-at) , adj. equipped 
with a string; having aculei or sharp 



prickles: n. certain insects furnished 
with stings, as the bee. 

acumen (a-ku'men), n. quickness of 
perception; penetration; insight; dis- 
crimination. 

acuminate (a-ku'min-at) , adj. ending 
in a sharp point. 

acupress (ak'u-pres), v.t. to check 
hemorrhage by pressure. 

acupressure (ak-Q-presh'er) , n. a 
method of checking hemorrhage in 
arteries during amputations by nee- 
dles or wire. 

acute (a-kuf), adj. sharp-pointed; 
intellectually sharp; quick of per- 
ception; severe, as pain or symptoms 
attending a disease; high in pitch. 

adage (ad'aj), n. an ancient proverb, 
or pithy saying. 

adagio (a-daj'i-o), a musical term call- 
ing for a slower movement in the 
rendering of a part of the composi- 
tion. [Italian.] 

Adam's ale (ad'amz al), n. water. 

Adam's apple (ad'amz ap-1), n. 
the prominence made by the thyroid 
cartilage of the larynx in front of 
the throat, especially conspicuous 
in males. 

adamant (ad'a-mant), n. a substance 
of extreme hardness; the diamond: 
adj. formed of adamant; hard. 

adamantine (ad-a-man'tin) , adj. made 
of adamant; impenetrable. 

adapt (a-dapt'), v.t. to make to cor- 
respond; fit by alteration or adapta- 
tion. 

adaptability (a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being adaptable. 

adaptation (ad-ap-ta/shun) , n. the 
act of adjusting or adapting; the 
state of being adapted; that which 
is adapted. 

add (ad), v.t. to join, unite, sum up; 
increase; affix. 

addendum (ad-den'-dum) , n. [pi. ad- 
denda (ad-den 'da)], an appendix. 

adder (ad'er), n. the popular name for 
the viper. 

addict (ad-dikt'), v.t. to devote or give 
one's self up to ; to practice sedulously 
(usually in a bad sense). 

addition (ad-dish'un) , n. the act or 
process of adding together; increase; 
the result of addition; the thing 
added; the adding or uniting of two 
or more numbers in one sum; a title 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ADDITIONAL 



13 



ADJUST 



added to a name, denoting rank, as 
esquire; a dot placed at the side of 
a note to indicate the lengthening of 
the sound by one-half. 

additional (ad-dish'un-al) , adj. added; 
supplementary. 

additionally (ad-dish'un-a-li) , adv. in 
addition to. 

additive (ad'di-tiv), adj. that may be, 
or is to be, added. 

addle (ad'l), n. & adj. rotten, as eggs 
that are barren or putrid: v.t. to 
make corrupt or putrid, as eggs: v.i. 
to become addled. 

addle-headed (adl-hed'ed) , or addle- 
pated (ad-1-pa/ted) , adj. stupid; 
weak-brained; muddled. 

address (ad-dres'), v.t. to straighten; 
to bring into line ; to arrange ; redress, 
as wrongs, &c; to direct; speak or 
write to; get ready; consign: n. a 
speech delivered or written ; manners 
and bearing; tact; adroitness; the 
attention of a lover. 

addressee (ad-dres-e') , n. one who is 
addressed. 

adduce (ad-dus') , v.t. to bring forward 
or cite in proof or substantiation of 
what is alleged. 

adducent (ad-du'sent) , adj. bringing 
forward or together. 

adducible (ad-du'si-bl), adj. capable 
of being adduced. 

adductive (ad-duk'tiv), adj. bringing 
forward. 

adductor (ad-duk'ter) , n. one who 
draws to. 

adductor muscles (mus'lz), n.pl. 
muscles which draw certain parts to 
a common center. 

adenoid (ad'e-noid), n. one of the two 
soft glands in the throat. 

adept (a-dept'), adj. well skilled: n. 
(a'dept) , one who is fully proficient or 
skilled in an art. 

adequacy (ad'e-kwa-si) , n. sufficiency 
for a particular purpose. 

adequate (ad'e-kwat) , adj. equal to re- 
quirement oroccasion ; fully sufficient. 

adhere (ad-her'), v.i. to stick fast; 
become firmly attached to. 

adherence (ad-her 'ens) , n. the act or 
state of adhering; unwavering at- 
tachment. 

adherent (ad-her'ent) , adj. adhering; 
sticking: n. one who adheres; a fol- 
lower of a party or leader. 



adhesion (ad-he'zhun) , n. the state or 

act of adhering. 
adhesive (ad-he 'siv), adj. holding fast; 

gummed for use; sticky. 
adieu (a-du'), n. [pi. adieus, adieux 

(a-duz')J, a farewell; good wishes 

at parting: inter j. goodby; farewell. 

[French.] 
adit (ad'it), n. an entrance or passage; 

an entrance to a mine more or less 

horizontal. 
adjacency (ad-j a/sen-si), n. the state 

of being close_ or contiguous. 
adjacent (ad-j a/sent), adj. near; close 

to. 
adjectival (ad-jek-ti'val), adj. of the 

nature of an adjective. 
adjective (ad'jek-tiv), n. a word used 

with a substantive or noun to ex- 
press the quality or attribute of the 

thing named, or to limit and define 

a thing as distinct from something 

else. 
adjoin (ad-join'), v.t. to unite or join: 

v.i. to lie next to. 
adjourn (ad-jern'), v.t. to put off to 

another day. 
adjournment (ad-jern'ment) , n. the 

act of adjourning; the postponement 

of a meeting. 
adjudge (ad-juj'), v.t. to determine in 

a controversy, 
adjudged (ad-jujd'), adj. determined 

by judicial decree. 
adjudgment (ad-juj'ment), n. the act 

of judging. 
adjudicate (ad-jti'di-kat), v.t. to try 

and determine a case as a court. 
adjudication (ad-ju'di-ka'shun), n. 

the act of determining judicially; a 

judicial sentence. 
adjudicator (a-ju'di-ka-ter) , n. one 

who adjudicates. 
adjunct (ad'jungkt), n. something 

added to another thing, but not an 

essential part of it. 
adjunctive (ad-jungk'tiv). adj. having 

the quality of joining or uniting. 
adjunctly (ad'jungkt-li) , adv. in con- 
nection with. 
adjuration (ad-ju-ra'shun) , n. the 

solemn charging on oath; the form 

of an oath. 
adjure (ad-jur'), v.t. to command on 

oath under pain of a penalty; to 

charge solemnly. 
adjust (ad-just'), v.t. to fit, or make 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ADJUSTER 



14 



ADORNMENT 



exact; to make correspondent; to 
make accurate. 

adjuster (ad-jus'ter), n. one who regu- 
lates or adjusts. 

adjustment (ad-just 'ment) , n. the aec 
of adjusting. 

adjutancy (ad'iu-tan-si), n. the office 
of an adjutant. 

adjutant (ad'ju-tant) , n. a regimental 
staff-officer who assists the com- 
manding officer. 

adjutant- general (-jen'er-al), [pi. ad- 
jutants-general], the chief staff-officer 
of an army, through whom all orders, 
&c, are received and issued by the 
general commanding. 

admeasure (ad-mezh'ur) , v.t. to meas- 
ure dimensions; apportion. 

admeasurement (ad-mezh'ur-ment) , 
n. a measurement by a rule. 

administer (ad-min'is-ter) , # v.t. to 
manage as chief agent or minister, as 
a king, president, or judge; direct 
the application of the laws; dis- 
pense; to cause to be taken, as med- 
icine; to give, as an oath or a sacra- 
ment. 

administer ial (ad-min-is-ter'i-al) , adj. 
pertaining to administration. 

administrate (ad-min'is-tra-bl) , adj. 
capable of being administered. 

administration (ad-min-is-tra/shun) , 
n. the act of administering, as gov- 
ernment, justice, medicine, a sacra- 
ment, or an intestate's estate; the 
ministry. 

administrative (ad-min'is-tra-tiv), 
adj. pertaining to administration. 

administrator (ad-min'is-tra-ter) , n. 
one who administers affiairs ; one who 
settles the estate of an intestate. 

administratrix (ad-min-is-tra'triks) , 
n. a female administrator. 

admirable (ad'mi-ra-bl) , adj. worthy 
of admiration; excellent. 

admiral (ad'mi-ral), n. the chief com- 
mander of a fleet; a naval officer of 
the highest rank. 

Admiralty (ad'mi-ral-ti) , n. [pi. Admi- 
ralties (ad'mi-ral-tiz)], the depart- 
ment of the British government hav- 
ing authority over naval affairs ; the 
building in which British naval affairs 
are transacted; the office of an ad- 
miral. 

admiration (ad-mi-ra'shun) , n. won- 
der excited by beauty or excellence. 



admire (ad-mir'), v.t. to regard with 
strong approval. 

admissible (ad-mis'i-bl) , adj. worthy 
of being admitted. 

admission (ad-mish'un) , n. the power 
or permission to enter; the granting 
of an argument. 

admit (ad-mit') v.t. [p.t. & p.p. admit- 
ted, p.pr. admit 'ting], to permit to 
enter; allow in argument; receive. 

admittance (ad-mit'ans), n. the power 
or permission to enter. 

admix (ad-miks'), v.t. to mix with 
something else. 

admixture (ad-miks'tur) , n. a com- 
pound of substances mixed together. 

admonish (ad-mon'ish) , v.t. to reprove 
gently; warn; instruct. 

admonition (ad-mo-nish'un), n. 
friendly reproof or warning. 

admonitory (ad-mon'i-to-ri) , adj. con- 
veying reproof or warning. 

adnascent (ad-nas'ent) , adj. growing 
upon something else. 

adnate (ad'nat), adj. with organic 
cohesion_ of unlike parts. 

ado (a-doo')_, n. bustle; trouble. 

adobe (a-do'ba), n. unburnt brick 
dried in the sun, used for building 
in Central America and Mexico. 
[Spanish.] 

adolescence (ad-o-les'ens) , n. the 
period of life between puberty and 
maturity; youth. 

adolescent (ad-o-les'ent) , adj. growing 
to maturity. 

adopt (a-dopt'), v.t. to choose or take 
to one's self, as a child, an opinion, or 
a course of action. 

adoption (a-dop'shun), n. the act of 
adopting ; the state of being adopted ; 
voluntary acceptance ; admission into 
more intimate relations. 

adoptive (a-dop'tiv), adj. constituted 
by adoption. 

adorable (a-dor'a-bl) , adj. worthy of 
worship. 

adoration (ad-o-ra'shun) , n. the act of 
worship. 

adore (a-dor'), v.t. to pay divine hon- 
ors to; honor highly; love intensely; 
admire greatly: v.i. to offer wor- 
ship. 

adorn (a-dorn'), v.t. to beautify; dig- 
nify; ornament; embellish. 

adornment (a-dorn'ment) , n. orna- 
ment; decoration. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ADOWN 



15 



ADVERTISE 



adown (a-doun'), adv. & prep, down- 
ward; down. 

adrift (a-drift'), adj. & adv. floating at 
random. 

adroit (a-droit'), adj. exhibiting skill; 
dexterous. 

adulation (ad-Q-la/shun), n. inter- 
ested praise; flattery. 

adulator (ad'u-la-ter) , n. a flatterer. 

adulatory (ad'ti-la-to-ri) , adj. flatter- 
ing. 

adult (a-dult'), adj. grown up to full 
age, size, and strength: n. a man or 
a woman. 

adulterant (a-dul'ter-ant) , adj. adul- 
terating: n. the person or thing that 
adulterates. 

adulterate (a-dul'ter-at) , v.t. to cor- 
rupt by baser admixture: adj. cor- 
rupted by baser admixture. 

adulteration (a-dul-ter-a'shun) , n. 
the debasing or being debased by 
admixture; deterioration. 

adulterator (a-dul'ter-a-ter) , n. one 
who corrupts or adulterates. 

adulterer (a-dul'ter-er) , n. a man who 
commits adultery. 

adulteress (a-dul'ter-es) , or adultress 
(a-dul'tres), n. a woman who com- 
mits adultery. 

adulterous (a-dul'ter-us) , adj. guilty of 
adultery. 

adultery (a-dul'ter-i) , n. [pi. adulteries 
(a-dul'ter-iz)], violation of the mar- 
riage-bed. 

adumbrant (ad-um'brant) , adj. shad- 
owing forth. 

adumbrate (ad-um'brat) , v.t. to shad- 
ow forth; give a faint resemblance 
of. 

adumbration (ad-um-bra'shun) , n. 
something that shadows forth. 

adumbrative (ad-um-bra'tiv) , adj. 
faintly representing. 

aduncous (ad-ung'kus) , adj. hooked, 
as a parrot's bill. 

advance (ad-vans'), v.t. to go forward: 
v.t. to further; to make a payment of 
beforehand: n. improvement; an 
addition to or rise in value ; an over- 
ture (usually used in pi.)-, a loan; 
payment beforehand. 

advancement (ad-vans'ment) , n. fur- 
therance ; progress ; promotion. 

advantage (ad-van'taj), n. sl state of 
advance or forwardness; a benefit; 
the first point gained after deuce. 



advantageous (ad-van-ta'jus) , adj. of 
advantage; beneficial. 

advent (ad'vent), n. a coming or ar- 
rival. 

Advent (ad'vent), ft. the period in- 
cluding the four Sundays before 
Christmas. 

adventitious (ad-ven-tish'us) , adj. 
happening by chance; casual; for- 
tuitous; accidental; produced out of 
normal and regular order. 

adventual (ad-ven'tu-al), adj. relating 
to the season of Advent. 

adventure (ad-ven'tur) , n. an event 
the issue Of which is determined by 
chance: v.t. to hazard or risk. 

adventurer (ad-ven'tur-er) , n. one 
who undertakes adventures; a spec- 
ulator; one who seeks social dis- 
tinction by false or specious pre- 
tenses. 

adventuresome (ad-ven'tur-sum), or 
adventurous (ad-ven'tur-us) , adj. 
inclined to incur risk; full of risk; 
daring. 

adventuress (ad-ven'tur-es) , n. a fe- 
male adventurer ; (usually in a bad 
sense) . 

adverb (ad'verb), n. a word used to 
modify the sense of a verb or adjec- 
tive. 

adverbial (ad-ver'bi-al) , adj. of the 
nature of an adverb. 

adverbially (ad-ver'bi-a-li), adv. with 
the force of an adverb. 

adversary (ad'ver-sa-ri), n. [pi. adver- 
saries (ad'ver-sa-riz)], an opponent. 

adversative (ad-yer'sa-tiv) , adj. ex- 
pressing opposition. 

adverse (ad-vers'), adj. opposed to; 
contrary; unfortunate; inimical. 

adversity (ad-ver'si-ti) , n. a state of 
things adverse; the reverse of pros- 
perity; misery. 

advert (ad- vert'), v.i. to turn one's 
attention to; refer. 

advertence (ad-ver'tens) , n. atten- 
tion. 

advertency \ (ad-ver'ten-si) , n, the 
habit of being attentive. 

advertent (ad-ver'tent), adj. atten- 
tive. 

advertently (ad-ver'tent-li) , adv. in an 
intentional manner. 

advertise (ad'ver-tiz) , v.t. to turn the 
attention of others to; announce; 
publish. 



8te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ADVERTISEMENT 



16 



AEROSTATICS 



advertisement (ad-ver'tiz-ment) , n. 
a notice in a public print; an an- 
nouncement. 

advice (ad- vis'), n. an opinion given 
for the practical direction of con- 
duct; information given by letter; 
counsel. 

advisability (ad-vi-za-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being advisable; desira- 
bility. 

advisable (ad-vi'za-bl) , adj. fit to be 
advised; prudent; expedient. 

advise (ad-viz'), v.t. to offer an opinion 
to; counsel; inform. 

advised (ad-viz'd), p.adj. acting with 
caution. 

advisedly (ad-vi'zed-li) , adv. with ad- 
vice; with intention; deliberately. 

advisory (ad-vi'zo-ri) , adj. having 
power to advise; containing advice. 

advocacy (ad'vo-ka-si) , n. the act of 
pleading for. 

advocate (ad'vo-kat), n. one called to 
the aid of another; one who pleads 
the cause of another. 

advocator (ad'vo-ka-ter) , n. an advo- 
cate; a supporter. 

advowee (ad-vou-e'), n. one who has 
anadvowson; the patron of a living. 

advowson (ad-vou'zn) , n. the right of 
presentation to a benefice. [English.] 

adynamia (a-din-a'mi-a) , n. great 
debility; physical weakness. # 

adz or adze (adz), n. a cutting tool 
having a curved blade at right angles 
to the handle, used for dressing tim- 
ber by ships' carpenters, coopers, &c. 

ae (e), a Latin diphthong, in deriva- 
tives mostly superseded by e. 

sedile or edile (e'dil), n. a Roman 
magistrate who exercised supervision 
over the temples, public and private 
buildings, the markets, public games, 
sanitation, &c, hence a municipal 
officer. 

aelurophobia (e-lu-ro-pho'bi-a),n. cat- 
fear; a morbid dread of cats and a 
consciousness of their presence even 
when they are not in sight. 

iEolian harp (e-o'li-an harp), n. a 
stringed instrument, the wires of 
which are set in motion by air. 

aeon T)T eon (e'on), n. a period of im- 
mense duration; an age. 

aerate (a/er-at), v.t. to combine or 
charge with carbonic-acid gas, or 
with air. 



aerated bread (a'er-at-ed bred), n a 
bread raised by charging the dough 
with carbonic-acid gas. 

aeration (a-er-a'shun) , n. the act of 
aerating; oxygenation of the blood 
by exposure to the air in respiration. 

aerial (a-e'ri-al), adj. belonging to the 
air. 

aerially (a-e'ri-a-li) , adv. like the air. 

aerification (a-er-if-i-ka 'shun), n. tbl 
state of being aeriform. 

aeriform (a'er-i-f orm) , adj. having the 
form of air; gaseous. 

aero (a'er-o), adj. a word descriptive 
of aeronautical subjects, as aero- 
club. 

aerocyst (a'er-o-sist), n. one of the 
air-bladders of algae. 

aerodrome (a'er-o-drom), n. a field or 
shelter for aeroplanes. 

aero-dynamics (a-er-o-di-nam'iks) , n. 
the science which treats of air in 
motion. 

aerogram (a/er-o-gram) , n. a wireless 
telegraphic message. 

aerolite (a'er-o-llt) , n. a meteorite. 

aerometer (a-er-om'e-ter) , n. an in« 
strument for weighing the air. 

aeronaut (a/er-o-nawt) , n. an aerial 
navigator; a balloonist, or aviator* 

aeronautic (a-er-o-naw'tik) , or aero* 
nautical (a-er-o-naw'ti-kal) , adj* 
pertaining to aeronautics. 

aeronautics (a-er-o-naw'tiks) , n. aerial 
navigation. 

aerophone (a/er-o-f on) , n. an instru- 
mented invented by Edison for in- 
creasing the intensity of sound. 

aerophor (a/er-o-f er) , n. an apparatus 
used in spinning-factories to moisten 
the # air, and counteract the elec- 
tricity produced by the friction of 
the machinery. 

aerophyte (a'er-o-fft), n. an air-plant; 
a parasitical plant. 

aeroplane (a/er-o-plan) , n. a flying 
machine, distinguished from an air- 
ship or balloon. 

aeroplanist (a-er-o-plan'ist) , n. one 
who flies in or controls an aero- 
plane. 

aerostat (a/er-o-stat), n. a balloon; a 
flying machine. 

aerostatic (a-er-o-stat'ik) , or aero- 
statical (a-er-o-stat'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to aerostatics. 

aerostatics (a-er-o-stat'iks), n. the 



ate, arm, at, awl : me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AERY 



17 



AFFRANCHISE 



science which treats of the equilib- 
rium of bodies sustained in air. 

aery and aerie (er'i), n. an eagle's 
nest; a brood of eagles or hawks. 

aesthetic or esthetic (es-thet'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to aesthetics. 

aesthetic school (skool), a school 
of art composed of devotees of the 
beautiful. 

sestheticism (es-thet'i-sizm) , -n. love 
for, or devotion to, the beautiful. 

aesthetics or esthetics (es-thet'iks) , n. 
the science or theory of the beau- 
tiful. 

aether (e'ther), n. in Greek philosophy 
the extremely rare and tenuous sub- 
stance in which the earth with its sur- 
rounding atmosphere was set. See 
ether. 

aethrioscope (eth'ri-o-skop) , n. an 
instrument for measuring changes 
of temperature of the sky, as when 
clear or clouded. 

aetiology. / See etiology. 

afar (a-far), adv. at, to, or from, a 
distance. 

affability (af-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality 
of being affable. 

affable (af'a-bl), adj. easy to be ad- 
dressed; courteous. 

affair (af-far'), n. that which is done, or 
is to be done; business. 

affect (af-fekt'), v.t. to produce an 
effect upon; seek by natural affin- 
ity; assume the appearance of; pre- 
tend. 

affectation (af-ek-ta'shun) , n. the 
assuming a manner which is not 
one's own. 

affecting (af-f ek'ting) , adj. having 
power to excite the emotions; pa- 
thetic. 

affection (af-f ek'shun) , n. having the 
feelings affected; inclination; attach- 
ment; fondness; disease. 

affectional (af-f ek'shun-al) , adj. relat- 
ing to the affections. 

affectionate (af-f ek'shun-a t) , adj. hav- 
ing affection; kind. 

afferent (af 'f er-ent) , adj. conveying 
inwards or to a part. 

affiance (af-fi'ans), n. trust; a mar- 
riage contract j v.t. to betroth. 

affidavit (af-i-da/vit) , n. a sworn state- 
ment in writing. 

affiliable (af-fiTi-a-bl) , adj. capable of 
being affiliated. 



affiliate (af-fiTi-at), v.t. to assign a 
child to its father; connect with 
in origin; connect with a parent 
society: v.i. to be intimately con- 
nected or associated (followed by 
with) . 

affiliation (a-fil-i-a/shun) , n. assign- 
ment of a child to its father; connec- 
tion by way of descent. 

affinity (af-fin'i-ti) , n. [pi. affinities 
(af-fin'i-tiz)], nearness of kin. [Affin- 
ity is relationship by marriage: con- 
sanguinity, relationship by blood.] 
Physical or chemical attraction ; a re- 
lationship between species or groups 
depending on similarity of structure. 
A strong attraction existing between 
a man and a woman. 

affirm (af-ferm'), v.t. to assert strongly: 
v.i. to confirm, as a judgment, decree, 
or order, in an appellate court; aver. 

affirmance (af-f er'mans) , n. confirma- 
tion. 

affirmant (af-f er'mant) , n. one who 
affirms; one who affirms instead of 
taking an oath. 

affirmation (af-er-ma/shun) , n. an 
averment; the solemn declaration 
permitted to those who have con- 
scientious scruples about taking an 
oath. 

affirmative (af-f er'ma-tiv) , n. that 
which affirms: adj. relating to, or 
containing, an affirmation; positive. 

affix (af-fix'), v.t. to fix to; attach: n. a 
letter or syllable added to the end of 
a word; a suffix. 

afflatus (af-fiVtus) , n. a breath or 
blast of wind; inspiration. 

afflict (af-flikt'), v.t. to cause pro- 
longed pain to body or mind; dis- 
tress. 

affliction (af-flik'shun) , n. prolonged 
pain of body or mind; distress. 

afflictive (af-flik'tiv) , adj. causing pain. 

affluence (af'lu-ens), n. an abundant 
supply, as of thoughts, words, riches; 
wealth. 

affluent (af'lti-ent), n. a tributary 
stream: adj. abundant. 

afflux (af'luks), n. an increase; an 
influx. 

afford (af-ford'), v.t. to supply; pro- 
duce; yield; be capable of bearing 
the expense of. 

affranchise (af-f ran'shiz) , v.t. to make 
free; enfranchise. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
f hue, hut ; think, then. 



AFFRAY 



18 



AGGREGATIVE 



affray (af-fra'), n. the fighting of two 
or more persons in a public place to 
the terror of others. 

affright (af-frit'), v.t. to frighten; ter- 
rify; alarm; confuse. 

affront (af-frunt'), v.t. to confront, 
oppose face to face; insult designedly. 

affusion (af-f u'zhun) , n. the act of 
pouring upon. 

adj. pertaining to 
a native of Afghan- 



Afghan (af 'gan) , 
Afghanistan: n. 
istan. 

afghan (af'gan), 



_ n. a crocheted or 
knitted soft wool blanket or robe. 

afield (a-feld'), adv. to, in, or on, the 
field; astray. 

aflame (a-flam'), adj. & adv. in flames; 
ablaze. 

afloat (a-flof), adj. & adv. floating; in 
circulation; unfixed; adrift. 

afoot (a-foof), adv. on foot; astir. 

afraid (a-frad'), adj. frightened. 

afresh (a-fresh'), adv. again; anew. 

African (afri-kan), adj. pertaining to 
Africa; n. sl native of Africa. 

Africander (af-ri-kan'der) , n. a white 
native of South Africa. 

aft (aft'), adj. & adv. towards the 
stern. 

after (after), adj. next, subsequent, 
later: prep, behind in place; in suc- 
cession to ; later in time ; in imitation 
of; according to; next in rank or 
excellence; in proportion to; in pur- 
suit of: adv. behind; subsequent in 
time or place: n. the future. 

after-clap (af ter-klap) , n. an unto- 
ward event happening after an affair 
is supposed to be at an end. 

after-damp (-damp), n. the carbonic 
acid found in coal-mines after an ex- 
plosion of fire-damp; choke-damp. 

aftergrass (af ter-gras) , n. a second 
mowing in a season. Also aftermath. 

after-hold (-hold), n. that part of the 
hold which lies abaft the mainmast. 

aftermath (after-math), n. a second 
grass-crop in a season; a supple- 
mentary result. 

afternoon (af-ter-noon'), n. the part 
of the day between noon and even- 
ing. 

afterward (after-ward), or after- 
wards (-wardz), adv. at a later time; 
subsequently. 

after- wit (after-wit), n. wisdom that 
comes too late. 



again (a-gen'), adv. a second time; in 
return; further; anew. 

against (a-gensf), prep, opposite to; 
in opposition to ; contrary to one's 
inclinations. 

agape (a-gap'), adj. & adv. gaping; 
with the mouth wide open in a state 
of expectation or astonishment. . 

agate (ag'at), n. a variety of quartz in, 
striped or clouded colors; chal- 
cedony; Scotch pebble. 

agave (a-ga'vu), n. the century plant 

and others of the same genus. 

age (aj), n. a particular period of time 
in life or in history; time: v.i. to grow 
old visibly. 

agency (a/jen-si), n. operation; action; 
an establishment for the purpose of 
doing _business for another. 

agent (a'jent), n. one who acts, espe- 
cially for another; an active power 
or cause. 

agglomerate (ag-glom'er-at) , v.t. to 
gather into a heap ; accumulate. 

agglomeration (ag-glom-er-a'shun) , 
n. a heap. 

agglomerative (ag-glom'er-a-tiv), adj. 
tending to gather together. 

agglutinant (ag-glu'ti-nant), adj. unit- 
ing: n. any sticky substance which 
causes bodies to adhere together. 

agglutinate (ag-glu'ti-nat), v.t. to glue 
together: adj. glued together. 

agglutination (ag-glu-ti-na'shun) : n. 
the act or condition of being united 
or joined together. 

aggrandize (ag'gran-diz) , v.t. to make 
great or greater in power* rank, or 
riches; augment. 

aggrandizement (ag'gran-diz-ment) , 
n. exaltation; advancement. 

aggravate (ag'gra-vat) , v.t. to add to a 
load; be troublesome; intensify. 

aggravating (ag'gra-va-ting) , p.adj. 
making worse or more heinous. 

aggravation (ag-gra-va'shun) , n. the 
act of making worse. 

aggregate (ag'gre-gat) , v.t. to collect 
or bring together ; gather into a mass 
or body; accumulate: n. total; mass; 
a mass formed by the union of sim- 
ilar particles : adj. formed into a mass 
or total. 

aggregation (ag-gre-ga'shun) , n. a col- 
lection of particulars. 

aggregative (ag'gre-ga-tiv), adj. col- 
lective; social. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £ften. 



AGGRESS 



19 



AGUISH 



"^ 



aggress (ag-gres'), v.t. to attack; begin 
a quarrel or controversy. 

aggression (ag-gresh'un) , n. unpor- 
voked attack. 

aggressive (ag-gres'iv) , adj. unjustly 
attacking. 

aggressor (ag-gres'er) n. one who at- 
tacks. 

aggrieve (ag-greV), v.t. to bear heavily 
upon; oppress. 

aghast (a-gasf). adj. struck with sud- 
den astonishment, or terror. 

agile (aj'il), adj. easily driven about; 
active in body; nimble. 

agility (a-jil'i-ti), n. nimbleness. 

agio (a'ji-o) , n. [pi. agios (a/ji-oz)], the 
premium on money or foreign bills 
of exchange; discount. [Italian.] 

agiotage (aj'i-o-taj), n. exchange busi- 
ness; stock jobbing. 

agitable (aj'i-ta-bl), adj. capable of 
being moved, or debated; debatable. 

agitate (aj'i-tat), v.t. to stir violently; 
discuss; excite; revolve in the mind; 
disturb; keep constantly before the 
public. 

agitation (aj-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of 
agitating; excitement; discussion. 

agitative (aj'i-ta-tiv), adj. tending to 
agitate. 

agitator (aj'i-ta-ter), n. one who 
starts or keeps up a political or 
other agitation; an implement for 
stirring. 

aglow (a-glo'), adj. & adv. in a glow; 
glowing. 

aglutition (ag-lu-tish'un) , n. inability 
to swallow. 

agnail (ag'nal), n. loose skin under or 
near the nail; a whitlow. 

agnomen (ag-no'men), n. an addi- 
tional name or epithet, as "Milton, 
the poet." 

'agnostic (ag-nos'tik) , n. one who 
denies that man possesses any 
knowledge of the ultimate nature of 
things; one who neither affirms nor 
denies the existence of a personal 
Deity: adj. pertaining to the agnos- 
tics or their teachings; expressing 
ignorance. 

agnosticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm) , n. the 
doctrines of the agnostics. 

ago (a-go'), adj. gone; past (used 
always after the noun) : adv. in past 
time (used only in the phrase " long 
ago"). 



agog (a-gog'), adj. & adv. in agitation 
or expectation; eager. 

agoing (a-go'ing), adv. on the going; 
in motion. 

agonistics (ag-o-nis'tiks) , n. the science 
of athletic combats. 

agonize (ag'o-nlz), v.i. to suffer an- 
guish, make convulsive efforts: v.t. 
to torture. 

agonizingly (ag'6-ni-zing-li) , adv. with 
anguish or struggles. 

agony (ag'o-ni), n. [pi. agonies (ag'o- 
niz)], extreme pain; anguish. 

agouti (a-goo'ti), n. a rodent found 
in the West Indies and South Amer- 
ica. 

agrarian (a-gra/ri-an) , adj. relating to 
land, or to land-tenure ; growing wild 
in the fields: n. one who is in favor of 
a redistribution of land. 

agrarianism (a-gra/ri-an-ism) , n. the 
principle of a uniform division of 
land; agitation with respect to land- 
tenure. 

agree (a-gre'), v.i. to harmonize phys- 
ically, mentally, or morally; to ac- 
cord. 

agreeability (a-gre-a-bil'i-ti) , n. agree- 
ableness. 

agreeable (a-gre'a-bl) , adj. pleasing to 
the mind or senses. 

agreement (a-gre'ment) , n. harmony 
of opinions or feelings; concord of 
one word with another in gender, 
number, case, or person; a com- 
pact ; a contract ; mutual under- 
standing. 

agricultural (ag-ri-kul'tur-al), adj. 
pertaining to tillage. 

agriculturalist (ag-ri-kul'tu-ral-ist) , n. 
same as agriculturist. 

agriculture (ag'ri-kul-tiir) , n. the 
science and art of cultivating # fields 
by the plow, &c; tillage; farming. 

agriculturist (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist) , n. one 
engaged in tillage; a farmer. 

agrin (a-grinO, adj. & adv. in the act or 
state of grinning. 

aground (a-ground'), adj. & adv. on 
the ground; the situation of a ship 
whose bottom touches the ground; 
stranded. 

ague (a/gu), n. an intermittent fever; 
the cold fit of the_intermittent fever. 

ague-cake (a r gu-kak), n. an enlarge- 
ment of the_ spleen produced by ague. 

aguish (a'gu-ish), adj. having the 



ate,, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



W 



AH 



20 



ALATE 



qualities of an ague ; producing ague ; 
intermittent. 

ah (a), inter j. an exclamation expres- 
sive of sudden emotion. 

aha (a-ha/), inter j. an exclamation ex- 
pressive of satisfaction or irony. 

ahead (a-hed'), adv. in the front; for- 
ward. 

aheap (a-hep') , adv. in a heap. 

ahem (a-hern'), inter j. an exclamation 
to call attention. 

ahoy (a-hoi'), inter j. a term used in 
hailing a vessel. 

ahull (a-hul') , adv. with sails furled and 
helm lashed alee. 

ai (a'i), n. [pi. ais (a'ez)], the three-toed 
sloth of America. 

aid (ad), v.t. to assist; support: n. help; 
assistance. 

aide-de-camp (ad'de-kong), n. [pi. 
aides-de-camp], an officer who assists 
a general. [French.] 

aigret (a/gret) or aigrette (a-gref) , n. 

the small white heron; a plume 

arranged in imitation of the feathers 

of the heron, worn on helmets, and as 

^ an article of women's head-attire. 

ail (al), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], 
to give or cause pain : v.i. to feel pain; 
be afflicted with pain. 

ailment (al'ment) , n. a slight disorder 
of the body; sickness. 

aim (am), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
-ing], to endeavor after; direct at 
something; seek: n. a purpose; an 
endeavor* 

air (ar), v.t. to expose to the air; dry 
thoroughly, as clothes : exhibit osten- 
tatiously: n. the fluid which we 
breathe; the atmosphere; external 
manner; appearance; bearing; a 
melody. 

air-brake (ar'-brak) , n. a system of rail- 
road-brakes operated by compressed 
air. 

air-craft (ar-kraft), n. a machine for 
aerial navigation. 

air-gas (ar-gas), n. an illuminating gas 
made from air charged with the vapor 
of petroleum, naphtha, &c. 

air-gun (ar-gun), n. a gun discharged 
^ by the force of condensed air. 

airily (ar'i-li), adv. in an airy manner. 

airiness (ar'i-nes), n. the_state of being 
airy; gaiety. 

airing (ar'ing), n. a walk, ride, or drive 
in the open air ; exposure to the air. 



air-line (ar-lin), n. a straight line. 
Also called a bee-line. 

air-plant (ar-plant), n. a plant which 
derives its nourishment from the air. 

air-pump (ax-pump), n. a machine for 
exhausting the air from a receiver; 
the pump used to exhaust the water 
and gases from the condenser of a 
steam-engine. 

airship (ar'ship), n. a steerable bal- 
loon. 

airy (ar'i) , adj. exposed to or composed 
of air; breezy; unsubstantial; gay. 

aisle (il), n. the passage leading to 
chancel or altar of a church; or to 
the platform of any hall. 

ajar (a-jaV), adj. & adv. slightly turned 
or opened, as a door ; out of harmony. 

ajog (a-jog'), adv. on the jog; jogging. 

akimbo (a-kim'bo), adv. with the 
hands on the hips and the elbows 
turned outwards. 

akin (a-kin'), adj. & adv. of kin; related 
by blood; allied by nature. 

alabaster (al'a-bas-ter), n. a white 
marble-like mineral; a box made of 
alabaster, in which the ancients held 
ointments: adj. made of, or trans- 
parent like, alabaster. 

alack (a-lak'), inter j. an exclamation 
expressive of blame, sorrow, or sur- 
prise. 

alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti) , n. eager readi- 
ness; joyous activity; briskness. 

alalia (a-la'li-a), n. loss of speech by 
paralysis of the muscles. 

alalus (al'a-lus), n. the hypothetical 
ape-man. 

alamqde (a-la-mod'), adv. in the 
fashion: adj. fashionable: n. a thin, 
light, glossy black silk. [French.] 

alar (a'lar), adj. pertaining to or hav- 
ing wings; wing-shaped. 

alarm (a-larm'), v.t. arouse to a sense 
of danger; strike with apprehension 
of danger: n. a call to arms; a warn- 
ing of danger; the apprehension of 
danger. 

alarming (a-larm 'ing) , adj. exciting 
apprehension; ominous. 

alary (a'la-ri), adj. of or pertaining to 
wings; wing-shaped. 

alas (a-las 7 ), inter j. an exclamation 
expressive of unhappiness. 

alate (a/lat) or alated (a-lat'ed), adj. 
having wings or wing-like side-ap- 
pendages. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ALB 



21 



ALIAS 



alb (alb), n. a white priestly vest- 
ment worn at the celebration of the 
Eucharist in the Roman Catholic 
Church and in some Anglican 
churches. 

albata (al-ba/ta), n. an alloy imitating 
silver; German silver. 

albatross (al'ba-tros), n. a sea-bird 
allied to the petrel, inhabiting the 
Pacific and_ Southern Oceans. 

albeit (awl-be'it), conj. although; even 
though ; notwithstanding. 

albino (al-bi'no or al-be'no), n. a per- 
son with white skin and hair and 
pinkish eyes; a man, animal, or plant 
abnormally whitein color. 

albugineous (al-bu-jin'e-us) , adj. of 
the nature of white-of-eggs ; albumi- 
nous. 

album (al'burn), n. a blank book in 
which to insert autographs, photo- 
graphs, stamps, monograms, &c. 

albumen (al-bu'men), n. the white of 
an egg; the nutritious farinaceous 
matter stored up with' the embryo 
of an animal or plant. 

albumenize (al-bu'men-iz), v.t. in 
photography, to coat paper with an 
albuminous solution. 

albumin (al-bu'min), n. a variant of 
albumen. 

albuminoid (al-bu'mi-noid) , adj. like 
albumen: n. a class of organic com- 
pounds which form the chief part of 
the organs and tissues of animals and 
plants; proteids. 

albuminous (al-bu'mi-nus) or albu- 
minose (al-bu'mi-nos) , adj. like, or 
containing albumen. 

albuminuria (al-bu-mi-nu'ri-a) , n. the 
presence of albumen in the kidneys 
and the urine. 

alburnum (al-ber'num) , n. the white 
and softer part of wood between 
the bark and the heart-wood; sap- 
wood. 

alcalde (al-kal'da), n. a magistrate or 
justice in Spain or Portugal. [Spanish.] 

alchemist (al'ke-mist), n. one who 
studies or practices alchemy. 

alchemy (al'ke-mi), n. the chemistry 
of the Middle Ages ; the professed art 
of transmuting the baser metals into 
gold. 

alcohol (al'ko-hol), n. pure or rectified 
spirits of wine; the spirituous or 
intoxicating element in fermented 



liquors; rectified spirits; a class of 
compounds of the same type aa 
spirits of wine. 

alcoholic (al-ko-hol'ik) , adj. contain- 
ing alcohol: -s, n.pl. alcoholic liquors. 

alcoholism (al'ko-hol-izm) , n. & dis- 
eased condition produced by alcohol; 
or a chronic craving for strong drink. 

alcoholization (al-ko-hol-i-za'shun) , 
n. subjection to the influence of al- 
cohol. 

alcoholize (al'ko-hol-Iz) , v.t. to subject 
to the influence of alcohol ; to rectify 
(spirits of wine). 

Alcoran (al-ko-ran') , n. more correctly 
written Koran, q.v. 

alcove (al'kov), n. a recess in a room 
or a garden; a bower. 

alder (awl'der), n. a genus of plants 
growing in moist land and related to 
the birch. 

alderman (awl'der-man) , n. ; pi. alder- 
men (-men), in English and Ameri- 
can cities and boroughs a magistrate 
next in dignity to the mayor; also, in 
Great Britain, certain members of 
county councils elected by those 
bodies. 

ale (al) , n. a liquor made from an infu- 
sion of malt by fermentation. 

alee (a-le r ), adv. & adj. on the lee or 
sheltered side of the ship ; opposite to 
a weather. 

alert (a-lerf), adj. on the watch; ac- 
tive: n. an alarm; a sudden attack. 

Alexandrine (al^eks-an'drin), # n. a 
kind of heroic verse of six iambic 
feet, or twelve syllables. 

alfalfa (al-fal'fa), n. see lucern. 

algae (al'je), n.pl. one of the great divi- 
sions of cryptogamic plants, includ- 
ing seaweeds and kindred fresh-water 
plants. 

algebra (al r je-bra), n. the science of 
calculation by letters and general 
symbols. 

algebraic (al'je-bra-ik) or algebraical 
(al-je-bra/ik-al), adj. occurring in or 
dealing with algebra. 

algebraically (aJ-je-bra/ik-a-li), adv. 
by means of algebraic processes. 

algine (al'jin) , n. a substance obtained 
from seaweed, and used in manufac- 
tures instead of horn. 

alias (a'li-as), adv. otherwise [named]: 
n. [pi. aliases (a/li-as-ez)], another 
name; an assumed name. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



r 



ALIBI 



22 



ALL 



alibi (al'i-bi), n. the plea of having 
been elsewhere when the alleged act 
was committed. 

alien (a'li-en), adj. belonging to an- 
other: n. a foreign-born resident of 
a country in which he is not nat- 
uralized. 

alienable (a/li-en-a-bl) , adj. capable of 
being alienated; _salable. 

alienage (a'li-en-aj), n. the state or 
legal status of an alien. 

alienate (a/li-en-at) , v.t. to estrange, as 
the affections ; transfer to another, as 
property. 

alienation (a-li-en-a/shun) , n. es- 
trangement; transference; diversion 
to another purpose; mental derange- 
ment. 

alienism (a/li-en-izm) , n. the position 
of being an alien; the study and 
treatment of mental diseases. 

alienist (a/li-en-ist) , n. a physician who 
makes a special study of diseases 
affecting the brain or nervous system. 

aliform (al'i-f6rm), adj. wing-shaped. 

alight (a-litO, v.i. to dismount; to 
descend and settle; to come upon 
accidentally: adj. lighted; lighted-up; 
in a flame. 

align (a-lin'), v.t. to lay out or adjust 
by a line: v.i. to form or fall into a 
line. 

alignment (a-lln'ment), n. the act 
of laying out or adjusting by a 
line; the ground-plan of a railway 
or road. 

alike (a-llk'), adj. like one another: 
adv. in like manner; similar. 

aliment (ari-ment), n. food; the 
necessaries of life generally; an al- 
lowance for support by decree of 
court: v.t. to make provision for 
the maintenance of; make provision 
for the support of parents or children 
respectively. 

alimental (al-i-men'tal) , # adj. having 
the quality of, or supplying the mate- 
rials for, nourishing. 

alimentary (al-i-men'ta-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to food; nutritious. 

alimentary canal (ka-nal'), n. the 
great duct which conveys food to 
the stomach and carries off solid 
excreta. 

alimentation (al-i-men-ta/shun) , n. 
the act of giving nourishment; the 
function of the alimentary canal. 



alimentiveness (al-i-men'tiv-nes) , n B 
the instinct for food. 

alimony (ari-mon-i), n. means of liv- 
ing ; an allowance made by decree of 
court to a wife out of her husband's 
estate on separation, or pending an 
action for the same. 

aliped (al'i-ped) , adj. . wing-footed, like 
the bat. 

aliquant (al'i-kwant) , adj. being a part 
of a number which does not divide it 
without a remainder, as 8 is an ali- 
quant part of 25. 

aliquot (al'i-kwot), adj. being a part 
of a number or quantity which will 
divide it without a remainder, as 8 
is an aliquot part of 24. 

alive (a-hV) , adj. having life ; in a state 
of action; sprightly; sensitive; 
thronged. 

alkahest (al'ka-hest), n. the pretended 
universal solvent of the alchemists, 
by means of which they believed that 
all metals could be reduced to a single 
liquid. 

alkalescent (al-ka-les'sent) , adj. tend- 
ing to become alkaline. 

alkali (al'ka-ll), n. [pi. alkalis & -ies], 
one of a class of caustic bases, as 
soda, potash, having the common 
properties of being soluble in water 
and in alcohol, combining with fats 
to form soap, neutralizing acids and 
forming salts with them, and chang 
ing the tint of many vegetable color- 
ing-matters opposed to acid. 

alkaline (al'ka-lm) , adj. pertaining to, 
or having the properties of, an al- 
kali. 

alkaloid (arka-loid), n. a body or 
substance containing alkaline prop- 
erties; pi. nitrogenous compounds 
met with in plants in combination 
with organic acids: adj. resembling 
an alkali in its properties. 

alkanet (al'ka-net), n. a plant the 
root of which yields the rich red dye 
of commerce. 

all (awl), adj. the whole quantity of, 
as substance, duration, extent» 
amount, or degree; the whole nuin* 
ber of, collectively, as individuals, 
particulars, or parts; every, as with 
kind; any, used after a preposition 
or verb: pron. the whole; the whole 
quantity or amount; total; aggre- 
gate: n. a whole; an entirety; one's 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ALL ALONG 



23 



ALLITERATIVE 



entire possessions: adv. wholly; en- 
tirely; completely. 

all along (a-long') , adv.phr. throughout. 

all but (but), adv.phr. everything but; 
almost. 

all-fours (awl-forz'), n. a game of cards 
which comprises four points or 
chances for scoring: adv. on hands 
and knees. 

all-hail (awl-hal'), inter j. all health! A 
phrase of salutation. 

All- hallo we 9 en (awl-hal-o-en') , n. the 
evening before All Saints' Day. It is 
associated with many quaint legends 
and superstitions. 

All-hallows (awl-hal'oz), n.pl. All 
Saints' Day, celebrated on the first of 
November, in honor of all the saints. 

Allies, The (a-liz'), n. in the European 
War, 1914-1915, the nations of the 
Triple Entente — Great Britain, 
France, Russia — together with 
Serbia, Montenegro, Japan and Italy. 

all one (wun), adj. & n. in effect the 
same; quite the same. 

all-round (awl-round'), adj. versatile; 
capable of doing anything; many- 
si led. 

all-sorts (awl-sorts'), n. remnants of 
various liquors blended together. 

All Souls' Day (solz da), n. the day, 
celebrated on the second of Novem- 
bar by the Catholic Church, in honor 
of the departed. 

all tDld (told), adv. all counted. 

Allah (alia), n. the Arabic name for 
the Supreme Being, in use among the 
LI jhamnedans. 

alia/ (al-la/), v.t. to quiet or calm; 
assuage; appease; abate; mitigate; 
relieve; as pain or grief. 

allagation (al-e-ga/shun), n. the act of 
alleging; assertion; declaration; that 
which is asserted or alleged; that 
which is offered as a plea, an excuse, 
or justification; the statement of a 
party to a suit of that which he is 
prepared to prove. 

allege (al-lej '), v.t. to produce or ad- 
duce as argument, plea, or excuse; 
affirm; declare: assert. 

allegeable (al-lej 'a-bl), adj. that may 
be alleged or affirmed. 

allegiance (al-le'jans), n. the tie or 
obligation of a subject to his sover- 
eign or government; fealty; fidelity 
to a cause or person. 



allegoric (al-e-gor'ik) or allegorical 

(al-e-gor'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or in the nature of 
allegory ; figurative. 

allegorically (al-e-gor'i-ka-li), adv. 
figuratively; in an allegorical man- 
ner. 

allegorize (al'e-go-riz), v.t. to turn into 
allegory; to treat allegorically: v.i. to 
make use of allegory. 

allegory (al'e-go-ri) , n. [pi. -allegories 
(are-go-riz)], a figurative manner of 
treating a subject by the use of other 
terms analogous in properties or cir- 
cumstances; a figurative representa- 
tion in which the meaning is convej'ed 
symbolically^ A famous example of 
an allegory is Bunyan's "Pilgrim's 
Progress." 

alleviate (al-le'vi-at), v.t. to fight en; 
lessen; make easier; mitigate. 

alleviation (al-le-vi-a/shun), n. the act 
of alleviating; that which lessens or 
lightens. 

alleviative (al-le'vi-a-tiv) , adj. tending 
to alleviate: n. that which alle- 
viates. 

alleviator (al-le'vi-a-ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, alleviates. 

alley (al'i), n. [pi. alleys (al'iz)], a 
passage; a narrow way; a lane. 

alliaceous (al-i-a/shus) , adj. of the 
nature or property of garlic or the 
onion. 

alliance (al-ll'ans),^ n. the state of 
being allied; relation or connection 
by birth or marriage; union between 
nations. 

alligation (al-i-ga'shun), n. a rule for 
ascertaining the value or price of a 
compound by determining the rela- 
tive proportions and prices of the 
ingredients. 

alligator (al'i-ga-ter), n. the American 
crocodile. 

alliteration (al-fit-e-ra'shun), ?i. the 
repetition of the same initial letter 
in closely-succeeding words, or in 
words directly following each ether, 
as "apt alliteration's artful aid," and 
''Begot by outchers out 6y bishops 
bred," said of Cardinal ^Yolsey. 
Alliteration preceded rhythm in 
Anglo-Saxon verse, and it is still 
effectively used, as by Swinburne 
and Kipling. 

alliterative (al-lit'e-ra-tiv), adj. per- 



ate, aim, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



ALLOCATE 



24 



ALLY 



taining to, or characterized by, allit- 
eration. 

allocate (al'o-kat), v.t. to assign or 
allot; distribute, as in equal or pro- 
portionate parts or shares. 

allocation (al-o-ka/shun) , n. the act of 
allotting, allocating, or assigning; an 
allotment or assignment; an allow- 
ance made on anaccount. 

allocution (al-o-ku'shun) , n. an ad- 
dress of a formal nature, as that 
delivered by the Pope to his clergy 
or to the Church generally. 

allodial (a-lo'di-al), adj. freehold; not 
feudal: n. land thus neld. 

allodium (a-lo'di-um), n. [pi. allodia 
(a-lo'di-a)], freehold estate. 

allograph (al'o-graf), n. a signature 
by one person on behalf of another: 
opposed to autograph. 

allomorphism (al-o-mor'fizm) , n. the 
property in certain substances of 
assuming a different form while re- 
maining the same in constitution. 

allopath (al'o-path) , n. one who favors 
or practices allopathy; an allopathist. 

allopathic (al-o-path'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to allopathy. 

allopathically (al-o-path'ik-a-li) , adv. 
in an allopathic manner. 

allopathy (al-op'a-thi) , n. a method of 
treating disease by inducing an ac- 
tion opposite to the disease it is 
sought to cure; opposed to homeop- 
.athy. 

alio qui alism (a-lo'kwi-al-izm) , n. a 
phrase or manner of speech used in 
addressing. 

allot (a-lotO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allotted, 
p.pr. allotting], to distribute or di- 
vide, as by lot; apportion, as shares; 
assign or grant_for a specific purpose. 

allotee (al-lot-te') , n. one to whom 
an allotment or share is granted or 
assigned. 

allotment (a-lot'ment) , n. the act of 
allotting; that which is allotted; a 
portion of land assigned or allotted. 

allotropic (al-o-trop'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to or characterized by allotropy. 

allotropism (a-lot'ro-pizm) , n. diver- 
sity of molecular arrangement. 

allotropy (a-lot'ro-pi) , n. the capa- 
bility shown by certain chemical 
elements to assume different forms, 
each characterized by peculiar quali- 
ties, as the occurrence of carbon in 



the form of the diamond, charcoal, 
and plumbago, respectively. 

allow > (a-lou'), v.t. to grant, yield; 
admit; deduct; permit; approve: 
v.i. to make concession or provision 
(followed by for) . 

allowable (a-lou'a-bl) , adj. that may 
be < allowed; permissible; lawful; 
praiseworthy; acceptable. 

allowance (a-lou 'ans), n. the act of 
allowing; admission; concession; a 
definite sum granted; sanction or 
approval; abatement or deduction: 
v.t. to put upon allowance; limit to 
a fixed expenditure or consumption 
of money or food. 

alloy (a-loi''), v.t. to combine; to form a 
compound, by fusion, of two or more 
metals ; reduce in standard or quality 
by mixture, as with a metal of baser 
value; debase: n. a compound of two 
or more metals; an admixture of evil 
with good. 

allspice (awl'spis), n. the fruit or berry 
of the pimento: so named in allusion 
to its taste being supposed to com- 
bine the flavors of other spices. 

allude (a-lud'), v.t. to compare: v.i. 
refer or make an allusion indirectly 
(with to). 

allure (a-liir'), v.t. to tempt by the offer 
of something good, real or apparent; 
entice; attract. 

allurement (a-lur'ment), n. the act of 
alluring, or that which allures. 

allusion (a-lu r zhun), n. a casual refer- 
ence; a comparison or reference by 
symbol or metaphor. 

allusive (a-lu'siv) , adj. having refer- 
ence to something not definitely ex- 
pressed. 

allusory (a-lu'so-ri) , adj. allusive. 

alluvial (a-lu'vi-al) , adj. pertaining to 
or composed of alluvium. 

alluvion (a-lu'vi-un) , n. land added to 
a shore or river-bank by the action of 
water. 

alluvium (a-lu'vi-um) , n. [pi. alluvia 
(a-lu'vi-a)], a deposit of mingled sand 
and clay (mud), or of alternating 
layers of sand and clay, of river ori- 
gin. 

ally (a-H')> v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allied, p.pr. 
allying], to unite by marriage, treaty, 
league, or confederacy; bind or con- 
nect by friendship or resemblance: 
n. [pi. allies (a-liz')], one united. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, boqk ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ALMAGRA 



25 



ALTAR 



related, or associated by these means; 
a confederate. See Allies. 

almagra (ai-ma/gra), n. a fine deep- 
red ochre used in India for staining 
the skin; used also as a paint and 
polish (Indian-red). 

almanac (awl'ma-nak), n. a year-book 
or calendar giving the order of the 
days of the week and month, astro- 
nomical data, tide-tables, ecclesias- 
tical festivals and fasts, and other 
varied information. 

almightiness (awl-mi'ti-nes), n. om- 
nipotence; infinite or boundless 
power. 

almighty (awl-mi'ti), adj. possessing 
all power, omnipotent. 

Almighty, n. the omnipotent God. 

almond (a/mund), n. the kernel of the 
fruit of the almond-tree; anything 
resembling the almond in shape. 

almoner (al'mun-er), n. one who dis- 
penses or distributes alms or charity; 
an alms-purse; a pouch or purse 
which in early times was suspended 
from the girdle. 

almonry (al'mun-ri), n. [pi. almonries 
(al'mun-riz)], the residence of the al- 
moner; place where alms are dis- 
pensed. 

almost (awl'most), adv. nearly; very 
nearly; well-nigh; all but. 

alms (amz), n.sing. [used sometimes as 
n.pl.] the act of relieving by chari- 
table aid; that which is bestowed in 
charity. 

alms-house (amz-hous), n. a house 
endowed by private or public charity 
and appropriated to the use of the 
poor. 

aloe (al'o), n. [pi. aloes (al'oz)], the 
common name for succulent plants, 
natives of the warm climates of the 
Old World, and especially of the 
southern part of Africa. 

aloes (al'oz), n. sl drug, the inspissated 
juice of several species of aloe, and 
obtained from the leaves; the fra- 
grant resin or wood of the agallo- 
chum. 

aloft (a-loft'), adv. on high; far above 
the earth; at the mast-head, or on the 
higher yards or rigging. 

alone (a-lon'), adj. & adv. without or 
apart from another; single or singly; 
only; separately; by itself. 

along (a-ldng'), prep. & adv. by the 



length; lengthwise; in a line parallel 
with the length; onward. 

alongside (a-long'sld), adv. by the 
side; side_by side. 

aloof (a-loof), adv. at a moderate 
distance but within sight; purposely 
keeping apart. 

alopecia (al-o-pe'si-a) , or alopecy 
(a-lo'pe-si), n. baldness; loss 01 hair 
through skin disease. [Greek.] 

alopecist (al-6'pes-ist and al-o-pe'sist), 
n. one who undertakes the cure or 
prevention of baldness. 

aloud (a-loudO , adv. with raised voice ; 
loudly ; with a great noise ; audibly. 

alpaca (al-pak'a) , n. a mammal, closely 
allied to the llama, a native of the 
Andes of Chili and Peru ; the fabric 
constructed from the long, soft, silky 
wool of the alpaca. 

alpen-glow (al'pen-glo), n. a peculiar 
purple gleam on the snow on the Alps 
seen just before sunrise and after 
sunset. 

alpen-horn (al'pen-horn), n. a long 
and nearly straight horn used by the 
mountaineers of the Alps. 

alpen-stock (arpen-stok) , n. a stout 
staff, furnished with an iron spike, 
used by mountain-climbers. 

alphabet (al'fa-bet), n. the letters 
of a language arranged in the cus- 
tomary order; the first rudiments of 
any branch of knowledge. 

alphabetic (al-fa-bet'ik), or alphabet- 
ical (al-fa-bet'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
to an alphabet; in the order of the 
alphabet. 

alphabetically (al-fa-bet'i-ka-li), adv. 
in an alphabetical order or manner. 

alphabetize (al'fa-bet-Iz), v.t. to ar- 
range in alphabetical order, i.e. 
in a * sequence . following the 
order of the letters of the al- 
phabet. 

already (awl-red'i), adj. quite ready; 
fully prepared: adv. by, at, or before, 
a specified time. 

also (awl'so), adv. & conj. wholly so; 
in like manner; likewise; further, or 
in addition to. 

altar (awl'tar), n. a raised place, 
structure, or elevation, whether of 
earth or stone, for the offering of 
sacrifices or burning of incense; the 
Communion-table; a place of wor- 
ship. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
5 hue, hut ; think, then. 



ALTAZIMUTH 



26 



ALUM ROOT 



altazimuth (alt-az'i-muth), n. an in- 
strument employed to determine the 
altitudes and azimuths of the heav- 
enly bodies. 

alter (awl'ter), v.t. to effect some 
change in; modify or vary; change 
entirely or materially. 

alterable (awl'ter-a-ble) , adj. capable 
of being altered; liable to change. 

alterant (awl'ter-ant) , adj. producing 
or effecting change: n. a substance 
used in dyeing to change or modify 
a color. 

alteration (awl-ter-a'shun) , n. the act 
of altering or changing; the change 
or modification effected. 

alterative (awl'ter-a-tiv), adj. produc- 
ing change ; having the power to alter : 
n. a medicine which restores the 
healthy functions of the body. 

altercate (al'ter-kat), v.i. to contend 
in words; wrangle; dispute with 
anger or heat. 

altercation (al-ter-ka/shun) , n. the 
act of wrangling; warm contention 
in words; a dispute. 

alter ego (al'ter e'go), n. a second self; 
one's double: frequently applied to 
a person fully authorized to act for 
another. [Latin.] 

alternant (al-ter'nant) , adj. composed 
of alternate layers. 

alternate (al'ter-nat), v.t. to perform 
by turns; cause to succeed by turns; 
exchange reciprocally: v.i. to take 
place by turns (followed by with): 
adj. by turns; following each other 
in reciprocal succession; succeeding 
each other by turns on opposite sides 
of a stem. 

alternate angles (ang'glz), n.pl. the 
internal angles made by two lines 
with a third on opposite sides of it. 

alternation (al-ter-na'shun) , n. the 
act of alternating, or state of being 
alternate ; reciprocal succession ; an- 
tiphonal singing or reading. 

alternative (al-ter'na-tiv) , adj. giving 
the choice of two things: n. the op- 
tion or choice of two possibilities, so 
that if one be rejected the other must 
be accepted. 

alternator (al'ter-na-ter) , n. an alter- 
nating-current dynamo. 

alt-horn (alt'horn), n. a musical in- 
strument of the sax-horn class, fre- 
quently used in military bands. 



although (awl-^o'), conj. granting 
that; though; even if; notwithstand- 
ing. 

altimeter (al-tim'e-ter) , n. an instru- 
ment for measuring altitudes trigo- 
nometrically. 

altimetry (al-tim'e-tri) , n. the art of 
measuring altitudes by the use of the 
altimeter. 

altiscope (al'tis-kop), n. an instrument 
consisting of mirrors and lenses by 
means of which an object is brought 
to the view of the observer, notwith- 
standing intervening obstacles; used 
to guide submarine boats. 

altisonant (al-tis'o-nant), adj. high- 
sounding; pompous in language. 

altitude (al'ti-tud), n. space extended 
upward; height; highest point or 
degree; the elevation of a celestial 
body above the horizon; the perpen- 
dicular distance from the base of a 
figure to the summit or to the side 
parallel to the base. 

altitudinal (al-ti-tu'di-nal) , adj. of or 
pertaining to height. 

alto (al'to), adj. high: n. the contralto; 
the tenor violin or viola. [Italian.] 

altogether (awl-too-ge^'er), adv. 
wholly; completely; without excep- 
tion; conjunctly; entirely. 

alto-relievo (al'to-re-li-a/vo) , n. [pi. 
alto-relievos (-re-li-a/voz) ] , high relief ; 
figures or other objects that stand 
out boldly from the background, and 
having more than half their thickness 
projecting. [Italian.] 

altropathy (al-trop'a-thi) , n. sym- 
pathy for others. 

altruism (al'troo-izm) , n. the prin- 
ciples inculcated by Comte, and in- 
volving the sacrifice of self in the 
interests of others : opposed to egoism, 

altruist (artroo-ist) , n. one who advo- 
cates or practices -altruism. 

altruistic (al-troo-is'tik) , adj. pertain* 
ing to altruism ; mindful of the wants 
and interests of others. 

altruistically (al-troo-is'ti-ka-li) , adv. 
in an altruistic manner. 

alum (arum), n. a double sulphate 
formed of aluminum and some other 
element, usually an alkaline metal. 

alum-root (al'um-root) , n. a popular 
name given to certain roots of an 
astringent nature belonging to the 
saxifrages. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: boon, book;: 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ALUMINA 



27 



AMBASSADOR 



alumina (a-lu'mi-na) , n. the single 
oxide of aluminum, the most abun- 
dant of the earths ; a notable constit- 
uent of common clay. Alumina is 
largely used in dyeing and calico- 
printing as a_ mordant. 

aluminite (a-lu'mi-mt), n. the hydrous 
sulphate of aluminum. 

aluminous (a-lu'mi-nus) , adj. per- 
taining to, or containing, alum or 
alumina. 

aluminum _(a-lu'mi-num) or alumin- 
ium (al-u-min'i-um), n. a bluish- 
white, light, sonorous, ductile, malle- 
able metal. 

alumna (a-lum'na), n. [pi. alumnae 
(a-lum'ne)], a woman graduate of 
a university or college. 

alumnus (a-lum'nus), n. [pi. alumni 
(a-lum'ni)], the graduate of a univer- 
sity; one educated at a school, col- 
lege, or university. [Latin, meaning 
" a foster-son. "■] 

alveolated (al-ve'o-la-ted), adj. with 
deep pits or cells resembling the 
honeycomb. 

always (awl'waz), adv. constantly; 
ever; regularly at intervals; contin- 
ually. 

am (am), 1st vers. sing, indie, mood of 
the verb tobe. See be. 

amain (a-man'), adv. with force or 
violence; suddenly; at once. 

amalgam (a-margam), n. any me- 
tallic mixture or alloy of which 
mercury is the chief constituent; a 
mixture or compound of different 
things. 

amalgamate (a-mal'ga-mat), v.t. to 
alloy mercury with another metal; 
mix to form a compound: v.i. to 
blend, combine, as one race with 
another. 

feEaalgamation (a-mal-ga-ma/shun) , 
n. the act or process of compound- 
ing mercury with another metal; 
the separation of precious metals 
from the mother-rock by means of 
quicksilver; the blending or mixing 
of different elements or things ; the 
union or consolidation of two or 
more companies or businesses into 
one concern. 

amalgamator (a-mal'ga-ma-ter) , n. 
one who or that which amalgamates ; 
a machine for purifying ore contain- 
ing precious metals by amalgamation 



with mercury; one who takes an ac* 
tive part in combining two or more 
businesses. 

amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis) , n. [pi. 
amanuenses (a-man-u-en'sez)], one 
who is employed to write at the dic- 
tation or direction of another; a sec- 
retary. 

amaranth (am'a-ranth) , n. an im- 
aginary flower said by poets to be 
unfading; a plant of the genus am- 
arantus; a color-mixture in which 
magenta is the chief ingredient. 

amaranthine (am-a-ran'thin) , adj\ 
pertaining to the amaranth ; never- 
fading, like amaranth; purplish. 

amass (a-mas'), v.t. to collect into a 
heap ; gather together in great quan- 
tity or amount; accumulate. 

amassment (a-mas'ment) , n. the act 
of amassing; a heap or accumula- 
tion; a great quantity or number 
brought together. 

amateur (am-a-ter'), n. one who culti- 
vates an art or pursues a study from 
love or attachment, and without 
reference to gain or emolument: adj. 
applied to the work or productions 
of an amateur as opposed to pro- 
fessional. 

amative (am'a-tiv), adj. amorous; full 
of love. 

amativeness (am'a-tiv-nes) , n. the 
tendency to love ; the desire for sexual 
intercourse. 

amatory (am'a-to-ri) , adj. relating to 
or expressive of love. 

amaurosis (am-aw-ro'sis), n. loss or 
decay of sight due to partial, periodic, 
or complete paralysis of the optic 
nerve. [Greek.] 

amaurotic (am-aw-rot'ik) , adj. relat- 
ing to, or affected with, amaurosis. 

amaze (a-maz'), v.t. to confound or 
stun with fear, surprise, or wonder : 
astonish: n. astonishment; confu- 
sion; perplexity. 

amazement (a-maz'ment), n. the 
state of being amazed; astonish- 
ment ; perplexity arising from sudden 
surprise. 

ambassador (am-bas'a-der) , n. an 
accredited representative of a sov- 
ereign or state at the court of an- 
other; a diplomatic agent of high 
rank ; a representative or agent of an- 
other charged with a special mission. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hat ; think, then. 



AMBASSADOR 



28 



AMEND 



ambassador- extraordinary (am-bas'- 
a-der-eks-tra-or'din-a-ri) , n. an am- 
bassador sent on a special mis- 
sion. 

ambassador- plenipotentiary (am- 
bas'a-der-plen-i-po-ten'shi-a-ri) , n. an 
ambassador sent with full powers to 
make a treaty. 

ambassadorial (am - bas - a - do' ri - al ) , 
adj. belonging to an ambassador, or 
to his office. 

ambassadress (am-bas'a-dres) , n. the 
wife of an ambassador; a woman 
ambassador. 

amber (am'ber), n. a yellowish fossil 
resin found on the shores of the 
Baltic: adj. made of amber; amber- 
colored. 

ambergris (am'ber-gres) , n. a very 
valuable morbid secretion from the 
intestines of the sperm-whale, usu- 
ally found floating in tropical seas: 
used in perfumery. 

ambidexter (am-bi-deks'ter), adj. 
using both hands equally: n. a man 
of unusual dexterity. 

ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'trus) , adj. 
able to use both hands alike; unusu- 
ally clever. 

ambient (am'bi-ent), adj. surround- 
ing; investing. 

ambiguity (am-bi-gu'i-ti) , n. [pi. am- 
biguities (am-bi-gu'i-tiz)], double or 
dubious signification ; vagueness. 

ambiguous (am-big'u-us) , adj. doubt- 
ful; equivocal. 

ambit (am'bit), n. a circuit or com- 
pass; the line or sum of the lines 
by which a figure is bounded; the 
perimeter. 

ambition (am-bish'un) , n. a seeking 
for preferment; a consuming desire 
to achieve some object or purpose, as 
to gain distinction, influence, &c. 

ambitious (am-bish'us) , adj. having 
ambition; aspiring. 

amble (am'bl), v.i. to move with a 
peculiar pace, as a horse, by lifting 
the two feet on one side together: 
n. at an easy pace. 

amblyopia (am-bli-o'pi-a), n. dimness 
of vision. See amaurosis. 

amboyna-wood (am-boi'na-wood) , n. 
a beautifully mottled and curled 
wood used in cabinet-work. 

ambrosia (am-bro'zhi-a) , n. anything 
exquisitely pleasing to taste or smell ; 



a genus of weeds allied to the worn* 
wood. 

ambrosial (am-bro'zhi-al) , adj. di 
vinely delicious; fragrant. 

ambrosially (am-bro'zhi-a-li), adv. 
with ambrosial fragrance. 

ambrotype (am'bro-tip) , n. a photo- 
graphic process by which the light 
parts of a photograph are produced 
in silver, the dark parts showing as a 
background through the clear glass. 

ambulance (am'bu-lans) , n. a field 
hospital ; an ambulance cart or wagon 
for the conveyance of the sick and 
wounded. 

ambulant (am'bu-lant) , adj. walking; 
moving about. 

ambulation (am'bu-la'shun), n. the 
act of walking about. 

ambulator (am'bu-la-ter) , n. a walker; 
a pedometer. 

ambulatory (am'bu-la-to-ri) , adj. of 
or pertaining to walking; movable; 
temporary: n. a place for walking in; 
a covered way. 

ambuscade (am-bus-kad') , n. a stra- 
tegic disposition of troops in ambush. 

ambush (am'boosh), n. a lying in wait 
to attack by surprise: v.t. to place in 
ambush to surprise an enemy; way- 
lay: v.i. to lie in wait for the purpose 
of attacking by surprise. 

ameer (a-mer'), n. a prince; governor; 
the Mohammedan ruler of Afghan- 
istan. Also written amir, emir. 

ameliorable (a-me'li-or-a-bl) , adj. ca- 
pable of improvement. 

ameliorate (a-me'li-or-at) , v.t. to 
make better: v.i. to grow better; 
improve. 

amelioration (a-me-li-or-a'shun), # n 
the making or growing better; im-< 
provement. 

ameliorative (a-me'li-or-a-tiv), adj. 
producing amendment ;_ improving. 

ameliorator (a-me'li-or-a-ter), n. one 
who amends. 

amen (a-men 7 & a/men'), adv. verily: 
inter j. so be it; literally true. [He- 
brew and liturgical.] 

amenability (a-me-na-bil'i-ti) , n. lia- 
bility to answer (to a charge, &c); 
tractableness ; responsibility. 

amenable (a-me'na-bl) , adj. easy to 
lead; submissive; liable. 

amend (a-mend'), v.t. to free from 
fault; improve; correct. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then 



AMENDATORY 



29 



AMORPHISM 



amendatory (a-men'da-tor-i) , adj. 
tending to amend. 

amende- honorable (a-mand-on-o-ra/- 
bl), n. a public apology and repara- 
tion ; a punishment formerly inflicted 
in France on traitors and the sacri- 
legious. [French.] 

amendment (a-mend'ment) , n. the 
removal of faults; the alteration of 
a bill before Parliament; a counter- 
motion at a public meeting. 

amends (a-mendz'), n.pl. compensa- 
tion for loss or injury; reparation. 

amenity (a-men'i-ti) , n. [pi. amenities 
(a-men'i-tiz)], pleasantness, as of 
climate or demeanor ;_ geniality . 

amenorrhcea (a-men-or-re'a) , n. en- 
tire or partial suppression of the 
menses. 

amentia (a-men'shi-a) , n. want of 
reason; mental imbecility. _ 

amerce (a-mers'), v.t. to punish by an 
arbitrary fine. 

amerceable (a-mer'sa-bl) , adj. liable 
to be amerced. 

amercement (a-mers'ment) , n. an 
arbitrary fine left to the discretion 
of a court. 

American (a-mer'i-kan) , adj. belong- 
ing to, or characteristic of, America. 

Americanism (a-mer'i-kan-izm) , n. a 
form of expression peculiar to the 
United States; a custom peculiar to 
the United States or America; at- 
tachment to the United States. 

Americanize (a-mer'i-kan-Iz) , v.t. to 
render American; assimilate to the 
political and social institutions of the 
United States. 

Amerind (am'er-ind), n. a word used 
by some ethnologists to denote the 
American Indian. 

amethyst (am'e-thist) , n. a violet- 
purple variety of quartz or rock- 
crystal. [Greek.] 

amethystine (am-e-this'tin) , adj. con- 
taining, composed of, or colored, like 
amethyst. 

amiability (a-mi-a-bil'i-ti) , n. .ami- 
ableness; excellence of disposition; 
lovableness. 

amiable (a/mi-a-bl), adj. friendly; 
worthy of love; lovable. 

amicable (am'i-ka-bl) , adj. friendly; 
peaceable. 

amice (am'is), n. a square of white 
linen formerly worn on the head, 



but now worn about the neck and 
shoulders by celebrant priests while 
saying Mass. 

amid (a-mid') or amidst (a-midst'), 
prep, in the middle of; among. 

amidships (a-mid 'ships), adv. in the 
middle of_ a ship. 

amiss (a-mis'), adj. wrong; faulty: adv. 
wrongly; that misses the mark. 

amity (am'i-ti), n. friendly relations; 
friendship. 

ammonia (a-mo'ni-a), n. a trans- 
parent, pungent volatile gas, used in 
medicine and the arts; spirits of 
hartshorn. 

ammoniac (a-mo'ni-ak) , adj. pertain- 
ing to ammonia: n. sal ammoniac; 
chloride of ammonium, formerly 
called muriate of ammonia. 

ammonite (am'on-it), n. a fossil shell, 
twisted like a ram's horn; snake- 
stone. 

ammonol (am'o-nol), adj. a drug used 
for relieving pain. 

ammunition (am-u-nish'un) , n. pow- 
der, balls, &c, used in charging fire- 
arms of all kinds; military stores: 
adj. supplied to troops as equipment , 
&c. 

amnesia (am-ne'si-a) , n. loss of mem- 
ory. [Greek.] 

amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. an act of ob- 
livion for political offenses ; a general 
pardon: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. amnestied, 
p.vr. amnestying], to grant pardon 
to'. 

amnion (am'ni-on), n. the thin inner- 
most membrane surrounding the 
foetus of mammals, birds, and rep- 
tiles. 

amoeba (a-me'ba),_tt. [pi. amcebas (a- 
me'baz) &-bse ('be)], a genus of micro- 
scopic organisms consisting of a mass 
of protoplasm which moves about in 
fresh-water ponds by means of finger- 
like processes with which it grasps its 
food. 

amoeboid (a-me'boid), adj. resembling 
or having the characteristics of an 
amceba. 

among (a-mung') or amongst (a- 
mungst'), prep. & adv. mixed with; 
surrounded by; amidst. 

amorous (am'or-us), adj. fond of the 
opposite sex; loving. 

amorphism (a-mor'fizm), n. want of 
regular form; without crystalline 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AMORPHOUS 



30 



AN 



structure; the communistic system 
of Bakunin, the Russian anarchist. 

amorphous (a-mor'f us) , adj. formless ; 
irregularly shaped ; uncrystallized ; 
anomalous; unorganized. 

amount (a-mount'). v.i. to mount up 
to; be equivalent or equal to: n. the 
totality; sum. 

amour (a-moor'), n. a love-intrigue. 

ampere (am-par'), n. the unit of 
measurement of the strength of an 
electrical current. [French.] 

ampere- meter (am-par'me-ter) or 
amperometer (am-pe-rom'e-ter) , n. 
an instrument for measuring in 
amperes the power of an electric 
current. 

Amphibia (am-fib'i-a), n.pl. ^ the 
fourth division of vertebrates, inter- 
mediate between fishes and reptiles, 
which in their early state breathe by 
gills. 

amphibian (am-fib'i-an), n.-one of the 
Amphibia. 

amphibious (am-fib'i-us), adj. having 
the power of living both on land and 
in water. 

amphibrach (am'fi-brak), n. a foot ot 
three syllables, the middle long, the 
first and last short. 

amphioxus (am-fi-ox'us) , n. the name 
of the lancelet, a fish with a body 
tapering at both ends, the lowest in 
organization of the vertebrates. 

amphitheater, -re (am-fi-the'a-ter) , 
n. a double theater; a theater with 
seats all round the arena; a circus. 

amphitype (am'fi-tip), n. a photo- 
graphic process which simultaneously 
produces negatives and positives. 

amphora (am'for-a), n. [pi. amphorae 
(am'for-e)], a two-handled vessel of 
oblong shape, used by the ancients for 
holding wine, &c. ; a Greek and Ro- 
man liquid measure, the former = 9 
gals., the latter = 6 gals. 

ample (am 'pi), adj. full; large; abun- 
dant. 

ampliative (am'pli-a-tiv) , adj. enlarg- 
ing; synthetic. 

amplification (am-pli-fi-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of amplifying or expanding; 
enlargement. 

amplify (am'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
amplified, p.pr. amplifying], to make 
large: v.i. to speak or write diffusely; 
expand. 



amplitude (am'pli-tud) , n. the angular 
distance of a celestial body at rising 
or setting from the eastern or western 
points of the horizon; an angle on 
which the value of some mathemati- 
cal function depends; the distance 
which a particle moves in performing 
a complete vibration. 

amply (am'pli), adv. in an ample man- 
ner; liberally. 

ampulla (am-pul'la), n. [pi. ampullae 
(am-pul'le)], an ancient vessel which 
contained unguents for the bath; a 
drinking vessel; a vessel for conse- 
crated oil or chrism used in Church 
rites, and at the coronation of sover- 
eigns. [Latin.] 

amputate (am'pu-tat), v.t. to lop off 
in pruning; to cut off a limb; dis- 
member. 

amputation (am-pu-ta/shun) , n. a 
cutting off; the operation of cutting 
off a limb. 

amt (amt), n. the largest territorial 
administrative division of Norway 
and Denmark. 

amt-man (amt'man), n. [pi. -men], 
the principal executive official of an 
amt. 

amuck (a-muk' or amok), adj. or adv. 
(used only in the phrase, to run 
amuck), running about armed, in a 
state of frenzy, attacking all that 
come in the way, or committing 
indiscriminate slaughter. [Malay.] 

amulet (am'ti-let), n. a charm worn to 
protect against evil; a talisman. 

amuse (a-muz'), v.t. to occupy the 
attention pleasantly; beguile; enter- 
tain; divert. 

amusement (a-muz'ment), n. that 
which amuses; a pastime. 

amygdalin (a-mig'da-hn) , n. white 
crystalline substance obtained from 
the kernels of almonds. [Greek.] 

amyl (am'il), n. the hypothetical alco- 
hol radical of many chemical com- 
pounds. 

amylaceous (am-i-la'shus), adj. 
starchy. 

amylene (am'i-len), n. a hydrocarbon 
obtained by the removal of water 
from amyl alcohol. 

amylic (a-mil'ik), adj. of or pertaining 
to amyl. 

an (an), indef. art. any; each. [An is 
properly an adj., and is used before 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hfie, hnt ; think, them 



ANA 



31 



ANALOGOUS 



nouns of the singular number only; 
also before a word having an initial 
vowel and silent h (see H) . [An has 
a distributive force in such expres- 
sions as "once an hour"; "a dime an 
ounce."] 

ana (a'na), [pi. anas (a'naz)], a collec- 
tion of notable sayings, literary 
gossip, anecdotes, &c, as Shakes- 
periana, boxiana. 

anachronism (an-ak'ron-izm) , n. an 
error in the order of time, hence any 
error in the misplacement of persons 
or events in point of time. 

anachronistic (an-ak-ron-is'tik) , adj. 
out of date. 

anaconda (an-a-kon'da), n. the spe- 
cific name of a large South American 
boa, and loosely applied to any large 
snake which crushes its prey. 

anacrusis (an-a-kru'sis) , n. an upward 
stroke in music; in verse, especially 
iambic verse, the first syllable of the 
line which, if neglected, converts the 
whole into trochaic verse. ^ See the 
passage in trochaic meter in the in- 
troduction to this Dictionary under 
the head of " Versification." 

anadromous (a-nad'ro-mus), adj. 
ascending from the sea to fresh- 
water rivers to deposit spawn, as the 
salmon, &c; tending upwards: said 
of ferns. 

anaemia, anemia (a-ne'mi-a), n. de- 
ficiency or low condition of the bloocL 

anaesthesia, anesthesia (an-es-the'- 
si-a), n. a condition of insensibility to 
pain, combined with loss of the sense 
of touch, produced by anaesthetics. 

anaesthetic, anesthetic (an-es-thet'- 
ik), adj. pertaining to loss of the 
sense of feeling: n. a drug which 
produces insensibility ._ 

anaesthetize (an-es'the-tiz) , v.t. to 
bring under the influence of an anaes- 
thetic; render insensible to pain. 

anaglyph (an'a-glif), n. a work of art 
carved in relief, as distinguished from 
intaglio. 

anaglyptic (an-a-glip'tik), adj. relat- 
ing to anaglyphs, or the art of decor- 
ation in relief. 

anaglyptograph (an-a-glip'to-graf), n. 
an instrument by which a medallion- 
engraving of any object in relief can 
be made. 

anagly pt ogr aphic (an-a-glip'to- 



graf'ic), adj. relating to the produo 
tion of engravings in relief. 

anaglyptography (an-a-glip-tog'ra-fi) , 
n. the art of reproducing relief -work 
on paper. 

anagram (an'a-gram), n. a word or a 
sentence constructed out of another 
by the transposition of the letters 
contained in the second; a word ob- 
tained by reading the letters of an- 
other word backwards. 

anagrammatic (an-a-gram-mat'ik) or 
anagrammatical ('i-kal), adj. relat- 
ing to, or forming an anagram. 

ana grammatically (an-a-gram-mat'- 
ik-a-li), adv. in the style of an ana- 
gram. 

anagr ammatize (an-a-gram'ma-tiz ) , 
v.t. to make into an anagram: v.i. to 
construct anagrams. 

anal (a'nal), adj. relating to the anus, 
situated near to the anal orifice. 

analect (an'a-lekt), n. [pi. analects 
(an'a-lekts) &analecta (an-a-lek'ta)], 
a passage or extract from a published 
work : pi. sl collection of such extracts 
from different authors. 

analectic (an-a-lek'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or composed of, selections 
from other works. 

analgesia (an-al-je'si-a), n. insensi- 
bility to pain in any part of the body. 
Called also analgia. 

analgesic (an-al-jes'ik), adj. that 
which allays pain: n. an anodyne. 

analgetic (an-al-jet'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to analgesia; insensible to pain; 
painless. 

analogical (an-a-loj 'i-kal), adj. bear- 
ing reference; having relation or re- 
semblance. 

analogically (an-a-loj 'i-ka-li), adv. by 
way of analogy. 

analogism (a-nal'o-jism) , n. a reason- 
ing from the cause to the effect; 
study and examination of matters 
and things by reference to their 
analogies. 

analogist (a-nal'6-jist) , n. one who rea- 
sons from the standpoint of analogy . 

analogize (a-nal'o-jiz), v.t. to reason 
or expound by reference to analogy: 
v.i. to treat or investigate by use of 
analogy. 

analogous (a-nal'o-gus) , adj. possess- 
ing points of analogy; linked by re- 
semblance; similar. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



m4 



ANALOGUE 



32 



ANCESTOR 



analogue (an'a-log), n. an object 
which bears analogy to something 
else; a part which corresponds with 
another in structure, function, or 
other relations. 

analogy (a-nal'o-ji), n. [pi. analogies 
(a-nal'o-jiz)], agreement, resem- 
blance, or correspondence in relations 
between different objects; the infer- 
ence as to general agreement which 
is derived from similarity in certain 
essential particulars; equality of 
mathematical ratios; conformity of 
its parts to the general rules and 
structures of a language. 

analysis (a-nari-sis) , n. [pu. analyses 
(a-nal'i-sez)], the resolution of a com- 
pound into its constituent parts ; the 
method of determining the nature of a 
compound by resolution into its con- 
stituent parts ; the resolving of prob- 
lems by reducing the conditions that 
are in them to equations; a synopsis. 

analyst (an'a-list), n. one who is 
skilled in analysis; one skilled in the 
resolution of chemical compounds. 

analytic (an-a-lit'ik) or analytical 
(-i-kal), adj. relating to, or charac- 
terized by, the method of analysis. 

analytically (an-a-lit'i-ka-li) , adv. in 
the manner or by means of analysis. 

analytics (an-a-jit'iks), n.pl. the 
science of analysis. 

analyzable (an'a-ll-za-ol) , adj. capable 
of being resolved by, or that may be 
subjected to, analysis. 

analyze (an'a-liz), v.t. to separate or 
resolve; determine the nature of a 
compound by resolution of its con- 
stituent parts. 

anapaest or anapest (an'a-pest), n. a 
foot comprising two short syllables 
followed by one long syllable. 

anaphrodisiac (an-af-ro-diz'i-ak), n» 
a drug or medical treatment that 
tends to allay sexual desire. 

anaplasty (an-a-plas'ti) , n. the repair- 
ing of wounds by the transplantation 
of adjacent healthy tissue. 

anarchic (an-ar'kik) or anarchical 
(an-ar'ki-kal) , adj. of or pertaining to 
anarchy, or the theory of anarchism. 

anarchism (an'ar-kizm) , n. lawless- 
ness; confusion; anarchy; the doc- 
trines of the anarchists. 

anarchist (an'ar-kist) , n. one who 
supports or promotes a scheme for 



anarchy, or upholds the abolition of 
law as a social theory. 

anarchy (an'ar-ki) , n. non-existence or 
incapability of governmental rule; a 
lawless condition of society; the 
theory of individual liberty. 

anarthrous (an-ar'thrus) , adj. with- 
out the article; destitute of joints; 
without articulated limbs. 

anastrophe or anastrophy (a-nas'- 
tro-fe), n. an invasion of the sequence 
of words in a sentence, as "echoed 
the hills," for "the hills echoed." 

anathema (a-nath'e-ma) , n. [pi. anath- 
emas (a-nath'e-maz)], the curse ac- 
companying excommunication pro- 
nounced by a religious assembly or 
convocation ; an imprecation or curse ; 
the thing or person held to be ac- 
cursed. [Greek.] 

anathematize (a-nath'e-ma-tiz) , v.t. 
to pronounce a decree of excommuni- 
cation against: v.i. to curse. 

anatomical (an-a-tom'i-kal) , adj. re- 
lating to, or according to, the laws of 
anatomy. 

anatomically (an-a-tom'i-ka-li) , adv. 
in an anatomical manner. 

anatomism (a-nat'o-mizm) , n. ana- 
tomical analysis or structure; anat- 
omy as the basis of life of organized 
bodies; the explanation of vital phe- 
nomena by anatomical structure; 
the application of the principles of 

• anatomy, as in art. 

anatomist (a-nat'o-mist), n. one pos- 
sessing a knowledge of anatomy 
derived from dissection. 

anatomize (a-nat'o-miz), v.t. to sep- 
arate by dissection and exhibit the 
relative position and structure of the 
parts of an animal or plant. 

anatomy (a-nat'o-mi) , n. [pi. anatomies 
(a-nat'o-miz)], separation by dissec- 
tion of the various parts of a body, 
with a view to the examination and 
determination of their structure and 
relations ; the art or science of dissec- 
tion; a descriptive account of the 
parts of an organic body; a withered 
or emaciated person. 

anatripsis (an-a-trip'sis), n. massage. 

ancestor (an'ses-ter) , n. a forefather 
or progenitor, on the side of father or 
mother, from whom one is descended 
in direct line; one who held previous 
possession. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ANCESTRAL 



33 



ANEROID 



ancestral (an-ses'tral), adj. belonging 
to, or connected with, one's ances- 
tors; derived from one's progenitors; 
lineal. 

ancestress (an'ses-tres) , n. a female 
ancestor. 

ancestry (an'ses-tri), n. the line of 
one's descent traced from a period 
more or less remote; the personages 
comprising such lineage; lineage. 

anchor (ang'ker), n. an iron imple- 
ment of varying form, but generally 
having two curved and pointed arms 
terminating at one end of a shank, to 
the other extremity of which is af- 
fixed a cable, used to secure a floating 
vessel to the bottom; that on which 
dependence is placed for security or 
stability ; a metallic clamp securing a 
tie-rod connecting opposite walls: 
v.t. to affix by an anchor; grapple; 
hold fast. 

anchorage (ang'ker-aj), n. a suitable 
or customary place for the anchoring 
of vessels; the hold attained by an 
anchor ; harbor-dues for anchorage in 
a port. 

anchoret (ang'ko-ret) or anchorite 
(ang'ko-rlt), n. one who voluntarily 
secludes himself from society and lives 
a solitary life devoted to religious or 
philosophic meditation; a recluse; a 
hermit. 

anchovy (an'cho-vi), n. [pi. anchovies 
(an'cho-viz)], a diminutive fish 
abounding in the Mediterranean, 
and especially esteemed for its pe- 
culiar flavor, used for pickling and 
as a sauce. 

ancient (an'shent), adj. of or per- 
taining to the early history of the 
world; of past times or remote 
ages; of great age or antiquity: n. 
one who lived in ancient times; pi. 
the people of classic times; the Jew- 
ish elders; the governing body of an 
Inn of Court [English]: n. formerly a 
flag or ensign; a ship's pennant. 

ancillary (an'sil-ar-i), adj. attendant 
upon; accessory; subservient. 

ancipital (an-sip'i-tal), adj. two-edged 
and sharp. 

ancon (ang'kon), n. [pi ancones (ang- 
ko'nez)], the upper extremity of the 
forearm or ulna; the elbow; a bracket 
or projection for the support of a 
eornice. 



ancus (ang'kus), n. an elephant goad 
made of metal and often highly orna- 
mented. 

and (and), conj. the copulative joining 
words and sentences. And is some- 
times used emphatically by way of 
contrast, as " there are orators and 
orators," i.e. two very different kinds. 

andesite (an'de-sit), n. a silicate of 
alumina, soda, and lime. 

andirons (and'I-ernz), n.pl. metal 
standards used for open fires, to 
support the logs; fire-dogs. 

androcephalous (an-dro-sef 'a-lus) , adj* 
having a human head, as a sphinx, 
&c. [Greek.] 

androgynous (an-droj'i-nous), adj. 
combining both sexes, or bearing 
both male and female organs; her- 
maphroditic. [Greek.] 

androsphinx (an'dro-sfingks), n. a 
sphinx with the body of a lion and 
the head of a man. [Greek.] 

anecdotal (an-ek-do'tal), adj. relating 
to, or consisting of, anecdotes. 

anecdote (an'ek-dot), n. a brief nar- 
rative of an entertaining character; 
a terse and pithy account of some 
detached incident, chiefly personal 
or biographical. 

anecdotic (an-ek-do'tik) , adj. relating 
to anecdotes. 

anecdotically (an-ek-do'ti-ka-li), adv. 
by anecdotes. 

anelectric (a,n-e-lek'trik) , adj. without 
the properties of electricity; non- 
electric: n. a conductor in contradis- 
tinction to an insulator. 

anelectrode (an-e-lek'trod) , n. the 
positive pole of a galvanic battery. 

anemograph (a-nem'o-graf ) , n. an 
instrument for registering the force 
or direction of the wind. [Greek.] 

anemometer (an-e-mom'e-ter), n. a 
wind-gauge; an instrument which 
indicates the pressure of the wind. 

anemone (a-nem'o-ne) , n. [pi. anem- 
ones (a-nem'6-nez)], the wind-flower 
or wood-anemone ; a sea-anemone, a 
marine zoophyte. [Greek.] 

anemoscope (a-nem'o-skop), n. an 
apparatus for m exhibiting the direc- 
tion of the wind. [Greek.] 

aneroid (an'e-roid), adj. having no 
liquid, as quicksilver: n. & barometer 
shaped like a watch, the action de- 
pending on the varying pressure of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ;, 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ANEURISM 



34 



ANGORA 



the atmosphere on the top of an 
elastic metal box. 

aneurism (an'u-rizm) , n. a local swell- 
ing or dilation of an artery at a point 
where the coat is thinned or weak- 
ened by disease. [Greek.] 

anew (a-nu r ), adv. afresh; over again; 
in a new manner or style. 

angel (an'jel), n. a messenger of God; 
one of an order of spiritual atten- 
dants who form a connection between 
heaven and earth, as from God to 
mankind; a spirit of evil, as a fallen 
angel; the presbyter in the Early 
Christian Church residing in some 

S articular city (Rev. ii. 8); an Eng- 
sh gold coin, value about $2.50, 
struck in the reign of Edward IV., 
and impressed with the figure of the 
archangel Michael. 

angel-fish (an'jel-fish), n. a species of 
shark with large pectoral fins, which 
give to it a winged appearance. 

angelic (an-jerik) or angelical ('i-kal), 
adj. belonging to or resembling an 
angel in nature or function. 

angelus (an'je-lus), n. a devotional 
exercise in commemoration of the 
Incarnation, during which the Ave 
Maria is twice repeated: said morn- 
ing, noon, and night; the bell which 
is rung to announce the time of such 
devotions. [Latin.] 

anger (ang'ger), n. excessive emotion 
or passion aroused by a sense of 
injury or wrong; wrath: v.t. to pro- 
voke to resentment; excite to wrath; 
enrage. 

angina (an-jl'na), n. an inflamed con- 
dition of the throat, as in quinsy, &c. 

angina pectoris (pek'to-ris) , n. a mus- 
cular spasm of the chest, very often 
accompanied by an affection of the 
heart, and frequently fatal. 

angiology (an-ji-ol'o-ji) , n. that branch 
of anatomy which treats of the blood- 
vessels and lymphatics. 

angle (ang'gl), n. the inclosed space 
near the point where two lines meet ; 
a sharp or projecting corner; the 
inclination of two lines which meet 
at a point called the vortex; v.i. to 
fish with a hook and line: v.t. to fish 
for. 

angler (ang'gler) n. one who fishes with 
rod and line ; a piscator ; the name of 
a fish furnished with filamentary 



appendages, which by their move- 
ment attract smaller fish on which it 
feeds. Also called fishing-frog and 
sea-devil. 

Anglican (ang'gli-kan) , adj. pertaining 
to England as a nation ; pertaining to 
the Church of England and churches 
in other countries in accord with it, 
and (popularly) to the High or Rit- 
ualistic section of the Anglican 
Church: n. a member of the Anglican 
Church; a ritualist. 

Anglicanism (ang'gli-kan-izm) , n. the 
principles and ritual of the Anglican 
Church, i.e. the established Church 
of England. 

anglice (ang'gli-se) , adv. according to 
the English language or manner. 
[Latin.] 

Anglicism (ang'gli-sizm) , n. a form 
of speech; a principle or mannerism 
peculiar to England. 

Anglicize (ang'gli-siz) , v.t. to make or 
to render into English; accord with 
English manners and customs. 

angling (ang'gling), n. the piscatorial 
art; the act of fishing with rod and 
line. 

Anglo-American (ang'glo-a-mer'i- 
kan) , adj. pertaining to England and 
the United States conjointly, as to 
commerce or population: n. an Amer- 
ican citizen of English descent. 

Anglomania (ang-glo-man'i-a) , n. a 
predilection carried to excess for 
everything that is English, in the 
sense of being peculiar to England. 

Anglophobia (ang-glo-f o'bi-a) , n. an 
intense aversion to, or fear of, every- 
thing English. 

Anglo-Saxon (ang'glo-saks'un) , adj. 
pertaining to the Teutonic settlers in 
England prior to the Norman Con- 
quest, or to their language: n. one 
of the Saxon settlers in England as 
distinguished from those on the Con- 
tinent: pi. the English race. 

angora (ang-go'ra), n. cloth made from 
Angora- wool. 

angora- cat (-kat), n. a cat of the 
domestic kind with long handsome 
hair. 

angora- goat (-got), n. a breed of goats 
first found in the province of Angora 
(Asia Minor) , but lately raised at the 
Cape of Good Hope and in the Uni- 
ted States. The animal has very fine 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ANGORA 



35 



ANIMATE 



silky hair about eight inches in length 

from wiiich Turkish yarn is spun. 

The skin of the Angora goat is used 

in maiving the very finest Morocco 

leather. 
angora- wool (-wool), n. the coat of 

the Angora goat, much esteemed for 

its' long silky hair. 
angostura-bark (ang-gos-tti'ra bark), 

n. a bitter aromatic bark used for 

medicinal purposes. [Named from 

the Venezuelan city of Angostura.] 
Angostura bitters (bit-terz), n.pl. a 

tonic beverage made from Angostura 

bark. 

angrily (ang'gri-li) , adv. in an angry- 
manner. 
angriness (ang'gri-nes) , n. the state of 

being angry. 
angry (ang'gri), adj. inflamed with 

anger ; provoked ; feeling resentment ; 

wrathful; showing anger; fierce; 

inflamed. 
anguish (ang'gwish), n. intense pain 

or grief; acute suffering, bodily or 

mental. 
angular (ang'gu-lar) , adj. possessing 

an angle or angles; sharp, bent, or 

cornered; pointed,_or full of points. 
angularity (ang-gu-lar'i-ti) , n. [pi. 

angularities (ang-gu-lar'i-tiz)], the 

quality of being angular in any sense. 
angulate (ang r gu-lat), adj. constructed 

of angles; having the form of an 

angle. 
angustate (ang-gus'tat), adj. narrow 

at the base and expanded at the top. 
anhydride (an-hi'drid), n. an oxygen 

compound formed by substituting 

an acid radical for the whole of the 

hydrogen in one or two molecules of 

water. 
anhydrite (an-hi'drit), n. anhydrous 

sulphate of lime. 
anhydrous (an-hi'drus) , adj. without 

water: applied to minerals in which 

the water of crystallization is not 

present. 
anil (an'il), n. the indigo plant. 
anile (an'il & an'il) , adj. resembling an 

old woman; aged; old-womanish. 
aniline (an'i-lin), n. a base used in the 

formation of many rich dyes obtained 

from coal-tar, but more extensively 

from benzole: adj. of or pertaining to 

aniline. 

lilism (an'il-izm), n. aniline poison- 



ing, caused by the inhalation oi 
aniline vapors. 

anility (a-nh"i-ti) , n. the state of being 
anile; a condition of dotage. 

animadversion (an-i-mad-ver'shun) B 
n. the act of observing; capacity for 
perception; censure; criticism. 

animadversive (an-i-mad-ver'siv), 
adj. possessing the faculty of obser- 
vation and criticism. 

animadvert (an-i-mad-vert'), v.i. to 
give the mind to ; pass comment or 
stricture upon; criticise. 

animal (an'i-mal), n. an organized 
living body, sentient, mobile, and 
locomotive; an inferior being; a 
brute: adj. of or belonging to animals. 

animal- magnetism (an'i-mal-mag'- 
net-izm), n. another name for mes- 
merism. See magnetism. 

animalcular (an-i-mal'ku-lar) or ani- 
malculine (-lin), adj. of or relating 
to animalcules. 

animalcule (an-i-mal'kul) , n. one of a 
class of minute or microscopic organ- 
isms abounding in water and infu- 
sions; an infusorian. 

animalculist (an-i-mal'ku-list), n. a 
specialist of animalcules. 

animalculum (an-i-marku-liim) , n. 
[pi. animalcula (-la)], a minute organ- 
ism; an animalcule. 

animalia (an'i-ma-li-a) , n.pl. the ani- 
mal kingdom. 

animalism (an'i-mal-izm) , n. the state 
of being animal, or actuated by ani- 
mal instincts or appetites ; the theory 
which regards mankind as merely 
animal; sensuality. 

animalistic (an-i-mal-is ; tik) , adj. char- 
acterized by animal or sensual in- 
stincts. 

animality (an-i-mal'i-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being an animal, or 
possessing animal characteristics. 

animalization (an-i-mal-i-za/shun) , n. 
the act of making animal ; the process 
of becoming bestial. 

animaiize (an'i-mal-Iz), v.t. to make 
animal; impart animal life, form, and 
attributes; sensualize or bestialize; 
convert into animal substance by 
assimilation. 

animate (an'i-mat), v.t. to impart life 
to; to inspire with energy or action; 
enliven: adj. endowed with animal 
life; full of spirit and vigor. 



ate, aim, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £Aen e 



ANIMATION 



36 



ANNUAL 



animation (an-i-ma/shun) , n. the act 
of giving life or spirit; the state of 
being animated; vivacity. m 

animative (an'i-ma-tiv) , adj. that has 
power to impart life or spirit. 

animism (an'i-mizm) , n. the theory of 
the existence of an immaterial prin- 
ciple of force inseparable from matter 
to which all life and action are attrib- 
utable. 

animosity (an-i-mos'i-ti) , n. [pi. .ani- 
mosities (an~i-mos'i-tiz)], hostility; 
hatred; active enmity. 

animus (an'i-mus), n. a hostile spirit, 
or purpose; hostility. 

anion (an'i-on), n. the element in a 
body decomposed by voltaic action, 
which is evolved at the positive pole 
or anode. 

anise (an'is) , n. the common name for 
a plant (indigenous in Egypt) yield- 
ing the anise-seed of commerce. 

ankle (ang'kl), n. the joint or articula- 
tion connecting the foot with the leg. 

anklet (ang'klet) , n. a diminutive 
ankle; an ornament or support for 
the ankle; a fetter or shackle. 

ankylose (ang'ki-los) , v.t. to consoli- 
date or join by bony growth. 

ankylosis (ang-ki-lo'sis), n. the con- 
solidation of normally movable parts 
by. means of bony growth. 

ankylostomiasis (ang-ki-los-to-mi'a- 
sis), n. an ankylose disease prevalent 
among miners. [Greek.] 

ankylotic (ang-ki-lot'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, ankylosis. 

annalist (an'al-ist), n. a compiler of 
annals. 

annals (an'alz), n.pl. a description, 
history, or chronicle issued from time 
to time, and comprising the events of 
each year in order of sequence; 
chronicles. 

anneal (an-nel'), v.t. to heat or fix by 
heat; temper and render malleable; 
bake or fuse. 

annealing (an-ne'ling) , n. the process 
of tempering, baking, fusing, or 
fixing. 

annex (an-neks'), v.t. to add or affix at 
the end; subjoin or connect; purloin: 
n. (an'neks), that which is added; 
an addition. 

annexation (an-eks-a'shun) , n. the act 
of annexing; that which is annexed. 

annexationist (an-eks-a'shun-ist) , n. 



an advocate for, or promoter of, 
annexation of another country. 

annihilable (an-ni'hi-la-bl) , adj. ca- 
pable of annihilation. 

annihilate (an-ni'hi-lat), v.t. to reduce 
to nothing; wipe out of existence; 
destroy. 

annihilation (an-ni-hi-la'shun) , n. the 
act of annihilating; non-existence. 

annihilationist (an-nl-hi-la/shun-ist) , 
n. one who believes that eternal pun- 
ishment consists of annihilation. 

anniversary (an-i-ver'sa-ri) , n. [pi. 
anniversaries (an-i-ver'sa-riz)], the 
recurrence in each year of the date of 
an event; the annual commemora- 
tion of an event : adj. recurring once 
in every twelve months ; yearly. 

annotate (an'o-tat), v.t. to mark or 
note by way of explanation or criti- 
cism, as a book. 

annotation (an-o-ta/shun) , n. the act 
of noting or commenting upon; a 
note, remark, or criticism made in 
a book. 

anno tat or (an'o-ta-ter), n. one who 
annotates or writes remarks by way 
of comment or criticism upon the 
works of authors. 

announce (an-nouns'), v.t. to proclaim 
or make known, formally, or ki # a 
public manner; pronounce by judicial 
sentence; proclaim. 

announcement (an-nouns'ment) , n. 
the act of announcing; that which is 
announced; a proclamation. 

annoy (an-noi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, 
p.pr. -ing], to vex or trouble by 
repeated acts; harass or discompose 
by petty injury or opposition: v.i. 
to be troubled, vexed: n. the feeling 
of discomfort caused by an injury or 
vexation. 

annoyance (an-noi'ans) , n. the act of 
annoying or causing vexation; the 
state of being annoyed; the thing or 
act which annoys. 

annoyingly (an-noi'ing-li) , adv. in a 
vexatious manner. 

annual (an'u-al), adj. once in twelve 
months; yearly; of or belonging to 
a year; published once a year; com- 
pleted in a year; lasting or living only 
for a year or season, as an annual 
plant: n. an anniversary mass said 
for a deceased person; the fee paid 
for such a mass. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n6te, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ANNUALLY 



37 



ANTAGONISTIC 



annually (an'u-al-li) , adv. yearly ; hap- 
pening, returning, or completed year 
by year. 

annuitant < (an-nu'i-tant) , n. one who 
is in receipt of, or is entitled to re- 
ceive, an annuity. 

annuity (an-nu'i-ti) , n. [pi. annuities 
(an-nu'i-tiz)], the payment of a sum of 
money by periodical or yearly install- 
ments during the life-time of the an- 
nuitant. 

annul (an-nul'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. an- 
nulled, p.pr. annulling], to malce void, 
abolish, or obliterate, as a law, decree, 
or compact. 

annular (an'u-lar), adj. ring-like; in 
the form of a ring or annulus: n. the 
ring of light surrounding the moon's 
body in an annular eclipse of the 
sun. [Latin.] 

annulate (an'u-lat), adj. ringed; hav- 
ing ring-like bands or circles. 

annulation (an-u-la/shun) , n. a ring- 
like formation. 

annulet (an'u-let), n. a little ring; a 
small filler encircling a column. 

annulment (an-nuTment) , n. the act 
of reducing to nothing; abolition; 
invalidation. 

annulosa (an-u-lo'sa) , n. the annulose 
animals, as crustaceans, insects, 
worms. 

annulose (an'u-los), adj. composed of 
a succession of rings. 

annunciate (an-nun'shi-at) , v.t. to 
make known officially or publicly; 
announce. 

annunciation (an-nun-shi-a/shun) , n. 
the act of annunciating. 

Annunciation (an-nun-shi-a/shun) , n. 
the Church festival (Lady-day, Mar. 
25) commemorating the intimation 
of the Incarnation made by the angel 
Gabriel to the Virgin Mary (Luke i. 
28-33). 

annunciator (an-nun'shi-a-ter) , n. a 
signaling apparatus; an indicator 
used in hotels, and connected with the 
bells and telephones, to show in 
which room attendance is required. 

anode (an'od), n. the path of the elec- 
tric current from the positive to the 
negative polej the positive pole. 

anodyne (an'o-dln), adj. assuaging 
pain: n. a drug which relieves pain. 

anoint (a-noint'), v.t. to pour oil upon, 
in a religious ceremony ; consecrate. 



anomalistic (a-nom-a-lis'tik) , adj. 
pertaining to the anomaly or angular 
distance of a planet from its peri- 
helion. 

anomalous (a-nonra-lus) , adj. de- 
viating from the common order; ab- 
normal. 

anomaly (a-nom'a-li) , n. deviation 
from the natural order; the angular 
distance of a planet from its peri- 
helion. [Greek.] 

anon(a-non'), adv. soon; straightway; 
again. 

anonym (an'o-nim), n. sl person who 
remains nameless; a pseudonym. 

anonymity (an-o-nim'i-ti) , n. the 
state of being anonymous. 

anonymous (a-non'i-mus) , adj. bear- 
ing no author's name; nameless. 

anopheles (an-of 'e-les) , n. the genus of 
mosquitoes which transmits to man 
the germ of malaria. [Greek.] 

another (a-nuth'er), adj. & pron. one 
more ; not the same ; some one else. 

answer (an'ser), v.t. to swear in oppo- 
sition to; to reply to a charge; a 
counterstatement : n. a response or 
rejoinder; a reply to a charge; a 
solution, as of a mathematical prob- 
lem. 

answerable (an'ser-a-bl) , adj. liable to 
give answer; responsible. 

ant (ant), n. a small social insect of the 
hymenopterous order. 

ant-bear (ant 'bar), n. the name some- 
times given (from its likeness to a 
bear) to the great ant-eater of Amer- 
ica; also the Cape ant-eater of South 
Africa. 

ant-eater (ant'e-ter), n. the name ap- 
plied to a group of quadrupeds which 
feed upon ants. 

~»nt-lion (ant'li-un), n. a neuropterous 
insect whose larvae construct a pit- 
fall for ants and other insects. 

antacid (ant-as'id) , adj. counteracting 
acidity: n. a medicine which counter- 
acts the formation of acids in the 
system; an alkali. 

antagonism (an-tag'o-nizm) , n. the 
active opposition of two opponents 
or opposing forces ;_ hostility. 

antagonist (an-tag r o-nist) , n. a com- 
petitor in any sphere of action; an 
opponent. 

antagonistic (an-tag-o-nis'tik) , adj. 
acting in opposition; opposed. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ANTAGONISTICALLY 



c& 



ANTHRACENE 



antagonistically (an-tag-o-nis'ti- 
ka-li), adv. in rivalry or opposi- 
tion. 

antagonize (an-tag'o-nlz) , v.t. to op- 
pose; hinder; counteract; contend 
against; compete with: v.i. to act 
in opposition; neutralize. 

antarctic (ant-ark'tik) , adj. opposite 
to arctic; pertaining to the south- 
polar regions; southern. 

antecede (an-te-sed') , v.t. to precede 
or go before in timeor space. 

antecedence (an-te-se'dens) or ante- 
cedency (an-te-se'den-si) , n. preced- 
ence; the act or state of going before; 
priority. 

antecedent (an-te-se'dent) , adj. pre- 
ceding: n. the substantive or noun 
to which a relative or other pronoun 
refers ; the part of a conditional prop- 
osition upon which the other de- 
pends: pi. the previous events of a 
person's life. 

antecedently (an-te-se'dent-li) , adv. 
at a time preceding. 

antecessor (an-te-ses'er) , n. one who 
goes before (in office). 

antechamber (an'te-cham-ber) , n. an 
apartment next the principal room, 
where persons wait for audience; an 
outer room. 

antedate (an'te-dat), v.t. to carry back 
to an earlier period; anticipate: n. a 
date earlier than the actual date. 

antediluvian (an-te-di-lu'vi-an) , adj. 
of or pertaining to the world before 
the Flood; belonging to very ancient 
times; antiquated: n. one who lived 
before the Flood. [Latin.] 

antelope (an'te-lop), n. the name given 
to numerous species of deer-like 
ruminants, intermediate between the 
deer and the goat, with cylindrical, 
ringed horns. 

antemeridian (an-te-me-rid/i-an) , adj. 
preceding noon. Often written A.M. 

antemetic ( ant-e-met'ik) , adj. allay- 
ing vomiting: n. a medicine possess- 
ing this property. 

antemundane (an-te-mun'dan) , adj. 
before the creation of the world. 

antenatal (an-te-na/tal) , adj. before 
birth. 

antenna _(an-ten'a), n. [pi. antennae 
(an-ten'e)], the jointed horns or 
feelers upon the heads of insects and 
Crustacea. 



antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), adj. 'be* 
fore marriage. 

antepaschal (an-te-pas'kal), adj. be- 
fore Easter; preceding the Jewish 
Passover. [Graeco-Latin.] 

antepenult (an-te-pe'nult) or ante- 
penultima (an-te-pe-nuTti-ma) , n. 
the last syllable but two of a word. 

antepenultimate (an-te-pe-nul'ti- 
mat), adj. pertaining to the last but 
two: n. that which is last but two. 

anteprandial (an-te-pran'di-al) , adj. 
before dinner. 

anterior (an-ter'i-er) , adj. more to the 
front; former. 

anteriority (an-ter-i-or'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being anterior, especially 
in order of time ; priority. 

anteroom (an'te-room) , n. a room 
before, or forming an entrance to, 
another; an antechamber. 

antetemple (an'te-tem-pl), n. the 
portico of an ancient temple or 
church; the narthex. 

anthelion (an-the'li-on) , n. [pi. anthelia 
(an-the'li-a)], a halo or a colored 
ring or rings, opposite the sun, formed 
around the shadow of the head of the 
observer, as projected on a cloud or 
moist surface. 

anthem (an'them), n. a composition 
from the Scriptures or liturgy set to 
sacred music. 

anther (an'ther), n. the summit of the 
stamen of a flower containing the 
pollen or fertilizing dust. 

antheroid (an'ther-oid) , adj. having 
the form of an anther. 

anthocarpous (an-tho-kar'pus) , adj. 
having a fruit formed from the 
ovaries of several flowers, as the 
pineapple. 

anthography (an-thog'ra-fi) , n. the 
scientific description of flowers. 

anthological (an-tho-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to an anthology; consist- 
ing of beautiful extracts, more espe- 
cially of those from the poets. 

anthologist (an-thoro-jist), n. one 
who compiles an anthology. 

anthology (an-thoro-ji) , n. a collec- 
tion of choice poems, epigrams, and 
fugitive pieces by various authors; a 
hymnal. 

anthracene (an'thra-sen) , n. a com- 
plex hydrocarbon obtained from coal- 
tar; paranaphthalin. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



ANTHRACITE 



39 



ANTIFEBRIXE 



anthracite (an'thra-sft), n. a non- 
bituminous coal which burns with- 
out smoke; blind-coal; glance-coal; 
stone-coal; hard-coal. 

anthracitic (an-thra-sit'ik) , adj. resem- 
bling, or of the nature of, anthracite. 

anthrax (an'thraks), n. [pi. anthraces 
(an 'thra-sez)], a carbuncle, or malig- 
nant boil; the splenic fever of sheep 
and cattle, caused by the presence of a 
bacillus in the blood and tissues ; the 
carbuncular disease caused in man 
by inoculation from affected sheep 
and cattle. [Greek.] 

anthropography (an-thro-pog'ra-fi ) , 
n. that branch of anthropology which 
treats of the actual geographical dis- 
tribution of the human race, and the 
local variations of its different divi- 
sions. [Greek.] 

anthropoid (an'thro-poid) , adj. re- 
sembling man: n. one of the higher 
apes resembling man. [Greek.] 

Anthropoidea (an-thro-poi'de-a) , n. 
pi. a sub-order of primate mammals, 
including early man, the gorillas, 
apes, and monkeys. 

anthropological (an-thro-po-lo j 'i-kal) , 
adj. relating to anthropology. 

anthropologist (an-thro-pol'o-jist) , n. 
a student of anthropology. 

anthropology (an-thro-pol'o-ji) , n. 
the science of man, considered zoolo- 
gically or ethnographically. 

anthropometric (an-thro-po-met'rik) , 
adj. relating to the measurement or 
proportions of the human body. 

anthropometrically (an-thro-po-met'- 
ri-ka-li), adv. in an anthropological 
manner, or by means of anthropom- 
etry. 

anthropometry (an-thro-pom'e-'tri) , 
n. the measurement of the human 
body; the department of anthropol- 
ogy relating to such measurement of 
persons at various ages, and in dif- 
ferent tribes, races, occupations, &c. 

anthropomorphic (an-thro-po-mor'- 
flk), adj. characterized by anthropo- 
morphism; having the appearance 
and characteristics of man. 

anthropomorphism 'an-thro-po-mor'- 
fizni), n. the ascription of a human 
form and attributes to the Deity, or 
to supernatural beings. 

anthropophagi (an-thro-pof 'a-ji) , n.pl. 
man-eaters; cannibals. [Greek.] 



anthropophagous (an-thro-pof'c- 

gus), adj. feeding on human flesh. 

anti-aircraft (an'ti-ar'kraft), adj. de- 
fending against hostile aircraft (by 
artillery) . 

antic (an'tik), adj. grotesque: n. a 
clown; a trick; a grotesque gesture. 

Antichrist (an'ti-krlst), n. an oppo- 
nent of Christ, especially the great 
personal opponent expected before 
the end of the world (I John ii. 22) ; a 
false prophet (Mark xiii. 5, 6). 

antichristian (an-ti-kris'ehan), n. an 
opponent of the Christian religion: 
adj. pertaining to Antichrist; opposed 
to the Christian religion. 

anticipant (an-tis'i-pant) , adj. that 
which operates beforehand: n. one 
who looks forward. _ 

anticipate (an-tis'i-pat) , v.t. to take or 
deal with beforehand ; use in advance ; 
look for as certain: v.i. to treat of 
something before the proper time. 

anticipation (an-tis-i-pa'shun) , n. the 
act of taking beforehand; expecta- 
tion; hope; preconception. 

anticipative (an-tis'i-pa-tiv) or antic- 
ipatory (an-tis'i-pa-to-ri) , adj. tak- 
ing beforehand; anticipating. 

anticlimax (an'ti-kll-maks) , n. a 
ludicrous descent in thought and 
expression; bathos. 

anticyclone (anti-si'klon) , n. a mete- 
orological condition in which the 
ordinary features of a cyclone are 
reversed, i.e. the winds, which are 
light, flow from, instead of towards, 
the center. 

anticy clonic (an-ti-si-klon'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to an anticyclone. 

antidotal (an'ti-do-tal), adj. of the 
nature or quality of an antidote. 

antidotally (an-ti-do'ta-li), adv. in the 
manner of an antidote. 

antidote (an'ti-dot), n. a substance 
wmich acts medicinally as a counter- 
active to the effects of poison or 
disease; that which annuls or tends 
to prevent the evil effects of any- 
thing else; a remedy. 

antifat (an'ti-fat), adj. available for 
preventing or reducing fatness: n. a 
remedy against fatness. 

antifebrile (an-ti-feb'ril), adj. capable 
of allaying fever: n. a fever medicine 
or antipyretic. 

antifebrine (an-ti-feb'rin), n. acetani- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut : think, then. 



ANTIMASK 



40 



ANTIQUARIAN 



lide, or antipyrine, used in medicine 
as an antipyretic, to allay fever and 
reduce the temperature. 

antimask (an'ti-mask) , n. a species of 
drollery introduced as an interlude 
between acts of a more serious na- 
ture. Written also antimasque. 

antimasonic (an-ti-ma^-son'ik) , adj. 
opposed to the principles of free- 
masonry. 

antimonarchical (an-ti-mo-nar'ki- 
kal), adj. opposed to monarchy. 

antimonial (an-ti-mo'nP-al) , adj. per- 
taining to antimony; composed of, or 
possessing the qualities, of antimony. 

antimoniate (an-ti-mo'ni-at) , n. a salt 
of antimonic acid. 

antimonic (an-ti-mon'ik) or antimo- 
nious (an-ti-mo'ni-us) , adj. relating 
to, composed of, or obtained from 
antimony. 

antimonite (an'ti-mo-nit) , n. native 
sulphide of antimo_ny : 

antimony (an'ti-mo-ni) , n. a white 
lustrous metal, entering largely into 
medicinal preparations and various 
important alloys, such as pewter and 
Britannia-metal . 

antinomianism (an-ti-no'mi-an-izm) , 
n. the tenets of the Antinomian sect ; 
opposition to law. 

antinomy (an-tin'o-mi) , n. [pi. antino- 
mies (an-tin'o-miz)], the opposition 
of one law or part of a law to another ; 
or the opposition of man to any law. 

antiparallel (an-ti-par'a-lel), adj. run- 
ning parallel, but in an opposite 
direction: n. one of two or more lines 
making equal angles with two other 
lines, but in contrary order. 

antipathetic (an-ti-pa-thet'ik), adj. 
possessing a natural antipathy or 
aversion [with to]. 

antipathic (an-ti-path'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to antipathy; adverse; oppo- 
site. 

antipathy (an-tip'a-thi), n. [pi. antip- 
athies (an-tip'a-thiz)], natural aver- 
sion ; an instinctive dislike ; the object 
of aversion (followed in composition 
by to, against, between, and for). 

antiperiodic (an-ti-pe-ri-od'ik), adj. 
preventive of return in periodic or 
intermittent diseases: n. a medicine 
for periodic diseases. 

antiphlogistic (an-ti-flo-jis'tik) , adj. 
efficacious in counteracting fever or 



inflammation: n. any remedy which 
serves to check inflammatory symp- 
toms. 
antiphon (an'ti-fon) or antiphone 

(-fon), n. a musical response, as that 
made by one side of the choir to the 
other in a chant or hymn. 

antiphonal (an-tif 'o-nal) , adj. charac- 
terized by antiphony or responsive 
singing: n. a collection of antiphons. 

antiphonary (an-tif '5;-na-ri) , n. [pi. 
antiphonaries (an-tif[o-na-riz)], a 
book of responses used in the services: 
adj. antiphonal, or responsive. 

antiphonetic (an-ti-fo-net'ik), adj. 
similar in sound; applied to words 
which rhyme. 

antiphony (an-tif 'o-ni) , n. [pi. antiph- 
onies (an-tif'o-niz)], the alterant or 
responsive rendering of psalms or 
chants by a dual choir; a musical set- 
ting of sacred verses arranged for al- 
ternate singing. 

antiphrasis (an-tif 'ra-sis) , n. the em- 
ployment of a word, or words, in a 
sense contrary to its, or their, true 
meaning, as when the ancients called 
the Furies "the Kindly Ones." 

antipodal (an-tip'o-dal). adj. pertain- 
ing to the antipodes; opposite or 
extreme. 

antipode (an'ti-pod), n. [pi. antipodes 
(an-tip'6-dez)], one who resides on 
the opposite side of the earth; that 
which is directly opposite to another. 

antipodean (an-tip-o-de'an) , adj. be- 
longing to the antipodes: n. one who 
resides on the opposite side of the 
earth. 

antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), n.pl. those 
who, residing at opposite sides of the 
globe, have their feet directly op- 
posed ; the two portions of the earth's 
surface which are exactly opposite 
to each other; the direct opposite of 
a person or thing. 

antipyretic (an-ti-pi-ret'ik) , adj. pre- 
ventive of, or remedial to, fever: n. 
a remedy of such nature. 

antipyrine (an-ti-pi'rin), n. a drug 
obtained from coal-tar, employed 
for the relief of neuralgia, nervous 
headaches, and the reduction of heat 
in fevers. 

antiquarian (an-ti-kwar'i-an) , adj. 
pertaining to antiquaries or to an- 
tiquity: n. an antiquary. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ANTIQUARIANISM 



41 



ANY 



intiquarianism (an-ti-kwar'i-an-izm) , 
n. the attachment to what is old or 
antiquated which characterizes the 
antiquary; the study or collecting of 
antiquities. 

antiquary (an'ti-kwar-i) , n. one who 
is attached to ancient things, and is 
learned in their history; one who 
collects antiquities for the purpose of 
study. 

antiquated (an'ti-kwa-ted) , p.aaj. 
grown old; old-fashioned; obsolete; 
ancient. 

antique (an-tek') , adj. of or belonging 
to a former age; ancient: n. some- 
thing of great age_; a relic of antiquity. 

antiqueness (an-tek'nes), n. the qual- 
ity' of being ancient, or having the 
appearance of antiquity. 

antiquity (an-tik'wi-ti) , n. [pi. an- 
tiquities (an-tik'wi-tiz)], great age; 
ancientness; early ages; the people 
or races of ancient times ; that which 
belonged to, or survives from, ancient 
times; a relic. 

antiscorbutic (an-ti-skor-bu'tik) , adj. 
& n. counteract ant or remedial to 
scurvy. 

anti-Semite (an-ti-sem'it), n. one who 
favors the social and political perse- 
cution of Jews. 

anti-Semitic (an-ti-sem-it'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to, or characterized by, 
anti-Semitism. 

anti-Semitism (an-ti-sem'it-izm) , n. 
antagonism to the Jewish race. 

antisepsis (an-ti-sep'sis) , n. the exclu- 
sion of bacteria from wounds, &c, by 
the use of antiseptics. 

antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik), adj. de- 
structive to the germs of disease or 
putrefaction : n. a substance that acts 
as a preventive to putrefaction. 

antislavery (an-ti-sla'ver-i) , adj. op- 
posed to slavery: n. opposition to 
slavery. 

antispasmodic (an-ti-6paz-mod'ik), 
adj. counteractive to, or curative of, 
spasms: n. sl medicine having such 
an effect. 

antisplenetic (an-ti-sple-net'ik), adj. 
of use remedially in diseases of the 
spleen: n. a medicine for spleen dis- 
eases. 

antistrophe (an-tis'tro-fe) , n. in the 
ancient Greek chorus, the alternat- 
ing part immediately following the 



strophe and sung in moving to the 
right, the strophe having been sung 
when moving to the left. 

antithesis (an-tith'e-sis), n. [pi. an- 
titheses (an-tith'e-sez)], opposition; 
contrast; expression by contrast or 
opposition of words or sentiments. 

antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik) or anti- 
thetical (an-ti-thet'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to, of the nature of, or con- 
taining antithesis. 

antithetically (an-ti-thet'i-ka-li) , adv. 
in the manner or by means of an- 
tithesis. 

antitoxin (an-ti-toks'in) , n. a serum 
used hypodermically as a preventive 
of, or cure for, diphtheria. 

antitrade (an'ti-trad) , n. a tropical 
wind blowing steadily in an opposite 
direction to the trade wind. 

antitype (an'ti-tip), n. that which 
preceded the type, and of which the 
type is the prefigurement or repre- 
sentation. 

antitypical (an-ti-tip'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, an 
antitype. 

antizymotic (an-ti-zl-mot'ik), adj. 
preventing fermentation; n. the 
agent so used. 

antler (ant'ler), n. the individual 
branches of a stag's horns; the horn 
in its complete condition. 

antonym (an'to-nim), n. a word of 
opposite meaning. 

anurous (a-nu'rus), adj. having the 
character of the Anura, as the frogs 
and toads, which are tailless when 
adult. 

anus (a'nus), n. the terminal portion 
of the rectum; the excremental ori- 
fice. 

anvil (an'vil), n. an iron block used 
for the hammering and shaping of 
metals. 

anxiety (ang-zi'e-ti) , n. [pi. anxieties 
(ang-zi'e-tiz)], a condition of mental 
uneasiness arising from fear or solic- 
itude. 

anxious (ang'shus), adj. deeply con- 
cerned; very solicitous; apprehen- 
sive. 

any (en'i), adj. & pron. one, indeter- 
minately, unlimited; some, an indef- 
inite number, quantity, or degree: 
adj. one indefinitely; (pi.) some: 
pron. one; anyone; (pi.) some: adv* 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, beok ; 

hue, but ; think, then. 



ANYBODY 



42 



APOCALYPTIC 



to any extent; at all; in any degree. 

anybody (en'i-bpd-i) , n. any person; 
some one of importance. 

anyhow (en'i-hou), adv. in any way or 
manner ; in any case ; at any rate. 

anything (en'i-thing) , n. any object 
as distinguished from a person; 
aught; with as or like, as "It rains 
like any thing.' ' 

anyway (-wa), adv. in any manner. 

anywhere (-hwar), adv.^ in any place. 

any- whither (en'i-hwi^A'er) , adv. to 
or towards any place. 

any- wise (en'i-wiz), adv. in any way or 
manner; anyhow. — - 

aorist (a/o-rist), n. a tense in Greek 
verbs, denoting past time in- 
definite. 

aorta (a-or'ta), n. [pi. aorta? (-te)], the 
chief artery or main trunk of the 
arterial system, opening from the 
left ventricle of the heart and sup- 
plying all parts of the body, except- 
ing the lungs, with arterialized 
blood. 

aortitis (a-6r-ti'tis), n. inflammation 
of the aorta. 

apace (a-pas'), adv. quickly; at a quick 
pace; speedily. 

Apache (a-pa'che) , n. American Indian 
of a group of tribes in the Southwest; 
dangerous Parisian ruffian. 

apart (a-parf), adv. separately; aside; 
asunder. 

apartment (a-part'ment) , n. a room 
or part of a divided building: pi. a 
set or suite or two or more rooms of 
a house set apart as lodgings. 

apathetic (ap-a-thet'ik), adj. devoid of, 
or insensible to, feeling or emotion. 

apathetically (ap-a-thet'i-ka-li) , adv. 
in an apathetical manner. 

apathy (ap'a-thi), n. [pi. apathies 
(ap'a-thiz)], lack of feeling; want of 
passion or emotion; indifference. 

apatite (ap'a-tit), n. a crystalline phos- 
phate of lime. 

ape (ap), n. a tailless monkey having 
teeth in number and appearance as 
man; a silly mimic; a fool. The 
family of the apes includes the gorilla, 
chimpanzee, orang-outang, &c: v.t. 
to imitate servilely ; mimic, as an ape 
mimics man. 

apeak (a-pek'), adv. nearly vertical in 
position. 

aperient (a-pe'ri-ent) , adj. gently laxa- 



tive; opening the bowels: n. a mild 
laxative medicine. 

aperiodic (a-pe-ri-od'ik) , adj. without 
periodicity. 

aperitive (a-per'i-tiv) , adj. the same as 
aperient. [French.] 

aperture (ap'er-tur), n. an opening; 
a perforation or passage; the space 
between two intersecting right lines; 
the diameter of the exposed part of 
the object-glass of a telescope* or 
other optical instrument. 

apetalous (a-pet'a-lus), adj. without 
petals or corolla. 

apex (a/peks), n. [pi. apices (ap'i-sez) 

v & apexes (a/pek-sez)], the point, tip, 
or summit of anything. 

aphagia (a-fa/ji-a), n. inability to 
swallow. [Greek.] 

aphasia (a-f a'zi-a) , n. loss of the power 
of speech, or the appropriate use of 
words, due to disease or injury to the 
brain. [Greek.] 

aphelion (af-e'li-on) , n. [pi. aphelia 
(af-e'li-a)], that point in the orbit of a 
planet or a comet which is farthest 
from the sun. 

aphid (af 'id) , n. a plant-louse belong- 
ing to the genus Aphis. 

aphidian (a-fid'i-an) , n. an aphid: adj. 
pertaining to the genus Aphis. 

Aphis (a'fis), n. [pi. Aphides (afi-dez)], 
the genus of plant-suckers, to which 
the aphides belong; a member of the 
genus. 

aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. a concise and 
pithy statement of a rule or precept ; 
a maxim. 

aphrodisiac (af-ro-diz'i-ac), n. a drug 
that excites sexual desire. 

aphthong (af 'thong), n. a letter or 
letters not sounded in a word. 

apiary (a/pi-a-ri), n. [pi. apiaries (a/pi- 
a-riz)], a place where bees are kept; 
a bee-house. 

apiece (a-pes r )» adv. to or for each; 
each ; severally. - 

apish (a'pish), adj. resembling an ape 
in manners; foppish; foolish. 

aplomb (a-plongO, n. self-possession; 
assurance. [French.] 

Apocalypse (a-pok'a-lips) , n. the last 
book of the New Testament, Revela- 
tion. 

Apocalyptic (a-pok-a-lip'tik), adj. per- 
taining to or containing the Apoc- 
alypse. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



APOCOPE 



43 



APOSTOLIC 



apocope (a-pok'e-pe) , n. the cutting 
off or deletion of the last letter or 
syllable of a word. 

apocrypha (a-pok'ri-f a) , n.pl. used as 
a sing, with pi. apocryphas (a-pok'- 
ri-f az), a writing, or something, of 
doubtful authorship ; certain writings 
received by some Christians as an 
authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, 
but rejected by others, as for instance 
Judith, Ecclesiasticus, etc. 

apocryphal (a-pok'ri-f al) , adj. of 
doubtful authority; uncanonical; of 
or pertaining to the apocrypha. 

apocryphally (a-pok'ri-f a-li) , adv. in 
an apocryphal manner; doubtfully. 

apod (ap'od), n. an animal without 
feet. 

apodosis (a-pod'o-sis), n. the latter 
portion, or consequent clause, of a 
conditional sentence. 

apogean (ap-o-je'an) or apogeic (ap- 
o-je'ik), adj. pertaining to the apogee. 

apogee (ap'o-je), n. that point in the 
orbit of a planet which is most dis- 
tant from the earth. 

apologetic (a-pol-o-jet'ik), adj. in the 
way of defense or apology. 

apologetically (a-pol-o-jet'i-ka-li), 
adv. in an apologetic manner. 

apologetics (a-pol-o-jet'iks), n. the 
defense and vindication of the prin- 
ciples and laws of the Christian be- 
lief. 

apologia (ap-o-lo'gi-a) , n. a defense of 
any one's action or principles, as 
Cardinal Newman's famous "Apolo- 
gia." [Greek.] 

apologist (a-poro-jist), n. one who 
apologizes ; one who pleads in extenu- 
ation or defense of the actions or prin- 
ciples of another. 

apologize (a-pol'o-jiz), v.i. to make an 
apology or excuse; to express regret 
or make amends for anything said or 
done, on one's own behalf or that of 
another: v.t. to write a defense of; to 
defend. 

apologue (ap'o-log), n. a moral fable; 
a fiction or allegory embodying a 
moral application, as iEsop's Fables. 

apology (a-pol'o-ji), n. [pi. apologies 
(a-poro-jiz)], a vindication or excuse; 
something spoken, written, or offered 
in defense or extenuation ; an explana- 
tion by way of amends. 

apophthegm. See apothegm. 



apoplectic (ap-o-plek'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, apoplexy; 
afflicted with apoplexy. 

apoplexy (ap'o-plek-si) , n. the sudden 
loss of consciousness and motive 
power, resulting from the rupture of 
a brain- vessel. 

aport (a-port'), adv. on or towards the 
port of left side of a ship. 

apostasy (a-pos'ta-si) , n. [pi. aposta- 
sies (a-pos'ta-siz)], the forsaking or 
abandonment of what one has hith- 
erto prof essed or adhered to, as faith, 
principles, or party. 

apostate (a-pos'tat), n. one who has 
forsaken or apostatized his faith or 
party; one who renounces his pro- 
fession after having been in holy or- 
ders: adj. false; traitorous; renegade. 

apostatical (ap-os-tat'i-kal), adj. re- 
bellious, in the manner of apostasy; 
apostate. 

apostatize (a-pos'ta-tiz) , v.i. to aban- 
don one's faith, church, or party; 
change one's religion for another. 

a posteriori (a pos-te-ri-o'ri) , reason- 
ing founded on observation of facts, 
effects, or consequences, by means of 
which the causes are reached. 

apostle (a-pos'l), n. one charged with 
a high mission; one of the twelve 
persons, especially selected by Christ 
to propagate His gospel (Luke vi. 
13) ; one who performed apostolic 
functions, as St. Paul (I Cor. i. 1); 
the first missionary who plants the 
Christian faith in any region; one 
who labors with special success as a 
moral or social reformer. 

Apostles' Creed (a-pos'lz kred), n. the 
shortest of the three creeds, so named 
as containing a summary of apostoli- 
cal doctrine. 

apostle- spoon (a-pos'1-spoon) , n. a 
spoon having a figure of one of the 
Apostles at the top of the handle. 

apostolate (a-pos'to-lat), n. apostle-- 
ship (now restricted to the dignity 
or office of the Pope). 

apostolic (ap-os-tol'ik) , adj. & n. of or 
pertaining to an apostle or apostles, 
and their age. doctrine, or practice; 
papal. 

apostolic succession (suk-sesh'un), n. 
the regular and uninterrupted trans- 
mission of episcopal authority by 
bishops from the Apostles. 



ate, iivm, at, awl: me. merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

T rrae, hut ; think. ther„ 



APOSTROPHE 



44 



APPELLATIVE 



apostrophe (a-pos'tro-f e) , n. a break- 
ing off in a speech to address directly 
a person or persons who may or may 
not be present; the omission from a 
word of one or more letters, such 
omission being indicated by the sign 
O ; the sign (') so employed in writ- 
ing or printing. 

apostrophic (ap-o-strof 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, an 
apostrophe. 

apostrophize (a-pos'tro-fiz) , v.t. to 
address by apostrophe ; omit a letter 
or letters; mark an omission by the 
sign ('): v.i. to make an apostrophe 
or short digressive address in speak- 
ing. 

apothecary (a-poth'e-ka-ri) , n. [pi. 
apothecaries (a-poth'e-ka-riz)], one 
who prepares and dispenses medi- 
cines and drugs for profit ; one who is 
licensed to prescribe; a pharmacist. 

apothecaries 9 weight (a-poth'e-ka-riz 
wat), n. the weight used for dispens- 
ing drugs, and comprising the pound 
(12 oz.), the ounce (8 drachms), the 
drachm (3 scruples), the scruple (20 
grs.), and the grain. 

apothegm (ap'o-them), n. a pithy 
saying, embodying a wholesome 
truth or precept. Also spelt apoph- 
thegm. 

apotheosis (ap-o-the'o-sis),tt. [pi. apo- 
theoses (ap-o-the'o-sez)], deification; 
the god-like personification bestowed 
upon deceased emperors under the 
Roman Empire ; excessive honor paid 
to a distinguished person; canoniza- 
tion. 

apotheosize (ap-o-the'6-siz) , v.t. to 
exalt to the rank of a god; deify. 

appall or appal (ap-pawl 7 ), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. appalled, p.pr. appalling], to 
frighten; depress or discourage by 
fear; dismay; terrify. 

appalling (ap-paw'ling) , p. adj. inspir- 
ing horror or dismay. 

apparatus (ap-a-ra/tus) , n. sing : & pi. 
an outfit of tools, utensils, or instru- 
ments adapted to the accomplish- 
ment of any branch of work, or for 
the performance of an experiment or 
operation; a set of such appliances; 
a group or set of organs concerned in 
the performance of a single function. 
Also, apparatus criticus (kri'ti-cus) . 

apparel (a-par'el), n. clothing; ves- 



ture; garb, or dress; the equipment 
of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. appareled, 
p.pr. appareling], to clothe or adorn; 
furnish or fit out. 

apparent (ap-par'ent) , adj. open to 
view; capable of being readily per- 
ceived or understood ; evident ; seem- 
ing, but not real. 

apparition (ap-a-rish'un) , n. a visible 
object; an appearance of something 
not real or tangible; a ghost or spec- 
ter; the first appearance of a lumi- 
nary after obscuration: opposed to 
occultation. 

appeal (ap-peT), v.t. to transfer or 
refer to a superior court or judge; 
to refer to another person or tri- 
bunal; entreat, call for, or invoke 
aid, sympathy, or mercy: n. a call 
or invocation for aid or sympathy; 
the right of appeal; a summons to 
answer a charge; a call or reference 
to another; recourse; the removal 
of a cause from an inferior to a 
superior court, the latter having the 
power to revise the decision of the 
lower tribunal. 

appear (ap-per'), v.i. to be or become 
visible; come before; seem. 

appearance (ap-per'ans) , n. the act 
of becoming visible; the object seen; 
a phenomenon; an apparition; sem- 
blance; outward show; the act of 
coming before the public; coming 
into court; lookj bearing or aspect. 

appeasable (ap-pe'za-bl), adj. capable 
of being appeased. 

appease (ap-pez'), v.t. to allay; as- 
suage; quiet; satisfy; pacify. 

appeasement (ap-pez'ment), n. the 
act of appeasing; the state of being 
appeased. 

appellant (ap-pel'ant), n. one who 
appeals to a higher court; one who 
appeals to a judge, or to any tri- 
' bunal. 

appellate (ap-pel'at), adj. pertaining 
to appeals; having cognizance of ap- 
peals: n. the person appealed against 
or called upon to appear. 

appellation (ap-e-la'shun) , n. the 
name, title, or designation by which 
a person or thing is called or known; 
the act of appealing. 

appellative (ap-pel'a-tiv) , adj. serving 
to distinguish, as a name or denomi- 
nation of a group or class; common, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



APPELLATORY 



45 



APPOSITION 



as a noun: n. a common, as distin- 
guished from a proper, name; the 
designation of a class. 

appellatory (ap-pel'a-to-ri) , - oeZ/\ con- 
taining an appeal. 

appellee (ap-e-le'), n. the person ap- 
pealed against; the defendant in an 
appeal. 

append (ap-pend'), v.t. to attach, 
hang, or suspend; subjoin or add to, 
as an accessory part; annex. 

appendage (ap-pen'daj), n. something 
appended or attached as a part of; 
something added as an adjunct. 

appendicitis (ap-pen-di-si'tis) , n. in- 
flammation of the vermiform appen- 
dix or the caecum* or blind gut. 

appendix (ap-pen'diks) , n. [pi. appen- 
dixes (ap-pen'dik-sez) & appendices 
(ap-pen'di-sez)], that which is added 
as supplemental. 

apperception (ap-per-sep'shun), n. 
self - consciousness ; the union of 
part of a new idea to one already 
in the mind (so Herbart); mental 
synthesis. 

appertain (ap-er-tan') , v.i. to belong 
or pertain to, as by relation or cus- 
tom. 

appetite (ap'e-tit), n. the desire for 
gratification of some want, craving, 
or passion that is natural or acquired; 
the relish for food induced by keen- 
ness of stomach. 

appetizer (ap'e-ti-zer), n. something 
that excites or whets the appetite. 

applaud (ap-plawd'), v.t. to praise; 
express approval or approbation by 
clapping of the hands or acclamation. 

applause (ap-plawz'), n. the expres- 
sion of approval by clapping; appro- 
bation openly shown by acclama- 
tion. 

apple (ap'l), n. the round fleshy fruit 
of the apple-tree, and its numerous 
cultivated varieties; any fruit re- 
sembling an apple, as pineapple. 

appliance (ap-pll'ans) , n. the act of 
applying; that which is used with, or 
as a part of, something else. 

applicability (ap-li-ka-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being applicable. 

applicable (ap'li-ka-bl), adj. capable 
of being, or fit to be, applied. 

applicant (ap'li-kant), n. one who 
applies, or prefers a request for some- 
thing; a petitioner. 



application (ap-li-ka/shun) , n. the act 
of applying, putting to, or on; the 
thing applied ; the applying or reduc- 
ing to practice; the practical demon- 
stration of a principle; the act of 
requesting; request; mental assidu- 
ousness. 

applicative (ap'li-ka-tiv) , adj. capable 
of being applied. 

applicatory (ap'li-ka-to-ri), adj. fit- 
ness to be applied: n, that which 
applies. 

applied (ap-plid')^ p.adj. practical. 

applique (ap-li-ka'), n. a method of 
ornamentation in dress or upholstery 
in which portions or figures cut from 
other patterns are fixed or applied to 
a groundwork or foundation of any 
material. [French.] 

a PPly (ap-pli')t v.t. [pi. & p.p. applied, 
p.pr. applying], to place one to 
another; lay on; put into practice; 
devote to a particular purpose; refer 
or ascribe as fitting to a person or 
thing; address or direct; fix the mind 
upon: v.i. to suit; have" connection 
with or reference to; make applica- 
tion to. 

appoint (ap-point'), v.t. to fix; settle; 
found; make fast; establish by de- 
cree; assign or ordain; fix the time 
and order of; furnish or equip; v.i, 
to decree; ordain; determine. 

appointee (ap-poin-te'), n. one in 
whose favor an appointment is made. 

appointment (ap-point'ment) , n. the 
act of appointing; the assigning to 
an office or trust; the state of being 
appointed; the position or office 
assigned or held; a stipulation; an 
engagement; an arrangement to 
meet by mutual agreement; an 
ordinance or decree established by 
authority; furniture or equipment. 

apportion (ap-por'shun) , v.t. to assign 
by equal or proportionate division; 
distribute or set out in just propor- 
tions. 

apportionment (ap-por'shun-ment) , 
n. the act of apportioning or dividing 
into just shares. 

apposite (ap'o-zit), adj. proper; fit; 
pertinent; well-adapted. 

apposition (ap-o-zish'un), n. the act 
of adding; addition by application, 
or placing together; the placing of a 
second noun in the same case in 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



APPOSITIONAL 



46 



APPROXIMATELY 



juxtaposition to the first, which it 
characterizes or explains, as John 
the Baptist. 

appositional (ap-6-zish'un-al) , adj. 
belonging to apposition. 

appraisal (ap-pra/zal) , n. the act of 
appraising, or putting a price upon 
with a view to sale. 

appraise (ap-praz'), v.t. to set a price, 
upon ; value ; estimate the worth of, 
as by a licensed appraiser. 

appraisement (ap-praz'ment), n. the 
act of valuing; an authorized valua- 
tion. 

appraiser (ap-pra/zer) , n. one who 
appraises; a person licensed and 
sworn to estimate the value of goods 
or estates. 

appreciable (ap-pre'shi-a-bl) , adj. ca- 
pable of being appreciated, perceived, 
or estimated. 

appreciate (ap-pre'shi-at) , v.t. to 
value; estimate the worth of; esteem 
highly; prize; be sensible of; raise in 
value. 

appreciation (ap-pre'shi-a/shun) , n. 
the just valuation, or proper esti- 
mate of worth or. merit; a rise in 
value. 

appreciative (ap-pre'shi-a-tiv) , adj. 
exhibiting appreciation. 

appreciatory (ap-pre'shi-a-to-ri) , adj. 
expressive of admiration. 

apprehend (ap-re-hend') , v.t. to take 
or lay hold of; seize; arrest; take a 
mental hold of; anticipate or expect: 
v.i. to incline to belief; form a con- 
ception. 

apprehensible (ap-re-hen'si-bl) , adj. 
capable of being apprehended or 
conceived. 

apprehension (ap-re-hen'shun) , n. the 
act of seizure or laying hold of; 
arrest; the act of conceiving; per- 
ception; anticipation of evil; fear or 
distrust of the future. 

apprehensive (ap-re-hen'siv) , adj. ca- 
pable of apprehending; quick to 
learn, or grasp; fearful of evil; 
anxious for the future. 

apprentice (a-pren'tis) , n. formerly, 
one bound or articled by indenture 
to serve a certain number of years 
to learn some trade or craft ; a novice 
or tyro: v.t. to put under the care of 
a master for instruction in some 
trade or craft. 



apprize (a-prlz'), v.t. to give notice to; 
inform. 

approach (ap-proch'), v.i. to draw or 
grow near; approximate: v.t. to re- 
semble, come near to. 

approach (ap-proch'), n. the act of 
drawing near; access; passage. 

approbate (ap'ro-bat), v.t. to express 
approval of; license or sanction. 

approbation (ap-ro-ba'shun), n. the 
act of approving; commendation. 

approbative (ap'ro-ba-tiv) , adj. ap- 
proving; expressing approbation. 

approbativeness (ap-ro-ba/tiv-nes) , n. 
love of praise or fame; ambition. 

approbatory (ap'ro-ba-to-ri) , adj. con- 
taining or expressing approbation. 

appropriate (ap-pro'pri-at) , v.t. to 
take to one's self in exclusion of 
others; claim or use, as by an ex- 
clusive right; set apart or assign to 
a particular use; annex a benefice 
to a religious corporation: adj. pecu- 
liar; fit; apt. 

appropriation (ap-pro-pri-a/shun) , n. 
the act of assigning to one's self, or 
to a particular use or person; appli- 
cation to a special use or purpose; 
the annexation of a benefice to a 
religious corporation. 

appropriative (ap-pro'pri-a-tiv) , adj. 
appropriating; making or tending to 
appropriation. 

appropriator (ap-pro'pri-a-ter) , n. one 
who appropriates; one who holds an 
appropriated benefice. 

approvable (ap-proo'va-bl), adj. de- 
serving of or meriting approval. 

approval (ap-proov'al) , n. approba- 
tion; sanction gratification; consent. 

approve (ap-proov'), v.t. to prove, test, 
or demonstrate; ratify; pronounce 
efficient or sufficient; be pleased or 
satisfied with; commend: v.i. to ex- 
press approval [usually followed by 
of]. 

approver (ap-proo'ver), n. one who 
approves. 

approvingly (ap-proo'ving-li), adv. in 
a commendatory manner. _ 

approximate (ap-prok'si-mat) , v.t. to 
bring or carry near; cause to ap- 
proach: v.i. tc draw near; approach 
closely : adj. near in resemblance or 
position. 

approximately (ap-prok'si-mat-li), 
adv. very nearly but not absolutely. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



APPROXIMATION 



47 



AQUEOUS 



approximation (ap* prok-sl-ma/shun) , 
7i. the act of approximating; ap- 
proach to anything* as a standard; 
continual approach in exactness to 
the quantity sought, without actu- 
ally arriving at it ; a value nearly but 
not quite correct. 

approximative (ap-prok'si-ma-tiv), 
adj. with a tendency to exactness. 

approximative^ (ap-prok'si-ma-tiv- 
n), adv. in an approximative man- 
ner. 

appurtenance (ap-per' te-nans) , n. 
that which belongs or relates to 
something else; an adjunct or ap- 
pendage; that which belongs te. or is 
accessory to. an estate or property. 

appurtenant (ap-per te-nant), adj. 
belonging or pertaining to: acces- 
sory. 

apricot (a'pri-kot & ap'ri-kot), n. the 
fruit of a tree, allied to the plum. 

April (a/pril), n. the fourth month of 
the year; named from the Greek 
goddess, Aphrodite. 

April fool (fool), n. one who is im- 
posed upon or decieved in a jocular 
manner on April 1st, or All Fools' 
Day. 

a priori (a pri-6'ri), from something 
prior; reasoning that proceeds from 
antecedent to consequent. 

apron (a/prun), n. a portion of cloth, 
leather, or other material, worn as 
a protective or ornamental covering 
to the front of the person ; a leathern 
covering for the legs, used in driving; 
the vent-cover of a cannon; the 
curved timber placed above the fore- 
most end of a ship's keel ; a platform 
at the entrance to a dock. 

a propos (a pro-po') , adv. to the pur- 
pose; to the point; opportunely; in 
respect (followed by of) : adj. season- 
able; happy. Written also apropos. 

apse (aps), n. [pi. apses (ap'sez)], a po- 
lygonal or semicircular recess termi- 
nating the choir or other portion of a 
church. 

apsidal (ap'si-dal), adj. pertaining to 
the apsides. 

apsis (ap'sis), n. [pi. apsides (ap'si- 
dez)], one of two points in the orbit 
of a planet situated at the furthest 
or the least distance from the central 
body or sun; the imaginary line con- 
necting these points. 



apt (apt), adj. suitable; pertinent; 
appropriate; liable; inclined; ready - 
expert; quick of apprehension . 

apteral (ap/te-ral), adj. without wing? - 
without side-columns. 

apterous (ap'te-rus), adj. destitute of 
wings, or wing-like expansions. 

apteryx (ap'te-riks) , n. a wingless 
and tailless bird peculiar to New 
Zealand. [Greek.] i 

aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. capacity for 
anything; fitness; tendency; readi- 
ness in learning. 

aqua (a'kwa), n. a Latin term much 
used in pharmacy in the abbreviated 
form of Aq., and denoting the addition 
of water. 

aqua ammoniae (am-mo'ni-e) , water 
containing an infusion of ammonia- 
gas. 

aquafortis (a/kwa-for'tis),^ n. (strong 
water), impure nitric acid, 

aquamarine (a'kwa-ma-ren'), n. a 
pale bluish-green variety of beryl; 
a color resembling the semi-precious 
beryl. Found largely in Russia. 

aqua regia (re'ji-a), n. (royal water), 
a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric 
acids, capable_of dissolving gold. 

aqua vitae (vi'te), n. (water of life) , un- 
rectified alcohol; brandy and other 
ardent spirits. 

aquarium (a-kwar'i-um), n. [pi. 
aquaria (a-kwar'i-a) & aquarium? 
(a-kwar'i-umz)], a tank or globe for 
the keeping and cultivation of 
aquatic plants and animals; a series 
of such receptacles. 

aquatic (a-kwat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to water; growing or living in or 
upon water; performed in or upon 
water, as sports: n. an animal or 
plant inhabiting water: pi. aquatic 
sports. 

aquatint (a'kwa-tint) , n. a species 
of etching resembling a water-color 
drawing in India ink or in sepia; 
an engraving produced by this proc- 
ess: v.t. to etch or engrave in aqua- 
tint. 

aqueduct (ak'we-dukt), n. a structure 
in the form of a conduit or artificial 
channel for conducting water from 
a source, as for the supply of a large 
city. 

aqueous (a'kwe-us), adj. of the na- 
ture of, or abounding in, water; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book J 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AQUIFORM 



48 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL, 



watery; formed in or by means of 
water. 

aquiform (a/kwi-f orm) , adj. having 
the form of water; liquid. 

aquiline (ak'wi-lin & -lin), adj. be- 
longing to or resembling an eagle; 
curved, as the beak of an eagle. 

Arab (ar'ab), n. a native of Arabia; 
a desert-dweller; one of the Arabic 
races spread over the African and 
Syrian deserts; a homeless street- 
urchin or outcast: adj. pertaining to 
Arabia or the Arabs. 

arabesque (ar-a-besk') , n. the style 
of Arabic decorative art, which con- 
sists of the painting, inlaying, or 
carving in low relief of figures of 
plants, fruits, flowers, and foliage, 
variously combined or fantastically 
grouped: adj. pertaining to or ex- 
hibiting the arabesque style of orna- 
mentation. 

Arabic numerals (ar'a-bik num'er- 
alz), n.pl. the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, &c, 
of East Indian origin, used by the 
Arabs and introduced into Europe in 
the sixth century by Boethius. 

arable (ar'a-bl), adj. fit for the plow; 
suited to the purposes of cultivation. 

arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n. an umpire or 
judge; an arbitrator. 

arbitrament (ar-bit'ra-ment), n. the 
decision of arbitrators; an award. 

arbitrarily (ar-bi-tra'ri-li) , adv. in a 
capricious manner; imperiously. 

arbitrary (ar'bi-trar-i) , adj. depending 
on the will of the arbiter; discretion- 
ary; capricious; imperious. 

arbitrate (ar'bi-trat) , v.i. to act as 
arbiter; to settle a dispute, as an 
umpire; mediate. 

arbitration (ar-bi-tra'shun) , n. the 
settlement of a dispute by an um- 
pire. 

arbitrator (ar'bi-tra-ter), n. one 
chosen by the parties in a dispute to 
settle it; an umpire. 

arbor (ar'ber), n. a bower; a shaded 
nook or walk. 

Arbor Day (da) , a day legally set apart 
in most States and Territories for 
planting trees. The date is not uni- 
form but usually falls in April or 
May. 

arboraceous (ar-bo-ra'shus) , adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, a tree 
or trees; living on or among trees. 



arboreous (ar-bo're-us) or arboreal 
(ar-bo're-al), adj. pertaining to trees; 
wooded. 

arborescence (ar-bo-res'ens) , n. some- 
thing having the shape of a tree, as 
certain crystals. 

arborescent (ar-bo-res'ent) , adj. tree- 
like. 

arboretum (ar-bo-re'tum) , n. [pi. 
arboreta (ar-bo-re'ta) & arboretums 
(ar-bo-re'tumz)], a place in which rare 
trees are cultivated and exhibited. 

arboriculture (ar-ber-i-kul'tur) , n. 
the cultivation of trees. 

arborisation or arborization (ar-ber- 
i-za'shun), n. a tree-like appearance. 

arborise (ar-ber-e-za') , adj. marked like 
the branching of trees, as agates, 
enamels, &c. [French.] 

arborous (ar'ber-us), adj. having the 
appearance or nature of an arbor. 

arbor- vitae (ar-ber-vi'te) , n. "tree of 
life," an evergreen tree extensively 
cultivated in parks and gardens. 

arc (ark), n. a curved line or any part 
of a curve forming the segment of a 
circle; the portion of a circle described 
by the sun or any heavenly body in 
its apparent passage through the 
heavens. 

arc-lamp (ark-lamp), n. a lamp having 
a luminous bridge or arc. 

arc-light (ark-lit), a light produced by 
a current of electricity passing be- 
tween two carbon points placed at a 
short distance from each other. 

arcade (ar-kad'), n. a series of arches 
supported by pillars; an arched gal- 
lery, or promenade, lined with shops. 

Arcadian (ar-ka/di-an), adj. rurally 
simple. From the great rustic terri- 
tory, the Greek Arcadia. 

arcanum (ar-ka/num), n. [pi arcana 
(ar-ka'na)J, a secret; a mystery; a val- 
uable elixir. [Latin.] 

arch (arch), n. structure of brick or 
masonry, the component wedge- 
shaped parts of which follow a curved 
line; any curvature having the form 
of an arch: v.t. to cover with an arch 
or arches; to bend or curve into the 
form of an arch: v.i. to form an arch 
or arches; curve: adj. chief; of the 
first rank; cunning; crafty; shrewd; 
waggish; mischievous; roguish; spor- 
tive; coy. 

archaeological (ar-ke-o-loj'i-kal), adj. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tf/ien. 



ARCH^OLOGICALLY 



49 



ARCHITECT 



pertaining to the study of antiqui- 
ties. 

archaeologically (ar-ke-o-lo j 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in accordance with the science of 
antiquities. 

archaeologist or archeologist (ar-ke- 
ol'6-jist), n. one versed in the study 
of ancient things; an antiquarian. 

archaeology or archeology (ar-ke-ol'- 
6-ji), n. the science of antiquities; 
the study of prehistoric remains, or 
the relics of the earlier races of man- 
kind, as the Ugro-Finnic, the Egyp- 
tian, the Phoenician, the Assyrian, 
the Greek, and the Roman. / 

archaic (ar-ka'ik), adj. pertaining to a 
remote period; characterized by an- 
tiquity; old-fashioned; antiquated. 

archaism (ar'ka-izm), n. antiquity 
of style or use; an antiquated, old- 
fashioned, or obsolete word, expres- 
sion, or idiom. _ 

archangel (ark-an'jel), n. an angel of 
the highest order. 

archangelic (ark-an-jel'ik), adj. per- 
taining to archangels. 

archbishop (arch-bish'up) , n. a chief 
bishop, one who supervises the 
bishops in his province, and also 
exercises episcopal authority in his 
own diocese. 

archbishopric (arch-bish'up-rik) , n. 
the jurisdiction, office, or see of an 
archbishop. 

arch-board (arch'bord), n. the por- 
tion of the stern over the counter of 
a ship. 

arch-brick (arch'brik), n. a wedge- 
shaped brick used in the construction 
of arches. 

archdeacon (arch-de'kn) , n. dignitary 
ranking next below a bishop, and one 
who acts as his vicar or vicegerent. 

archdeaconry (arch-de'kn-ri), n. the 
place of residence 01 an archdeacon. 

archdiaconate (arch-di-a'ko-nat) , n. 
the office, rank, or jurisdiction of an 
archdeacon. 

archducal (arch-du'kal) , adj. pertain- 
ing to an archduke or an archduchy. 

archduchess (arch-duch'es) , n. the 
wife of an archduke; a daughter of 
the Emperor of Austria. 

archduchy (arch-duch'i) , n. [pi. arch- 
duchies (arch-duch'iz)], the territory 
or rank of an archduke or arch- 
duchess. 



archduke (arch-duk A ), n. a prince of 
the imperial house of Austria. 

archdukedom (arch-duk'dom) , n. the 
dignity or territory of an archduke. 

archebiosis (ar-ke-bi-o'sis) , n. the 
alleged origination of living from 
non-living matter; abiogenesis. 

archegony (ar-keg'o-ni) , n. the doc- 
trine of the origin of life. 

archenemy (arch-en'e-mi) , n. a chief 
enemy ; Satan. 

archer (ar'cher), n. a bowman; one 
skilled in the use of the bow and 
arrow. 

archer-fish (ar'cher-fish) , n. a scaly- 
finned fish of the Java seas, which 
catches insects by darting drops of 
water upon them. 

archery (ar'cher-i), n. the art, practice, 
or skill of one who uses the bow and 
arrow. 

archetype (ar*ke-tip), n. the original 
type or pattern upon or after which 
a thing is made ; a model ; the original 
or fundamental type-structure from 
which a natural group of plants or 
animals are assumed to have de- 
scended; the original manuscript 
from which all copies or all of a set 
of copies were made. Such a group 
is called a "family." 

archetypic (ar-ke-tip'ik) , archetypal 
(ar-ke-tl'pal) , or archetypical (ar- 
ke-tip'i-kal), adj. of or pertaining to 
an archetype. 

archetypically (ar-ke-tip'i-ka-li), adj. 
after the manner of an archetype. 

archiepiscopacy (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pa-si) , 
n. the rule or dignity of an arch- 
bishop. 

archiepiscopal (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pal), 
adj. pertaining to an archbishop or 
to his office. 

archiepiscopate. See archiepiscopacy. 

arching (ar'ching), adj. curving like 
an arch: n. arched work. 

archipelagic (ar-ki-pe-laj'ik), adj. per- 
taining to a collection of islands with 
the sea dividing them. 

archipelago (ar-ki-pel'a-go) , n. [pi. 
archipelagoes & -gos (ar-ki-pel a- 
goz)], any sea or body of salt water 
interspersed with numerous islands; 
the island-group itself. [Greek.] 

architect (ar'ki-tekt) , n. one versed 
in the art of building and the various 
styles of architecture; one who plana 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
4 hue, hut ; think, /7*en. 



ARCHITECTIVE 



50 



ARGILLACEOUS 



or designs buildings and superintends 
their construction, hence one who 
forms or designs. 

architective (ar'ki-tek-tiv) , adj. used 
in building; proper for building. 

architectonics (ar-ki-tek-ton'iks), n.pl. 
the science of architecture. 

architectural (ar-ki-tek'tu-ral) , adj. 
pertaining to the art of building; in 
accordance with the rules of the 
building art. 

architecturally (ar-ki-tek'tu-ra-li) , 
adv. with regard to the principles of 
the building art; from the designer's 
point of view. 

architecture (ar'ki-tek-tur) , n. the 
science or art of building; the method 
or style of building; construction; 
workmanship. 

architrave (ar'ki-trav) , n. the lowest 
division of an entablature, or that 
part which rests immediately on the 
column. 

archival (ar-ki'val) , adj. pertaining to. 
or included in, state records. 

archive (ar'klv), n. [pi. archives (ar'- 
kivz)], a record preserved as evi- 
dence: pi. the place where public or 
state records are kept ; state or public 
documents, or records of historical 
value pertaining to a nation or to a 
family. 

archly (arch'li), adv. roguishly; wag- 
gishly; coyly. 

archness (arch'nes), n. feigned shy- 
ness; coyness. 

archon (ar'kon), n. a chief magistrate 
of ancient Athens; one of the nine 
chief magistrates chosen to superin- 
tend civil and religious matters. 

archpriest (arch'prest) , n. a chief 
priest; a rural dean. 

archway (arch'wa), n. an opening or 
passage beneath an arched or vaulted 
roof. 

arcograph (ark'o-graf ) , n. an instru- 
ment for drawing an arc without the 
use of a central point. 

arctic (ark'tik), adj. pertaining to the 
region of the north pole; polar; 
northern; frigid. 

arctic circle (ser'kl), n. an imaginary 
circle parallel to the equator and dis- 
tant 23° 28' from the north pole. 

ardent (ar'dent), adj. hot; burning; 
fiery; warm; glowing; passionate; 
eager; zealous; vehement. 



ardent spirits (spir'itz), n.pl. alco- 
holic beverages, as brandy, whiskey, 
&c. 

ardor (ar'der), n. heat in a physical 
sense; warmth of affection or pas- 
sion; eager desire; zeal. 

arduous (ar'du-us) , adj. steep ; hard to 
climb; attended with great labor or 
exertion; difficult. 

are (ar), pres. tense pi. of the verb to be. 
See_be. 

are (ar), n. the unit of French super- 
ficial or square measure containing 
100 sq. meters or 1076.44 English 
sq. ft. 

area (a're-a), n. [pi. areas (a/re-az)], 
any plane surface having bounds, 
whether natural or artificial, as the 
floor of a hall, &c; any defined ex- 
tent of land-surface; the sunken 
space situated at the base of a 
building and separating it from the 
street; the superficial contents of 
any space or figure; extent; range; 
scope; a compass of ore allotted to 
miners. 

arena (a-re'na), n. [pi. arenas (a-re'- 
naz)], the central enclosed space 
(usually strewn with sand) of a 
Roman amphitheater, in which the 
gladiatorial combats took place; 
hence the scene or field of combat 
or exertion of anykind. 

arenaceous (ar-e-na/shus) , adj. sandy ; 
abounding in, or having the proper- 
ties of, sand. 

Areopagus (ar-e-op'a-gus), n. the 
tribunal, or highest court, of ancient 
Athens, so named from its situation 
on the hill of Ares (Mars) ; hence any 
high court or tribunal. 

Argand lamp (ar-gand' lamp), n. a 
lamp having a hollow circular wick 
to permit the passage of air inside 
and outside the flame. 

argent (ar'jent), n. the-silver of a coat 
of arms, represented in drawing or 
engraving by a plain white surface, 
symbolical of purity, beauty, &c: 
adj. made of, or resembling, silver; 
silvery white; bright like silver. 

argentite (ar'jen-tit), n. sulphide of 
silver of a lead-grey color. 

argentous (ar-jen'tus), adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, silver. 

argil (ar'jil), n. potters' clay or earth. 

argillaceous (ar-ji-la'shus), adj. of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ARGILLITE 



51 



ARK 



the nature of, or containing, clay; 
clayey. 

argillite (ar'ji-lit), n. clay-slate. 

argol (ar'gol), n. & crude tartar from 
which cream of tartar is prepared. 

argon (ar'gun), n. an element asso- 
ciated with nitrogen, and forming 
one of the constituents of the air. 

Argonaut (ar'go-nawt), n. a cepha- 
lopod commonly known as the paper- 
nautilus, and paper-sailor of the 
Mediterranean; from the myth of 
the Argo and its crew, who sailed 
under the command of Jason in 
search of the Golden Fleece. 

argosy (ar'go-si), n. [pi. argosies (ar'go- 
siz)], a large richly-freighted mer- 
chant-vessel. 

argot (ar'go), n. slang; cant language. 
[French.] 

arguable (ar'gu-a-bl), adj. capable of 
being disputed or discussed. 

argue (ar'gu), v.i. to show or offer 
reasons in support of, or in opposi- 
tion to, a proposition, opinion, or 
measure; to reason, dispute, discuss; 
contend in debate: v.t. to debate or 
discuss; prove or evince. 

argument (ar'gfi-ment), n. that which 
is advanced in support or proof with 
a view to persuade or convince the 
mind; a discussion, controversy, or 
debate; the subject of a discourse or 
writing; an abstract or summary of 
a book. 

argumental (ar-gu-men'tal), adj. per- 
taining to reasoning; consisting of 
reasons. 

argumentation (ar-gu-men-ta'shun) , 
n. the act of arguing; discussion. 

argumentative (ar-gu-men'ta-tiv), 
adj. consisting of, or exhibiting, a 
process of reasoning; addicted to 
argument; disputatious. 

Argus-eyed (ar'gus-Id), adj. watchful; 
vigilant; extremely observant. 

aria (ar'e-a & ar'i-a), n. an air; a 
melody or tune for single voice with 
accompaniment; a solo part in a 
cantata or oratorio, &c. [Italian.] 

Arian (a'ri-an), adj., pertaining to the 
doctrines of the Arian sect, which 
held that Christ is not divine. 

Arianism (a'ri-an-ism), the doctrine 
of the Arians, who denied the divin- 
ity of Christ. From Arius, an Afri- 
can, who founded the sect. 



arid (ar'id), adj. dry; parched up? 
barren. 

aridity (a-rid'i-ti) or aridness (ar'id- 
nes), n. the state of being dry; dry- 
ness; want of life or interest. 

arietta (ar-e-et'ta) , n. a short song or 
air. [Italian.] 

aright (a-rit'), adv. rightly; in a right 
way or form; without sin or error. 

arise (a-riz'), v.i. [p.t. arose, p.p. arisen, 
p.pr. arising], to mount up or ascend? 
to come into view; rise or get up; 
spring up ; come into existence or 
action; originate. 

aristocracy (ar-is-tok'ra-si) , n. [pi. 
aristocracies (ar-is-tok'ra-siz)], gov- 
ernment by persons of the highest 
rank in a state ; the nobility or chief 
persons in a state. 

aristocrat (ar'is-to-krat) t> n. a person- 
age of rank and noble birth ; one who 
upholds the aristocracy or favors 
government by the nobles; a person 
who possesses traits supposed to 
characterize the nobility. 

aristocratic (ar-is-to-krat'ik) or aris- 
tocratical (ar-is-to-krat'i^-kal), adj. 
pertaining to, or consisting in, a 
government of the nobles; pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the higher 
class or nobility. [Greek.] 

aristocratically (ar-is-to-krat'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in an aristocratic manner. 

aristocratism (ar'is-to-krat-izm & 
ar-is-tok'ra-tizm) , n. the rank, con- 
dition, or privileges of one of noble 
birth; the principles of aristocracy. 

arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik), n. the 
science of numbers; the art of com- 
putation by figures. [Greek.] 

arithmetical (ar-ith-met'i-kal) , adj. 
of or pertaining to arithmetic. 

arithmetically (ar-ith-met'i-ka-li), 
adv. according to the rules or meth- 
ods of arithmetic. 

arithmetician (a-rith-me-tish'an), n. 
one skilled in the science of numbers . 

arithmometer (ar-ith-mom'e-ter), n. 
a calculating machine which performs 
multiplication and division. [Greek.] 

ark (ark), n. the repository of the 
Covenant, or tables of the Law, in 
the Jewish Tabernacle (Exod. xxv), 
and subsequently placed in the Tem- 
ple of Solomon (I Kings viii) ; the 
vessel in which Xoah and his family 
were preserved during the Deluge s 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ARM 



52 



AROMA 



hence a place of safety or refuge; a 
large boat used for transporting pro- 
duce on American rivers. 

arm (^rm), n. the limb of the human 
body which extends from the shoul- 
der to the hand ; the anterior or fore- 
limb of any vertebrate animal; any 
projecting or diverging organ or part 
of a main body or trunk, as the 
tentacle of a star-fish, the branch of 
a tree, an inlet of the sea, &c. ; might; 
power; support. 

arm (arm), n. a weapon; a branch of 
the military service: v.t. to furnish 
or equip with weapons of offense or 
defense; fortify or provide against; 
furnish with an armament : v.i. to fit 
one's self with arms, or take to one'a 
self means of defense. 

armada (ar-ma/da) , n. a fleet of armed 
vessels ; a squadron ; the Spanish fleet 
despatched against England in 1588, 
by Philip II, and destroyed by the 
English off the coast. 

armadillo (ar-ma-dil'o) . n. [pi. arma- 
dillos (ar-ma-dil'oz)], a South Ameri- 
can quadruped, armed with a bony 
shell divided into belts consisting of 
numerous small plates, and resembling 
a coat of mail. 

Armageddon (ar-mag'ed-don) , n. a 
famous battlefield mentioned in Rev. 
xvii. 16; used figuratively by Theo- 
dore Roosevelt in politics. 

armament (ar'ma-ment) , n. a body of 
forces equipped for war, either mili- 
tary or naval; the cannon and small 
arms collectively of a warship or 
fortification; the number and weight 
of guns of a war-vessel. 

armature (ar'ma-tur), n. armor: that 
which serves as a means of defense; 
a piece of soft iron connecting the 
poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, 
to preserve and increase the mag- 
netic force; iron bars or frame-work 
used to strengthen a building. 

arm-chair (arm'char), n. sl chair with 
supports for the elbows. 

armful (arm'fool), n. as much as can 
be compassed by the arms. 

armistice (ar'mis-tis) , n. a temporary 
cessation of hostilities agreed upon 
by opposing forces; a truce. 

armlet (arm'let), n. a small arm of the 
sea; a metal band for the arm used 
for ornament or for protection. 



armoire (ar-mwar') , n. a movable cup- 
board with doors. [French.] 

armor (ar'mer), n. defensive arms; 
protective covering for the body in 
battle; the steel plating of a warship. 

armor-clad (ar'mer-klad) , adj. iron- 
clad: n. a war vessel protected by 
steel plating. 

armor- grating (ar'mer-gra/ting) , n. sl 
deep iron grating used to protect the 
boilers of ironclads from missiles dur- 
ing an engagement. 

armor-plate (ar'mer-plat) , n. a plate 
of iron or steel intended to be affixed 
to the side of a ship as part of a 
casing for protection against shell- 
fire. 

armorer (ar'mor-er), n. formerly a 
maker of arms or armor, or one who 
had charge of the armor of another; 
the custodian of the arms of a troop 
or battleship. 

armorial (ar-mo'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to armor or to the arms or escutcheon 
of a family: n. a book or dictionary 
of heraldic devices and the names of 
persons entitled to use them. 

armory (ar'mer-i), n. [pi. -ries, (-riz)], 
a place for arms or the assemblage of 
soldiers; a manufactory of arms. 

armozeen or armozine (ar-mo-zen') , 
n. a thick plain silk, generally black, 
used for clerical robes. 

arm-pit (arm '-pit), n. the cavity be- 
neath the shoulder; the axilla. 

arms (armz), n.pl. weapons of offense 
or defense; the military service; war 
as a profession; armorial bearings. 
So "coat-of-arms." 

army (ar'mi), n. [pi. armies (ar'miz)], 
a body of men trained and equipped 
for war, and organized in regiments, 
brigades, or similar divisions under 
proper officers; a great number or 
multitude; an organized body of per- 
sons engaged in moral warfare. 

army- worm (ar'mi-werm), n. the 
larva of a moth which devastates 
grain and other crops. 

arnica (ar'ni-ka), n. a genus of peren- 
nial herbs; the mountain tobacco: 
from the roots or flowers of a species 
of this herb a valuable external rem- 
edy for bruises is made. 

aroma (a-ro'ma), n. [pi. aromas (a-ro'- 
maz)], the odor exhaled by plants 
or other substances, generally of an 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AROMATIC 



53 



ARROW 



agreeable or spicy nature; perfume; 
fragrance. 

aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik) or aromatical 
(ar-o-mat'i-kal), adj. giving out aro- 
ma; fragrant; spicy; odoriferous: n. 
a plant, herb, or drug yielding a 
fragrant smell. 

aromatically (ar-o-mat'i-ka-li) , adv. 
with an aromatic taste or smell . 

aromatic- vinegar (ar-o-mat'ik- vin'e- 
gar) , n. a powerful perfume composed 
of strong acetic acid, the essential oils 
of lavender, camphor, &c. 

aromatous (a-ro'ma-tus), adj. full of 
fragrance; aromatic. 

arose (a-roz'), P-t. of arise. 

around (a-round'), adv. in a circle; on 
every side ; roundabout : prep, about ; 
on all sides; encircling; encompass- 
ing. 

arousal (a-rou'zal), n. the act of 
awakening; the state of being awak- 
ened. 

arouse (a-rouz'), v.t. to excite or stir 
to action; put in motion that which 
is at rest; awaken from sleep or a 
state of inactivity; stimulate; ani- 
mate. 

arow (a-ro'), adv. in a row; in order; 
successively. 

arraign (a-ran'), v.t. to summon or set, 
as a prisoner at the bar of a court to 
answer to a charge; censure publicly; 
impeach; indict. 

arraignment (a-ran'ment) , n. an ac- 
cusation; an impeachment % 

arrange (a-ranj'), v.t. to put in proper 
order or sequence; classify; adjust or 
settle; adapt; group. 

arrangement (a-ranj 'ment), n. the 
act of putting in proper form or 
order; that which is ordered or dis- 
posed; the method or style of dispo- 
sition ; a preparatory measure ; prep- 
aration ; settlement ; classification ; 
adjustment ; adaptation. 

arrant (ar'ant), adj. notorious; unmiti- 
gated; thorough or downright (in a 
bad sense) ; shameless. 

arras (ar'as) , n. tapestry; hangings 
made of some rich figured fabric. 

arrasene or arasene (ar-as-sen') , n. a 
kind of mixed thread of wool and 
silk used in raised embroidery. 

array (ar-ra/), n. order; the grouping 
or arrangement of a body of men 
as drawn up for battle; an orderly 



collection or series of things impos* 
ingly displayed ; dress arranged on the 
person; apparel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, 
p.pr. -ing], to place or dispose in 
order; marshal; deck or dress. 

array al (ar-ra'al), n. the process of 
arraying. 

arrear (ar-rer'), n. the state of being 
behind-hand; that which is undone, 
outstanding, or unpaid. 

arrearage (ar-rer'aj), ji. the state or 
condition of being in arrears; that 
which remains unpaid and overdue 
after a previous payment. 

arrest (ar-resf), v.t. to stop or stay; 
check or hinder the action or motion 
of; seize, take, or apprehend by legal 
authority ; seize and fix, as the eye or 
attention: n. the act of seizing; stop- 
page or holding back by force or 
restraint; the state of being seized or 
detained by legal authority. 

arriere-ban (ar-ri-yar'ban) , n. the re- 
serve of the French National Guard. 

arris (ar'is) , n. the fine or edge in which 
two curved or straight surfaces of a 
body, forming an exterior angle, meet 
each other. 

arris- wise (ar'is-wiz), adv. diagonally 
laid, like tiles; ridge-wise. 

arrival (ar-ri'val), n. the act of coming 
to a place, or reaching a destination 
from a distance; attainment to' any 
object; the person or thing arriving, 
or which has arrived. 

arrive (ar-riv'), vA. to come to or 
reach, as a destination; reach a 
point or stage; gain or compass an 
object; attain to a state or result 
[with at]. 

arrogance (ar'ro-gans) , n. an undue 
degree of self-importance; an exor- 
bitant claim to dignity, rank, 01 
esteem; a lordly contempt of others. 

arrogant (ar'ro-gant) , adj. making ex- 
orbitant claims to dignity or esteem, 
by oresuming upon one's self-impor- 
tanoe ; overbearingly haughty. 

arrogate (ar'ro-gat), v.t. to assume 
or lay claim to unduly, or with pre- 
sumptuous pride 

arrogation (ar-ro-ga'shun) , n. the act 
of arrogating. 

arrow (ar'ro), n. a slender, pointed 
missile weapon, usually feathered and 
barbed, and made to be shot from a 
bow. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ARROW CHARACTERS 



54 



ARTICLE 



arrow characters (kar'ak-ters) , n.pl. 
the arrow-headed (cuneiform or 
wedge-shaped) _ characters of the As- 
syrian inscriptions. 

arrow-head (ar'ro-hed), n. the head or 
barb of an arrow; an aquatic plant 
so named from_its_ leaves. 

arrowroot (ar'ro-root) , n. a starch 
obtained from the rootstocks of sev- 
eral species of West Indian plants. 

arrow- wood (ar'ro-wood) , n. a wood of 
which the arrows of the Red Indians 
are made. 

arroyo (a-roi'o), n. [pi. arroyos (a-roi'- 
6z)], a watercourse or rivulet ; the dry 
bed of a small stream. [Spanish.] 

arsenal (ar'se-nal), n. a magazine for 
the storage of arms and military 
stores for land or naval service, or 
their manufacture. 

arsenic OVse-nik), n. an element of 
steel-gray color and brilliant luster, 
and exceedingly brittle, occurring 
usually in combination. 

arsenic (ar-sen'ik) m or arsenical 
('i-kal), adj. pertaining 1 to or con- 
taining arsenic. 

arsenious (ar-se'ni-us) , adj. pertaining 
to or containing arsenic. 

arsenite (ar'sen-it) , n. a salt of arseni- 
ous acid. 

arsis (ar'sis) , n. that part of a foot upon 
which the metrical accent is now 
placed. Formerly it was defined in ex- 
actly the opposite way. (See thesis.) 

arson (ar'sn), n. the malicious firing of 
any building, agricultural produce, 
ship, &c, belonging to another, or 
one's own property, with the intent 
to defraud an insurance office. 

art (art), 2nd pers. sing, indie, mood, 
pres. tense, oi the verb to be. [Art is 
used only in solemn or poetic style.] 
(See be.) 

art (art), n. the employment of means 
to the accomplishment of some end; 
the skilful adaptation and applica- 
tion to some purpose or use of 
knowledge or power acquired from 
Nature; a system of rules and estab- 
lished methods to facilitate the per- 
formance of certain actions; famil- 
iarity with such principles, and skill 
in applying ohem to an end or 
purpose, as of a piactical, useful, or 
technical character: opposed to sci- 
ence; one of the fine arts; the fine 



arts collectively; the power or qual- 
ity of perceiving and transcribing the 
beautiful or sesthetical in Nature, as 
in painting or sculpture; practical 
skill; dexterity; knack; cunning; 
artifice: pi. the branches of learning 
included in the prescribed course of 
academic study. 

arterial (ar-ter'i-al) , adj. pertaining to 
an artery or the arteries; contained 
in an artery. 

arteriaiization (ar-ter-i-al-i-za'shun) ,. 
n. the process of converting venous 
blood into arterial blood. 

arterfalize (ar-ter'i-al-iz), v.t. to con- 
vert as venous blood into arterial 
blood by exposure to oxygen in the 
lungs. 

arteriology (ar-te-ri-ol'o-ji), n. a scien- 
tific discussion of the arteries. 

arteriosclerosis (ar-te'ri-o'skle-ro'sis) , 
n. progressive thickening of the walls 
of the arteries, frequently accom- 
panied by pulse of high tension and 
enlargement of the heart, character- 
istic of old age and also caused by in- 
temperance in food and drink. 

arteriotomy (ar-ter-i-ot'o-mi) , n. the 
opening of an artery; the part of 
anatomy treating of the dissection 
of the arteries. 

artery (ar'ter-i), n. [pi. arteries (ar'« 
ter-iz)], one of a system of tubes or 
vessels which convey the blood from 
the heart to all parts of the body. 

artesian well (ar-te'zhan wel), n. a 
well formed by boring, often to great 
depth, through strata which permit 
of the accumulation of water; the 
water rises by pressure in the tube 
and overflows at the surface. 

artful (art'fool), adj. cunning; skilful. 

artfully (art'fool-li), adv. in a cunning 
or skilful manner. 

arthritis (ar-thri'tis), n. any inflam= 
mation of the joints; the gout. 

artichoke (ar'ti-chok) , n. sl thistle-like 
plant (Cynara Scolymus) bearing 
flower-heads with a fleshy receptacle 
used as food; Jerusalem artichoke, 
the edible tuberous rooc of an Amer- 
ican sunflower (Heiianthus tuberosuc). 

article (Si'iA-kl), n. a distinct portion 
or member; a single clause, item, or 
particular, as in a formal agreement 
or treaty; a concise statement; a 
prose composition, complete, in itself, 



ate, arm, at, *».w! ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ;. 

hue r hut ; think, then. 



ARTICULAR 



55 



ASCEND 



in a newspaper, magazine, or work of 
reference ; a material thing, as one ot 
a class; an item; a point of duty. 
faith, or doctrine; one of thewoi-U 
(an [a before consonant -sounds], the 
indefinite article, and the one 
definite article [see a, an <y the]) used 
before nouns or substantives to 
define or limit their application; a 
jointed segment connecting two 
parts of a limb or body: v.t. to bind 
by articles of covenant or stipulation; 
specify. 

articular (ar-tik'u-lar), adj. pertaining 
to the joints or to ajoint. 

articulate (ar-tik'u-lat), v.t. to joint; 
unite by means of a joint; to form 
words; utter in distinct syllables; 
speak as a human being: v.i. to unite 
or form an articulation (with) ; utter 
articulate sounds; speak with dis- 
tinctness: adj. jointed; formed w»th 
joints; segmented; characterized by 
syllabic division; uttered with dis- 
tinctness. 

articulation (ar-tik-u-la/shun) , n. the 
act of jointing; the act of speaking 
distinctly; a distinct utterance; the 
state of being articulated; a joint or 
juncture between bones; the point 
of separation of organ3 or parts of a 
plant ; a node or joint of the stem, or 
the space between two nodes. 

articulator (ar-tik'u-la-ter), n. one 
who pronounces distinctly; an in- 
strument to cure stammering; an 
apparatus attached to a telephone to 
secure regularity of tone; one who 
mounts skeletons. 

artifice (ar'ti-fis), n. an artful or crafty 
device; an ingenious expedient; a 
trick or stratagem; a manoeuvre. 

artificer (ar-tif'i-ser), n. a skilled or 
artistic worker ; a mechanic ; a maker 
or constructor; an inventor. 

artificial (ar-ti-fish'al), adj. made or 
contrived by art; produced by hu- 
man skill or labor; feigned; unreal; 
assumed; affected; not genuine or 
natural. 

artificiality (ar-ti-fish-i-al'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being unreal or unnatural; 
that which is artificial. 

artificially ( ar-ti-fish'a-li) , adv. by 
human skill or contrivance. 

artillery (ar-til'ler-i) , n. cannon; great 
guns; ordnance of all kinds, with its 



equipment of carr^ges, men, ana 
material ■ the officers and men form- 
. ng the artillery division of an army \ 
•'■he science which treats of the use o? 
management oi ordnance. 

artisan (ar'ti-zan), n. one skilled ir, 
any art or trade; a mechanic: s 
handicraftsman. 

artist (aVtist), one skilled in anj 
branch of high art, as music, paints 
ing, sculpture, poetry, &c. 

artiste (ar-tesf), n. one who is an 
expert in any branch of professional 
art other than the fine arts, as a 
public singer, cook, &c. [French.] 

artistic (ar-tis'tik) , adj. pertaining tc 
art or to artists; characterized by 
aesthetic feeling or conformity to the 
principles of a school of art. 

artistically (ar-tis'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a 
manner conformable to the rules and 
principles of art. 

artistry (ar'tis-tri), n. the quality Gf 
an artist. 

artless (artles), adj. lacking art; um 
skilful; devoid of cunning; simple; 
natural ; undesigning ; unaffected ; 
ingenuous. 

Aryan (ar'yan), adj. pertaining to the 
Aryans {i.e. the Indo-Europeans) , 01 
to their languages. (See Introduc- 
tion, part ii.) 

as (az), conjunct.adv. proportionate to; 
comparable to; like. 

as (as), n. [pi. asses (as'sez)], a Roman 
weight equivalent to the libra 01 
pound. 

asaf etida or asaf oetida (as-a-f et'i-da) , 
n. a fetid sap of an onion-like odor 
obtained from the roots of several 
large umbelliferous plants of Persia 
and Afghanistan, and used by the 
natives of those countries to season 
their food. 

asbestos (as-bes'tos) or asbestus 
('tus), n. a fibrous variety of horn- 
blende, separable into flexible fila- 
ments and flax-like appearance and 
silky luster, and possessing the prop- 
erty of being incombustible. 

ascend '(as-send'), v.i. to take an ur> 
ward direction; mount; go up; rise- 
to proceed from an inferior to a su- 
perior; rise from a lower to a higher 
pitch or tone: v.t. to go or move 
upward upon; climb; go upward 
along. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book \ 

hue, hut : think, then 



ASCENDABLE 



56 



ASKANCE 



ascomdable (as-sen'da-bl) or ascen- 
dible (as-sen'di-bl), adj. capable of 
being climbed or navigated. 

ascendancy (as-sen'dan-si) or ascen- 
dency (as-sen'den-si), n. a governing 
or controlling power or influence; 
domination. 

ascendant (as-sen'dant) or ascendent 
(as-sen'dent), adj. rising; superior; 
predominant; above the horizon: n. 
superiority or commanding influence; 
predominance; an ancestor, or one 
who precedes in genealogy or degrees 
of kindred; opposed to descendant; 
the particular zodiacal sign appearing 
above the horizon at the time of one's 
birth. 

ascension (as-sen'shun) , n. the act of 
moving upward; a rising; the ascent 
of our Lord to heaven; the rising of 
a star or point above the celestial 
horizon. 

Ascension Day (da), n. a movable 
feast to commemorate Christ's as- 
cension into heaven, celebrated on 
the Thursday next but one before 
Whit-Sunday: also called Holy 
Thursday. 

ascent (as-sent'), n. the act of rising; 
an upward movement; the act of 
climbing; the way or means of reach- 
ing a height ; an acclivity ; an upward 
slope. 

ascertain (as-ser-tan') , v.t. to make 
certain; find out or determine defi- 
nitely by test or examination. 

ascertainment (as-ser-tan'ment) , n. 
the act of ascertaining. 

ascetic (as-set'ik), adj. exceedingly 
rigid in the exercise of religious du- 
ties and mortification of worldly 
desires: n. one who renounces the 
world and devotes himself to reli- 
gious exercises; one who subjects 
himself to severe disciplinary meth- 
ods of living; a hermit; a recluse. 

ascetically (as-set'i-ka-li) , adv. in an 
ascetical manner. 

asceticism (as-set 'i-sizm) , n. the con- 
dition or mode of life adopted by 
one who renounces worldly matters; 
austerity. 

ascribable (a-skri'ba-bl) , adj. capable 
of being attributed or imputed. 

ascribe (a-skrib'), v.t. to attribute, 
impute, or refer; assign; attribute. 

ascription (a-skrip'shun) , n. the act 



of attributing or imputing; that 
which is assigned. 

aseptic (a-sep'tik), adj. free from the 
germs of disease or putrefaction; 
not liable to putrefy: an aseptic 
substance. 

asexual (a-seks'fi-al) , adj. not sexual; 
produced by other than sexual proc- 
esses. 

asexually (a-seks'ti-a-li) , adv. in a 
manner other than by conjunction 
of the sexes: applied to reproduction. 

ash (ash), n. the name popularly ap- 
plied to trees of the genus Fraxinus, 
many of which supply valuable tim- 
ber; the wood of the ash-tree: adj. 
pertaining to, or like, the ash; made 
of ash. 

ash (ash), n. [pi. ashes (ash'ez)], the 
residue of plant or animal substance 
remaining after subjection to red- 
heat: pi. the waste of burned coal; 
the remains of a human body when 
cremated; hence a corpse. 

ashamed (a-shamd'), p. adj. affected 
or touched by shame; cast down or 
dejected by conscious guilt; abashed 
by a sense of indecorum; reluctant 
through fear of shame [followed by 
an infinitive]. 

ashen (ash'n), adj. pertaining to the 
ash-tree; made of ash; of the color 
of ashes; pale. 

ashore (a-shor'), adv. on shore; to the 
shore; on land. 

aside (a-sid')» adv. on or to one side; 
out of a given direction ; apart ; away 
from: n. a speech or utterance not 
intended for the present company; 
a remark made by an actor on the 
stage, and assumed to be heard only 
by the person for whom it is in- 
tended. 

asinine (as'i-nin), adj. pertaining to 
the ass; having the nature or charac- 
teristics of an ass.- ' 

asininity (as-i-nin'i-ti) , n. the quality 
of being asinine; obstinate stupidity. 

ask (ask), v.t. to request; seek to obtain 
by words; petition or beg for; claim 
or demand ; expect or require ; inquire 
respecting; interrogate; invite: v.i. to 
prefer by request; inquire after. 

askance (a-skans') or askant (a- 
skant'), adv. sideways; obliquely; 
awry; from the corner of the eye; 
aslant. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ASKEW 



57 



ASSASSIN 



askew (a-sku'), adv. obliquely; awry; 
out of position or arrangement. 

aslant (a-slant'), adv. not at right 
angles; sloping; oblique; slanting; 
athwart. 

asleep (a-slep'), adj. & adv. sleeping; 
in a state of slumber; dormant. 

aslope (a-slop') , adv. in a sloping direc- 
tion. 

asoak (a-sok'), adv. in a state of satu- 
ration or soaked with moisture. 

asp (asp), n. a small venomous snake 
of Egypt; the common viper, or 
adder, of Europe; a royal symbol of 
ancient Egypt. 

asparagus (as-par'a-gus), n. a plant 
having tender edible shoots. 

aspect (as'peckt), n. visual or mental 
appearance; look; mien; air; outlook 
or prospect; the relative position of 
the plantts as viewed from the earth; 
appearance. 

aspen (as'pen), n. a species of poplar 
whose leaves have the property of 
trembling in the slightest breeze; adj. 
pertaining to the asp-tree; quivering 
like an aspen-leaf. 

asper (as'per), adj. rugged; hard; war- 
like: n. the mark (') in Greek, to 
indicate the j-ough breathing, or 
aspirate sownded like an h. 

asperity (as-per'i-ti) , n. [pi. asperities 
(as-per'i-tiz)], roughness of surface; 
roughness or harshness of sound; 
sourness; bitterness of taste or tem- 
per. 

aspermous (a-sper'mus) , adj. without 
seed; not producing seed. 

asperse (as-pers'), v.t. to besprinkle; 
injure in reputation by calumny; 
slander. 

aspersion (as-per'shun) , n. a, sprink- 
ling as of dust or water; injury by 
false and caluminous charges or re- 
ports ; ^slander. 

asphalt (as'falt), n. a compact, brittle 
variety of native bitumen, employed 
for the purpose of paving, roofing, 
and cementing: v.t. to lay or cover 
with asphalt. 

asphaltic (as-fal'tik), adj. of the na- 
ture of, composed of, or containing 
asphalt . 

asphodel (as'fo-del), n. the name of 
several plants of the liliaceous genus 
Asphodelus ; the daffodil of the older 
English poets; the unfading plant of 



the dead, which covered the meadows 
of Hades. 

asphyxia (as-fik'si-a) , n. the condition 
of lifelessness occasioned by suspen- 
sion or interruption of respiration. 

asphyxiating gas (as-fik'si-a-ting gas) , 
n. a lethal gas propelled against an 
enemy's lines. First used in 1915. 

aspic (as'pik) , n. a venomous asp ; the 
plant known as the great lavender; 
a side-dish of game, fish, &c, encased 
in clear savory meat-jelly. 

aspirant (as-pi'rant) , adj. aspiring; 
ambitious: n. one who seeks to at- 
tain, or aspires to, a high object. 

aspirate (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pronounce 
with a full breathing; to prefix the 
sound of the letter h : n. the sound of 
the letter k, as in horse; the sign used 
to denote the sound: in English, the 
rough mutes, those letters which have 
an h associated with them, as p, t, c, 
making ph, th, ch: adj. pronounced 
with the audible breath. 

aspiration (as-pi-ra'shun) , n. the act 
of aspirating; an aspirated sound; 
a breath; the yearning desire for 
something higher or better than that 
already possessed; ambition. 

aspiratory (as-pl'ra-to-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to breathing; suited to the 
inhaling of air. 

aspire (as-pir'), v.i. to seek after or 
desire with longing; yearn for that 
which is better or nobler; rise or 
ascend; to soar: v.t. to breathe to, 
or into; breathe forth; soar to. 

asquint (a-skwint'), adv. with a squint ; 
to or out of the corner of the eye; 
obliquely. 

ass (as), n. a quadruped of the genus 
Equis, allied ^to the horse, usually 
employed in its domesticated state 
as a beast of burden* dull, stupid 
fellow. 

assafcetida. See asafetida. 

assail (as-sal'), v.t. to fall upon or 
attack with vehemence; attack with 
argument or abuse. 

assailant (as-sa/lant), adj. assaulting; 
attacking: n. one who, or that which, 
assails. 

assassin (as-sas'sin), n. one who slays 
treacherously or by covert assault; 
one who kills, or attempts to kill, 
secretly as the agent of another or 
others, or for reward; formerly one 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
7 hue, hut ; think, then. 



ASSASSINATE 



-58 



ASSIBILATION 



of a band of Syrian fanatics (hash- 
hashin), who committed murder at 
the command of their chief, in the 
hope of winning heaven. 

Assassinate (as-sas'si-nat) , v.t. to kill, 
or attempt to kill, by secret or 
treacherous means; slay suddenly or 
unawares; murder. 

assassination (as-sas-i-na'shun) , n. 
the act of slaying in secret, or at the 
bidding or reward of others ; murder. 

assault (as-sawlt'), n. an attack with 
violence by physical means; an on- 
slaught ; an attack by military force ; 
a violent attack by moral force; an 
attempt or threat to do bodily 
violence or injury to another; the 
charge of an attacking party on a 
fortified position: v.t. to attack vio- 
lently; storm, as by armed force; 
attack by moral force ; attack a forti- 
fied position by a sudden charge. 

assay (as-sa/), n. the act or process of 
determining by analysis the quan- 
tity or proportion of any one or 
more metals in a metallic compound, 
ore, or alloy, especially the standard 
purity of gold or silver coin or bul- 
lion; the substance or metal to be 
assayed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
-ing], to subject to analysis; to de- 
termine the quantity or proportion 
of one or more of the constituents of 
a metal. 

assayer (as-sa'er), n. one who assays; 
an officer of the U. S. Mint appointed 
to test the purity of bullion and coin. 

assemblage (as-sem'blaj), n. the act 
of assembling; the state of being 
assembled; a group or collection of 
persons or particular things. 

assemble (as-sem'bl), v.t. to collect 
or gather together in one place or 
body; congregate: v.i. to meet or 
come together; convene. 

assembly (as-sem'bli) , n. [pi. assem- 
blies (as-sem'bliz)], a collection or 
company of persons brought together 
in one place, and for a common ob- 
ject; a meeting; a congregation. 

assemblyman (as-sem'bli-man) , n. a 
member of a legislative assembly. 

assent (as-sent'), v.i. to admit as true; 
concede; agree to; consent: n. the 
act of agreeing to; consent; acquies- 
cence; approval; concurrence. 

assentation (as-sen-ta'shun) , n. com- 



pliance with the opinion of another, 
in flattery or obsequiousness. 

assentient (as-sen'shi-ent) , adj.- as- 
senting: n. one who assents. 

assert (as-sert') ,v.t. to maintain ; declare 
positively, or with assurance; aver; 
affirm; defend or vindicate ; declare. 

assertion (as-ser'shun) , n. the act of 
asserting; that which is asserted; 
positive declaration; allegation; 
maintenance or defense. _ 

assertive (as-ser'tiv) , adj. positive; 
dogmatical; confident in assertion. 

assertor (as-ser'ter) , n. one who asserts ; 
one who maintains or defends. 

assertory (as-ser'to-ri), adj. affirming; 
supporting. 

assess (as-ses'), v.t. to fix or determine, 
as damages ; fix, rate, or set a certain 
charge upon, as a tax; estimate or 
value officially for the purpose of 
taxation. 

assessed taxes (as-sest' taks'ez), n.pl. 
taxes levied on income, houses, and 
property. 

assessment (as-ses'ment) , n. the act 
of assessing or determining an 
amount to be paid; an official 
valuation of property, or income, 
for the purpose of taxation; the 
specific sum levied as tax, or as- 
sessed for damages. 

assessor (as-ses'er), n. one appointed 
to assess property or persons for 
taxation. 

assessorial (as-ses-so'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to an assessor. 

assets (as'sets), n.pl. the property, 
whether real or personal, of a de- 
ceased person which is subject by 
law to the discharge of his debts and 
legacies ; the property or effects of an 
insolvent debtor which are available 
for the satisfaction of his creditors; 
the entire property of a trader or 
company of traders ._ 

asseverate (as-sev'er-at) , v.t. to affirm 
or aver positively, or with solemnity. 

asseveration (as-sev-er-a'shun) , n. a 
solemn affirmation or declaration, as 
upon oath. 

assibilate ( as-sib 'i-lat), v.t. to pro- 
nounce with a hissing sound ; to alter 
another letter to a sibilant, as EnglisL 
out is the German aus. 

assibilation (as-sib-i-la/shun) , n. pi^ 
nunciation with a hissing sound ; the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i 

hue, hut; think, then. 



ASSIDUITY 



59 



ASSORT 



change of a dental or guttural mute 
into a sibilant or a similar sound. 

assiduity (as-si-du'i-ti), n. [pi. assidu- 
ities (as-si-du'i-tiz)], close applica- 
tion or unremitting attention to; 
diligence: pi. studied and persevering 
attention to please. 

assiduous (as-sid'u-us) , adj. constant 
in application; devotedly attentive. 

assign (as-sin'), v.t. to appoint, mark 
out, apportion, make over; fix; desig- 
nate for a specific purpose ; point out 
exactly; to transfer or make over to 
another, as for the benefit of credi- 
tors : n. an appurtenance ; one to whom 
property or interest is assigned by 
will or deed. 

assignat (French a-se-nya'), n. a 
promissory note issued by the French 
Revolutionary Government (1789- 
96), and secured by the public lands, 
&c. 

assignation (as-ig-na'shun) , n. the act 
of assigning ; an appointment to meet 
[used chiefly of love-meetings and in 
a bad sense] ; the transfer of title, or 
the deed of transferment. 

assignee (as-si-ne'), n. one to whom 
an assignment of anything is made, 
either in trust or for his own use and 
enjoyment. 

assignment (as-sm'ment) , n. a setting 
apart, allotment, or appointment to 
some particular person or use ; trans- 
fer of title or interest; the deed of 
writing effecting such a transfer. 

assignor (as-si'nor), n. one who assigns 
or transfers an interest. 

assimilable (as*, im'i-la-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being assimilated. 

assimilate (as-sim'i-lat), v.t. to bring 
into conformity or agreement _ with 
something else; convert or incor- 
porate into organic substance; ab- 
sorb or appropriate, as nourishment: 
v.i. to be converted into or become 
incorporated with the substance of 
the animal body. 

assimilation (as-sim-i-la/shun) , n. the 
act or process of assimilating; the 
state of being assimilated. So in 
English we have colateral (con- 
lateral), _ becoming collateral by 
assimilation. 

assimilative (as-sim'i-la-tiv) , adj. hav- 
ing the power of assimilating, or 
causing assimilation. 



assist (as-sist'), v.t. to help; aid; give 
support to; attend: v.i. to lend help 
or aid. 

assistance (as-sis'tans), n. help; fur- 
therance; aid; succor; support. 

assistant (as-sis'tant), adj. helping; 
lending aid; auxiliary: n. one who, 
or that which, assists; a helper; an 
auxiliary. 

assistful (as-sist'fool) , adj. helpful. 

assize (as-siz'), n. [pi. assizes (as-siz'ez)], 
a court or session of justice for the trial 
by jury of civil or criminal cases ; the 
sessions held periodically in each 
county of England by judges of the 
High Court [usually in the pi.]; the 
time or place of holding the assize 
[usually in the pi.]. 

assizement (as-slz'ment), n. an in- 
spection of weights and measures, 
enacted by statute. 

assizer or assizor (as-si'zer), n. a 
juror. 

associate (as-so'shi-at), v.t. to unite; 
join with; connect; accompany, as 
a companion, friend, or confederate: 
v.i. to unite in company; keep com- 
pany; unite in action" adj. 'joined in 
interest, object, or purpose; sharing 
office or employment, as a colleague 
or partner; connected by habit, 
function, or sympathy: n. a com- 
panion; a confederate; an ally; one 
belonging to a society or institution, 
usually of a lower grade than a Mem- 
ber or Fellow. 

association (as-so-shi-a/shun) , n. the 
act of associating or state of being 
associated; union; conjunction; an 
associate body of persons formed for 
a common object; a society. 

associative (as-so'shi-a-tiv) , adj. tend- 
ing to or characterized by associa- 
tion. 

assonance (as'so-nans) , n. resem- 
blance of sound; a species of rhyme 
which consists in the use of the same 
vowel-sound in the last syllable of 
words having different consonants. 
Assonance is common in Spanish 
poetry in place of rhyme. 

assonant (as'so-nant), adj. having 
resemblance of sound; pertaining 
to, or possessing, assonance. 

assort (as-sort'), v.t. to divide or 
separate into lots according to ar- 
rangement; to classify; arrange: 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ASSORTMENT 



60 



ASTHMA 



v.i. to agree; suit; be in accordance 
with. 

assortment (as-sort'ment) , n..the act 
of assorting or placing out; a classi- 
fied collection of articles or goods of 
a varied character. 

assuade (as-swad'), v.t. to present, as 
advice; urge persuasively. 

assuage (as-swaj'), v.t. to soften; 
mitigate, allay, lessen, satisfy, or 
appease. 

assuagement (as-swaj 'ment), n. miti- 
gation; a lenitive application or 
medicine. 

assume (as-sum/), v.t. to take to; 
take in or into; take upon one's 
self; arrogate or appropriate; take 
for granted; take in appearance; 
pretend to possess: v.i. to be arro- 
gant; presume; claim more than is 
one's due; give a legal undertaking; 
pretend; usurp. 

assumpsit (as-sump'sit) , n. a verbal 
or unsealed contract based on a con- 
sideration; an action to enforce such 
a contract. [Latin.] 

assumption (as-sump'shun) , n. the 
act of assuming or taking to or upon 
one's self; taking for granted; the 
thing supposed; a postulate; the 
taking up of a person to heaven; 
a verbal or unsealed contract. 

assumptive (as-sump'tiv), adj. as- 
sumed, or capable of assumption. 

assurable (a-shur'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being assured or insured. 

assurance (a-shur'ans) , n. the act of 
assuring; an earnest or testimony 
intended or tending to elicit or in- 
spire confidence ; certain expecta- 
tion ; confidence ; self-possession ; self- 
reliance; impudence; a deed or other 
legal evidence of a conveyance of 
property; a security or contract to 
make good a loss, or pay over a 
sum at death or at some determined 
age. 

assure (a-shur'), v.t. to make sure or 
certain; to inspire confidence by 
declaration or promise; secure to 
another; insure, or covenant for in- 
demnity in event of loss or death. 

assured (a-shurdO, p. adj. made cer- 
tain; guaranteed; self-possessed; in- 
sured: n. a person insured. 

assuredly (a-shur'ed-li) , adv. certainly; 
with assurance. 



assuredness (a-shur'ed-nes) , n. cer- 
tainty; full confidence. 

assurer (a-shur'er), n. one who as- 
sures. 

Assyrian (as-sir'i-an) , adj. pertaining 
to Assyria or to its inhabitants. 

Assyriology (as-sir-i-ol'o-ji) , n. the 
science or study of the language and 
antiquities of Assyria. 

astatic (a-stat'ik), adj. without po- 
larity. 

astatically (a-stat'i-ka-li) , adv. in an 
astatic manner. 

a&taticism (a-stat'i-sizm) , n. the state 
of being astatic. 

astay (a-sta/), adv. said of an anchor 
when, on heaving it, the cable makes 
an acute angle with the level of the 
water. 

Aster (as'ter), n. a genus of flowering- 
plants with rosette-shaped flowers, 
to which the Michaelmas-daisy be- 
longs. 

aster, n. any plant of the genus Aster. 

asterial (as-te'ri-al) , adj. connected 
with, or related to, the stars. 

asteriated (as-te'ri-a-ted) , adj. radi- 
ated; having the form of a star. 

asterisk (as'ter-isk) , n. the mark (*) 
used in printing as a reference to a 
marginal passage or footnote ap- 
pended to the text, or to indicate 
letters or words omitted (***): v.t. 
to mark with an asterisk. 

asterism (as'ter-izm) , n. a group or 
cluster of stars ; three asterisks placed 
in the form of a triangle [* ** or ** *] 
to direct attention to a particular 
passage; the star-like appearance in 
certain crystals. 

astern (a-stern'), adj. & adv. at or 
toward the hinder part of a ship; 
behind a ship. 

asternal (a-ster'nal) , adj. not joined 
to the sternum or breastbone: said 
of ribs. 

asteroid (as'ter-oid) , adj. star-like; 
star-shaped: n. one of the small 
planets whose orbits lie between 
those of Mars and Jupiter; a minor 
planet. 

asthenia (as-the'ni-a) , n. debility. 

asthenic (as-then'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or characterized by, asthenia; 
feeble. 

asthma (ast'ma & as'ma), n. a respir- 
atory disease, chronically recurrent 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ASTHMATIC 



61 



ASTRONOMIC 



and attended by difficulty of breath- 
ing, with a wheezing cough and a 
sense of great constriction in the chest. 

asthmatic (as-mat'ik) or asthmat- 
ical (as-mat'i-kal) , adj. pertaining 
to asthma; affected by asthma: n. 
a person suffering from the disease. 

asthmatically (as-mat 'i-ka-li), adv. in 
an asthmatical manner. 

astigmatic (as-tig-mat'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, affected with, or curing 
astigmatism. 

astigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm) , n. a de- 
fect in the structure of the eye causing 
variation of the focus of the crystal- 
line lens. 

astir (a-ster'), adv. or adj. on the move; 
active; stirring. 

astomatous (as-tom'a-tus) or asto- 
mous (as'to-mus), adj. destitute of 
a mouth; without breathing pores. 

astonish (as-ton'ish) , v.t. to strike 
with sudden wonder; surprise; 
amaze. 

astonishment (as-ton'ish-ment) , n. 
the state of being astonished; amaze- 
ment. 

astound (as-toundO, v.t. to strike 
with amazement; shock; alarm; 
stun. 

astraddle (a-strad'l), adv. with one 
leg on each side of something; 
astride. 

astragal (as'tra-gal) , n. a small 
molding or bead of semicircular 
form: called also a roundel; the 
astragalus ; the circular molding near 
the mouth of a cannon. 

astragalus (as-trag'al-us) , n. [pi. 
astragali (as-trag'a-ll)], the ball of 
the ankle-joint; the lower bone into 
which the tibia articulates. 

astrakhan (as'tra-kan), n. the skins 
of young lambs with curly wool, ob- 
tained from Astrakhan, a district 
in Russia; an imitation with a pile 
resembling this wool or fur. 

astral (as'tral), adj. pertaining to the 
stars; starry; star-shaped; pertaining 
to a super-sensible substance pre- 
sumed by occulists to pervade the 
regions of space and to enter into the 
composition of all bodies. 

astral body (bod'i), n. a kind of 
ethereal body said by the occultists 
to be capable of projection to a dis- 
tance, and to possess the power of 



occupying two places at the same 
instant; a ghost or double. 

astral lamp (lamp), n. a lamp similar 
to an Argand lamp, giving an unin- 
terrupted light. 

astral spirits (spir ; itz), n.pl. spirits 
formerly supposed to inhabit the 
stars, and represented as fallen angels 
or spirits of fire. 

astray (a-stra/), adv. out of the right 
way; wandering. 

astride (a-strid'), adv. with the legs 
wide apart; astraddle. 

astringency (as-trin'j en-si), n. the 
quality of being astringent; harsh- 
ness; severity. 

astringent (as-trin'jent), adj. binding; 
contracting, opposed to laxative: n. 
a substance or medicine that pro- 
duces contraction of the tissues and 
checks discharges J 

astrolabe (as'tro-lab) , n. an instru- 
ment formerly employed for taking 
the altitude of the sun or stars; a 
stereographic projection of the sphere 
on the plane of the equator or a 
meridian. 

astrologer (as-trol'o-jer), n. one who 
professes to forecast events by means 
of the stars. 

astrological (as-tro-loj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to astrology, or the practice 
of astrology. 

astrologically (as-tro-loj 'i-ka-li), adv. 
in an astrological manner; according 
to astrology. 

astrology (as-trol'o-ji) , n. predestina- 
tion by the stars; the art anciently 
pursued of foretelling or forecasting 
the future of mankind, by reference 
to the influence supposed to be 
exerted by the stars in their various 
aspects and relative positions upon 
the course of human destiny. [Greek.] 

astrometer (as-trom'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for ascertaining and 
comparing the relative magnitude 
and luster of the stars. 

astronomer (as-tron'o-mer) , n. one 
who studies, or is versed in, astron- 
omy. 

Astronomer Royal (roi'al), n. the 
official title of the astronomer in 
charge of a royal observatory in 
Great Britain and other parts of the 
British Empire. 

astronomic (as-tro-nom'ik) or astro- 



,ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book"; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 




ASTRONOMICAL 



62 



ATHLETICS 



nomical (as-tro-nom'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to astronomy, or according 
to astronomical laws. 

astronomical clock (klok), n. a clock 
which keeps sidereal time. 

astronomical signs (sinz), n.pl. the 
signs of the zodiac. 

astronomical year (yer), n. a year 
the length of which is determined by 
astronomical observations. 

astronomically (as-tro-nom'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in an astronomical manner. 

astronomy (as-tron'o-mi) , n. the 
study of the heavenly bodies; the 
science which treats of their mag- 
nitude, motions, relative positions, 
and all connective phenomena. 

astrophotography (as-tro-fo-tog'ra- 
fi), n. photography applied to the 
delineation of the heavenly bodies. 

astrophotometer (as-tro-fo-tom'e- 
ter), n. an instrument for measuring 
the intensity of the light of stars. 

astrophys*caI (as-tro-fiz'i-kal) , adj. 
pertaining to the physical structure 
of the stars. 

astute (as-tut'), adj. shrewd; keenly 
penetrating; sagacious; cunning; 
crafty. 

asunder (a-sun'der), adv. apart; sepa- 
rately; into parts. 

aswail (as'wal), n. the sloth-bear of 
India. 

asylum (a-si'lum), n. [pi. asylums 
(a-si'lumz)], a sanctuary or place of 
refuge wherein formerly criminals 
and debtors might find immunity 
from arrest; an institution for the 
care or relief of the aged, destitute, 
or afflicted. 

asymmetrical (a-si-met/ri-kal), adj. 
not symmetrical; disproportionate. 

asymmetrically (a-si-met'ri-ka-li), 
adv. not symmetrical. 

asymmetry (a-sim'e-tri) , n. lack of 
symmetry or proportion between the 
parts of a thing. 

asyndeton (a-sin'de-ton) , n. a figure 
of speech which omits connectives, 
as "I came, I saw, I conquered." 
The same as parataxis. 

atavism (at'a-vizm), n. the reversion, 
or tendency to revert, to the ances- 
tral type of a species; resemblance 
to a remote ancestor, exhibited by 
a certain organism; the recurrence 
of any peculiarity or disease from 



which an ancestor in remote genera- 
tions has suffered. 

atavistic (at-a-vis'tik) , adj. of, or per- 
taining to, atavism. 

ataxia (a-tak'si-a) , n. irregularities in 
the functions of the body or in the 
course of a disease. 

ataxiagraph (a-taks'i-a-graf), n. an 
instrument for recording by curve3 
and lines the irregularities caused by 
ataxia. 

ataxic (a-tak'sik), adj. pertaining to, 
or characterized by, ataxia. 

ataxic fever (fe'ver), n. typhus fever 
of a malignant type. 

ate (at), p.t. of eat. 

atelier (a-tel-ya/), n. a workshop; 
the studio of a painter or sculptor. 
[French .] 

atheism (a'the-izm) , n. disbelief in the 
existence of a God. 

atheist (a'the-ist), n. one who dis- 
believes or denies the existence of a 
God. [Greek.] 

atheistic (a-the-is'tik) , adj. pertaining 
to, containing, or implying atheism. 

atheistically ( a-t he-is 'ti-ka-li ) , adv. in 
an atheisticmanner ; impiously. 

Athene (a-the'ne), n. a Greek goddess 
corresponding to the Roman Min- 
erva. 

atheneum, athenaeum (ath-e-ne'- 
um), n. [pi. atheneums _ (ath-e-ne'- 
umz) & athenaea (ath-e-ne'a)], an in- 
stitution, club, or building devoted 
to the purposes or study of literature, 
science and art. 

athermanous (a-ther'ma-nus) , adj. 
impervious to radiant heat. 

athirst (a-therst'), adj. thirsty; in 
want of drink. 

athlete (ath'let), n. a competitor for 
a prize in public games; one trained 
to contend in feats of physical 
prowess; one possessed of great 
physical strength'. [Greek.] 

athletic (ath-let'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to athletes, or their performances; 
strong; robust; vigorous; muscular. 

athletically (ath-let'i-ka-li), adv. in an 
athletic manner. 

athleticism (ath-let'i-sizm), n. the 
practice of athletic games or exercises. 

athletics (ath-let'iks), n. any system 
of athletic training by gymnastic 
exercises or outdoor sports; athletic 
exercises collectively. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ATHWART 



63 



ATRIUM 



athwart (a-thwawrt') , vrep. across; 
from side to side: adv. crosswise; 
obliquely ; across the course or direc- 
tion of a ship. 

athwart- ships ( a-thwawrt 'ships) , adv. 
phr. across a ship from one side to 
the other. 

atilt (a-tilt'), adv. & adj. in the posi- 
tion or with the action of a person 
making a thrust; tilted. 

Atlantes (at-lan'tez), n.pl. figures or 
half-figures of men, used in place of 
columns or pilasters to support an 
entablature. 

atlas (at 'las), n. [pi. atlases (at'las-ez)], 
a collection of maps in a volume; 
a work in tabulated form; a large 
size of drawing-paper. 

atlas-powder (at'las-pou'der) , n. a 
powerful nitro-glycerine blasting 
compound. 

atmidometer (at-mi-dom'e-ter), n, 
an instrument for measuring the 
evaporation from ice, snow, or 
water. [Greek.] 

atmology (at-mol'o-ji), n. the science 
of aqueous vapor, its laws and 
phenomena. 

atmometer (at-mom'e-ter), n. ar» 
instrument for measuring the rate 
and amount of evaporation from 
a moist surface. 

atmosphere (at'mos-f er) , n. the aeri- 
form fluid surrounding the earth, 
composed of a mechanical mixture 
of 79 parts by volume of nitrogen 
with 21 parts of oxygen, and a 
trace of carbonic acid and argon, 
with a varying proportion of aque- 
ous vapor, ammonia, ozone, and 
organic matter ; the gaseous envelope 
surrounding any of the heavenly 
bodies; the influence, mental and 
moral, exerted on a person by his 
environment. [Greek.] 

atmospheric (at-mos-fer'ik) or at- 
mospherical (at-mos-f er'i-kal) , adj. 
pertaining to, resembling, or consist- 
ing of, existing in, or dependent 
upon, the atmosphere. 

atmospheric pressure (presh'er), n. 
the pressure exerted in every direc- 
tion upon a body by the atmosphere; 
equivalent to 14| lb. on the sq. 
in., or 1,033 grams on the sq. centi- 
meter. 

atoll (a-tol'), n. sl coral island having 



the form of an outer ring of coral 
surrounding a basin or lagoon. 

atom (at 'urn), n. an ultimate indivis- 
ible particle of matter. [Greek.] 

atomic _ (a-tom'ik) or _ atomical 
(a-tom'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to, or 
consisting of, atoms; extremely 
minute. 

atomic weight (wat), n. the weight 
of the atom of any element as com- 
pared with another taken as a 
standard, usually hydrogen, taken 
as 1. 

atomically (a-tom'i-ka-li) , adv. in an 
atomic manner. 

atomicity (at-o-mis'i-ti) , n. equiva- 
lence; the combining capacity of an 
element. 

atomist (at'um-ist), n. one who be- 
lieves that the world was composed 
and first came into existence from 
the downfall and swerve of innumer- 
able atoms. 

atomize (at'um-iz), v.t. to reduce to 
atoms or exceedingly fine particles. 

atomizer (at'um-i-zer), n. an instru- 
ment constructed to reduce a liquid 
to spray. 

atcnahle (a-ton'a-bl), adj. capable of 
bemg atoned for. 

atone (a-ton'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atoned, 
p.pr. atoning], to make reparation 
or amends, as for injury done or 
implied; expiate; make satisfaction 
for; reconcile. 

atonement (a-ton'ment), n. repara- 
tion or satisfaction offered or made 
in return for injury; expiation of 
wrong or sin by suffering; the 
recompense for sin typified by the 
sufferings and death of Christ; 
reconciliation. 

atonic (a-ton'ik), adj. wanting tone, 
or vital energy; unaccented: n. an 
unaccented word or syllable; a medi- 
cine to allay excitement. 

atony (at'6-ni) r n. wane of tone; de- 
bility; weakness of any organ. 

atrip (a-trip'), adv. just clear of the 
ground. 

atrium (a'tri-um), n. [pi. atria (a'- 
tria)], the square entrance-hall, 
lighted from above, constituting the 
chief apartment in an ancient 
Roman house ; a hall or entrance- 
court; the auricular portion of the 
heart. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ATROCIOUS 



64 



ATTENUANT 



atrocious (a-tro'shus) , adj. wicked 
in the highest degree; extremely 
criminal or cruel; outrageous; ex- 
hibiting great atrocity; flagrant. 

atrocity (a-tros'i-ti), n. [pi. atrocities 
(a-tros'i-tiz)], enormous wickedness; 
abominable cruelty; an atrocious 
deed. 

atrophy (at'ro-fi), n. a wasting, or 
diminution in bulk, of the body, or 
any part of the body arising from 
lack of nourishment; the degenera- 
tion of an organ or part: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. atrophied, p.pr. atrophying], to 
waste away; to dwindle. 

a tropin (at'ro-pin) or atropine (-pin), 
n. a crystalline alkaloid of a very 
poisonous nature extracted from 
the deadly nightshade (belladonna), 
having the property of producing a 
pronounced dilatation of the pupil 
of the eye. 

atropism (at'ro-pizm) , n. poisoning by 
atropine or belladonna. 

attach (at-tach'), v.t. to fasten, or fix, 
to or on; bind; connect with or 
appoint to; connect by ties of affec- 
tion; to take, or seize, by legal 
authority: v.i. to adhere. 

attache (at-ta-sha') , n. one who is 
attached to another; or, as part of a 
suite or staff, to an embassy or 
legation. [French.] 

attachment (at-tach'ment) , n. the act 
of attaching; adherence; fidelity; 
affection or regard; that which at- 
taches, or the thing which is at- 
tached; a taking into custody or 
seizure of the person, goods, or 
estate by virtue of a legal process. 

attack (at-tak'), v.t. to assault; fall 
upon with force; assail with intent 
to overcome or to damage, discredit, 
or bring into ridicule; begin to affect 
or act upon, as disease: v.i. to make 
an onset or attack: n. the act of 
attacking in any sense of the word. 

attain (at-tan'), v.t. to achieve; gain; 
compass; accomplish: v.i. to reach; 
come, or arrive at. 

attainable (at-ta/na-bl) , adj. capable 
of being attained. 

attainableness (at-ta'na-bl-nes) , n. 
the quality of being attainable. 

attainder (at-tan'der) , n. the act of 
attainting, or the state of being 
attainted; an act, formerly in opera- 



tion, for the deprivation of all civil 
rights and of power to inherit or 
transmit property: applied to per- 
sons under sentence of death or out- 
lawry for treason or felony. 

attainment (at-tan'ment), n. the act 
of attaining; the act of arriving at 
or reaching, as the result of exertion 
or effort; that which is attained; an 
acquisition. 

attaint (at-tant'), v.t. to taint; cor- 
rupt; sully or stain by disgrace. 

attar of roses (at'ar of roz'ez), n. an 
essential oil expressed from the petals 
of the rose. Written also atar, ottar, 
and otto. 

attemper (at-tem'per) , v.t. to reduce, 
modify, or moderate by mixture; 
regulate; temper; smooth, soften, or 
mollify; mix in proper proportion; 
fit or adapt. 

attempt (at-tempt'), v.t. to make an 
effort to accomplish; try; endeavor 
or essay to perform; try to win or 
seduce; attack, or invade: n. a trial, 
essay, or endeavor; an effort to gain 
a point; an attack or assault. 

attend (at-tend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed 
p.pr. -ing], to wait upon; accompany 
or be present with; serve or look after 
in any capacity; be present at; ac- 
company or follow: v.i. to pay heed 
or regard to ; listen ; be in attendance 
upon. 

attendance (at-ten'dans) , n. the act 
of attending; waiting on; presence; 
the persons attending; retinue. 

attendant (at-ten'dant) , n one who 
attends or accompanies in service or 
train of another; one who is present; 
that which attends or is consequent 
upon anything else: adj. accompany- 
ing ; being present ; connected or con- 
sequent upon ; depending on or owing 
duty or service to. 

attention (at-ten'shun) , n. the act of 
applying the mind to anything; 
consideration or regard for any 
person or thing; a mark or act of 
civility or courtesy; care for the 
comfort of others; an officer's com- 
mand to assume the attitude of 
attention. 

attentive (at-ten'tiv) , adj. heedM; 
full of attention; intent; mindful; 
regardful of the wishes of others. 

attenuant (at-ten'u-ant) , adj. mak- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut : think, then. 




COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT 







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ATTENUATE 



65 



ATYPIC 



ing thin, as fluids; diluting; dimin- 
ishing in denseness: n. a medicine 
which thins the fluids of the body; 
a diluent. [Latin. ]_ 
attenuate (at-ten'u-at) , v.t. to make 
thin or slender; weaken or reduce; 
thin out by dilution; rarefy: v.i. to 
become thin, slender, or fine; lessen: 
adj. made thin; dilute; rarefied; 
tapering; slender. 

attenuation (at-ten-Q-a/shun) , n. the 
act or process of making slender, or 
thinning out by dilution; the state 
of being slender. 

attest (at-test')f v.t. to bear witness 
to; certify as being genuine or true, 
especially in an official sense ; give 
proof of; manifest. 

attestation (at-tes-t a/shun) , n. the act 
of attesting; testimony or evidence 
given on oath, or by official declara- 
tion; swearing in. 

attestor (at-tes'ter) or attestator 
(at-tes-ta'tor) , n. one who attests. 

attic (at'tik), n. an uppermost room 
in a house immediately beneath the 
roof; a garret. 

Attie (at'tik) , adj. pertaining to Attica, 
in Greece; classical; elegant. 

Atticism (at'ti-sizm) , n. a peculiarity 
of style or idiom characterizing the 
Attic rendering of the Greek lan- 
guage; an elegant manner of expres- 
sion. 

Atticize (at'ti-siz), v.i. to conform to 
what is Attic. 

attire (at-tir'), v.t. to dress; clothe; 
array ; adorn : n. dress ; clothes ; habit ; 
garb; the horns of a stag, employed 
as a heraldic bearing. 

attitude (at'ti-tfid), n. bodily position 
or posture ; the bearing assumed by a 
person or body of persons indicative 
of feeling, opinion, &c. 

attitudinal (at-ti-tu'di-nal) , adj. per- 
taining to attitude. 

attitudinarian (at-ti-tu-di-na/ri-an) , 
n. one who studies or affects atti- 
tudes. 

attitudinize (at-ti-tu'di-niz) , v.i. to 
pose for effect. 

attorney (at-ter'ni), n. [pi. attorneys 
(at-ter'nez)], one legally qualified to 
act for another in the transaction of 
private business, or in the manage- 
ment, prosecution, or defense of 
actions at law. 



Attorney- General (at-ter 'ni-jen'ejv 
al), n. the chief law officer appointed 
to act for the government; the chief 
law officer of a State. 

attorneyship (at-ter'ni-ship),?i. agenqy 
for another. 

attract (at-trakt'), v.t. to draw to or 
towards ; cause to approach ; draw by 
moral influence; allure; entice. 

attractability (at-trak'ta-bil'i-ti), n» 
the quality of being attractable; the 
power of attraction. 

attractile (at-trak'til) , adj. having the 
power to attract. 

attraction (at-trak'shun), n. the 
power or act of attracting; the 
force exerted by one body or mass 
upon or over the constituent par- 
ticles of another, by which it tends 
to overcome the resistance to mo- 
tion, and to draw them together; 
tendency to coherence. 

attractive (at-trak'tiv) , adj. having 
the power or tendency to attract; 
alluring; inviting: n. that which 
attracts, allures, or charms. 

attributable (at-trib'u-ta-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being attributed. 

attribute (at-trib'ut) , v.t. to ascribe, 
impute, assign: n. (at'tri-but), that 
which is attributed, as quality; trait; 
property; a characteristic; an at- 
tributive adjunct or adjective; that 
which may be predicated of any 
subject. 

attribution (at-tri-bu'shun) , n. the 
act of attributing; designation. 

attributive (at-trib'u-tiv) , adj. per- 
taining to, of the nature of, or ex- 
pressing, an attribute: n. a word 
denoting an attribute; describing a 
noun; an adjective phrase. 

attrite (at-trit'), adj. worn by friction; 
repentant through fear of punish- 
ment. 

attrition (at-trish'un) , n. the act of 
wearing by rubbing; abrasion; grief 
for sin from fear of punishment. 

attune (at-tun'), v.t. to put in tune; 
bring into accordance or harmony. 

attunement (at-tun'ment) , m n. the 
act of syntonizing or directing wire- 
less telegraphic messages to a giver 
point. 

atypic (a-tip'ik) or atypical (a-tip # - 
i-kal), adj. without definite typical 
character. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
' hue, hut ; think, then. 



AUBURN 



66 



AUGUSTAN 



auburn (aw 'burn), adj. reddish-brown. 

auction (awk'shun), n. a public sale 
of property or effects conducted on 
the principle of the highest bidder 
becoming the purchaser of any par- 
ticular lot put up for sale; the prop- 
erty or effects offered for sale by 
auction: v.t. to sell by auction. 

auctioneer (awk-shun-er') , n. one 
licensed to sell property or goods 
by public auction: v.i. to sell by 
auction. 

audacious (aw-da'shus) , adj. bold; 
daring; spirited; insolent; impudent; 
characterized by shameless effron- 
tery. [Latin.] 

audacity (aw-das'i-ti) , n. [pi. "audaci- 
ties (aw-das'i-tiz)], boldness; daring; 
spirit ; presumptuousness ; impu- 
dence; effrontery. 

audible (aw'di-bl), adj. capable of 
being heard. [Latin.] 

audibly (aw'di-bli), adv. so as to be 
heard. 

audience (aw'di-ens), n. the act of 
hearing; admittance to a hearing or 
formal interview with one of high 
position; an assembly of hearers. 

audient (aw'di-ent), adj. hearing; 
listening. 

audiometer (aw-di-om'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for gauging the power of 
hearing. 

audiphone (aw'di-fon), n. an instru- 
ment constructed to assist the deaf 
by collecting the sound-waves and 
conveying the vibrations to the 
auditory nerves through the medium 
of the teeth. 

audit (aw'dit), n. official examination 
and verification of claims or accounts 
with vouchers and the attendance of 
witnesses to effect a settlement; a 
receipt of rent at stated times: v.t. 
to examine and adjust, as accounts 
or claims: v.i. act as auditor. 

auditor (aw'di-ter), n. a hearer or 
listener; a person appointed to ex- 
amine and verify accounts and 
claims; one who hears judicially, as 
in an audience court. 

auditorium (aw-di-to'ri-um), n. [pi. 
auditoria (aw-di-to'ri-a) & audi- 
toriums (aw-di-to'ri-umz)], the space 
in a theater or other public building 
assigned to the audience. 

auditory (aw'di-to-ri) , adj. pertaining 



to hearing, or to the sense or organs 
of hearing: n. an audience; a place 
or space allotted to hearers ; an audi- 
torium. 

auger (aw'ger), n. a tool for boring 
holes. 

aught (awt), n. anything; any part: 
adv. in any way; at all. 

augment (awg-ment'), v.t. to increase; 
to enlarge in size or extent; to add 
an augment to/ v.i. to grow larger; 
increase in size and strength: n. 
increase; enlargement; a vowel pre- 
fixed, or a lengthening of the initial 
vowel. 

augmentation (awg-men-t a/shun) , n. 
increase; the increase in time-value 
of the notes of a theme; an addi- 
tional charge to a coat of arms 
bestowed as a mark of honor; the 
period of increase in a fever before 
the crisis is reached. 

augmentative (awg-men'ta-tiv) , adj. 
having the quality or power of aug- 
menting: n. a word or affix which 
expresses with greater force the idea 
conveyed by the term from which 
it is derived: opposed to diminu- 
tive. 

augur (aw'ger), n. one who among the 
ancient Romans officially predicted 
events by the interpretation of 
natural signs or omens, the flight of 
birds, the inspection of the entrails 
of slaughtered victims, the occur- 
rence of meteorological phenomena: 
v.i. to conjecture from signs or 
omens: v.t. to predict or prognosti- 
cate; betoken or infer. [Latin.] 

augury (aw'gu-ri), n. [pi. auguries 
(aw'gu-riz)], the art or practice of 
foretelling events by reference to 
natural signs or omens; an omen; 
prediction; presage. 

august (aw-gusf) , adj. grand ; invested 
with grandeur and dignity; majestic; 
of a nature to inspire reverence. 

August (aw'gust), n. the eighth month 
of the year ; named after the 
Roman emperor, Augustus, be- 
cause it had been a lucky month 
for him. 

Augustan (aw-gus'tan), adj. like or 
resembling the Roman emperor, 
Augustus; splendid; combiiiin? pow- 
er with intellect ; so the reign of Louis 
XIV. in France and that of Queen 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AUK 



67 



AUSTERE 



Anne in England were each styled 
"the Augustan Age." 

auk (awk), n. the name given to the 
members of a family of arctic diving 
birds. The Great Auk is now extinct. 
Also spelled awk. 

aula (aw'la), n. originally a royal court 
or reception-room. To-day the 
word is used of the great hall in a 
German university. 

aulic (aw'lik), adj. pertaining to a 
royal court. 

aunt (ant), n. the sister of one's father 
or mother. 

aura (aw'ra), n. a subtle, vaporous 
streaming, or exhalation, supposed 
to emanate from a living body or 
substance, as aroma, effluvium, or 
the subtle essence of its individual 
nature; a sensation as of a stream 
of air rising from a part of the body 
toward the head, and preceding an 
epileptic seizure or hysteria. 

aural (aw'ral), adj. pertaining to the 
air or to an aura; pertaining to the 
ear, or to the sense of hearing. 

aureate (aw're-at) , adj. golden ; gilded ; 
golden-yellow. [Latin.] 

Aurelia (aw-re'lya), n. the pupa or 
chrysalis of an insect. 

aurelian (aw-re'lyan) , adj. pertaining 
to the Aurelia: n. one who makes 
a special study of butterflies and 
moths. 

aureola (aw-re'o-la) or aureole (aw'- 
re-ol), n. a halo, radiance, or lumi- 
nous cloud encircling the figures of 
Christ, the Virgin, and the saints as 
represented by the painters; any- 
thing resembling an aureola. 

aureous (aw're-us), adj. golden, re- 
sembling gold. 

auricle (aw'ri-kl), n. the external ear; 
that part of the ear which projects 
from the head; one of two chambers 
of the heart which receive the blood 
from the veins and transmit it to the 
ventricle or ventricles. [Latin.] 

auricular (aw-rik'u-lar) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the ear or to the sense of 
hearing; privately addressed, as to 
the priest in the confessional; per- 
ceived by the ear; known by report; 
obtained by the ear; ear-shaped; 
pertaining to the auricles of the 
heart. 

auriculate (aw-rik'u-lat) or auricu- 



lated (aw-rik'u-la-ted), adj. ear- 
shaped; having ears or ear-like 
appendages. 

auriferous # (aw-rif 'er-us) , adj. gold- 
bearing; yielding or containing gold. 

auriform (aw'ri-form), adj. ear- 
shaped; having the form of the 
human ear. 

a or is cope (aw'ri-skop) , n. an instru- 
ment for examining the ear. 

aurist (aw'rist), n. one skilled in the 
treatment of ear disorders. 

aurochs (aw'roks), n. the European 
bison, now practically extinct. 

aurora (aw-ro'ra), n. [pi. auroras 
(aw-ro'raz) & aurora? ('re)], the rising 
light of the morning; the dawn of 
dayspring. [Latin.] 

Aurora Australis (aw-stra'lis), n. the 
southern light; a phenomenon of 
corresponding nature in the southern 
hemisphere to the following: 

Aurora Borealis (bo-re-a/lis), n. the 
northern light; a luminous meteoric 
phenomenon manifesting itself by 
streams of light ascending from the 
northern horizon towards the zenith, 
or assuming the form of an arc hav- 
ing its ends on the horizon. 

aurous (aw'rus), adj. pertaining to gold. 

auscultate (aws'kul-tat), v.t. to ex- 
amine by auscultation. 

auscultation (aws-kul-ta'shun), n. 
tapping with short, sharp blows; a 
method of detecting chest disease 
by observing the sounds arising in 
the part, either by applying the ear 
directly to the chest or thorax. The 
stethoscope is also used for the same 
purpose. 

auscultator (aws'kul-ta-ter) , n. one 
who practices auscultation; a steth- 
oscope. 

auscultatory (aws-kul'ta-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to auscultation. 

auspice (aws'pis), n. [pi. auspices 
(aws'pis-ez)], an omen drawn from 
birds; an omen; a prediction as to 
the future; protection; patronage; 
favoring influence (generally in pi.). 

auspicious (aws-pish'us) , adj. having 
promise of success or happiness; 
propitious; prosperous; fortunate. 

austere (aws-ter'), adj. sour; harsh; 
rough to the taste; severe; rigid in 
character or mode of living ; severely 
simple. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AUSTERITY 



68 



AUTOGRAPHY 



austerity (aws-ter'i-ti) , n. severity of 
manner or life; harsh discipline; 
rigorous simplicity. 

austral (aws'tral) , adj. southern ; hence 
the name Australia given to the 
great island continent of the south- 
ern hemisphere. [Latin.] 

Australic (aws-tral'ic) , adj. pertaining 
in any way to Australia, and es- 
pecially to the original inhabitants 
who are thought to have migrated 
to Australia from India. 

authentic (aw-then'tik) , adj. genuine; 
original ; duly authorized ; true ; trust- 
worthy; vested with all due formali- 
ties, and legally attested. 

authentically (aw-then'ti-ka-li) , adv. 
in an authentic manner. 

authenticate (aw-then'ti-kat) , v.t. to 
make authentic; give authority to 
by accordance with legal formalities; 
to establish as genuine. 

authentication (aw-then-ti-ka'shun) , 
n. the act of authenticating. 

authenticity (aw-then-tis'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being authentic ; authority. 

author (aw'ther), n. the beginner or 
prime mover of anything; an efficient 
cause; an originator; a creator; one 
who composes or writes a book; a 
composer. 

authoress (aw'ther-es) , n. a woman 
author. [The term author is now 
generally used without regard to 
sex.] 

authoritative (aw-thor'i-ta-tiv) , adj. 
having due authority, or the air 
of being duly authorized; positive; 
dictatorial ; magisterial ; command- 
ing. 

authority (aw-thor'i-ti), n. [pi. au- 
thorities (aw-thor'i-tiz)], power or 
right to act or command; dominion; 
jurisdiction; power derived from 
opinion, respect, or reputation; influ- 
ence; justification or support for 
statement or action; a person in- 
vested with power to act or com- 
mand. In pi. the government; the 
constituted authorities. 

authorization (aw-ther-i-za/shun) , n. 
the act of authorizing ; establishment 
by authority. 

authorize (aw'ther-iz) , v.t. to vest 
with authority; give a right to act or 
command; empower; legalize; estab- 
lish or confirm by authority. 



auto (aw'to), n. an abbreviation in 
common use for automobile. 

auto, prefix meaning self; of one's self; 
of itself. 

autobiographic (aw-to-bl-o-graf'ik) 
or autobiographical (aw-to-bi-o- 
graf'i-kal), adj. pertaining to auto- 
biography. [Greek.] 

autobiographically (aw-to-bi-o-graf'- 
i-ka-li), adv. in an autobiographic 
manner. 

autobiography (aw-to-bi-og'ra-fi) , n. 
[pi. autobiographies (aw-to-bi-og'- 
ra-fiz)], a biography, account, or 
character-sketch of a person written 
by himself. 

autocar (aw'to-kax), n. a carriage con- 
taining within itself the machinery 
necessary for its own propulsion. 

autocracy (aw-tok'ra-si) , n. [pi. autoc- 
racies (aw-tok'ra-siz)], absolute, un- 
controlled authority ; supremacy ; 
government by one invested with 
absolute and uncontrolled authority; 
autonomy. 

autocrat (aw'to-krat), n. an absolute 
prince or sovereign; one who rules 
without restriction. 

autocratic (aw-to-krat'ik), adj. per- 
taining to autocracy; absolute. 

autocratically (aw-to-krat'i-ka-li) , adv. 
in an autocratic manner. 

autocycle (aw'to-sl-kl) , n. a motor 
bicycle. 

autodidactic (aw-to-di-dak'tic) , adj. 
self-taught. 

autodynamic (aw-to-dl-nam'ik) , adj. 
operating by its own force. 

autogenous (aw-toj'e-nus), adj. self- 
generated; produced independently. 

autograph (aw'to-graf ) , adj. self- 
written; in one's own handwriting: 
n. t a person's own handwriting; an 
original manuscript or signature: 
v.t. to reproduce by autography; to 
sign or write one's autograph. 

autographic (aw-to-graf'ik) or auto- 
graphical (aw-to-graf 'i-kal) , adj. 
pertaining to an autograph cr per- 
sonal handwriting; relating to, or 
used in, the process of autography; 
self-recording. 

autography (aw-tog'ra-fi) , n.the science 
or study of autographs; an original 
manuscript ; a process in lithography 
by which copies of writings or draw- 
ings are reproduced in facsimile. 



ate, arm. at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AUTOGRAVURE 



69 



AVAIL 



autogravure (aw-to-gra-vur'), n. a 

process of photo-engraving. 

autohypnotic (aw-to-hip-not'ic), adj. 
causing a state of hypnotism or 
trance by one's own mental effort; 
self-hypnotism. , . 

auto -intoxication (aw'to -in- tok- si- 
ka/shon), n. poisoning by material 
formed within one's body, especially 
bv waste products of digestion. 

autolatry (aw-tol'a-tri) , n. self -wor- 
ship. 

autology (aw-tol'o-ji) , n. the scientific 
study of one's self. 

automatic (aw-to-mat'ik) , adj. hav- 
ing the power of self-motion or self- 
action, of the nature of an autom- 
aton, independent of_the will. 

automatically (aw - to - mat 'i - ka - li) , 
adv. in an automatic manner. 

automatism (aw-tom'a-tizm), n. au- 
tomatic action; the doctrine which 
assigns all animal functions to the 
active operation of physical laws. 

automaton (aw-tom'a-ton), n. [pi. 
automata (aw-tom'a-ta) & automa- 
tons (aw-tom'a-tonz)], that which 
possesses the power of spontaneous 
movement without consciousness; a 
self-acting machine. 

automatous (aw-tom'a-tus) , adj. spon- 
taneous; of the nature of an autom- 
aton. 

autometry (aw-tom'e-tri) , n. estima- 
tion, or measurement, of one's self. 

automobile (aw-to-mo'bil), adj. self- 
moving. 

automobile (aw'to-mo-bel, aw-to-mo- 
bel', or aw-to-mo'bil), n. a self -mov- 
ing vehicle; motor-carriage. 

automobilist (aw-to-mo-bel'ist), n. 
one who rides in and manages an 
automobile; a chauffeur. 

automorphism (aw-to-morf 'ism) , n. 
the judgment of others by analogy 
from the knowledgeof one's self. 

automotor (aw'to-mo-ter) , n. a self- 
acting machine. 

autonomist (aw-ton'o-mist), n. a sup- 
porter of autonomy. 

autonomous (aw-ton'o-mus) , adj. per- 
taining to autonomy. 

autonomy (aw-ton'o-mi) , n. [pi. au- 
tonomies (aw-ton'o-miz)], the power 
or right of self-government ; the state 
of political independence. 

autonym (aw'to-nim), n. one's own 



name: opposed to pseudonym; a 
work published under the author's 
real name. 

autophon (aw'to-fon), n. a barrel- 
organ, the tunes of which are deter- 
mined by a perforated mill-board. 

autoplasty (aw'to-plas-ti), n. the 
process of repairing lesions by appli- 
cation of tissue removed from an- 
other part. Called also rhinoplasty. 

autopsy (aw'top-si), n. personal obser- 
vation ; ocular demonstration ; a post- 
mortem examination._ 

autosuggestion (aw-to-sug-jes'chun) , 
n. an idea which arises in one's own 
mind, without external aid or mental 
force; self-suggestion. 

autotoxic . (aw-to-toks'ik) , adj. self- 
poisoning. 

autotruck (aw'to-truk), n. a self- 
moving truck ; motor-truck. 

autotype (aw'to-tip), n. a facsimile; a 
photo-gelatine process of producing 
pictures. 

autotypography (aw-to-ti-pog'ra-fi), 
n. a kind of nature-printing, by the 
transference of gelatine drawings 
to a plate of soft metal from which 
the design is printed. 

autumn (aw'tum), n. the season be- 
tween summer and winter, beginning 
astronomically at the autumnal equi- 
nox, about September 22nd, and 
ending at the winter solstice, about 
December 23rd ; the period of decline 
or decay. 

autumnal (aw-tum'nal) , adj. belong- 
ing or peculiar to autumn; produced 
or gathered in autumn; pertaining 
to the period of life when middle 
age is past: n. a plant that flowers 
in autumn. 

autumnal equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. 
the time of the sun's southward 
passage across the equator, about 
September 22nd. 

auxiliary (awg-zil'i-a-ri) , adj. helping; 
aiding; assisting; subsidiary: n. [pi. 
auxiliaries (awg-zil'i-a-riz)], a helper; 
an assistant; a confederate or ally; 
aid of any kind; a verb which helps 
to form the moods and tenses of other 
verbs: pi. foreign troops in the service 
of a nation at war. 

avail (a-val'), v.i. to be of use, value, 
or service; give profit: v.t. to turn to 
profit or advantage: n. use; means 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AVAILABILITY 



70 



AWABI 



towards an end; advantage to an 
object: pi. proceeds or profits. 

availability (a-va-la-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being available. 

avalanche (av'a-lanch) , n. the sudden 
descent of a mass of compact snow 
or ice from the higher parts of a 
mountain; a fall of rocks or earth 
from the heights of a mountain; 
anything that overwhelms by sud- 
denness and irresistible force. 

avarice (av'a-ris), n. an inordinate or 
insatiable desire of gain; covetous- 
ness; cupidity; greediness. 

avaricious (av-a-rish'us) , adj. impelled 
by avarice; greedy of gain; grasping. 

avast (a-vastO, inter j. stop! cease! 
hold! [Nautical term.] 

avatar (av-a-tar') or avatara (av-a- 
ta'ra), n. the descent of a deity to 
earth in an incarnate form; a mani- 
festation or embodiment; the trans- 
ference of one personality to another. 
[Hindu.] 

a vaunt (a-vawnt' & a-vant'), inter j. 
begone! depart! an exclamation of 
contempt or abhorrence. < 

ave (a/ve & a/ve), inter j. hail! farewell! 
n. an Ave Maria; a salutation. 
[Latin.] 

avena sativa (a-ve'na sa-ti'va), n. a 
tincture of oats, used in medicine aa 
a sedative. [Latin.] 

avenge (a-venj'), v.t. to exact punish- 
ment or satisfaction for wrong or 
injury done to one's self or another: 
v.i. to execute vengeance; to receive 
satisfaction for injury by the punish- 
ment of the offender or offenders, by 
law or otherwise. 

avenue (av'e-nu) , n. a way or means of 
approach to a place, a passage-way, 
drive, or alley bordered by trees lead- 
ing to a house; a broad roadway or 
street planted with trees. [French.] 

aver (a-ver'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. averred, 
p.pr. averring], to affirm positively; 
declare to be true; verify. 

average (av'er-aj), n. any charge addi- 
tional to the cost of freightage: v.t. 
to find the mean, as of unequal sums 
or quantities; reduce to a mean; 
assign proportionately. 

averment (a-ver'ment) , n. the act of 
affirming positively; verification; a 
statement or allegation as to facts. 

averse (a-vers'), adj. unwilling; un- 



favorable; having a repugnance or 
disinclination to. 

aversion (a-veVshun) , n. opposition 
or repugnance of mind: antipathy 
fixed dislike; hatred; the object ox 
cause of dislike or repugnance. 

avert (a-vert'), v.t. to turn aside or 
away; turn or ward off; prevent. 

avertible (a-vert'i-bl), adj. capable of 
being warded off, or averted. 

avian (a/vi-an), adj. pertaining to 
birds. 

aviary (a/vi-a-ri), n. [pi. aviaries (a/vi- 
a-riz)], a house, large cage, or in- 
closure for the keeping and rearing 
of birds in confinement. [Latin.] 

aviation (a'vi-a-shun) , n. the art of 
flying. 

aviator (a/vi-a-ter) , n. a flying ma- 
chine; one who operates a flying 
machine; a bird-man. 

aviatory (a/vi-a-to-ri) , adj. flying. 

avicularium (a-vik-u-lar'i-um) , n. [pi. 
avicularia (a-vik-u-la'ri-a)], the small 
prehensile process, resembling the 
head of a bird with a movable man- 
dible, which continually snaps : found 
in many of the Polyzoa. 

aviculture (a'vi-kul-tur) , n. the breed- 
ing and rearing of birds. 

avidity (a-vid'i-ti) , n. greediness; 
eagerness; strong appetite. 

avocation ( v-o-ka'shun) , n. a subor- 
dinate or occasional occupation, as 
contradistinguished from vocation. 

avoid (a- void'), v.t. to keep away from; 
to shun: v.i. to become vacant or 
void. 

avoidance (a-voi'dans) , n. the act of 
annulling or making void ; the act of 
shunning; the state o_f being vacant. 

avoirdupois (av-er-du-poiz r ), n. a 
French word used to describe a sys- 
tem of weights in which one pound 
contains 16 ounces: used generally 
for all commodities except precious 
metals, gems and drugs; weight. 

avouch (a-vouch'), v.t. to affirm openly; 
maintain; declare positively; vouch 
for; admit or confess. 

avow (a-vou')» v.t. to declare openly; 
acknowledge frankly; to admit and 
justify. 

avowal (a-vou'al), n. an open declara- 
tion; a frank acknowledgment; a 
confession. 

awabi (a-wa/be), n. an edible shell- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



AWAIT 



71 



AXIS 



fish found on the coast of Japan; the 
abalone. 

await (a-wat')» v.t. to wait for; look 
for or expect; be ready for. 

awake (a-wak')» v.t. [p.t. & p.p. awoke, 
awaked, p.pr. awaking], to arouse 
from sleep, or from any state resem- 
bling sleep; put into action; infuse 
new life into: v.i. to cease to sleep; 
bestir one's self: adj. not sleeping; 
roused from sleep or inactivity; in a 
state of vigilance or action. 

awakening (a-wak'ning) , n. the act of 
rousing from sleep; a revival of reli- 
gion, or activity of a particular 
religious sect: adj. rousing; exciting; 
alarming. 

award (a-wawrd'), v.t. to adjudge; 
assign by judicial sentence, or arbi- 
tration; bestow in consideration of 
merit; to determine or make an 
award: n. sl judgment; a decision; a 
sentence; the decision of arbitrators 
on points submitted to them; the 
document containing such decision; 
that which is awarded or assigned. 

aware (a-war')i adj. on guard; watch- 
ful; apprised; cognizant; conscious; 
vigilant. 

awash (a-wosh'), adj. & adv. on a level 
with the waves. 

away (a-wa'), adv. absent; at a dis- 
tance; out of; off; in another direc- 
tion; continuously: inter j. begone! 
depart! 

awe (aw), n. reverential fear; the 
feeling or emotion inspired by the 
contemplation of something sublime ; 
reverence: v.i. to inspire with feel- 
ings of reverential respect or fear; 
restrain by fear or respect. 

aweather (a-weth'er), adv. on the 
weather side, or toward the wind: 
n. opposed to alee. 

awful (aw'ful), adj. inspiring or im- 
pressing with profound fear or rev- 
erence; of an appalling nature; 
solemn. 

awfully (aw'foo-li), adv. in an awful 
manner; excessively. 

awhile (a-hwlT), adv. for a period of 
time. 

awk. See auk. 

awkward (awk'werd), adj. wanting 
dexterity; unskilful; ungraceful or 
ungainly in shape, movement, or 
manners; clumsy. 



awl (awl), n. a pointed instrument for 
piercing. 

awn (awn), n. the beard or bristle-like 
appendage of the outer glume of 
wheat, barley, and numerous grasses. 

awning (awn'ing), n. a covering of 
canvas or other cloth stretched upon 
a frame and used as a shelter from 
wind or sun. 

awny (aw'ni), adj. having bristles; 
bearded. 

awoke (a-wok'), p.t. of awake. 

awry (a-ri'), adj. or adv. turned or 
twisted toward one side; erroneous. 

ax or axe (aks), n. a tool or instru- 
ment of steel, or iron with a steeled 
edge, attached to a handle, used for 
the hewing of timber and chopping 
of wood. 

axal. See axial. 

axial (aks'i-al), adj. pertaining to an 
axis in any sense of the word. 

axially (aks'i-a-li) , adv. in the direction 
of an axis. 

axiferous (ak-sif 'e-rus) , adj. consist- 
ing of stem or axis alone without 
leaves. 

axiform (ak'si-f orm) , adj. in the form 
of an axis. 

axil (ak'sil), n. the angle formed by 
the upper side of an organ or branch 
with the stem or trunk to which it is 
attached. 

axile (ak'sil), adj. pertaining to the 
axis; situated or lying in the axis. 

axilla (ak-sil'a), n. [pi. axillae (ak-sil'e)], 
the armpit, or cavity in the junction 

" of the arm and shoulder; the axil of 
a leaf. 

axillar (ak'si-lar) or axillary (ak'si- 
la-ri). adj. pertaining to the armpit; 
pertaining to, springing from, or sit- 
uated in the axilla. 

axiom (ak'si-um), n. an indisputable 
self-evident truth; a proposition em- 
bodying a truth at once obvious and 
incontrovertible ; an established prin- 
ciple in an art or science. 

axiomatic (ak-si-o-mat'ik) or axio- 
matical (ak-si-6-mat'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, an 
axiom. 

axiomatically (ak-si-6-mat'i-ka-li), 
adv. in the manner, or by use, of 
accepted truth. 

axis (ak'sis), n. [pi. axes (ak'sez)], the 
straight line, real or imaginary , 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



AXIS 



72 



AZURITE 



passing through a body, upon or 
around which such body revolves, or 
is supposed to revolve; a straight 
line drawn through the center of a 
bilateral symmetrical figure, as the 
spinal column; the central line of 
any symmetrical body; the stem or 
central column of a plant, round 
which the organs or parts are dis- 
posed; the central region of a moun- 
tain chain. 

axis (ak'sis), n. the hog-deer of India. 

axle (ak'sl), n. the spindle, or portion 
of the axle-tree, which is inserted in 
the hub of the wheel, and on which 
the wheel revolves. 

axle-box (ak'sl-boks) , n. & bushing in 
the hub of a wheel through which 
the axle passes. 

axle-tree (ak'sl-tre), n. a bar connect- 
ing the opposite wheels of a carriage, 
on the rounded ends of which the 
wheels revolve. 

ay or aye (a), adv. always; forever; 
continually. 

ayah (a'ya), n. a lady's maid; a nurse 
for children. [Anglo-Indian.] 

aye or ay (a or I), adv. or inter j. yes; 
yea; even so; indeed: n. [pi. ayes 
(iz)j, the affirmative votes in a parli- 
amentary division; the members so 
voting. 

aye-aye (I'l), n. a singular nocturnal 
quadruped, native of Madagascar, 
and allied to the lemurs. 

Ayrshire (ar'shir), n. a fine breed of 
cattle from the county of Ayr, Scot- . 
land, noted for their rich milk. 



Azalea (a-za'le-a) , n. [pi. azaleas (a-za'- 
le-az)], a genus of plants, belonging 
to the rhododendron tribe, and re- 
markable for their showy flowers. 

azarine (az'a-rin), n. a bright red dye 
obtained from coal-tar. 

azimuth (az'i-muth), n. an arc of the 
horizon intercepted between the 
meridian of a place and the vertical 
circle passing through the center of 
a celestial body. [French.] 

azote (az'ot), n. the old name for 
nitrogen. [Greek.] 

Azrael (az'ra-el), n. the Mohammedan 
name for the Angel of Death. 

Aztec (az'tek), adj. pertaining to the 
Aztec or perhaps the aboriginal 
people of Mexico. Recent investi- 
gation has shown them to be of the 
same race as the North American 
Indians, though even at the time of 
the conquest of Mexico by the Span- 
iards (in 1519) they were far more 
civilized. 

azure (azh'ur & a'zhur), adj. like the 
bluo of the sky; cerulean: n. the clear 
blue of the sky; any pigment of this 
color; the blue tint expressed in 
heraldry by horizontal shading. 
[Arabic-French.] 

azure-stone (azh'ur-ston) , n. the lapis 
lazuli, from which genuine ultra- 
marine is made. 

azurine (azh'ur-in), n. a greyish-blue 
color. 

azurite (azh'u-rit), n. blue carbonate 
of copper; blue malachite or ches- 
sylite; lazulite. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



B 



B, the second character in the alphabet 
of all European peoples except the 
Russian (Cyrillic), and those derived 
from it. Originally it is supposed to 
have been a pictograph representing 
a crane, and this was certainly true 
in the Egyptian hieroglyphics. 

baa (ba), v.i. to cry, as a sheep; bleat: 
n. the cry or bleating of a sheep. 

Baalism (ba'al-izm) , n. the worship of 
Baal; gross idolatry. 

bab (bab), n. a fishing bob: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. babbed, p.pr. babbing], to fish 
with a bob. 

baba (baT^a), n. a Turkish title of re- 
spect, meaning "father." In Anglo- 
Indian, "a child." 

Babbitt- metal (bab'it-met-al), n. an 
anti-friction alloy of copper, tin, 
and zinc, used in crank and axle 
bearings, &c. 

babble (bab'bl), v.i. to utter indistinct 
or imperfect sounds; prattle; talk 
childishly ; murmur continuously : 
v.t. to utter; prate; repeat unintelli- 
gently; tell secrets: n. unmeaning or 
foolish talk; a confused murmur. 

babbler (bab'ler), n. one who babbles; 
a dog that gives tongue too fre- 
quently when on scent. 

babe (bab), n. [pi. babes (babz)], an 
infant or young child of either sex. 

babiroussa or babirussa (bab-i- 
roo'sa), n. the wild hog of Eastern 
Asia. 

bablah (babla) or babul (ba-bool'), n. 
the rind of the legume of an East 
Indian species of the acacia. 

baboo or babu (ba-boo'), n. a Hindu 
title of respect : one of the upper 
classes in Bengal engaged in busi- 
ness or a profession. 

baboon (ba-boon'), n. the popular 
name of a large division of monkeys, 
which inhabit Africa and Arabia, 
and are characterized by a long dog- 
like snout, large canine teeth, great 



head, rudimentary tail, large callosi- 
ties on the hips, and capacious cheek 
pouches; an epithet of contempt. 

baboonery (ba-boon'er-i) , n. {pi. ba- 
booneries (ba-boon'er-iz)], a collec- 
tion of baboons ; behavior or conduct 
like that of a baboon. 

baboonish (ba-boon'ish) , adj. like a 
baboon. 

baboosh or babouche (ba-boosh'), n. 
a kind of loose slipper worn in Orien- 
tal countries. Also written pabouche, 

babu. See baboo. 

babuina (bab-u-i'na), n. a female 
baboon. [Italian.] 

babul. See bablah. 

baby (ba'bi), n. [pi. babies (ba'biz)], 
an infant of either sex; a small 
child: adj. pertaining to an infant 
or young child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
babied, v.pr. babying], to treat ox 
fondle like a baby or" young child; 
to keep dependent. 

baby-farm (ba/bi-f arm) , n. a place 
where young children are put out for 
nursing. Used contemptuously. - 

babyhood (ba'bi-hood) , n. the period 
of infancy. 

babyish (ba'bi-ish), adj. childish. 

babyism (ba/bi-izm), n. the character- 
istics of a baby ; a childish manner of 
speech. 

Babylonian (bab-i-lo'ni-an) adj. per- 
taining to Babylonia; magnificent; 
luxurious. Also Babylonish. 

bacca (bak'a), n. a berry; any fleshy 
fruit; a one-celled fruit with a soft 
outer envelope, and with naked seeds 
immersed in pulp. 

baccalaureate (bak-a-law're-at), n, 
the degree of Bachelor of Arts, 
Science, &c: adj. pertaining to the 
degree of Bachelor. 

baccarat (bak-a-ra'), n. a French card 
game played between a banker and 
an unlimited number of bettors with 
one or more packs of cards. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
8 hue, hut ; think, then. 



BACCATE 



74 



BACKING 



baccate (bak'at) or baccated (bak'a- 
ted), adj. having many berries. 

bacchanal (bak'a-nal) or bacchana- 
lian (bak-a-na'li-an) , adj. indulging 
in or characterized by drunken 
revelry; drunken: n. a votary of 
Bacchus; a drunken reveler; a 
drunken feast. 

Bacchanalia (ba-ka-na/li-a), n. the Ro- 
man festival in honor of the god 
Bacchus, on March 17th, annually. 

bacchante (bak-an'te), n. a female 
bacchanal. 

bacchantic (ba-kan'tik) , adj. of or 
resembling a bacchanal ; noisy ; jovial. 

bacchic (bak'ik), adj. pertaining to 
Bacchus or the feasts in his honor; 
riotous, or mad with drink. 

bachelor (bach'el-er) , n. one who has 
taken the lowest university degree in 
any faculty; an unmarried man. 

bachelorhood (bach'el-er-hood) , n. 
the condition of one who is unmar- 
ried. 

bachelor's-buttons (bach'el-erz-buf- 
unz), n.pl. the name popularly given 
to several flowering plants whose blos- 
soms somewhat resemble buttons. 

bacillaria (bas-i-la/ri-a) , n. a genus of 
microscopic diatoms. 

bacillary (bas'i-la-ri) , adj. consisting 
of bacilli. 

bacillian (ba-sil'i-an) , adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a bacillus. 

bacillicide (ba-sil'i-sid) , n. an agent 
employed for destroying bacilli. 

bacilliculture (ba-siri-kul-tur) , n. the 
culture of bacilli in animal or vege- 
table infusions for scientific research. 

bacillus (ba-sil'us), n. [pi. bacilli 
(ba-sil'i)], a genus of microscopic veg- 
etable organisms commonly known 
as bacteria, having slender rod-like 
jointed bodies or filaments, and pos- 
sessing the power of constant move- 
ment, present in many ferments, in 
all stages of putrefaction, and asso- 
ciated with the earliest stages of 
malignant or zymotic disease. 

back or bac (bak), n. a flat-bottomed 
ferry-boat, especially one adapted 
for carrying vehicles; a large cistern 
or vat used by brewers, &c, for 
liquids. 

back (bak), n. the hinder part of the 
body in man, or in other animals 
the upper portion; the whole region 



of the spine, extending from the 
base of the neck to the buttocks; 
the dorsal region of a fish; that 
which is opposed to the front; the 
rear or hinder part of anything; the 
part of a tool or weapon opposed to 
the edge: adj. lying or being behind 
or in the rear, as to time, situation, 
or direction; in a backward direction: 
adv. into or toward the rear; to or 
toward a former or original place, 
state, or time; in a state of hindrance 
or restraint; in withdrawal or re- 
tirement; away; in return; again: 
y.t. to furnish with a back or back- 
ing ; second or support ; bet or wager ; 
sign or indorse; put backward or 
cause to recede: v.i. to move or go 
backward. 
backbite (bak'bit), v.t. [p.t. backbit, 

g.p. backbit & backbitten, p.pr. 
ackbiting], to slander or speak evil 
of in absence: v.i. to censure absent 
persons. 

backboard (bak'bord), n. a board to 
support the back; a thin wooden 
backing used for picture frames, 
mirrors, &c. 

backbone (bak'bon), n. the bone of 
the back; the vertebral column of 
animals; that which serves as a 
backbone; hence, firmness or deci- 
sion of character. 

backer (bak'er), n. one who sustains 
or abets another; especially one who 
bets in favor of a person or animal 
in a contest. 

backgammon (bak-gam'un) , n. a 
game played by two persons upon 
a table or board made for the pur- 
pose, with fifteen pieces each, and 
dice-boxes and dice. 

background (bak'ground) , n. ground 
in the rear; the distant portion of a 
landscape; the portion of a picture 
furthest from the spectator; that 
which is dimly seen; a subordinate 
position; a place of retirement or 
reserve. 

backhand (bak'hand), n. writing 
which slopes backward or to the 
left. . . , 

backhanded (bak'han-ded) , adj. with 
the hand turned backward; unfair; 
indirect; ambiguous; sloping back- 
ward. 

backing (bak'ing), n. something placed 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BACK-RENT 



75 



BADGER 



behind to support or strengthen; 
aid or support given to a person or 
cause. 

back-rent (bak'rent), n. arrears of 
rent; rent paid after reaping the 
first crop by a tenant entering on a 
lease. 

back-rest (bak'rest), n. a guide at- 
tached to the slide-rest of a lathe, 
and placed in contact with the work 
to steady it. 

back- settlement (bak-setl-ment) , n. 
an outlying or partially reclaimed 
portion of a country beginning to be 
cultivated. 

back-settler (bak-setler) , n. one 
living in the outlying districts of a 
settlement. 

backsheesh or backshish (bak'- 
shesh). See bukshish. 

backside (bak'sid), n. the hind part of 
anything or that which is opposed 
to the front; the hind part of an 
animal. 

backslide (bak-slid'), v.i. [p.t. back- 
slid, backslided, p.p. backslid, back- 
slidden, backslided, p.pr. backslid- 
ing], to slide back; fall off or away 
from; apostatize. 

backstair (bak'star) or backstairs 
('starz), n. stairs in the back part 
of a house; stairs for private use: 
adj. indirect; underhand; secret; 
intriguing. 

backstays (bak'staz), n.pl. long ropes 
extending from the masthead to the 
side of the ship, slanting a little aft, 
to assist the shrouds in supporting 
the mast. 

backsword (bak'sord), n. a sword 
with one sharp edge; a stick with 
• a basket handle used in the game 
of singlestick. 

backward (bak'werd) or backwards 
(bak'werdz), adv. with the back 
foremost; toward the back; in a 
contrary or reverse manner, way, 
or direction; toward past times or 
events; from a better to a worse 
state. 

backward (bak'werd), adj. directed 
to the back or rear; unwilling; re- 
luctant; hesitating; slow; behind 
in learning or progress; behind in 
time. 

backwater (bak'waw-ter) , n. water 
caused to flow backwards by ob- 



struction of its course; accumula- 
tion of water overflowing lowlands, 
caused by obstruction; water held 
back by a dam or weir; water 
thrown back by the turning of a 
water-wheel or the paddles of a 
steamer. 

backwoods (bak-woodz'), n.pl. forests 
or partially cleared lan/i situated far 
from the centers of population. 

backwoodsman ^ (bak-woodz 'man), n. 
one who lives in the forest or away 
from villages and towns. 

bacon (ba'kn), n. hog's flesh salted or 
pickled and dried, usually in smoke. 

bacteria (bak-te'ri-a), n.pl. of bacte- 
rium. 

bacteriological (bak-te-ri-o-lo j 'i-kal) , 
adj. of or pertaining to bacteriology. 

bacteriologist (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist), n. 
a student of bacteriology. 

bacteriology (bak-te-ri-ol'6-ji) , n. the 
scientific investigation or study of 
bacteria. 

bacterioscopy (bak-te-ri-os'ko-pi), n. 
the examination of bacteria by the 
microscope. 

bacterium (bak-te'ri-um) , n. [pi. bac- 
teria (bak-te'ri-a)], a microscopic 
organism of various forms ^ and 
shapes; a disease germ. It originally 
meant a staff, from its shape. 

bad (bad), adj. [compar. worse, superl. 
worst], the opposite of good; evil; ill; 
wicked; depraved; vicious; pernic- 
ious; corrupting; hurtful; offensive; 
noxious, physically or morally; de- 
fective; worthless; unhappy; unfor- 
tunate. 

bad form (bad form'), n. that which 
is not very refined; somewhat 
vulgar. Also used as a substantival 
adjective. * 

badderlocks (bad'er-loks) , n. a large 
dark green edible seaweed. 

baddish (bad'dish) , adj. tending to be 
base; somewhat low. 

badelaire (ba-de-lar') , n. a curved 
sword used as a heraldic bearing. 

badge (baj), n. a mark, sign, or token, 
or cognizance to denote the occupa- 
tion, allegiance, association, or 
achievements of the person by whom 
it is displayed ; the mark or token of 
anything. 

badger (baj'er), n. a plantigrade car- 
nivorous mammal, of nocturnal 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



BADGER-BAITING 



76 



BAILOR 



habits; an artist's brush of bad- 
ger's hair; a loose woman who de- 
coys men into her rooms for the pur- 
pose of robbing them: v.t. to worry or 
annoy, as a badger when baited; 
pester; persistently assail. 

badger-baiting (baj'er-ba/ting), n. a 
cruel sport, formerly practiced, of 
assailing a badger placed with dogs 
in a barrel. 

badger-dog (baj'er-dog), n. another 
name for the dachshund. 

badger- game (baj 'er-gam) , n. the de- 
coying by a woman of some man 
into her house for the purpose of 
robbing him. [Police slang.] 

badiaga (bad-i-a'ga) , n. a seaweed, 
the powder of which is used for re- 

' moving discoloration caused by 
bruises. 

badinage (bad'i-naj & ba-de-nazh') , n. 
light or playful raillery or banter. 

badly (bad'li), adv. wickedly; griev- 
ously; unskilfully; defectively; ill. 

badminton (bad'min-tun), n. an out- 
door game similar to tennis, but 
played with shuttlecocks; a kind of 
claret-cup. [English.] 

badness (bad'nes), n. the state of 
being wicked or vicious; depravity. 

baffle (baf'l), v.t. to elude or circum- 
vent by artifice or the interposition 

. of obstacles; foil or check; defeat; 
frustrate; thwart. 

bag (bag), n. a sack; a pouch; a wallet; 
a receptacle for holding anything; 
that which is contained in a bag, or 
the result of a day's sport; a sack or 
receptacle in animal bodies, contain- 
ing a fluid or other substance; a 
definite quantity of certain com- 
modities: v.t. to enclose in a bag; 
secure or capture, as game; steal: v.i. 

' to bulge ; hang down like a full bag. 

bagasse (ba-gas'), n. sugar-cane refuse 
as delivered from the crushing mill. 

bagatelle (bag-a-tel') , n. a trifle; a 
game played on a nine-holed board, 
baized and cushioned, with a cue and 
nine balls. [French.] 

baggage (bag'aj), n. the tents, cloth- 
ing, utensils, &c, of an army or ex- 
peditionary force on the march; the 
trunks, bags, and other impedimenta 
or baggage of a traveler: n. an im- 
moral woman; a coquettish or frolic- 
some girl. 



baggage- master (bag'aj-mas'ter) , n. 
a person in a railway station who has 
charge of the receipt and despatch 
of the baggage. 

baggala (bag'a-la), n. Arab trading 
vessel with two masts. 

bagging (bag'ing), n. the act of put- 
ting into bags; coarse cloth or other 
material used for bags; filtration 
through canvas bags. 

baggy (bag'i), adj. having a loose or 
flabby appearance; swelled or puffed 
out. 

bagnio (ban'yo), n. a bath-house; a 
brothel; an oriental prison. 

bagpipe (bag'plp), n. a shrill-toned 
musical instrument, consisting of a 
leathern wind-bag from which air is 
forced by the performer's elbow into 
pipes, one (the chanter) giving the 
melody. [Commonly used in pi.) 

bah (ba), inter j. an exclamation ex- 
pressing incredulous contempt or 
disgust. 

bail (bal), v.t. to set free or liberate 
from arrest on security for reappear- 
ance; to deliver, as goods, in trust, 
on contract expressed or implied that 
the person entrusted shall return or 
account for the same: n. the person 
or persons who provide security for 
the release of a prisoner; the security 
tendered, or accepted. 

bail (bal), v.t. to free from water by 
dipping; to ladle out with a bucket 
or other utensil, as in a boat: n. 
a bent or arched handle of a pail or 
kettle; a half -hoop supporting the 
cover or tilt of a wagon; one of the 
two small sticks, 4 in. long, which 
are laid across the tops of cricket 
stumps . 

bailee (ba-le'), n. the person to whom 
goods are committed in trust. 

bailer. See bailor. - 

bailiff (balif), n. a sheriff's officer who 
serves processes, &c; any subordi- 
nate civil officer; an overseer or 
under-steward on an estate. 

bailiwick (ba/li-wik), n. the district 
within which a bailiff has jurisdic- 
tion. 

bailment (bal'ment), n. a delivery 
of goods in trust to another; the 
action of becoming surety for one in 
custody. 

bailor or bailer (ba/ler), n. one who 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BAIRN 



77 



BALEFUL 



delivers goods to another in bail- 
ment. 

bairn (barn), n. a child. [Scottish.] 

bait (bat), v.t. to harass or provoke, 
as by the setting on of dogs ; worry ; 
torment, for sport; annoy persist- 
ently; prepare a hook, trap, or snare 
by covering it with food or other 
substance; give food and drink to 
upon a journey: n. any substance 
used to entice or allure fish or pther 
animals with a view to capture; 
an allurement; temptation; refresh- 
ment taken on a journey. 

baize (baz), n. a coarse woolen stuff, 
with a nap on one side. 

bake (bak), v.t. to cook or prepare food 
by subjection to dry heat in a closed 
place, as an oven; to dry and harden 
by heat: v.i. to do the work of baking; 
become hard by heat: n. the result of 
baking, as a clam bake. 

baker (ba/ker), n. one whose business 
is to make bread, biscuits, &c, 

bakery (ba/ker-i), n. [pi. bakeries 
(ba/ker-iz)], a place used for bread- 
making^ a baker's shop. 

baking (ba'king),n. the quantity of any- 
thing baked at the same time ; a batch. 

balance (bal'ans), n. an instrument 
for determining the weight of bodies ; 
a pair of scales ; a steel-yard ; a spring 
balance; the act of weighing men- 
tally; equilibrium; equipoise; equal- 
ity ; an equality between the two sides 
of an account; the excess shown on 
either side ; the sum or weight neces- 
sary to make two unequal sums or 
weights equal: v.t. to weigh; compare; 
bring to a state of equipoise ; keep in 
equilibrium; poise; equal or make 
equal ; counterbalance ; adjust or set- 
tle; to examine and compare ac- 
counts: v.i. to have equal weight; 
be in equipoise. 

balance of power (bal'ans ov pou'er), 
n. in diplomacy the theory that no 
nation should be so strong as to 
overmaster others; but that there 
should be a certain poise or equality 
among the great powers, thus en- 
suring peace. 

balance of trade (bal'ans ov trad) , n. 
the difference between the imports 
and exports of a country. 

balance-reef (bal'ans-ref ) , n. a reef- 
band crossing a sail diagonally. 



balance-sheet (bal'ans-shet), Q. a 
statement of the assets and liabilities 
of a business. 

balance-wheel (bal'ans-hwel) , n. a 
wheel in a watch (chronometer) 
which regulates the beats. 

balancer ^ (bal r an-ser), n. one who, or 
that which, keeps anything in equilib- 
rium; an acrobat: pi. the organs 
placed under the wings of certain 
insects to balance the body. 

balata (ba-la/ta), n. the dried gum of 
the bully-tree, similar to india- 
rubber, and used for insulating elec- 
tric wires. 

balayeuse (bal-a-yeV), n. plaited 
muslin or lace inserted at the bot- 
tom of a dress to protect it from 
the ground. [French.] 

balconet (bal-ko-net') , n. a slightly 
projecting low ornamental railing to 
a door or window. 

balconied (bal'ko-nid), adj. having a 
projecting exterior platform or inte- 
rior gallery. 

balcony_ (bal'ko-ni) , n. [pi. balconies 
(bal'ko-niz)], a platform or gallery 
projecting from the wall of a build- 
ing, enclosed by a balustrade or 
parapet. [Italian.] 

bald (bawld) , adj. without the natural 
or usual covering to the head or 
summit; unadorned; bare; literal; 
undisguised; having a white spot or 
patch on the head; bald-faced. 

bald-head (bawld'hed), n. a man bald 
on the head. 

balderdash (bawl'der-dash), n. a non- 
sensical jumble of words ; silly talk or 
writing; a worthless mixture. 

baldric or baldrick (bawl'drik), n. 
a broad belt, often richly orna- 
mented, worn round the waist, or 
over one shoulder and across the 
breast. 

bale (bal) , n. a large bundle or package 
of goods: v.t. to make up into a bale 
or bales ; to lade out as water. 

bale (bal), n. woe; calamity; mischief. 

baleen (ba-len'), n. whalebone in its 
natural condition; the horny elastic 
material fringing the jaws of right 
whales. 

bale-fire (bal'fir), n. a beacon or 
signal-firej a bonfire ; a funeral pyre. 

baleful (bal'fool), adj. replete with 
deadly or mahgn influence; full of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BALEFULLY 



78 



BALMY 



woe; direful; predicative of disas- 
ter. 

balefully (bal'f oo-li) , adv. calamitous- 
ly; miserably. 

balise or balize (ba-lez'), n. a sea- 
mark or beacon, consisting of a pole 
or buoy surmounted by a flag or 
other object. 

balk or baulk (bawk), n. a strip or 
ridge of land left unplowed; a thick 
heavy piece of timber; a barrier 
or check: v.t. to thwart, check, or dis- 
appoint: v.i. to stop short, or swerve; 
to signify the position of herring or 
pilchard shoals from a height, and in- 
dicate that position to the fishermen. 

bal! (bawl) , n, a round body ; any mass 
resembling a sphere: a soberical body 
used for play; a bullet; any roundish 
part of the body ; a game played with 
a ball ; the globe or earth: v.t. to make 
into a ball: v.i. to form or gather into 
a ball, ball-bearing (bawrbar-ing) , 
n. a bearing containing loose balls of 
metal to reduce friction. 

ball (bawl), n. a dance; a social assem- 
bly of persons of both sexes for the 
purpose of dancing. 

ballad (bal'ad), n. a short narrative 
poem, adapted for reciting or sing- 
ing. Also ballade. 

ballast (bal'ast), n. weighty material 
carried by a ship to ensure stability; 
sand carried in the car of a balloon 
to steady it; gravel or rubble filling 
the space between the sleepers of a 
railway ; that which imparts stability 
to the character: v.t. to place ballast 
in or on; impart steadiness to. 

ballast age (bal'as-taj), n. a toll paid 
for leave to take ballast. 

ballet (bal'a), n. a theatrical represen- 
tation in which a story is told, and 
actions, characters, and passions 
represented by gestures, accom- 
panied by music and dancing; the 
company of persons who perform the 
ballet. [French.] 

ballistic (bal-is'tik) , adj. pertaining 
to the scientific construction and use 
of projectiles. 

ballistics (bal-is'tiks) , n. the science of 
the motion of projectiles. 

ballon d'essai (ba-long' de-sa/), a 
balloon used to test the direction of 
air currents; hence a feeler to test 
public opinion. [French.] 



balloon (bal-loon'), n. a large bag of 
prepared silk or other material, 
which, when inflated by hydrogen 
gas or heated air, ascends and floata 
in the atmosphere; the so-called 
air T ship of Count Zeppelin iz & 
series of balloons fastened together 
to form one enormous balloon; a 
round vessel with a short neck used 
in distillation. 

balloon-jib (bal-loon 'jib) , n. a tri- 
angular sail used by yachts in a 
slight breeze. 

ballooning (bal-loon 'ing) , n. the art 
or practice of managing balloons or 
making balloon ascents. 

balloonist (bal-loon'ist) , n. one who 
makes or ascends in a balloon; an 
£t6i Giiau c . 

ballot (bal'ot), n. a bail, ticket, or 
paper by which a vote is registered; 
the system of secret voting by the 
use of balls, tickets, or papers; elec- 
tion by secret vote; also the total 
number of votes cast or recorded: 
v.i. to vote or decide by secret vote. 

ballot-box (bal'lot-boks) , n. a box 
with an orifice at the top, for the 
deposit of ballots at an election. 

^ball-up (bawl-up'), v.t. to confuse; 
muddle ; as of a horse in damp snow. 

bally (bal-li). An English adjective of 
no definite meaning. See blooming. 

ballyhack (bal'i-hak), n. any undesir- 
able residence or goal. [Slang.] 

ballyhoo (bal-i-hoo') , n. an uproar; 
a cause of excitement. [Erse.] 

balm (bam), n. the oily aromatic 
exudation of certain trees or shrubs, 
used for healing or soothing ; balsam ; 
anything which heals or soothes. 

balm of Gilead (ov gil'e-ad), n. the 
name of various kinds of fragrant 
resins, as that of the evergreen tere- 
binth tree of Arabia. 

balmily (bam'i-li), adv. in a soothing 
manner; fragrantly. 

balminess (bam'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being soothing or refresh- 
ingly fragrant. 

balmoral (bal-mor'al) , adj. & n. the 
name given to various strong articles 
of dress, as a petticoat, or laced 
boots. [From the Scottish palace of 
Balmoral.] 

balmy (bam'i) ,adi. having the qualities 
of balm; soft; fragrant; refreshing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BALSAM 



79 



BANDIT 



balsam (bawl'sam), n. an oily, aro- 
matic, resinous substance obtained 
from certain trees or shrubs, and used 
medicinally or in perfumery; balm; 
the name applied to several trees, 
shrubs, or plants yielding balsam, as 
the balsam-tree; anything soothing 
or healing. [Greek.] 

balsamic (bawl-sam'ik) , adj. having 
the qualities of, or yielding, balsam; 
soft; soothing; healing. 

baluster (bal'us-ter), n. a, small col- 
umn or pilaster to support the rail 
of a parapet or balustrade. 

balustrade (bal-us-trad') , n. a series 
of small columns or pilasters, sur- 



banate or banat (ban'at), n. the 
Austro-Hungarian territory ruled by 
a ban: the office itself. 

band (band), n. that which binds to- 
gether; that which connects; that 
which encircles, supports, or re- 
strains; a fillet; strap; tie; shackle 
or fetter; collar; ligature; a driving 
belt; a company of persons united 
by a common object; a body of sol- 
diers; a company of musicians form- 
ing an orchestra, a military or other 
band: v.t. to unite in a troop, com- 
pany, or confederacy [with together]: 
v.i. to associate or unite for some 
common purpose. 



mounted by a top-rail or coping, bandage (ban'daj), n. a roller of cotton 

serving as a parapet or protective or other material used in dressing 

railing, staircase, &c. [Italian.] and binding up wounds, &c; a band 

bam (bam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bammed, or ligature: v.t. to dress or bind with 

p.pr. bamming], to bamboozle ; cheat ; a bandage. 

wheedle: n. an imposition; a cheat; a bandala (ban-da'la), n. manila white 

hoax. [English J m _ rope. 

bambino (bam-be'no), n. [pi. bambini bandana or bandanna (ban-dan'a), 



(bam-be'ne)], a child or baby; a fig- 
ure of the infant Christ wrapped in 
swaddling clothes : exhibited in many 
Roman Catholic churches from 
Christmas to Epiphany. [Italian. 



n. a large silk or cotton handker- 
chief, dyed red, blue, or yellow, with 
white or yellow spots; a style 01 
calico printing in imitation of the 
bandana. 



bamboo (bam-boo'), n. the name of bandbox (band'boks), n. a light box 



certain tropical grasses having thick- 
jointed stems of exceeding hardness 



of pasteboard, &c, for holding bon- 
nets. 



and attaining to a height of from 20 bandeau (ban-do'), n. [pi. bandeaux 



to 120 ft.; a stick or cane: v.t. to flog 
with a bamboo rod. [Malay.' 



(ban-doz')], a ribbon worn over the 
forehead. 



bamboozle (bam-boo'zl), v.t. to hoax; banded (ban'ded), p. adj. allied; con- 
federated ; having bands ; marked by 



deceive by trickery; mystify; hum- 
bug: v.i. to practice cheating. 



stripes of different color or material. 



ban (ban), n. in feudal times a public bandelet. Same as bandlet. 

proclamation, or summons to arms; banderilla (ban-de-rel'ya) , n. a dart 



an edict of proscription or interdic- 
tion; prohibition; excommunication; 
anathema: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 



with a banderole attached, used in 
bull-fights to exasperate the bull. 
[Spanish.] 



banned, p.pr. banning], to curse; to banderillero (ban-der-il-ya'ro), n. the 



interdict or prohibit; to place under 
a ban. 



person who in bull-fights waves his 
banderilla or little flag. [Spanish.] 



ban (ban), n the title of the governor banderole (ban'de-rol) or banderol 



of Croatia and Slavonia as viceroy of 
the Austrian emperor ; in France and 
Germany the first division of the 
national guard. 
Landwehr. 
banana (ba-na/na), n. a tropical her- 
baceous plant, closely allied to the 
plantain ; its soft, luscious fruit, which 
furnishes a nutritious and important 



(ban'de-rol) , n. a little flag or stream- 
er ; a small flag carried at the head of 
a lance or mast. [Spanish.] 
See arriere-ban and bandicoot (ban'di-koot), n. a large 
rat, native of India and Ceylon, very 
destructive to rice fields and gardens; 
the name given to rat-like marsupials 
of several species found in Australia 
and Tasmania. 



article of food in tropical countries, bandit (ban'dit), n. [pi. bandits (ban r - 

c- • -* 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BANDLET 



80 



BANKER 



dits) & banditti (ban-dit'i)], an out- 
law; a brigand; a robber; a highway- 



for Europeans; a loose gown for men, 
like that worn by the Banians in the 

man. N East Indies. 

nandlet (band'let), n. a small band; banian-tree (ban'yan-tre), n. see ban- 

a little band or flat molding encir- yan-tree. 

cling a column. banish (ban'ish), v.t. to exile or compel 



ban-dog (ban'dog), n. a large fierce 
kind of dog usually kept chained; a 
mastiff. 

bandoleer (ban-do-ler') , n. a broad 



to leave one's country by authority 
of the ruling power, either for life or 
for a limited time; drive away; com- 
pel to depart; disoel from the mind. 



leather belt, worn over the shoulder banishment (ban'ish-ment) , n. the 



and across the breast, for holding 
ammunition 



act of expelling or driving away; the 
state of being expelled. 



bandoline (ban'do-lin), n. & gummy banister or bannister (ban'is-ter) , n, 
perfumed substance used for impart- corrupt forms of baluster. 
ing a gloss to the hair or for fixing it banjo (ban'jo), n. a musical instru- 



ment, of from five to nine strings, 
having a neck like a guitar, and a 
circular body covered in front with 
tightly-stretched parchment. 

died, p.pr. bandying], to throw or banjoist (ban'jo-ist), n. a performer 

beat to and fro, as a ball in play; on the banjo. 

bank (bangk), n. a heap, mound, or 
ridge of earth; any steep acclivity; 



in position. 
bandsaw (band'saw), n. an endless 

steel saw running on pulleys. 
bandy (ban'di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ban- 



give and take in conversation: v.i 
to contend; strive: n. a club bent at 
the end for striking a ball ; a hockey- 
stick; a game played with such a 
club, commonly called hockey: adj. 
bent; having a bend or crook out- 
ward. 

bandy (ban'di), n. a kind of cart or 
buggy used in India 
oxen. 

bane (ban), n. that which causes ruin 
or destruction; hence a deadly 
poison, vice, or sin; a disease (rot) in 
sheep. 

baneful (ban'fool), adj. poisonous; 
pernicious. 

banefully (ban'f oo-li) , adv. in a per- 
nicious manner; destructively. 

bang (bang), v.t. to beat, as with a 
club or cudgel; thump; handle 
roughly: v.i. to make a loud noise 



an elevation or rising ground beneath 
the sea or at the mouth of a river, 
forming a shoal or shallow; a bench 
for rowers; a tier of oars: v.t. to en- 
close, defend, or fortify with a bank; 
pile or heap up. 
drawn by bank (bangk), n. an establishment for 
the custody, loan, exchange, or issue 
of money; the office of a banking 
company ; in certain games of chance, 
the fund held against the table: v.t. 
to deposit money in a bank: v.i. to 
have an account with a banker. 
bank-bill (bangk'bil), n. sl note or 
bill of exchange of a bank payable 
on demand or at a future specified 
time; also a bank-note issued by a 
bank and secured by the deposit of 
U. S. bonds in the Treasury. 



thump violently: n. a heavy blow; a bank-book (bangk'book), n. the 



loud, sudden noise: adv. with a sud- 
den, violent blow. 
bang (bang), n. [pi. bangs (bangz)], 



pass-book kept by a depositor, in 
which a cashier of the bank, enters 
the debits and credits. 



hair cut straight across the forehead bank-credit (bangk-kred'it) , n. the 
so as to form a fringe; false hair so amount a person, on giving proper 
worn: v.i. to cut the hair across the security, is allowed to draw upon a 
forehead so as to form a fringe. bank. 

bangle (bang'gl), n. an ornamental bank-note (bangk'not), n. See bank- 
ring worn upon the wrists and ankles bill. 
in India and Africa; a ring-bracelet, bankable (bang'ka-bl) , adj. receivable 

banian or banyan (ban'yan), n. a by a bank. 

Hindu trader or merchant ; a Bengali banker (bang'ker), n one who keeps 
native who manages money affairs a bank one who traffics in money, 



ate, arm, at, awl 



me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i 
hue, hut ; think, then. 



BANKING 



81 



BAR 



receives and remits money, nego- 
tiates bills of exchange, &c; a vessel 
employed in the cod-fishery on the 
banks of Newfoundland; the stone 
bench on which masons cut and 
square their work; a ditcher. 

banking (bang'king), n. the act of 
raising a mound or bank; fishing on 
the banks of Newfoundland; the 
loading of coals at the pit's mouth. 

bankrupt (bangk'rupt) , n. a person 
legally declared to be unable to dis- 
charge his liabilities ; an insolvent 
debtor: adj. unable to meet one's 
obligations; insolvent: v.t. to make 
or render insolvent: v.i. to exhaust 
one's financial credit; become insol- 
vent. 

bankruptcy (bangk'rupt-si) , n. [pi. 
bankruptcies (bangk'rupt-siz)], the 
state of being legally insolvent, or 
unable to pay all debts; failure in 
trade. 

banner (ban'er), n. a piece of cloth or 
silk attached to a pole or staff, and 
usually worked with some device or 
motto, heraldic or emblematical; an 
ensign, standard, or flag of a country, 
state, or order. 

bannock (ban'uk), n. a thick cake 
made of oatmeal, bariey-meal, or 
pease-meal, and baked on an iron 
plate or griddle. [Scotch.] 

banns (banz), n.pl. the announcement 
in church of an intended marriage. 

banquet (bang'kwet), n. a sumptuous 
entertainment or feast: v.t. to treat 
with a feast or rich entertainment: 
v.i. to regale one's self sumptu- 
ously. 

banquet or banquette (bang-ket'), ^. 
a bank running along the inside of a 
parapet, on which soldiers stand to 
fire upon the enemy; the footway of 
a bridge when raised above the 
carriage-way; a side- walk. 

banshee (ban'she), benshie (ben 'she), 
or benshi, n. the female fairy t of 
Scotch and Irish legends, whose visit 
foretells death. [Gaelic] 

bant, v.i. to abstain from fat-forming 
foods. See Bantingism. 

bantam (ban 'tarn), n. a diminutive 
breed of domestic fowl: adj. pertain- 
ing to the bantam; diminutive; con- 
sequential. 

banter (ban'ter), v.t to rail at; good- 



humoredly; attack jestingly; make 
fun of: n. humorous raillery. 

Bantingism (ban'ting-izm) , n. a die- 
tetic method to reduce weight, by 
abstaining from fat-forming foods; 
introduced by William Banting of 
London in 1864. 

bantling (bant'ling), n. a young child. 

banyan- tree (ban'yan-tre), n. the 
Indian fig-tree, whose branches send 
shoots to the ground, which take root 
and form additional trunks, until 
the tree spreads over a large area. 

baobab (ba'o-bab & ba'o-bab), n. an 
African tree of huge size, called the 
sour-gourd, or the cream-of-tartar 
tree, largely used as an article of food 
by the natives. The trunk is some- 
times thirty feet in diameter^ 

baptism (bap'tizm), n. the application 
of water by an authorized adminis- 
trator, to a person, by sprinkling, 
effusion, or immersion, constituting 
the sacrament or rite by which he 
is initiated into the visible church of 
Christ. 

baptismal (bap-tiz'mal), adj. pertain- 
ing to the ceremonial application of 
water or initiatory rite of the Chris- 
tian church. 

baptismally (bap-tiz'ma-li), adv. in 
the manner of, or by means of, 
baptism. 

Baptist (bap'tist), n. one of a Christian 
denomination who baptize adult be- 
lievers only, and who maintain the 
necessity for immersion. 

baptistery (bap-tis'ter-i) or baptistry 
(bap'tis-tn), n. [pi. baptisteries (bap- 
tis'ter-iz), -tries (bap'tis-triz)], a 
building or portion of a building in 
which the rite of baptism is adminis- 
tered. 

baptize (bap-tiz'), v.t. to administer 
the rite of baptism to; admit to the 
Christian church by the ceremonial 
application of water; christen. 

bar (bar), n. a piece of wood, metal, 
or other solid matter, long in propor- 
tion to its thickness ; anything which 
impedes or obstructs ; a bank of sand, 
gravel, &c, obstructing navigation 
at the entrance to a harbor or mouth 
of a river; the railing enclosing the 
space occupied by counsel in courts 
of justice; the place in court where 
prisoners are stationed for trial, or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
6 hue, hut ; think, then. 



BAR 



82 



BAREFACED 



sentence; the members of the legal 
profession collectively, entitled to 
plead in court; any tribunal; the por- 
tion of a hotel, &c, where liquors are 
served out; a band or stripe; a line 
drawn vertically through the staff 
of a piece of music, dividing it into 
equal measures of time; the space and 
notes enclosed by two such lines; an 
ordinary, similar to, but narrower 
than, a fess, and filling one-fifth of 
the heraldic field: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
barred: p.pr. barring], to fasten with 
a bar; to hinder; obstruct; ex- 
clude. 

bar sinister (bar sin'is-ter), n. in her- 
aldry a bar or band drawn from the 
upper corner of a shield at the left 
(sinister) to the opposite base at the 
right (dexter). It is sometimes, but 
not always, a sign that the bearer of 
the shield is a bastard. 

barb (barb) , n. that which resembles 
a beard in lower animals; a hair or 
bristle ending in a double hook; the 
sharp point projecting backwards 
from the extremity of an arrow, fish- 
hook, &c: v.t. to furnish with barbs. 

barb (barb), n. a horse of the Barbary 
breed, remarkable for speed, endur- 
ance, and docility; a short-beaked 
pigeon of a breed originally brought 
from Barbary. 

barbarian (bar'ba/ri-an) , n. a for- 
eigner; a man in a rude, savage state; 
an uncivilized person; a cruel, savage, 
brutal man: adj. pertaining to sav- 
ages; rude; uncivilized; inhuman. 

barbaric (bar-bar'jk) , adj. pertaining 
to or characteristic of savage or 
uncivilized people; rude; savage. 

barbarism (bar'ba-rizm) , n. an offense 
against purity of style or language; 
an uncivilized state or condition; a 
savage action; an outrage. 

barbarity (bar-bar 'i-ti) , n. [pi. bar- 
barities (bar-bar'i-tiz)], the state of 
being uncivilized ; cruelty ; inhuman- 
ity; an act of savage cruelty. 

barbarize (bar'ba-riz) , v.i. to adopt a 
foreign or barbarous mode of speech: 
v.t. to make barbarous. 

barbarous (bar'ba-rus) , adj. uncivil- 
ized ; rude and ignorant ; contrary to 
pure idiom; savage; cruel; ferocious; 
inhuman; wild. 

barbate (bar'bat) or barbated (bar'- 



ba-ted) , adj. bearded ; furnished with 
long and weak hairs. 

barbecue (bar r be-ku), n. a frame on 
which all kinds of meat or fish are 
roasted or smoke-dried; the carcass 
of an ox, hog, &c, roasted whole; 
a social or political entertainment 
at which animals are roasted and 
eaten whole: v.t. to dress and roast 
whole. [West Indian.] 

barbel (bar'bel), n. a slender vermi- 
form process appended to the lips of 
certain fishes; a European fresh- 
water fish, having its upper jaw 
furnished with four barbels. 

barber (bar'ber), n. one whose occu- 
pation is to shave the beard and cut 
and dress the hair: v.t. to shave and 
dress the hair of. 

barbette (bar-bet') , n. the platform or 
breastwork of a fortification, from 
which cannon may be fired over a 
parapet instead of through the em- 
brasures. 

barbican (bar'bi-kan) , n. a tower or 
advanced work defending the en- 
trance to a castle or city. 

barbotine (bar'bo-tln), n. kaolin clay, 
thinly mixed, used for ornamenting 
pottery. 

barbule (barb'yool), n. a very minute 
barb. 

barcarole or barcarolle (bar'ka-rol), n. 
a simple song or melody sung by 
Venetian gondoliers ; a piece of music 
in imitation of such a song. 

bard (bard), n. a poet and singer 
among the ancient Germans and 
Celts, and held in high esteem. 
The word is in modern times used 
with a certain contempt. 

bard or barde (bard), n. one of the 
ornaments and housings of a horse; 
one of the pieces of defensive armor 
of a mediaeval war-horse. 

bardic (bar'dik), adj. pertaining to 
ancient bards or to their poetry. 

bardish (bar'dish), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, bards. 

bardism (bar'dizm), n. the meth- 
ods, maxims, and sentiments of 
bards. 

bare (bar) , adj. naked ; with the head 
uncovered ; unconcealed ; simple; un- 
furnished; threadbare; poor; mere: 
v.t. to divest of covering. 

barefaced (bar 'fast) , adj. with the face 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BAREGE 



83 



BARON 



uncovered; undisguised; shameless; 
impudent. 

barege (ba-razh'), n. thin gauze-like 
fabric, usually of silk and worsted. 
[French.] 

bargain (bar'gan), n. an agreement or 
contract between two or more parties 
with reference to the sale or transfer 
of property; that which is acquired 
or sold at a low price; an advanta- 
geous purchase: v.i. to make a con- 
tract or agreement: v.t. to sell or 
transfer for a consideration. 

bargainer (bar'ga-ner) , n. one who 
stipulates or contracts to sell or 
transfer to another for a considera- 
tion. 

barge (barj), n. a flat-bottomed vessel 
employed in loading and unloading 
ships, and for the conveyance of 
goods on rivers and canals; a vessel 
of state. 

bargee (bar-je'), n. the owner and user 
of a barge; a bargeman. [English.] 

barilla (ba-ril'a), n. an impure car- 
bonate and sulphate of soda im- 
ported from Spain and the Levant, 
and obtained from the alkaline ashes 
of certain plants. 

barillet (bar'il-let) , n. the cylindrical 
case containing the mainspring of a 
watch. 

baritone. _See barytone. 

barium (ba/ri-um), n. one of the ele- 
mentary metals. Symbol, Ba. 

bark (bark), v.i. to utter a sharp, short 
sound, as the cry of a dog; to cough: 
n. the sound or cry emitted by dogs. 

bark (bark), n. the exterior layer or 
rind of woody stems or trunks ; Peru- 
vian bark: v.t. to remove by strip- 
ping. 

bark or barque (bark), n. a three- 
masted vessel having the fore- and 
main-mast square-rigged, and the 
mizzen-mast fore-and-aft rigged. 

barkentine (bar'kan-ten) , n. a three- 
masted vessel having the fore-mast 
square-rigged, and the main- and 
mizzen-mast fore-and-aft or schoon- 
er-rigged. 

barker (bark'er), n. one who 
touts for a cheap place of amuse- 
ment. 

barking (bar 'king), n. a sharp sound 
like that of a dog; coughing: n. the 
process of stripping bark from trees ; 



the process of tanning leather and of 
dyeing with bark. 

barky (bar'ki), adj. consisting of, or 
covered with, bark. 

barley (bar'li) , n. the grain grown and 
used chiefly for malting; the plant 
which yields the grain. 

barley-corn (bar'li-korn) , n. a grain 
of barley; formerly a measure of 
length equal to the third part of an 
inch. 

Barleycorn, John (j on), n. a humorous 
name for whiskey. 

barm (barm), n. the foam rising upon 
beer or other malt liquors when 
fermenting, and used as leaven in 
bread-making; yeast. 

barmy (barm'i), adj. containing or 
consisting of yeast; frothy. 

barn (barn), n. a covered building for 
the storage of grain or other farm 
produce. 

barn-owl (barn'oul), n. the white or 
screech owl. 

barnacle (bar'na-kl), n. a cirriped 
crustacean, often called the Goose- 
barnacle, found adhering in groups 
or clusters to rocks or to the bottoms 
ships, &c; an official who holds 
tenaciously to his post: n.pl. an in- 
strument which nips a horse's nose 
to hold him while being shod, bled, 
or dressed. 

barogram (bar'6-gram) , n. the record 
traced by the barograph. 

barograph (bar'o-graf ) , n. an instru- 
ment recording automatically varia- 
tions in atmospheric pressure. 

barology (ba-rol'o-gi) , n. the science of 
weight or gravity. 

barometer (ba-rom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for measuring the weight 
or pressure of the atmosphere: used 
for indicating changes of weather,' 
or to determine the altitude of any! 
place. 

barometric (bar-o-met'rik) or baro- 
metrical (bar-o-met'ri-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to, made with, or indicated 
by, a barometer. 

barometrically (bar-o-met'ri-ka-li) , 
adv. by means of a barometer. 

baron (bar'un), n. the title of an 
English peer of the lowest rank, 
next below a viscount; formerly the 
title of the judges of the Court of 
the Exchequer. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BARONAGE 



84 



BARTER 



baronage (bar'un-aj), n. the whole 
body of barons; the dignity or rank 
of a baron. 

baroness (bar'un-es), n. a baron's 
wife; a lady holding a baronial title 
in her own right. 

baronet (bar'un-et), n. a title of 
hereditary rank or degree of honor 
next below a baron and above a 
knight, but conferring no seat in the 
House of Lords. He is styled 
"Sir" and his wife "Lady." 

baronetage (bar'un-et-aj), n. the col- 
lective body of baronets; the dignity 
or rank of a baronet. 

baronetcy (bar'un-et-si) , n. the title 
and dignity of a baronet. 

baronial (bar-6'ni-al), adj. pertaining 
to a baron or a barony. 

barony (bar'un-i), n. [pi. baronies 
(bar'un-iz)], the rank or dignity of 
a baron; the domain or lordship of 
a baron; a territorial division in 
Ireland, corresponding nearly to the 
English hundred; a large freehold 
estate in Scotland. 

baroque (ba-rok'), adj. fantastic; in 
baa taste ; applied to a fresh water 
pearl on account of its irregular 
shape. [French.] 

baroscope (bar'o-skop) , n. an instru- 
ment for indicating variations in the 
pressure of the atmosphere without 
actual measurement of its weight; a 
storm- or weather-glass. 

barouche (ba-roosh'), n. sl roomy, 
four-wheeled carriage with a folding 
or falling top. 

barquantine. See barkantine. 

barque. See bark. 

barracan (bar'a-kan), n. a thick strong 
stuff made of camel's hair. 

barrack (bar'ak), n. a large building, 
or series of buildings, for the lodg- 
ment of soldiers and officers; pi. 
a building or several buildings in 
an enclosure where a body of men 
are lodged. 

barrage (ba-razh'), w. a barrier to 
the advance of enemy troops formed 
by the continuous fire of many guns, 
artillery or machine guns, along a 
particular strip of ground. This 
curtain of fire is also used to clear 
the way for advancing troops by 
shifting it slowly forward. [French.] 



barred (bard), p. adj. furnished with 
bars; obstructed; secured; striped. 

barrel (bar'el), n. a vessel or cask, 
cylindrical in form, bulging in the 
middle, made of wooden staves 
bound with hoops, and having flat 
ends or heads; the quantity which a 
barrel should contain; anything re- 
sembling a barrel in shape ; a drum or 
cylinder; a metallic tube. 

barrel (bar'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. barreled, 
p.pr. barreling], to put or pack in a 
barrel. 

barren (bar'en), adj. incapable of 
producing its kind; unproductiye ; 
unfruitful; sterile; lacking; devoid; 
profitless; empty: n. an unproductive 
tract of land. 

barricade (bar-ri-kad') , n. a fortifica- 
tion constructed in haste of such 
materials as are nearest to hand, 
and which will serve to obstruct the 
progress or attack of an enemy, or 
shield a besieged party; any bar or 
obstruction: v.t. to obstruct or stop 
up ; fortify or enclose by a barricade. 

barrier (bar'i-er), n. anything which 
hinders or obstructs; an obstacle to 
progress, approach, or attack; an 
enclosing fence or boundary wall; a 
limit or boundary. 

barrier-reef (bar'i-er-ref ) , n. a reef of 
coral encircling an island, or skirting 
the mainland, and enclosing an open 
channel or lagoon. 

barring (bar'ing), p.pr. as prep, ex- 
cepting; leaving out of account. 

barrister (bar'is-ter) , n. in England, 
a member of the legal profession 
qualified to plead at the bar; in 
Scotland, an advocate; counselor at 
law. 

barrow (bar '6) n. a frame covered with 
boards and furnished with handles at 
both ends, or with a pair of wheels 
and handles or shafts at one end; a 
hand-barrow ; a shallow box, with a 
single wheel and handles and sup- 
ports; a wheel-barrow; a mound of 
earth or heap of stones forming an 
ancient or prehistoric grave, con- 
structed in various forms. 

bar-shot (bar'shot), n. double-headed 
shot; two cannon balls fastened to- 
gether by a short iron bar. 

barter (bar'ter) , v.i. to traffic or trade 
by exchanging one commodity for 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

bue, hut ; think, then. 



BARTIZAN 



85 



BASILICA 



another: v.t. to give in exchange: n. 
trafficking by exchange of commodi- 
ties; the thing given in exchange. 

bartizan (bar'ti-zan) , n. a small over- 
hanging turret, with loopholes or 
embrasures, projecting from the top 
of a tower or wall. 

barwise (bar'wiz), adv. horizontally. 

barwood (bar'wood), n. a red dye- 
wood. 

baryta (ba-rl'ta), n. the oxide of 
barium. 

barytes (ba-ri'tez), n. the native sul- 
phate of barium. Also called heavy- 
spar. 

barytic (ba-rit'ik), adj. pertaining to 
or containing baryta. 

barytone or baritone (bar'i-ton) , adj. 
intermediate between bass and tenor, 
as the male voice or instrument: n. 
a person with a voice having this 
range; a word having the last sylla- 
ble unaccented: v.t. to leave the last 
syllable unaccented. 

barytone-clef (bar'i-ton-klef ) , n. the 
F clef on the middle line of the bass 
staff. 

basal (bas'al), adj. pertaining to or 
forming the base; fundamental: n. 
a basal part. 

basalt (ba-sawlt' & bas'awlt), n. an 
igneous rock of greenish black color, 
and composed of feldspar, augite, 
titaniferous iron, and frequently 
olivene. 

basaltic (ba-sawl'tik) , adj. pertaining 
to or formed of basalt. 

basanite (bas'a-nlt), n. sl black sili- 
ceous rock or jasper; Lydian stone; 
touchstone. 

bas-bleu (ba-ble'), n. a blue-stocking; 
a literary woman. [French.] 

bascule (bas'kul), n. a mechanical 
arrangement on the see-saw principle 
by which the lowering of one end 
raises the other. 

base (bas) , adj. worthless ; spurious ; of 
mean spirit; morally abject; deep or 
grave in sound (commonly bass). 

base (bas), n. the part of a thing on 
which it rests; a foundation or 
groundwork; that which combines 
with an acid to form a salt; the line 
or surface forming that part of a 
figure on which it is supposed to 
stand; a fortified line from which 
the operations of an army proceed; 



the lower part of a heraldic field*. 
v.t. to lay a foundation. 

baseball (bas'bawl), n. a game of ball 
played by nine on a side ; a ball used 
in playing baseball. m Baseball is 
said to have been derived from the 
old English game of rounders. 

base-born (bas'born), adj. born out 
of wedlock; of low or mean paren- 
tage; mean. 

baseman (bas'man), n. [pi. basemen 
(bas'men)], a player placed at base- 
ball on the first, second, and third 
bases respectively. 

basement (bas'ment), n. the lowest 
part of a structure; the lowest story 
of a building. 

bash (bash), v.t. to strike heavily; to 
knock out of shape. [English.] 

bashaw (ba-shaw'), n. a pasha; a mag- 
nate or grandee; a personage. 
[Turkish.] 

bashful (bash'f ool) , adj. easily discon- 
certed; modest to excess; diffident; 
shy. 

bashfully (bash'f oo-li) , adv. in a bash- 
ful manner. 

bashi-bazouk (bash'i-ba-zook'), n. a 
volunteer or irregular soldier in the 
Turkish army. [Turkish.] 

bashlyk (bash'lik), n. a kind of hood 
with long ends, worn in Russia. 

basic (ba/sik), adj. pertaining to a 
base; fundamental; performing the 
office of a base in a salt. 

basil (baz'il), n. a sheepskin tanned 
with bark ; the name given to several 
aromatic herbs used in cookery, 
most of them being of the mint 
family; the mountain mint. 

basil (baz'il), n. the angle to which 
the cutting edge of a tool is ground: 
v.t. to grind or form the edge of it to 
an angle. 

basilar (bas'i-lar) or basilary (bas'i- 
la-ri), adj. pertaining to, or situated 
at, the base. 

basilic (ba-sil'ik) or basilical (ba-sil'- 
i-kal), adj. kingly; royal; pertaining 
to a basilica: n. the middle vein of 
the arm. 

basilica (ba-sil'i-ka) , n. [pi. basilicas 
(ba-sil'i-kaz)], in ancient Rome, a 
public hall of rectangular shape used 
for judicial assemblies; a church 
built on such a plan, especially the 
early Christian churches in Italy. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, JfteD. 



BASILICON 



BASTARDIZE 



basilicon (ba-sil'i-kon), n. an ointment 
composed of yellow wax, black pitch, 
resin, and olive oil. 

basilisk (bas'i-lisk), n. a # fabulous 
creature, variously conceived as a 
kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, 
and sometimes identified with, the 
cockatrice; the name of a lizard 
with an inflatable crest: adj. per- 
taining to the basilisk; penetrating 
or malignant. 

basin (ba/sn), n. a circular vessel for 
holding water or other liquid; a pond, 
or dock, or other reservoir for water; 
the area drained by a river; a set of 
strata or stratified formations occu- 
pying a basin-shaped depression in 
older rocks. 

basis (ba'sis), n. [pi. bases (ba'sez)], a 
foundation; the groundwork or fun- 
damental principle of anything. 

bask (bask), v.i. to lie in warmth; be 
exposed to genial heat; be at ease: 
v.t. to warm by continued exposure 
I - to heat. 

basket (bas'ket), n. a vessel made of 
rushes, or other flexible material, 
plaited or interwoven; as much as a 
basket will hold. 

basket-ball (bas'ket-bawl) , n. a game, 
the object of which is to force a large 
ball through a ring depending from a 
pole. 

basketful (bas'ket-f ool) , n. \pl. basket- 
fuls], as much as a basket will carry. 

basking- shark (bas'king-shark) , n. 
one of the largest of the sharks in- 
habiting the northern seas; it is 
harmless, and has the habit of bask- 
ing at the surface in the sun. 

Basque (bask), n. a race of people liv- 
ing in the vicinity of the Pyrenees in 
France and Spain. Their origin is 
obscure and their language unique. 

Basque (bask), adj. of, or pertaining 
to, the Basque race or language. 

basque (bask), n. a kind of woman's 
jacket with a short skirt. 

bas-relief (ba-re-lef), n. low relief; a 
form of relief in which the figures 
stand out very slightly from the 
ground. Also spelled bass-relief, 
basso-relievo, and basso-rilievo. 

or basse (bas), n. the name of 
various edible fishes allied to the 
perch. 

(ba*0, n. ciis American lime-tree; 



matting made from its bark; a 
hassock. 

bass (bas), adj. low; deep; grave: n. 
the lowest part in the harmony of a 
musical composition ; the lowest male 
voice, ranging from D below the bass 
staff to D or E above it; one who 
sings bass. 

bass-bar (bas'bar) , n. a piece of wood 
placed lengthwise inside stringed 
instruments to resist the pressure 
of the bridge. 

bass clef (bas kief), n. the character 
placed at the beginning of the bass 
staff. 

bass horn (bas horn), n. a modified 
form of a clarionet. 

bass staff (bas staf), n. the staff on 
which the notes of the bass of a 
harmonized composition are written. 

bass viol (bas vll), n. a large stringed 
instrument of the violin class for 
playing bass. 

basset (bas'et), v.i. to crop out at the 
surface. 

basset-horn (bas'et-horn) , n. an in- 
strument resembling a clarionet, but 
of greater compass. 

bassinet (bas'i-net) , n. a wicker basket 
with a hood at one end, and used as 
a cradle. 

basso (bas'o), adj. Italian for bass: n. 
one who sings bass. 

bassoon (bas-oon'), n an instrument 
of the reed kind_. 

bassoonist (bas-oon'ist), n. a per- 
former on the bassoon. « 

basso- pr of ondo (bas'o-pro-f on'do) , n. 
the lowest bass voice; a singer having 
such a voice. 

basso-relievo (bas'o-re-li-a/vo). See 
bass-relief. 

bassorin (bas'o-rin) or bassorine 
(bas'o-rin), n. a substance extracted 
from gum tragacanth and some other 
gums. 

bast (bast), n. the tough inner fibrous 
bark of various trees, especially of 
the lime; rope or matting made from 
this bark. 

bastard (bas'tard), n. a child born 
out of wedlock; an animal of in- 
ferior quality or breed; a coarse 
brown sugar made from syrup pre- 
viously boiled: adj. begotten and 
born out of matrimony; spurious. 

bastardize (bas'tar-dlz), v.t. to make 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £7&en. 



BASTARDY 



87 



BATTEN 



or prove to be a bastard; declare to 
be illegitimate. 

bastardy (bas'tar-di) , n. the state of 
being illegitimate, or born out of 
lawful wedlock. 

baste (bast), v.t. to beat with a stick; 
to drip or pour melted fat or butter 
on meat while roasting; to sew 
slightly, or fasten with long stitches, 
as in dressmaking. 

bastile or bastille (bas-teT), n. a tower 
used for the defense or siege of a 
fortified place; an old castle in Paris 
used as a state prison, but demolish- 
ed by the populace in 1789. 

bastinado (bas-ti-na'do) , n. an Oriental 
mode of punishment, consisting in 
beating an offender upon the soles of 
his feet with a stick or rod. Written 
also bastinade: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. basti- 
nadoed; p.pr. bastinadoing], to beat 
the soles of the feet with a stick or 
cudgel. 

bastion (bas'chun), n. an earthwork 
faced with brick or stone, projecting 
from the angles of a rampart, and 
having two flanks and two faces. 

basto (bas'to), n. the ace of clubs in 
the card games of quadrille and 
ombre. 

bat (bat), n. a heavy stick or club; 
the flattened club used in cricket, 
and the rounded bat used in base- 
ball; a batsman; a part of a brick 
with one end whole; a plate of 
flexible gelatine used to print im- 
pressions on glaze ; bituminous shale : 
v.t. ['p.t. & p.p. batted, p.pr. batting], 
to hit or strike: v.i. to use or wield 
a bat in cricket or baseball. 

bat (bat), n. a carouse; a loose woman. 

bat (bat), n. an insectivorous mammal 
furnished with wings formed by a 
membrane stretched between the 
elongated fingers, legs, and tail. 

batch (bach), n. the quantity of bread 
baked at one time; a quantity of 
anything produced at one operation ; 
a group or collection of similar things. 

bate, (bat), v.t. to lessen or reduce; 
deduct. 

bateau or batteau (ba-to')» n. [pi. 
bateaux, batteaux (ba-toz)], a lignt 
boat used on Canadian rivers; a 
pontoon of a floating bridge. 

bateau-bridge (ba-to'brij), n. a float- 
ing bridge constructed on boats. 



bath (bath), n. [pi. baths (batfiz)], the 
act of washing or immersing the 
body in water, or exposing it to any 
other fluid or vapor; a vessel holding 
water for bathing; a building fitted 
up for bathing purposes; a medium 
through which heat is applied to a 
body; a vessel containing a solution 
for treatment of an object by immer- 
sion. 

bathe (bai/i), v.t. to subject to a bath; 
immerse in water or other liquid; to 
suffuse or moisten with a liquid; 
immerse or surround with anything 
analogous to water, as vapor or fight : 
v.i. to take a bath. 

bathometer (ba-thom'e-ter) , n. an 
apparatus for measuring depths. 

bathos (ba'thos), n. a ludicrous de- 
scent from the elevated to the com- 
monplace in writing or speech. 

bathy metric (bath-i-met'rik), adj. 
pertaining to the measurement of 
depths. 

bathymetry (ba-thim'e-tri) , n. the 
art of sounding or measuring sea 
depths. [Greek.] 

batiste (ba-test'), n. a kind of cam- 
bric. [French.] 

baton (bat'un, French ba-tong'), n. a 
staff or truncheon once used as a 
weapon, but now as a mark or badge 
of office, especially of a Marshal of 
France; the wand of an orchestral 
conductor; a heraldic mark indicat- 
ing illegitimacy: v.t. to strike with a 
baton or truncheon. 

Batrachia (ba-tra/ki-a) , 7i.pl. the order 
of Amphibia which includes the froga 
and toads. 

batrachian (ba-tra'ki-an) , adj. per- 
taining to the Batrachia: n. one of 
that order. 

batrachoid (bat'ra-koid) , adj. having 
the form of a frog. 

batsman (bats'man), n. the man at 
the bat in any such game as base- 
ball or cricket. See ball. 

battalion (ba-tal'yun), n. a body of 
infantry usually forming a division 
of a regiment. 

batten (bat'n), v.i. to grow or become 
fat; thrive at the expense of others. 
(With on.) 

batten (bat'n), n. a narrow strip or 
scantling of wood used for various 
purposes; a strip of wood used to 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BATTER 



88 



BAYADEER 



fasten the edges of a tarpaulin to 
the deck of a ship: v.t. to fasten or 
form with battens. 

batter (bat'er), v.t. strike with heavy, 
repeated blows, so as to bruise, shat- 
ter, or demolish; injure or impair: v.i. 
to make an attack by heavy blows. 

batter (bat'er), n. a mixture of several 
ingredients, as flour, eggs, &c, beaten 
together, used in cookery. 

battering- ram (bat'er-ing-ram) , n. a 
military engine anciently used to 
beat down the walls of besieged 
places, and consisting of a large 
beam with a head of iron somewhat 
resembling the head of a ram. 

battery (bat'er-i), n. [pi. batteries 
(bat'er-iz)], the act of battering or 
beating; a body of cannon, with its 
complement of officers, men, and 
equipments, for field operations; any 
raised work or parapet where guns 
are mounted and gunners screened; 
a number of Ley den jars connected 
for charging and discharging sim- 
ultaneously; an apparatus for gen- 
erating voltaic electricity. 

battle (bat'l), n. a fight between op- 
posing forces; a combat; a contest 
or struggle for mastery: v.i. to con- 
tend in fight; struggle (followed by 
against, with), battle- piece (bat'l- 
pes), n. a nainting, poem, or writ- 
ing descriptive of a battle, battle- 
royal (bat'l-roi'al) , n. a match in 
which more than two game-cocks 
are engaged, battleship (bat'l- 
ship), a warship of the first-class, 
formidably armed and equipped. 

battledore or battledoor (bat'1-dor), 
n. a kind of light racket used for 
playing battledore and shuttlecock. 

battlement (bat'1-ment) , n. an in- 
dented parapet consisting of alter- 
nate solids and openings. 

battue (bat-tu'), n. in shooting over 
cover, the method pursued by the 
beaters who surround the preserves 
and drive the game by beats and 
cries towards the sportsmen. 

bauble (baw'bl), n. any showy piece 
of finery; a child's cheap trinket: 
n. the staff formerly carried by a 
court jester, or king's fool. 

bawbee or baubee (baw-be'), n. orig- 
inally a coin issued in 1542 by James 
V. of Scotland, of the value of l^d. 



Scotch; now applied in Scotland to 
the halfpenny, and used figuratively 
as something worthless. 

bawd (bawd), n. a person who keeps 
a house of prostitution; one who 
procures women for lewd purposes, 
or acts as agent, in illicit intercourse. 

bawdiness (bawd'i-nes) , n. obscenity; 
lewdness. 

bawdry (bawd'ri), n. the business or 
practice of a procuress; illicit inter- 
course; obscenity; filthy language. 

bawdy (bawd'i), adj. obscene; un- 
chaste; foul-mouthed. 

bawl (bawl), v.i. to cry out with a 
loud, full, and sustained sound; 
vociferate: v.t. to proclaim loudly: 
n. a loud prolonged cry. 

bay (ba), v.i. to bark as a dog, with a 
deep sound, as hounds in the chase: 
v.t. to bark at; to pursue with bark- 
ing so as to bring to bay: n. the deep- 
toned prolonged bark of a dog. 

bay (ba), adj. red or reddish, approach- 
ing to chestnut [applied to horses]: 
n. a horse of such color. 

bay (ba), n. a recess in the shore of 
a sea or lake; the expanse of water 
between two capes or headlands; a 
recess or opening in walls; a place 
or receptacle for depositing or stor- 
ing coal; the fore part of a ship 
between decks ; the laurel-tree, noble 
laurel, or sweet-bay; an honorary 
garland or crown, composed of woven 
laurel leaves, bestowed as a prize 
upon successful poets and conquerors, 
hence [pi.] fame. 

bay-hound (ba/hound), n. any hound 
that bays with a long, deep note; 
a street vender of newspaper ex- 
tras at night. 

bay-salt (ba'sawlt), n, salt resulting 
from the evaporation of sea water 
and used for artificial sea-baths. 

bay-window (ba-win'do), n. the win- 
dow or windows forming a bay or 
recess in a room, and extending out- 
wards from the wall, usually in a 
rectangular, semicircular, or polyg- 
onal shape. 

baya (ba'ya), n. the weaver-bird of 
the East Indies, resembling the bull- 
finch. 

bayadeer or bayadere (ba-ya-der'), n. 
a Hindu dancing girl. Also written 
bajadere. [Portuguese.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. but ; tbink, £7*en. 



1 



BAYAMO 8 

bayamo (ba-ya'mo), n. a violent tem- 
pest of windwith lightning. 

bayonet (ba'o-net), n. a dagger-like 
instrument constructed to fix on 
to the barrel of a rifle; if long it is 
called a sword-bayonet: v.t. to stab 
or drive with a bayonet. 

bayou (bi'oo), n. [pi. bayous (bi'ooz)], 
in the Southern United States, the 
outlet of a lake, or one of the delta 
streams of a river; a sluggish water- 
course. 

bazaar or bazar (ba-zar'), n. in the 
East, a market-place or exchange; 
a hall or series of rooms with stalls 
for the sale of goods; a sale of fancy 
articles in aid of some charity; a 
fancy fair. _ 

bazoo (ba-zoo'), n. a carouse; a revel; 
an imaginary instrument upon which 
a reveller plays, as: "toot the wild 
bazoo." 

bdellium (del'ymn), n. an aromatic 
gum-resin brought from Africa, In- 
dia, and Persia, and used medicinally 
and as a perfume. 

be (be), v.i. [p.t. was, p.p. been, p.pr. 
being], to exist; have existence in 
fact, physical or mental; include or 
involve as a result; bring; produce; 
come about; become; remain; sig- 
nify; answer to. 

beach (bech), n. [pi. beaches (bech'ez)], 
the portion of the shore of the sea 
or of a lake which is washed by the 
waves; the strand; shingle: v.t. to 
run or haul up (as a vessel or boat; 
upon a beach: v.i. to land on a 
beach. 

beach-comber (bech'kom-er) , n. sl 
long curling wave rolling in from the 
ocean; one who hangs about the 
shore on the lookout for wreckage 
or plunder; hence, a tramp or vag- 
rant. 

beachy (bech'i), adj. having a beach; 
covered with shingle. 

beacon (be'kn) , n. a signal of warning 
or guidance, on sea or land ; formerly 
a fire lighted on a hill or high tower 
to signal danger or assemble troops, 
&c: v.t. to light up, as a beacon; 
furnish with beacons: v.i. to serve as 
a beacon. 

bead (bed), n. a little perforated ball 
of any suitable material, intended to 
be strung with others and worn as 



9 BEAM-FEATHER 

an ornament or used to form a 
rosary; any small globular body; a 
drop or bubble; a small knob of 
metal at the end of a gun-barrel 
used as a sight; a narrow rounded 
molding ; an astragal : v.t. to ornament 
with beads or beading. 

bead-roll (bed'rol), n. a list of persons 
for the repose of whose souls a certain 
number of prayers are assigned to be 
repeated; a rosary. 

beadle (be'dl), n. a messenger or crier 
of a court ; a parish officer with vari- 
ous subordinate duties connected 
with a church or vestry. [English.] 

beagle (be'gl), n. a small hound, for- 
merly used for hunting hares. 

beak (bek), n. the bill of a bird; the 
horny jaws or mandibles of other 
animals; anything which is pointed 
or shaped like a beak; the metal- 
sheathed prow of an ancient galley 
intended to pierce the vessels of an 
enemy; the powerful ram of steel 
forming part of the bow of modern 
war-vessels; in English slang, a 
police magistrate. 

beaker (be'ker), n. a large drinking 
cup or vessel with a wide mouth; an 
open-mouthed glass vessel with a 
projecting lip. 

beam (bem), n. a long piece of timber 
or iron used horizontally or vertically 
to support the rafters of a building; 
one of the principal horizontal tim- 
bers of a building or ship; the ex- 
treme breadth of a ship; the shank 
of an anchor; the oscillating lever 
which transmits motion in a steam- 
engine; a cylinder of wood around 
which, before weaving, the warp is 
wound; the pole of a carriage; the 
main part of a plow to which the 
handles are secured; the bar of a 
balance which suspends the scales; 
the principal stem of a deer's horns 
which bears the antlers; a collection 
of parallel rays of light emitted from 
the sun or other luminous body: v.t. 
to send forth, as rays of fight: v.i. to 
shine. 

beam- compass (bem-kum'pas) , n. an 
instrument used for describing large 
circles. 

beam- feather (bem'f eth-er) , n. one of 
the long feathers in the wing of a 
bird. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BEAMY 



90 



BEATIFIC VISION 



beamy (be'mi), adj. emitting rays of 
light resembling a beam in size and 
weight L 

bean (ben), n. the smooth, kidney- 
shaped seed of many leguminous 
plants; the plant itself; the popular 
name of other seeds or fruits resem- 
bling true beans. In English slang, 
coins. 

bear (bar), v.t. [p.t. bore, bare, p.p. 
borne, p.pr. bearing], to support, 
hold up; carry or convey; suffer or 
endure; be answerable for; possess, 
wear, or use; have in or on; contain: 
cherish; carry in the mind; admit or 
be capable of ; show or exhibit ; bring 
forth or produce: v.i. to be capable 
of supporting; be fruitful; to bear, 
press, or weigh upon or against; tend; 
relate; take effect; be situated. [N. 
B. — When used passively bear (to 
produce) has as its p.p. born, as an 
• infant was born.] 

bear (bar), n. a plantigrade carniv- 
orous mammal, belonging to the 
genus Ursus, the three best known 
species of which are: the brown or 
black bear of Europe, the grizzly 
bear of North America, and the 
polar bear of the Arctic regions; the 
name of two constellations in the 
northern hemisphere, called the 
Great Bear and the Little Bear; one 
who attempts to depreciate the value 
of stock in order to buy cheap; 
opposed to a bull; a rude, uncouth, 
or brutal person: v.t. to endeavor to 
lower the price of. _ 

bear-baiting (bar'bat-ing) , n. .the il- 
legal and now obsolete sport of 
setting dogs to fight with captive 
bears. 

bear-garden (bar'gar-dn) , n. a place 
where bears were kept for sport; 
hence any scene or place of tumult 
or disorder. 

beard (berd), n. the hair that grows 
on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts 
of the human face; anything which 
resembles a beard ; the awn of barley 
and other grains; the barb of an 
arrow, fish-hook, &c: v.t. to take by 
the beard; oppose to the face; set at 
defiance. 

bearing (bar'ing), n. the act of endur- 
ing with patience ; carriage ; behavior ; 
mutual relation of the parts of a 



whole; meaning or application; the 
act or power of producing; the part 
of a machine that bears the friction; 
the direction or point of the compass 
in which an object is seen; the posi- 
tion of one object with respect to 
another; the heraldic charges that 
fill the escutcheon. 

bearing-rein (bar'ing-ran) , n. a short 
rein for holding up the head of a 
horse. 

bearish (bar'ish), adj. resembling a 
bear in qualities; rude; surly. 

"beast (best), n. any four-footed ani- 
mal, as distinguished from birds, 
insects, fishes, and man; an irra- 
tional animal; a person rude, coarse, 
or filthy, or whose actions degrade 
him below the level of a rational 
being; a brute. 

beastly (best'li), adj. resembling a 
beast ;_ coarse ; rough; disgusting. 

beat (bet), v.t. [p.t. beat, p.p. beaten, 
beat, p.pr. beating], to strike with 
repeated blows ; thrash ; knock ; pound 
or break; flatten or spread by blows; 
scour and range with blows and cries 
in order to rouse or drive game ; dash 
or strike against, as water or wind; 
tread, as a path; overcome or van- 
quish; excel; baffle; exhaust; flutter, 
as wings: v.i. to strike repeatedly; 
throb; signal or summon by beat of 
drum; sound, as a drum, when 
struck: n. a recurring stroke; a 
throb; a football; a round or course 
assigned to a policeman; a place of 
habitual resort; the rise or fall of 
the hand or foot marking the divi- 
sions of time; the divisions of the 
measure so marked. 

beat (bet), p.p. of beat, exhausted by 
mental or bodily fatigue. 

beat (bet), n. a person who lives on 
others; a dishonest debtor. [Slang.] 
Also, more forcibly, dead-beat. 

beaten (be'tn), p. adj. worn by use as 
by the beat or tread of feet; con- 
quered; exhausted; baffled. 

beaten- work (be'tn-werk), n. metal 
shaped by being beaten on an anvil. 

beatific (be-a-tif 'ik) , adj. having power 
to bless or render perfectly happy; 
blissful. 

beatific vision (bS-a-tif'ik vizh'un), n. 
the direct vision of God, regarded as 
the bliss of the angels and saints. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BEATIFICALLY 



BED 



beatific ally (be-a-tif 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
blissful manner. 

beatification (be-at-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of blessing or the state of 
being blessed ; the act of the Pope in 
declaring a deceased person to have 
attained the rank of "the blessed": 
usually the second step towards 
canonization. 

beatify (be-at'i-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
beatified, p.pr. beatifying], to make 
happy; bless with the completion of 
celestial enjoyment; to declare by 
public decree that a deceased person 
has attained the rank of "the 
blessed. 1 ' 

beating (bet'ing), n. the act of strik- 
ing; a flogging; pulsation or throb- 
bing; a defeat; tacking against the 
wind. 

beatitude (be-at'i-tud), n. felicity of 
the highest kind; consummate bliss. 

beau (bo), n. [pi. beaus or beaux (boz)], 
one who dresses himself in strict 
accordance with the fashion ; a ladies' 
man or suitor. 

beau-ideal (bo-I-de'al) , n. ideal excel- 
lence. 

beau monde (bo mond'), n. the fash- 
ionable world. 

beauteous (bu'te-us), adj. possessing 
beauty. 

beautiful (bu'ti-ful), adj. possessing 
qualities which charm and delight 
the senses; lovely. _ 

beautifully (bu r ti-f iil-li) , adv. in a 
charming or attractive manner. 

beautify (bu'ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
beautified, p.pr. beautifying], to 
make or render beautiful ; embellish : 
v.t. to grow beautiful. 

beauty (bu'ti), n. [pi. beauties (bii'- 
tiz)], an assemblage of graces or 
properties which command the ap- 
probation of the senses; those 
qualities which are most pleasing to 
the eye ; a particular grace or charm ; 
a beautiful woman. 

beauty-sleep (bu'ti-slep) . n. sleep 
taken before midnight or in the after- 
noon, popularly supposed to be more 
restorative than that taken later. 

beauty-spot (bu'ti-spot) , n. a patch or 
spot placed on the face with intent 
to heighten beauty by contrast. 

beauty- wash (bu'ti-wosh) , n. a cos- 
metic. 



beaver (be'ver), n. a rodent quadruped 
of amphibious habits, and valued for 
its fur; the fur of the beaver; a hat 
formerly made of beaver fur. 

beaver (be'ver), n. the portion of a 
helmet which served to protect the 
lower part of the face, and could be 
raised or depressed. 

beaver-rat (be'ver-rat) , n. a water 
rodent of Australia and Tasmania 3 
similar in habit to the Europear 
water vole. 

beaver-tree (be'ver-tre) , n. the sweefc 
bay, common in United States. 

becalm (be-kam'), v.t. to make calm 
or still. 

because (be-kawz), conj. on account 
of ; by reason of. 

beche-de-mer (bash'de-mar') , n. the 
trepang, a sea-slug dried and eaten 
by the Chinese. [French.] 

beck (bek), n. el nod, or other signifi- 
cant gesture. 

becket (bek'et), n. a contrivance in 
ships to confine small spars or loose 
ropes, &c. 

beckon (bek'n), v.t. to make a signal 
to another by a motion of the head 
or hand; v.t. summon or signal by 
signs. 

becloud (be-kloud'). See cloud. 

become (be-kum'), v.i. [p.t. became, 
p.p. become, p.pr. becoming], to pass 
from one state to another; come or 
grow to be: v.t. to suit, or be suitable 
to ; befit ; accord with ; grace or adorn. 

becoming (be-kurn'ing) , p. adj. fit; 
suitable; seemly; proper; appropri- 
ate; befitting. 

becquerel rays (bek'rel raz), n.pl. 
radio-active energy manifested by 
radium, polonium, and certain com- 
pounds of uranium. # 

bed (bed), n. an article of domestic 
furniture upon or within which one 
rests or sleeps; conjugal rights; 
anything which serves as a resting- 
place, or in which something is 
embedded; a portion of a garden 
prepared and set apart for bedding 
plants; the bottom of a river or 
other stream, or of any body of 
water; a layer or stratum of rock; a 
mass or heap of anything resembling 
a bed; either of the horizontal sur- 
faces of a building stone: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. bedded, p.pr. bedding], to fur- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BEDBUG 



92 



BEESWING 



nish with a bed; plant, as flowers; 
lay in a stratum; lay flat, or in order: 
v.i. to go to bed; cohabit. 

bedbug (bed'bug), n. a flat-bodied, 
reddish-colored insect infesting fur- 
niture, &c. 

bedpan (bed 'pan), n. a warming-pan ; 
a utensil for the use of those confined 
to bed. 

bedstraw (bed'straw), n. straw for 
stuffing beds; a popular name of 
plants- used formerly in beds. 

bed- tick (bed'tik), n. a bag or case 
of strong linen or cotton for con- 
taining the feathers or other ma- 
terials of abed. 

bedabble (be-dab'l). See dabble. 

bedaub (be-dawb'). See daub. 

bedazzle (be-daz'l). See dazzle. 

bedding (bed'ing), n. a bed and its 
furniture; the materials of a bed, 
whether for man or beast; stratifica- 
tions ; occurrence in layers ; a founda- 
tion, or bottom layer. 

bedeck (be-dek'). See deck. 

bedevil (be-dev'l), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. (-ed), 
p.pr. (-ing)], to throw into disorder or 
confusion; spoil or corrupt, as by evil 
agency. 

bedevilment (be-dev'l^-ment) , n. the 
state of being vexatiously and be- 
wilderingly disordered or confused. 

bedew (be-du'), v.t. to moisten with 
dew. 

bedim (be-dim'). See dim. 

bedizen (be-diz'n & -di'zn), v.t. to 
deck or adorn; trick out with vulgar 
finery. 

bedlam (bed 'lam), n. a madhouse; an 
asylum or hospital for lunatics : hence 
any scene of uproar and confusion. 

bedlamite (bed'lam-it) , n. a madman ; 
an inmate of Bethlehem Hospital or 
bedlam. 

Bedouin (bedoo-in'), n. a nomadic 
Arab or tent-dweller of Arabia, Syria, 
and Northern Africa: adj nomad; 
street prowler. 

bedrabble (be-drab'l). See drabble. 

bedraggle (be-drag'l). See draggle. 

bedrench (be-drench') . See drench. 

bedrid (bed 'rid) or bedridden ('rid-n), 
adj. confined to bed by age or in- 
firmity. 

bedrop (be-drop'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bedropped, p.pr. bedropping], to 
sprinkle as with drops; bespatter. 



bee (be), n. a hymenopterous insect of 
the genus Apis; the hive or honey- 
bee kept in hives for the sake of its 
honey and wax; an industrious per- 
son; a social meeting for work on 
behalf of a neighbor or a charitable 
object; strips of wood bolted each 
side of a bowsprit, through which the 
foretopmast stays are reeved. 

bee-bread (be'bred), n. a brown bitter 
substance consisting of the pollen of 
flowers collected and stored by bees 
as food for their young. 

beech (bech),n. [pi. beeches (bech'ez)], 
a tree of the genus Fagus, yielding 
a hard timber and edible triangular 
nuts. 

beechen (be'chen), adj. pertaining to, 
or made of the wood or bark of, the 
beech. 

bee-eater (be'et-er), n. one of the 
numerous species of bee-eating birds. 

beef (bef), n. the flesh of an ox, bull, or 
cow, when killed. 

beefeater (bef'e-ter), n. a yeoman of 
the English royal guard, attending 
the sovereign on state occasions. 
[French, bufetier.] 

beefy (be'fi), adj. resembling beef; 
fleshy. 

beehive (be'hlv) , n. a box or other 
covering for a swarm of bees, and 
serving for the storage of ^honsy. 

bee-line (be'lin), n. the straight course 
pursued by a bee returning laden to 
the hive: hence the most direct way 
from one point to another. 

bee-moth (be'moth), n. a moth which 
lays its eggs in beehives, and whose 
larvae feed upon the wax. 

been (bin or ben) , p.p. of be. 

beer (ber), n. sl fermented liquor made 
from any farinaceous grain, but gen- 
erally from malted barley, with hops 
or other substances added to impart 
a bitter flavor; sometimes a fer- 
mented extract of the roots and other 
parts of various plants, as ginger, 
spruce, &c. 

beery (ber'i), adj. pertaining to beer; 
stained by beer; affected by beer; 
maudlin. 

beestings (bes'tingz), n. the first milk 
given by a cow after calving. 

beeswing (bez'wing), n. a gauzy film 
occurring in port and some other 
wines, indicative of age. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BEET 



93 



BEHALF 



beet (bet), n. a biennial plant, culti- 
vated for its edible succulent root, 
and from which sugar is made. 

beetle (be'tl), n. a heavy wooden mal- 
let employed for driving wedges, con- 
solidating earth, &c; a club for 
beating linen, &c, in washing: v.t. 
to use a beetle on; beat with a 
heavy wooden mallet, as a substitute 
for mangling. 

beetle (be'tl), n. any insect belonging 
to the order of Coleoptera, having 
four wings, the anterior or outer pair 
being hardened and serving as a 
horny sheath to the inner pair. 

beetle (be'tl), v.i. to be prominent; jut 
out; overhang, as a cliff. 

beetling (bet ling), adj. standing out; 
overhanging. 

befall or befal (be-fawl'), v.t. [p.t. 
befell, p.p. befallen, p.pr. befalling], 
to happen or occur to: v.i. come to 
pass. 

befana (be-fa'na), n. a fairy supposed 
to reward children by presents of 
sweetmeats, &c, on Epiphany Eve 
(Jan. 5th). [Italian.] 

befit (be-fif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. befitted, 
p.pr. befitting], befitting or suitable 
to; become. 

befog. See fog. 

befool. See fool. 

before (be-for'), prep, in front of; pre- 
ceding in space, time, or rank; in 
presence or sight of; under jurisdic- 
tion of; rather than; earlier than: 
adv. in front ; in advance ; previously ; 
formerly; already. 

beforehand (be-f or'hand) , adv. in 
advance. 

befoul (be-foul'). See foul. 

befriend (be-frend'), v.t. to act as a 

) friend to; aid or shield; assist. 

beg (beg), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. begged, 
p.pr. begging], to ask or supplicate 
in charity; beseech; entreat with 
humility; to practice begging. (The 
phrase "I beg to," in polite usage, is 
employed euphemistically for ask, 
request, as "I beg to state.") 

began (be-gan'), p.t. of begin. 

begem (be-jem'). See gem. 

beget (be-gef), v.t. [p.t. begot, begat, 
p.p. begotten, begot, p.pr. begetting], 
to procreate, as a father or sire ; gen- 
erate; produce; cause to exist. 



begetter (be-get'ter) , n. one who be- 
gets. 

beggable (beg'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being solicited as gift or alms. 

beggar (beg'er), n. one who entreats 
or supplicates with humility; one 
w T ho makes it his business to beg 
for alms; one who is reduced to 
extreme poverty: v.t. to exhaust the 
resources of; outdo. 

beggar liness (beg'er-li-nes) , n. extreme 
poverty; meanness. 

beggarly (beg'er-li) , adj. like, or in the 
condition of, a beggar; poor; mean; 
contemptible. 

beggary (beg'er-i), n. the state of a 
beggar; extreme poverty; beggars 
collectively. 

begin (be-gin'), v.i. m [p.t. began, p.p. 
begun, p.pr. beginning], to com- 
mence existence; originate; arise; 
to take the initiatory step; make a 
start. 

beginner (be-gin'er), n. one who be- 
gins or originates; one who enters 
upon anything for the first time; a 
novice. 

beginning (be-gin'ing) , n. the first 
cause; origin; the initial stage of 
anything. 

begird (be-gerd'). See gird. 

begirdle (be-ger'dl). See girdle. 

begone (be-gon'), inter j. go away! 
depart! 

Begonia (be-go'ni-a) , n. a genus of 
tropical plants, cultivated for their 
ornamental leaves and showy flow- 
ers. 

begot (be-got'), p.t. & p.p. of beget. 

begotten (be-got'n), p.p. of beget. 

begrease (be-gres'). See grease. 

begrime (be-grlm'). See grime. 

begrudge (be-gruj'). See grudge. 

beguile (be-gll'), v.t. to impose upon 
or delude by guile; deceive; cause 
to pass pleasantly; divert or enter- 
tain. 

beguilement (be-gil'ment) , n. the 
act of beguiling; the state of being 
beguiled^ 

begum (be'gum) , n. in the East Indies, 
a princess or lady of high rank. 

begun (be-gun'), p.p. of begin. 

behalf (be-haf), n. advantage; favor; 
support; defense; stead; interest 
[governed always by the preposition 
in, on, or upon]. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BEHAVE 



94 



BELITTLE 



behave (be-hav'), v.t to conduct, com- 
port, or acquit: v.i. to act; conduct 
one's self in a proper manner. 

behavior (be-hav'yer), n. manner of 
behaving, whether good or bad; con- 
duct; deportment; manners. 

behead (be-hed'), v.t to cut off the 
head of. 

beheld (be-held'), p.t. & p.v. of behold. 

behemoth (be-he'moth), n. an animal 
described in Job xl. 15-24, and 
probably intended for the hippo- 
potamus. [Hebrew.] 

behest (be-hest/), n. a command; pre- 
cept. 

behind (be-hind'), prep, at the back 
of; in the rear of; remaining after; 
inferior to: adv. at the back; in the 
rear; toward the back; out of sight; 
past in point of time. 

behindhand (be-hmd'hand), adv. or 
adj. in a state of backwardness; late; 
in arrear. 

behold (be-hold'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
beheld, p.pr. beholding], to fix the 
eyes upon; have in sight; look at; 
observe with care: v.i. to look; direct 
or fix the mind. 

beholden (be-hol'dn), p. adj. indebted; 
obliged; bound in gratitude. 

behoof (be-hoof), n. advantage; in- 
terest; profit; use; behalf. 

behoove or behove (be-hoov'), v.t to 
be meet, necessary, or fit for. 

beige (bazh), adj. having its natural 
color, as a fabric of undyed wool. 

being, V-pr. of be. 

being (be'ing), n. existence, as opposed 
to non-existence ; that which exists in 
any form, whether actual or ideal. 

foeiewel (be-ju'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, 
p.pr. -ing], to ornament or furnish 
with jewels. * 

bekko- ware (bek'o-war) , n. an ancient 
kind of Japanese pottery in imitation 
of tortoise-shell. 

belabor (be-la'ber), v.t to beat sound- 

*' ly- 

belate (be-lat ), v.t. to make late, or 
retard. 

belated (be-la'ted), p. adj. delayed; too 
late; overtaken by darkness; be- 
nighted. 

belay (be-la'), v.t. make fast, as a rope, 
by winding round a pin, cleat, &c. 

belaying- pin (be-la'ing-pin) , n. a 
stout pin of wood or metal used to 



fasten a rope by keeping it from run- 
ning out. 

belch (belch), v.t. to eject with force 
or violence: v.i. to eject wind from 
the stomach: n. the act of ejecting 
wind forcibly. 

beldam (bel'dam) or beldame (bel'- 
dam), n. a grandmother; an-ugly eld 
woman. 

beleaguer (be-le'ger), v.t to besiege; 
surround with an army so as to 
preclude escape; blockade. 

belemnite (bel'em-nit) , n. the fossil 
internal bone, or shell, of an extinct 
family of cuttle-fish. 

belfry (bel'fri), n. a bell tower; that 
part of a steeple or tower in which a 
bell is hung. 

Belgravian (bel-gra/vi-an) , adj. be- 
longing to Belgravia, a fashionable 
quarter of London: hence, aristo- 
cratic; fashionable: n. an inhabitant 
of Belgravia; a member of the upp^r 
classes. 

belie (be-li'), v.t to calumniate; slan- 
der by lies; give the he to; show to 
be false. — — — ** 

belief (be-lef), n. assent to anything 
proposed or declared, and its accept- 
ance as fact, by m reason of the au- 
thority whence it proceeds, apart 
from personal knowledge; faith; the 
thing believed; the whole body of 
tenets held by the professors of any 
faith; a creed; a conviction. 

believability (be-le-va-biri-ti) , n. cred- 
ibility; credence; believableness. <« 

believable (be-le'va-bl) , adj. capable 
of being accepted as truth; credible. 

believe (be-leV), v.t. to place credence 
in and accept as true, upon the 
ground of authority, testimony, or 
logical inference apart from per- 
sonal knowledge; place confidence in; 
expect or hope: v.i. to have faith; 
be more or less firmly persuaded 
of the truth of anything; think or 
suppose. ~ " 

believer (be-le'ver), n. one who ac- 
cepts as truth something not actually 
demonstrated ; one who adheres to a 
religious faith; a professor of Chris- 
tianity. . 

belike (be-lik'), adv. probably. 

belittle (be-lit'l), v.t. to lower or de- 
preciate; run down by speaking 
slightingly of. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BELL 



95 



BELTED-CRUISER 



bell (bei), v.i. to bellow, as deer in 
rutting time; to be in flower: said 
of the hop. 

bell (bel). n. a hollow metallic vessel, 
usually cup-shaped, and giving forth 
a clear, ringing sound when struck; 
anything in the form of a bell: pi. 
the divisions of daily time marked 
each half -hour by strokes on a be! J: 
v.t. to put a bell on. 

bell-bird (beFberd), n. an American 
bird whose note resembles a bell; an 
Australian bird whose note is similar. 

bellman (German), n. [pi. bellmen], 
one who uses a bell for public an- 
nouncement; a town-crier. [Obsolete.] 

bell-metal (bel-met'al) n. an ahoy 
of copper and tin, used for the manu- 
facture of bells. 

bell-punch (berpunch), n. a punch 
with a signal bell used on cars 
for puncturing the tickets and check- 
ing the number of fares issued. 

bell- telegraph (bel-tel'e-graf ) , n. a 
telegraphic instrument in which bells 
are employed instead of needles. 

bell-wether (bel'weth-er). n. a wether 
or sheep which leads one flock with 
a bell on its neck. 

belladonna (bei-a-don'a) , n. the dead- 
ly nightshade, a poisonous plant used 
as medicine. Even in small doses it 
causes the pupil of the eye to dilate. 

belle (bel), n. a young and handsome 
lady; a reigning beauty. 

belles-lettres (bel-let'r), n.pl. polite or 
elegant literature ; light literature ; 
poetry, essays, facile criticism. 

bellicose (bel'i-kos), adj. pugnacious; 
contentious; warlike. 

bellied (berid), adj. having a belly; 
swelled out in the middle. 

belligerence (bel-ij'er-ens) or bellig- 
erency (bel-ij'er-en-si), n. the act or 
state of warfare. 

belligerent (bel-ij 'er-ent) , adj. waging 
war; pertaining to war or warfare; 
warlike: n. a power recognized as 
carrying on war; a person engaged 
in fighting. 

bellite (bel it), n. an explosive com- 
pound formed of ammonium nitrate 
and other substances. 

bellow (bel'6), v.i. to utter a full 
resonant sound, as a bull; bawl or 
vociferate; roar, as the sea in a 
tempest, vv as the wind when vio- 



lent: v.t. to utter with a loud full 
voice: n. the roar of a bull; a loud, 
resounding _outcry. 

bellows (bel'oz), n. sing. & pi. an in- 
strument for producing a current of 
air, and used for various purposes, as 
blowing fires, or filling the pipes of 
an organ. 

belly (be: ,; ), n. [pi. bellies (bel'iz)], 
iLci!- r>art of the numan body which 
extends from zuc breast to the thighs, 
and contains che Dowels; the abdo- 
men; the corresponding Dart in the 
lower animals; the pan oi anything 
that swells out into a larger capacity ; 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bellied, p.pr. bellying], 
to swell and become protuberant; 
bulge out: v.t. to cause to swell out, 
as sails. 

belly-band (bel'i-band), n. a band 
that encircles the belly of a horse; 
a saddle-girth. 

belong (be-long'), v.i. to be the prop- 
erty (of); go along with; be a part 
(of); be appendant (to), or con- 
nected (with); be the concern or 
business (of) ; appertain (to) ; be 
suitable; be due; have a settled or 
legal residence (in) ; be native (to) . 

belonging (be-iong'ing), n. that which 
belongs to one [generally used in the 
pi.}; qualities; endowments; prop- 
erty: possessions; appendages. 

beloved (be-luvd' & -luv'ed), p.adj, 
greatly loved; dear to the heart: n. 
one who is greatly loved. 

below (be-lo'), pr e P.- under in placer 
beneath; not so high; inferior to in 
rank or excellence; lower in value-, 
price, &c: adv. in a lower place; oz 
the earth; in hell, or the regions of 
the dead; in a lower rank or grade; 
off duty; under. 

belt (belt), n. a girdle or band used 
to encircle the waist; anything re- 
sembling a belt, or which encircles, 
restrains, or supports, as a belt; a 
strip; a band; an heraldic badge de- 
noting knightly rank; one of the 
rings surrounding the planet Jupiter; 
a band connecting two wheels and 
transmitting motion from one to the 
other: v.t. to encircle, as with a belt; 
surround; to strike with a belt. 

belted- cruiser (berted-kroo'zer), n. a 
quick-sailing ship, having a broad 
band of armor-plating. 



ate, arm. aH y awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BELTING 



96 



BENGAL-LIGHT 



belting (bel'ting), n. belts collectively; 
the material of which belts are made; 
a severe beating. 

beluga (be-lu'ga), n. the large white 
sturgeon from the roe of which 
caviare is made; the white whale of 
the Northern Seas. 

belvedere (bel-ve-deV) , n. a pavilion 
or open structure raised ufcon the 
top of a house; a summer-house built 
on an eminence. 

bemire (be-mir'), v.t. to soil bypassing 
through mire; to fix in the mire. 

bemoan (be-mon'), v.t. to lament; 
bewail; pity; sympathize with. 

bench (bench) , n. [pi. benches (bench'- 
ez)], a long seat; a strong table on 
which mechanics do their work; the 
seat where judges sit in court; the 
persons who sit as judges ; the court : 
v.t. to furnish with benches. 

bench-warrant (bench-wor'ant), n. 
a warrant issued by a court or judge, 
as distinguished from a justice's war- 
rant issued by a minor magistrate. 

bend (bend), v.t. to curve or make 
crooked; direct to a certain point; 
incline: v.i. to be or become curved 
or crooked; bow or be submissive: 
n. a curve; a crook; a knot: n. one 
of the nine heraldic ordinaries cross- 
ing from the dexter chief to the sinis- 
ter base point of the escutcheon; 
strictly opposed to bar, but not 
always used accurately. 

bender (ben'der), n. one who, or that 
which, bends; in slang, a carouse or 
spree. 

bends (bendz), n. a disease prevalent 
among caisson workers, and caused 
by sudden differences in atmospheric 
pressure affecting the valvular action 
of the heart 

beneath (be-neth'), prep, lower in 
place, with reference to something 
above; under the pressure of; lower 
in rank, dignity, or excellence than; 
unworthy of: adv. in a lower place; 
below. 

benedict (ben'e-dikt), n. a married 
man, especially one newly wedded 
who had previously ridiculed the 
idea of matrimony. From Benedick 
in Shakespeare's play /'Much Ado 
about Nothing." [Latin.] 

benediction (ben-e-dik'shun) , n. the 
act of blessing; a blessing or expres- 



sion of kind wishes solemnly or 
affectionately invoked; the short 
blessing pronounced at the close of 
public worship. [Latin.] 

benedictive (ben-e-dik'tiv) or bene* 
dictory (ben-e-dik'te-ri), adj. tend- 
ing to bless; conveying or expressing 
good wishes. 

benefaction (ben-e-f ak'shun) , n. the 
act of conferring a benefit; a benefit 
conferred; a charitable donation. 

benefactor (ben-e-f ak'ter), n. one who 
confers a benefit, benefactress, 
the feminine form of the word. 

benefice (ben'e-fis), n. a fief, or estate 
in lands; an ecclesiastical living; a 
church endowed with revenue; the 
revenue itself. 

beneficence (be-nef'i-sens), n. active 
goodness; a benefaction. 

beneficent (be-nef 'i-sent) , adj. charac- 
terized by benevolence. 

beneficial (ben-e-fish'al) , adj. contrib- 
uting to a valuable end; helpful; 
profitable; in law language confer- 
ring or having the right to a benefit 
or user. 

beneficially (ben-e-fish'a-li) , adv. in an 
advantageous manner. 

beneficiary (ben-e-fish'i-a-ri), adj. 
holding office under another; con- 
nected with the receipt of benefits 
or profits; freely bestowed: n. one 
who holds a benefice; in feudal times 
a vassal; one who receives anything 
as a gift. 

benefit (ben'e-fit), n. an act of kind- 
ness; a favor conferred; whatever 
promotes the happiness and well- 
being of a person or thing, or adds 
to the value of property ; a theatrical 
performance, the proceeds of which 
go to one of the actors, &c: v.t. 
to do good to; be of service to: v.i. 
to gain advantage; make improve- 
ment. 

benevolence (be-nev'o-lens) , n. the 
disposition to do good; philanthropy; 
good- will ; an act of kindness ; a royal 
tax formerly levied under the guise 
of a gratuity to the sovereign. 

benevolent (be-nev'o-lent) , adj. kind; 
charitable; philanthropic. 

Bengal (ben-gawl'), n. a thin stuff 
made of silk and hair. 

Bengal-light (ben-gawl'lit) , n. a fire 
work, used also for signaling at sea, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



38 



BENGAL-STRIPES 



97 



BERRY 



giving a steady bright blue light. 
Called also blue light. 

Bengal- stripes (ben-gawl'strips) , n. a 
kind of cotton cloth or gingham with 
colored stripes. 

Bengal tiger (ben-gawl' ti'ger), n. the 
royal tiger of India. 

benight (be-nit'), v.t. enshroud in 
darkness; overtake with night [usu- 
ally in p.p.]. 

benign (be-nln'), adj. of a kind or 
gentle disposition; favorable; salu- 
tary; genial. 

benignant (be-nig'nant) , adj. kind; 
gracious; favorable. 

benignity (be-nig'ni-ti) , n. [pi. benig- 
nities (be-nig'ni-tiz)], kindness of 
nature; graciousness ; gentleness; 
mildness. 

benison (ben'i-zn), n. a blessing. 

benitier (ba-ne'ti-a) , n. a font for 
holy water. 

benne (ben'e), n. the Sesame, an East 
Indian annual, cultivated for its 
seeds, out of which a valuable oil is 
obtained. 

bent (bent), adj. curved; crooked; 
strongly inclined; determined: n. a 
turn; an inclination; a leaning or 
bias; disposition; propensity^; a stiff 
or wiry grass. 

benumb (be-num'). See numb. 

benumbment (be-num'ment) , n. the 
act of stupefying; torpidity. 

benzene (ben'zen) , n. a volatile highly 
inflammable liquid, obtained com- 
mercially by distillation from coal- 
tar. Also called benzole and benzo- 
line. t 

benzine (ben-zen'), n. a liquid com- 
pounded of the volatile hydrocarbons 
of petroleum, and obtained by distilla- 
tion; used as a solvent and for the 
removal of grease, &c. 

benzoic (ben-zo'ik), adj. pertaining to 
or obtained from benzoin 

benzoic acid (as'id), n. (flowers of 
benzoin), a peculiar vegetable acid 
obtained from benzoin and other 
balsams by sublimation or decoction. 

benzoin (ben-zo'in) or benzoine 
(ben'zoin), n. the resinous juice of 
Gum Benjamin, a tree of Sumatra, 
&c, used chiefly in cosmetics, per- 
fumes, and incense. 

bequeath (be-kweW), v.t. to give or 

leave by will; hand down; transmit. 



bequeathment (be-kwe^'ment) , n< 
the act of leaving by will ; a bequest. 

bequest (be-kwest'), n. the act of 
leaving by will; something left by 
will; a legacy. 

berate (be-raf). See rate. 

berberine (ber'ber-in) , n. an alkaloid 
obtained, as a bitter, yellow sub- 
stance, from the barberry 7 and other 
plants; used in dyeing. 

berberry. Same as barberry. 

berceuse (bar-sez'), n. a cradle song; 
a tender or soothing; musical compo- 
sition. 

bereave (be-rev'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bereaved, bereft, p.pr. bereaving], 
to deprive; make destitute [with of 
before the thing taken away]. 

bereavement (be-rev'ment) , n. the 
act of bereaving; the state of being 
bereaved; the loss of a relative or 
friend by death. 

bereft (be-reff), p.t. & p.p. of bereave. 

berg (berg), n. a large floating mass of 
ice; an iceberg; a sharp pointed rock 
projecting from the sea. 

bergamot (ber'ga-mot), n. variety of 
lemon, the rind of which yields the 
volatile oil of bergamot, much used 
in perfumery ; a variety of pear; a va- 
riety of mint ; a coarse kind of tapes- 
try. Named from Bergamo, Italy. 

bergmehl (berg'mal), n. mountain- 
meal, a powdery substance composed 
of the siliceous skeletons of diatoms. 

beri-beri (ber'i-ber-i) , n. a peculiar 
disease confined chiefly to the people 
of India and Japan. Isolated cases 
brought to Europe and the United 
States do not spread the disease. 
The symptoms are those of paralysis 
ending in death. [Cingalese.] 

Bermuda grass (ber-mu'da gras'), n. 
a valuable variety of pasture grass. 

Bermudian (ber-mu'di-an) , adj. of or 
pertaining to the island of Bermuda. 

Bernese (ber-nez'), adj. pertaining to 
Berne in Switzerland, or its inhab- 
itants. 

bernicle (ber'ni-kal) , n. the bernicle 
goose. See barnacle. 

beroon (be-roon'), n. the principal 
court of a Persian house. [Persian.] 

berry (ber'i), n. [pi. berries (ber'iz)], any 
small pulpy or succulent fruit, as the 
strawberry, &c. ; anything resembling 
a berry in shape: v.i. [v.t. & p.p. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not : boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BERTH 



98 



BEST MAN 



berried, p.pr* berrying], to bear, pro- 
duce, or gather berries. 

'berth (berth)., n. ample or adequate 
sea room; a station which a ship 
occupies at anchorage or port; a 
room in a vessel set apart for officers 
or seamen; a sleeping place for a 
t passenger in a ship or railway car- 
riage; a situation or appointment: 
>v.t. to allot an anchorage to; give 
space to lie in ; allot a sleeping place 
to. 

foertha (ber'tha),_n. a kind of fichu. 

berthage (ber'thaj), n. dues levied 
upon vessels using anchorage in 
harbor or dock; the space for moor- 
ing vessels in harbor or dock. 

iBertillon - measurement (ber-ti- 
yong'mezh'er-ment), n. a system of 
measuring felons so that by their 
thumb-prints and other distinctive 
marks they may be easily identified. 
The system was devised by the 
celebrated French criminologist, Dr. 
Bertillon. 

■(beryl (ber'il), n. a mineral of varying 
colors, commonly green or greenish- 
blue. It is the silicate of aluminum. 

foeryllme (ber'i-lin) , adj. like a beryl 
in color. 

beseech (be-sech'), v.t. [pjt. & p.p. 
besought, p.pr. beseeching], to en- 
treat; supplicate; implore; beg eag- 
erly for; solicit. 

toeseem (be-sem'), v.i. & v.t. '[p.t & p.p. 
-ed, p.pr. -ing], to be suitable or 
seemly; to become; to seem. 

(beset (be-set/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beset, 
p.pr. besetting], to set or stud ^dis- 
tribute over; surround; besiege; 
press upon on all sides ; press hard on. 

ifoesetment (be-set'ment)., n. the condi- 
tion of being surrounded. 

"besetting; (be-set 'ing), adj. habitually 
attacking or coming upon. 

%eshrew i(be-shr6o'), v.t. to wish a 
curse to; execrate. 

"beside <be-sid'), prep, at the side of; 
near; apart from; not connected 
with. 

besides '(be-sidz') , adv. more than that ; 
in addition; as well: prep, over and 
above; separate or distinct from. 

besiege (be-sej'), v.t. to encompass 
with armed forces, in order to compel 
a foetfco surrender; lay siege to; beset 
or harass. 



besiegement (be-sej 'ment), n. the act 
of besetting; the state of being en- 
compassed. 

beslaver (be-slav'er) , v.t. to besmear 
with spittle; cover with fulsome 
praise. 

beslobber (be-slob'er), v.t. to smear 
with anything running from the 
mouth, as spittle; kiss effusively all 
over the mouth; to flatter fulsomely. 

besmear (be-smer'). See smear. 

besmirch (be-smerch') , v.t. to soil; 
discolor ;_ sully or dishonor. 

besom (be'zum), n. a brush of twigs 
for sweeping; a broom. 

besot (be-sot'), v.t. [p.t. &p.p. besotted, 
p.pr. besotting], to bestialize, as with 
drink; stupefy; infatuate. 

besotment (be-sot'ment) , n. the act 
or state of being besotted or infatu- 
ated. 

besottedly (be-sot' ed-li). adv. in a 
foolish or infatuated manner. 

besought (be-sawf), p.t. & p.p. of 
beseech. 

bespangle (be-spang'gl),y J. to adorn 
with spangles; dot or sprinkle with 
something that glitters. 

bespatter (be-spat'er) , v.t. to soil by 
spattering; spot with mud; asperse 
with calumny 1 

bespeak (be-spek'), v.t. [p.t. bespoke, 
p.pr. bespeaking], to speak for be- 
forehand; order or arrange in ad- 
vance; betoken; indicate, as by 
signs or marks: n. among actors, a 
benefit. 

bespread (be-spred')- See spread. 

besprinkle (be-sprin'kl) . See sprinkle. 

Bessemer steel (bes'em-er stel'\ n. 
steel made by forcing atmospheric 
air into cast iron while in a molten 
state. The invention was patented 
by Henry Bessemer in 1855. 

best (best), adj. having the highest 
degree of goodness or excellence; 
or the first quality or standing; most 
desirable, suitable, advantageous, 
<fec; largest: n. the highest state of 
excellence; the utmost endeavor; all 
one can do or show: adv. (superl. of 
well), in the highest degree; with 
most advantage or success: v.t. to 
get the better of; surpass; outwit. 

best man (best man), n. the grooms- 
man or principal attendant on a 
bridegroom. 



Ate, aran, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

Me, hut ; think, then. 



BESTED 



99 



BETTER 



bested or bestead (be-sted'), p. adj. 
situated; placed; circumstanced. 

bestial (bes'tial), adj. belonging to a 
beast; animal; having the qualities 
of a beast; brutal; sensual; obscene. 

bestiality (bes-tial'i-ti) , n. the quali- 
ties or nature of a beast. 

bestialize (bes'tial-iz), v.t. to make 
like a beast; degrade to the level of 
a brute. 

bestially (bes'tial-li) , adv. in a beast- 
like manner. 

bestir (be-ster'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be- 
stirred, p.pr. bestirring], to put into 
brisk or vigorous action. 

bestow (be-sto'), v.t. to lay up in store; 
deposit in safe keeping; use or apply; 
give or confer [followed by on or 
upon]. 

bestowment (be-sto'ment) or be- 
stowal (be-sto'al), n. the act of 
giving or conferring; that which is 
given. 

bestraddle (be - strad'l) , v.t. to be- 
stride. 

bestrew (be-stroo') or bestrow (be- 
stro'), v.t. to strew or scatter over. 

bestride (be-strid'), v.t. [p.t. bestrode 
& bestrid, p.p. bestridden, bestrid, 
p.pr. bestriding], to stand or sit on 
with the legs astride; embrace with 
the legs, as a horse. 

bet (bet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bet and 
betted, p.pr. betting], to stake or 
pledge on the event of a future 
contingency: v.i. to lay a wager: n. 
the act of wagering; that which is 
laid, staked, or pledged on any event 
or contest the issue of which is un- 
certain; the terms on which a bet 
is arranged. 

betake (be-tak'), v.t. [p.t. betook, p.p. 
betaken, p.pr. betaking], to have 
recourse to; repair; resort; take one's 
self (to_). 

betel (be'tl), n. a species of pepper, 
native of the East Indies, the leaves 
of which are chewed with the areca 
nut and a little lime, causing the 
saliva of the user to turn to a 
scarlet color. [Portuguese.] 

betel-nut (be'tl-nut), n. the nut-seed 
^of the East Indian areca-palm. 

bete- noire (bet-nwar'), n. that for 
which one feels a strong aversion. 
[French.] 

bethel (beth'el), n. a hallowed spot; 



a dissenting chapel [English]; a sea- 
man's chapel. 

bethink (be-think'), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. bethought, p.pr. bethinking], to 
call to mind; consider; remind one's 
self; to reflect. 

betide (be-tid'), v.t. to happen to; be- 
fall: v.i. to come to pass. 

betimes (be-timz'), adv. in good season 
or time; before it is too late; early; 
soon. 

betoken (be-to'kn), v.t. to indicate 
by signs; serve as a sign or token 
of; foreshadow by what is visibly 
present. 

beton (bet'un, French ba-tong'), n. 
a concrete composed of lime, sand, 
and gravel, used for submarine 
structures. 

betony (bet'o-ni), n. a common name 
for a woodland plant, with purple 
flowers, formerly used in medicine 
and as a dye. 

betook, p.t. of betake. 

betray (be-tra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be- 
trayed, p.pr. betraying], to deliver 
into the hands of an enemy by 
treachery; violate by fraud or un- 
faithfulness; reveal in breach of 
confidence; disclose inadvertently; 
deceive; indicate or show. 

betrayal (be-tra/al), n. the act of 
betraying. 

betroth (be-troth'), v.t. to contract 
to give any one in marriage; affi- 
ance; plight or pledge one's troth 
to. 

betrothal (be-troth al) or betroth - 
ment (be-troth'ment) , n. the act of 
engaging to marry; the state of being 
engaged ; a mutual promise for future 
marriage made between a man and a 
woman. 

better (bet'er), adj. [used as the corn- 
par, of good], having good qualities 
in a greater degree than another; 
preferable or more suitable; im- 
proved in health; more perfect, 
larger; greater: adv. [used as compar. 
of well], in a superior or more excel- 
lent manner; more correctly or 
thoroughly; in a higher degree; 
more in extent: v.t. to improve or 
ameliorate; increase the good quali- 
ties of; surpass; excel; outdo: v.i. 
to become better: n. a superior; 
one who has a claim to precedence 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, *7ien. 



BETTER 



100 



BIAS 



[usually in the pi.]; superiority, or 
advantage over [usually with of]. 

better or bettor (bet'er), n. one who 
wagers or lays bets. 

betterment (bet'er-ment) , n. a mak- 
ing better; the improvement of land 
or houses. 

betting (bet'ing), n. the act of making 
bets. 

between (be-twen'), prep, in the space 
or interval which separates ; in inter- 
mediate relation to; from one to 
another of; shared in common. 

between whiles (be-twen'hwllz) , adv. 
at intervals. 

betwixt (be-twikst'), prep, between; in 
the space which separates. 

bevel (bev'el), v.t. [.pt. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
-ing], to cut to a bevel-angle: v.i. to 
slant or incline off to a bevel-angle: 
n. an angle otherwise than a right 
angle (90°); the inclination which 
one surface makes with another when 
not at right angles; an instrument 
used for drawing angles: adj. having 
the form of a bevel; aslant. 

bevel-gear (bev'el-ger) , n. a species of 
wheel-work in which the axis or 
shaft of the driving-wheel forms an 
angle with the shaft of the wheel 
driven. 

bevel- wheel (bev'el-hwel) , n. a cog- 
wheel with its working face oblique 
to the axis. 

bevelment (bev'el-ment), n. the act 
or process of beveling. 

beverage (bev'er-aj), n. a drink of any 
description; liquor for drinking. 

bevy (bev'i) , a company or assembly of 
persons, especially of ladies; a flock 
of quails or larks. 

bewail (be-waT), v.t. to mourn or weep 
aloud for; lament: v.i. to express 
grief. 

bewailment (be-wal'ment) , n. the act 
of lamenting; a lamentation. 

beware (be-war'), v.i. to be on one's 
guard; be wary or cautious. 

bewilder (be- wil'der), v.t. to lead into 
perplexity or confusion; to puzzle. 

bewilderment (be-wil'der-ment), n. 
the state of being greatly puzzled or 
perplexed ; a tangled or confused mass. 

bewitch (be-wich'), v.t. to cast a spell 
over; subject to witchcraft; charm 
beyond the power of resistance; 
fascinate. 



bewitchery (be-wich'er-i), n. witchery; 

fascination; charm. 

bewitching (be-wich'ing) , adj. having 
power to fascinate; captivating. 

bewitchment (be-wich'ment), n. fas- 
cination; charm; power of bewitch- 
ing. 

bewray (be-ra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be- 
wrayed, p.pr. bewraying], to expose, 
reveal. 

bey (ba), n. a governor of a province 
or district in the Turkish dominions; 
a Turkish title of respect. Also 
written beg. [Turkish.] 

beylik (ba'lik), n. the territory ruled 
by a bey. [Turkish.] 

beyond (be-yond'), prep, on the fur- 
ther side of; before; past; out of 
reach of; later than; above; in a 
degree or amount exceeding or sur- 
passing: adv. further away; yonder: 
n. that state of existence which is 
beyond our present experience. 

bezan (bez'an), n. a Bengal cotton 
cloth. [Hindu.] 

bez-antler (bez-ant'ler) , n. the second 
branch of a stag's horn next to the 
antler proper. 

bezel (bez'el), n. the slope at the edge 
of a cutting tool; the rim which 
encompasses and fastens a gem in 
its setting; the groove in which the 
glass of a watch is fitted. 

bezetta (be-zet'ta), n. a dye obtained 
by immersing coarse rags in a colored 
solution. 

bezique (ba-zek'), n. a modern game 
of cards played with several packs, 
and resembling pinochle. [French.] 

bezoar (be'zor), n. a calcareous con- 
cretion found in the intestines of 
certain animals. 

bhang or bang (bang), n. an Eastern 
drug prepared from the dried leaves 
and also from the gummy exudation 
of the hemp plant, having strong 
narcotic and astringent qualities; 
hashish. 

biannual (bi-an'u-al), adj. occurring 
twice in a year. 

biannually (bi-an'u-a-li) , adv. twice a 
year. 

Particulate (bi-ar-tik'u-lat) , adj. hav- 
ing two joints. 

bias (bi'as), n. [pi. biases (bl'as-ez)], a 
seam formed oy uniting the edges 
of two pieces of cloth cut obliquely 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, oot ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BIAURICULATE 



101 



BICENTENNIAL 



to the texture; a weight on the side 
of a bowl which causes it to turn 
from a straight line; prepossession 
or undue propensity for; prejudice: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.m. -ing], to 
give a bias or particular direction 
to; incline to one side; influence; 
prejudice; prepossess: adv. in a 
slanting manner; obliquely. 
biauriculate (bi-aw-rik'u-lat), adj. 
having two auricles, as the heart of 
the higher vertebrates; having two 
ear-like projections at the base, as 
a leaf. 
biaxial (bi-aks'i-al) or biaxal (bi-aks'- 

al), adj. having two axes. 
biaxially (bi-aks'i-a-li) , adv. with two 

axes, 
bib (bib), n. a piece of cloth placed 
under an infant's chin to protect its 
clothes. 
bibasic (bi-bas'ik) , adj. a term applied 
to acids which combine with two 
equivalents of a base. 
bibber (bib'er), n. a tippler. 
Bible (bl'bl), n. the Book cor the 
Books) by pre-eminence; the writ- 
ings of the Old and New Testament, 
whether in the original tongues or 
translated. [Greek.] 
Biblical (bib'li-kal) , adj. of or pertain- 
ing to the Bible; scriptural. 
Biblically (bib'ii-ka-li), adv. according 

to the Bible. 
Biblicist (bib'li-sist), ft. one who 
adheres to the strict letter of the 
Bible. 
bibliographer (bib-li-og'ra-fer) , n. one 
who is versed in the making of books, 
or writes a history of their produc- 
tion, knowing the value of each and 
whether or not it is authoritative. 
bibliographic (bib-li-5-graf 7 ik) or bib- 
liographical (bib-li-o-graf 'i-kal) , adj. 
pertaining to the history of books. 
bibliographically (bib-li-o-graf 'i-ka- 
li), adv. in a bibliographical manner. 
bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-fi) , n. the 
science or description of books ; a list 
of authorities on any subject. 
biblioklept (bib'li-o-klept), ft. a book 

stealer. See kleptomania. 
bibliolater (bib-li-ol'a-ter) or bibliol- 
atrist (bib-li-ol'a-trist), ft. a book 
worshiper; one addicted to bibliol- 
atry. 
bibliolatry (bib-li-ora-tri) , n. book 



worship; excessive reverence for the 
letter of the Scriptures. 

bibliological (bib-li-o-loj'ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to bibliology. 

bibliology (bib-li-ol'o-ji), ft. an ac- 
count of books ; Biblical literature or 
doctrine. 

bibliomania (bib-li-o-ma/ni-a) , ft. a 
mania for acquiring rare and curious 
books. 

bibliomaniac (bib-li-o-ma/ni-ak) , n. 
one who has a mania for acquiring 
books. 

bibliopege (bib-li-o-pej'), also biblio- 
pegist (bib-li-o-pe'jist), n. a lover of 
handsome book-binding. [Greek.] 

bibliopegy (bib'li-o-pe'ji), n. book- 
binding. 

bibliophile (bib'li-p-fll) , ft. a lover of 
books less for their bindings than for 
their contents. 

bibliophilism (bib-li-of 'i-lizm) , n . love 
of books. 

bibliopole (bib'li-o-pol), ft. a book- 
seller, especially one who deals in 
rare works. 

bibliotheca (bib-li-o-the'ka) , n. a 
library. 

biblus (bib'lus), n. another name for 
the papyrus or paper-plant of Egypt. 

bibulous (bib'u-lus), adj. readily ab- 
sorbing or imbibing fluids; addicted 
to drink. 

bicallose (bi-karos) or bicallous (bi- 
kal'us) , adj. having two callosities. 

bicameral (bi-kam'e-ral) , adj. pertain- 
ing to or consisting of two legislative 
chambers. 

bicarbonate (bi-kar'bon-at), n. a 
carbonate of salt containing two 
equivalents of carbonic acid to one 
of a base, as bicarbonate of soda, 
where the soda is the base. 

bicarinate (bi-kar'i-nat) , adj. having 
two keel-like projections. 

bicaudate (bi-kaw'dat) , adj. furnished 
with or ending in two tails. 

bice or bise (bis), n. name given to 
two pigments used in painting, one 
blue and the other green, called blue 
bice and green bice, respectively. 

bicentenary (bi-sen'te-na-ri) , n. the 
two hundredth anniversary of any 
event, or its celebration: adj. per- 
taining to a bicentenary. 

bicentennial (bi-sen-ten'i-al), adj. 
comprising two hundred years: n. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BICEPHALOUS 



102 



BIFID 



the two hundredth anniversary of 
an event, or its celebration. 

bicephalous (bi-sef 'a-lus) , adj. having 
two heads. 

biceps (bi'seps), n. a muscle having 
two heads; the large flexor muscle 
of the arm andthigh. 

bichloride (bi-klo'rid or bi-klo'nd), n. 
a compound of two or more atoms of 
chlorine combined with a base. 

bichord (bl'kord), adj. having two 
chords. 

bichromate (bi-kro'mat), n. a salt 
having two parts of chromic acid to 
one of the base. 

bicipital (bi-sip'it-al) or bicipitous 
(bl-sip ; i-tus) 3 adj. having two iieads; 
pertaining to a Biceps muscle; divid- 
ing into two parts at either extrem- 
ity. 

bicker (bik'er), v.i. to engage in petty 
altercation; move rapidly with a 
noise; quiver: flicker: n. a noisy 
wrangle. 

biconcave (bi-kon'kav) , adj. hollow on 
both sides. 

biconjugate (bi-kon'ju-gat), adj. twice 
paired. 

biconvex (bi-kon'veks) , adj. rounded 
on both sides. 

bicorn (bi'korn) or bicornus (bl- 
korn'us), adj. having two horns. 

bicorporal (bl-kor'po-ral) or bicor- 
porate (bi-kor'poT-rat) , adj. ha\ ig 
two bodies. [Latin.] 

bicuspid (bi-kus'pid) or bicuspidate 
(bi-kus'pi-dat) , adj. having two 
points or prominences: n. one of the 
double-pointed teeth forming -the 
first pair of molars on either side of 
the jaw, above and below. 

bicycle (bi'si-kl), n. a vehicular ma- 
chine of various forms, but consist- 
ing primarily of two wheels placed 
in line, connected by a fork and 
backbone, and supporting a saddle 
for the rider, the machine being 
propelled by means of treadles at- 
tached to cranks or levers: v.i. to 
ride on a bicycle. 

bicycling (bi'si-kling) or bicyclism 
(Di'si-klizm) , n. the practice or art 
of riding a bicycle. (The abbrevia- 
tion cycling is now more generally 
though less accurately used.) 

bicyclist (bi'sik-list) , n. one who rides 
a bicycle; a cyclist. 



bid (bid), v.t. [v.t. bade (bad) or bid, 
p.p. bidden, bid, p.pr. bidding], to 
make an offer of; propose as a price; 
offer for; invite; request; ask; offer 
or express by words; command; 
order or direct; enjoin; to proclaim: 
vd. to make an offer; offer a price; 
n. an offer of a price. 

biddable (bidVbl), adj. docile, obe- 
di^iit. 

bidder (bid'er), n. one who bids or 
offers a price, as at a sale or auction. 

biddery-ware (bid'er-i-war) , n. inlaid 
work made from a metallic alloy. 
Called also bidhri-ware. [Anglo-Ind.J 

bidding; (bid'ing), n. an order: com- 
mand; proclamation; the act of 
offering a price at auction. 

biddy (bid'i), n. a fowl or chicken. 

bide (bid), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bode (bod), 
bided (bi'ded), p.pr. biding (bid'ing)], 
inhabit; reside: v.t. to endure; suffer; 
wait for. 

bident (bi'dent), w. a two-pronged 
instrument* an anchor. [Latin.] 

bidental (Di-den'tal) or bidentate 
(bl-den'tat) , adj. having two teeth* 
or two tooth-like processes. 

bidet (bi-det r , French be-da')* n. a 
form of night commode; a portable 
bath; a sitz bath; a small horse. 

bidhri-ware (bid'ri-war) . See bid- 
dery-ware. 

biennial (bi-en'ni-al), adj. happening 
once in two years; continuing or 
existing for two years, as plants: 
n. a plant which produces roots and 
leaves in the first year, and in the 
second flowers, fruit, and seed, after- 
wards perishing; something which is 
held once in two years. 

biennially (bi-en'ni-a-li) , adv. once in 
two years. 

bier (ber), n. a frame or carriage on 
which a corpse is placed, or conveyed 
to the grave; a tomb. 

bier (ber), n. See beer. 

bifacial (bi-fa'shi-al), adj. having two 
similar faces or like opposite surfaces. 

bifarious (bi-f a/ri-us) , adj. two-fold; 
two-rowed; pointing in two ways. 

biferous (bif'er-us), adj. bearing flow- 
ers or fruit twice a year. 

biff (bif), n. a sudden blow delivered 
with the fist. [Slang.] 

bifid (bi'fid), adj. divided into two. 
[Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; bodm book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BIFILAR 



103 



BILINGUAL 



bi filar (bi-fil'ar), adj. two-threaded; 

fitted with two threads. 
bifocal (bi-fo'kal), adj. having two 
foci. [Latin.] 

bifold (bl'fold), adj. two-fold; double. 

bifoliate (bi-fo'li-at), adj. having two 
leaves. [Latin.] 

bifurcate (bi-fer'kat), v.i. to divide in 
two directions or branches, bifur- 
cate (bi-fer'kat) or bifurcated 
(bi-f er'ka-ted) , adj. divided into two 
^ branches. [Latin.] 

bifurcation (bi-f er-ta'shun) , n. a fork- 
ing or division into two branches. 

big (big), [adj. compar. bigger, superl. 
biggest], of great bulk or magnitude; 
grown up; pregnant; full of some- 
thing important; pompous. 

biga (bl'gft), 71, a two-horse chariot. 

bigamist (bigVmiit), n. one guilty of 
bigamy, 

bigamous (big'a-mus) , adj. pertaining 
to and involving bigamy. 

bigamy (big'a-mi), n. the offense^ of 
contracting a second marriage during 
the existence of _a former marriage. 

big game (big' gam), n. a hunter's 
name for large animals. 

bighorn (big'horn), n. the wild sheep 
of the Rocky Mountains. 

bight (bit-), n. a loop or bend of a 
rope, in ' distinction from the ends ; 
a bend in a coast-line forming an 
open bay; a small bay between two 
headlands. 

Bignonia (big-no 'ni-a), n. a large 
genus of American tropical climbing 
plants, to which the trumpet-creeper 
belongs. 

bigot (big'ot) , n. one who is unreason- 
ably and blindly attached to a par- 
ticular creed, church or party; one 
who is intolerant of opinions which 
differ from his own. 

bigoted (big'ot-ed), adj. characterized 
by bigotry. 

bigotry (big'ot-ri), n. [pi. bigotries 
(big'ot-riz)], the state or condition of 
a narrow-minded, intolerant person; 
blind and obstinate attachment to a 
particular creed, party, or opinion; 
intolerance; fanaticism. 

bigwig (big'wig), n. an important per- 
son; a personage. 

bigwiggery (big-wig'er-i) , n. a con- 
dition in which the popular mind 
invents idea? or big- wigs for itself. 



bijou (be'zhoo), n. [pL bijoux (be'-< 
zhoo)], a jewel; any small and.. 
m elegantly finished _article. [French.]: 

bijouterie (be-zhoo'tre) , n. jewelry- 
or other small articles of vertu.. 
[French.] 

bike (bik), n. a bicycle: v.i. to ride a± 
bicycle. 

bilabiate (bi-la'bi-at), adj* having two 
lips. 

bilander (bil'an- & bilan-der), n. a- 
small two-masted Dutch vessei of 
^the hoy class. 

bilateral (bi-lat'er-al), adj. pertaining: 
to, or having, two sides. 

bilaterally (bi-lat'er-a-li), adv. in a. 
two-sided manner; on both sides. 

bilberry (bil'ber-ri), n. [pi. bilberries; 
(bil'ber-riz)], the whortleberrv. 

bilbo (bil'bo), n. [pi. bilboes (bil'boz)], 
a rapier or sword; pi. a long bar of' 
iron, with sliding shackles for the 
feet, and a lock at the end, formerly- 
used as fetters. 

bile (bil), n. a yellow bitter fluid 
secreted by the liver from venous 
blood; ill-humor. 

bile-stone (oll'ston), n. a gall-stone. 

bilge (bilj), n. the bulging part of a 
cask; the broadest part of a ship's 
bottom, on which the vessel rests 
when aground : p.i. to spring a leak 
by a fracture in the bilge: v.L to* 
stave, or break in, the bottom or 
bilge of a ship. 

bilge-board (bilj'bord), n. one of the 
boards covering the timbers where 
the bilge-water accumulates. « 

bilge-keel (bilj'kel), n. a pi^ce of tinv 
ber secured edgewise under the bot- 
tom of a vessel to prevent heavy 
rolling. 

bilge- water (bilj'waw-ter), n. water 
which accumulates in the bilge of a 
ship. 

bilge- ways (bilj'waz), n.pl. the timber 
supporting the cradle of a vessel, 
which upholds it while being built, 
and in launching. 

biliary (biri-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to 
the bile; conveying the bile. 

bilin (bi'lin), n. a yellow gummy sub-" 
stance precipitated from bile. 

bilingual (bi-ling r gwal) , adj. written 
or expressed in twc languages; pos- 
sessing the command of two lan- 
guages. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BILINGUALLY 



104 



BILLY-GOAT 



bilingually (bi-ling'gwa-li) , adv. in two 
languages. 

bilious (bil'yus), adj. pertaining to the 
bile; having the system disordered by 
derangement of the biliary function ; 
choleric. 

biliousness (bil'yus-nes) , n. the state 
of being bilious. 

biliteral (bi-lit'er-al) , adj. consisting 
of two letters: n. a word, root, or 
syllable consisting of two letters. 

bilk (bilk), v.t. to spoil the score of an 
opponent at cribbage; deceive or 
defraud, as by evading a payment; 
leave in the lurch: n. the act of 
spoiling the score of an opponent 
at cribbage; a swindler. 

bill (bil), n. the beak of a bird: v.i. to 
join bills, as doves; caress in fond- 
ness; to paste up bills or posters. 

bill (bil), n. a kind of hatchet with a 
blade hoop-shaped toward the point, 
used in pruning, &c; a battle-axe, 
attached to a long staff, formerly 
used by infantry; the extremity of 
the fluke of an anchor. 

bill (bil), n. an account for goods sold, 
services rendered, or work done; a 
document binding the signer or 
signers to pay a specified sum at a 
certain date or on demand ; a govern- 
ment note; a draft of a proposed 
statute presented to a legislature; a 
printed advertisement; any written 
paper containing a statement of par- 
ticulars; a written declaration of 
wrong or injury sustained or com- 
mitted. 

bill-broker (bil'bro-ker) , n. one who 
negotiates the discount of bills of 
exchange. 

bill of entry (en'tri), n. a written 
account of goods entered at the cus- 
tom house. 

bill of exchange (eks-chanj'), n. a 
written order from one person or 
house (the drawer) to another (the 
acceptor) to pay to the person des- 
ignated a certain sum at a fixed 
time, on consideration of value re- 
ceived. 

bill of health (helth), n. a certificate 
given to the master of a vessel, 
under the signature of a consul or 
other authority, specifying the state 
of the health of a ship's company 



or passengers at the time of her 
clearing a port. 

bill of lading (la/ding), n. a docu- 
ment specifying the goods shipped 
on board a vessel, and signed by the 
master of such ship, acknowledging 
the receipt of the goods, and under- 
taking their safe conveyal to the 
consignee, unforeseen perils being 
only excepted. 

bill of mortality (mor-tal'i-ti) , n. the 
official return of the deaths (also 
births) occurring in a particular dis- 
trict within a certain period. 

bill of sale (sal), n. a formal instru- 
ment of the transfer of goods and 
^ chattels. 

billet (bil'et), n. a small paper in 
writing; a note or short letter; ticket 
directing soldiers at what house to 
lodge; a soldier's lodging; an office 
or assignment: v.t. to quarter or 
lodge, as soldiers: v.i. to be quartered 
or lodged. 

billet (bil'et), n. a small stick or log 
of wood, as for fuel; an ornament in 
Norman work, resembling a billet of 
wood. 

billet-doux (be'ya-doo') , n. [pi. billets- 
doux (be'ya-doo')], a love-letter. 
[French.] 

bill-hook (bil'hook), n. a small kind 
^of hatchet with a hooked point. 

billiards (bil'yerdz), n. a game played 
on a rectangular, cloth-covered slate 
Jable, 10 ft. x 5 ft. or 9 ft. x i\ ft. in 
size, with ivory balls and a cue. 

Billiken (bil'e-ken), n. a modern god of 
happiness; an idol. 

billingsgate (bil'ingz-gat) , n. coarse or 
profane language; virulent abuse. 
Called from Billingsgate, a fish- 
market near London Bridge. 

billion (bil'yun), n. in the United 
States one thousand millions (1,000,- 
000,000) ; in England a million mil- 
lions (1,000,000,000,000). 

billion (btt'yon), n . an alloy of gold 
and silver, with a large proportion 
of copper or other base metal, 
used in coinage of low value. 

billot (bil'ot), n. bullion in the mass or 
bar. 

billow (bil'o), n. a great wave of the 
sea swelled by the wind: v.i. to rise 
and roll in large waves or surges. 

billy-goat (bil'i-got), n. a male goat. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BILOBATE 



105 



BIOPLAST 



bilobate (bi-lo'bat) or bilobed (bi'- 
Iobd), adj. divided into two lobes or 
segments. 

bimanous (bi'ma-nus), adj. having 
two hands. 

bimetallic (bi-me-tal'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to two metals; pertaining to 
bimetallism. 

bimetallism (bi-met'al-izm) , n. the 
legalized adoption of two metals (as 
gold and silver) in the currency of a 
country, at a fixed ratio. 

bimetallist (bi-met'al-ist) , n. an advo- 
cate of the use of a double metallic 
standard. 

bimonthly (bi-munth'li) , adj. occur- 
ring once in two months. [Some- 
times incorrectly employed to desig- 
nate semi-monthly periodicals.] 

bin (bin), n. a receptacle for any com- 
modity, as corn, coal, &c; a frame 
for bottles in a wine-cellar. 

binary (bi'na-ri), adj. consisting of 
two things or parts; twofold. 

binary star (star), n. a double star or 
sun whose members revolve round 
their common center of gravity. 

binate (bi'nat), adj. growing in 
couples. 

bind (bind), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bound, 
p.pr. binding], to confine or make 
fast with a cord or band; confine 
or restrain by physical force; unite 
by bonds of affection, loyalty, or 
duty; hold by any moral tie; hinder 
. or restrain; protect or strengthen 
by a band, border or cover; fasten 
together; cause to cohere; place 
under legal obligation: v.i. to tie 
up; confine by ligature or band; 
be obligatory; grow hard or stiff; 
stick together: n. anything which 
binds or ties; a twining stem; a 
stalk of hops; indurated clay or 
shale forming the roof of a coal- 
seam ; a musical sign or brace group- 
ing notes together. 

bind- weed (bind 'wed), n. a common 
name for plants belonging to the 
genus Convolvulus. 

binding (bmd'ing), n. the act of 
making fast; a bandage; the cover 
of a book; something that secures 
the edges of cloth. 

bine (bin), n. the slender stem of a 
twining plant. 



bing (bing), n. a heap or pile of any- 
thing. Also used as an interjection. 

binnacle (bin'a-kl), n. a turret-shaped 
box containing a ship's compass. 

binocle (bin'o-kl or bi'no-kl), n. a 
field or opera glass with two eye- 
tubes for the use of both eyes at 
once. 

binocular (bi-nok'- or bin-ok'ti-ler), 
adj. having two eyes; pertaining to, 
or suited to, the use of both eyes. 
Also binoculate. 

binomial (bi-no'mi-al), n. an expres- 
sion or quantity consisting of two 
terms connected by the sign plus 
( + ) or minus (— ) : adj. consisting of 
two terms; pertaining to binomials; 
having two names. 

binomial theorem (the'd-rem), n. the 
celebrated theorem of Sir Isaac New- 
ton, which expresses the law of 
forming any power of a binomial. 

binoxide (bin-oks'id) . Same as dioxide. 

bio blast. Another name for bioplast. 

biodynamics (bi-o-di-nam'iks) , n. the 
doctrine of vital force or energy. 

biogenesis (bl-o-jen'e-sis) or biogeny 
(bl-oj'e-ni), n. the doctrine that 
living organisms can proceed only 
from, or be generated by, living 
parents or germs; the science of life 
development. Opposed to abio- 
genesis. 

biograph (bi'o-graf), n. a device for 
projecting animated pictures upon a 
screen. 

biographer (bi-og'ra-f er) , n. one who 
writes the history of a particular 
person's life. See autobiography. 

biography (bi-og'ra-fi) , n. [j)l. biog- 
raphies (bl-og'ra-fiz)], the history of 
the life of a particular person; bio- 
graphical writings in general. 

biologic (bi-o-loj'ik) or biological 
(bi-o-loj'i-kai), adj. pertaining to the 
science of life. 

biologist (bl-ol'o-jist), n. one who 
studies, or is skilled in, the science 
of living forms. 

biology (bi-ol'o-ji), n. the science 
which deals with the origin and life- 
history of plants and animals. 

bioplasm (bi'o-plazm) , n. living germ- 
inal matter or protoplasm. 

bioplast (bi'o-plast) , n. a minute mass 
of protoplasm possessing formative 
powers. Also bioblast. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
10 hue, hut; think, Men. 



BIOTAXY 



106 



BISHOPS STAFF 



biotaxy (bi'o-tak-si), n. the classifica- 
tion of living organisms according 
to their structural characters. 

biparous (bip'a-rus), adj. bringing 
forth two at a birth. 

bipartite (bl-par'tit) , adj. divided into 
two similar parts; having two corre- 
spondent parts. 

bipartition (bl-par-tish'un) , n. the act 
of dividing into two parts; the state 
of being so divided. 

biped (bi'ped), adj. having two feet: 
n. a two-footed animal. 

bipedal (bi'ped-al), adj. pertaining to 
a biped; two-footed. 

bipennate (bi-pen'nat) or bipen- 
nated (bi-pen'a-ted) , adj. having 
two wings. 

bipinnate (bi-pin'nat) or bipinnated 
(bl-pin'a-ted_) , adj. doubly pinnate. 

biplane (bi'plan), n. a flying machine 
with two planes or gliding boards, 
firmly braced together, as in the 
Wright machine. 

biplicate (bi'pli-kat) , adj. doubly 
folded. 

biquadrate (bi-kwod'rat) or biquad- 
ratic (bl-kwod-rat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the fourth power: n. the 
fourth power; arising from the mul- 
tiplication of a square number or 
quantity by itself. 

birch (berch), n. [pi. birches (berch'- 
ez)], a tree or shrub belonging to the 
genus Betula; a rod formed of birch 
twigs used for punishment; a birch- 
bark canoe: adj. birchen: v.t. to 
chastise with a birch rod; flog. 

birchen (ber'chen), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, birch. 

bird (berd), n. a warm-blooded feath- 
ered vertebrate, furnished with 
' wings, and belonging to the class 
Aves; small feathered game, as dis- 
tinguished from water-fowl. 

birdlime (berd'llm), n. a viscous sub- 
stance prepared from holly-bark, 
and used for entangling small birds 
in bird-snaring: v.t. to smear with 
birdlime. 

bird's-eye (berdz'x), adj. seen from 
above, or at a glance, as by a flying 
bird; hence, general, not minute or 
detailed. 

biretta (be-ret'ta), n. a square eccle- 
siastical cap. Also birretta, beretta, 
berretta. [Italian.] 



birn (bern) , n. that part of a clarionet 
or a similar instrument into which 
the mouthpiece fits. 

birostrate (bl-ros'trat) , adj. having a 
double beak, or beak-like process. 

birth (berth), n. the act of coming into 
life; the fact of being born; the act of 
bringing forth; lineage; extraction; 
descent; origin; beginning. 

birth-rate (berth'rat), n. the increase 
or decrease of population as shown 
by the percentage of registered births 
to the number of inhabitants in a 
district within a specified period. 

birth-right (berth'rit), n. any right or 
privilege to which a person is entitled 
by birth; the right of the first born. 

biscuit (bis'kit), n. a kind of unraised 
bread, baked hard and dry, and 
shaped into flat cakes; pottery after 
the first baking and previous to 
glazing and burning. 

bisect (bi-sekf), v.t. to cut or divide 
into two equal parts. 

bisection (bl-sek'shun) , n. division 
into two equal parts. 

bisector (bi-sek'ter) , n. one who, or 
that which, bisects; a straight line 
which bisects an angle. 

bisexual (bl-seks'u-al) , adj. combining 
the organs of both sexes in one indi- 
vidual; hermaphroditic. 

bishop (bish'up), n. one of the highest 
orders of an Episcopal Church; be- 
low an archbishop in rank, but above 
a priest; a spiritual overseer; the 
spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, 
having the power of ordination, con- 
firmation, and consecration; the 
name of one of the pieces used in 
playing chess, having the top cleft 
in resemblance to a miter, originally 
called archer; a beverage composed 
of wine, oranges, lemons, ^ua sugar; 
a woman's dress-improver; a kind of 
pinafore: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
-ing], to make a horse appear younger 
by manipulating its teeth, and hence 
to deceive by improving the appear- 
ance of anything. 

bishop's sleeve (bish'ups slev), n. a 
wide sleeve worn by women, so 
called from its resemblance to that 
worn by Anglican bishops. 

bishop's staff (bish'ups staf), n. a 
crosier ; a staff that has a cross at one 
end. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BISHOPRIC 



107 



BIVALVE 



bishopric (bish'up-rik) , n. the office, 
dignity or jurisdiction of a bishop; 
a diocese. 

bisk or bisque (bisk), n. soup or 
broth usually composed of some 
kind of shell fish, as oysters, crabs, 
lobsters, and made rich with cream. 
When one of these ingredients is 
not used, a very palatable soup is 
tomato bisque, or crawfish soup; a 
stroke allowed to an inferior player 
or side at lawn-tennis. 
bismuth (bis'- or biz'muth), n. one of 
the elements; a light reddish-colored 
metal of brittle texture, much used 
in stereotyping. It is one of the 
metals that were early known in 
chemistry. Probably the ancients 
used it, but it was first scientifically 
described in 1450. 
bison (bi'son), n. the aurochs, or 
European bison, still preserved m in 
Lithuania; the American bison, in- 
accurately termed a buffalo, which 
is now practically extinct. 
bisque (bisk), n. an unglazed white 

porcelain, used for statuettes, &c. 
bissextile (bis-seks'til) , n. leap-year: 

adj. pertaining to leap-year. 
bister (bis'ter) or bistre (bes'tr), n. 
a dark brown pigment extracted 
from wood-soot. [French.] 
bisulphate (bi-sul'f at) , n. a salt of 
sulphuric acid in which half of its 
hydrogen is replaced by a positive 
element. 
bisulphite (bi-sul'fit), n. sl salt of 
sulphurous acid, half the hydrogen 
of which is replaced by the base. 
bisymmetry (bi-sim'e-tri) , n. corre- 
spondence of the right and left parts 
of anything. 
bit (bit), p.t. & p.p. of bite. 
bit (bit), n. a tool for boring; the metal 
mouthpiece of a bridle; the part of a 
key which enters the lock and acts on 
the bolts and tumblers; the cutting 
blade of a plane ; a small piece or frag- 
ment of anything; any small coin: 
v.t. [p.t & p.p. bitted, p.pr. bitting], 
to put a bridle upon; put the bit in 
the mouth of. 
bitch (bich) , n. the female of the dog, 

or of other canine animals. 
bite (bit), v.t. [p.t. bit, p.p. bitten, 
bit, p.pr. biting], to seize, grip, cut, 
or crush with the teeth; sting, as an 



insect; cause smarting pain to; cut; 
pinch, as with intense cold; blight 
or blast; take fast hold on; to cor- 
rode or eat into; to cheat, trick, take 
in [now only in p.p.]: v.i. to have 
the habit or exercise the power of 
biting; inflict injury with the teeth; 
cause to sting or smart; take a bait; 
take a firm hold: n. the act of seizing 
with the teeth ; a wound made by the 
teeth, or by a sting; a mouthful; a 
hold or grip; in printing, a blank on 
a page due to some intervening 
substance between the paper and the 
type. 

bi- telephone (bi-tel'e-fon) , n. a pair 
of telephones arranged so that they 
can be applied simultaneously to 
both ears. 

bitingly (bi'ting-li) , adv. in a sarcastic 
manner. 

bitt (bit), n. a post of wood or iron 
to which cables are made fast [gen- 
erally used in the pi.]: v.t. to put 
round the bitts. 

bitten (bit'n), p.p. of bite. 

bitter (bit'er), adj. having a sharp or 
harsh taste; acrid; piercing; painful; 
grievous ; poignant ; severe ; reproach- 
ful; caustic; sarcastic; cruel: n. any 
substance that is bitter to the taste. 
Distinct from sour; a grape-fruit is 
bitter while a lemon is sour. 

bitter-cup (bit'er-kup) , n. a cup made 
of quassia wood, which imparts a 
bitter taste to liquids poured into it. 

bitter-sweet (bit'er-swet) , n. the 
woody nightshade, the roots and 
leaves of which, when chewed, pro- 
duce first a bitter, then a sweet 
taste. 

bitterish (bit'er-ish), adj. somewhat 
bitter. 

bittern (bit'ern), n. a wading bird of 
the heron family. The sound it 
makes is called bumping. 

bitters (bit'ers), n.pL liquor in which 
herbs or roots are steeped. 

bitumen (bi-tu'men), n. mineral pitch. 

bituminous (bi-tu'min-us) , adj. hav- 
ing the qualities of, or containing, 
bitumen. 

bivalent (bi'va- or biv'a-lent), n. any 
one of the atoms of which can re- 
place two atoms of hydrogen. 

bivalve (bi'valv), adj. having two 
valves or shells united by a ligament: 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



J 



BIVOUAC 



108 



BLACKING 



n. a mollusk whose shell is composed 
of two parts or valves, connected by 
a ligament or hinge, which are 
opened or closed by muscles, as the 
oyster or mussel. 

bivouac (biv'oo-ak), n. an encamp- 
ment of soldiers in the open air, 
without tents: hence, any open air 
encampment: v.i. to encamp without 
tents in the open. 

biwa (be'wa) , n. a Japanese musical 
instrument similar to the mandolin. 

bi-weekly (bi-wek'li) , adj. occurring or 
appearing every two weeks; fort- 
nightly [frequently confused with 
semi-weekly = twice in a week] . 

bizarre (bi-zar'), adj. odd in manner or 
appearance; fanciful; grotesque. 

blab (blab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blabbed, 
p.pr. blabbing], to tell thoughtlessly: 
v.i. to talk indiscreetly; tell tales: n. 
one who lets out secrets, or is given 
to gossip. 

black (blak), adj. destitute of light; 
of the darkest hue; opposed to 
white; enveloped in darkness; dis- 
mal; gloomy or forbidding; desti- 
tute of moral light or goodness; 
atrocious; evil; calamitous; threat- 
ening; clouded with anger; sullen: 
n. the darkest color; the opposite of 
white; a black pigment or dye; a 
negro; mourning: v.t. to make black; 
blacken; apply blacking to. 

blackamoor (blak'a-moor) , n. a negro. 

black antimony (an'ti-mo-ni) , n. the 
black sulphide of antimony. 

black art (blak art), necromancy, 
magic. 

blackball (blak'bawl), v.t. to reject or 
exclude (as a candidate) by placing 
black balls in the ballot box, usually 
of a club or social organization. 

blackberry (blak'ber-ri) , n. the fruit 
of several species of bramble. 

blackbird (blak'berd), n. an English 
song bird, a species of thrush. 
Called also merle, ousel, or black 
thrush; a crow-like bird of North 
America; a name given to a kid- 
napped negro or Polynesian. 

blackbirding (blak'berd-ing) , n. the 
kidnapping of negroes or Poly- 
nesians. 

blackboard (blak'bord), n. a rectangu- 
lar piece of wood, covered with a 
hard black substance, and hung upon 



an easel or upon the side of a wall, 
and used for the marking out of any 
kind of problem in chalk or chalk- 
crayons. 

black-canker (blak'kang-ker) , n. a 
disease in root crops. 

black-cap (blak'kap), n. the popular 
name of several black-crested birds; 
the cap worn by a judge when pro- 
nouncing sentence of death; the 
black raspberry or blackberry. 

black-cattle (blak-kat'l), n.pl. cattle 
raised for slaughter, irrespective of 
color. 

black-cock (blak'kok), n. the male of 
the European black grouse or black 
game; the heath-cock. 

black-currant (blak'kur-ent) , n. the 
well-known garden bush, and its 
fruit. 

blacken (blak'n), v.i. to grow black or 
dark: v.t. to make black; defame; 
asperse. 

black- fish (blak'fish), n. a female sal- 
mon immediately after spawning; a 
common name for several species of 

• English and American fish. 

black-flag (blak'flag), n. the flag of a 
pirate with a skull and cross-bones 
emblazoned upon it. 

black-fly (blak'fli), n. a black plant- 
louse ; a minute beetle injurious to 
turnips. 

black-friar (blak'f ri-ar) , n. a friar of 
the Dominican order; so called from 
the black gown adopted by members 
of the order. 

blackguard (blag'ard), n. a man of 
low character, and addicted to the 
use of foul or abusive language; a 
scoundrel: adj. vicious; low; vile; 
scurrilous; abusive: v.t. to revile in 
scurrilous language. 

blackguardism (blag'ard-izm) , n. the 
conduct or language of a black- 
guard. 

black-hole (blak'hol), n. a dungeon 
or dark cell in a prison; a place of 
confinement for soldiers. Specifi- 
cally, a huge pit at Calcutta into 
which English men, women, and 
children were thrown during the 
Indian Mutiny, and there put to 
death. 

blacking (Making), n. a preparation 
for imparting a shining black polish 
to boots. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



^ 



BLACKISH 



109 



BLANK 



blackish (blak'ish), adj. somewhat 
black. 

black-jack (blak'jak), n. sl large 
leathern vessel or drinking-cup of 
old times; the ensign of a pirate; a 
Cornish mining term for blende ; the 
ace of spades, which at cards is 
thought to bring bad luck. 

blacklead (blak'led), v.t. to cover 
with blacklead or plumbago: n. 
plumbago. 

blackleg (blak'leg), n. one who 
endeavors to obtain money by 
cheating at races or cards; a rook; 
an opprobrious term for a workman 
who is not a member of any trade 
union; a disease affecting sheep and 
cattle. 

black-letter (blak'let-er) , n. the old 
English or Gothic letter employed 
in the early manuscripts and the 
first printed books: adj. written or 
printed in black-letter. 

black-list (blak'list), n. a list of 
persons who are deemed to be de- 
serving of punishment, or whom it 
is desirable to exclude from busi- 
ness transactions: v.t. to put on a 
black-list. 

blackmail (blak'mSl), n. a tax an- 
ciently paid in money, corn, or cat- 
tle, in the north of England, and in 
Scotland, to the agents of robbers, 
to secure protection from pillage: 
hence extortion by means of intimi- 
dation: v.t. to extort money m or 
goods by intimidation of any kind. 

Black Mass (blak' mas) , n . the custom 
among Satanists or devil -wor- 
shipers, of mocking the mass, by 
reading the prayers backward, and 
making ridiculous or obscene ges- 
tures, while the sacrament is treated 
with contempt. 

Black Pope (blak' pop), n. a name 
sometimes given to the head of the 
Order of Jesus. In contradistinc- 
tion, the Pope at Rome is known 
as the White Pope. 

blacksmith (blak'smith) , n. a smith 
who works in iron and makes iron 
utensils, horse-shoes, &c. 

blackthorn (blak'thorn) , n. the sloe, 
a stick cut from the stem of the 
sloe. 

bladder (blad'er), n. a thin elastic 
membranous bag in animals, in 



which a fluid is collected; any ves* 
icle, blister, or pustule containing 
fluid or air; a hollow membranous 
appendage to some plants: v.t. put 
up in a bladder, as lard. 

bladdery (blad'er-i), adj. resembling 
or containing bladders. 

blade (blad), n. the leaf of a grass; the 
young stalk or spire of a grass; the 
broad expanded part of a leaf; 
the cutting part of an instrument; 
the broad part of an oar; anything 
resembling a blade; a dashing, reck- 
less, rollicking fellow: v.t. to fur- 
nish with a blade: v.i. put forth 
blades. 

blade-bone (blad'bon), n. the scapula 
or shoulder-blade. 

blain (blan), n. a pustule or blister. 

blamable or blameable (blam'a-bl), 
adj. deserving of censure. 

blamably (blam'a-bli) , adv. in a cul- 
pable manner. 

blame (blam), v.t. to censure; re- 
proach: n. an imputation of a fault; 
censure; responsibility for anything 
wrong. 

blameful (blam'fool), adj. meriting 
blame. 

blamefully (blam'f oo-li) , adv. in a 
censurable manner. 

blameless (blam'les), adj. without 
blame; free from reproach. 

blameworthy (blam'wor-thi) , adj. de- 
serving of blame; censurable. 

blanch (blanch), v.t. to take the color 
out; make lustrous; to remove the 
covering of: v.i. become white; turn 
pale: n. lead ore found separate in 
the rock. [French.] 

blanc-mange (bla-monzh') , n. a white 
jelly, composed of isinglass, &c. 

bland (bland), adj. mild; soft; gentle; 
affable; soothing. 

blandishment # (blan'dish-ment) , n. 
the use of winning expressions or 
actions; artful caressing. 

blank (blangk), adj. confounded; con- 
fused; dejected; empty; free from 
writing or printing; without result; 
absolute; complete: n. any void 
space; an unfilled space in a writ- 
ten or printed document; a lottery 
ticket for which no prize is drawn; 
a disk of metal prior to stamping; 
the white spot in the center of a' 
target; a cartridge that is loaded 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BLANK 



110 



BLEAR 



without any bullet: v.t. a euphemis- 
tic form of the oath damn. 

blank verse (blangk vers'), n. un- 
rhymed verse. 

blanket (blang'ket), n. a soft, loosely 
woven woolen cloth for a bed or 
as a covering: v.t. to toss in a 
blanket by way of punishment or 
joke; pass to windward to take the 
wind out of the sails of. 

blanketing (blang'ket-ing) , n. coarse 
cloth for blankets; the act of tossing 
in a blanket. 

blare (blar), v.i. to bellow; to give 
forth a loud sound like a trumpet: 
v.t. to sound loudly; trumpet forth: 
n. a noise like the blast of a trum- 
pet. 

blarney (blar'ni), n. soft, wheedling 
speech; flattery: v.t. [p.t. & j).p. blar- 
neyed, p.pr. blarneying], to influence 
or talk over by soft wheedling 
speeches; humbug with flattery. 

Blarney- stone (blar'ni-ston) , a stone 
in the wall of Blarney Castle, Cork, 
on kissing which a person is said to 
become an adept in flattery. 

blase (bla-za/), adj. exhausted by ex- 
cess of pleasure or lack of novelty. 

blaspheme (blas-fem'), v.t. to speak 
irreverently of; mock; revile: v.i. to 
utter blasphemy; use profane lan- 
guage. [Greek.] 

blasphemous (blas'f e-mus) , adj. ut- 
tering, containing, or exhibiting 
blasphemy; profane. 

blasphemy (blas'f e-mi), n. [pi. blas- 
phemies (blas'fe-miz)], impious, pro- 
fane, or mocking speech concerning 
God or sacred things; expressed con- 
tempt or contumely for the per- 
sonality or authority of God. 

blast (blast), n. a violent or sudden 
gust of wind; a forcible stream of 
air from an orifice; the sound pro- 
duced by blowing a wind instru- 
ment; any sudden pernicious in- 
fluence upon plants or animals; a 
blight; the explosion of gunpowder, 
dynamite, &c, in rending or remov- 
ing rocks, or the charge so used; a 
flatulent disease in sheep: v.t. to 
cause to fade or "^L:_ I>j some 
pernicious influence; blight; to shat- 
ter by any explosive agent. 

blastema (blas-te'ma), n. [pi. blaste- 
mata (blas-te'ma-ta)], the point of 



growth of an organ as yet unformed, 
from which it is developed. [Greek.] 

blastoderm (blas'to-derm) , n. the 
germinal spot in an ovum, from 
which the embryo is developed. 

histogenesis (blas-to-jen'e-sis^ , n. 
reproduction by gemmation or bud- 
ding. 

blatant (bla/tant), adj. bawling; noisy. 

blather (blazer), n. foolish chatter. 

blatherskite (bla^'er-skite) , n. an 
empty-headed foolish talker. 

blaze (blaz), n. a body of flame; bril- 
liant sunlight; a sudden bursting 
out; active display; a white spot on 
the face of a horse or other quad- 
ruped; a white mark cut on a treej 
to serve as a guide: v.t. to mark, as 
trees, by removing a portion of the 
bark; to indicate, as a path or 
boundary, by blazing trees; publish 
widely: v.i. to flame; send forth a 
brilliant light; be conspicuous. 

blazer (blaz'er), n. that which shines; 
a bright colored striped jacket. 

blazon (bla/zn), n. a coat of arms; 
a description of armorial bearings; 
ostentatious display: v.t. to explain 
technically, according to heraldic 
rules; embellish; display; proclaim 
boastingly. 

blazonment (bla'zn-ment) , n. the act 
of blazoning. 

blazonry (bla/zn-ri), n. an heraldic 
device; the art of describing and 
explaining coats of arms; decoration, 
as with heraldic devices. 

bleach (blech), v.t. to make white by 
removing color or dirt by the action 
of the sun's rays, or by a chemical 
process: v.i. to grow or become 
white. 

bleach erv _(blech'er-i) , n. [pi. bleach- 
eries (blech'er-iz)], a place where 
bleaching is carried on ; 

bleaching- powder (blech'ing-poud'" 
er), n. chloride of lime. 

bleak (blek) , adj. exposed to wind and 
cold; desolate; unsheltered;' cheer- 
less; piercing. 

bleak (blek), n. a small river fish, 
remarkable for its brilliant silvery 
scales. 

blear (bier), adj. sore or dim from a 
watery discharge: said of the eyes: 
v.t. to make sore or watery, as the 
eyes; to dim or obscure. 



dt& t arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; booD, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BLEARY 



111 



BLINKER 



bleary (bler'i), adj. the same as blear. 

bleat (blet), v.i. to cry as, or like, a 
sheep: n. a cry, as of a sheep. 

bleb (bleb), n. a blister; a pustule; a 
bubble. 

bleed (bled), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bled, p.pr. 
bleeding], to emit, or lose blood; to 
shed one's blood; to lose sap or 
juice; to pay or lose money freely: 
v.t. to take blood from; take money, 
&c, from. 

blemish (blem'ish), v.t. to injure; 
stain; mar; tarnish; defame: n. any 
defect or deformity, physical or 
moral; a blemish. 

blench (blench), v.i, to start back; 
flinch; quail. 

blend (blend), v.t. to mix together, 
so that the things mixed cannot be 
separated or individually distin- 
guished: v.i. to mingle imperceptibly: 
n. a mixture. 

blende (blend), n. native sulphide of 
zinc. 

blennorrhea (blen-nor-re'a) , n. leu- 
corrhcea; an excessive discharge of 
gleet or mucus. 

bless (bles), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed & blest, 

S.pr. -ing], to consecrate; invoke a 
iessing upon; bestow happiness 
upon; praise or extol; esteem. 

blessedness (bles'ed-nes) , n. the state 
of being blessed ; happiness ; heavenly 
joys. 

blessing (bles'ing), n. an invocation 
of happiness on another; a benedic- 
tion; that which promotes prosper- 
ity; a divine benefit or gift; a mercy 
or boon; grateful adoration. 

blest, p.t., p.p. & p. adj. a contracted 
form of blessed. 

blet (blet), n. a decayed spot in fruit: 
v.i. [p.t. <fe p.p. blotted, p.pr. blet- 
ting], to become internally decayed. 

blew (bloo), _p.t. of blow. 

blewits (bloo'its), n. the edible purple 
mushroom. 

blight (bllt), n. a disease in plants, 
which causes them to wither partly 
or wholly; smut; mildew; anything 
which serves to check, nip, or de- 
stroy: v.t. to affect with blight; to 
check, nip, destroy, or frustrate. 

blind (blind), adj. destitute of the 
sense of sight ; without light, morally 
or intellectually; undiscriminating; 
inconsiderate; hidden; essentially in- 



complete; closed at one end; without 
understanding: n. anything which 
serves to hinder or obstruct vision, 
or intercept the passage of light; a 
window-screen; a blinker; something 
to mislead the eye or the under- 
standing: v.i. to deprive of sight; 
make blind, intellectually or morally. 

blind-coal (blmd'kol), n. a flameless 
anthracite. 

blind- fish (blmd'fish) , n. a diminutive 
fish of pale color, with rudimentary 
eyes, inhabiting the waters of Mam- 
moth Cave, Kentucky. 

blind shell (shel), n. a shell which falls 
without exploding, or contains no 
charge. 

blind spot (spot), n. that point in the 
retina where the optic nerve enters 
the eye, but is not sensitive to the 
light. 

blindfold (blindfold), adj. having the 
eyes covered so as to be unabJe to 
see; having the mental eye or under- 
standing darkened: v.t. to cover the 
eyes of, as with a bandage; hinder 
from seeing. 

blindman (blmd'man), n. [pi. blind- 
men (-men)], a man who is blind. 

blindman' s buff (bllnd'manz buf ) , n. 
a children's game in which a player 
is blindfolded and then tries to catch 
or touch one of the others. 

blindness (bllnd'nes), n. want of sight; 
want of discernment; ignorance; 
heedlessness. 

blindworm (blmd'werm), n. a small 
slender, limbless lizard, so named 
from the popular but erroneous sup- 
position that it was blind. Also 
called slow-worm. 

blink (blink), v.i. to wink with or as 
with the eye; twinkle; to get a 
glimpse; glimmer: v.t. to evade or 
shut one's eyes to; shirk: n. a 
glimpse or glance ; a gleam ; a twinkle ; 
the gleam reflected from ice at sea: 
pi. boughs cast in the path of deer 
to check their course. 

blinker (bling'ker), n. one who blinks; 
a leather flap placed one on each side 
of a horse's bridle to prevent him 
from seeing any object except in 
front; that which obscures the sight 
or mental perception: pi. colored 
spectacles to shield the eyes from 
excess of light. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BLISS 



112 



BLOODLESS 



bliss (blis), n. the highest degree of 
happiness; blessedness; the perfect 
joy of heaven. 

blissfully (blis'f oo-li) , adv. in a blissful 
manner. 

blister (blis'ter), n. a vesicle or pustule 
on the skin containing watery matter 
or serum; an elevation made by the 
raising of an external film or skin; an 
application to the skin to produce a 
blister: v.t. to raise a blister or blisters 
on: vA. to rise in blisters, or become 
covered with blisters. 

blithe (hlith or blith), adj. gay; joyous; 
glad; mirthful; sprightly. 

blithesome (blltfi'sum or blith'sum), 
adj. gay; merry. 

blizzard (bliz'ard), n. a furious hurri- 
cane of wind with fine blinding snow, 
and characterized by intense cold; a 
poser. [Americanism.] 

bloat (blot) , v.t. to cure or dry in smoke. 

bloat (blot), v.t. to cause to swell; 
make turgid _ or swollen, as with 
water or air; inflate; make vain: v.i. 
to grow turgid. 

bloater (blot'er), n. a herring smoked 
and partially dried, but not split 
open. In England, the bloater is 
usually called a " Yarmouth bloater' y 
from the fishing town of Yarmouth. 

blob (blob), n. a blister; a bubble. 

block (blok), n. any unshaped solid 
mass of matter, as of wood, stone, 
&c; a piece of wood for supporting 
the neck of a person condemned 
to be decapitated; a piece of hard 
wood prepared for the tool of the 
engraver; the piece of hard wood 
to which an electrotype, &c, is se- 
cured; a wooden mold for shaping 
hats; the piece of wood in which 
the wheels of one or more grooved 
pulleys run; a row of buildings; a 
square or portion of a city enclosed 
by streets; an obstruction; hin- 
drance; shares bought or sold in the 
mass: v.i. to obstruct so as to hin- 
der the passage of persons or things ; 
stop up; obstruct; to secure or sup- 
port by blocks; to mold or shape on 
a block; to stop a train by signal; 
to give notice of opposition fco a bill, 
which cannot then be proceeded with 
after a specified time. 

block-head (blok'hed), n. a stupid 
fellow. 



block-house (blok'hous), n. an edi* 
fice constructed of heavy timber, 
and furnished with loopholes for 
musketry. 

block system (sis-tem), n. a system 
of working railway traffic by which 
the line is divided into short sections, 
no train being allowed to leave a 
section until the next section is 
signaled clear. 

blockade (blok-ad') n. the shutting 
up of a place, as a port, by hostile 
ships or troops, with a view to com- 
pelling a surrender by preventing 
ingress or egress, or the reception of 
supplies: v.t. to close in upon and 
shut. 

blockage (blok'aj), n. an obstruction. 

bloke (blok) , n. any man of whom one 
naturally speaks with slight respect. 
See buffer. 

blond (blond), adj. of a fair color; 
light colored: n. a person of very fair 
complexion and light hair. Fem- 
inine, blonde. 

blonde-lace (blond'las), n. a silk lace. 

blood (blud), n. the fluid which cir- 
culates in the arteries and veins of 
an animal; the juice of anything, 
especially if red; kinship; consan- 
guinity; lineage; extraction; high 
birth; temper; a man of high spirit; 
fleshy nature; blood shed in sacri- 
fice; the Atonement: v.t. to give a 
taste of blood; inure to the sight of 
blood. 

blooded (blud'ed), adj. of the best 
stock or breed. 

blood-heat (blud'het), n. the normal 
heat of the human blood in health 
(98° F.). 

blood-horse (blud'hors), also blooded 
horse (blud'ed hors), n. a horse of 
pure breed or pedigree. 

bloodhound (blud'hound), n. sl breed 
of large dogs remarkable for their 
acuteness of smell, and employed to 
track wounded game, or, as formerly, 
fugitive slaves and escaped criminals; 
a blood-hunter. 

bloodily (blud'i-li), adv. in a bloody 
manner; relentlessly; cruelly. 

bloodiness (blud'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being bloody; disposition to shed 
blood. 

bloodless (blud'les), adj. lacking blood; 
pale; anaemic. 



Ste, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BLOOD-MONEY 



113 



BLOWZED 



blood- money (blud'mun-i) , n. money 
obtained at the cost of another's life; 
the reward paid for discovery or 
capture of a murderer; compensation 
paid to the next of kin of a person 
slain by another. 

bloodstone (blud'ston), n. a dark 
green variety of quartz spotted with 
red jasper; heliotrope; red hematite 
iron ore. 

bloodthirsty (blud'thers-ti) , adj. eag- 
er for blood; anxious to kill or 
destroy. 

bloody (blud'i), adj. pertaining to, 
containing, or resembling blood; 
blood-stained; cruel; murderous; at- 
tended with bloodshed; a coarse in- 
tensive adjective (so used only in 
Great Britain). 

bloody-flux (bludl-fluks') , n. dysen- 
tery. 

bloom (bloom), n. a blossom; the 
flower of a plant; the blossoming of 
flowers; a state or period of health 
and growth, promising higher per- 
fection, or exhibiting freshness and 
beauty; the blue color upon certain 
newly-gathered fruits; a flush; a 
glow; the powdery appearance on 
new coins, &c; a rough mass of 
iron from the puddling furnace, in- 
tended to be drawn out under the 
hammer or rolled into bars: v.i. to 
produce blossoms; flower; exhibit 
the freshness and beauty of youth; 
glow. 

bloomer (bloom'er), n. a costume 
for women sought to be introduced 
by a Mrs. Bloomer, of New York, 
in 1849-50, and consisting of a short 
skirt, loose trousers, fastened around 
the ankle, and a broad-brimmed hat. 
[Also used as ad;.] 

bloomery (bloom'er-i) or bloomary 
(bloom 'a-ri) , n. a forge in which 
wrought iron is made directly from 
the ore. 

blooming (bloom'ing) , adj. no especial 
meaning attaches to this word, which 
is used, chiefly by Englishmen, to 
characterize vaguely anything what- 
ever. The adjective bloody is used 
in the same way. ■ 

blossom (blos'um), n. the flower of 
a plant; the state of flowering; 
bloom: v.i. to put forth blossoms; 
flower; flourish. 



blot (blot), n. a spot or stain; an 
obliteration or erasure; a blemish; 
disgrace: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blotted, 
p.p. blotting], to spot or stain; mar; 
stain with infamy; cancel or efface 
[usually with out] ; dry with blotting- 
paper; eclipse; obscure. 

blotch (bloch), n. a large irregular 
spot; a clumsy daub; an eruption, 
or pustule: v.t. to mark or disfigure 
with irregular blots or spots. 

blotchy (bloch'i) , adj. having blotches. 

blottesque (blot-esk'), adj. coarsely 
delineated, or marred by a heavy 
touch or blots. 

blotty (blot'i), adj. full of blots. 

blouse (blouz), n. a -light, loose over- 
garment; a French workman: such 
artisans usually wearing a blue 
blouse. 

blow (bio), ft. a mass of blossoms; the 
state or condition of flowering: v.i. 
[p.t. blew, p.p. blown, p.pr. blowing], 
to blossom; flower. 

blow (bio), n. a stroke with the hand 
or with a weapon; a knock; an act 
of hostility; a sudden shock or ca- 
lamity. 

blow (bio), v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, 
p.pr. blowing], to form or make a 
current of air; pant; sound by being 
blown; spout water; boast: v.t. to 
drive a current of air upon; impel by 
a current of air; sound a wind in- 
strument by forcing through; form 
by inflation; put out of breath by 
fatigue; scatter or shatter by ex- 
plosive; spread by report; deposit 
eggs in or upon: n. a blowing; a 
blast; a gale of wind; an egg de- 
posited by a fly; the spouting of a 
whale. 

blow-fly (blo'fli), n. any species of fly 
which deposits its eggs upon flesh. 

blow-out (blo'out), n. a carouse; a 
spree. 

blow- pipe (blo'pip), n. a long tube of 
cane or reed used by South American 
Indians and the Dyaks of Borneo to 
discharge arrows by the force of the 
breath; a tube through which a cur- 
rent of air or gas is driven upon a 
flame so as to concentrate its heat 
upon a substance to fuse it. 

blowy (blo'i), adj. windy; breezy. 

blowzed (blouzd') or blowzy (blou'zi) , 
adj. ruddy-faced; high-colored; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; 
8 hue, hut ; think, then. 



BLUBBER 



114 



BLUNT 



^oarse-complexioned, as by exposure 
to the weather. 

blubber (blub'er), v.i. to weep vio- 
lently, or so as to disfigure the face: 
v.t. to disfigure with weeping: n. the 
fat of whales and other cetaceans, 
from which train-oil is prepared; a 
jelly-fish or medusa. 

blucher (blooch'er), n. a strong half 
boot, named after the German Field- 
marshal Blucher (Blu'cher). 

bludgeon (bluj'un), n. a short heavy 
stick, sometimes loaded, used as a 
weapon. 

blue (blu), adj. of the color of the 
clear sky; azure; low-spirited; dis- 
mal; severe; pedantic: n. color of 
the clear sky; one of the primary 
colors; azure; a dye or pigment of 
this color; pale without glare, as a 
flame: v.t. to make, or dye, blue. 

blue-bell (blu'bel), n. the wild hya- 
cinth; the harebell of Scotland. 

blue blood (blu blud), n. aristocratic 
lineage. 

blue-book (bhVbook), n. a govern- 
mental official report, &c; so called 
from the blue paper covers. 

bluebonnet (blu'bon-et), n. a Scotch 
cap of blue cloth; a name given to 
the Scottish troops before the Union; 
a Scotchman. 

bluebottle (blu'bot-1), n. a common 
field flower; a species of fly. 

bluebuck (blu'buk), n. a name given 
to a small antelope, and the blauw- 
bok of South America. 

blue-devils (bhYdev-ilz) , n.pl. low 
spirits; mental depression; delirium 
tremens. 

blue- grass (blu'gr as), n. a rich pasture 
grass which leads Kentucky to be 
spoken of as the Blue Grass State. 

blue-gum (blu'gum), n. a lofty tree of 
Australia, valuable for its timber, 
and for its essential oil: used as a 
pre ventive_ against influenza. 

blueing (blu'ing), n. the process of 
imparting a blue tint; the indigo, 
&c, used by washerwomen. 

bluejacket (blu'jak-et), n. a sailor. 

bluelight (biu'lit), n. a light of that 
hue used as a signal ; a pyrotechnic 
composition. See Bengal-light. 

blue-mold (blu'mold), n. a minute 
fungus which attacks bread and 
other food-stuffs. 



blue-peter (blu'pe-ter), n. a small 
blue flag with a white square in the- 
center used as a signal for sailing, &c. 

blue-ribbon (blu'rib-un) , n. a prized' 
distinction; mark of success. It i& 
also the badge of a number of 
temperance societies in England and! 
this country. 

blue-spar (blu'spar), n. lazulite. 

blue- stocking (bhi'stok-ing) , n. a 
woman of literary tastes or occupa- 
tion. 

blue-stone (blu'ston), n. sulphate of 
copper. 

bluette (blu-ef), n- any one of a^ 
number of native wild flowers, that 
are of a delicate blue and grow in. 
the meadow land; the corn-flower. 

bluff (bluf), adj. having a broad, 
flattened front; rising high or 
boldly; broad and full; rough and! 
hearty; surly; gruff: n. a high steep* 
bank: a cliff or headland with a. 
broad steep face: v.t. to deceive, or 
gain an advantage oyer, an oppo- 
nent in a game of poker, by in- 
ducing the other players to suppose* 
one's hand is more valuable than it. 
is in reality: hence to frighten by 
an assumed possession of strength* 
or knowledge. 

bluffer (bluf-fer), n. specifically any 
one who tries to intimidate another 
by pretending to more power than, 
he really has. 

bluffly (bluf'li), adv. in a blunt, out- 
spoken, or off-hand manner. 

bluffy (bluf'i), adj. having bold steep* 
banks, or headlands. 

bluish (blu'ish), adj. somewhat blue. 

blunder (blun'der), vi. to make a 
gross mistake; err stupidly; to moye* 
or act clumsily : n. a gross or stupid 
mistake. 

blunderbuss (blun'der-bus) , n. a short, 
gun or firearm with a large bore, now 
obsolete. 

blunderingly (blun'der-ing-li) , adv. in- 
a blundering manner. 

blunt (blunt), adj. having a thick or 
rounded edge or point; not sharp;: 
dull in understanding; abrupt in 
address; plain-spoken: n. money,, 
especially silver money: v.t. to dull 
the edge or point of, by making it 
thicker; impair the force, keenness* 
or susceptibility of. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boo-% book ; 

hue, but; think, Jften. 



BLUNTISH 



115 



BOBBIN 



bluntish (blunt 'ish), adj. somewhat 

blunt, 
blur (bier), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blurred, 

g.pr. blurring], to dim; sully; stain; 
lemish: n. a smudge; a moral stain 
or blemish; a dim confused appear- 
ance. 

blurt (blert), v.t. to speak inadver- 
tently; divulge unadvisedly [usually 
with out]. 

blush (blush), v.i. to become red in 
the face, as from shame or confusion; 
bloom; feel shame (for) : n. the suffu- 
sion of the cheeks or face with a red 
color, through shame, confusion, 
modesty, &c; a red or reddish color; 
a rosy tint. 

blushing (blush'ing), p. adj. rosy; 
covered with blushes. 

blushingly (blush'ing-li) , adv. in a 
modest, blushing manner. 

bluster (blus'ter), v.i. to -be windy 
and boisterous, as the weather: talk 
in a noisy, swaggering style; bully; 
use empty threats: v.t. to utter with 
noisy violence [with forth or out]: 
n. the noise and violence of a storm, 
or of the wind in impotent gusts; 
noisy talk; empty menace; swagger. 

blusterous (blus'ter-us) , blustrous 
(blus'trus), or blustery (blus'ter-i) , 
adj. noisy; tumultuous; rough. 

boa (bo'a), n. [pi. boas (bo'az)], a 
huge serpent of South America; a 
long fur tippet. 

boa- constrictor (bo'a-kon-strik-ter) , 
n. a reptile remarkable for its length 
and power of destroying its prey by 
constriction. 

boar (bor), n. the male of swine; the 
wild hog, or wild boar. 

board (bord), n. a piece of timber 
sawed thin, and of considerable 
length and breadth compared with 
the thickness; a table for food; pro- 
vision; entertainment; a council or 
court; a number of persons elected 
to the management of some public 
or private office or trust; a table or 
frame on which games are played; 
a thick stiff kind of paper; one of 
the two stiff covers of a book : pi. 
thestage of a theater; the side,, deck, 
or interior part of a ship or boat; 
the line over which a ship runs be- 
tween tack and tack: v.t. to cover 
with boards; place at a board; fur- 



nish with food, or food and lodging^ 
for a compensation; go on board of; 
enter a ship by force: v.i. to be sup- 
plied with meals, or obtain food and 
lodging, at a fixed charge. 

boarding (bord'ing), n. light timber 
collectively; a covering of boards; 
the act of supplying, or state of being 
supplied with, food and lodging for a 
stipulated sum; the act of entering a 
ship in battle. 

boarish (bor'ish), adj. swinish; brutal; 
cruel. 

boast (bost), v.i. to brag; to speak of 
one's self or belongings in assertive 
and bombastic terms; vaunt; exult: 
v.t. to brag of: n. proud, vainglorious 
speech ; a cause of boasting ; occasion 
of pride, vanity, or laudable exulta- 
tion; a stroke, in tennis, driving a 
ball at an acute angle against the 
court wall. 

boast (bost), v.t. to dress (stone) with 
a broad chisel and mallet; to dress 
(a block) in outline for a statue, &c, 
prior to more detailed or delicate 
work. 

boastful (bost'fool), adj. given to 
boasting. 

boastfully (bost'foo-li), adv. in a boast- 
ful manner. 

boat (bot), n. a small open vessel 
usually moved by oars but often by 
a sail or a motor attachment ; a ship ; 
an open dish resembling a boat in 
shape: v.t. to transport in a boat: v.i. 
to go in a boat; row; sail. 

boatswain (bot'swan, usually bo'sn), 
n. a petty officer of a ship who has 
charge of the rigging, anchors, cables, 
and cordage . and who summons the 
crew to their duty. 

bob (bob), v.t. [p.t. &■ p.p. bobbed, 
p.pr. bobbing], to impart a short 
jerking motion to; to cut short: v.i. 
to have a short jerking motion; 
move or play to and fro, or up and 
down; to angle with a bob: n. any 
small round object playing loosely 
at the end of a cord, chain, &c; a 
pendant; an ear-drop; the weight of 
the end of a pendulum, plumb-line, 
&c; a knot of worms or rags on a 
string, used in angling for eels; a 
float; a short jerking action or mo- 
tion; a bob wig; a shilling. 

bobbin (bob 'in), n. one of the pins 



Ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BOBOLINK 



116 



BOHEMIAN GLASS 



or small cylinders of wood used to 
carry and steady the threads in 
pillow-lace making; a spool or reel 
with a head at one or both ends, 
used to hold yarn or thread for 
spinning, weaving, or sewing; a 
machine-made cotton netting or 
lace, in imitation of pillow-lace; 
bobbinet. 

bobolink (bob'o-lingk), n. an Amer- 
ican song-bird. Called also ricebird, 
reedbird, Bob o' Lincoln. 

bob-stay (bob'sta), n. one of the ropes 
or chains to hold the bowsprit down 
towards the stem or cut- water. 

bobtail (bob'tal), n. a short tail or a 
tail cut short ; the rabble (rag-tag and 
bobtail) . 

bobtailed (bob'tald), adj. having the 
tail cut short. 

Boche (bosh), n. a popular French 
term for 'German.' 

bock-beer (bok'ber), n. a specially 
strong spring brewing of beer. 

boco-wood (bo'ko-wood), n. the hard 
dark-colored wood of a tree of Gui- 
ana, extensively used for furniture. 

bode (bod), v.t. to portend; be an omen 
of: v.i. to augur; presage. 

bodice (bod'is), n. the close-fitting 
waist or body of a woman's dress. 

bodily (bod'i-li), adj. not mental; 
corporeal: adv. corporeally; entirely. 

boding (bod'ing), n. an omen; presenti- 
ment: adj. foreboding; ominous. 

bodkin (bod'kin), n. a pointed instru- 
ment for piercing holes; a blunt 
needle for drawing tape, ribbon, &c., 
through a hem or loop; a long pin 
or stiletto to fasten up the hair; an 
awl-like printer's tool. 

body (bod'i), n. [pi. bodies (bod'iz)], 
the material organized substance of 
an animal, as distinguished from the 
soul, spirit, or vital principle ; # the 
trunk, or main portion, of an animal 
or tree; the main or principal part 
of anything; a person; a number of 
individuals united by some common 
tie; a corporation; a united mass; a 
general collection; any solid geomet- 
rical figure; a material thing; a cer- 
tain consistency or density; sub- 
stance; strength, as wine, &c: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. bodies, p.pr. bodying], 
to furnish with a body; embody; 
produce in definite shape. 



body-blow (bod'i-blo), n. in the lan- 
guage of the prize-ring, a blow struck 
anywhere below the neck and above 
the belt. 

body-color (bod'i-kuler) , n. a pigment 
possessing body or consistence, as 
distinguished from a transparent 
wash-tint. 

body politic (bod'i pol'i-tik), n. the 
collective body of people living under 
an organized political government. 

body-snatcher (bod'i-snatch-er) , n. 
one who removes bodies from graves 
to sell them for dissection; a res- 
urrectionist^ 

Boeotian (be-o'shan), adj. pertaining 
to Bceotia in Central Greece, noted 
for its moist and heavy atmosphere; 
dull; stupid. 

Boer (boor), n. a Dutch colonist of 
South Africa engaged in farming or 
cattle breeding. 

bog (bog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bogged, j).pr. 
bogging], to sink or submerge in a 
bog or quagmire: v.i. to sink or stick 
in a bog: n. a tract of wet, spongy 
ground, composed of decayed and 
decaying vegetable matter; a quag- 
mire; marsh; morass. 

bogey or bogy(bo'gi), n. [pi. bogeys, 
bogies (bo'giz)], a hobgoblin; a 
spectre. Also bogey-man. ' 

boggle (bog'gl), v.i. to hesitate: waver; 
equivocate; act clumsily; bungle; 
shy, as of a horse: v.t. to make a 
bungle of; embarrass: n. the act of 
hesitating or taking alarm ; a bungle ; 
botch. 

boggy (bog'i) , adj. full of bogs ; marshy. 

bogie or bogey (bo'gi), n. a four- 
wheeled truck supporting the front 
of a locomotive, or each end of a 
carriage, and turning beneath it by 
a central pivot called the king 
pin. t . 

bogus (bo'gus), adj. counterfeit; spuri- 
ous; first used of base money and 
thus applied to anything that was 
not genuine. 

bohea (bo-he'), n. a kind of black tea. 

Bohemian (bo-he'mi-an) , n. a person 
who disregards social conventionali- 
ties, or evinces a wild or roving dis- 
position; a gipsy. 

Bohemian glass (Bo-he'mi-an glas), 
n. a kind of glass made in Bohemia, 
Austria, and characterized by its 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BOHEMIANISM 



117 



BOMBARDIER 



ornamentation and remarkable hard- 
ness. 

Bohemianism (bo-he'mi-an-izm) , n. 
the life or habits of a person who by 
natural inclination leads a free and 
easy unconventional existence. 

boil (boil), v.i. to be in a state of 
ebullition through the action of 
heat; seethe; be agitated or excited 
by passion or anger; be subjected to 
the action of boiling water: v.t. to 
heat to the boiling point; cause to 
bubble by heat; collect from, or 
separate, by boiling; subject to the 
action of heat in a boiling liquid. 

boil (boil), n. an inflamed and painful 
suppurating tumor. 

boiler (boil'er), n. one who boils; a 
vessel in which anything is boiled; 
a strong metallic vessel, in which 
steam is generated for driving en- 
gines or for other purposes. 

boisterous (bois'ter-us) , adj. violent; 
rough ;_ stormy; turbulent; noisy. 

bolas (bo'las), n. sing, or pi. sl hunting 
implement consisting of two or more 
balls of iron or stone attached to the 
ends of a leather cord, used by the 
Gauchos in South America, who thus 
stem or impede the flight of wild 
cattle. [Spanish.] 

bold (bold), adj. courageous; venture- 
some; planned or executed with 
courage and spirit; forward; rude; 
impudent ; over-stepping conven- 
tional rules; striking to the eye; 
steep ;_ abrupt ; prominent. 

bole (bol), n. the trunk or stem of a 
tree ; a general term for friable clayey 
shale or clay, usually colored by 
oxide of iron. 

bolero (bo-la 'ro), n. a lively Spanish 
dance; the music accompanying such 
a dance; a short jacket, such as is 
worn by bull-fighters. [Spanish.] 

bolide (bo'lld), n. a large meteor which 
explodes on contact with the air. 

boll (bol), n. the pod or capsule of a 
plant, as of flax: v.i. to form into a 
boll or seed-vessel; go to seed (Ex. 
ix. 31). 

bollard (bol'ard), n. a strong post of 
wood or iron for securing hawsers. 

Bolsheviki (bol-she-ve-ke'),n. pi. ; sing. 
Bolshevik (vek'), in Russian politics, 
the ' 'extremists" of social democracy ; 
a name also applied to the radical wing 



of socialists in other countries . Hence 
Bolshevism,7i.and Bolshevist,n.and a. 

bolster (bol'ster), n. a long pillow or 
cushion used to support the head; a 
pad to ease pressure; a compress; a 
cushioned or padded part of a sad- 
dle: v.t. to support with a pillow or 
cushion; prop; maintain; or support 
[usually with up}. 

bolt (bolt), n. a short, thick arrow 
with a blunt head; a thunderbolt; a 
discharge of lightning; a stout me- 
tallic pin or rod used for holding 
objects together; a sliding catch for 
securing a door, gate. &c; the por- 
tion of a lock shot or withdrawn by 
the key; an elongated bullet for use 
in a rifled cannon; a roll or length 
of certain textile fabrics; a refusal 
to support a nomination made by 
one's party, or withdrawal from 
one's party: adv. like a bolt; straight; 
suddenly: v.t. to shoot; discharge; 
start or spring; fasten or secure with 
a bolt; blurt out; swallow hurriedly 
or without chewing; secede from (a 
party) or decline to support (a party 
nomination) : v.i. to shoot forth sud- 
denly ; depart with suddenness ; start 
and rim off. 

bolt (bolt), v.t. to sift or separate the 
coarser from the finer particles; 
hence to examine with care; separate. 

bolt-rope (bolt'rop), n. a rope to which 
the edges of sails are sewed. 

bolus (bo'lus), n. [pi. boluses (bo'lus- 
ez)], a medicine in the form of a soft 
rounded mass, larger than an ordi- 
nary pill, to be swallowed at once; 
hence anything disagreeable which 
must be accepted. 

bomb (bom), n. a hollow steel ball or 
shell filled with an explosive mate- 
rial, fired from a mortar and usually 
exploded by a fuse; any missile 
similarly constructed and thrown by 
the hand. Also bombshell. 

bomb-ketch (bom'ketch), n. a strong- 
ly-built vessel, on which one or more 
mortars are mounted for use in a 
naval bombardment. 

bombard (bom-bard'), v.t. to attack 
with cannon; fire shot or shell at or 
into; assail hotly; fire questions at. 

bombardier (bom-bard-er') , n. a non- 
commissioned officer of the Royal 
Artillery. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BOMBARDMENT 



118 



BOODLER 



bombardment (bom-bard 'ment) , n. 
a continuous attack with shot and 
shell; the act of shelling a town or 
fort. 

bombardon (bom-bar'dun) or bom- 
bardone (bom-bar'do'ne) , n. a large- 
sized musical instrument of the trum- 
pet class. 

bombast (bom'bast), n. originally 
cotton or other soft material used 
for stuffing garments: hence, high- 
sounding words; inflated language 
or style; fustian. 

bombastically (bom-bas'ti-ka-li) , adv. 
in an inflated manner or style. 

bombazet or bombazette (bom-ba- 
zet'), n. a sort of thin woolen cloth, 
either plain or twilled. 

bombazine (bom-ba-zen) , n. a twilled 
fabric, of which the warp is silk and 
the weft worsted. Written also bom- 
basine, bombasin, and bombazeen. 

bombshell. Same as bomb. 

bona fide (bo'na fi'de), adv. genuinely; 
with good faith. 

bona fides (bon'a fld'ez), n. good faith; 
honorable dealing. 

bonanza (bo-nan'za) , n. a rich vein of 
ore : hence, anything which is a mine 
of wealth. 

bonbon (bong'bong), n. a sugar-plum; 
any confection of sugar; a Christmas 
cracker. [French.] 

bond (bond), n. anything that binds, 
fastens, or confines; a ligament: pi. 
fetters; imprisonment; captivity: 
hence, a cause of union; duty; obli- 
gation; an instrument under seal by 
which a person binds himself, his 
heirs, &c, to do, or abstain from 
doing, a certain act; a promise to 
pay a certain sum on or before a 
specified date; a certificate, bearing 
interest, issued by a government, a, 
corporation, or company, for the 
purpose of borrowing money; a unit 
of combining power equivalent to 
one atom of hydrogen: v.t. to put in 
bond or into a bonded warehouse, as 
dutiable goods, the duties remaining 
unpaid till the goods are taken out, 
but bonds being given for their pay- 
ment: adj. captive, as a bond slave. 

bone (bon), n. the ossified tissue form- 
ing the skeleton of most vertebrate 
animals; one of the parts or pieces of 
an animal skeleton; something made 



of bone ; pieces of bone held between 
the fingers and rattled together as an 
accompaniment to music: v.t. to re- 
move the bones from ; put whalebone 
into; steal; appropriate. 

bone-black (bon'blak), n. animal 
charcoal, used in refining petroleum. 

boneless (bon'les) , adj. without bones ; 
as a boned chicken; lacking firmness. 

bonfire (bon'fir), n. any large fire 
made in the open air to celebrate an 
event, or consume rubbish. 

bonhomie (bon-o-me'), n. good-heart- 
edness; a frank good-natured man- 
ner. [French.] 

boniface (bon'i-fas), n. an inn-keeper. 

bon-marche (bong-mar-sha') , good 
market; cheap. [French.] 

bonne (bun), n. a French nurse. 

bonnet (bon'et), n. a soft woolen cap 
worn by men in Scotland ; a woman's 
head-covering, varying according to 
fashion, but distinguished from a 
hat by having no brim; anything 
resembling a bonnet in shape or use: 
v.t. to crush the bonnet or hat over 
the eyes of. 

bonny (bon'ni) , adj. handsome ; beauti- 
ful; pretty; gay; blithe. Written 
also bonnie. 

bonspiel (bon'spel), n. in Scotland, 
a curling match between players of 
different clubs. 

bon- ton (bong-tong') , n. the style of 
persons in high life; good breeding; 
fashionable society; height of fash- 
ion. [French.] 

bonus (bo'nus), n. [pi. bonuses (bo'- 
nus-ez)], a sum given, or paid, over 
and above what is required, or actu- 
ally payable; an additional dividend 
out of accumulated profits; a sum 
paid in addition to regular pay or 
wages. 

boo (boo), inter j. -an expression of 
aversion or contempt: n. hooting: 
v.i. to low like an ox; groan: v.t. to 
hoot at. 

booby (boo'bi), n. a dunce; a stupid 
fellow; a species of gannet, a West 
Indian bird. 

boobyish (boo'bi-ish) , adj. stupid; silly. 

boodle (bood'l), n. money paid for 
votes, or undue political influence; 
bribe money. 

boodler (bood'ler), n. one who gives 
or accepts a bribe. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book » 

Me, hut ; think, then. 



BOO-HOO 



119 



BOOT-TREE 



feoo-hoo (boo-hoo'), v.i. to bawl or cry 
unrestrainedly like a baby. 

book (book), ru a collection of sheets 
of paper and other material, blank, 
written, or printed, bound together; 
. a volume; a treatise; a division, sec- 
tion, or part of a literary composi- 
tion; a register or record: v.t. to 
enter or register in a book; record; 
to secure or engage beforehand by 
registry or payment. 

book-case (book'kas), n. sl case with 
shelves for holding books. 

book- keeping (book'kep-ing) , n. the 
art of recording pecuniary or busi- 
ness transactions in a regular and 
systematic manner. 

book-maker (book r mak-er) , n. one 
who writes and publishes books; a 
compiler; oaie who bets against the 
success of a horse in a race, and en- 
ters his transactions in a book; a 
professional betting man. 

bookman (book'man), n. a studious 
man; a scholar. 

book-muslin (book'muz-lin) , n. a fine 
kind of transparent muslin. 

book-name (book'nam), n. the name 
of a plant or animal in use only in 
text-books. 

book- talk (book'tawk), n. stilted 
language; long sentences and 
words. 

book- worm (book Verm), n. the 
larva or grub of various species of 
insects which infest and injure 
books; a person closely addicted to 
study. 

booking-office (book'ing-of 'fis) , n. in 
England, an office where tickets are 
sold for railway or steamship travel- 
ing, or for seats in a theater. 

bookish (book'ish) , adj. given to read- 
ing ; fond of study ; better acquaint- 
ed with books than with men; 
pedantic. 

booklet (booklet), n. a little book. 

book-stall (book'stawl) , n. a small 
shop, open to the street, where 
books are sold, usually at second- 
hand. 

boom (boom), n. a long pole or spar 
run out to extend the foot of certain 
sails; a strong chain, cable, or line 
of spars bound together, extended 
across a river or harbor to exclude 
an enemy's ships; a deep, hollow 



sound; a sudden demand for a com- 
modity; a rapid rise in price; a 
sudden burst of popular favor: v.i. 
to make a deep, hollow, reverberat- 
ing sound; to go off with a rush: 
v.t. to push with energy. 

boomer (boom'er), n. one who starts 
or promotes a boom; the Australian 
name for the male of the great kan- 
garoo. 

boomerang (boom'e-rang) , n. a .mis- 
sile weapon used by the Australian 
aborigines, consisting of a piece of 
flat curved hard wood, which, when 
thrown by the hand in a certain 
manner, describes a series of curves, 
and finally returns to the thrower, 
striking the ground behind him; 
hence any action which may recoil 
on its projector. 

boon (boon), n. prayer or petition; a 
benefit; a gift; a privilege; a favor: 
adj. gay; kind; jovial; merry; con- 
vivial. _ 

boon (boon), n. the refuse woody 
matter of flax from which the fiber 
has been dressed. 

boor (boor), n. a rustic; a peasant; 
a rude, ill-mannered, clownish person,, 

boorish (boorish), adj. like a boor; 
clownish; awkward in manner; illit- 
erate. 

boose. See booze. 

boost (boost), v.t. to lift by pushing 
from behind: n. a lift from behind. 

boot (boot), n. profit; that which is 
thrown ki as an inducement to a 
bargain, or to make an exchange 
equal. [Prefixed by the preposition 
to.] 

boot (boot), v.t. to profit; advantage; 
avail [usually with it]. 

boot (boot), n. a leather covering for 
the feet and the lower part of the 
leg; an old instrument of torture; 
a receptacle for luggage at either 
end of a coach; a driving-apron of 
leather or rubber-cloth: v.t. to put 
boots on^ kick with the boot. 

booth (booth), n. a temporary struc- 
ture made of boards, canvas, &c. 

bootless (booties), adv. without ad- 
vantage: adj. having no boots. 

boots (boots), n. the servant in a 
hotel who cleans the boots of the 
guests. 

boot-tree (boot'tre), n. a wooden 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BOOTY 



120 



BOSS 



foot, placed in boots and shoes when 
not in use, so that they may be kept 
in shape. 

booty (boo'ti), n. [j)l. booties (boo'- 
tiz)], spoil taken in war; plunder; 
pillage. 

booze (booz), v.i. to drink immoder- 
ately; tipple: n. liquor; drink; a 
carouse; spree. 

bora (bo'ra), n. a fierce, dry N.E. wind 
which blows on the coasts of the 
Adriatic Sea. [Italian.] 

boracic (bo-ras'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or produced from, borax. 

boracic acid (as'id), n. a compound of 
boron with oxygen and hydrogen. 

borax (bo'raks), n. a salt compounded 
of boracic acid and soda, used as a 
flux in soldering metals, and in the 
manufacture of glass, enamel, arti- 
ficial gems, &c. 

bord (bord), n. the face of coal parallel 
to the natural fissures. 

bordage (bord'aj), 'n. planking of a 
ship^s side; in early England the ser- 
vile tenure by which a villein of the 
lowest rank held his cottage. 

Bordeaux (bor-do), n. red and white 
wines produced in the district of 
Bordeaux, France. The name claret 
is usually given to them in English. 

border (bor'der), n. the outer part or 
edge of anything; a margin; brink; 
boundary; frontier; a narrow flower 
bed: v.t. to make a border about, or 
to adorn with a border; adjoin: v.i. 
to touch at the edge or boundary 
[with on or upon]. 

border-land (bor'der-land) , n. land 
forming a border or frontier; an un- 
certain or debatable district. 

bore (bor), v.t. to pierce or drill a 
hole in; form by piercing or drill- 
ing; to force (as a passage) with 
effort; weary by tedious repetition, 
or by dullness; annoy*, v.i. to pierce 
or penetrate by boring, &c: push 
forward toward a certain point: n. 
a hole made by boring; the caliber 
or internal diameter of a hole; a 
person or thing that weariey by pro- 
lixity or dullness; anything which 
causes ennui. 

bore (bor), n. a tidal wave which 
breaks in the estuaries of some rivers, 
and, being impeded by the narrowing 
channel, rises in a watery ridge and 



courses along with great force and 
noise. 

bore (bor), p.t. of bear. 

borean (bo're-an) or boreal (bo're-al), 
adj. northern; pertaining to tie 
North, or to the North wind. 

boredom (bor'dum), n. ennui; the 
realm of bores; bores collectively. 

boride (bo'rid), n. a compound of 
boron with a metallic base. 

born (born), v. adj. innate;. inherited. 

born, p.p. of bear, to bring forth. 

borne, p.p. of bear, to carry. 

bornite (born'it), n. a valuable ore of 
copper. 

boroglyceride (bo-ro-glis'e-iid) , n. an 
antiseptic containing boric acid, 
glycerine, &c. 

boron (bo'ron), n. a non-metallic ele- 
ment occurring abundantly in borax. 

borough (bur'o), n. a corporate town. 

borough English (ing'lish), n. a 
custom existent in some parts of 
England, by which an estate de- 
scends to the youngest son instead 
of the eldest, or, if there is no son, 
to the youngest brother. 

borrow (bor'6), v.t. to obtain (a 
thing) on loan; adopt; appropriate; 
copy. 

bort (bort), n. imperfect or inferior 
diamonds used for polishing other 
stones. [Old French.] 

boscage or boskage (bos'kaj), n. 
ground covered with trees and 
shrubs; woods; thickets; a wooded 
landscape. [French.] 

bosh (bosh), n. absurd or empty talk; 
utter nonsense: inter j. humbug. 

bosket (bos'ket) , n. a grove ; a thicket. 

bosky (bos'ki), adj. woody; bushy. 

bosom (boo'zum), n. the breast; 
clothing covering the breast; the 
affections or passions; something 
likened to a bosom, as a sustaining 
surface, inmost recess, &c: adj. per- 
taining to the bosom; intimate; 
cherished; beloved; worn on the 
bosom: v.t. to place or harbor in the 
bosom; cherish; conceal. 

boss (bos), n. [pi. bosses (bos'e?)], a 
protuberant part; a stud or knob; 
an ornamental projection of a ceil- 
ing: v.t. to ornament with studs or 
knobs. 

boss (bos), n. si, master; superintend- 
ent; foreman; (political) a part: 7 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BOSSISM 



121 



BOUND 



leader, or controller of political af- 
fairs: adj. chief; most highly es- 
teemed: v.t. to direct. [Dutch.] 

bossism (bos'izm), n. the rule of a 
boss; a political condition where one 
or more bosses control the body 
politic. 

botanic (bo-tan'ik) or botanical (bo- 
tan'i-kal), adj. pertaining to botany. 

botanically (bo-tan'i-ka-li) , adv. from 
a botanist's point of view; according 
to a system of botany. 

botanist (bot'a-nist) , # n. one who 
studies or is skilled in a knowledge 
of plants. 

botanize (bot'a-niz), v.i. to seek after 
plants for the purpose of studying 
them: v.t. to explore botanically. t 

botany (bot'a-ni), n. the science which 
treats of plants. [Greek.] 

botch (boch), n. a swelling on the skin* 
a large ulcerous affection. 

botch (boch), v.t. to mend or patch 
in a clumsy manner ; put together un- 
skilfully : n. a clumsy patch ; bad work. 

botchy (boch'i), adj. marked with 
botches. 

both (both), adj. & pron. the one and 
the other ; the two ; the pair ; without 
excepting either: adv. & conj. as. 

bother (both'eT), v.t. to annoy; tease; 
worry; give trouble: v.i. to trouble 
one's self; be troublesome: n. worry; 
annoyance. 

botheration (bo^-er-a'shun), n. the 
act of bothering, or state of being 
bothered. 

bothersome (bo^'er-sum) , adj. trou- 
blesome. 

bo-tree (bo'tre), same as the pippul- 
tree or peepul-tree, sacred to Buddha. 

bots (bots), n.vl. the larvae of several 
species of gaafly, which infest horses, 
oxen, sheep, &c. 

bottle (bot'l), n. sl hollow vessel, usu- 
ally with a narrow neck, made of 
glass or earthenware, for holding 
liquids; the contents of a bottle: v.t. 
to put into bottles; a quantity of 
hay or grass bundled up. 

bottle-holder (bot'l-hold'er), n. one 
who waits upon a pugilist in a prize- 
fight, administering refreshment, &c; 
a backer; a second. 

bottle-nose (bot'1-noz), n. sl name 
given to several species of cetaceans 
having bottle-shaped noses. 



bottom (bot'um), n. the deepest part 
of anything; the base; foundation; 
root; the ground under any body of 
water; the buttocks; the seat of a 
chair; low land formed by alluvial 
deposits; a river; a valley; a dale; 
a ship; stamina: adj. lowest; under- 
most: v.t. to found or build upon; 
furnish with a bottom; fathom; get 
to the bottom of: v.i. to rest; be 
based or grounded. 

bottom-lands (bot'um-lanz), n.pl. 
rich flat alluvial soil on the river 
banks of the Western States. 

bottomry (bot'um-ri), n. the act of 
borrowing money on the security of 
a ship. 

bouche or bouch (boosh), v.t. to drill 
a new mouth or vent in. 

boudoir (boo'dwar), n. a small room, 
elegantly furnished for a lady's pri- 
vate use. [French.] 

bouffe (boof), n. opera-bouffe ; comic 
opera. [French.] 

bough (bou) , n. an arm or branch of a 
tree. 

bought, v.t. & p.p. of buy. 

bougie (boo'zhe), n. a wax taper or 
candle; a slender flexible tube for 
insertion in the urethra, rectum, &c, 
in cases of stricture. [French. J 

bouilli (boo'lye, French boo-ye'), n. 
meat boiled or stewed with vege- 
tables. 

bouillon (boo'lyon, French boo-yong'), 
n. a clear soup produced from boiled 
meat. 

boulangerite (boo-lan'jer-It), n. a 
mineral of a bluish gray color an^ 
metallic lustre. It is a sulphide of 
antimony and lead. 

boulder, same as bowlder. 

boule (boo'le), n. the higher popular 
assembly of ancient Athens; the 
modern Greek legislative assembly. 

boulevard (boo'le-vard), n. a broad 
street, planted with trees. 

bounce (bouns), v.t. to cause to bound; 
to eject summarily; to bully: v.i. to 
strike against anything so as to re- 
bound; leap or spring suddenly or 
unceremoniously; boast or bluster: 
n. a sudden bound or spring; a heavy 
sudden thrust or thump; a boast; 
brag; an impudent lie: adv. with a 
spring; suddenly. 

bound (bound), n. a limit; confine; 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note north, not; boon, book: 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BOUND 



122 



BOWER 



extent; boundary : pi. territory within 
certain boundaries: v.t. to serve as a 
limit to; circumscribe. 

bound (bound), v.i. to jump or spring 
suddenly or in succession; leap; re- 
bound: n. a leap; spring; jump; 
rebound. 

bound, p.t. & p.p. of bind. 

bound (bound), adj. ready to go; 
destined. 

boundary (bound'a-ri) , n. [pi. boun- 
daries (-riz)], the extent or limit of 
anything. 

bounder (bound'er), n. an insolent, 
ill-bred man who makes himself dis- 
agreeable to those whom he meets. 
[English.] 

boundless (bound'les), adj. lacking 
bounds or limits; infinite in space. 

bounteous (boun'te-us) , adj. giving 
freely; liberal in gifts; munificent. 

bountiful (boun'ti-f ool) , adj. liberal 
in bestowing gifts or favors; gener- 
ous; ample. 

bountifully (boun'ti-f oo-li) , adv. in a 
liberal manner. 

bounty (boun'ti), n. [pi. bounties 
(boun'tiz)], liberality in bestowing 
gifts or favors; generosity; munifi- 
cence;' a premium offered by a gov- 
ernment to induce men to enlist in 
the army or navy, or to encourage 
some branch of industry. 

bouquet (boo-ka), n. sl nosegay; a 
perfume or aroma characteristic of 
some wines. [French.] 

bouquetier (boo-ke-teV) , n. a bou- 
quet-holder. [French.] 

bourdon (boor'don), n. the bass drone 
of the bagpipe; a bass stop of an 
organ. 

bourgeois (boor-zhwa/) n. a French 
citizen of the mercantile class; a 
shopkeeper; a size of type between 
long primer and brevier (ber-jois') 
(see type): adj. of or pertaining to 
the mercantile_or middle class. 

bourgeoisie (boor-zhwa-ze') , n. the 
French middle classes; the middle 
class connected with the trade of 
any country. 

bourn and bourne (boorn), n. a 
stream; a rivulet; a bound; destina- 
tion; goal. 

bourree (boor-ra/), n. a composition of 
a lively character, allied to the 
gavotte. [French.] 



bourse (boors), n. a stock exchange 
for the transaction of business, es- 
pecially the Bourse or Stock Ex- 
change of Paris. [French.] 

bout (bout), n. a turn or bend; a going 
and returning; as much as is per- 
formed at one time; a trial; essay; 
round; contest. 

boutonniere (boo-ton-nyar'), n. a 
bouquet or flower worn in the but- 
ton-hole. [French.] 

bovine (bo'vin), adj. of, or pertaining 
to, oxen; resembling or possessing 
the characteristics of an ox or cow; 
stolid; dull. 

bow (bou), n. the forepart or prow of a 
ship. 

bow (bou), v.t. to bend; make curved 
or crooked; bend or incline, as the 
head or body in token of respect; 
subdue: v.i. to make a bow: n. an 
inclination of the head or bending 
of the body, as a salute, or in token 
of reverence, respect, assent, or sub- 
mission. 

bow (bo), n. a weapon for discharging 
arrows; anything curved; an imple- 
ment with which instruments of the 
violin kind are played; an elastic 
stick with its ends connected by 
string, used for turning a drill, &c; 
a looped ornamental knot of ribbon 
or other material: v.t. to bend or 
curve like a bow; play with a bow: 
v.i. become bent or curved. 

bow-net (bo'net), n. a conical basket 
for trapping lobsters and crayfish. 

bow-saw (bo 'saw), n, a saw for cutting 
curves. 

Bowdlerize (boud'ler-iz) , v.t. to ex- 
purgate, as an editor, everything 
deemed offensive or indelicate. Word 
derived from one Thomas Bowdlei 
who, about 1812, brought out a 
"Family Shakespeare,' y expurgated. 

bowel (bou'el) , n. one of the intestines 
of an animal; a gut [generally in 
the pi.]: pi. the interior part of 
anything; tenderness; pity (II Cor, 
vi. 12). 

bower (bou'er), n. a shelter con- 
structed of boughs or twining plants ; 
an arbor. 

bower (bou'er), n. an anchor carried 
at the bow of a ship; one of the two 
highest cards in euchre, or the second 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BOWERY 



123 



BRACELET 



and third highest (when the joker is 
used) . 

bowery (bou'er-i), adj. like a bower . 

bowery (bou'er-i), n. [pi. boweries 
(bou'er-iz), a country retreat; farm. 

Bowery (bou'er-i), n. a street in New 
York City, so named from the early 
Dutch farm or bouwerie. 

bowie-knife (bo'e-nif), n. a sheath- 
knife formerly used as a weapon. 

bowl (bol), n. a circular hollow vessel 
for holding liquids; a large drinking 
cup ; the hollow part of anything. 

bowl (bol), n. a ball of wood used 
in the games of bowls, and skittles: 
pi. a game played with bowls: v.i. 
to play with bowls; roll a bowl or 
a cricket ball; move rapidly and 
smoothly like a ball: v.t. to roll. 

bowlder (bol'der), n. a large stone 
worn smooth or rounded by the ac- 
tion of water; a round rock which 
has been transported for some dis- 
tance from its original bed. 

bowline (bo'lin), n. a rope fastened 
near the middle of a square-sail, to 
keep the ship near the wind. 

bowling-alley (boTing-al-i), n. a room 
constructed for bowling or bowls. 

bowsprit (bo'sprit), n. a large boom 
or spar running out from the stem 
of a vessel to carry its sails forward. 

bowstring (bo'string), n. the string of 
a bow; string used by the Turks for 
strangling offenders: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 
bowstrung, p.pr. bowstringing] , to 
strangle with a bowstring. 

box (boks), n. an evergreen shrub or 
small tree, yielding a hard close- 
grained wood: adj. of box, or re- 
sembling a box-tree. 

box (boks), n. [pi., boxes (boks'ez)], a 
case or receptacle for holding any- 
thing; the quantity a box contains; 
the driver's seat on a carriage; a 
compartment in a theater or other 
public place; a small country house 
used by sportsmen; a cylindrical 
hollow iron in a wheel, in which the 
axle runs: v.t. to enclose in a box; 
confine; boxhaul. 

box (boks), n. a blow on the head with 
the fist, or on the ear with the open 
hand: v.t. to strike with the fist or 
hand: v.i. to fight with the fists. 

boxhaul (boks'hawl), v.t. to veer a ship 
round instead of tacking. 



boxiana (bok-si-an'a or bok-si-a/na), 
n.pl. the literature of prize-fighting. 

boxing-glove (boks'ing-gluv) , n. sl 
padded glove. 

box-metal (boks'met-al) , n. an anti- 
friction alloy used for journal-boxes, 
shafting, &c. 

boy (boi), n. a male child; a young lad; 
sometimes used for a man. 

boy (boi), n. a palanquin bearer. 

boyar (boi'ar), n. a Russian landed 
proprietor; the name of the Con- 
servative party in Roumania. 

boycott (boi'kot), v.t. to combine 
against a person so as to ostracize 
socially, and prevent or hinder the 
conduct of his business or profession, 
as a means of punishment or intimi- 
dation: n. the act or state of boy- 
cotting; a combination for such a 
purpose. A name derived from one 
Captain Boycott, _in Ireland (1886). 

boycottee (boi-kot-e') , n. a boycotted 
person. 

boyer (boi'er), n. a Flemish sloop with 
a raised structure at each end. 

boyhood (boi'hood), n. the state of 
being a boy. 

boyish (boi'ish), adj. pertaining to a 
"boy or boyhood ; childish ; puerile. 

boy- scout (boi-skqut), n. one of an 
organization having for object the 
formation of manly character in boys 
through training in self-help, includ- 
ing education in woodcraft, scout- 
craft, first aid and good citizenship. 

brace (bras), n. that which holds 
anything tightly or supports it firm- 
ly; a prop; a bandage; a pair; a 
curve connecting two or more lines: 

thus | -jM^" } ; a curved instrument 

for holding and turning boring tools; 
a rope reeved through a block at the 
end of a yard, by which the yard is 
swung from the deck; a timber or 
scantling to strengthen the frame- 
work of a building: pi. the leathern 
bands clasping the cords at the side 
of a drum; shoulder-straps to sup- 
port the trousers: v.t. to bind or 
tie closely; strain up; strengthen; 
furnish with supports. Also, brace up. 

brace-drill (bras'dril), n. a drill for 
boring metals. 

bracelet (bras'let), n. an ornamental 
band or ring for the wrist. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge^ met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



BRACHIAL 



124 



BRAMBLE 



brachial (bra/ki- or brak'i-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or connected with, the 
arm. 

brachiate (bra'ki- or brak'i-at), adj. 
having branches in pairs, nearly 
horizontal, and each pair at right 
angles with the next. 

bracken (brak'en), n. the brake fern. 

bracket (brak'et), n. a supporting 
piece projecting from ( a wall; a 
single or jointed gas-pipe, burner, 
&c; one of two marks [], used to 
enclose a word or note, or to indi- 
cate an interpolation; a brace: v.t. 
to furnish with or enclose within 
brackets; connected by brackets; 
couple together. 

brackish (brak'ish), adj. saltish. 

bract (brackt), n. a modified leaf 
growing from the flower stem, or 
enveloping a head of flowers. 

bracteate (brak'te-at) , adj. furnished 
with bracts; made of thin beaten 
metal. 

bracteolate (brak'te-o-lat), adj. fur- 
nished with bracteoles. 

bracteole (brak'te-ol) , n. a small 
bract. 

brad (brad), n. a slender flat nail, 
having a projection on one side: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. bradded, p.pr. bradding], 
to nail or secure with brads. 

brae (bra) , n. a hillside; sloping ground. 

brag (brag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bragged, 
p.pr. bragging], to boast; speak vain- 
gloriously: n. a boast; a thing to 
boast of; ostentatious pretense; a 
game of cards. 

braggadocio (brag-a-do'shio) , n. a 
boaster; a braggart; empty boasting. 

braggart (brag'art), n. a boaster; a 
vain fellow: adj. boastful. 

bragger (brag'er), n. one who brags. 

brahma (hra'ma), n. a useful variety 
of large domestic fowl. 

Brahma (bra/ma), n. in the teaching 
of Brahmanism in India, the Su- 
preme Creator of all things. He is 
the first of the Brahminical triad, 
being shown as seated between 
Siva and Vishnu. 

Brahmin (bra'min), n. [pi. Brahmins 
(bra mmz)], a member of the Hindu 
priestly caste. 

Brahminee (bra'min-e), n. a female 
Brahmin. 

braid (brad), v.t. to weave or inter- 



twine; plait: n. a plaited band or 
fillet. 

Braidism (bra'dizm), n. hypnotism, 

- from Dr. James Braid, who first 
made known what he called neu- 
rohypnotism, afterwards shortened 
to hypnotism. This announcement 
of Dr. Braid's discoveries took place 
June 29, 1842. 

brail (bral), n.pl. certain ropes used to 
gather up the foot and leeches of a 
sail prior to furling: v.t.Xo haul in by 
the brails_ [usually with up]. 

braille (bral'), n. & system of raised 
printed characters for blind read- 
ers. 

brain (bran), n. the soft whitish con- 
voluted mass occupying the cranium 
of a vertebrate, constituting the cen- 
ter of the nervous system, and the 
seat of consciousness and volition; 
the understanding; intellectual pow- 
*er: v.t. dash out the brains of . 

brainless (bran'les), adj. lacking brain ; 
unintelligent; silly. 

brain-storm (bran's tovm), n. an ab- 
normal activity of the brain, claimed 
by some to produce temporary 
insanity. [Pseudo-medical.] 

brain- wave (bran'wav), n. a telepathic 
vibration by which it is supposed a 
thought is conveyed from one mind 
to another. 

braise (braz) , v.t. to stew (as meat) in 
a covered vessel: n. braised meat. 

brait (brat), m a rough diamond. 

brake (brak), n. an instrument or 
machine to break ilax; the handle of 
a pump ; a baker's kneading trough ; 
a sharp bit or snaffle; a frame for 
confining refractory horses whila 
shoeing; a heavy vehicle without a 
body, for breaking in young horses 
to harness; a kind of wagonette; 
a heavy harrow for breaking clods; 
a mechanical device for checking the 
motion of a vehicle or machine; a 
brake van. 

brake (brak), n. a place overgrown 
with bracken, brushwood, &c; the 
common fern. 

brake-shoe (brak'shoo), n. that part 
of a brake which presses against the 
wheel. 

braky (brak'i), adj. full of bracken, 
brushwood, &c; rough; thorny. 

bramble (bram'bl), n. the English 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BRAMBLY 



.125 



BIUW^ 



blackberry; any prickly bush or 
shrub. 

brambly (bram'bli), adj. full of bram- 
bles. 

bran (bran), n. the husks of wheat, 
rye, &c, separated from the flour by 
bolting. 

branch (branch), n. [pi. branches 
(branch'ez)], a shoot or limb from 
a main bough; an off-shoot; any 
member or part of a body or sys- 
tem; a department; a section or 
subdivision; any part of a family 
descending in a collateral line: adj. 
deviating from the trunk or main 
body: v.i. to ramify; diverge; spread 
diffusely [with out] : v.t. to divide. 

branchiae (brang'ki-e) , n.pl. the re- 
spiratory organs of fishes and some 
amphibia; gills. [Greek.] 

branchial (brang'ki-al) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the branchiae or gills. 

branchiate (brang'ki-at) , adj. having 
permanent gills. 

branchlet (branch'let) , n. a little 
branch. 

branchy (bran'chi), adj. full of 
branches. 

brand (brand), n. a burning piece of 
wood; any form of trade-mark: 
hence, quality or kind; a stigma or 
mark of infamy; a fungoid disease 
of plants: v.t. to mark by burning 
with a hot iron, or by other means; 
to stigmatize. 

brandish (bran'dish), v.t. to move, 
wave, or shake, as a raised weapon. 

brandling (brand'ling) , n. a salmon of 
the first year ; a small red worm used 
for bait by fresh- water anglers. 

brand-new (brand-mi'), adj. quite 
new. 

brandy (bran'di), n. [pi. brandies 
(bran'diz)], an ardent alcoholic liquor 
distilled fiom wine or the husks of 
grapes. 

branny (bran'i), adj. having the ap- 
pearance of bran; consisting chiefly 
of bran. 

brant. Same as brant-goose. 

brant- fox (brant 'foks) , n. a variety 
of fox found in Sweden. Called also 
brent-fox. 

brant-goose (brant'goos) , n. the small- 
est species of the wild goose. 

brash (brash), adj. brittle, as wood; 
rash; pretentious. 



brash (brash), n. a rash or eruption. 

brash (brash), n. broken, loose, and 
angular fragments of rock underlying 
alluvial deposits ; small broken pieces 
of ice. 

brasque (brask), n. a paste used for 
lining crucibles, &c: v.t. to line with 
brasque. 

brass (bras), n. [pi. brasses (bras'ez)], 
an alloy of copper and zinc ; a utensil, 
ornament, or other article made of 
brass ; a monumental tablet of brass ; 
money; impudence: pi. the brass 
instruments of a band: v.t. to cover 
with brass. 

brassie (bras'i) or hressie (bres'i), n. 
a club used in playing golf. [Scotch.] 

brassy (bras'i), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembling, brass; impudent, brazen. 

brat (brat) , n. a child [used contemptu- 
ously]. 

brattice > (brat 'is) , n. a partition or 
separation-wall in a level or shaft to 
form an air passage: v.t. to divide by 
a brattice. 

bratticing (brat'is-ing), n. ornamental 
open-work cresting; rich open work 
in metal; a brattice; a boarded pro- 
tection againsjt machinery. 

bravado (bra-va/- or bra-va'do), n. [pi. 
bravados & -does (bra-va'- or bra- 
va'doz)],_ arrogant menace; defiance. 

brave (brav), adj. bold; courageous; 
intrepid; making a fine show: n. an 
Indian warrior; one indiscreetly bold: 
v.t. to encounter with courage and 
fortitude; defy. 

hravery (bra'ver-i), n. the quality 
of being brave; fearlessness; mag- 
nificence. 

bravo (bra'vo), inter j. well done! good! 
n. a cheer. [Italian; Spanish.] 

bravo (bra'vo), n. [pi. bravos or -voes 
(bra'voz)], a daring villain; a bandit; 
an assassin. [Italian.] 

bravura (bra-voo'ra) , n. an air of 
florid, brilliant style, adapted to dis- 
play the skill of the performer, or 
the range and flexibility of a singer's 
voice : adj. brilliant ; florid ; pertaining 
to a bravura. [Italian.] 

brawl (brawl), v.i. to quarrel noisily 
and outrageously; make a noise as 
of water rushing over a rocky or 
pebbly bed: n. a noisy quarrel; an 
uproar; a row. 

brawn (brawn), n. boar's flesh, espe- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BRAWNINESS 



126 



BREAST 



cially when prepared by collaring, 
boiling, and pickling; muscular 
strength. 

brawniness (braw'ni-nes) , n. hard- 
ness; strength. 

brawny (braw'ni), adf/. muscular ; tough. 

braxy (brak'si), n. a name given to 
a variety of diseases of sheep; a 
diseased sheep, or its mutton: adj. 
affected with braxy. 

bray (bra) , t v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brayed, 
p.pr. braying], to pound or beat fine 
or small: v.i. to utter a loud, harsh 
cry, as the ass: n. the harsh cry of 
an ass. 

braze (braz), v.t. to solder with brass; 
cover or ornament with brass. 

brazen (bra/zn), adj. made of brass; 
pertaining to brass; impenetrable; 
impudent; shameless: v.t. to carry 
off or behave with insolence or ef- 
frontery; "to brazen it out." 

Brazen Age (aj), n. the age that 
succeeded to the Silver Age, charac- 
terized by violence. In Latin litera- 
ture, the age when writers were 
usually foreigners and had never 
learned the standards of the Latin 
language — i.e. from about 250 to 400 
A.D. 

brazier (bra'zher), n. an open pan for 
burning charcoal. Also brasier. 
[French.] 

Brazil-wood (bra-zil'wood), n. a very 
heavy wood of a red color from 
Brazil, used for dyeing red. 

braziletto (braz-i-let'o) , n. an inferior 
sort of Brazil-wood brought from 
Jamaica. 

Brazilian pebbles (bra-zil'yanpeb'lz), 
n.pl. lenses made from rock crystal 
obtained in Brazil. 

brazilin (braz'i-lin) , n. the coloring sub- 
stance extracted from Brazil-wood. 

Brazil-nut (bra-zil'nut) , n. the seed 
of a palm of tropical America. 

breach (brech), n. the act of breaking; 
the violation of a law, contract, or 
any other engagement; a gap; a dif- 
ference; quarrel; injury; surf: v.t. to 
make an opening in. 

bread (bred), n. food made from 
ground corn; food in general. 

bread-fruit (bred'froot) , n. the fruit 
of a tree growing in the Pacific 
islands, which, when roasted, is 
eaten as bread. 



bread- stuff (bred'stuf), n. bread-corn; 
flour; meal from which bread is 
made. 

breadth (bredth), n. the measure of 
any surface from side to side; free- 
dom from narrowness; broad effect. 

break (brak), v.t. [p.t. broke, p.p. 
broken, p.pr. breaking], to separate 
with violence; interrupt; fracture; 
weaken or destroy; disperse; violate; 
make bankrupt; make a first dis- 
closure of; dismiss, cashier, or reduce 
to the ranks; tame or subdue: n. a 
breach; rupture; an interruption; 
change of direction; a first appear- 
ance; a pause ; an opening in the circuit 
causing interruption to an electric 
current; a twist of the ball in cricket; 
a player's turn in billiards ; the num- 
ber of points scored successively ; al- 
teration of the male voice at puberty ; 
a sudden fall in prices ; an awkward act 
or untimely saying, usually one that 
discredits those present; a lack of 
•tact. 

breakage (bra/kaj), n. the act of 
breaking; allowance for accidental 
fracture. 

breakdown (brak'doun), n. a col- 
lapse; failure; downfall, as of a 
carriage; a lively, noisy dance. 

breaker (bra/ker), n. one who, or that 
which, breaks; a machine to crush 
rocks, &c; a wave broken against 
the shore, or a rock [usually in the 
pi.]; a small water cask; a trainer of 
horses, &c. - 

breakfast (brek'fast), n. the first meal 
in the day: v.t. to provide with or 
entertain at breakfast: v.i. to eat 
breakfast. 

breakneck (brak'nek), adj. in a man- 
ner to break one's neck; as "break- 
neck pace," "breakneck gallop," etc. 

breakwater (brak'waw-ter) , n< any 
structure to break the force of the 
waves. 

bream (brem), n. a broad-shaped fresh- 
water fish of the carp family: v.t. to 
clear of shells, seaweed, &c, by fire. 

breast (brest), n. the fore part of the 
body between the neck and the ab- 
domen; one of the organs in women, 
and some other mammalia, for the 
secretion of milk; the affections; 
the conscience; the front of any- 
thing: v.t to present the front to; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BREASTFAST 



127 



BRICK 



meet or impose manfully or openly; 
stem. 

breastfast (brest'fast) , n. a large rope 
or chain to secure the midship part 
of a ship to a dock, wharf, or to 
another vessel. 

breastplate (brest'plat), n. a portion 
of armor covering the front of the 
body; a part of the vestment of the 
Jewish high priest. 

breastwork (brest'werk) , n. a hastily 
constructed work thrown up breast- 
high for defense; the parapet of a 
building. 

breath (broth), n. the air inhaled and 
exhaled in respiration; life; the power 
or capacity to breathe freely ; respite ; 
a pause; a respiration; an instant; 
air in gentle motion; a mere word; 
a trifle; an odorous exhalation; fra- 
grance; an_ aspirate. 

breathe (breth) t v.L to inhale air and 
expei it from the lungs; live; take 
breath; rest from action; pass, as 
air; blow softly; insinuate: v.t. to 
inhale and exhale; inspire; whisper; 
exercise; blow into. 

breathing (bre't Mug) , n. respiration; 
air in gentle motion; a gentle influ- 
ence; a pause; ardent desire; a mark 
used in Greek to denote the presence 
['] or absence ['] of aspiration at the 
beginning of a word. The first is 
called "rough breathing," the second 
"smooth breathing." 

breathless (breth'les), adj. lacking 
breath; gasping. 

breccia (brech'ia), n. angular rock 
fragments united by a matrix. 

bree (ore), n. broth; sauce; moisture. 

breech (brech), n. the buttocks; the 
hinder part of anything; the part 
of a cannon or other firearm behind 
the bore or chamber: v.t. to put into 
breeches; furnish with a breech; 
fasten by a breeching. 

breeches (brich'ez), n.pl. a garment 
worn by men, covering the legs from 
the knees to the hips; trousers or 
pantaloons. 

breeching (brich'ing), n. the harness 
which passes round a horse's breech; 
a strong rope to check the recoil of a 
gun. 

breed (bred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bred, 
p.pr. breeding], to procreate; hatch; 
produce; train; rear: v.i. to bear 



idling; be fruitlul; be produced: fi* 
& i&m or progeny from the same 
parent or stock. 

breeze (brez), n. a gadfly or horsefly* 

breeze (brez), n. a gentle gale; a fresh 
soft wind; an excited quarrel or 
wrangle. 

breeze (brez), n. house sweepings; 
sifted ashes and cinders used in 
burning bricks. 

brethren (bre^A'ren), n. plural of 
brother. 

breve (brev), n. sl note of time equal 
to two semibreves or four minims; 
a mark ( w ) used to indicate a short 
vowel. [Latin.] 

brevet (bre-yet'), w. a commission to 
an officer in the army temporarily 
conferring a higher rank, but without 
increase of pay ; a patent ; a warrant ; 
a license: adj. conferred by brevet: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brevet ted, p.pr. bre- 
ve tting], to confer brevet rank upon. 

breviary (brev'i-a-ri) , n. [pi. brevi- 
aries (brev'i-a-riz)], a book; contain- 
ing the daily_ offices and prayers. 

brevier (bre-ver'), n. a size of type 
between bourgeois and minion. (See 
type.) 

brevity (brev'i-ti), n. [pi. brevities 
(brev'i-tiz)], shortness; conciseness. 

brew (broo), v.t. to make liquors from 
malt or other materials; plot: v.i. be 
in preparation: n. the action, process, 
or product_of brewing. 

brewery (broo'er-i), n. a brew house. 

briar-root (brl'er-root), n. the root 
of the white heath, used in the 
manufacture of tobacco-pipes. Also 
brier-root. 

bribe (brlb), n. a gift or consideration 
in money given or promised with the 
object of corrupting or unduly in- 
fluencing the judgment or conduct 
of the recipient: v.t. to gain over or 
influence by a bribe: v.i. to practice 
or attempt bribery. 

bribery (brib'er-i), n. [pi. briberies 
(brlb'er-iz)], the act or practice of 
bribing. 

bric-a-brac (brik'a-brak) , n. antique 
articles of vertu; fancy ware. From 
the French de brie et de broc (Littre). 

brick (brik), n. an oblong block of 
kneaded clay dried in the sun or 
burned in a kiln; a jolly, good-na- 
tured fellow: adj. made of, or re- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, Book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BRICK-KILN 



128 



BRILLIANTINE 



sembling, brick: v.t. to lay or build 
with bricks; make like brickwork. 

brick-kiln (brik'kil), n. a kiln or fur- 
nace in which bricks are baked or 
burnt. 

bricole (bri-kol'), n. harness worn by 
men for dragging guns or loads. 

bridal (brid'al), n. a marriage; nup- 
tials: adj. pertaining to a bride, or 
wedding. 

bride (brid), n. a woman newly mar- 
ried, or about to be married. 

bridegroom (brid 'groom), n. a man 
newly married, or about to be mar- 
ried. 

bridesmaid (bridz'mad), n. a young 
unmarried woman who attends on a 
bride. 

Bridewell (brid'wel), n. a house of 
correction for the confinement of 
disorderly persons. 

bridge (brij), n. a structure of iron, 
stone, or wood, spanning a river, 
road, valley, &c.; anything resem- 
bling a bridge in form or use; an 
apparatus for measuring the resist- 
ance of a conductor, called Wheat- 
stone's bridge; a game of cards re- 
sembling whist: v.i. to build a bridge; 
make a passage; find a way of over- 
coming. 

bridge- board (brij'bord), n. a notched 
board into which the ends of the 
steps of wooden stairs are fastened. 

bridge-deck (brij'dek), n. a partial 
deck extending from side to side of 
a vessel amidships. 

bridge-head (brij'hed), n. a covering 
work to protect the end of a bridge 
nearest the enemy; a tete-de-pont. 

bridge- rail (brij'ral), n. a railroad rail 
with an arched tread and lateral foot- 
flanges. 

bridge- train (brij'tran), n. a pontoon 
train. 

bridging (brij'ing), n. a piece of wood 
between two beams to keep them 
apart. 

bridle (bri'dl), n. the headstall, bit, 
and reins by which a horse is con- 
trolled; a restraint: v.t. to put a 
bridle on; control; guide: v.i. to hold 
the head up, as an indication of 
pride, scorn, or anger [with up]. 

bridoon (bri-doon'), n. the light snaffle 
and rein of a military bridle. 

brief (bref), adj. short; concise; con- 



tracted; narrow: n. an epitome; an 
abridged statement of a case for the 
instruction of counsel; a writ; a 
papal letter: v.t. to shorten; make an 
abstract of. 

brier (bri'er) , n. a thorny plant or shrub. 

brig (brig), n. a two-masted, square- 
rigged vessel. 

brigade (bri-gad'), n. a subdivision of 
an army, consisting of several regi- 
ments, squadrons, or battalions 
(cavalry, infantry, militia, or volun- 
teers), under the command of a 
brigadier-general ; an organized body 
acting under authority: v.t. to form 
into a brigade or brigades. [French.] 

brigadier (brig-a-der') , n. a general 
officer commanding a brigade, and 
ranking next below a major-general. 
Also brigadier-general. 

brigand (brig'and), n. a robber; a 
member of a gang of freebooters 
infesting mountainous districts; a 
highwayman; a bandit. [French.] 

brigandage (brig'and-aj), n. the life 
and practices of a brigand; organized 
robbery. 

brigantine (brig'an-ten) , n. a small 
two-masted vessel, square-rigged like 
a brig, but with fore-and-aft main- 
sail and raking masts. 

bright (brit), adj. [comp. brighter, 
superl. brightest], lummous, bril- 
liant; shining; sparkling; illustrious; 
glorious; witty; clever; lively; auspi- 
cious; alert; glowing. 

brighten (brit'n), v.i. to grow bright; 
clear up: v.t. to make bright or 
luminous; make gay or cheerful; 
make acute. 

Bright' s disease (brits diz-ez'), n. a 
form of kidney disease characterized 
by the presence of albumin in the 
urine. Named from Dr. Richard 
Bright (1827), who first described it. 

brill (bril), n. a flat fish resembling the 
turbot. Also prill. 

brilliancy (bril'yan-si) , n. splendor. 

brilliant (bril'yant), adj. sparkling; 
lustrous ; glit cering ; distinguished : 
n. a diamond, cut to exhibit its re- 
fracting qualities to the best ad- 
vantage; the smallest size of type. 
(See type.) 

brilliantine (bril'yan-ten) , n. a cos- 
metic preparation for imparting a 
gloss to the hair. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



BRILLIANTLY 



129 



BROCH 



brilliantly (bril'yant-ii), adv. in a bril- 
liant manner. 
brim (brim), n. the edge of anything: 

v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brimmed, p.pr. brim- 
ming], to fill to the brim: v.i. to be 

full to the brim. 
brimful (brim'fool), adj. overflowing. 
brimstone (brim'ston), n. sulphur: 

adj. made of brimstone; of the color 

of sulphur. 
brine (brin), n. salt water; pickle; 

the ocean ; tears : v.t. to steep in brine. 
bring (bring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brought 

(brawt), p.pr. bringing], to fetch or 

convey from another place ; fetch ; 

cause to come; produce; procure; 

conduct; persuade; lead. 
brink (bringk), n. the edge; verge. 
briny (bri'ni), adj. very salt. 
briquette m (bri-ket'), n. coal-dust 

molded into the shape of bricks 

for fuel. [French.] 
brisk (brisk), adj. lively; active; swift; 

vivacious ; effervescing vigorously ; 

sparkling; burning freely: v.i. to 

become brisk [generally with up]. 
brisket (bris'ket), n. that part of an 

animal's breast where the ribs join 

the breast-bone. 
bristle (bris'l), n. a short stiff, coarse 

hair, especially upon the back and 

sides of swine; any stiff, sharp hair: 

v.t. to erect like bristles; fix a bristle 

to. 
bristly (bris'li) , adj. covered with 

bristles. 
bristol board (bris'tol bord), n. a 

thick, smooth, white pasteboard. 
bristol paper (pa/per), n. a kind of 

stout drawing paper. 
bristol stone (ston), n. a transparent 

rock-crystal. Called, when polished, 

bristol diamond. 
brit (brit), n. the young of the herring 

and sprat ; small animals upon which 

whales feed. 
Britannia metal (bri-tan'i-a met'al), 

n. a white metal alloy of tin, copper, 

antimony, and bismuth. 
brite (brit), v.i. to be over-ripe. 
British (britlsh), ad/\ of, or pertaining 

to, Great Britain or its inhabitants; 

pertaining to the ancient Britons. 
Britisher (brit'ish-er) , n. a British 

subject, especially one belonging to 

the British army or navy. Used 

humorously. 



Briton (brit 'un), n. a native of Great 
Britain. 

brittle (brit'l), adj. apt to break; not 
tough. 

britzska (brits'ka), n. an open carriage 
used in Russia. [Polish.] 

broach (broch), n. an awl; spike; 
skewer; any boring bit or drill; a 
stonecutter's chisel; a spire rising 
directly from a tower without a 
parapet: v.t. to tap or pierce; begin 
a discussion about. 

broad (brawd) , adj. [comp. broader, 
superl. broadest], wide; ample; vast.; 
liberal; comprehensive; widely dif- 
fused; open; unrestrained; evident; 
characterized by breadth of treat- 
ment; bold; indelicate: n. a flooded 
fen ; an expansion of a river over low- 
lying land. 

broad-arrow (brawd-ar'o) , n. a Brit- 
ish government mark to distinguish 
its property; also placed upon the 
clothing of criminals, as are stripes 
in the United States. 

broad-cloth (brawd'klawth) , n. a fine 
woolen cloth with a smooth finished 
surface. 

broad- seal (brawd'sel), n. the Great 
Seal of England. 

broadside (brawd'sid), n. the entire 
side of a ship above the water-line; 
a simultaneous volley from one side 
of a warship; a sheet printed on o»e 
side, and containing information d 
a popular character, or an attack em 
some public person. 

broadsword (brawd'sord), n. a cutting 
sword with a broad blade. 

broaden (brawd'n), v.i. to grow 
broad: v.t. to make broad or com- 
prehensive. 

Brobdingnaigan (brob-ding-naj'i-an), 
adj. resembling an inhabitant of the 
fabled country of Brobdingnag in 
Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," hence, 
gigantic: n. a giant. 

brocade (bro-kad'), n. a silk stuff 
variegated with gold and silver 
flowers, &c. 

brocatelle (brok-a-tel') , n. a beauti- 
fully variegated marble obtained 
from Italy and Spain; a figured 
fabric of silky texture. [French.) 

broccoli (brok'o-li), n. a variety d 
cabbage. [Italian.] 

broch (brok), n. a prehistoric rooflea? 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 
• hue, hut ; think, f Tien. 



BROCHURE 



130 



BROOK 



round tower, with massive walls of 
unhewn stone: found chiefly in Scot- 
land. 

brochure (bro-shoor') , n. a pamphlet 
dealing with a subject of passing 
interest. [French.] 

brock (brok), n. a badger. 

brogan (bro'gan and bro-gan'), n. a 
coarse rough shoe. [Gaelic] 

brogue (brog), n. a coarse, rough shoe; 
a dialectic pronunciation. 

broil (broil), v.i. to cook upon a grid- 
iron: v.i. to be subjected to great 
heat; to be heated with passion: 
n. a noisy quarrel. 

brokage (bro'kaj), n, the premium or 
commission of a broker; brokerage. 

broke (brok), p.t. & p.p. of break. 

broken (bro'kn), v. adj. not entire; in 
pieces; rough; nilly; transgressed; 
bankrupt ; crushed ; infirm ; imperfect ; 
interrupted. 

broker (bro'ker), n. one who acts as 
agent or middle man for another; a 
dealer in second-hand furniture. 

brokerage (bro'ker-aj), n. the business 
of a broker; his fee or commission. 

hroma (bro'ma), n. aliment; a light 
preparation of cocoa or chocolate. 

bromal (bro'mal), n. a colorless, oily 
fluid obtained by the action of 
bromine on alcohol. 

faromate (bro'mat), n. a salt of bromic 
acid. 

brome-grass (brom'gras), n. a name 
for the oat-like grasses of the genus 
Bromus. 

bromic acid (bro'mik as'id), n. a com- 
pound of bromine and oxygen. 

bromide (bro'inld or bro'mid)), n. a 
compound of bromine. [Greek.] 

bromide of potassium (of po-tas'- 
i-um), n. a compound of bromine, 
used largely in medicine as a seda- 
tive. 

bromidia (bro-mid'i-a), n. a prepara- 
tion compounded of bromide of 
potassium, chloral-hydrate, cannabis 
Indica, etc., used as an hypnotic or 
to relieve headache. 

bromine (bro'min or bro'mln), n. a 
non-metallic element related to 
chlorine and iodine. 

bromize (bro'mlz), v.t. to prepare or 
treat with a bromide. 

bromochloralum (bro-mo-klo'ra- 
lum), n. a disinfectant fluid, com- 



posed of the bromide and chloride of 
aluminium. [Greek.] 

bromogelatin (bro-mo-jel'a-tin), adj. 
prepared from certain bromides, 
nitrate of silver, and gelatine, and 
used for the sensitive emulsions em- 
ployed for dry photographic plates. 

bronchia (brong'ki-a) , n.pl. the bron- 
chial tubes. [Greek.] 

bronchitic (brong-kit'ik) , adj. of or 
pertaining to bronchitis. 

bronchitis (brong-kl'tis) , n. an in- 
flammation, acute or chronic, of the 
mucous lining of the bronchial tubes. 

broncho (brong'ko), n. an unbroken 
Mexican or Calif ornian horse. The 
Spanish spelling is bronco, which is 
preferable in English. 

bronchopneumonia (brong-ko-nu- 
mo'ni-a), n. inflammation of the 
lungs and bronchi. 

bronchotomy (brong-kot'o-mi) , n. 
the operation of making an incision 
into the windpipe or larynx to afford 
a passage for air to the lungs. 

bronchus (brong'kus), n. [pi. bronchi 
(brong'kl)], one of the .two. prin- 
cipal branches of the windpipe or 
trachea. [Greek.] 

bronco (brong'ko), n. See broncho. 

bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of copper 
and tin, to which other metallic sub- 
stances are sometimes added ; a work 
of art cast or wrought in bronze; a 
pigment used to imitate bronze; im- 
pudence: adj. made of or resembling 
bronze: v.t. to make of the color of 
bronze; tan by exposure to the sun; 
apply bronz_e pigment or leaf to. . 

Bronze Age (aj), n. the age succeeding 
the Stone Age, the ornaments and 
weapons of that period being made 
of bronze. 

bronzine (bronz'in), n. a metal re- 
sembling bronze. _ 

brooch (broch), n. an ornamental 
dress-clasp. [French.] g 

brood (brood), n. offspring; a hatch; 
the young birds hatched at one time: 
v.i. to sit on eggs, as a hen; linger 
over sorrowfully [with on or over}: 
v.t. to sit over, cover, and cherish; 
ponder over. 

broody (brood'i), adj. inclined to sit: 
adapted for breeding. 

brook (brook), n. sl small stream. 

brook (brook), v.t. to bear; put up with. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BROOKLET 



131 



BRUSSELS-LACE 



brooklet (brook'let), n. a small brook. 

broom (broom), n. a shrub, bearing 
large yellow flowers; a besom or 
brush. 

brose (broz), n. a kind of porridge, 
made by pouring boiling water, or 
milk, or meat liquor, on oatmeal. 

broth (broth), n. a kind of tkin soup. 

brothel (broth'el), n. a house of ill- 
fame. 

brother (bru^'er), n. [pi. brothers 
bru^/i-erz), & brethren (bre^'ren)], a 
male born oi the same father and 
mother; one closely united by a 
common interest; a member of a 
religious order; a fellow creature; 
one who resembles another. 

brother- german (bru^/i'er-jer'man) , 
a brother on both the father's and 
the mother's side. 

brother-in-law (bru£/i'er-in-law) , m n. 
the brother of one's husband or wife; 
sister's husband. 

Brother Jonathan (jon'a-then), n. 
a humorous personification of the 
United States. (Now obsolete.) 

brother-uterine (bruJ/i'er-u'ter-in), n. 
one born of the same mother, but of a 
different father. 

brotherhood (bru£/i'er-hood) , n. the 
state or quality of being a brother; 
a fraternity. 

brotherly (bru^'er-li) , adj. as becomes 
a brother; affectionate. 

brougham (broo'am or broom), n. a 
close four-wheeled carriage for one 
or two horses. From Lord Brough- 
am. 

brought (brawt), p.t. & p.p. of bring. 

brow (brou), n. the arch of hair over 
the eye; the forehead; the general 
aspect of the countenance ; the edge 
of a steep place; the upper portion 
of a hill. 

browbeat (brou'bet), v.t. [p.t. brow- 
beat, p.p. browbeaten, p.pr. brow- 
beating], to depress or bear down 
arrogantly; bully. 

brown (broun), adj. of a dusky or 
dark color: n. a dark color, inclined 
to red or yellow; a halfpenny: v.i. to 
become brown: y.t. to make brown. 

brownie (brou'ni), n. a beneficent 
spirit supposed to haunt old farm- 
houses. [Scotch.] 

browse (brouz), n. the tender shoots 
or twigs of shrubs and trees: v.L 



to feed on; pasture on: graze: 
of cattle, deer, &c. 

bruin (broo'in), n. the brown bear. 

bruise (brooz), n. an injury to the 
flesh of an animal or to a plant or 
other body, caused by a blow: v.L 
to injure, crush, or indent by a blo^ 
or pressure without laceration; con- 
tuse; bray, as drugs, &c: v.i. to fight 
with the_fists; box. 

bruit (broot), n. report; rumor; fame; 
v.t. to report; noise abroad. 

brumal (broo'mal) , # adj. pertaining to 
winter; foggy; misty. 

brummagem (brum/ma-jem), adj. 
sham or counterfeit; showy, but 
worthless. The name is derived 
from the English nickname for 
Birmingham (Brummagem), where 
many cheap _goods are made. 

brunette (broo-net'), n. a woman with 
a brown or dark complexion, usually 
with dark hair and eyes: adj. having 
such a color. 

brunt (brunt), n. a violent shock; a 
furious onslaught; a brief and sudden 
effort. 

brush (brush), n. a thicket of small 
trees; the small trees and shrubs of 
a wood; an instrument composed of 
bristles, &c, used for cleaning, an~ 
plying paint, &c; the brushy tail 
of a fox; a slight encounter; a brush- 
ing; thin metallic plates or flexible 
wires bound together, employed to 
conduct a current to or from an 
electric motor, &c; a brief trial of 
speed: v.t. to sweep, cleanse^ or rub 
with a brush; touch lightly in pass- 
ing; renovate; ruffle [with up]: v.L 
to move with haste; skim over with 
a light touch. 

brush- wheel (brush 'hwel) , n. a tooth- 
less wheel used to turn a similar 
wheel by means of bristles, leather, 
cloth, &c, attached to the circum- 
ference; a circular wheel for polish- 
ing, used on a lathe. 

brush- wood (brush 'wood) , n. rough, 
close bushes; a thicket; a coppice; 
small wood, suitable for the fire. 

brusque (brusk) ,adj. abrupt in manner. 

Brussels- carpet (brus'elz-kar'pet), «, 
a strong kind of woolen carpet. 

Brussels-lace (brus'elz-las) , n. variotis 
kinds of expensive lace made origi- 
nally at Brussels. 



§te f arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; tnink, then. 



BRUSSELS-SPROUTS 



132 



BUCKRA 



Brussels- sprouts (brus'elz-sproutz) , 
n.pl. a variety of the common cab- 



brutal (broo'tal), adj. pertaining to or 
resembling abrute; savage; cruel. 

brutality (broo-tal'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being brutal ; pitiless cruelty. 

brutalize (broo'tal-Iz) , v.t. to make 
brutal; sensualize. 

brutally (broo'tal-i) , adv. in a cruel or 
brutal manner; inhumanly. 

brute (broot), adj. without reason 
or intelligence; rough; brutal; un- 
civilized: n. a beast; an irrational, 
irresponsible animal; a brutal per- 
son. 

brutify (broo'ti-fl) , v.t. t [p.t. & p.p. 
bnitified, p.pr. brutifying], to make 
like a brute; degrade morally or 
physically. 

brutish (broot'ish) , adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, a brute; savage; sen- 
suous; dull. 

bub (bub), n. a boy. Also bubby. 

bubble (bub'l), n. a small bladder of 
water or other fluid filled with air 
or gas; anything unreal or unsub- 
stantial; a swindling speculation: 
v.i. to rise in bubbles; run with a 
gurgling sound: v.t. to cause to bub- 
ble; cheat. 

bubo (bu'bo), n. [pi. buboes (bu'boz)], 
an m inflammatory swelling in the 
groin or armpit. 

bubonocele (bii-bon'o-sel) , n. rupture 
or hernia in the groin. 

buccal (buk'al), adj. pertaining to the 
cheek. 

buccaneer (buk-a-ner') , n. a pirate; 
a sea-robber; one of the piratical 
adventurers who, during a part of 
the seventeenth century, made dep- 
redations on the Spaniards in Amer- 
ica: v.i. act the part of a buccaneer. 

buccinator (buk'si-na-ter) , n. a mus- 
cle of the cheek called the trum- 
peter's muscle from its use in blowing 
wind-instruments . 

buccinum (buk 'sin-urn) , n. the genus 
of mollusks to which the whelk be- 
longs. 

bucentaur (bu-sen'tawr) , n. a fabu- 
lous monster, half man and half bull; 
the .state barge of Venice used by the 
Doge in the annual ceremony of 
espousing the Adriatic. 

buehu (bu'ku), n. the name of certain 



species of Barosma, employed as a 
medicine. 

buck (buk), v.t. to break or pulverize, 
as ore. 

buck (buk), n. the male of the fallow- 
deer, goat, rabbit, hare, &c; a gay 
fellow; a fop; a male Indian or 
negro. 

buckboard (buk'bord), n. a vehicle 
which consists of a long, springy 
board fastened at each end upon 
axles and with a seat above the front- 
axles and wheels. 

buck-eye (buk'i), n. a name of the 
American horse-chestnut. 

Buck-eye State (stat), a popular 
name for Ohio. 

buck-hound (buk'hound), n. a stag- 
hound. 

buck- juniper (buk'jump'er) , n, a vi- 
cious untrained horse that endeavors 
to throw the rider by arching its back 
and drawing its feet together. 

bucko (buk'o), n. a good fellow; a com- 
rade. 

buck-shot (buk'shot) , n. shot of a large 
size. 

buck- wheat (buk'hwet), n. a plant 
cultivated for its triangular seeds, 
which are ground into meal and used 
for food. 

bucket (buk'et), n. a vessel for draw- 
ing or holding water; the scoop of 
a dredging-machine or of a grain 
elevator; a receptacle on a water- 
wheel which receives the force of the 
water. 

bucket-shop (buk'et-shop) , n. an 
office for gambling in stocks, grain, 
&c, in small amounts. 

buckle (buk'l), n. a metal clasp con- 
sisting of a frame with movable 
tongue or catch, used for securing 
straps, bands, &c; v.t. to fasten 
with a buckle; twist; bend; confine, 
join; to prepare for action: ?;i. to 
curl; apply one's self with vigor 
[with to]. 

buckle (buk'l), n. a bend, or kink, as 
in a blade; a curl of hair; the condi- 
tion of being curled, as hair. 

buckler (buk'ler), n. sl kind of ancient 
shield. 

buckra (buk'ra) , n. a negro term for a 
white man; sometimes given as una 
buckra (56-na buk'ra). A word of 
African origin. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



BUCKRAM 



133 



BULBOUS 



buckram (buk'ram) , n. coarse linen 
cloth stiffened with dressing: adj. 
made of, or resembling, buckram: 
hence, stiff; precise. 

bucolic (bu-kol'ik), adj. pastoral: n. a 
pastoral poem; a rustic. 

bud (bud), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. budded, p.pr. 
budding], to graft : v.i. to put forth or 
produce buds; begin to grow: n. the 
rudimentary,. undeveloped stage of a 
branch, leaf, or flower; a gemmule. 

Buddha or_ Boodha (boo'da) or 
Budh (bood), n. the founder of 
Buddhism; died about 500 B.C. 
His name at birth was Gautama 
Sakyasinha. Buddha is not wor- 
shipped as a god, but as "the per- 
fectly enlightened man," one who 
attained to all wisdom. 

Buddhism (bood'-izm), n. the doc- 
trine of the Buddhists who be- 
lieve that we are all bound to the 
wheel of this world's pleasures and 
sins, and that only by passing from 
one existence to another is any 
soul finally so absolutely wise, that 
he attains Nirvana, or a state of 
complete, yet happy indifference. 

Buddhist (bood'ist), n. one who 
accepts the doctrines of Buddhism : 
adj. pertaining to Buddha or Bud- 
dhism. See Gautama. 

budge (buj), v.i. to move from one's 
position: v.t. change the position of. 

budge (buj), n. lambskin dressed with 
the wool outwards. 

budget (buj'et), n. a bag with its 
contents: hence a stock or store; the 
annual financial statement of the 
Chancellor of the Exchequer in Eng- 
land. [French.] 

budlet (bud 'let), n. a small bud. 

buff (buf), n. a thick leather prepared 
from the skin of the buffalo, ox, &c, 
dressed with oil; a light yellow; the 
bare skin: adj. made, of buff-leather. 

buffalo (buf'a-lo), n. [pi. buffaloes 
(buf'a-loz)], a ruminant mammal of 
the ox family; a name given to vari- 
ous wild oxen, especially to the North 
American bison, now almost extinct. 

buffalo-bird (buf 'a-lo-berd) , n. bird 
which perches on the buffalo to catch 
parasites. 

buffer (buf'er). n. any contrivance 
which serves to deaden the concus- 
sion caused by the impact of two 



bodies; a good-tempered, somewhat 
foolish person. 

buffet (buf'et), n. a blow with the 
hand: v.t. to strike with the hand; 
box; beat; contend against: v.i. to 
exercise or contend with blows; 
struggle. 

buffet (buf -fa/), n. a cupboard or side- 
board; a counter for refreshments 
[French.] 

buffo (boof'o), n. the comic actor in an 
opera: adj. comic; burlesque. 

buffoon (buf-oon'), n. one who amuses 
others by low jests, antics, odd ge&. 
tures, &c. 

buffoonery (buf-oon'er-i) , n. [pi. buf- 
fooneries (buf-oon'er-iz)], the arts 
and practices of a buffoon; vulgar 
tricks and postures. 

buffy (buf'i), adj. buff-colored. 

bug (bug), n. a name in England for 
the bedbug; an msec t. 

bugaboo (bug'a-boo), n. a bugbear. 

bugbear (bug'bar), n. a frightful ob- 
ject; a vain terror. 

buggy (bug'i), n. a light four-wheeled 
carriage drawn by one horse. 

bugle (bu'gl), n. a hunting horn; a 
military wind-instrument. 

bugle (bu'gl), n. an elongated glass 
bead used as a feminine ornament. 

buhl (bul), n. decorative inlaying for 
cabinet-work, consisting of brass or 
other metal, tortoise-shell, &c, 
worked into various patterns; the 
articles so ornamented. [French.] 

build (bild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. built, 
builded, p.pr. building], to con- 
struct; erect, as a house; form by 
art ; raise anything on a support or 
foundation; establish: v.i. to con- 
struct an edifice; depend; base, or 
reckon [with on or upon]: n. mode or 
style of construction. 

building (bild'ing), n. the act of con- 
structing, raising, or establishing; an 
edifice. 

bukshish (buk'shesh), n. an Eastern 
term for a tip or gratuity. [Arabic! 

bulb (bulb), n. an onion-shaped root; 
a kind of leaf bud ; any protuberance 
or expansion on a stem or tube: v.i. 
to project as a bulb [with out]. 

bulbiferous (bul-bif 'er-us) , adj. pro- 
ducing bulbs. 

bulbous (buFbus), adj. pertaining to 
or resembling a bulb. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BULBUL 



134 



BULWARK 



bulbul (bool'bool), n. the Persian 
nightingale. 

bulhule (bulb'ul), n. a little bulb; a 
bulblet. 

bulge (bulj), n. the bilge or widest part 
of a cask; a bending outwards; the 
bilge of a stripy v.i. to jut out; be 
protuberant; with on, to have an 
advantage over another, as "to 
get the bulge on him." [Slang.^ 

bulk (bulk), # n. magnitude or size; 
complete dimensions; the main mass 
or body; the cargo of a ship when 
stowed; volume: v.i. to increase in 
size; swell out. 

bulk- bead (bulk'hed), n. a partition 
in a vessel which separates one part 
of it from another. 

bulky (bul'ki), adj. of great size or 

bulkiness (bul'ki-nes) , n. greatness in 
bulk. 

bull (bool), n. the male of any bovine 
mammal; the male of various large 
animals, as the whale, elephant, &c; 
one who endeavors to raise the price 
of stock in order that he may sell 
dear: the opposite of a bear: adj. 
male, or of large size [in composi- 
tion]: v.t. to endeavor to raise the 
market value of. 

bull (bool) , n. a papal letter, edict, or 
rescript, having a leaden seal (bulla) 
affixed to it. 

bull (bool) , n. a ludicrous inconsistency 
in language; mixed metaphors. 

bull-baiting (bool'bat-ing) , n. the 
sport once prevalent in England of 
baiting or attacking bulls with dogs. 

bull-calf (bool'kaf ) , n. a male calf. 

bulldog (bool 'dog), n. a variety of 
dog of strong muscular build, and 
remarkable for its courage and feroc- 
ity, formerly used for baiting bulls: 
pi. a pair of pistols; a proctor's 
attendant [English]: adj. character- 
ized by the courage of a bulldog, as 
"bulldog tenacity.' ' 

bulldoze (bool'doz), v.t. to bully or 
intimidate. 

bulldozer (bool'doz-er), n. one who 
bullies, intimidates or tries to influ- 
ence another by threats of violence. 

bullet (bool'et), n. a small ball or 
projectile. [French.] 

bulletin (bool'e-tin), n. an official 
report regarding some matter or 



event of public interest ; a periodical 
publication: v.i. to publish or an- 
nounce by bulletin. [Italian.] 

bull-fight (bool'fit), n. a combat be- 
tween armed men and. a bull. 

bull- finch (bool'finch), n. a common 
British song bird. 

bull-frog (bool'frog), n. a large North 
American species of frog abounding 
in marshy places, remarkable for its 
loud, bellowing croak. 

bullhead (bool'hed), n. & broad- 
headed scaleless fish of North Amer- 
ica; catfish. 

bullion (bool'yun), n. uncoined gold 
or silver; foreign coin; a heavy 
twisted fringe covered with fine 
gold- or silver-wire. [French.] 

bullionist (bool'yun-ist) , n. an advo- 
cate of an exclusively metallic cur- 
rency, or a metallic currency com- 
bined with convertible paper money. 

bullock (bool'ok) , n. an ox or castrated 
bull; a full-grown steer. 

bull's-eye (boolz'I), n. a boss of glass; 
a sweet-meat; any circular opening 
for light or air; a small obscure 
cioud, with a ruddy center; a lantern 
with a convex lens; a plano-convex 
lens for concentrating the light, 
attached to a microscope ; the center 
of a target; a shot that hits the 
bull's-eye. 

bull-terrier (bool-ter'i-er), n. a cross- 
breed between the bulldog and the 
terrier. 

bully (bool'i), n. [pi. bullies (bool'iz)], 
one who domineers by insolence or 
threats: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bullied, p.pr. 
bullying], to overbear with bluster 
and menaces: v.i. to be insolently 
noisy and quarrelsome. 

bully (bool'i), inter j. an exclamation of 
pleasure or approval. 

bully (bool'i), n. a man who lives on 
the earnings of a "woman, especially 
of a prostitute. 

bully- rag (bool'i-rag), v.t. same as 
bully in the sense of one who 
domineers. 

bulrush (bool'rush), n. a rush-like 
aquatic plant. 

bulse (buls), n. a bag or purse used 
in the East Indies to carry or meas- 
ure valuables; a packet of diamonds 
or gold dust. [Hindu.] 

bulwark (bool'werk), n. a rampart; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north* not : boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, c/i£^. 



BUMBLE-BEE 



135 



BUR 



a fortification; the boarding round 
the sides of a ship, above the level 
of the deck; any means of protection 
or defense. 

bumble-bee (bum'bl-be), n. a large 
bee. 

bumhoat (bum'bot), n. a boat used 
for the conveyance of provisions, 
fruit, &c, for sale to vessels lying 
off the shore. • 

bummer (bum'er), n. a loafing fellow 
who sponges on others: a low poli- 
tician. 

bump (bump), n. a shock from a blow; 
a swelling protuberance ; the striking 
of a boat by the prow of another 
following it in college boat-races 
[English]: v.t. to bring in violent 
contact; thump: v.i. to come in 
collision; strike heavily. 

bumper (bump'er), n. an overflowing 
cup. 

bumpkin (bump'kin), n. an awkward, 
clumsy, rustic; a country lout. 

bumptious (bump'shus), adj. self- 
assertive. 

bun (bun) , n. a small light cake. 

bun (bun), n. a form of artificial hair. 

bunch (bunch), n. a cluster; a col- 
lection of things of the same kind 
growing or fastened together; a 
tuft; a small mass of ore: v.i. to 
swell out; cluster: v.t. to form into 
a bunch. 

bunchiness (bunch'i-nes) , n. the state 
of being bunchy. 

bunchy (bunch'i), adj. gathered into 
a bunch. 

bunco (bung'ko), n. a confidence game; 
a form of swindling. 

buncombe or bunkum (bung'kum), 
n. idle or showy speech, especially if 
intended to secure votes or satisfy 
one's constituents. [American.] 

bund (bund), n. an embankment to 
protect the land against inundation. 

Bundesrath (boon'des-rat), n. the 
federal council of the German Em- 
pire; bund. [German.] 

bundle (bun'dl), n. a number of things 
bound together; a roll or package; 
two reams of printing # or brown 
paper: v.t. to tie or bind in a bundle 
or roll; to dismiss unceremoniously 
[with off or out] : v.i. to depart with- 
out ceremony [with off]. 

bung (bung), n. a large cork for stop- 



ping the hole in a cask; a publican: 
v.t. to stop with a bung; close or shut 
up; to beat, or bruise [with up]. 

bungalow (bung'ga-lo), n. a single- 
storied house, lightly built, and gen- 
erally surrounded by a veranda. 

bungle (bung'gl), v.i. to botch; man- 
age awkwardly: v.t. to perform 
clumsily: n. a clumsy performance; 
a botch. 

bungstarter (bung'start-er), n.. a sort 
of wedge used to cause a bung to 
start from its place. 

bunion (bun'yun), n. a swelling on 
the foot, usually over the joint of 
the great toe. 

bunk (bungk), n. a box or recess 
serving for > a sleeping-berth in a 
vessel, sleeping-car, &c.: v.i. to sleep 
in a bunk. 

bunker (bung'ker), n. a large bin or 
receptacle; a sandhole on golf links. 

bunky and bunkie (bung'ki), n. a 
soldier who shares the bunk of 
another; a comrade. 

bunt (bunt), n. the middle part or 
belly of a square sail: v.i. to swell 
out: v.t. to haul up, as the middle 
part of a sail in furling. 

bunt (bunt), n. a species of fungus 
which produces the smut disease in 
wheat. 

bunting (bunt'ing), n. a bird allied 
to the finches and the sparrows; a 
thin woolen stuff used for making 
flags; flags collectively. 

buntline (bunt'lln), n. one of the 
ropes attached to the foot-rope of a 
square sail to draw the sail up to 
the yard. 

buoy (boo'i), n. a floating body moored 
at a certain place to indicate the 
position of something beneath the 
water; a life-buoy: v.t. to keep afloat 
in a fluid [with up]; to mark with a 
buoy; support. 

buoyage (boo'i-aj), n. buoys collec- 
tively. 

buoyancy (boo'yan-si) , n. relative 
lightness; elasticity of spirits. 

buoyant (boo'yant), adj. having the 
quality of floating in a fluid; not 
easily depressed. 

bur (ber), n. the rough prickly seed- 
case of certain plants; a partially 
burnt brick; the guttural pronuncia- 
tion of the rough r; the rough ridges 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, ^en. 



BURBOT 



136 



BURSA 



of metal left by the graver in cutting 
metal. Also burr. 

burbot (ber'bot), n. the eel-pout. 

burden (ber'dn), n. that which is 
borne or carried; a load; something 
grievous, wearisome or oppressive; 
a ship's capacity for carrying a 
cargo; a chorus or refrain; a topic 
on which one dwells: v.t. to load; lay 
a weight upon. 

burdock (ber'dok), n. a large wayside 
weed with rough broad leaves. 

bureau (bu-ro), n. [pi. bureaus or 
bureaux (bti'roz)], a desk or writing- 
table furnished with drawers; an 
office; a governmental department 
for the transaction of public busi- 
ness. 

bureaucracy (bu : ro'kra-si) , n. the 
system of centralized government by 
means of bureaus or departments; 
the officials administering such bu- 
reaus, as a body. 

bureaucrat (bti'ro-krat) , n. an advo- 
cate or supporter of bureaucracy. 

burg or burgh (berg) , n. a borough. 

burgess (ber'jes), n. a citizen or free- 
man of a borough. 

burgher (ber'ger), n. a citizen or free- 
man of a burg or borough. 

burglar (berg'lar), n. one who breaks 
into a house at night with intent to 
commit a felony. 

burglarious (berg-la/ri-us) , adj. per- 
taining to, or constituting, burglary. 

burglary (berg'la-ri) , n. the act or 
crime of breaking into a house at 
night with intent to commit a felony. 

burgomaster (beVgo-mas-ter) , n. the 
chief magistrate 9? a municipal town 
in Holland, Belgium, and Germany. 

burgundy (ber'gun-di) , n. a wine, 
red or white, made in Burgundy in 
France. 

burgundy- pitch (ber 'gun-di-pitch) , 
n. spruce-fir resin. 

burial (ber'i-al), n. the act of burying. 

burin (bu/rin), n. a cutting or engrav- 
ing tool. 

burl (berl), n. a small knot or lump 
in thread or cloth; a knot in wood: 
v.t. to pick knots, &c, from, as in 
finishing cloth. 

burlap (ber'lap), n. a coarse fabric 
made of jute, hemp, &c, used for 
bagging or in upholstery [commonly 
in the pi.]. 



burlesque (ber-lesk'), adj. tending to 
excite laughter by extravagant con- 
trast or caricature: n. a ludicrous, 
grotesque representation; a literary 
composition or dramatic piece com- 
posed in burlesque style: v.t. to 
ridicule or make ridiculous by cari- 
catured representation; travesty; 
parody. 

burletta (ber-let'a), n. a comic opera; 
a musical farce. 

burliness (ber'li-nes), n. the quality of 
being burly. 

burly (ber'li), adj. bulky; large; cor- 
pulent. 

Burmese (ber'mez), adj. pertaining to 
Burma in South Eastern Asia. The 
noun, Burma, is sometimes used as 
an adjective = Burmese. 

burn (bern), v.t. [p.t. burnt & burned, 
p.pr. burning], to consume or injure 
with fire; reduce to ashes; scorch; 
expose to the action of fire; produce 
by means of fire; affect with a burn- 
ing sensation; cauterize: v.i. to be 
on fire; suffer from or be injured 
by excess of heat; glow; shine; be 
inflamed with passion or desire: 
n. an injury to the flesh caused by 
fire. 

burn (bern) , n. a rivulet ; a brook. 

burner (ber'ner), n. one who burns 
or sets fire to anything; the part of 
a lamp or gas fixture from which the 
flame issues. 

burning- gfoss (bern'ing-glas) , n. a 
double-convex lens used to focus the 
rays of the sun upon combustible 
substances to ignite them. 

burnish (ber'nish), v.t. polish by fric- 
tion; make smooth and lustrous: n. 
polish; gloss; brightness. 

burnt offering (bernt of'er-ing), n. 
something offered and burnt upon an 
altar as a sacrifice or an atonement 
for sin. 

burro (boo'ro), n. sl small Mexican 
horse or pony used as a pack- 
animal. 

burrow (bur'o), n. a hole in the ground 
excavated by a rabbit or other ani- 
mal, as a refuge and habitation: v.i. 
to excavate; work a way into or 
under something; lodge in a deep or 
concealed place; hide. 

burry (bur'i), adj. full of burs; rough. 

bursa (ber'sa) ,n .a sac or sac-like cavity. 



lie, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BURSAR 



137 



BUTCHERY 



bursar (ber/ser), n. the treasurer of a 
college; in Scotland, a university 
student who receives an allowance 
for his support. 

bursary (ber'ser-i), n. the treasury of 
a British college or monastery; the 
allowance paid to a student in a 
Scottish university. 

burst (berst), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. burst, 
p.pr. bursting], to rend or break 
open with violence; yield to internal 
force or pressure ; explode ; give way 
under excess of grief or pain; appear 
or disappear suddenly: v.t. to rend 
or break by violence ; open suddenly : 
n. a violent or sudden breaking 
forth; a sudden explosion; a rush; a 
strenuous effort; a spurt. 

bury (ber'i), n. a manor-house; a 
borough. 

bury (ber'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. buried, 
p.pr. burying], to deposit and cover 
m a grave or tomb, or in any final 
resting-place; entomb; keep secret; 
hide. 

burying (ber'i-ing), n. burial (John 
xii. 7). 

'bus (bus), n. & shortened form of 
omnibus. 

bush (boosh), n. a thick shrub; a forest 
region, especially in Australia; wild, 
uncleared country; the tail or brush 
of a fox; a branch of a tree formerly 
hung out as a tavern sign: v.i. to grow 
thick or bushy: v.t. to set bushes 
about; use a bush-harrow on. 

bush (boosh), n. a lining or tube of 
hard metal inserted in an orifice, to 
reduce wear by friction: v.t. to fur- 
nish with a bush. 

bushel m (boosh'el) , n. a dry measure 
containing eight gallons or four 
pecks; a vessel of such a capacity; 
a large quantity. 

bushiness (boosh'i-nes), n. the quality 
of being bushy. 

Bushman (boosh 'man), n. [pi. bush- 
men (boosh'men)], one of a tribe of 
aboriginals near the Cape of Good 
Hope; a Bosjesman. [Dutch.] 

bushranger (boosh'ranj-er), n. one 
who leads a predatory life in the 
bush country of Australia; orig- 
inally a criminal who escaped to the 
bush. 

bush-whacker (boosh 'hwak-er) , n. a 
back-woodsman; an implement for 



cutting brushwood. In the Amer- 
ican Civil War, the word was ap- 
plied to a member of a guerrilla 
band, which fought and plundered 
in the woods. 

bushy (boosh'i) , adj. thick and spread- 
ing like a bush; overgrown with 
shrubs. ^ 

busily (biz'i-li), adv. in a busy manner. 

business (biz'nes), n. employment; 
trade; profession; something to be 
transacted or required to be done; 
right of action; affair; matter: adj. 
pertaining to business; practical. 

busk (busk), n. a strip of flexible mate- 
rial worn in the front of corsets. 

buskin (bus'kin), n. kind of half -boot 
or high shoe reaching to the middle 
of the calf; a high shoe (cothurnus) 
worn by ancient actors in tragedy to 
increase their height. 

buss (bus), n. a small two-masted 
vessel used in herring fishing; a kiss. 
[Lowland Scotch.] 

bust (bust), n. the chest or thorax; the 
head, shoulders, and breast of a per- 
son represented in sculpture. 

bustard (bus'terd), n. a bird of the 
genus Otis, of which there are many 
species, as the great bustard of 
Europe and Africa. 

bustle (bus'l), v.i. to be busy, with a 
certain amount of noise; move 
quickly: n. tumult; noisy activity; 
a pad or cushion worn by women 
beneath the skirt. 

busy (biz'i), adj. earnestly or closely 
employed; bustling; diligent; of- 
ficious; meddlesome: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
busied, p.pr. busying], to keep con- 
stantly engaged; occupy one's sell 
actively. 

busybody (biz'i-bod-i), n. [pi. busy- 
bodies (biz'i-bod'iz)], a meddling, 
officious person. 

butcher (booch'er), n. one who 
slaughters animals for food; one 
who delights in slaughter: v.L to 
slaughter for food; to murder in a 
barbarous manner. 

butcher-bird (booch'er-berd), n. a 
name given to various shrikes, from 
their habit of suspending their 
slaughtered prey upon thorns. 

butchery (booch'er-i) , n. the. business 
of slaughtering cattle; barbarous 
murder. 



ate, arm, at, awi ; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



BUTLER 



138 



BUZZINGLY 



butler (but'ler), n. a manservant in 
a household who has the care of the 
plate, wines, &c; the chief servant 
in a large household. 

butt (but), n. a push or thrust deliv- 
ered by the head of an animal; a 
thrust in fencing: v.t. to strike by 
thrusting the head against. 

butt (but), n. the extremity of a thing; 
thethicker end of anything; a target; 
a rifle or gunnery range; a goal; a 
limit; the thickest part of tanned 
ox-hides; an object of ridicule. 

butt (but), n. a large cask of 117 
gals, of Portuguese wine, or 108 gals. 
of beer. 

butte(but), n. an abrupt isolated hill 
on ridge. 

butter (but'er), n. an oily, unctuous 
substance obtained from cream or 
milk by churning; any substance of 
butter-like consistence; gross flat- 
tery: v.t. to spread or smear with 
butter; to flatter grossly. 

butter-ball (but'er-bawl), n. a short 
stout woman. 

butter-bird (but'er-berd), n. the rice- 
bunting. 

buttercup (but'er-kup) . n. a plant 
bearing yellow cup-shaped flowers. 

butter-fingers (but'er-fmg'gerz), n.pl. 
one who lets a ball slip through his 
fingers. 

butterfly (but'er-fll), n. [pL butter- 
flies (but'er-fliz)], a general name for 
any species of diurnal lepidopterous 
insects; a gay, showily-dressed, tri- 
fling person. 

butterine (but'er-in), n. an imitation 
of butter. See oleomargarine. 

buttermilk (but'er-milk) , n. whey 
separated from the cream in butter- 
making. 

butternut (but'er-nut), n. the fruit 
of a North American tree allied to 
the walnut. 

buttery (but/er-i), n. [pi. butteries 
(but'er-iz)], an apartment in which 
provisions, wines, &c, are kept; a 
room in some English colleges where 
liquors and provisions are kept for 
private sale. 

butting (but'ing), n. an abuttal; a 
boundary. 

buttock (but'ok), n. the rump or 
protuberant hinder part of a man 
or animal [used mainly in the pi.]; 



the convex part of a ship under the 
stern. 

button (but'n), n. any small rounded 
object used to secure different parts 
of a garment, or attached for orna- 
ment; something resembling a but- 
ton; the knob at the end of a foil; 
a ball of gold, &c, worn on the hats 
of Chinese officials to indicate their 
rank: pi. young mushrooms; a page 
boy: v.t. to fasten or furnish with 
buttons. 

buttonhole (but'n-hol) , n. a small 
bouquet worn in the coat: v.t. to 
detain in conversation against the 
will; bore. 

button wood (but'n-wood), n. the 
plane-tree. 

buttress (but'res), n. masonry or 
brickwork built on to an outside 
wall to afford support; a support: 
v.t. to support by a buttress; prop. 

butyrate (bti'ti-rat) , # n. a salt of 
butyric acid. [Latin.] 

butyric # (bu-tir'ik) , adj. pertaining to 
or derived from butter. 

butyric acid (as'id), n. a colorless 
liquid obtained from butter: it is 
present also in cod-liver oil and in 
sweat glands. 

buxom (buk'sum), adj. cheerful; jolly; 
robust; plump and comely. 

buy (bi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bought, p.pr. 
buying], to acquire by paying an 
agreed price; purchase; bribe. 

buyer's option (bi'erz op'shun), n. a 
purchaser's privilege of taking an 
agreed amount of stock within a 
certain period. 

buzz (buz), n. a continuous humming 
noise, as of bees; a confused or 
blended murmur, as of many voices; 
a whispered report or rumor: v.i. to 
make a low humming sound; speak 
with a low humming voice: v.t. 
spread secretly. 

buzz-saw (buz 'saw), n. a circular 
saw. 

buzzard (buz'erd), n. the name of 
several species of hawks; the Amer- 
ican turkey-buzzard acts as a scaven- 
ger in some southern cities like the 
stork in India, and is protected by 
the law. 

buzzer (buz'er), n. an electric bell. 

buzzingly (buz'ing-li), adv. with a 
humming sound. 



ate, arm, at, awl 



me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 
hue, hut ; think, £/ien 



BYE 



bye (bi), n. a run scored at cricket 
when the ball passes the wicket- 
keeper and long-stop, and has not 
been struck by the batsman; a goal 
at football. 

by-law (bi-law), n. a private law or 
statute framed by a corporate body. 

by- word (bl'werd), n. a, proverb; nick- 
name; an object of derision. 

Byzantine (biz-an'tin or biz'an-ten), 
adj. of, or pertaining to, Byzantium 



139 BYZANTINE 

(Constantinople) , the ancient capital 
of the Eastern Roman Empire, from 
330 to 1453, when it was taken by 
the Turks. The name Byzantine 
connotes a peculiar semi-oriental 
architecture, distinguished by domes, 
and its art is most characteristic 
in the illuminating of MSS. with 
gorgeous colors, and in ivory carv- 
ing, rug-making, cameos, and en- 
ameling in gold work. 



1 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



M 



c 



C, the third letter of the alphabet in 
most European languages. In the 
hieroglyphic Egyptian, the figure 
that stood for it represented a throne. 
In Latin and Greek, it had the sound 
of G for a long while, but gradually in 
Latin it was supplanted by K while 
the new character G was formed to 
convey the G sound. Finally C took 
the place of K while G was G. (SeeG.) 
As a symbol, C stands for centigrade 
(a thermometric scale) as opposed to 
F (Fahrenheit) and Carbon. 

cab (kab), n. a public carriage with 
four or two wheels, drawn by one 
horse; the shelter for the driver of 
a locomotive: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cabbed, 
p.pr. cabbing], to pass over in a cab: 
as, to cab the distance. 

cabal (ka-bal'), n. a secret combina- 
tion of a few persons for carrying out 
some specific design; an intrigue: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. caballed, p.pr. caballing], 
to unite in secret with others, m 

cabala (kab'a-la), n. a secret science of 
the Jewish rabbis to interpret the 
hidden meaning of the Pentateuch; 
esoteric doctrine. 

cabalism (kab'al-izm), n. occult doc- 
trine. 

cabalist (kab'al-ist) , n. one versed in 
the Jewish cabala^ an occultist. 

caballero (ka-bal-ya'ro) , n. sl Spanish 
knight or gentleman; a stately Span- 
ish dance. 

cabaret (kab'a-ra), n. a tavern: house 
where liquors are retailed; a vaude- 
ville performance given in restaurants 
for diners. 

cabbage (kab'aj), n. the well-known 
vegetable; the terminal head of 
palm-trees; tailors' clippings, taken 
as perquisities : v.i. to form a head 
like that of the cabbage: v.t. to ap- 
propriate to one's own use. 

cabeca (ka-ba'sa), n. the finest quality 
of Indian silk. [Portuguese.] 



cabes (ka-bas'), n. Western abbre- 
viation from the Spanish cabeza, 
meaning the head. 

cabin (kab 'in), n. a small hut, cottage, 
or room ; a room in a ship for officers 
or passengers: vJ. to confine in a 
cabin: v.i. to live in a cabin. 

cabin-boy (kab'in-boi), n. a boy on 
ship who acts as general help to the 
skipper. 

cabinet (kab'in-et), n. a small apart- 
ment; a private room; a piece of 
furniture to hold objects of vertu, 
&c; a cabinet photograph; a delib- 
erative committee of the principal 
members of the Ministry. 

cabinet picture (pik'tur), n. a valu- 
able picture of small dimensions. 

cable (ka'bl), n. a large strong rope or 
chain; a submarine telegraph line; a 
molding resembling a cable; a meas- 
ure of distance = 100 to 140 fathoms: 
v.t. to fasten with a cable; transmit 
by telegraph cable. 

cablegram (ka'bl-gram) , n. a message 
sent by submarine cable. 

cabochon (kab'o-shon) , n. a precious 
stone polished but not faceted. 

caboose (ka-boos'), n. a ship's galley 
or kitchen; the trainmen's car at- 
tached to a freight-train; a jail, or 
cell in a jail. 

cabriolet (kab-ri-o-la') , n. a covered 
carriage with two or four wheels 
drawn by one horse. 

cacaine (ka-ka'in), n. the essential 
principle of cacao. 

cacao (ka-ka/6), n. a small evergreen 
tree of tropical America and West 
Indies, from the seeds of which cocoa 
and chocolate are prepared. 

cache (kash), n. a place of concealment 
for food for future use: v.t. to hide 
(provisions) in the ground. 

cachelot (kash'a-lot & # -lo'), n. the 
sperm whale, which yields sperma- 
ceti. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CACHET 



141 



CALABASH 



cachet (ka-sha'), n. a seal; hence a 
mark of distinction. _ [French.] 

cachinnation (kak-i-na/shun) , n. loud 
or unrestrained laughter. 

cacholong (kash'o-long) , n. a milk or 
greyish-white opal; pearl opal. 

cachou (ka'shoo'), n. an aromatic pill 
for sweetening the breath. 

cacique (ka-sek'), n. the name or title 
of the aboriginal chiefs of the West 
Indies, Mexico, and some parts of 
South America. 

cackle (kak'l), v.i. to cry like a hen or 
goose: specifically used of the cry 
made by a hen which has laid an 
egg; giggle; prattle: n. the cry of a 
hen or goose; silly talk. 

cacography (ka-kog'ra-fi) , n. incor- 
rect spelling; crabbed writing. 

cacophonous (ka-kof o-nus) , adj. dis- 
cordant. 

cactus (kak'tus), n. [pi. cacti (kak'ti) 
& cactuses (kak'tus-ez)], a spiny 
fleshy plant with showy flowers. 

cad (kad), n. a vulgar, ill-bred fellow. 

cadaver (ka-da/ver), n. a dead body. 

cadaverous (ka-dav'er-us), adj. re- 
sembling a corpse; pale; ghastly. 

caddie (kad'i), n. a lad who carries 
golf clubs. 

caddis (kad'is), n. the larva of the 
caddis-fly. 

caddy (kad'i), n. [pi. caddies (kad'iz)], 
a small box for keeping tea. 

cade (kad), n. a barrel or cask of 500 
herrings, or 1,000 sprats. 

cadence (ka'dens), n. the full modu- 
lation of the voice in reading or 
speaking; rhythm. 

cadenza (ka-den'za), n. a vocal or 
instrumental flourish. [Italian.] 

cadet (ka-def), n. a younger son; 
student in a naval or military acad- 
emy. [French.] 

cadetship (ka-det'ship), n. the posi- 
tion of a cadet. 

cadge (kaj), v.i. to loaf; to act as a 
tramp or petty thief. [English.] 

cadi (ka'di), n. a Mahommedan judge. 

Cadmean (kad-me'an), adj. of or be- 
longing to Cadmus; Theban. 

cadmium (kad'mi-um), n. a bluish- 
white ductile metal, resembling tin. 

caducean (ka-du'se-an) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the caduceus, the winged staff 
of Mercury, entwined with ser- 
pents. 



caecum (se'kum), n. [pi. cseea (selia)], 
the blind gut; a pouch-like appen- 
dage of the large intestine, having 
one end closed. 

Caesarian (se-za/re-an) , adj. pertaining 
to Caesar. 

Caesarian operation (op-er-a/shun), 
n. the delivery of a fetus by cutting 
through the walls of the abdomen. 

Caesarism (se'zar-izm), n. imperialism; 
absolute rule or government. 

caesium (ses'i-um), n. a rare metal 
associated with rubidium. 

cafe (kaf-a/). n. a restaurant. [French.] 

caffeine (kaf'e-in), n. a bitter alkaloid 
extracted from coffee. 

cage (kaj), n. a box or inclosure fur- 
nished with metal bars for confining 
birds, or other animals ; a contrivance 
for raising and lowering men in a 
mine shaft: v.t. to confine in a cage. 

cahoots (ka-hoots'), n.pl. only, agree- 
ment; arrangements usually of a dis- 
honest nature. So, "they're in 
cahoots together/' "He got into 
cahoots with the Mayor," etc. 

caique (ka-ek'), n. a skiff or light row- 
ing boat used on the Bosporus. 

cairn (karn), n. a conical heap of 
stones erected as a monument. 

cairngorm (karn'gorm), n. a yellow 
or brown variety of quartz or rock- 
crystal. 

caisson (ka/sun), n. an ammunition- 
wagon or chest; a box filled with 
explosives for firing a mine ; a water- 
tight box or casing used for building 
structures in water; a sunken panel 
in a ceiling; a structure for raising 
and floating sunken vessels. 

caitiff (ka/tif), n. a despicable or 
cowardly wretch: adj. despicable; 
vile; cowardly. [Old French.] 

cajole (ka-jol'), v.t. to coax or deceive 
by flattery; wheedle; cheat. 

cake (kak), n. a small mass of dough, 
sweetened and baked; a compressed 
or solidified mass of any substance, 
especially if thin or flat ; a simpleton : 
v.t. to form into a cake: v.i. to con- 
solidate into a hard mass. 

cake-walk (kak'wawk), n. a strutting, 
eccentric walk or parade, originally 
by negroes for a cake given as a 
prize. 

calabash (kal'a-bash), n. the fruit of 
the calabash tree of tropical Amer- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge^ met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CALABOOSE 



142 



CALICO 



ica, used when dried as a vessel for 
liquids, &c. 

calaboose (kal-a-boos') , n. a jail; a 
lockup. 

calamitous (ka-lam'i-tus) , adj. pro- 
ducing, or resulting from, calamity. 

calamity (ka-lam'i-ti), n. [pi. calami- 
ties (ka-lam'i-tiz)], any cause that 
produces evil, disaster, or extreme 
misfortune; distress; affliction. 

calamus (kal'a-mus), n. [pi. calami 
{kal'a-ml)], a genus of palms produc- 
ing the rattan canes; the sweet flag. 

calash (ka-lash'), n. a light carriage 
with low wheels and a folding re- 
movable top; a hood formerly worn 
by women. Also caleche. [French.] 

calcareous (kal-kar'e-us) , adj. of the 
nature of, or containing, lime. 

calcify (kal'si-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
calcified, p.pr. calcifying], to con- 
vert into lime: v.i. to become strong 
by conversion into lime. 

calcimine (kal'si-mm), n. white or 
tinted wash for walls or ceilings. 
Also kalsomine. 

calcination (kal-si-na'shun) , n. the 
act or process of reducing to powder 
by heat. 

calcine (kal'sln), v.t. to reduce a sub- 
stance to powder by heat; oxidize; 
v.i. to undergo calcination. > 

calcite (kal'slt), n. crystallized car- 
bonate of lime. 

calcium (kal'si-um), n. the metallic 
base of lime. 

calcium carbide (kar'bid), n. & 
compound of quicklime and carbon, 
from which acetylene is generated 
by subjecting it to the action of 
water. 

calcography g (kal-kog'ra-fi) , n. the 
art of drawing with colored chalks 
or pastels. 

calc-spar (kalk'spar), n. a crystalline 
carbonate of lime or calcite. 

calculable (kal'ku-la-bl) , adj. able to 
be calculated. 

calculary (kal'kti-ler-i) , adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, calculi. 

calculate (kal'kii-lat), v.t. to compute; 
ascertain or determine by any proc- 
ess of reasoning; estimate: v.i. to 
make a computation; suppose or 
think. [Latin.] 

calculation (kal-kti-la'shun) , n. the 
art of reckoning by numbers; com- 



putation; something deduced by 
reasoning or inference; estimate; 
opinion. 

calculative (kal'kii-la-tiv) , adj. tend- 
ing to calculate. 

calculator (kal'ku-la-ter) , n. one who, 
or a machine that, computes or 
reckons. 

calculous (kal'ku-lus) , adj. stony; 
gritty. 

calculus (kal'ku-lus), n. [pi. calculi 
(kal'ku-li)], a stony concretion in the 
body; one of the higher branches of 
mathematics. [Latin.] 

caldera (kal-da'ra), n. a deep caldron- 
like cavity on the summits of extinct 
volcanoes. 

caldron (kawl'dron), n. a large kettle 
or boiler. 

calendar (kal'en-der), n. a register 
of the days, weeks, and months of 
the year, &c; a register or list; a 
list of criminal causes arranged for 
trial : v.t. to register or place on a list. 

calendar month (munth), n. a solar 
month reckoned according to the 
calendar, as distinguished from the 
lunar month. 

calender (kal'en-der), n. a machine 
consisting of heated rollers, used for 
smoothing and glazing paper or 
cloth: v.t. to press in a calender. 

Calends (kal'endz), n.pl. in the Roman 
calendar, the first day of each month. 
The better form is Kalends. 

calenture (kal'en-ttir) , a violent fever 
affecting sailors in hot latitudes. 

calf (kaf), n. [pi. calves (kavz)], a 
young bovine quadruped, especially 
of the cow; the young of certain 
marine mammalia, as the whale; 
leather made from the skin of a 
calf; a small island, or iceberg near 
a larger one; a stupid or silly per- 
son; the thick fleshy part of the leg 
behind. 

caliber (kal'i-ber), n. the diameter of a 
cylindrical body^ mental capacity. 

calibrate (kal'i-brat), v.t. to determine 
the caliber [of]; graduate. 

calibration (kal-i-bra'shun) , n. the act 
of calibrating. 

calicle (kal'i-kl), n. a small cup-shaped 
cell. 

calico (kal'i-ko), n. [pi. calicoes & -os 
(kal'i-koz)], white or printed cotton 
cloth. From Kalicut, in India. 



ate. arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CALIGRAPH 



143 



CALORIMOTOR 



caligraph (kal'i-graf), n. sl form of 
typewriter. Also calligraph. 

caligraphy (ka-lig'ra-fi) , n. elegant 
handwriting. Same as calligraphy. 

calipash (kal'i-pash), n. the part of 
a turtle belonging to the upper shell, 
inclosing a dull greenish gelatinous 
substance. [Spanish from Persian.] 

calipee (kal'i-pe), n. the part of a 
turtle belonging to the lower shell, 
inclosing a light yellow gelatinous 
substance. [Spanish from Persian ] 

calipers (kal'i-perz) , n.pl. compasses 
for measuring the diameters of cylin- 
drical bodies. 

caliph (kal' or ka'lif), n. a title of 
the successors of Mohammed. Also 
calif. [Arabic] 

caliphate (kal'i-fat), n. the office, dig- 
nity, or government of a caliph. 

calisthenic (kal-is-then'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to calisthenics. > 

calisthenics (kal-is-then'iks) , n.pl. the 
art of promoting health by physical 
exercise; simple gymnastics. 

calk or caulk (kawk), v.t. to drive 
oakum into the seams of (a ship). 

calk (kawk), v.t. to copy (a drawing) 
by covering the back with chalk or 
lead, and trace over the lines with a 
style for transfer. 

calk (kawk), n. that part of a horse- 
shoe which projects downward to 
prevent slipping; a semi-circular 
piece of iron nailed to the heel of a 
boot: v.t. to furnish with a calk. 

call (kawl), v.t. to summon from, or 
invite to, any place; convoke judi- 
cially or officially; designate for an 
office; name; characterize as; exhort; 
utter in a loud voice; rouse from 
sleep: n. a summons or invitation; 
a request or command; a short 
visit ; the cry or note uttered by 
certain animals; a demand for pay- 
ment due on snares; the option of 
claiming stock at a certain time at 
a stipulated price. 

calligraph (kal'i-graf). n. sl specimen 
of elegant penmanship. 

calligrapher (kal-lig'ra-fer) or cal- 
ligraphist (kal'lig'ra-fist) , n. one 
skilled in hand-writing. 

calligraphy (kal-lig'ra-u) , n. elegant 
or beautiful writing. 

calling (kawl'ing), n. the act of sum- 
moning; a summons or invitation; 



a vocation, trade or profession; the 
state of being divinely called (II Pet. 
i. 10). 

calliope (kal-li'o-pe) , n. the first of 
the nine Muses, presiding over epic 
poetry and eloquence; a musical 
instrument composed of a series of 
steam whistles played like an organ. 

callityping (kal'i-tl-ping), n. the proc- 
ess of producing plates for printing 
purposes by means of typewriting 
and photo-engraving. 

callosity (kal-os'i-ti) , n. [pi. callosities 
(kal-os'i-tiz)], the state or quality of 
being hardened; a callus. 

callous (kal'us), adj. hardened; insen- 
sible. 

callow (kal'o), adj. unfledged. 

callus (kal'us), n. [pi. calli (kal'i)], the 
hardening of the skin from pressure ; 
bony matter which unites the ends of 
fractured bones. 

calm (kam), adj. tranquil; still; undis- 
turbed: n. stillness; serenity: v.t. to 
quiet; still; pacify: v.i. to become 
calm (with down). 

calomel (kal'6-mel), n. mercurial 
chloride: used as a purgative medi- 
cine. 

caloric (ka-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to 
heat. 

caloricity (kal-6-ris'i-ti), n. the power 
in animals of developing and main- 
taining heat. 

calorie (kal'o-re), n. the unit of heat 
(metric system) to express the 
amount of heat required to raise one 
kilogramme of water from 0° to 1° 
centigrade. Also calory. 

calorifacient (ka-lor-i-fa'shi-ent), adj m 
heat-producing: said of food-stuffs. 

calorific (kal-o-rif 'ik) , adj. heating. 

calorification (ka-lor-i-fi-ka/shun), n. 
the product ion_ of heat. 

calorific rays (raz), n.pl. the invisible 
heating rays emanating from the 
sun and heated bodies. 

calorimeter (kal-o-rim'i-ter), n. an 
apparatus for measuring heat pro- 
duced or given off by a body. 

calorimetry (kal-o-rim'i-tri), n. the 
art or process of determining the 
amount of heat contained in, er 
given off by, bodies. 

calorimotor (kal-o-ri-mo'ter) , ». a 
galvanic apparatus for producing 
heat in a short external circuit. 



Ite, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue. hut : think, then. 



:alotte 



144 



CAMLET 



calotte (ka-lot'), n. a plain skull-cap 
of satin, &c; a cap or hood on the 
heads of certain birds. [French.] 

calotype (kal'o-tip), n. a photographic 
process in which the image is received 
on paper prepared with iodide of 
silver. Also called talbotype, from 
the name of the inventor. 

caltrop kal'trop), n. an iron instru- 
ment with four spikes, placed in 
ditches, &c, to hinder the advance 
of troops; a name for various plants 
with prickly fruit. 

calumet (kal ; u-met), n. the tobacco- 
pipe of the North American Indians, 
smoked as a symbol of peace, or to 
ratify treaties. [Old French.] 

calumniate (ka-lum'ni-at) , v.t. to 
accuse falsely and maliciously: v.i. 
to utter calumnies. [Latin.] 

calumniation (ka-lum-ni-a'shun) , n. 
the act of calumniating. 

calumnious (ka-lum'ni-us) , adj. slan- 
derous; defamatory. 

calumny (kal'um-ni), n. [pi. calumnies 
(karum-niz)], a false accusation; a 
slander. 

Calvary (kal'va-ri), n. the place where 
Christ was crucified; in Catholic 
countries a representation of the 
crucifixion erected in the open air. 

calve (kav), v.i. to bring forth a calf; 
become detached from: said of gla- 
ciers when icebergs break off from 
them. 

Calvinism (kal'vin-izm) , n. the doc- 
trines of John Calvin [1509-64], the 
French theologian and reformer, 
especially those relating to predesti- 
nation and election. 

Calvinist (karvin-ist) , n. one who 
holds the doctrines of Calvin. 

Calvinistic (kal-vin-is'tik), adj. per- 
taining to Calvin or his doctrines. 

calx (kalks), n. [pi. calxes (kalk'sez), 
or calces (kal'sez)], lime or chalk; 
the residuum of a metal left after 
calcination. 

calyx (ka'liks), n. [pi. calyxes (ka'lik- 
sez), calices (kal'i-sez)], the whorl of 
a flower. [Greek.] 

cam (kam), n. a projecting part of a 
wheel or other moving piece of ma- 
chinery for imparting an eccentric 
or alternating motion. 

camber (kam'ber), n. a convexity on 
an upper surface; a piece of timber 



thus bent; a small dock for unload* 
ing timber: v.t. to curve or bend? 
arch. 

camber- window (kam'ber-win'do) , n. 
a window arched at the top. 

cambist (kam'bist), n. one who deals 
in notes or bills of exchange; a 
money-changer. [Italian.] 

cambium (kam'bi-um), n. the forma- 
tive layer of cellular tissue which 
lies between the young wood and the 
bark of exogenous trees. 

cambrasine (kam'bra-zen) , n. a fine 
kind of cambric; batiste. 

cambric (kam'brik), n. a very fine 
thin linen: adj. pertaining to, or 
made of, cambric. 

cambric- muslin (kam'brik-muz'lin) .. 
n. a fine cotton imitation of cambric. 

came (kam), p.t. of come. 

camel (kam'el), n. a large ruminant 
quadruped, of which there are two 
species, the Arabian camel or drome- 
dary, with a single hump, and the 
Bactrian camel, with two humps; a 
water-tight structure placed beneath 
a vessel to raise and float it over a 
shoal or bar. [Hebrew and Latin.] 

Camellia (ka-mel'i-a), n. a genus of 
Asiatic evergreen shrubs, cultivated 
for their beautiful rose-like flowers 
and shining foliage. 

camelopard (ka-mel'o-pard & kam'- 
el-6-pard), n. the giraffe, which was 
once supposed to be a cross between 
the camel and the leopard. 

camelry (kam'el-ri), n. [pi. camelries 
(kanrel-riz)], troops mounted on 
camels; a camel corps; a place for 
loading or unloading camels. 

cameo (kam'e-o), n. a precious stone 
or shell on which figures are engraved 
in relief. [Italian.] 

camera (kam'er-a), n. [pi. cameras 
(kam'er-az)], a camera obscura, espe- 
cially that employed in photography. 

camera lucida (loo 'si-da) , n. an opti- 
cal instrument for reflecting distant 
objects on paper by means of a solid 
glass prism. [Latin.] 

camera obscura (ob-sku'ra), n. a 
darkened chamber or box in which, 
by means of lenses, external objects 
are exhibited on paper, glass, &c. 

camlet (kam'let), n. a finely woven 
fabric, originally of camel's hair, 
which made it nearly waterproof. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tkvn. 



^ 



CAMOMILE 



145 



CANDLEMAS 



camouflage (ka-moo-flazh' or kam'oo- 
flazh),n. the disguising of ships, bat- 
teries, camps or other objects by 
paint, screens, shrubbery, etc., forthe 
purpose of misleading the enemy ;v.t. 
to disguise by camouflage. Often fig. 

camp (kamp), n. the ground occupied 
by an army at rest, with tents, huts, 
&c; an encampment: v.i. to live in a 
camp: encamp. 

camp- meeting (kamp-met'ing), n. an 
outdoor religious gathering. 

camp-stool (kamp'stool), n. a folding 
stool or seat. 

campaign (kam-pan'), n. an open 
tract of land; the period during 
which an army carries on active 
operations in the field: v.i. to serve 
in a campaign. [French.] 

campanile (kam-pa-ne'le), n. [pi. 
campaniles (kam-pa-ne'lez)], a bell- 
tower detached from the body of a 
church; frequent in Italy. [Italian.] 

campanology (kam-pa-noro-ji), n. 
the principles or art of bell-ringing, 
bell-founding, &c. 

campanulate (kam-pan'yu-lat), adj. 
bell-shaped. 

campeachy wood (kam-pech'i-wood), 
n. another name for logwood. 

camphene (kam-fen'), n. rectified oil 
of turpentine. Also camphine. 

camphor (kam'fer), n. a volatile aro- 
matic whitish substance, obtained 
from various trees and plants m of 
Eastern Asia. [French from Arabic] 

camphor- tree (kam'fer-tre), n. a 
species of laurel -yielding the camphor 
of commerce. 

camphorate (kam'fer-at), v.t. to satu- 
rate or treat with camphor. 

camwood (kam'wood), n. a red dye- 
wood. 

can (kan), v.i. [p.t. could (kood)], to 
be able; possess power physically, 
morally, or mentally (used as an 
auxiliary verb) . 

can (kan), n. a metal vessel of small 
size, for holding liquids or preserving 
solids: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canned, p.pr. 
canning], to put up in cans for 
preservation. 

Canadian balsam (ka-na'di-an bawl'- 
sum), n. a resin obtained from a 
species of fir. 

canaille (ka-ni'), n. the lowest orders 
of the populace. [French.] 



canal (ka-nal'), n. an artificial navi- 
gable waterway; a duct or tube for 
the passage of fluids; a channel or 
groove. 

canard (ka-nard', French ka-nar'), n. 
an absurd story or report ; a hoax. 

canary (ka-na'ri), n. a light wine; a 
pale or bright yellow color; a small 
singing bird with yellow plumage, a 
native of the Canary Islands: adj. 
bright yellow. 

cancan (kan'kan), n. a vivacious and 
indelicate French dance. 

cancel (kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. can- 
celed, p.pr. canceling], to deface 
writing by drawing lines across it; 
annul; strike out common factors. 

cancer (kan'ser), n. a genus of crus- 
taceans, including the crabs; one 
of the twelve zodiacal signs, the 
sign of the summer solstice; a ma- 
lignant tumor or growth. 

cancerate (kan'ser-at), v.i. to grow 
into a cancer. 

cancerous (kan r ser-us) , adj. like a 
cancer; affected with cancer. 

cancrine (kang'krm), adj. having the 
form or qualities of a crab. 

cancroid (kang'kroid) , adj. resembling 
a cancer. 

candelabrum (kan-de-la/- or -la/brum), 
n. [pi. candelabra (kan-de-la'- or -la'- 
bra)], a lamp-stand; an ornamented 
branched candlestick. [Latin.] 

candent (kan'dent ) , adj. glowing with 
a white heat. 

candescence (kan-des'ens) , n. a state 
of glowing. 

candid (kan'did), adj. honest; out- 
spoken; sincere; free from undue 
bias ; open ; fair. 

candidate (kan'di-dat) , n. one who 
offers himself, or is proposed by 
others, to fill some office. [Latin.] 

candidature (kan'di-da-tur), n. the 
state of being_a candidate. 

candied (kan'ded), p. adj. preserved or 
incrusted with sugar. 

candle (kan'dl), n. a cylindrical body 
of tallow, wax, or other fatty ma- 
terial, inclosing a wick of cotton, 
and used to furnish light. [Latin.] 

candle-power (kan'dl-pou'er) , n. the 
illuminating power of a candle taken 
as a unit in determining the lumi- 
nosity of any flame. 

Candlemas (kan'dl-mas) , n. the feast 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
10 hue, hut ; think, then. 



CANDOR 



146 



CANON 



of the Purification of the Virgin 
Mary (Feb. 2nd). 

candor (kan'der), n. openness; frank- 
ness. 

candy (kan'di), n. a solid confection 
of sugar or chocolate, combined with 
flavoring or coloring substances or 
with nuts, raisins, &c. : v.t:[p.t. & p.p. 
candied, p.pr. candying], to conserve 
with sugar; incrust with crystals: v.i. 
to become candied. [Tamil.] See 
confectionery. 

candytuft (kan'di-tuf t) , n. a plant 
bearing tufted flowers, originally 
from Candia. 

cane (kan), n. the stem of certain 
palms, grasses, and other plants, as 
the bamboo, sugar-cane, rattan, &c; 
a walking-stick: v.t. to beat with a 
cane. 

cane-brake (kan'brak), n. & thicket of 
canes. 

canella (ka-nel'la), an aromatic and 
tonic bark of a West Indian tree. 

canine (ka'nin), adj. pertaining to 
dogs; having the nature or qualities 
of a dog. [Latin.] 

canine teeth (teth), n.pl. two sharp- 
pointed teeth on each side of the 
upper and lower jaws of most mam- 
mals. Also canines. 

canister (kan'is-ter) , n. a metal box 
or case for tea, coffee, &c. ; a case 
containing grape shot which ex- 
plodes when fired from a cannon. 

canker (kang'ker), n. a cancerous or 
ulcerous disease: an eating or cor- 
roding agency which causes decay or 
rot; anything that insidiously cor- 
rodes, corrupts, or destroys: v.t. to 
corrode or corrupt ; infect with poi- 
sonous influence: v.i. to grow cor- 
rupt; be infected with, i_r become, 
malignant. 

canker-worm (kang'ker- werm) , n. a 
caterpillar destructive to trees or 
plants; something, as sorrow, evil, 
&c, that insidiously destroys one's 
happiness. 

cankerous (kang'ker-us) , adj. corrod- 
ing. 

cannabin (kan'a-bin), n. a narcotic 
resin extracted from Indian hemp. 

cannabis (kan'a-bis), n. hemp. 

cannabis Indica (kan'a-bis In'di-ka), 
n. Indian hemp, also called bhang or 
hasheesh. See bhang. 



canned (kand), adj. preserved in tins. 
cannel-coai (kan'el-kol), n. a hard 

bituminous coal burning with a clear, 
bright flame; candle-coal. 

cannery (kan'e-ri)., n. [j)l. canneries 
(kan'e-riz)], an establishment for 
preserving meat, fish, &c, in cans 
hermetically sealed. 

cannibal (kan'i-bal) , n. a human being 
who eats human flesh; any animal 
that eats the flesh of its own kind: 
adj. pertaining to, or characteristic 
of, cannibalism. [Spanish.] 

cannibalism (kan'i-bal-izm) , n. the 
act or practice of eating human flesh 
by human beings, or of animals by 
those of like kind. 

cannibalistic (kan-i-ba-lis'tik) , adj. 
characterized by cannibalism. 

cannon (kan'un), n. [pi. cannons 
(kan'unz) or cannon (collectively)], 
a large gun; a pieceof ordnance. 

cannonade (kan-un-ad') , n. the act 
of discharging cannon against > a 
town, fort, &c: v.t. to attack with 
cannon or ordnance: v.i. to discharge 
cannon. 

cannoneer (kan-un-er') , n. an artil- 
leryman. 

cannoneering (kan-un-er'ing) , n. the 
act or art of using cannon. 

cannot (kan'ot), {can and not), to be 
unable. 

cannula (kan'u-la), n. a small tube for 
injecting or withdrawing fluids. 

cannular (kan'u-lar), adj. tubular. 

canny or cannie (kan'i), adj. shrewd; 
knowing; cautious; wary; artful; 
reasonable; quiet; easy; safe: adv. 
in a canny manner. 

canoe (ka-noo), n. [pi. canoes (ka- 
nooz r )], alight boat of bark, hide, or 
the hollow trunk of a tree ; any fight 
boat propelled by paddles: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. canoed, p.pr. canoeing], to 
sail or paddlea canoe. [Haytian.] 

canoeist (ka-noo'ist), n. one who pad- 
dles a canoe. 

canon (kan'un), n. a law or rule in 
general; a law or rule regarding 
doctrine or discipline enacted by a 
council and confirmed; the books of 
the Holy Scriptures received as au- 
thoritative by the Christian Church 
(called the Sacred Canon); a cata- 
logue of saints; one of the largest 
kinds of type; the part by which a 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then- 



CANON 



147 



CANTILLATION 



bell is hung; a cathedral dignitary. 
[Greek.] 

canon law (law), n. rules or laws 
relating to faith, morals, and disci- 
pline that regulate Church govern- 
ment as laid down by popes and 
councils. 

canon (ka-nyon') or canyon (kan'- 
yun), n. a, narrow deep gorge having 
almost perpendicular sides. [Spanish.] 

canonical (ka-non'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to a rule or canon; according 
to, or established by, ecclesiastical 
laws; belonging to the canon of 
Scripture. 

canonically (ka-non'i-ka-li) , adv. in 
conformity with a canon or rule. 

canonicals (ka-non'ik-alz), n.pl. the 
dress prescribed by the canons to be 
worn by a clergyman when officiating. 

canonicity (kan-o-nis'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being canonical. 

canonist (kan'on-ist) , n. # one skilled 
in the study and practice of eccle- 
siastical law. 

canonization (kan-on-iz-a/shun) , n. 
act of canonizing. 

canonize (kan'on-iz), v.t. to enrol in 
the catalogue or canon of the saints. 

canonry (kan'on-ri), n. [pi. canonries 
(kan'on-riz)], the benefice filled by a 
canon. 

canopy (kan'o-pi), n. [pi. canopies 
(kan'o-piz)], a covering fixed above a 
bed. or suspended over a throne or 
dais; any similar covering; a decora- 
tive cover above an altar, pulpit, 
niche, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canopied, 
p.pr. canopying], to cover with a 
canopy. 

cant (kant), v.i. to speak in a whining 
voice, or with an affected or hypo- 
critical tone; make whining preten- 
sions to goodness; to use the conven- 
tional phraseology of a particular 
sect, party, &c. : n. a whining manner 
of speech ; the speech affected by 
those soliciting alms; the jargon or 
slang spoken by thieves, gipsies, 
beggars, &c : ; the words and phrases 
characteristic of a certain party, 
sect, &c; the employment of certain 
phrases and forms of speech without 
sincerity, especially the assumption 
of a religious character or the hypo- 
critical use of sacred words: adj. 
cant; canting. 



cant (kant), n. an external angle; 
an inclination from the level; a 
sudden jerk producing a change in 
direction: v.t. to incline; tilt; give a 
fresh direction to; cut off an angle 
of. 

can't (kant), a colloquial contraction 
of cannot. 

cantaliver (kan'ta-liv-er) . Same as 
cantilever. 

cantaloupe (kan'ta-loop) , n. a va- 
riety of musk-melon of delicate 
flavor. [Spanish.] 

cantankerous (kan-tang^ker-us) , adj. 
ill-tempered; cross-grained; conten- 
tious. 

cantata (kan-ta/ta), n. a short choral 
composition in the manner of an 
oratorio; a poem or story set to 
music. 

cantatrice (kan'ta-tres, Italian kan- 
ta-tre'cha), n. a female singer, espe- 
cially one who sings in operas. 

canteen (kan-ten'), n. a kind of shop 
in barracks or camp where liquors 
and provisions are sold ; m a vessel 
used by soldiers for carrying water 
or liquor when on the march; a box 
containing mess utensils, &c, for 
officers when on foreign service. 

canter (kan'ter), n. an easy gallop; a 
Canterbury gallop: v.i. to move in 
an easy gallop: v.t. to cause to can- 
ter. 

canterbury (kan'ter-ber-i), n. sl stand 
with divisions for holding music, &c. 

cantharides (kan-thar'i-dez), n.pl. a 
preparation of Spanish flies dried and 
used for blistering. [Latin.] 

canthus (kan'thus), n. [pi. canthi 
(kan'thi)], the angle made by the 
meeting of the eyelids. 

canticle (kan'ti-kal) , n. a song; one 
of the non-metrical hymns of the 
Bible arranged for chanting in church 
service: pi. the Song of Songs, or 
Song of Solomon. 

cantilever (kan'ti-lev-er) , n. a bracket 
or block projecting from the wall 
of a house, to support a balcony, 
cornice, &c; one of two arms pro- 
jecting from opposite banks serving 
to form a bridge : adj. constructed on 
the principle of a cantilever. 

cantillation (kan-ti-la'shun) , n. in- 
toning, especially in Jewish syna- 
gogue worship. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CANTING 



148 



CAPFUL 



canting (kan'ting), p.adj. affectedly 
pious; whining. 

canto (kan'to) , n. [pi. cantos (kan'- 
toz)], a part of a poem of some 
length; the highest vocal part in 
concerted music; soprano. [Italian.] 

canto-fermo (kan'to-f er mo) , n. plain 
song. [Italian.] 

canton (kan'ton), n. a district or 
division of a territory; one of the 
Swiss federal States; in France, a 
subdivision of an arrondissement ; a 
division of a painting or flag: v.t. to 
divide into districts or parts ; to allot 
separate quarters to troops. See 
billet. 

cantonment (kan-ton'ment) , n. a part 
of a town or village allotted to a body 
of troops: in India, a permanent 
military station. 

cantoon (kan-toon'), n. a cotton stuff 
having one side satiny, and the other 
corded. 

cantor (kan'ter), n. an official in a 
Jewish synagogue who intones the 
Hebrew canticles, nsalms, &c; a 
precentor; a chief singer or choir- 
leader. 

Canuck (ka-nuk'), n. a Canadian. 
Also Kanuck. 

canvas (kan'vas), n. sl coarse heavy 
cloth of hemp or flax, used for tents, 
sails, &c, and also for painting on; 
sails in general; a painting: adj. made 
of canvas. 

canvas-back _ (kan'vas-bak) , n. a 
North American duck, esteemed for 
the delicacy of its flesh. 

canvass (kan'vas), v.t. to examine; 
sift; discuss; solicit votes or opin- 
ions: v.i. to traverse a district for 
the purpose of soliciting votes, in- 
terest, orders, &c: n. a close inspec- 
tion or scrutiny; discussion; a so- 
licitation of votes, interest, orders, 
&c. 

cany or caney (ka'ni), adj. consisting 
of cane; full of canes. 

canyon (kan'yun)_. Same as canon. 

canzona (kan-tzo'na) or canzone 
(kan-tzo'ne), n. a song or air some- 
what resembling the madrigal; an 
instrumental piece in the style of a 
madrigal. [Italian.] 

canzonet (kan-tzo-net') , n. a short 
song. 

caoutchin or caout chine (koo'chin), 



n. an inflammable volatile oil dis* 
tilled from caoutchouc. 

caoutchouc (koo'chook), n. an elastic 
gummy substance obtained from the 
milky juice of several tropical trees, 
and much used in the industrial arts; 
india-rubber. 

cap (kap), n. a covering for the head, 
usually without a brim ; anything 
resembling a cap; a percussion cap; 
the top or summit; a particular size 
of writing-paper: v.t. [p.t. *fe p.p. 
capped, p.pr. capping], to put a cap 
on; cover with, or as with, a cap; 
cover the top end of; complete, 
crown ; place a cap on the head when 
conferring a university degree ; match 
verses with like ones, or finish verses 
that another has composed. 

capability (ka-pa-bil'i-ti) , n. the qual- 
ity of being capable: pi. intellectual 
attainment. 

capable (ka/pa-bl), adj. receptive; 
susceptible; having power, skill, or 
capacity; competent; legally quali- 
fied. 

capacious (ka-pa'shus) , adj. roomy; 
spaciouSe 

capacitate (ka-pas'i-tat) , v.t. to make 
capable; enable; qualify. 

capacity (ka-pas'i-ti) , n. [pi. capacities 
(ka-pas'i-tiz)], the power of receiving 
or containing; the power of contain- 
ing a certain quantity exactly ; cubic 
contents; intellectual ability; legal 
qualification ; profession ; function ; 
position. 

cap-a-pie (kap-a-pe'), adv. from head 
to foot. [Old French.] 

caparison (ka-par'i-son) , n. an orna- 
mental covering for a horse; gay or 
rich clothing: v.t. to cover with rich 
clothing, as a horse; adorn with rich 
dress. 

cape (kap), n. a covering for the 
shoulders, worn separately or at- 
tached^ a headland. 

caper (ka'per), v.i. to skip; jump: n. 
a frolicsome leap cr spring; a skip; 
a prank. 

caper (ka'per), n. a plant, the flower- 
buds of which are pickled and used 
as a condiment under the name of 
capers. 

capful (kap'fool), n. as much as fills 
a cap; a small quantity; a passing 
gust. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, ^en. 



CAPIAS 



149 



CAPSIGIN 



capias (ka'pi-as), n. a writ authoriz- 
ing the arrest of the person named 
in it. [Latin: "You may take."] 

capillarity (kap-i-lar'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being capillary; capillary attrac- 
tion. 

capillary (kap'il-a-ri), adj. resembling 
a hair; minute; slender; possessing a 
very small bore; pertaining to the 
capillary vessels of -the body: n. a 
tube with a small bore: pi. one of the 
minute blood-vessels connecting the 
arteries with the veins. 

capillary attraction (a-trak'shun) , n. 
the power possessed by porous bodies 
of drawing up a fluid. 

capilliform (ka-pil'i-f orm) , adj. hav- 
ing the form of a hair. 

capital (kap'i-tal), adj. affecting the 
head or life; punishable with death; 
first in importance; chief; good, ex- 
cellent: n. the chief city in a king- 
dom or state; a capital letter. 

capital (kap'i-tal), n. the sum invested 
in any particular business; stock in 
trade ; stock or resources of any kind, 
moral or physical ; that part of wealth 
which is saved and is available for, or 
employed in, future production; the 
head or top of a column, pilaster, or 
pillar. [Latin.] 

capitalism (kap'i-tal-izm), n. the pos- 
session of capital, especially its con- 
centration in the hands of a few ; the 
power of combined capital. 

capitalist (kap'i-tal-ist) , n. one who 
possesses capital. 

capitalization (kap-i-tal-I-za'shun) , 
n. the act of capitalizing. 

capitalize (kap'i-tal-iz), v.t. to convert 
into capital; compute or realize the 
present value of in money, as a 
periodical payment; print with a 
capital. 

capitally (kap'i-ta-li) , adv. in a manner 
involving the forfeiture of life; in an 
excellent manner. 

capitate (kap'i-tat), adj. growing in a 
head. 

capitation (kap-i-ta'shun) , n. a tax, 
fee, or grant per head. 

Capitol (kap'i-tul), n. the temple of 
Jupiter at Rome, situated on the 
S.W. summit of the Capitoline Hill; 
the building occupied by the L T nited 
States Congress at Washington; the 
legislative building of a State. 



capitular (ka-pit'u-lar) or capitulary 

(ka-pit'u-lar-i) , adj. pertaining to a 
chapter; growing in a head: n. a 
statute passed in a chapter, as of 
knights or canons: pi. the body of 
statutes of a chapter or of an ec- 
clesiastical council; a member of a 
chapter. 

capitulate (ka-pit'u-lat) , v.i. to sur- 
render to an enemy on conditions 
agreed upon. 

capitulation (ka-pit'u-la/shun) , n. 
the act of capitulating; the instru- 
ment containing the terms of sur- 
render. 

capitulator (ka-pit'u-la-ter) , n. one 
who capitulates. 

caplin (kap'lin), n. a small fish of the 
smelt family, largely used as bait for 
cod. 

capon (ka'pon), n. a castrated cock; 
a cock-chicken castrated for the pur- 
pose of improving its flesh for table. 

caponiere or caponniere (kap-on- 
yar'), n. a covered lodgment; a 
passage from one part of a defen- 
sive work to another, protected by a 
parapet. [French.] 

capote (ka-pot'), n. a kind of long 
coarse cloak; a long mantle for 
women. 

capouch (ka-poosh'), n. a monk's 
hood or cowl; the hood of a cloak. 

capric (kap'rik), adj. pertaining to a 
goat. 

capric acid (as'id), n. an acid found 
in the butter of cow's and goat's 
milk, cocoanut-oil, &c, united with 
glycerine, and having a smell like 
that of a goat. 

caprice (ka-pres'), n. a sudden impulse 
of the mind; a whim; a freak. 
[French.] 

capricious (ka-prish'us) , adj. charac- 
terized by caprice; unsteady; fickle. 

capriform (kap'ri-form) , adj. having 
the form of a goat. 

caprin (kap/rin), n. a substance in 
butter giving to it its characteristic 
taste and smell. 

caprine (kap'rin), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, a goat. 

capriole (kap'ri-ol), n. a leap of a 
horse made without advancing: v.i. 
to execute a capriole. Also called 
caracole. 

capsicin or capsicine (kap 'si-sin), n. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CAPSICUM 



150 



CARAVAN 



an alkaloid extracted from several 
species of Capsicum. 

Capsicum (kap'si-kum), n. a genus 
of South American plants, the pods 
of several species of which are used 
as a condiment (chillies), and, when 
dried and ground, form cayenne pep- 
per. [Latin.] 

capsize (kap-siz'), v.i. to be over- 
turned; upset: v.t. to turn over or 
upset: n. an upset or overturn. 

capstan (kap'stan), n. an upright 
drum or cylinder revolving upon a 
spindle, and worked by bars or 
levers. 

capsular (kap'su-lar) , adj. pertaining 
to, or the nature of, a capsule. 

capsulated (kap'su-lat-ed), # adj. fur- 
nished with, or enclosed in, a cap- 
sule. 

capsule (kap'sul), n. a metallic seal 
or cover for a bottle; a small en- 
velope of gelatine inclosing a nau- 
seous drug; a seed-vessel or pod 
which at maturity opens by valves; 
a small shallow vessel; a membra- 
nous sac inclosing some part or organ. 

captain (kap'tin), n. one who has 
command of, or authority over, 
others; a chief; a commander; in 
the army, the commander of a com- 
pany; in the navy, an officer com- 
manding a ship of war; popularly 
but incorrectly the master of a 
merchant vessel; the head of a 
team or side; the chief boy in a 
school; the head bell-boy in a hotel. 

captaincy (kap 'tin-si), n. the rank, 
post, or commission of a captain. 

caption (kap 'shun), n. a certificate of 
arrest. 

captious (kap'shus), adj. ready to 
catch at faults or take offense; quib- 
bling; sophistical; fitted to harass or 
perplex; carping. 

captivate (kap 'ti- vat) , v.t. to enslave 
or hold captive by beauty or excel- 
lence; charm or lure; fascinate. 

captivation (kap-ti-va'shun) , n. the 
act of charming; the state of being 
charmed. 

captive (kap'tiv) , adj. made prisoner; 
held in bondage; fascinated; of or 
pertaining to bondage: n. one who 
is taken prisoner, especially one so 
taken in war; one held in bondage 
or fascinated. 



captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti) , n. the state oi 
being held in bondage or confine- 
ment; servitude; imprisonment. 

captor (kap'ter), n. one who captures 
or takes any person or thing by force 
or stratagem. 

capture (kap'tur), n. the act of seiz- 
ing or taking, as a prisoner or a 
prize; arrest; the thing taken: v.t. 
to take or seize by force, surprise 
or stratagem; make a prisoner or 
prize of. 

Capuchin (kap'u-shen or kap-oo- 
chen'), and Capucin (cap-u-san'), n. 
a Franciscan monk of the mendicant 
order : so named from the long point- 
ed cowl or capouch worn by the mem- 
bers; a woman's cloak and hood. 

caput (kap'ut), n. [pi. capita (kap'i- 
ta)], the head. [Latin.] 

car (kar), n. a wheeled vehicle, espe- 
cially one having only two wheels; 
a coach running upon rails; the 
basket suspended beneath a balloon 
to contain the aeronaut ; a chariot of 
war or state. 

carack or carrack (kar'ak), n. a large 
round-built vessel formerly used by 
the Portuguese and Spaniards in the 
East Indian and American trade. 

caracole (kar'a-kol), n. a half turn 
which a horseman makes, either to 
the right or left, without advancing; 
a spiral staircase: v.i. to move in a 
caracole; wheel. See capriole. 

caramel (kar'a-mel), n. burnt sugar, 
used for coloring spirits, gravies, 
soups, &c; a kind of sweetmeat, 
usually made of chocolate. 

carapace (kar'a-pas), n. the upper 
shell of the tortoise, turtle, &c. ; the 
upper covering of the Crustacea. 

carat (kar'at), n. the weight of 3.17 
grains, used for weighing precious 
stones and pearls; a twenty-fourth 
part, a term used to express the 
fineness of gold used in jewelry; 
thus, gold 22 carats fine contains 22 
parts of pure gold and 2 of alloy 
(copper or silver). Also spelled 
karat. [French and Arabic] 

caravan (kar'a-van or kar-a-van'), n. 
a company of travelers, merchants, 
or pilgrims, associated together for 
mutual security, especially when 
traveling through deserts or regions 
infested by robbers; a large covered 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CARAVANEER 



10I 



CARBUNCULAR 



wagon or cai-riage for the conveyance 
of traveling exhibitions or passengers ; 
a van. [Persian.] 

caravaneer (kar-a-van-er') , n. one 
who leads the camels, &c, of a 
. caravan. 

caravansary (kar-a-van'sa-ri) , n. [pi. 
caravansaries (kar-a-van'sa-riz)], in 
the East, a kind of inn consisting of 
a large unfurnished building sur- 
rounding a spacious court, where 
caravans rest at night. Also cara- 
vanserai. [Persian.] 

caravel (kar'a-vel) or carvel (kar'vel), 
n. a name given to several kinds of 
ships, as a small sixteenth century 
vessel, used by the Spaniards and 
Portuguese, with broad bows, nar- 
row high poop, four masts, and 
lateen sails. [Spanish.] _ 

caraway (kar'a-wa), n. a biennial plant 
with aromatic and pungent seeds, 
used medicinally and as a condiment. 

carbazotic (kar-ba-zot'ik), adj. per- 
taining to or composed of carbon 
and nitrogen. 

carbazotic acid (as'id), n. an acid 
obtained by the action of nitric acid 
on indigo and other vegetable and 
animal substances: used in dyeing. 

carbide (kar'bid), n. a compound of 
carbon with a metal : formerly called 
a carburet. 

carbide of calcium. See calcium 
carbide. 

carbine (kar'bm), n. a short rifle 
adapted to the use of cavalry. Also 
carabine (obsolete). [French.] 

carbineer (kar-bi-ner'), n. a soldier 
armed with a carbine. Also cara- 
bineer (obsolete). 

carbohydrate (kar-bo-hl'drat), n. one 
of a group of organic compounds of 
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

carbohydrous (kar-bo-hi'drus), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, a 
carbohydrate. 

carbolated (kar 'bo-la-ted), adj. im- 
pregnated or treated with carbolic 
acid. 

carbolic (kar-bol'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or derived from, carbon or coal- 
tar. 

carbolic acid (as'id), n. an acid 
obtained from coal-tar by distilla- 
tion: largely used as an antiseptic 
in surgery, and as a disinfectant. 



carboiize (kar'bol-iz) , v.L to treat or 
impregnate with carbolic acid. 

carbon (kar'bon), n. an elementary 
substance present in all organic com- 
pounds, and occurring in nature in 
two distinct forms, as the diamond 
and graphite. The action of heat on 
vegetable and animal tissues pro- 
duces carbon in the form of charcoal, 
lampblack, coke, &c. [Latin.] 

carbon- dioxide (kar'bon-di-oks'id), n. 
carbonic acid gas. 

carbon-light (kar'bon-lit), n. a bril- 
liant light produced by passing an 
electric current through carbon- 
points. 

carbon-point (kar'bon-point) , n. the 
rod of an arc-lamp, moved forward 
by clockwork to maintain its posi- 
tion to another opposing rod as it is 
burned away. 

carbonaceous (kar-bo : na'shus) , adj . 
pertaining to, consisting of, or con^ 
taming carbon. 

carbonate (kar'bon-at) , n. a com 
pound of carbonic acid with a base. 

carbonated (kar'bon-a-ted) , adj. com- 
bined, or impregnated, with carbonic 
acid. 

carbonic (kar-bon'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or obtained from, carbon. 

carbonic acid (as'id), n. (carbon- 
dioxide), a gaseous colorless com- 
pound of carbon and oxygen in the 
proportion of 12 parts of carbon to 
32 of oxygen. It is a heavy irre- 
spirable gas, and acts as a narcotic 
poison. 

carboniferous (kar-bo-nif 'er-us) , adj. 
containing or yielding carbon or 
coal. 

carbonization (kar-bo-ni-za'shun) , n. 
the process of carbonizing organic 
substances. 

carbonize (kar'bo-nlz) , v.t. to convert 
into carbon by combustion, by the 
action of fire, or an acid. 

carboy (kar'boi), n. sl large globular 
bottle of glass, protected by a basket- 
work, # used to contain or convey 
corrosive acids. 

carbuncle (kar'bung-kl) , n. a gem of 
a deep red color; an inflammatory 
tumor, boil, or ulcer. 

carbuncular (kar-bung'ku-ler) , adj . 
pertaining to, or resembling, a car= 
buncle; red; inflamed. 



ate, arm. at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, then 



CARBURET 



152 



CARELESSNESS 



carburet, an old form of carbide. 

carbureted (kar'bu-ret-ed), p. adj. 
combined with carbon in the manner 
of a carbide. 

carburetter (kar'bu-ret-er), n. a de- 
vice which supplies vaporized oil 
mixed with air to cylinder of a gaso- 
line engine. 

carcase or carcass (kar'kas), n. [pi. 
carcases (kar'kas-ez)], the dead body 
of an animal; a corpse; the decaying 
remains of a bulky thing; the frame- 
work or skeleton of a building, ship, 
&c; a perforated shell filled with 
combustibles, used to set fire to 
buildings, ships, &c. 

carcel-lamp (kar'sel-lamp) , n. sl lamp, 
the oil in which is raised mechani- 
cally: used in lighthouses, and as a 
table-lamp. 

earcinology (kar-si-nol'o-ji) , n. that 
department of zoology which treats 
of the Crustacea, as crabs, shrimps, 
&c. 

card (kard), n. a printed piece of 
pasteboard used for various social 
or business purposes; such a piece 
printed bearing certain devices or 
figures, used for playing games; a 
short business advertisement in a 
newspaper; the dial of a mariner's 
compass; an instrument for combing 
the fibers of wool, flax, or cotton, 
preparatory to spinning. 

card-sharper (kard'shar-per), n. one 
who cheats at cards, and fleeces those 
he traps into playing with him. 

Cardamine (kar'da-min) , n. a genus 
of herbs, which includes the cuckoo- 
flower, &c. 

cardamom (kar 'da-mum) , n. the cap- 
sule of several species of plants of 
the ginger family with its aromatic 
seeds, used medicinally and as a 
condiment. 

cardia (kar'di-a), n. the heart; the 
upper or cardiac end of the stomach 
where the oesophagus or gullet enters 
it. 

cardiac (kar'di-ak), adj. pertaining 
to the heart; stimulating the heart's 
action: n. a medicine which excites 
action in the heart through the me- 
dium of the stomach, and stimu- 
lates the spirits: a cordial. 

cardial gi a (kar-di-al'ji-a), n. heart- 
burn. See heart-burn. 



cardigan (kar'di-gan) , n. a knitted 
woolen jacket or waistcoat. [From 
Lord Cardigan.] 

cardinal (kar'di-nal) , adj. chief; pre- 
eminent; fundamental. [Latin.] 

cardinal (kar'di-nal), n. an ecclesi- 
astical prince ranking in dignity 
next to the Pope; a woman's short 
cloak with a hood. 

cardinal numbers (num'berz), n.pl. 
the numbers one, two, three, &c, in 
distinction from first, second, third, 
&c, which are called ordinal num.- 
hers. 

cardinal points (pointz), n.pl. N., S. f 
E., W. 

cardinal signs (slnz), n.pl. Aries, 
Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. 

cardinal virtues (ver'tiiz), n.pl. jus- 
tice, prudence, temperance, and 
fortitude. 

cardinal- winds (kar'di-nal-windz), n. 
pi. winds which blow due N., S., E., 
and W. 

carditis (kar-dl'tis) , n. inflammation of 
of the muscular tissue of the heart. 

cardol (kar'dol), n. an oily liquid ex- 
tracted from the pericarp of the 
cashew-nut, and used for blistering. 

care (kar), n. concern; solicitude; 
anxiety ; a burdensome responsibility ; 
caution; charge or oversight; atten- 
tion, watchfulness; an object of 
watchful attention and regard: v.i. 
to be anxious or solicitous; be con- 
cerned, troubled, or interested. 

careen (ka-ren'), v.t. to bring (a ship) 
on one side for the purpose of calk- 
ing, cleansing, or repairing: v.i. to 
incline on one side, as a ship under 
press of sail. 

career (ka-reV) , n. a run at full speed ; 
general course of action; an occupa- 
tion or calling: v.i. to move or ride ■ 
rapidly. [French.] 

careful (kar'fool), adj. full of care; 
anxious; attentive; watchful; cau- 
tious; provident; thoughtful. 

carefully (kar'f oo-li) , adv. in a careful 
manner. ; 

careless (kar'les), adj. lacking care or 
interest; indifferent; irresponsible; 
void of anxiety; light-hearted. 

carelessly (kar'les-li) , adj. in a careless, 
indifferent fashion. 

carelessness (kar'les-nes) , n. the state 
of being careless. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



CARESS 



153 



CARP 



caress (ka-res'),.^. any act or expres- 
sion of affection; an embrace : m v.t, 
to treat with tokens of affection; 
bestow caresses upon. 

caret (ka'ret or kar'et)^ n. a mark 
( A ) used in writing, or in correcting 
proofs, to indicate the place where 
something is omitted or is to be 
added. [Latin, '* it is lacking. "] 

cargo (kar'go), n. [pi. cargoes (kar'- 
goz)], the lading or freight of a 
ship. 

Carib (kar'ib) or Caribbee (kar'i-be), 
n. a native of the Caribbee Islands, 
or one of a tribe inhabiting certain 
regions of Central America and the 
north of South America. 

caribou or cariboo (kar'i-boo), n. the 
North American reindeer. 

caricature (kar'i-ka-tur) , n. a pic- 
torial or descriptive representation 
of a person or thing, in which the 
defects or peculiarities are exag- 
gerated so as to produce a ludicrous 
effect; parody: v.t. to represent in 
a ridiculous or exaggerated style; 
parody; burlesque. [Italian.] 

caricaturist (kar'i-ka-tur-ist), # 7i. one 
who represents others in caricature. 

caries (ka/ri-ez), n. decay of bones, 
teeth, or vegetable tissue. [Latin.l 

carillon (kar'i-lon), n. a chime of bells 
diatonically tuned and played by 
hand or machinery; a simple air 
adapted for playing on a set of 
bells. [French. 1 

cariole (kar'i-ol), n. a small open car- 
riage; a light covered cart. 

cariosity (ka-ri-os'i-ti), n. the state of 
being carious. 

carious (ka'ri-us), adj. affected with 
caries. 

cark (kark), v.i. to be anxious or con- 
cerned: v.t. to vex; load with care or 
grief. 

carl or carle (karl), n. sl strong, sturdy 
fellow; a rustic; a churl. 

carline (kar'lin), n. a ship's timber 
running fore and aft from one 
transverse deck-beam to another, 
serving as a foundation for the planks 
of the deck. 

carlock (kar'lok), n. a kind of isinglass 
made of the sturgeon's bladder, and 
used in clarifying wine. 

carminative (kar-min'a-tiv) , n. a 
medicine, which expels wind and 



relieves colic and flatulence: adj> 
expelling wind. [Latin.] 

carmine (kar'mln or kar'min), n. the 
essential coloring principle of coch- 
ineal; a rich crimson pigment. 

carnage (kar'naj), n. slaughter; great 
destruction of life by violence; mas- 
sacre. JFrench.] 

carnal (kar'nal) , adj. pertaining to the 
body, its passions and its appetites; 
animal; fleshly; sensual; impure; 
not spiritual, but essentially human; 
secular. [Latin.] 

carnalism (kar'nal-izm) or carnality 
(kar-nal'i-ti) , n. the state of being 
carnal; sensuality. 

carnalist (kar'nal : ist) , n. a sensualist. 

carnally (kar'na-li), adv. in an animal 
or fleshly manner. 

carnation (kar-na/shun) , n. a light 
rose-pink; flesh color; the parts of a 
picture in which flesh is represented; 
a flower, usually pink, but also white, 
crimson, and green. [French.] 

carney (kar'ni), n. a disease of horses, 
in which the furred condition of the 
mouth prevents eating. 

carnification (kar-ni-fi-ka/shun), n. 
tissue so altered as to resemble 
flesh. 

carnival (kar'ni-val) , n. the season of 
rejoicing before Lent: observed in 
Roman Catholic countries, and in 
some of the United States; feasting 
or revelry. [Italian.] 

carnivorous (kar-niv'o-rus) , adj. eat- 
ing or feeding on flesh. 

carob (kar'ob), n. an evergreen tree 
which yields a nutritious pod known 
as St. John's bread. 

carol (kar'ul), n. a song of joy or 
praise, especially one in honor of the 
Nativity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
-ing], to sing in joy: v.t. to praise or 
celebrate in song. [Old French.] 

carotid (ka-rot'id), n. one of the two 
principal arteries, one on either side 
of the neck, which convey the blood 
from _ the aorta to the head : adj. 
pertaining to the two great arteries 
of the neck. 

carouse (ka-rouz'), n. a, feast or fes- 
tival ; a noisy drinking bout or revel. 
Also carousal: v.i. to drink heartily 
and with jollity ; revel. [Old French.] 

carp (karp), v.i. to cavil or find fault. 

carp (karp), n. a fresh- water fish. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, bok ; 

hue, hut ; think, £/*en. 



CARPAL 



154 



CARTRIDGE 



carpal (kar'pal) , adj. pertaining to the 
carpus or wrist. 

carpel (kar'pel), n. a simple pistil, or 
one of the parts of a compound pistil 
or ovary of a flower. 

carpenter (kar'pen-ter) , n. an artificer 
who works in timber and prepares 
the woodwork of houses, ships, &c: 
v.i. to perform carpenter's work. 

carpentry (kar'pen-tri) , n.ihe art of 
cutting, framing, and joining timber; 
work done by a carpenter. 

carpet (kar'pet), n. a thick woven or 
felted fabric, with a pattern, used 
for covering floors or stairs; a soft 
covering, resembling carpet: v.t. to 
cover with a carpet; bring under 
consideration ; reprimand. 

carpet-bag (kar'pet-bag) , n. traveling 
bag (obsolete). 

carpet-bagger (kar'pet-bag-er) , n. a 
political adventurer. 

carpet-knight (kar'pet-nlt) , n. one 
upon whom the honor of knighthood 
or other distinction has been con- 
ferred for other than active serv- 
ice. 

carpeting (kar'pet-ing) , n. cloth for 
carpets; carpets in general. 

carriage (kar'ij), n. the act of carrying 
or transporting; cost of conveyance; 
behavior; deportment; a wheeled 
vehicle; the wheeled stand or support 
of a gun; the frame- work of a wooden 
staircase. [French.] 

carrier (kar'i-er), n. one who, or that 
which, carries or conveys ; one whose 
business is to carry goods for hire; a 
portion of various machines; a frame 
for holding photographic plates or 
magic-lantern slides. 

carrier-pigeon (kar'i-er-pij'un), n. a 
variety of pigeon trained to convey 
letters, &c. 

carrion (kar'i-on), n. dead or putrefy- 
ing flesh ; filth ; garbage : adj. pertain- 
ing to, or feeding on, carrion. 

carrion-crow (kar'i-on-kro) , n. the 
^ common crow of Europe: also the 
American crow. 

carronade (kar-on-ad') , n. a short 
cannon of large bore for close range, 

. formerly used in the navy. [French.] 

car r on- oil (kar'on-oil) , n. linseed-oil 

, and lime-water: used as a liniment 
/ for burns. 

carrot (kar'ot), n. the well-known 



plant with an edible root; the root 
itself. [French.] 

carry (kar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. carried, 
p.pr. carrying], to convey from one 
point to another; bear; have on one's 
person ; convey by force ; lead ; trans- 
fer; accomplish; gain possession of; 
extend or continue in time or space 
[with up or back]; exhibit; imply; 
have in charge or conduct; to take 
by assault: v.i. to act as a bearer; 
to reach, said of the range of a pro- 
jectile; hold the head in a particular 
manner. [French.] 

cart (kart), n. a carriage for the con- 
veyance of heavy goods; a light 
two-wheeled vehicle used by trades- 
men, &c: v.t. to carry or convey in a 
cart. 

cartage (kart'aj), n. the charge made 
for conveyance by a cart; the act of 
carting. 

carte (kart), n. a bill of fare. [French.] 

carte blanche (kart blangsh) , a blank 
paper; a signed sheet of paper given 
to another to be filled up as he 
pleases : hence, unconditional terms or 
authority. [French.] 

carte- de-visite (kart-de-vi-zef), [pi. 
cartes-de-visite], a photograph of a 
person mounted on a card of a size 
formerly used as_ a visiting card. 

cartilage (kar'ti-laj), n. an elastic ani- 
mal tissue, forming bone; gristle. 

cartilaginous (kar-ti-laj'i-nus), adj. 
pertaining to, or in the form of, 
cartilage; gristly. 

cartographer (kar-tog'ra-fer), n. one 
who prepares charts and maps. Also 
chartographer. 

cartographic (kar-to-graf'ik), adj. of 
or pertaining to cartography. 

cartography (kar-tog'ra-fi), n. the art 
or business of drawing charts or maps. 

cartoon (kax-toon'),- n. a study or 
design executed on strong paper, 
and of the size to be reproduced in 
fresco or tapestry ; a pictorial sketch 
dealing with a political or social sub- 
ject. [French.] 

cartouch (kar-toosh') , n. a cartridge 
(obsolete); an ornament in the 
form of an open scroll; on Egyp- 
tian monuments, &c, an oval figure 
containing the name or title of a 
sovereign or deity. [French.] 

cartridge (kar'trij), n. a case of card- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CARUNCLE 



155 



CASSITERITE 



board, metal, or other material, con- 
taining the charge of a firearm. 

caruncle (kar'ung'kl) , n. a small fleshy 
excrescence; the comb or wattle of a 
fowl; an appendage surroimding the 
hilum of a seed. 

carve (karv), v.t. to form a design; 
shape by cutting; cut into slices: 
v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculptor 
or carver; cut up meat. 

caryatid (kar-i-at'id), n. a figure of 
a woman in long robes, serving to 
support an entablature. [Greek.] 

cascarilla (kas-ka-riTa) , n. the bark 
of a West Indian shrub, possessing 
aromatic and bitter properties; the 
shrub itself, from which is obtained 
a white bitter crystalline substance, 
cascarillin. [Spanish.] 

case (kas), n. & covering or receptacle; 
a sheath; a box with its contents; a 
frame or casing; a divided tray for 
types: 225 sq. ft. of crown glass: v.t. 
to cover with, or enclose in, a case. 

case (kas), n. that which happens or 
befalls; the matters involved in a 
question under discussion or inves- 
tigation; a certain instance of 
disease; a suit or action at law; 
one of the forms or inflections in 
the declension of a noun, pronoun, 
or adjective, which indicates its re- 
lation to other words. [Old French.] 

case-harden (kas-har'dn) , v.t. to 
harden the surface of (as iron) by 
conversion into steel. 

caseic (ka'se-ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
derived from, cheese. 

casein (ka'se-in), n. the curd-matter 
of milk, forming the main part of 
cheese. [Latin caseus, "cheese."] 

casemate (kas'mat), n. a shell-proof 
vault or battery, having embrasures 
for cannon; a hollow molding. 

casement (kas'ment), n. a hinged 
window-frame made to open out- 
ward; a compartment between the 
mullions of a window. 

caseous (ka/se-us), adj. cheesy. 

cash (kash), n.^ money; ready money: 
v.t. to turn into, or exchange for, 
money. [Chinese.] 

cash-book (kash'book), n. sl book in 
which a register is kept of money 
received or paid out. 

cashew (ka-shoo'), n.a tree native of 
tropical America which produces the 



cashew-nut, a kidney-shaped fruit 
containing an_edible kernel, 

cashier (kash-er'), n. one who has 
charge of the money, and superin- 
tends the payments and receipts of a 
bank or trading establishment : v.t. 
to dismiss from service; discharge. 

cashmere (kash'mer), n. a soft woolen 
fabric _ for shawls, &c, originally 
made in Cashmere, from the downy 
hair of the wild goat of Tibet and 
the Himalayas; a soft woolen dress 
fabric made in imitation of real cash- 
mere: adj. made of cashmere. 

cash-register (kash-re'jis-ter), n. a 
cash-box which registers the amounts 
deposited in it. 

casing (kas'ing), n. the act of cov- 
ering with or placing in a case; a 
covering. 

casino (ka-se'no), n. [pi. English 
casinos (ka-se'noz), Italian casini 
(ka-se'ne)], a small country house; 
a public room or building used for so- 
cial meetings, dancing, gaming, &c. 

cask (kask), n. a vessel composed of 
wooden staves, bound by iron hoops, 
for holding liquors; the quantity 
contained in a cask. 

casket (kas'ket), n. a small chest or 
box for jewels, &c; a costly coffin: 
v.t. to place or preserve in a casket. 

casque (kask), n. a helmet. [French.] 

cassation (kas-a/shun) , n. abrogation. 

cassava (kas'a-va), n. a plant of 
tropical America and Africa, culti- 
vated for its tuberous roots, which 
yield a nutritious starch, from 
which cassava-bread and tapioca 
are made. [French.] 

cassia (kash'ia), n. a genus of legu- 
minous plants, the leaves of several 
species of which constitute the drug 
senna. 

cassia-oil (kash'ia-oil) , n. oil extracted 
from cassia-bark and cassia-buds. 
Called also oil of cinnamon. 

cassimere (kas'i-mer) , n. a thin twilled 
woolen cloth, used for men's gar- 
ments. Also casimire and kersey- 
mere. 

cassinette (kas-i-nef) , n. a cloth with 
a cotton warp and a woof of very 
fine wool, or wool and silk. Also 
kerseynette. [French.] 

cassiterite (ka-sit'er-It) , n. native tin 
dioxide; the principal ore of tin. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CASSOCK 



156 



CAT 



cassock (kas'uk), n. a long, close- 
fitting vestment worn by clergymen, 
choristers, &c. [French.] 

cassowary (kas'o-wa-ri) , n. [pi. casso- 
waries (kas'o-wa-riz)]> a large bird 
resembling the ostrich, inhabiting 
Australia and the Papuan Islands. 

cast (kast), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cast, p.pr. 
casting], to throw; hurl; shed; direct 
or turn; throw down; calculate; de- 
feat at law; condemn; form into a 
certain shape; assign to various 
actors: v.i. to throw the line in 
angling; ponder; to warp or twist; 
receive form or shape in a mold : 
n. the act of casting; the distance 
to which a thing may be thrown; 
motion or turn (of the eye); direc- 
tion, glance; the form or shape; 
manner; appearance; a tinge. 

cast-iron or -steel (kast-Irn or -stel), 
n. iron or steel melted and run into 
molds. 

castanets (kas'ta-nets), n.pl. small 
spoon-shaped shells of hard wood or 
ivory, fastened loosely at the top, a 
pair of which is fastened to each 
thumb and shaken with the fingers 
to beat time. 

castaway (kast'a-wa), n. one who is 
cast away or lost; a person or vessel 
wrecked on an unfrequented coast; 
an outcast: adj. shipwrecked. 

caste (kast), one of the artificial or 
hereditary divisions into which Hin- 
dus are restricted by Brahminic 
religious law; the company of actors 
to whom the parts of a play are 
assigned. 

castellated (kas'te-la-ted) , adj. fur- 
nished with turrets and battlements, 
* as a castle. 

caster (kas'ter), n. one who, or that 
which casts; a computer; a cruet or 
small vessel for holding condiments 
at table; a small swiveled wheel. 
Also castor. 

castigate (kas'ti-gat) , v.t. to correct; 
chastise; punish; subject to severe 
criticism. 

eastigation (kas-ti-ga'shun) , n. the 
act of castigating. 

castigator (kas'ti-ga-ter) , n. one who 
castigates. 

castigatory (kas'ti-ga-to-ri) , adj. puni- 
tive. 

Castile- soap (kas-tel'sop) , a superior 



kind of refined soap, originally made 
at Castile in Spain. 

Castilian (kas-til'ian) , adj. of, or per- 
taining to, Castile; also by extension, 
used of any Spaniard. 

casting (kast'ing), n. the action of the 
verb to cast; the act or process of 
founding or molding; the process of 
taking impressions of statues, medals, 
&c; a worm-case. 

casting-vote (kast'ing-vqt) , n. the 
deciding vote of a presiding officer 
when the votes are equal. 

castle (kas'l or kas'l), n. a fortified 
residence; a fortress; a strong and 
imposing mansion of a noble or 
wealthy person; one of the pieces at 
chess, called also rook: v.i. to move 
the king two squares to the right or 
left, and bring the castle to the 
square the king has passed over. 

castrate (kas'trat), v.t. emasculate; 
geld; expurgate; deprive a flower of 
its anthers : adj. emasculated ; gelded : 
n. one who has been emasculated; a 
eunuch. [Latin.] 

castration (kas-tra'shun), n. the act 
of castrating. 

casual (kazh'u-al), adj. happening by 
chance; accidental; occasional; for- 
tuitous: n. one w T ho receives relief 
for a night in a parish to which he 
does not belong. [English use.] 

casualty (kazh'u-al-ti) , n. [pi. casu- 
alties (kazh'ti-al-tiz)], an accident, 
especially if resulting in bodily injury 
or death. 

casuist (kazh'u-ist), n. one skilled in 
casuistry ; one who studies or resolves 
cases of conscience. [French.] 

casuistic (kazh-u-is'tik) or casuisti- 
cal (kazh-u-is'ti-kal) , adj. of or per- 
taining to casuistry. 

casuistry (kazh'u-ist-ri) , n. [pi. casu- 
istries (kazh'u-ist-riz)]., the science or 
doctrine which deals with cases of 
conscience as determined by theolog- 
ical dogmas or ethical rules; sophis- 
tical or equivocal reasoning. 

cat (kat), n. a carnivorous animal of 
the family Felid2e, especially the 
domesticated quadruped, Felts do- 
mestica; a cat-o'-nine-tails ; the game 
of tip-cat; a strong tackle; to raise 
an anchor to the cat-head; a double 
tripod which always lands on its 
eet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. catted, p.pr. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CAT-BLOCK 



157 



CATAWBA 



catting], to draw up (an anchor) 
to the cat head. 

rat-block (kat'blok), n. & two- or 
three-fold block used to cat the 
anchor. 

cat-boat (kat'bot), n. a small boat 
with one sail on a mast near the bows. 

cat- fear ('fer), n. selurophobia ; a 
nervous and morbid dread of cats 
such as Napoleon had ; an instinctive 
horror which comes upon the sufferer 
even when he is not otherwise aware 
of the cat's presence. 

cat-harpings (kat-har'pings) , n.pl. 
short ropes or iron clamps used for 
tightening the shrouds. 

cat- o' -nine- tails (kat-o-nin'talz) , n. 
a whip with nine lashes of knotted 
cord, formerly used as a punishment 
in the English army and navy. 

cat's-eye (katz'I), n. a hard semi- 
transparent variety of quartz. 

cat's-paw (katz'paw), n. a dupe, from 
the fable of the monkey who used 
the cat's paw to get the roasted 
chestnuts from the fire; a light air 
that slightly ripples the surface of 
the water. 

catabolism (ka-tab'o-lizm), n. a down- 
ward series of changes by which 
complex bodies are broken down into 
simpler forms. Also katabolism. 

cataclysm (kat'a-klizm), n. a deluge; 
flood; a violent or sudden physical 
change of the earth's surface. 

catacomb (kat'a-kom), n. a subter- 
raneous burial place with niches 
hollowed out for the dead. [Greek.] 

catacoustics (kat-a-kous'tiks) , n. that 
part of the science of acoustics which 
treats of reflected sounds. [Greek.] 

catadioptric (kat-a-dl-op'trik) , adj. 
refracting and reflecting light. 

catafalque (kat'a-f alk) , n. a tempo- 
rary structure erected usually in a 
church, to support the coffin of a 
distinguished person on the occasion 
of a ceremonious funeral. [Italian.] 

Catalan (kat-a-lan') , adj. of, or per- 
taining to, Catalonia, a former prov- 
ince of Spain, or to its inhabitants or 
language. 

catalepsy (kat/a-lep-si), n. a sudden 
suspense of m voluntary sensation. 
Also catalepsis. [Greek.] 

cataleptic (kat-a-lep'tik), adj. of, or 
pertaining to, catalepsy. 



catalogue (kat'a-log), n. an arranged 
list; v.t. to enter in or make, a cata- 
logue of. [Greek.] 
catalysis (ka-tal'i-sis) , n. [pi. catalyses 
(ka-tal'i-sez)], a decomposition and 
new combination supposed to be 
effected by one substance acting 
upon a compound body, itself re- 
maining unchanged. [Greek.] 

catamaran (kat-a-ma-ran') , n. a raft 
or float propelled by paddles, con- 
sisting usually of three or more logs 
lashed together, the third or middle 
one being longer than the rest; any 
vessel with twin hulls; a flat-bot- 
tomed boat; a vixen. [Tamil.] 

catamount (kat'a-mount), n. the wild 
cat; the puma, cougar, or mountain 
Hon. 

catapbonics (kat-a-fon'iks) , n. that 
branch of acoustics which treats of 
the theory of reflected sounds; cata- 
coustics. [Greek.] 

cataphoric (kat-a-f or'ik) , adj. pos- 
sessing the power of producing mo- 
tion through a diaphragm; said of a 
liquid, or electric current. 

cataplasm (kat'a-plazm), n. a poultice 
or Mister. 

cataplexy (kat'a-plek-si), n. a sudden 
shock to the nerves causing paralysis. 

catapult (kat'a-pult), n. an ancient 
military engine for hurling darts and 
stones; a forked stick with an elastic 
band by which small missiles are 
propelled. 

cataract (kat'a-rakt) , n. a large 
waterfall; a furious rush or down- 
pour of water; a disease of the 
eye in which the crystalline lens 
becomes opaque, and the vision be- 
comes impaired or is lost. [Greek.] 

catarrh (ka-tar'), n. an inflammatory 
affection of any mucous membrane 
accompanied by increase of the 
mucus, especially from the nose; a 
violent cold in the head. [Greek.] 

catarrhal (ka-tar'al), adj. pertaining 
to, or produced by, catarrh. 

catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-f e) , n. a great 
calamity or disaster; an event sub- 
versive of the order of things; the 
unfolding and winding up of a plot; 
a cataclysm. [Greek.] 

catawba (ka-taw'ba) , n. a lightered 
variety of American grape; a light 
wine made from it. [Indian.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

Me, hut ; think, then. 



CATCALL 



158 



CATHOLICISM 



catcall (kat'kawl), n. a squeaking 
instrument used in theaters to ex- 
press disapproval: v.i. to express 
disapproval by a catcall. 

catch (kach), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. caught 
(kawt), p.pr. catching], to seize or 
grasp; lay hold of suddenly; inter- 
cept ; take captive ; apprehend by the 
intellect or senses; take, by conta- 
gion, infection, or sympathy; at- 
tack, or communicate to, as a fire; 
come upon unexpectedly; come up 
to; reach in time: n. the act of seiz- 
ing or grasping ; that which is caught 
or taken; gain; something desirable 
to be caught; anything that seizes 
or checks motion; a song, the parts 
of which are caught up by different 
voices. 



categorical (kat-e-gor'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to a category; absolute; un- 
conditional. 

categorically (kat-e-gor'i-ka-li), adv. 
in a categorical manner ; absolutely. 

category (kat_ 'e-go-ri) , n. [pi. catego- 
ries (kat'e-go-riz)], one of the highest 
classes to which the objects of knowl- 
edge or thought can be reduced, and 
by which they may be arranged into 
a system. [Greek.] 

cater (ka/ter), ~ v.i. to supply food, 
amusement, &c. [with for and to]. 

caterpillar (kat'er-pil-er) , n. the hairy 
worm-like larva of a butterfly or 
lepidopterous insect. 

caterwaul (kat'er-w T awl) , v.i. to cry, 
as cats at night; -to utter harsh dis- 
cordant sounds. 



catchpenny (kach'pen-i) , n. [pi. catch- catfish (kat'fish), n. a fish remarkable 



pennies (kach'pen-iz)], an article of 
little value got up attractively to 
effect a quick sale. 

catchup (kach'up), n. a sauce made 
from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, 
&c. Also catsup, ketchup. 

catechetical (kat-e-ket'ik-al) , adj. 
consisting of questions and answers. 

catechetically (kat-e-ket'i-ka-li), adv. 
by way of question and answer. 

catechetics (kat-e-ket'iks) , n. the art 
or practice of instructing by means 
of question and answer. [Greek.] 

catechin (kat'e-kin), n. a tannic acid 
extracted from catechu. 

catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. an ele- 
mentary manual of instruction in 
the form of question and answer, 
especially in the principles of the 
Christian religion. [Greek.] 

catechist (kat'e-kist) , n. one who 
instructs by question and answer; a 
catechizer. 

catechize (kat'e-kiz), v.t. to instruct 
by means of questions and answers, 
and offering explanations, especially 
to instruct on points of Christian 
dogma; interrogate or examine. 

catechu (kat'e-ku), n. a brown astrin- 
gent extract used in the arts and as a 
medicine. Called also terra japonica 
and cutch. [Malay.] 

catechumen (kat-e-ku'men) , n. one 
who is under religious instruction 
prior to receiving baptism; a be- 
ginner in the first principles of 
knowledge. [Greek.] 



for its voracity; bullhead; pout. 

catgut (kat'gut), n. a kind of cord 
made from the intestines of animals, 
usually sheep, and used as strings 
for musical instruments and some 
other purposes ; a string of this kind ; 
a kind of open canvas. 

cathartic (ka-thar'tik) , adj. purga- 
tive: n. a purgative medicine. 

cat-head (kat'hed), n. a beam pro- 
jecting from a ship's bows to which 
the anchor is secured. 

cathedral (ka-the'dral) , n. the chief 
church in a diocese in which is the 
throne of a bishop: adj. pertaining 
to a cathedral. [Grseco-Latin.] 

catheter (kath'e-ter) , a tubular in- 
strument to withdraw urine from 
the bladder. [Greek.] 

cathion (kath'i-on), n. the electro- 
positive ion evolved at the cathode 
in electrolysis. [Greek.] 

cathode (kath'od), n. the negative 
pole of a current: opposed to anode. 
Written also kathode. [Greek.] 

catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. universal; 
general; embracing all; liberal; large- 
hearted; free from prejudice; includ- 
ing all mankind. [Greek.] 

Catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. pertaining 
to the Church of Rome: n. a member 
of the Universal or Catholic Church, 
or of the Roman Church. 

Catholicism (ka-thori-sizm) , n. the 
belief of, or adherence to, the Cath- 
olic Church or faith, especially to 
that of the Roman Catholic Church. 



fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon. 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



book ; 



CATHOLICITY 



159 



CAUTERIZE 



catholicity (kath-ol-is'i-ti), n. the 

quality of being catholic; liberal. 

Catholicize (ka-thol'i-slz), v.t. to 
convert to the Roman Catholic 

. Church. 

catkin (kat'kin), n. the pendulous 
inflorescence of the willow, birch, &c. 

catling (kat'ling), n. a little cat; 
kitten ; the down or moss resembling 
cat's hair which grows on certain 
trees. 

catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kat'nip), 
n. a strong-scented perennial herb, 
much liked by cats, upon whom it 
has a stimulating, aphrodisiac effect. 

catopsis (ka-top'sis), n. morbidly keen 
vision. 

catoptric (ka-top'trik) , adj. relating 
to catoptrics. 

catoptric light (lit), n. form of light, 
used in lighthouses, in which reflec- 
tors are used in the place of prisms 
and lenses. 

catoptrically (ka-top'tri-ka-li), adv. 
by reflection. 

catoptrics (ka-top'triks), n. that 
branch of optics which treats of the 
principles of reflected light. 

cattle (kat'l), n. sing. & pi. live stock, 
especially oxen, bulls and cows. 

cattle-plague (kat'1-plag) , n. a popu- 
lar name for the rinderpest. 

Caucasian (kaw-ka/shi-an or > kaw- 
kash'i-an), adj. of or pertaining to 
the Caucasus, a mountainous range 
between the Black and the Caspian 
Seas; of or pertaining to the Euro- 
pean Aryans. 

caucus (kaw'kus), n. a preliminary 
meeting of representatives of a polit- 
ical party, to decide upon a line 
of policy to be submitted to a con- 
vention or larger meeting; a party 
combination for influencing elec- 
tions: v.i. to hold, or meet in, a 
caucus. [Originally American.] 

caudal (kaw'dal), adj. pertaining to a 
tail. [Latin.] 

caudate (kaw'dat), adj. having a tail; 
having a tail-like appendage. 

caudle (kaw'dl), n. a warm drink 
made of wine or ale, spiced or sug- 
ared, and mixed with bread, eggs 
&c, for sick persons. 

caught (kawt), p.t. & p.p. of catch. 

caul (kawl), n. a net or covering for 
the head; a membrane covering the 



lower intestines; a part of the mem* 
brane of the fetus, sometimes in- 
closing a child's head at birth. 

cauldron. See caldron. 

cauliflower (kaw'li-flou-er), n. a gar 
den variety of cabbage of which the 
cluster of young flower stalks and 
buds is eaten as a vegetable. 

caulk. See calk. 

causal (kaw'zal), adj. relating to or 
expressing cause; creative: n. a word 
that expresses a cause, or introduces 
a reason. 

causality (kaw'zal 'i-ti), n. [pi. causali- 
ties (kaw-zal'i-tiz)], the relation of 
cause to effect; the supposed faculty 
of tracing effects to causes. 

causally (kaw'za-li), adv. as a cause. 

causation (kaw-za/shun), n. the act 
of causing or producing; relation 
between cause and effect. 

causative (kaw'za-tiv), adj. that 
causes; effective as a cause; express- 
ing causation. 

cause (kawz), n. that which produces 
or contributes to a result; a reason; 
motive; principle; subject in debate* 
a side or party; a suit or action; ^ 
case for judicial decision: v.t. to act 
as an agent in producing an effect; 
produce. [Latin.] 

causeway (kawz'wa) or causey (kaw'- 
zi), n. a pathway raised and paved 
with stone; a highway. [French, 
chaussee.] 

caustic (kaws'tik), adj. burning; hot; 
corrosive; sarcastic; cutting; pun- 
gent: n. a substance which burns. 

caustic- potash (kaws'tik-pot'ash), n. 
potassium hydrate, a white substance 
acting as a powerful cautery, much 
used in medicine, the arts, and manu- 
factures. 

caustic-soda (kaws'tik-so'da) . n. so- 
dium hydrate, a white solid sub- 
stance, largely used in soap-making. 

caustically (kaws'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a 
caustic manner. 

causticity (kaws-tis'i-ti) , n. the qual- 
ity of being caustic. 

cauterant (kaw'ter-ant) , n. a cauteriz- 
ing substance. [Greek.] 

cauterization (kaw-ter-i-za/shun), n 
the act of cauterizing. 

cauterize (kaw'ter-Iz) , v.t. to burn 
or sear with a hot iron, or with 
cauterants. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

me, hut ; think, then. 



CAUTERY 



160 



CELESTE 



cautery (kaw'ter-i), n. [pi. cauteries 
(kaw ter-iz)], a burning or searing. 

caution (kaw'shun), n. heedfulness; 
prudence in regard to danger; watch- 
fulness; an admonition; something to 
occasion amazement or fear: v.t. to 
warn. [Latin.] 

cautionary (kaw'shun-a-ri) , adj. con- 
taining a caution; given as a pledge 
or security. 

cautious (kaw'shus), adj. exercising 
caution; heedful; wary; vigilant; 
circumspect. 

cautiously (kaw'shus-li), adv. in a 
cautious manner. 

cavalcade (kav-al-kad') , n. a train 
or procession of persons, chiefly on 
horseback. [French.] 

cavalier (kav-a-ler') , n. an armed 
horseman, especially a knight or 
gentleman soldier; a gallant; a beau 
or attendant upon a lady ; a partisan 
of Charles I. in his struggle with the 
Parliament: adj. gay; sprightly; 
frank ; careless ; supercilious. [French.] 

cavalierly (kav-a-ler 'li) , adv. in a 
haughty or supercilious manner. 

cavalry (kav'al-ri), n. horse soldiers. 

cavatina (kav-a-te'na) , n. a short 
simple melody. [Italian.] 

cave (kav), n. a hollow place in the 
earth; a large natural cavity; a den; 
cavern: v.t. to hollow out. 

cave-bear (kav-bar), n. a fossil bear 
belonging to the Quarternary epoch. 

cave-man (kav-man), n. a man be- 
longing to the prehistoric race who 
inhabited caves. 

caveat (ka/ve-at), n. a notice filed to 
stop procedure, except after warning 
to the caveator; notice of intention 
to apply for a patent. [Latin, "let 
him take heed."] 

cavern (kav'ern), n. a large natural 
hollow under the earth ; a den ; cave. 

cavernous (kav'er-nus), adj. hollow 
like a cavern; filled with small 
cavities. 

caviare or caviar (kav'i-ar), n. the 
roes of certain large fish, especially 
the sturgeon, salted and dried . [Rus- 
sian], 

cavil (kav'il), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. caviled, 
p.pr. caviling], to raise captious or 
frivolous objections; carp [followed 
by at]: n. a captious or frivolous 
objection. 



cavity (kav'i-ti), n. [pi. cavities (kav'- 
i-tiz)], a hollow place or part. 

cavo-rilievo (ka'vo-re-li-ya/vo), n. a 
relief in which the highest surfaee 
only is level with the plane of the 
original stone. Also cavo-relievo. 

cavort (ka-vort r ), v.i. to prance about, 
as a horse; to bustle around briskly. 

caw (kaw), v.i. to cry like a crow,' 
rook, or raven: n. the cry of the 
crow, &c. 

cayenne (ki-en' or ka-en'), n. a kind 
of pepper made from the seeds of 
various species of the genus Cap- 
sicum. [French.] 

cayuse (kl-use'), n. a small but hardy 
horse used on the Western prairies. 

cease (ses), v.i. to come to an end; 
stop; desist [followed by from be- 
fore a noun]: v.t. to put a stop to; 
end. [Latin.] 

cedar (se'dar), n. the name of sev- 
eral evergreen trees, having wood 
of great durability and fragrance: 
adj. pertaining to, or made of. 
cedar. [Greek.] 

cede (sed), v.t. give up or surrender. 

cedilla (se-dil'a), n. a mark placed 
under c to indicate the sound of s, 
as in French legon. 

ceil (sel), v.t. to overlay or cover the 
inner surface of a roof; furnish with 
a ceiling. 

ceiling (se'ling), n. the inner roof of an 
apartment. 

celandine (sel'an-din), n. the name of 
two perennial plants of the poppy 
family, the greater celandine and 
lesser celandine. 

celebrant (sere-brant), n. one who 
celebrates; especially the principal 
officiating priest in offering mass or 
celebrating the Communion. {Lat.] 

celebrate (sel'S-brat), v.t. to praise, 
extol, or honor;- commemorate; dis- 
tinguish by solemn ceremonies. 

celebration (sel-e-bra'shun) , n. the 
act of celebrating; an observance or 
ceremony to celebrate anything. 

celebrity (se-leb'ri-ti) , n. [pi. celebri- 
ties (se-leb'ri-tiz)], fame; renown: 
distinction; a renowned person. 

celerity (se-ler'i-ti) , n. rapidity; swift- 
ness. [Latin.] 

celery (sere-ri) , n. a plant cultivated for 
a salad and vegetable. 

celeste (se-lesf), n. sky-blue. 



ate, arm, at, awl : m§, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, Men. 



^ 



1 




COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 



VARIOUS FORMS OF HEAD- 




S, ANCIENT AND MODERN 



CELESTIAL 



161 



CENT 



celestial (se-les'tial), adj. of or per- 
taining to the sky or heavens; heav- 
enly; supremely excellent. [Latin.] 

Celestial (se-les'tial) , n. an inhabitant 
of heaven ; a native of China. 

Celestial Empire (em'plr), n. China, 
because its emperor is styled "The 
Son of Heaven." 

celestially (se-les'ti-a-li), adv. in a 
celestial or heavenly manner. 

celibacy (sel'i-ba-si) , n. the state of 
being unmarried ; single life, espe- 
cially that of a bachelor, or one 
bound by vows to an unmarried 
life. [Latin.] 

celibate (sel'i-bat), n. one who is 
unmarried or practices celibacy : adj. 
unmarried. 

cell (sel), n. a small room in a mon- 
astery, convent, or prison; a small 
or meanplace of residence; a small 
cavity; a minute mass of contractile 
protoplasm forming the structural 
unit of every organized body ; a sin- 
gle element or jar of a galvanic bat- 
tery; a small religious house at- 
tached to a monastery or convent; 
the interval between the ribs of a 
vaulted roof. [Latin.] 

cellar (sellar), n. a vault for storing 
provisions, wine, fuel, &c. 

cellarage (sel'er-aj), n. cellars; the 
space occupied by cellars; cellars 
collectively; charge for storage in 
cellars. 

cello (chero), n. [pi. cellos (chel'oz), 
Italian celli (chel'le)], a violoncello. 

cellular (seru-lar), adj. formed of cells. 

celluloid (sel'u-loid), n. a compound 
of camphor and gun-cotton, resem- 
bling ivory. 

cellulose (sel'ii-los) or celluline (sel'- 
ti-lin), 7i. the substance resembling 
and allied to starch which forms 
cellular plant tissue: adj. containing 
or composed of cells. 

celt (selt), n. an instrument or weapon 

. of stone or metal, resembling a chisel 
or blade of an axe, found in ancient 
tumuli. 

Celt (selt) or Kelt (kelt), n. one of a 
division of the Indo-European peo- 
ples, the chief branches of which are 
Erse (Irish), Manx, Breton, Highland 
Scotch, and Welsh. [Latin.] 

Celtic (sel'tik) or Keltic (kel'tik), adj. 
pertaining to the Celts. 



cement (se-ment' or sem'ent), n. any 
adhesive substance which makes two 
bodies cohere; mortar; a bond of 
union; the bony layer which f 
the outer substance of the fang of a 
tooth: v.t. to unite with cement; 
unite firmly or closely: v.i. become 
solid. 

cementation (sem-en-ta'shun), < 
act of cementing; a process for con- 
verting iron into steel, glass into 
porcelain, &c. 

cemetery (sem'e-ter-i) , n. [pi. ceme- 
teries (sem'e-ter-iz)], a public burial 
ground. 

cenobite (sen'o-bit), n. one of a re- 
ligious order living in a convent or 
in community. 

cenotaph (sen'o-taf), n. an empty 
tomb, or a monument erected in 
honor of a person buried elsewhere. 

censer (sen'ser), # n. a covered cup- 
shaped vessel pierced with holes, in 
which incense is burned: a thurible. 

censor (sen'ser), n. one of two mag- 
istrates of ancient Rome who im- 
posed taxes and regulated the morals 
and manners of the community; an 
official appointed to examine books, 
manuscripts, plays, &c., prior to 
publication or performance to ascer- 
tain whether there is anything im- 
moral or offensive in them; a critic; 
at Cambridge University, an aca- 
demic official similar to a dean. 

censorial (sen-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to a censor; censorious. 

censorious (sen-so'ri-us), adj. addicted 
to, or expressing, censure; carping; 
critical. 

censurable (sen'shur-a-bl), adj. blam- 
able. 

censure (sen'shur), n. blame; reproof; 
the act of finding fault; a sentence 
or penalty of an ecclesiastical court : 
v.t. to find fault with or condemn; 
criticise adversely. [Latin.] 

census (sen'sus), n. sl quinquennial 
registration of the numbers and 
property of Roman citizens for the 
purpose of taxation; in modern us- 
age, an official enumeration of the 
inhabitants of a country, with details 
of sex, age, occupation, &c., taken in 
the United States decennially. 

cent (sent), n. the l-100th part of 8 • 
dollar. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book:, 
f 1 hue, hut ; think, then. 



CENTAL 



162 



CENTRE 



cental (sen'tal), adj. pertaining to or 
consisting of a hundred: n. a weight 
for corn = 100 lb. avoirdupois. 

centare (sang-tar'), n. in the metric 
system, one hundredth part of an 
are; one square meter. 

centaur (sen'tawr), n. a fabulous be- 
ing, half man and half horse. 

centenarian (sen-te-na/ri-an) , adj. of, 
or pertaining to, a centenary or of a 
person a hundred years old: n. a 
person of such an age or older. 

centenary (sen'te-na-ri) , n. [pi. cen- 
tenaries (sen'te-na-riz)], the space of 
a hundred years; the commemora- 
tion of the hundredth anniversary 
of an event: adj. relating to, or con- 
sisting of, a hundred; recurring once 
in a century. [Latin.] 

centennial (sen-ten'i-al) , adj. con- 
sisting of, or enduring, a hundred 
years; taking place once in a hun- 
dred years: n. the commemoration 
of a one hundredth anniversary. 

centennially (sen-ten'i-a-li) , adv. once 
in a hundred years. 

center (sen'ter), n. the middle point 
of anything; the nucleus around 
which things are collected; a title of 
the leaders of certain organizations; 
the name of certain members of a 
legislative assembly who hold mod- 
erate views and occupy a place be- 
tween the Conservative party on the 
right, and the Radicals on the left; 
the circle or square next to the 
bull's-eye; a shot which hits such 
a division; troops in a line between 
the wings; in a fleet, the column or 
division between the van and the 
rear, or between the weather divi- 
sion and the lee: v.t. to place on a 
center; collect to a point; to form a 
recess for the reception of a center: 
v.i. to be placed in the center; meet 
in one point or focus. [Greek.] 

center-bit (sen'ter-bit), n. a carpen- 
ter's tool turning upon a center for 
boring holes. 

center-board (sen'ter-bord) , n. a keel 
so constructed that it may be raised 
within the vessel or lowered at 
pleasure: it is extensively used by 
racing craft. 

center of gravity (ov grav'i-ti), n. that 
point of a body through which the 
resultant of all the forces acting upon 



it in consequence of the earth's at* 
traction will pass. 

centering (sen'ter-ing) , n. the wood- 
work or timber framing by which 
vaulted work is supported during 
construction. 

centesimal (sen-tes'i-mal) , adj. hun- 
dredth: n. a hundredth part. 

centiare (sen'ti-ar, French sang-ti-ar') , 
n. a centare. 

centigrade (sen'ti-grad) , adj. gradu- 
ated or divided into a hundred de- 
grees. A thermometric scale. 

centigram or centigramme (sen'ti- 
gram), n. a measure of weight = 
100th of a gramme C. 15432 of a grain 
troy). 

centiliter (sen'ti-le-tr, French san'-), 
n. a measure of capacity = the 
hundredth part of a liter (.6102 of 
an inch). 

centime (san-tem'), n. a small French 
coin = the hundredth part of a 
franc. 

centimeter (sen'ti-me-tr, French 
san'-), n. a measure of length = 
100th of a meter (.3937 inch). 

centipede (sen'ti-ped), n. the term 
applied to an articulated animal 
with numerous feet belonging to 
the class Myriapoda, popularly sup- 
posed to have a hundred feet, whence 
the name. [Latin.] 

cento (sen'to), n. [pi. centos (sen'toz)], 
a literary or musical composition 
formed by selections from various 
authors or composers, and arranged 
in a new order. [Latin, "patch- 
work."] 

central (sen'tral), adj. relating to, or 
situated in, the center. [Latin.] 

centralism (sen'tral-izm) , n. the state 
or quality of being central; centrali- 
zation. 

centrality (sen-tral'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being central. 

centralization (sen-tral'i-za'shun) , n. 
the act of bringing all local admin- 
istrations under one central govern- 
ment. 

centralize (sen'tral-iz) , v.t. to draw 
or bring to a center; bring all ad- 
ministrations under one central gov- 
ernment. 

centrally (sen'tra-li) , adv. in a central 
manner. 

centre (sen'ter), n. same as center. 



ate, 5rm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hfie, hut ; think, then. 



CENTRIC 



103 



CEREBRUM 



centric (sen'trik) or centrical (sen'- 
tri-kal), adj. placed in the center; 
central. 

centricity (sen-tris'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being centric. 

centrifugal (sen-trif 'u-gal) , adj. tend- 
ing or causing to fly off from the 
center; radiating from a central 
focus ; expanding first at the summit 
and later at the base. [Greek.] 

centrif ugally (sen-trif 'u-ga-li) , adv. 
from the center. 

centrif ugence (sen-trif 'u-j ens), n. a 
tendency to fly off from the center. 

centripetal (sen-trip 'e-tal), adj. tend- 
ing or causing to approach the cen- 
ter: opposed to centrifugal; expand- 
ing first at the base and then at the 
summit. 

centripetal railway (ral'wa), n. a 
railway constructed with a single 
rail to support the carriage, and two 
side rails to steady it. 

centripetally (sen-trip'e-ta-li) , adv. m 
a centripetal manner. 

centumvir (sen-tum'ver) , n. [j)l. cen- 
tumvirs (sen-tum'verz) ; Latin cen- 
tum viri (sen-tum'vi-ri)], one of a 
body of 105 Roman judges, appoint- 
ed annually to try civil causes. 

centumvirate (sen- turn' vi-rat), n. the 
office of a Roman centumvir, or the 
centumviri; a body composed of a 
hundred men. [Latin.] 

centuple (sen'tu-pl), adj. hundred- 
fold: v.t. to multiply or increase a 
hundredfold. 

centurion (sen-tu'ri-un) , n. a Ro- 
man military officer commanding a 
hundred men. 

century (sen'tu-ri), n. [pi. centuries 
(sen'tu-riz)], a hundred; a hundred 
years, especially of the Christian era; 
a division of the Roman people; a 
sub-division of a Roman legion. 

century-plant (sen/tti-ri-plant), n. a 
name of the American aloe, from the 
supposition that it flowers once only 
in a hundred years. 

cephalalgia (sef-a-lal'ji-a), n. head- 
ache. 

cephalic (sef'a-lik or se-fal'ik), adj. 
pertaining to the head; forming the 
front or forepart of a body or organ. 

cephalitis (sef-a-li'tis) , n. inflamma- 
tion of the brain or its membranes. 

cephalopod (sef 'a-lo-pod) , adj. of or 



pertaining to the Cephalopoda: n. a 
member of the Cephalopoda. 

Cephalopoda (sef-a-lop'o-da), rt.pl. 
the highest class of the Mollusca, 
having a distinct head with tentacles 
attached. The nautilus and octopus 
belong to this class. 

ceraceous (se-ra'shus) , adj. having the 
texture and color of new wax. 

ceramic (se-ram'ik) or keramic (ker'~ 
a-mic), adj. of or pertaining to pot- 
tery or the fictile arts: n.pl. work 
executed wholly or partly in clay and 
baked ;_the fictile, arts. [Greek.] 

cerate (se'rat), n. a thick ointment of 
wax, &c. 

ceratin (ser'a-tin), n. horny tissue. 

ceratoid (ser'a-toid) , adj. horny. 

ceratoplasty (ser'a-to-plas-ti), n. the 
replacement of the cornea by one 
taken from an animal. 

cere (ser), n. the naked skin at the 
base of the bill of many birds, as the 
parrot . 

cere (ser), v.t. to cover or close with 
wax. 

cereal (se're-al), adj. pertaining to, or 
producing, wheat or edible grain: n, 
edible grain. 

cerebellum (ser-e-berum) , n. [pi. 
cerebella (ser-e-bel'a)], the hinder 
and lower part of the brain in verte- 
brate animals; the little brain. 

cerebral (ser-e'bral), adj. of or pertain- 
ing to the brain. 

cerebral hemisphere (hem'is-f er) , n. 
one of the two lateral halves of the 
cerebrum. 

cerebralism (ser-e'bral-izm) i, n. the 
theory that mental operations arise 
from activity of the brain or cerebrum. 

cerebrate (ser-e'brat), v.i. to have the 
brain in action. Also cerebrize. 

cerebration (ser-e-bra/shun) , n. the 
conscious or unconscious action of 
the brain. 

cerebric (ser-e'brik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or derived from, the brain. 

cerebrin (ser'e-brin) , n. a name for 
several nitrogenous substances- ob- 
tained from brain- and nerve-matter. 

cerebritis (ser-e-bri'tis) , n. inflamma- 
tion of cerebrum or brain. 

cerebrum (ser-e'brum) , n. [pi. cere- 
bra (ser-e r bra)], the superior and 
larger part of the brain: the seat of 
the mind and will. [Greek.] 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 



CERECLOTH 



164 



CHAFE 



cerecloth (ser'kloth), n. a cloth sat- 
urated with wax or some gummy 
substance, used for wrapping em- 
balmed bodies in. [Lat. and Eng.] 

cerement (ser'ment), n. a grave-cloth- 
or shroud: pi. grave-clothes. 

ceremonial (ser-e-mo'ni-al) , adj. re- 
lating to, or performed with, external 
rites or ceremonies: n. the prescribed 
order for a ceremony or function. 

ceremonialism (ser-e-mo'ni-al-izm) , 
n. adherence to, or fondness for, cere- 
monial observance; ritualism. 

ceremonially (ser-e-mo'ni-a-li) , adv. 
according to rites and ceremonies. 

ceremonious (ser-e-mo'ni-us) , adj. 
full of ceremony; punctilious of pre- 
scribed formalities; according to 
prescribed form or usage; fond of 
using ceremony; precise. 

ceremony (ser'e-mo-ni) , n. [pi. cere- 
monies (ser'e-mo-niz)], a sacred rite 
or observance; a prescribed rite or 
formality; behavior regulated by the 
laws of strict etiquette. 

ceriph (ser'if), n. one of the fine lines 
of a printing type, especially a stroke 
at the bottom or top of a letter. 
Also serif. [Danish.] 

cerium (se'ri-um), n. a rare metallic 
element, discovered in 1803. 

echography (se-rog'ra-fi) , n. the art of 
writing or engraving on wax; wax 
painting; encaustic painting. 

certain (ser'tin), adj. sure; beyond a 
doubt; fixed or stated; indefinite. 

certainly (ser'tin-li) , adv. surely; with- 
out doubt. 

certainty (ser'tin-ti) , n. [pi. certainties 
(ser'tin-tiz)], full assurance. 

certes (ser'tez), adv. certainly; as- 
suredly. 

certificate (ser-tif 'i-kat) , n. a written 
testimony to the truth of any fact; 
a testimonial as to character or 
ability; a statement written and 
signed and legally authenticated: 
v.t. to give a certificate to; to attest 
or vouch for by certificate. 

certification (ser-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n. the 
act of certifying. 

certify (ser'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
certified, p.pr. certifying], to testify 
to or to make known in writing; 
assure. 

certiorari (ser-shi-o-ra'ri) , n. a writ 
issuing from a superior court calling 



for the records of an inferior court, 
or to remove a case from a court 
below. [Latin.] 

certitude (ser'ti-tud) , adj. certainty; 
freedom from doubt; assurance. 

cert osina- work (cher-to-se'na-werk) , 
n. a kind of inlaid work of light and 
dark woods, or ivory and wood. 

cerulean (se-roo'le-an) , adj. sky-col- 
ored. 

cerulin [(se'roo-lin), n. an olive-green 
dye. 

cerumen (se-roo'men), n. ear-wax. 

ceruse (se'roos), n. white-lead, used as 
a pigment, and from which a cos- 
metic is prepared. 

cervical (ser-vi'kal) , adj. of or pertain- 
ing to the neck. 

cervine (ser'vm), adj. of, or pertaining 
to, the deer family; of a tawny or 
fawn color. 

cess (ses), v.t. to impose a tax; assess: 
n. a rate or tax, especially the land 
tax. 

cessation (ses-sa/shun) , n. the act of 
ceasing. 

cession (sesh'un), n. a yielding up, as 
of territory, property, or rights; the 
surrender of a benefice by an incum- 
bent who has accepted another liv- 
ing. [English.] 

cessionary (sesh'un-a-ri) , adj. a giving 
or yielding up. 

cesspool (ses'pool), n. a deep hole in 
the ground, or the well of a drain, 
for the reception of filth; any foul 
receptacle. 

cestus (ses'tus), n. [pi. cestus (ses'- 
tus)], a kind of glove used by an- 
cient boxers, frequently loaded with 
lead or iron, and secured by leathern 
thongs to the hands and arms. 

cetacean (se-ta/shun) , adj. pertaining 
to the Cetacea, formerly a group of 
marine mammalia which included the 
whales: n. a whale ;'an animal belong- 
ing to the order Cete. [Greek.] 

Cete (se'te), n.^l. an order of ttte mam- 
malia, containing the true whales, 
dolphins, &c. 

cetic acid (se'tik as'id), n. an acid 
obtained from spermaceti. 

cetin (se'tin), n. a white waxy sub- 
stance forming the essential part of 
spermaceti. 

chafe (chaf), v.t. to make warm by 
friction; to wear away or make sore 



&te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CHAFER 



165 



CHAMELEON 



by rubbing; irritate; annoy: ft. men- 
tal irritation caused by continued 
annoyance; vexation: v.i. to be worn 
by friction; be irritated or annoyed; 
fret. 

chafer (cha'fer), ft. the cockchafer. 

chaff (chaf), ft. the husk of grain, 
especially when separated by thresh- 
ing, &c; straw or hay, cut fine for 
cattle; anything worthless. 

chaff (chaf), v.t. to banter; make game 
of: v.i. to use bantering language: ft. 
banter. 

chaffer (chafer), ft. the act of bargain- 
ing: v.i. to haggle about a purchase. 

chaffinch (chaf 'inch), n. a bird, so 
named from its feeding on grain. 

chaff weed (chaf 'wed) , ft. a plant allied 
to the pimpernel. 

chaffy (chaf'i), adj. resembling, or 
full of, chaff; anything light or 
worthless. 

chafing-dish (chafing-dish), n. a 
small portable grate for coals; a 
vessel to hold live coal to keep meat, 
&c, hot; a cooking-utensil supplied 
with alcohol or an electric lamp. 

chagrin (sha-grin' or -gren'), ft. vexation 
due to disappointment; ill-humor; 
mortification: v.t. to excite vexation 
in; mortify. 

chain (chan), ft. a connected series of 
links or rings fitted into one another; 
a bond ; a measure of 100 links = 66 
ft.; the warp threads of a web: v.t. 
to fasten, secure, or connect with a 
chain; enslave; _ to unite firmly; 
fasten. [French.] 

chain-gang (chan'gang), n. a gang of 
convicts working together in chains. 

chain-mail (chan'mal), ft. flexible 
armor formed of metal links inter- 
woven. 

chain-stitch (chan'stich), n. an orna- 
mental stitch resembling a chain; a 
loqp-stitch made by a sewing ma- 
chine. 

chair (char), n. a movable seat with 
a back for one person; an official 
seat; a professorship; the presiding 
officer of an assembly ; an iron socket 
fastened to the sleeper which receives 
and secures railroad metals: v.t. to 
carry publicly in a chair in triumph * 
to install. 

chairman (char'man), n. [pi. chairmen 
(char'men)], the president of an 



assembly, meeting, public comi 
&c. 

chaise (shaz), ft. a light two-wheeled 
carriage; a carriage in general. 

chalcedony (kal'se-do-ni or kal-sed'- 
o-ni), ft. a cryptocrystalline variety of 
quartz, resembling diluted milk. 
Also calcedony. 

chaldron (chawl'dron) , n. a measure 
for coke =_36 bush. (255£ cwt.). 

chalet (sha-la'), ft. a Swiss cottage or 
herdsman's dwelling; a small country 
house built in such style. [French.] 

chalice (chal'is), ft. a cup; a Com- 
munion cup. 

chalk (chawk), ft. a soft limestone rock 
composed of carbonate of lime; pre- 
pared chalk for drawing: v.t. to mark, 
rub, or manure with chalk. 

chalkiness (chawk'i-nes) , ft. the 
of being chalky. 

chalkstone (chawk'ston), n. a chalky 
concretion in the joints. 

chalky (chawk'i), adj. containing, or 
resembling, chalk. 

challenge (chal'enj), n. an invitation 
to a contest; a summons to fight; a 
duel; an objection taken to a voter 
or juror; the summons of a soldier on 
sentry: v.t. to summons to a contest; 
invite to a duel; defy; take exception 
to. [French.] 

challengeable (charenj-a-bl) , adj. 
that may be challenged. 

challis (shal'e) , ft. alight all-wool fabric. 

chalybeate (ka-lib'e-at), adj. impreg- 
nated with iron. [Greek.] 

chalybite_ (kal'i-brt) , n. native carbo- 
nate of iron; siderite. 

chamber (cham'ber), n. an apart- 
ment, ^especially a bedroom ; a pri- 
vate room; a political or commc 
body; a cavity; that part of a gun, 
<fec, which contains the charge: pi. 
a suite of rooms: a judge's pri 
room: v.t. to inclose; to furnish as 
with a chamber ._ [French.] 

chamberlain (cham'ber-lan) , n. an 
officer who has charge of the private 
apartments of a sovereign or noble- 
man; a male servant who has charge 
of a suite of rooms; the treasurer of 
a city or corporation. [Old German.] 

chameleon (ka-me r le-un), n, an in- 
sectivorous lizard-like reptile, pos- 
sessing the power of slightly chang- 
ing its color. [Greek.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not : boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CHAMFER 



lob" 



CHAPEL 



chamfer (cham'fer), n. a small furrow- 
cut in wood or metal; a bevel: v.t. to 
groove, channel or flute. 

champ (champ), v.t. to bite with the 
teeth repeatedly and impatiently: n. 
the act of champing: said of horses. 

champagne . (sham-pan') ,^ n. a light 
sparkling effervescent wine. 

champaign (sham-pan'), n. flat open 
country: adj. level, open. 

champerty (cham'per-ti) , n. the main- 
tenance of a party in a suit on condi- 
tion that, if successful, the property 
is to be shared. 

champion (cham'pi-un) , n. one who 
defends the cause of another, by 
combat or other means; a hero; 
valiant warrior; a successful com- 
petitor against all rivals: v.t. to de- 
fend or support a cause. [French.] 

chance (chans), n. an unforeseen 
event; an accident; a possibility; 
opportunity; risk: v.i. to happen; 
occur without design or expectation: 
v.t. to risk [with it]. 

chancel (chan'sel), n. that part in a 
church w T here the altar stands; the 
sanctuary. 

chancellor (chan'sel-er) , n. & judge 
of a court of equity or chancery ; the 
president or highest official of a uni- 
versity ; the president of the German 
Federal Council. 

chance-medley (chans-med'li) , n u 
justifiable homicide in self-defense. 

chancery (chan'ser-i) , n. originally, in 
England, next to Parliament, the 
highest Court of Justice, since 1873 
a division of the High Court of Jus- 
tice; a court of equity. 

chandelier (shan-de-leV) , n. a hanging 
frame with branches for lights. 

chandler (chand'ler), n. a maker or 
vendor of candles; a dealer or mer- 
chant. 

change (chanj), v.t. to alter; substi- 
tute; exchange or give an equivalent 
for; render acid or tainted: v.i. un- 
dergo change; suffer alteration; pass 
from one place to another; deterior- 
ate: n. an alteration or variation; a 
passing from one state or form to 
another; vicissitude; small coin; 
balance returned after deduction of 
amount paid. [French.] 

Changeability (chanj-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
liability to change. 



changeable (chanj 'a-bl), adj. fickle. 

changeling (chanj 'ling), n. a child 
left in place of another; an idiot; a 
w r averer. 

channel (chan'el), n. the bed of a 
stream; a watercourse; the deepest 
part of a strait, bay, harbor, &c; a 
wide arm of the sea extending in- 
land; a groove; a medium of con- 
veyance: pi. planks bolted to the 
outside of a ship to extend the rig- 
ging: v.t. to cut into a channel; 
groove. 

chant (chant), v.t. to sing; intone: 
v.i. make melody with the voice; go 
in full cry, as hounds: n. a song; a 
solemn or monotonous song. 

chanter (chan'ter), n. one who chants; 
the drone of a bagpipe; a horse- 
coper. 

chantey (chan'ti), n. a droning song 
sung by sailors at their work. It is 
marked and defined by a strong and 
regular beat or ictus. 

chanticleer (chan'ti-kler) , n. a cock. 

chantry (chan'tri), n. a memorial 
chapel attached to a church or 
monastery. 

chaos (ka'os), n. the confused matter 
out of w r hich the universe was 
formed; confusion. 

chaotic (ka-ot'ik), adj. resembling 
chaos. 

chaotically (ka-ot'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
chaotic manner. 

chap (chap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chapped, 
p.pr. chapping], to cause to crack or 
open longitudinally: v.t. to have the 
skin crack: n. a longitudinal crack or 
slit. 

chap (chap), n. a fellow. 

chap (chap or chop), n. one of the jaws 
or its fleshy covering (usually pi.); 
the mouth of a channel. 

chaparral (chap-a-ral') , n. a dense 
thicket. [Spanish.] 

chap-book (chap 'book), n. a small 
book, usually of fairy tales, romances, 
&c, formerly hawked about by chap- 
men. 

chapeau (sha'po), n. [pi. chapeaux 
(sna'poz)], a hat or head covering. 
[French.] 

chapel (chap'el), n. a subordinate 
place of public worship; a place of 
worship in a palace, institution, &c. ; 
a place of religious worship built in 



ate, arm, at, awi ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CHAPELRY 



167 



CHARNEL 



^ 



memory of some one row dead; 
in England, a place of worship 
for > dissenters ; an association 
of journeymen in a printing 
house. 

chapelry (chap'el-ri), n. [pi. chapelries 
(chap'el-riz)], the district legally 
assigned to a chapel dependent upon 
the mother church. 

chaperon (shap'er-on), n. a married 
lady who accompanies young ladies 
in public: v.t. to act as a chaperon. 

ehapf alien (chop'faw-len), adj. de- 
jected. 

chapiter (chap'i-ter), n. the upper part 
or capital of a pillar. 

chaplain (chap'lin), w. a clergyman 
who performs service in the army or 
navy, a public institution, a royal or 
private household. 

chaplaincy (chap'lin-si), n. the office 
or status of a chaplain. 

chaplet (chap'let), n. a wreath or gar- 
land encircling the head; a rosary; 
a round molding carved into beads, 
olives, &c. 

chapman (chap 'man), n. [pi. chapmen 
(chap'men)], formerly a merchant or 
trader; a hawker. 

chappie (chap'i), n. familiar for chap. 

chapter (chap'ter), n. a division of a 
book; the clergy of a cathedral or 
collegiate church; a meeting of cer- 
tain organized societies or orders. 

char (char), n. work by the day; a 
single job; a chore: v.i. to work in 
another's house by the day; do 
odd jobs. 

char (char), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. charred, 
p.pr. charring], burn or reduce to 
charcoal; burn partially. 

character (kar'ak-ter), n. a letter, 
sign, or figure; distinctive qualities 
or traits; moral excellence; a cer- 
tificate as to conduct or ability. 

characteristic (kar-ak-ter-is'tik) , adj. 
pertaining to or indicating the char- 
acter. 

characteristically (kar-ak-ter-is't i-ka- 
li), adv. in a characteristic manner. 

characterization (kar-ak-ter-i-za/- 
shun), n. the act of characterizing. 

characterize (kar'ak-ter-Iz) , v.t. de- 
scribe by peculiar qualities; mark or 
distinguish. 

characterless (kar'ak-ter-les) , n. with- 
out character or moral force. 



charade (sha-rad'), n. an acted 
enigma. 

charcoal (char'kol), n. wood partially 
burnt; impure carbon. 

charge (charj), v.t. to rush on or at- 
tack; load; fill up; impose; com- 
mand or enjoin; instruct; accuse; 
place on the debit side: v.i. to make 
an attack; demand a price: n. an 
onset; quantity with which a fire- 
arm or apparatus is charged; an 
office or obligation ; an order or com- 
mand; authoritative instruction or 
direction; an entry on the debit side. 

chargeability (char-ja-bil'i-ti), n. <Mie 
quality of being chargeable. 

chargeable (char'ja-bl), adj. liable to 
be charged; ratable; burdensome. 

charge d'affaires (shar-zha/da-far'), 
n. [pi. charges], a government official 
who acts for an ambassador or 
minister in his absence, or at a court 
to which no ambassador or minister 
is accredited. [French.] 

charger (charj 'er), n. a cavalry horse; 
a large dish. 

chariot (char'i-ot), n. an ancient two- 
wheeled car for war, state proces- 
sions, racing, &c; a four-wheeled 
pleasure carriage. 

charioteer (char-i-o-ter') , n. the driver 
of a chariot. 

charitable (char/i-ta-bl), adj. benev- 
olent in disposition; kind and liberal. 

charity (char'i-ti), n. [j)l. charities 
(char'i-tiz)], the disposition to think 
well of others; liberality; alms; uni- 
versal love; an institution for the 
poor; a gift in trust for a benevolent 
object. 

charivari (shar-i-va'ri) , n. a mock 
serenade of discordant music. See 
shivaree. 

charlatan (sharla-tan), n. a quack. 

charlatanism (shar'la-tan-izm) , n. 
quackery. 

charlotte russe (shar'lut_ rus), n. 
whipped cream enclosed in sponge 
cake. 

charm (charm) . n. a spell or enchant- 
ment; an allurement; a trinket: 
v.t. influence by magic; subdue or 
fascinate; give exquisite delight to: 
v.i. to work by magic powers; act 
as a spell. 

charnel (chaVnel), adj. containing 
flesh or dead bodies. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CHART 



168 



CHECKER 



ehart (chart), n. a map of any part 
of the sea, river, &c, for the use of 
mariners; the representation of a 
ship's course; a mariner's compass; 
a sheet giving information in tabular 
form: v.t. to lay down, or delineate on 
a chart ; map out : v.i. to make a chart 
or map. [Latin.] 

charter (charter), n. a formal docu- 
ment bestowing certain rights and 
privileges: v.t. to establish by 
charter: to hire or let a ship by 
charter. See charter-party. 

charter-party (char'ter-par-ti), n. a 
written agreement relating to the 
hire of a vessel and its cargo: v.t. to 
let or hire by charter-party. 

chartographer (kar-tog'ra-fer), char- 
tographie (kar-to-graf'ic), chartog- 
raphy (kar-tog'ra-fi)^same as car- 
tographer, cartographic, etc. 

Chartreuse (shar-trez'), n. a cele- 
brated liqueur until lately made by 
the monks of La Grande Chartreuse, 
in France, but at present by a com- 
pany. 

gshary (char'i), adj. cautious; sparing. 

jhase (chas), v.t. to pursue; capture or 
kill; hunt; drive away: v.i. to ride or 
hunt rapidly: n. eager or vehement 
pursuit; hunting; open ground for 
preserving deer. 

chase (chas), n. a groove; an iron 
frame for securing types; that part 
of a cannon in front of the trun- 
nions: v.t. to work or emboss (pre- 
cious metals) ; cut, as the thread of 
a screw. 

chasm (kazm). n. a deep gap or open- 
ing in the earth; a void space. 

chassepot (shas'po), n. a French 
breech-loading rifle. 

chasseur (sha-ser'), n. a domestic 
dressed in military or hunting cos- 
tume; a French light-armed foot or 
cavalry soldier. 

chassis (shas-se'), n. the mechanical 
parts of an automobile, embracing 
machinery_ and running gear. 

chaste (chast), adj. morally pure; 
modest; pure in style; refined. 

chasten (chas'n), v.t. to punish for 
the purpose of reformation; purify; 
refine. 

chastise (chas-tiz'), v.t. to correct by 
punishment; reduce to order or obe- 
dience. 



chastisement (chas'tiz-ment), n. pun« 

ishment. 
chastity (chas'ti-ti) , n.< moral and 

sexual purity. 

chat (chat), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. chatted, 
p.pr. chatting], to talk in an easy 
familiar manner: n. familiar or in- 
formal speech. See chin. 

chateau (sha-to'), n. [pi. chateaux, 
(sha-toz')], a castle; a manor house 
or country seat ; the name of various 
wines, as Chateau Larouge, &c. 

chatelaine (shat'e-lan) , n. a bunch 
of chains to which are attached 
trinkets, &c, worn at the waist by 
ladies. The mistress of a castle. 

chattel (chat'el), n. personal property 
except freehold [usually in pi.]. 

chatter (chafer), v.i. to utter sounds 
rapidly, as a monkey; rattle the 
teeth, as in shivering or from fright; 
talk idly or carelessly; jabber: v.t. to 
utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly: 
n. sounds like those of the magpie, 
&c; idle, rapid talk. 

chatterbox (chat'er-boks) , n. an inces- 
sant talker. 

chatty (chat r i), adj. talkative, uncon- 
ventional. 

chauffeur (sho-fer r ), n. an operator 
of an automobile; an automobilist: 
fern, chauffeuse (sho-feV). [French.] 

chauvinism (sho'vin-izm), n. blind 
and unreasoning attachment to a 
fallen cause; exaggerated political or 
party fanaticism. [French, from one 
Nicolas Chauvin, a soldier and in- 
tense admirer of Napoleon.] 

cheap (chep), adj. purchasable for a 
low price; common; of small value. 

cheapen (chep'en), v.t. to lessen the 
price of. 

cheat (chet), n. a fraud or deception; 
one who cheats: v.t. to deceive or 
defraud; impose upon: v.i. to act as a 
cheat. 

check (chek), n. a restraint; a reproof- 
a pass, ticket, or token; a term in 
chess; cloth woven in squares of 
alternate patterns; an order or draft 
on a bank or banker for money: v.t. 
to restrain; stop; reprove; examine 
by comparison ; mark as having been 
examined; to place an opponent's 
king in danger at chess. [French.] 

checker (chek'er), n. checker-board; 
one of the squares of a checkered 



ate, arm, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boork book: 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CHECKERBOARD 



169 



CHESTNUT 



pattern; piece with which to play 
checkers: pi. game played on a 
checker-board; draughts: v.t. to mark 
or decorate with checkers; variegate. 

checker-board (chek'er-bord), n. a 
board on which the game of checkers 
is played. 

checkmate (chek'mat), n. the win- 
ning move at chess when the oppo- 
nent's king cannot move out of 
check; a complete defeat from which 
there is no escape; v.t. to give check- 
mate to; defeat utterly; thwart. 

cheek (chek), n. the side of the face 
beneath either eye; one of two cor- 
responding sides; cool impudence: 
v.t. face in an impudent manner. 

cheep (chep), n. a shrill noise, as that' 
of a young chicken, or a mouse: v.i. 
to make such a noise. 

cheeper (chep'er) , n. a young game bird. 

cheer (cher), n. temper or state of 
mind; a state of gladness or joy; a 
shout of applause; tidings; luck: v.t. 
to gladden; encourage; applaud. 

cheerful (cher'fool), adj. full of good 
spirits. 

cheerfully (cher ; f oo-li) , adv. in a cheer- 
ful manner. 

cheerily (cher'i-li), adv. heartily. 

cheeriness (cher'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being cheery. 

cheerless (cher'les), adj. without com- 
forts; lacking good cheer. 

cheery (cher'i), adj. cheerful; gay. 

cheese (ches), n. the curd or casein of 
milk coagulated, pressed and allowed 
to dry in a mold; anything resem- 
bling cheese. 

cheese-cake (ches'kak), n. a confec- 
tion of soft curds, butter, and sugar. 

cheese- paring (-par'ing), adj. nig- 
gardly. 

cheetah (che'ta), n. the hunting leop- 
ard of India. [Hindu.] 

cheetal (che'tal) , n. the Indian spotted 
deer. [Hindu.] 

chef (shef), n. a professional cook or 
head cook. [French.] 

chef-d'oeuvre (sha-de'vr), n. [pi. chefs- 
d'oeuvre (sha-de'vr)], a masterpiece. 

Cheiranthus (kl-ran'thus) , n. a genus 
of plants, which includes the wall- 
flower. 

chemical (kem'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
to chemistry: n. a chemical sub- 
stance. 



chemically (kem'i-ka-li) , adv. accord- 
ing to chemical principles or opera- 
tions. 

chemico- electric (kem-i-ko-e-lek'trik), 
adj. depending upon electric activity 
produced by chemical means. 

chemise (she-mez'), n. a woman's 
undergarment ; a wall lining an earth- 
work. [French.] 

chemisette (shem-i-zet') , n. a short 
chemise worn over the breast. 

chemist (kem'ist), n. a person skilled 
in chemistry; dealer in drugs and 
medicines; an analyst. 

chemistry (kem'is-tfi), n. the science 
which treats of the properties of 
elementary and compound sub- 
stances and the laws which govern 
their molecular and atomic rela- 
tions. [French from Arabic] 

chenille (she-neT), n. tufted cord oi 
silk or worsted for the trimming of 
ladies^ dresses and for embroidery 
and fringes. 

cheque (chek), n. See check. 

cherish (cherish), v.t. to hold 01 
esteem dear; treat with tenderness, 
protect and aid; encourage; harbor 
in the mind.__ 

cheroot (she-root'), n. a kind of cigar, 
through the wrapping of which runs 
a straw. [Hindu.] 

cherry (cher'i), n. [pL cherries (cher'- 
iz)], the fruit of a tree allied to the 
plum; a cordial made from cherries: 
adj. of a cherry color; ruddy. 

cherry-bounce (cher'i-bouns), n. a 
drink made with cherries or the juice 
of cherries. 

cherub (cher'ub), n. [pi. cherubs 
(cher'ubz), cherubim (cher'oo-bim)], 
an angel next to a seraphim in rank; 
a beautiful child [pi. cherubs]. 

cherubic (che-roo'bik) , adj. angelic. 

chess (ches), n. a game played by two 
persons with sixteen pieces each on 
a checkered board divided into 
sixty-four squares. 

chest (chest), n. a large box; the 
quantity such a box contains; the 
breast or thorax; a certain quant: < 
of goods. 

chested (ches'ted), adj. having a 
chest. 

chestnut (ches 'nut), n. the nut or 
seed of trees of the genus Castanea; 
the chestnut-tree with its edible 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CHESTY 



170 



CHILDLESS 



fruit; a reddish-brown color; a horse 
of such color; an old or stale joke: 
adj. reddish-brown. 

chesty (ches'ti) , adj. conceited ; like a 
braggart who throws forward his 
chest when he speaks; haughty in a 
ludicrous or petty way. [Slang.] 

cheval-glass (she-val'glas) , n. a large 
swing looking-glas_s. 

chevalier (shev-a-ler') , n. a knight; 
a horseman; a member or knight of 
an honorable order; the lowest title 
of rank of the old French nobility. 

chevauz -de - frise (shev-o-de-frez') , 
n.pl. a fence constructed of a bar 
armed with long spikes to repel. 
[French.] 

Cheviot (chev'i-ot), n. a sheep bred 
on the Cheviot Hills; a rough cloth 
made from its wool. 

chevron (shev'ron), n. a term in 
heraldry; the badge on the coat 
sleeve of a non-commissioned officer, 
indicative of his rank; a variety of 
fret ornament. [French.] 

chew (choo), v.t. to crush and grind 
with the teeth; masticate; meditate 
upon: v.i. grind tobacco between the 
teeth: n. that which is chewed; a quid 
of tobacco. 

chiaroscuro (ki-ar-os-koo'ro) , n. the 
treatment of light and shade in paint- 
ing, drawing, or engraving: adj. per- 
taining^ to such treatment. [Italian.] 

chic (shek), adj. stylish: n. Parisian 
elegance in dress; manual dexterity. 

chicane (shi-kan'), n. mean or unfair 
artifices to obscure the truth; soph- 
istry. Also chicanery: v.i. to cheat: 
v.i. use artifices. 

chick (chik), n. the young of a bird, 
especially of the domestic hen : hence 
a child. 

chickadee (chik'a-de), n. the American 
black-cap titmouse. 

chicken (ehik'en), n. the young of a 
fowl, especially the domestic fowl. 

chicken- hazard (chik'en-haz'ard), n. 
a game played by throwing dice, for 
very small stakes. 

chicken-hearted (ehik'en - hart'ed) , 
adj. timid. 

chicken-pox (chik'en-poks) , n. a mild 
eruptive disease of children ; varicella. 

chick-pea (cbik'pe), n. a plant the 
roasted seed of which forms the pulse 
of the East. 



chickweed (chik'wed), n. a common 
wild plant with white biossoms. 

chicory (chik'o-ri), n. a perennial plant 
with bright blue flowers and a taper- 
ing root, which, when roasted and 
ground, is used to mix with coffee. 

chide (chid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chid, 
p.p. chidden, chid, p.pr. chiding], 
to find fault with ; scold : v.i. to clamor. 

chidingly (chid-ing-li) , adv. in a chid- 
ing manner. 

chief (chef), n. a commander or 
leader; a head or principal person; 
the principal or most important 
part: adj. principal; most eminent; 
of the first order, rank, or estima- 
tion; leading; main. 

chieftain (chef 'tan), n. a captain, 
leader, or commander; the head of 
a class or tribe. 

chiffon (shif'un, French she-fong'), n. 
a kind of thin gauze fabric. 

chiffonier (shif-o-ner') , n. a piece of 
furniture fitted with drawers and 
shelves used as a sideboard; a rag 
gatherer. 

chignon (she-nyong'), n. a roll of 
natural or artificial hair worn by 
women over a pad at the back of the 
head. [French.] 

chigoe (chig'o) , n. a species of West 
Indian and South American flea 
which burrows beneath the skin of 
the feet, and breeding there produces 
ulcers. Also jigger. 

chikara (chi-ka'ra), n. the four-horned 
antelope of Bengal. 

chilblain (chirblan), n. a sore or in- 
flammation caused by tost or cold: 
v.t. to afflict with chilblains. 

child (child), n. [pi. children (chil- 
dren)], a son or daughter; a very 
young person; a descendant; one 
immature in judgment. 

childbirth (child-berth), n. the act or 
time of bringing forth a child. 

childe (child}', n. a term formerly 
applied to the scions of knightly 
houses before their admission into 
knighthood, as Byron's Childe 
Harold. 

childhood (chlld'hood) , n. the period 
from infancy to puberty. 

childish ^chikTish) , adj. like a child; 
puerile. 

childless (chlld'les), adj. having no. 
children; barren. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CHILD-LIKE 



171 



CHISEL 



child-like (child '-Ilk), adj. same as 

childish. 
children, pi. of child. 
chiliad (kil'i-ad), n. 1,000; a thousand 

years. [Greek.] 
chill (chil), n. a sudden coldness; the 
absence of heat in a substance; the 
hardened part of a casting: adj. hav- 
ing the sensation of cold; depressing; 
discourteous: v.t. to make cold; blast 
with cold; deject; harden cast iron by 
sudden cooling. 

chilli (chil'i), n. [pi. chillies (clnTiz)], 
the dried pod of a capsicum, from 
which cayenne pepper is made. Also 
chile, chili. [Mexican.] 

chiloplasty (ki'lo-plas-ti) , n. the trans- 
plantation of healthy skin to a dis- 
eased lip. [Greek.] 

chime (chim), n. the musical harmony 
produced by striking a set of bells 
with hammers; a set of bells tuned 
to the musical scale and struck with 
hammers: v.i. to sound in consonance 
or harmony ; be in harmony or agree 
with; join in: v.t to cause to sound 
in harmony. 

chimera (ki-me'ra), n. an incongruous 
conception of the fancy ; a cartilagi- 
nous fish of remarkable appearance. 

chimerical (ki-mer'ik-al) , adj. merely 
imaginary; fantastic; unreal. 

chimericaily (ki-mer'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
chimerical manner. 

chimney (chim'ni), n. [pi. chimneys 
(chim'niz)], the flue, vent, or passage 
through which smoke or heated air, 
&c, escapes; a glass tube for a lamp 
to intensify combustion. 

chimpanzee (chimpan'ze), n. a large 
West Indian anthropoid ape allied to 
the gorilla. 

chin (chin), n. the part of the face 
below the under lip: v.t. and i. to 
chatter, talk idly to; to talk in an 
easy-going, familiar manner (to). 
Same as chat. In Pidgin English, 
the word is reduplicated, — thus, 
"chin-chin." 

china (chi'na) , n. a fine kind of porce- 
lain: adj. of, or from, China; of, or 
made of, china. 

chinch (chinch), n. a fetid insect de- 
structive to corn crops; the bedbug. 

chinchilla (chin-clnTa) , n. a small 
South American rodent with a soft 
fine fur. 



chine (chin), n. the backbone or spine 
of an animal; a piece of the back- 
bone of an animal (usually a pig) 
with adjacent parts cut for cooking; 
a rocky ravine or large fissure in a 
cliff. 

Chinese (chi-nez'), adj. of, or pertain- 
ing to, China. 

Chink (chingk), n. a name popularly 
given to a Chinese. [Colloq. Amer- 
ican.] 

chink (chingk), n. a small fissure open- 
ing lengthwise; a narrow apertui-e: 
v.i. to crack; to form into or close up 
cracks. 

chink (chingk), n. a sharp metallic or 
jingling sound; money: v.t. to cause 
to make a sharp metallic sound; 
jingle. 

chinkapin (ching'ka-pin) , n. the dwarf 
chestnut of the United States, or its 
nut. 

chinse (chins), v.t. to force oakum 
or tow in (the chinks or seams be- 
tween the planking of a ship); calk 
temporarily. 

chintz (chints), n. cotton cloth usually 
glazed, printed in various colors. 

chintz (chints), n. a word formed from 
the Spanish chincha and meaning one 
or more poisonous gnats. 

chip (chip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chipped, 
p.pr. chipping], to cut into small 
pieces; bet at cards: v.i. break or 
fly off into small pieces: n. a small 
piece of stone, wood, &c, cut or 
broken off; a bonnet, &c, made of 
thin split wood or Cuban palm leaf. 

chipmunk (chip'mungk), n. a small 
squirrel of North America, having 
dark and light stripes on its back. 

chipper (chip'er), adj. active; pert. 

chirography (ki-rog'ra-fi) , n. the art 
of writing or engrossing; judgment 
of character by the hand-writing. 

chiromancy (ki'rq-man-si) , n. palm- 
istry. See palmist. 

chiropodist (ki-rop'o-dist) , n. one 
who removes corns, bunions, &c, 
and is skilled in diseases of the feet 
and hands. [Greek. 1 
chiropractic (ki-ro-prak'tik), n. spinal 
manipulation to cure disease. 

chirp (cherp), n. a short shrill cheerful 
note: v.i to utter such a note. 

chisel (chiz'el), n. an edged instrument 
of iron or steel for cutting wood, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CHIT 



172 



CHORISTER 



otone, or metal: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
chiseled, p.pr. chiseling], to cut, pare, 
gouge, or engrave with a chisel; to 
take an^ unfair advantage of in a 
transaction. 

chit (chit), n. a child; a pert forward 
girl. 

chit-chat (chit'chat), n. familiar talk. 

chivalresque (shiv-al-resk') , adj. of, 
or pertaining to, chivalry; chival- 
rous. 

chivalrous (shiv'al-rus) , adj. relating 
to chivalry; warlike; high-spirited; 
gallant. 

chivalry (shiv'al-ri) , n. the mediaeval 
system of knighthood; knights col- 
lectively: the qualifications of a 
knight, as bravery, nobleness, cour- 
tesy, respect for womanly dignity 
and chastity, &c; tenure of land by 
knight's service. [French.] 

chloral (klo'ral) or chloral hydrate 
(klo'ral hi'drat), n. a strong narcotic. 

chloralism (klo'ral-izm), n. the habit 
of using chloral ; a diseased condition 
caused by the use of chloral. 

chloralize (klo'rai-iz), v.t. to bring 
under the influence of chloral. 

chlorate (klo'rat), n. a salt of chloric 
acid. 

chloric (klo-rik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, chlorine. 

chloric acid (as'id), n. an acid con- 
taining hydrogen, oxygen, and chlo- 
rine. 

chloride (klo'rid), n. a compound of 
chlorine with another element. 

chloride of lime (lim), n. a com- 
pound of chloride with lime, used in 
bleaching. 

chlorine (klo'rin), n. a greenish-yellow 
gas possessing great bleaching pow- 
ers. 

chlorodyne (klo'ro-dm), n. a popular 
anodyne. 

chloroform (klo'ro-f orm) , n. a volatile 
liquid used for producing insensibil- 
ity to pain: v.t. to administer chloro- 
form to. 

chlorophyll (klo'ro-fil) , n. the green 
coloring matter in plants. 

chlorosis (klo-ro'sis) , n. a disease 
affecting young women, character- 
ized by anemia. 

chocolate (chok'o-lat) , n. a paste 
made from the roasted kernels of 
the cocoa-nut, used in making the 



beverage so called: adj. having the 
color of, or being, chocolate. [Aztec] 

choice (chois), n. the act of choosing; 
option; the thing chosen; the best or 
preferable part: adj. select; carefully 
chosen. 

choir (kwir), n. a band of singers in 
a church; the place where they 
sing. [Old French.] 

choke (chok), v.t. to suffocate by 
obstructing the windpipe; block up. 

choke-damp (chok'damp), n. car- 
bonic acid generated in mines. 

choker (cho'ker), n. one who, or that 
which, chokes; a necktie. 

choler (ko'ler), n. bile; irascibility. 

cholera (kol'er-a), n. a disease with 
violent vomiting and purging. 

choleric (korer-ik), adj. bilious; high- 
tempered; irascible. 

choose (chooz), v.t. [p.t. chose, p.p. 
chosen, p.pr. choosing], to take by 
preference; select: v.i. to make a 
choice; prefer. 

chop (chop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chopped, 
p.pr. chopping], to cut with repeated 
blows; hew; mince; to exchange: 
v.i. to do anything with a quick 
motion; turn or vary suddenly: n. 
the act of chopping; a piece chopped 
off. 

chop (chop), n. a mark or brand de- 
noting quality. [Pidgin English.] 

chops (chops), n.pl. the sides of tne 
mouth of a river, channel, &c. 

chopsticks (chop'stiks) , n.pl. two 
small sticks used by the Chinese in 
place of knives and forks for eating. 

chop-suey (chop-soo'i), n. a dish much 
favored by the Chinese. It is made 
of stewed meat, meal, and some 
liquids to make it soft. [Cantonese.] 

choral (ko'ral), adj. of, or pertaining 
to, a choir ; chanted or sung by a choir. 

chorale (ko'ral), n. a simple sacred 
melody or hymn sung in unison. 

chorally (ko'ra-li), adv. in the manner 
of a chorus. 

chord (kord), n. the string of a musical 
instrument; notes in harmony; har- 
mony of color; a straight line joining 
the ends of the arc of a circle: v.t. to 
string, as a musical instrument. i 

chores (chorz), n.pl. the daily light 
work of a farmyard or household. 

chorister (kor'is-ter) , n. a member of 
a choir. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



"^ 



CHORTLE 



173 



CHRONOMETER 



chortle (ehor'tl), v.t. to chuckle and 
snort. 

chorus (ko'rus), n. a number singing 
in concert; a concerted piece of 
music; a band of singers and dancers 
in a Greek drama. 

chosen (cho'zen), adj. selected; choice. 

chouse (chous), v.t. to cheat: swindle. 

chow-chow(chou'chou), adj. an East 
Indian mixed pickle. [Chinese.] 

chowder (chou'der), n. a dish of fresh 
fish; clams stewed together with 
green corn, chickens, onions, pork, 
biscuits, &c. [French.] 

chrism (krizm), n. consecrated oil. 

Christ (krlst), n. "The Anointed"; 
a name given to Jesus of Nazareth, 
synonymous with the Hebrew Mes- 
siah. 

christen (kris'n), v.t. to baptize and 
give a Christian name to; to denom- 
inate. 

Christendom (kris'n-dum), n. coun- 
tries whose inhabitants profess the 
Christian faith; Christians collec- 
tively. ; 

Christian (kris'chan), n. a professor 
of the religion of Christ: adj. pro- 
fessing the religion of Christ. 

Christian era (e'ra), n. the present 
era reckoned from the birth of Christ. 

Christian Science (si 'ens), n. a sys- 
tem of religion founded by Mary 
Baker Eddy in 1866; based upon the 
Scriptures, especially the teachings 
of Christ Jesus, and fully stated in 
the text-book, Science and Health. 
It shows "the scientific relation of 
man to God," and teaches that moral 
and physical healing results from the 
understanding of spiritual law. 

Christianity (kris-chi-an'i-ti), n. the 
precepts and doctrines taught by 
Christ, 

Christianize (kris'chan-Iz), v.t. to con- 
vert to Christianity. [Greek.] 

Christmas (kris'mas), n. the festival 
(Dec. 25) celebrating the birth of 
Christ. 

Christmastide (kris'mas-tld), n. 
Christmas Eve (Dec. 24) to Epiph- 
any (Jan. 6). 

chromascope (kro'ma-skop), n. an 
instrument to show the optical effects 
of color. [Greek.] 

chromate (kro'mat), n. a salt of 
chromic acid. 



chromatic (kro-mat'ik), adj. relating 
to colors; including notes not belongs 
ing to the diatonic scale, n. a note 
affected by an accidental; pi. that 
branch of optics which treats of 
colors. 

chromatometer (kro-ma-tom'e-ter), 
n. a scale for measuring colors. 

chromatrope (kro'ma-trop), n. a re- 
volving magic-lantern slide. 

chrome (krom), n. chromium: v.t. to 
dye in a bath of bichromate of potash. 

chromium (kro'mi-um), n. a steel- 
gray metal, one of the elements. 

chromo _(kro'mo), n. [pi. chromos 
(kro'moz)], a chromo-lithograph or 
picture produced by chromo-lithog- 
raphy. [Greek.] 

chromogen (kro'mo-jen), n. the color- 
ing matter of plants. 

ehromograph (kro'mo-graf), n. an 
apparatus for duplicating circulars, 
oil-paintings, &c; a hectograph. 

chromo - lithography (kro-mo-lith- 
og'ra-fl), n. the art of printing in 
colors from stone. 

chromosphere (kro'mo-sfer), n. the 
rose-colored outer envelope of the 
sun. 

chronic (kron'ik), adj. continuing a 
long time, or recurring: said of a 
disease. [Greek.] 

chronically (kron'i-ka-li), adv. in a 
chronic manner. 

chronogram (kron'o-gram), n. an 
inscription which includes in it the 
date of some event. 

chronograph (kron'o-graf), n. an 
instrument for recording minute in- 
tervals of time. 

chronological (kron-o-loj/i-kal), adj. 
relating to, or containing an account 
of, past events in the order of time. 

chronologically (kron-o-lo j 'i-ka-li ) , 
adv. in a chronological manner. 

chronologist (kro-nol'o-jistj, n. one 
versed in chronology. Also chronol- 
oger. 

chronologize (kro-nol'o-jiz), v.t. to 
arrange in historical sequence. 

chronology (kro-nol'o-ji '. chro- 

nologies (kro-nol'o-ji;§)], the science 
that treats of events and arranges 
then dates in proper sequence. 

chronometer (kro-nom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring time with 
extreme accuracy. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, /ft en. 



CHRONOPHER 



174 



CI-DEVANT 



chronopher (kron'o-f er) , n. an instru- 
ment for signaling by electricity the 
exact time to distant stations. 

chronoscope (kron'6-skop) , n. an in- 
strument for measuring by electricity 
the velocity of a projectile. 

chrysalis (kris'a-lis) , n. the final stage 
through which a lepidopterous insect, 
or a butterfly, passes prior to its 
winged state. [Greek.] 

chrysanthemum (kris^an'the-mum), 
n. a composite plant with large heads 
of showy flowers; a flower of this 
plant. 

chrysolite (kris'o-lit) , n. a green- 
colored and sometimes transparent 
gem. 

chrysoprase (kris'o-praz) , n. a variety 
of chalcedony of apple-green color. 

chub (chub), n. a fresh-water fish. 

chubbiness (chub'i-nes), n. plump- 
ness. 

chubby (chub'i), adj. plump; fat and 
round. 

chuck (chuk), v.t. to make a noise 
like a hen calling to her chickens: n. 
a hen's call. 

chuck (chuk) , v.t. to pat in a playful 
manner; throw smartly to a short 
distance; hold in a chuck: n. a light 
blow under the chin; a short toss; 
an appendage to a lathe to secure 
the work to be turned. 

chuckle (chuk'l), n. a quiet, sup- 
pressed laugh: v.i. to laugh in such 
a manner. 

chum (chum), n. one who lodges in 
the same apartment; an old or in- 
timate friend: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
chummed, p.pr. chumming], to 
occupy the same room. 

chump (chump), n. a short, thick, 
heavy piece of wood; a thick-headed, 
unintelligent man; a block head. 

chunan (chu'nan), n. a cement much 
used for building in the tropic east, 
composed, of lime, cocoanut milk 
and Para tree juice. [Hindu.] 

chunky (chung'ki), adj. short and 
thick. 

church (cherch), n. a building used for 
divine worship. 

Church (cherch), n. the collective 
body of Christians ; a particular body 
of Christians; the clergy. 

churchman (cherch'man),n. an eccle- 



siastic or clergyman; one who minis- 
ters in sacred things; an Episcopalian. 

churchwarden (cherch'wawr-dn), n, 
one of the officers (usually two) in a 
Protestant Episcopal church, whose 
duties vary in different dioceses, but 
relate chiefly to the oversight and 
management of the temporal affairs 
of the parish; a clay tobacco pipe 
with a long stem. [Slang]. 

churl (cherl), n. formerly one of the 
lowest orders of freemen; a peasant: 
a surly ill-bred person; a niggard. 
[Anglo-Saxon.] 

churlish (cherFish), adj. ill-bred; nig- 
gardly. 

churn (chern) , n. a vessel in which milk 
or cream is agitated to form butter : v.t. 
to make (butter) by agitating milk or 
cream; agitate by violent motion. 

chute (shoot), n. an inclined trough 
for sending articles down ; an aquatic 
switch-back; a river-fall over which 
timber is floated; a stampede; a 
bayou. 

chyle (kil), n. a milk-like fluid sepa- 
rated from digested matter in the 
stomach, absorbed by the lacteal 
vessels, and assimilated into blood. 

chyme (kim), n. the pulpy mass of 
digested food prior to separation of 
the chyle. 

cicada (si-ka/da or si-ka/da), n. [pi. 
cicadae (si-ka'- or ka'de)], a genus of 
insects having the power of produc- 
ing a shrill sound, as the cricket, &c. 

cicatrix (sik-a/triks) , n. [pi. cicatrices 
(si-ka-tri'sez)], the scar remaining 
after a wound has healed. 

cicatrize (sik'a-triz) , v.t. to heal (a 
wound) by inducing the skin to form 
a cicatrix. 

cicerone (sis-e-ro'ne ; Italianche-cha- 
ro'ne), n. [pZ. cicerones (che-cha-ro'- 
nez), ciceroni (sis-e-ro'ne)], a guide 
who explains the "antiquities and 
chief features of a place. [Italian.] 

Cid (sid), n. a chief or commander, 
especially in Spanish literature; the 
hero, Ruy Diaz, the Christian cham- 
pion against the Moors; the name of 
a Spanish epic relating his exploits. 

cider (si'der), n. the juice of apples 
expressed and fermented. 

ci-devant (se-de-vang'), adj. former: 
used with reference to an office pre- 
viously held. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ,- boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CIERGE 



175 



CIRCUMCISE 



cierge (si-erj')» n. a wax candle used in 
religious processions. 

cigar (si-gar') , n. a small roll of tobacco- 
leaf used for smoking. [Spanish.] 

cigarette (sig-a-ref) , n. a small cigar 
made of tobacco rolled in thin paper. 

cilia (sil'i-a), n.pl. the hair of the eye- 
lids; long minute hair-like appen- 
dages on the margins of vegetable 
bodies; the very minute vibratile 
filaments lining or covering certain 
organs. [Latin.] 

ciliated (sil'i-a-ted) , adj. covered with 
cilia. 

Cimmerian (kim- or sim-e'ri-an) , adj. 
pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabu- 
lous people mentioned by Homer as 
living in perpetual darkness: hence 
intensely dark; gloomy. 

<;inch (sinch), n. a saddle-girth firmly 
fastened in place by loop and knots; 
a sure grip or hold. [Spanish.] 

cinchona (sin-ko'na), n. a South 
American tree which yields quinine. 

cinchonism (sin'ko-nizm) , n. a condi- 
tion of the system characterized by 
buzzing in the ears, deafness, &c, 
caused by the excessive use of qui- 
nine. 

cincture (singk'tur), n. a belt or 
girdle worn round the waist ; a raised 
or carved ring at the bottom and top 
of a pillar. [Latin.] 

cinder (sin'der) , n. any piece of a body 
thoroughly burnt but not reduced to 
ashes: pi. volcanic scoriae; slag. 

cinematograph (sin-e-mat'o-graf), n. 
a French device similar to the bio- 
graph, or moving pictures. [Greek.] 

cinerary (shVe-ra-n) , adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, ashes: applied to 
sepulchral urns. 

cinnabar (sin'a-bar), n. red sulphide 
of mercury. [Latin.] 

cinnamon (sin'a-mun), n. the inner 
aromatic bark of an East Indian tree: 
adj. light-reddish brown. [Latin.] 

cinque (singk), n. a five. [French.] 

cinque-foil (singk'f oil) , n. a plant of 
the genus Potentilla; five fingers; an 
architectural ornamentation resem- 
bling five leaves. 

cipher (si'fer). n. the symbol 0: hence 
a person or anything without value 
or power; a monogram; a secret 
manner of writing, or the key to it; 
a code: v.i. to practice arithmetic; to 



sound independently of the player: 
v.t. to express in cipher. 

circle (ser'kl), n. a round body; a plane 
figure bounded by a single curved 
line called its circumference, every 
part of which is equally distant from 
a point within it, called the center; 
an orb; an enclosure; a sphere or 
position in society; a number of 
persons or things united by a com- 
mon bond; a coterie; an administra- 
tive division of a country; an incon- 
clusive form of argument: v.t. to 
encompass: v.i. move in a circle; to 
revolve. [French.] 

circlet (serk'let), n. a small circle. 

circuit (ser'ket), n. the act of going 
round anything; the space enclosed 
in a circie; the journey of a judge 
from one place to another to hold 
assizes; a district assigned to an 
itinerant preacher; the arrangement 
by which an electric current is kept 
up between the two poles of a bat- 
tery or machine; the path of the 
electric current ._ [Latin.] 

circuitous (ser-ku'i-tus) , adj. round- 
about. 

circular (ser'kti-lar) , adj. round like a 
circle; ending in itself; intended for 
circulation: n. a printed or written 
letter or notice. 

circularize (ser'ku-lar-iz), v.t. to make 
circular; send circulars to. 

circulate (ser'ku-lat) , v.t. to cause to 
pass from point to point or from one 
person to another: v.i. move round 
and return to the same point; pass 
from hand to hand; be diffused or 
distributed; travel. 

circulation (ser-ku-la/shun) , n. the act 
of moving round; passing or trans- 
mitting from place to nlace; the ex- 
tent to which a thing is circulated; 
currency of money. 

circulator (ser'ku-la-ter) , n. a circulat- 
ing decimal. 

circulatory (ser'ku-la-to-ri) , adj. cir- 
culating. 

circum (seVkum), a Latin prefix = 
around, forming compounds # the 
meaning of many of which is obvious, 
as arcurapolar, around the pole, &c. 

circumambient (ser-kum-am'bi-ent) , 
adj. inclosing, or surrounding, on all 
sides. 

circumcise (ser'kum-siz) , v.t. to cut 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CIRCUMCISION 



176 



CITHARA 



off the foreskin or prepuce; purify the 

heart . 
circumcision (seVkum-sizh-un) , n. 

the act of circumcising; spiritual 

purification. [Latin.] 
circumference (ser-kum'fer-ens) , n. 

the line that bounds a circle; a pe- 
riphery. [Latin.] 
circumferential (ser-kum-f er-en 'shal) , 

adj. pertaining to the circumference. 
circumferentially (ser-kum-fer-en'- 

sha-li), adj. in a circumferential 

manner. 
eircumfieet (ser-kum-flekt'), v.t. to 

bend around. [Latin.] 
eircumfleetion, n. Same as circum- 

flexion. 
circumflex (ser'kum-fleks) , n. a mark 

( A , ^ ) over a vowel or syllable to 

denote accent or contraction: adj. 

marked with such an accent; curved 

or winding: v.t. to pronounce or mark 

with the circumflex. 
circumflexion (ser-kum-flek'shun), n. 

the act of marking with a circum- 
flex. 
circumfuse (ser-kum-fuz') , v.t. to pour 

or spread around. 
circumjacent (ser-kum-j a/sent), adj. 

lying around; bordering on every 

side. 
circumlocution (ser-kum-lo-ku'shun) , 

n. a roundabout way of speaking; an 

indirect mode of statement, 
eircumlocutionary (ser-kum-lo-ku'- 

shun-a-ri), adj. roundabout. 
circumlocutory (ser-kum-lok'Q-to-ri) , 

adj. expressing few words in many. 
circumnavigable (ser-kum-nav'i-ga- 

bl), adj. capable of being circum- 
navigated. 
circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gat) , 

v.t. to sail round: usually the globe. 
circumnavigator (ser-kum-nav'i-ga- 

ter), n. one who circumnavigates. 
circumscribe (ser-kum-skrlb'), v.t. to 

inclose within certain lines or boun- 
daries; restrict. 
circumscriptive (ser-kum-skrip'tiv) , 

adj. limiting. 
circumspect (ser'kum-spekt), adj. 

cautious; prudent; watchful on all 

sides. 
circumspection (ser-kum-spek'shun) , 

n. caution; watchfulness on every 

side; prudence. 
circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n. 



something relative or appendent to 
a fact; an incident: pi. state of af- 
fairs: v.t. to place in a particular 
situation [only in p.p.]. 

circumstantial t (ser-kum-stan'shal) t 
n. something incidental and sub- 
ordinate to the main subject: pi. 
incidentals: adj. accidental; detailed; 
proving indirectly. 

circumstantiality (ser-kum-stan-shi- 
al'i-ti), n. the state of being circum- 
stantial; fullness of detail. 

circumstantially (ser-kum-stan'shi- 
a-li), adv. incidentally; not essenti- 
ally; minutely; exactly. 

circumstantiate (ser-kum-stan'shi- 
at), v.t. to verify in every particular. 

cir cum vailat ion (ser-kum-val-a'- 
shun), n. the act of throwing up walls 
or trenches surrounding a fortified 
place. 

circumvent (ser-kum-vent') , n. to 
gain an advantage over by stratagem 
or deception. 

circumvention (ser-kum-ven'shun) , 
n. the act of circumventing; a strata- 
gem. 

circumventive (ser-kum-ven'tiv) , adj. 
deceiving by artifice. 

circumvolution (ser-kum-vo-lu'shun) , 
n. the act of rolling round; the state 
of being rolled round. 

circus (seVkus), n. [pi. circuses (ser'- 
kus-ez)], a large level oblong space 
for feats of horsemanship, &c, with 
seats for the spectators arranged in 
tiers; a semi-circular space. [Latin.] 

cisalpine (sis-al'pm), adj. this side of 
the Alps with regard to Rome; south 
of the Alps; opposed to transalpine, 
across or beyond the Alps. [Latin.] 

cisatlantic (sis-at-lan'tik), adj. on this 
side of the Atlantic Ocean. [Latin.] 

cistern (sis'tern), n. a natural or arti- 
ficial receptacle for- storing water; a 
reservoir. [Latin.] 

citadel (sit'a-del), n. a fortress, a 
castle. [French.] 

citation (si-ta'shun), n. an official 
summons to appear before a court, 
especially an ecclesiastical court; a' 
quotation. [Latin.] 

citatory (si'ta-to-ri) , adj. having the 
form or nature of a citation ; citing. 

cite (sit),, v.t. to summon officially to 
appear in court; quote. 

cithara (sith r a-ra), n. an ancient lyre. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CITHERN 



177 



CLAP 



cithern (sith'ern), ri. a Medieval lute 
or guitar with wire strings. 

citizen (sit'i-zen), n. a native or in- 
habitant of a town or city; a free- 
man; a member of a state or nation 
who enjoys political rights and privi- 
leges; a tradesman. [French.] 

citrate (sit 'rat), n. a salt of citric acid. 
citric acid (sit'rik as 'id), n. an acid 
found in the lemon and orange. 

citron (sit 'run), n. a tree with a fruit 

like the lemon. [French.] 
city (sit'i), n. [pi. cities (sit'iz)], a 
large and important town; a corpo- 
rate town. [French.] 

civic (siv'ik), adj. pertaining to a city. 

civil (siv'il), adj. relating to the affairs 
of a city or government; intestine; 
non-international; not military or 
criminal; complaisant; well-bred. 

civil service (ser'vis), n. the paid 
service of the state not exclusively 
naval or military. 

civil war (wawr), n. war between two 
factions of the same country. 

civilian (si-vil'yan) , n. one engaged in 
the pursuits of civil life; not a soldier 
or sailor: adj. occupied in civil pur- 
suits. [Old French.] 

civility (si-vil'i-ti), n. [pi. civilities 
(si-vil'i-tiz)], good breeding; cour- 
tesy. [French.] 

civilization (siv-i-li-za'shun) , n. the 
act or state of being civilized; cul- 
ture; refinement. [French.] 

civilize (siv'i-llz), v.t. to reclaim from 
a savage state; instruct in the arts 
and refinements of civilized life. 

Uvilly (siv'il-h), adv. in a civil man- 
ner. 

clack (klak), v.i. to make a sudden, 
sharp sound; chatter rapidly and 
continuously: n. a sudden, sharp 
sound; continual prattle; a variety 
of ball-valve; a mechanical contri- 
vance in a corn-mill. 

clad (klad), p.t. of clothe. 

claim (klam), v.t. to demand as a 
right, or by authority: v.i. to be 
entitled to anything; assert or put 
forward a claim: n. a demand; a 
right or title to anything; the thing 
claimed; a piece of land which a 
miner marks out in accordance with 
mining laws. 

claimant (kla'mant), n. one who de- 
mands anything as his right. 



clairaudience (klar-aw'di-ens) , n. the 
supposed power of hearing in a trance 
sounds otherwise inaudible. [French.] 

clairvoyance (klar-voi'ans), n. the 
power attributed to persons in a 
mesmeric state of seeing objects not 
usually perceptible. [French.] 

clairvoyant (klar-voi'ant) , adj. per- 
taining to, or characterized by, clair- 
voyance: n. one who professes to 
have the power of clairvoyance: fern. 
clairvoyante. 

clam (klam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clammed, 
p.pr. clamming], to clog with any 
glutinous matter: v.i. to be moist and 
cold. 

clam (klam), n. an edible bivalve 
mollusk. 

clam-bake (klam'bak), n. clams baked 
with sea-weed; a picnic at which 
baked clams form the chief dish. 
See chowder. 

clamber (klam'ber), v.t. to ascend or 
climb with difficulty. 

clamminess (klam'i-nes) , n. the state 
of being clammy. 

clammy (klam'i), adj. soft and sticky. 

clamor (klam'er), n. a loud and con- 
tinued noise; popular outcry: v.t. 
shout with a loud voice: v.i. make 
importunate demands. [Latin.] 

clamorous (klam'er-us) , adj. vocif- 
erous. 

clamp (klamp), n. anything that fas- 
tens or binds; a piece of wood, metal, 
&c, used to bring two things to- 
gether: v.t. to fasten or bind with 
clamps. 

clan (klan), n. & tribe or association 
of families united under one chief- 
tain, having one common ancestor, 
and the same surname. [Scottish.] 

clandestine (klan-des'tin) , adj. secret; 
private. [Latin.] 

clandestinely (klan-des'tin-li), adv. in 
a secret manner. 

clang (klang), n. a loud, sharp, ringing 
metallic sound: v.t. to cause to re- 
sound with a clang: v.i. give out a 
clang. _ 

clangor (klang'ger), n. a sharp clang. 

clank (klangk), n. a sharp, hard metal- 
lic sound: v.t. & v.i. to rattle and 
sound, as chains. 

clannish (klan'ish) , adj. pertaining to 
a clan; closely adherent. 

clap (klap), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 
U hue. hut ; think, then. 



CLAPBOARD 



178 



CLAY 



clapped, p.pr. clapping], to strike 
one thing against another with a 
quick, sharp noise; indicate approval 
by striking the hands together; put 
on quickly: n. a loud noise made by 
a sudden collision; applause ex- 
pressed by clapping; a sudden act or 
movement. 

clapboard (klab'ord), n. a thin, narrow 
board, used for the covering of the 
sides of frame houses. 

clapper (klap'er), n. one who, or that 
which, claps; the tongue of a bell; 
the clack of a mill-hopper. 

claque (klak), n. an organized body 
of men who are paid to applaud or 
disapprove at theaters: hence in- 
terested admirers or critics. [French.] 

claquer (kla-ker'), n. a member of a 
claque. 

claret (klar'et) , n. a light bodied wine 
of a dark-red color, called by the 
French "Bordeaux wine" from the 
district where it is chiefly made; 
blood: adj. claret-colored. 

clarification (klar-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the 
act of clarifying. 

clarify (klar'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p. v. clari- 
fied, p.pr. clarifying], to make clear 
from impurities: v.i. to become 
bright. 

clarinet (klar'i-net) , n. a keyed reed 
instrument of the oboe class. Also 
clarionet. 

clarion (klar'ri-un) , n. a kind of trum- 
pet. 

clash (klash), v.i. to make a loud harsh 
noise by mutual collision: v.t. to 
strike violently together: n. the noise 
so produced. 

clasp (klasp), v.t. to shut or fasten 
together with, or as with, a clasp: 
n. a hook to hold anything close; a 
close embrace. 

class (clas), n. a rank or order of per- 
sons or things ; a number of students 
of the same status; a group of ani- 
mals or plants next in rank above an 
order: v.t. to classify. [French.] 

classic (klas'ik), adj. of, or relating 
to, the highest class or rank in lit- 
erature or art; pertaining to, or 
having the characteristics of, the 
Greek or Roman authors; relating 
to localities associated with great 
authors or events; pure; refined; 
clear-cut. Also classical: n. an 



author of the first rank whose 
works serve as a standard; one 
versed in Greek and Latin litera- 
ture: pi. ancient Greek or Latin 
literature. [Latin.] 

classically (klas'i-ka-li) , adv. in the 
style or manner of a classic. 

classification (klas-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the 
art of forming or dividing into classes. 

classificatory (klas'i-fi-ka-to-ri) , adj. 
relating to, or forming the basis of, 
classification. 

classifier (klas'i-f I-er) , n. one who 
classifies. 

classify (klas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
classified; p.pr. classifying], to ar- 
range in classes; systematize. 

classman (klas'man), n. [pi. classmen 
(klas'men)], a student who has 
gained honors at an examination: 
opposed to passman. [English.] 

class meeting (klas'met-ing), n. a 
class, under a class-leader, for re- 
ligious instruction. 

clatter (klat'er), v.i. to make a noise 
by knocking two sonorous bodies 
frequently together; talk idly and 
noisily: v.t. to strike anything to 
make a clatter: n. a continuous or 
confused noise; idle gossip. 

clause (klawz), n. a separate part of a 
written composition, or a sentence; a 
special proviso in a document. 
[French.] 

claustral (klaws'tral) , adj. pertaining 
to a cloister. [French.] 

clavate (kla/vat), adj. club-shaped. 

clavichord (klav'i-kord) , n. a medi- 
aeval stringed instrument. Also clari- 
chord. [Late Latin.] 

clavicle (klav'i-kal) , n. the collar- 
bone. [Latin.] 

clavier (kla-veV), n. the key-board 
of an organ, pianoforte, or harmo- 
nium. [French.] - 

claw (klaw), n. a sharp hooked nail 
in the foot of an animal, as the cat; 
the whole foot of a bird; anything 
resembling a claw; the narrow part 
at the base of a leaf or foot-stalk of 
a petal: v.t. to tear or scratch with, 
or as if with, claws. 

clay (kia), n. anything easily molded; 
soft plastic earth; the bodily or 
earthly nature of man.: adj. made of 
or like clay: v.t. to purify, cover, or 
manure with clay. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CLAYMORE 



179 



CLIMACTERIC 



claymore (kia/mor), n. a Highland 
broad-sword . [Gaelic , ' 'great sword . ' ' j 

clean (klen), adj. free from dirt o:; 
extraneous matter; morally or cere- 
monially pure : adv. in a clean manner ; 
entirely ; cleverly : v.t. to render clean. 

clean-cut (klen-kut'), adj. clear-cut; 
well-shaped. 

cleanliness (klen'li-nes) , ft. the state 
of being clean. 

cleanly (klen'li), adj. neat; pure: adv. 
wholly clean. 

cleanness (klen'nes), ft. moral or phys- 
ical purity; neatness. 

cleanse (klenz), v.t. to make clean; 
purify from moral taint or guilt. 

dear (kler), adj. bright; pure; un- 
dimmed ; translucent ; manifest to the 
understanding; unobstructed; audi- 
ble; unadulterated: v.t. to make 
bright; render evident; free from 
obstructions; render more acute or 
quick ; prove or declare innocent ; free 
from legal detention, as imported 
goods: v.i. leave a port; exchange 
cheques, &c, at a bank. [French.] 

clear-cut (kler-kuf), adj. having a 
sharp, clearly-defined outline, as if 
chiseled. 

clearance (kler'ans), ft. the act of 
clearing. 

clearing (kler'ing), n. the act of mak- 
ing clear; land cleared of timber. 

clearing-house (kler'ing-hous), n. an 
establishment arranged by bankers 
in a city to interchange and adjust 
balances. 

cleat (klet), ft. a thin piece of iron 
worn on boots to make them more 
durable; a piece of wood or iron on 
the yard-arm of a ship to keep the 
ropes from slipping; a strip of wood 
nailed across a # board: v.t. to secure 
or strengthen with a cleat. [Danish.] 

cleavable (kle'va-bl), adj. divisible. 

cleavage (kle'vaj), ft. the act of split- 
ting ; the property of some rocks of be- 
ing broken in one or more directions. 

cleave (klev), v.i. [p.t. clave, cleaved, 
p.p. cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to ad- 
here to; be attached strongly to. 

cleave (klev), v.i. [p.t. cleft, clove 
(klov), p.p. cleft (kleft), cloven 
(klo'vn), cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to 
divide with violence ; part naturally. 

cleaver (kle'ver), # n. a butcher's heavy 
hatchet for dividing carcasses. 



cleavers (kle'verz), n. goose-grass. 

clef (kief), n. a figure at the beginning 
of each staff in music to indicate the 
pitch of ail the notes on one particu- 
lar line or space. [French.] 

cleft, p.t. & p.p. of cleave, to split. 

cleft (kleft), ft. a crack; crevice. 

clematis (klem'a-tis) , n. a perennial 
plant of the crowfoot family. [Latin.] 

clemency (klem'en-si) , n. [pi. clemen- 
cies (klem'en-siz)], compassion; re- 
mission. [Latin.] 

clement (klem'ent), adj. compassion- 
ate; forgiving; gentle; forbearing. 

clergy (kler'ji), ft. a, body of men set 
apart by ordination for the service 
of the Church. 

clergyman (kler'ji-man) , n.[pl. clergy- 
men (kler'ji-men)], a minister^ 

clerical (kler'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to 
the clergy; pertaining to a clerk, 
writer, or copyist^ 

clerical error (kler'i-kal er'er), n. an 
error in copying. 

clerk (klerk), ft. a parish clerk; a 
scholar; one engaged in an office to 
conduct correspondence, keep books, 
or transact business generally; an 
assistant salesman in a store or shop : 
v.i. to act as clerk or salesman. 

clever (klev'er), adj. possessing skill or 
ability; dexterous; expert; good 
natured and obliging. 

clew (kloo), ft. a ball of thread; a hint 
or aid to discovery [see clue]; one of 
the corners of a sail: v.t. to truss up 
(sails) to the yard of a ship. 

click (klik), v.i. to make a short sharp 
successive noise: v.t. to move with a 
clicking sound: ft. a slight sharp 
sound; a catch for retaining a bolt. 

click- languages (klik-lang'gwej-ez), 
ft. certain languages of the negroes in 
South Western Africa, of which the 
sounds are sharp clicks rather than 
such as can be easily recorded 
in writing. 

client (kll'ent), ft. one who employs 
a lawyer; one dependent upon an- 
other's patronage. [Latin.] 

clientage (klfen-tij), ft. the condition 
of being a client; clients collectively. 

cliff (klif), ft. high steep rock or bank. 

climacteric (kli-mak'ter-ik) , n. one 
of the critical periods in human life 
when some great change is supposed 
to take place in the constitution. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, r^rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CLIMATE 



180 



CLOSE 



such as, in men, about 68, and, in 
women, about 50. [Latin.] 

climate (kll'mat), n. the temperature 
and meteorological conditions of a 
country, &c. [French.] 

climatic (kli-mat'ik), adj. relating to, 
or connected with, climate. 

climatize (kll'ma-tlz), i\t. to accustom 
to a new climate. 

climatography (kll-ma-tog'ra-fi) , ft. 
a description of climates. 

climatology (kll-ma-toro-ji), ft. me- 
teorology. 

climatometer (kli-ma-tom'e-ter) , n. 
an instrument for recording varia- 
tions of temperature in any given 
region. 

climax (kll'maks), ft. the summit; 
acme. 

climb (klim), v.i. to mount or as- 
cend, as by the hands and feet: v.t. 
ascend laboriously: n. an ascent by 
climbing. 

clime (klim), ft. a country, region, or 
tract. 

clinch (klinch), v.t. to rivet; fix firmly 
by folding over; double up tightly, 
as the fingers; to hold fast; to settle 
a dispute or to come to an agree- 
ment: ft. anything that holds both 
ways; a mode of fastening large 
ropes. 

cling (kling), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clung, 
p.pr. clinging], to adhere closely; 
hold fast by embracing or entwin- 
ing. 

clinic (klin'ik), n. a medical lecture 
at the bedside or in the presence of 
patients. [Greek.] 

clinical (klin'ik-al) , adj. pertaining to 
a clinic. 

clinically (klin'i-ka-li) , adv. in a clin- 
ical manner. 

clink (klingk), v.t. to strike so as to 
make a slight sharp sound: v.i. to 
make a clinking noise: n. a slight 
sharp successive vibrating noise; in 
soldiers' parlance, a military prison 
or guard-house. 

clinker (klingk'er), ft. a mass of partly 
vitrified brick; slag. [Danish.] 

clip (klip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clipped, 
dipt: p.pr. clipping], to cut with 
shears or scissors; cut off; formerly 
to debase coin by cutting off the 
edges: v.i. move quickly: n. the wool 
of a season's shearing; a spring 



holder for holding papers; a slight 
blow with the hand. 

clipper (klip'er), n. one who, or that 
which, clips; an instrument for cut- 
ting the hair of horses; a sailing 
vessel with very sharp lines and 
great spread of canvas; a person or 
animal that runs swiftly; a first-rate 
person or thing. 

clique (klek), n. a group of persons 
united for some common purpose 
(usually sinister); a coterie; a ring. 

cloak (klok), n. a sleeveless, loose outer 
garment worn by both sexes: hence, 
a pretext; disguise: v.t. to cover with, 
or as with, a cloak; cover up or 
conceal. 

clock (klok), ft. a machine for meas- 
uring and indicating the divisions of 
time by means of hands moving over 
a dial-plate. 

clock (klok), ft. a woven or embroid- 
ered ornament upon a stocking. 

clockwise (klok'wlz), adv. in the direc- 
tion of the rotation of the hand? of a 
clock. 

clod (klod), n. a lump of earth, turf, 
or clay; a bait used in eel-fishing; 
the shoulder part of the neck-piece 
in beef. 

clog (klog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clogged, 
p.pr. clogging], to load with anything 
that may impede motion ; embarrass : 
v.i. to stick or cluster together: n. a 
load or weight; a hindrance; a kind 
of wooden shoe. 

clogginess (klog'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being clogged. 

cloggy (klog'i), adj. clogging; adhe- 
sive. 

cloister (klois'ter), n. a place of reli- 
gious retirement; a monastery or 
nunnery: pi. an arched way or cov- 
ered walk running round an ecclesi- 
astical building or- college: v.t. to 
confine in a cloister or convent; 
seclude from the world. [French.] 

cloistral (klois'tral) , adj. pertaining 
to, or confined in, a cloister; se- 
cluded. 

close (kloz), v.t. to shut; surround 
closely; unite together; consolidate- 
end: v.i. to come together; shut in; 
coalesce; engage in hand-to-hand 
conflict; grapple: ft. an inclosed 
space; the precincts of a cathedral 
or abbey; an alley: adj. (klos) hav- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CLOSE 



181 



CLUMSY 



ing no outlet ; confined ; without ven- 
tilation; oppressive; minute; concise; 
reticent; niggardly: adv. near. 
close corporation (klos kor-po-ra/- 
shun), n. a corporation in which 
vacancies are filled by its members. 
close-hauled (klos'hawld) , adj. kept 

as near to the wind as possible. 
close port (klos 7 port) , n. a river port. 
close-reef (klos'ref), n. the last reef in 

a sail. 
close season (se'zun), n. certain 
months in the year in which it is 
illegal to kill game, protected wild 
birds, fish, &c. 
closet (kloz'et), n. a small room for 
privacy or retirement; a place for 
storing valuable things or household 
requisites: adj. private; secluded: 
v.t. to receive in a private room for 
confidential consultation. [French.] 
closure (klo'zhur), n. the act of shut- 
ting up; that which closes; the end; 
the closing of a debate by the vote of 
the majority (the cloture) : v.t. to end 
(a debate) by closure. [French.] 
clot (klot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clotted, p.pr. 
clotting], to coagulate: v.t. to make, 
form into, or cover with, clots: n. a 
concrete or coagulate mass of soft or 
fluid matter. 
cloth (kloth), n. [pi. cloths (klothz)], 
a woven fabric of some fibrous 
material, especially wool; a table 
covering; the distinctive dress of 
any profession, especially the cleri- 
cal. 
clothe (kloth), v.t. to put raiment on; 

cover with, or as with, a garment. 
clothes' (klothz) , n.pl. covering for the 

body; dress; bedclothes. 
clothier (klo^A'yer) , n. one who manu- 
factures or sells clothes. 
clothing (klo/A'ing) , n. garments in 

general. 
cloture (klo-tur'). See closure. 
cloud (kloud), n. a mass of visible 
vapor floating in the atmosphere; a 
volume of smoke or dust; the dark 
markings in marble or precious 
stones; a diffused body of anything; 
a multitude; a fight woolen shawl: 
v.t. to overspread with, or as with, 
a cloud; render gloomy; blacken or 
sully: v.i. to grow cloudy (usually 
with over). 
cloud-burst (kloud t>erst), n. a vio- 



lent downpour of rain over a very 
limited area. 

clough (kluf), n. a ravine in a rock 
or hillside ; a gorge ; a kind of 
sluice. 

clout (klout), n. a piece of cloth or 
leather for patching; a cloth for any 
mean use; the center mark of an 
archery target; an arrow that has 
hit the center; a blow on the head 
with the hand: v.t. to patch or mend 
coarsely; strike with the hand. 

clove (klov), p.t. of cleave. 

clove (klov), n. a pungent aromatic 
spice. [Spanish.] 

cloven (klo ven), p. adj. divided into 
two parts. 

clover (klo'ver), n. a species of grass. 

clown (kloun), n. a rustic; an ill- 
bred fellow a professional jester or 
buffoon. 

clownish (kloun'ish), adj. like a clown. 

cloy (k\o\), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cloyed, 
p.pr.^ cloying], to fill to repletion; 
surfeit. 

club (klub), n. a heavy stick; one of 
the suits of cards marked with tre- 
foils; a number of persons associ- 
ated for a common purpose or mu- 
tual benefit; a joint expense: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. clubbed, p.pr. clubbing], 
to beat with a club; unite in a solid 
mass: v.i. contribute to a common 
expense (with together). 

clubbable (klub'a-bl), adj. having the 
qualities which fit a man to associ- 
ate in a club. 

club-foot (klub'foot), n. a deformed 
foot. 

club-haul (klub'hawl), v.t. to tack (a 
ship) by dropping the lee anchor as 
soon as the wind is out of the sails, 
bringing the ship's head to the wind. 

club-moss (klub'mos), n. the lycopo- 
dium. 

cluck (kluk) , v.i. to cry or call like 
hen to her chickens: n. a hen'a 
call; the peculiar click uttered by 
some South African tribes. 

clue (kloo), n. a hint; a clew. 

clump (klump), n. a cluster of trees, 
&c; a thick sole: pi. a social game: 
v.t. arrange in a clump: v.i. tread 
clumsily. 

clumsily (klum'zi-li) , adv. awkward- 
ly; heavily. 

clumsy (klum'zi), adj. awkward ; heavy . 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CLUNG 



182 



COB 



clung (klung), p.t. of cling. 

cluster (klus'ter), n. a number of 
things of the same kind growing or 
collected together; a bunch: v.i. to 
grow or gather into bunches; con- 
gregate. 

clutch (kluch), v.t. to grasp, seize, or 
grip strongly: v.i. to snatch or seize 
[with at]: n. a grasp; seizure: pi 
hands; claws. 

clyster (klis'ter), n. a liquid injected 
into the lower intestines by a syr- 
inge; an enema. [Greek.] 

co- (ko), a prefix, meaning with, to- 
gether, entering into the composi- 
tion of many words, the sense of 
which is generally self-evident, _ as 
co-trustee, a joint trustee. [Latin.] 

coach (koch), n. sl large covered four- 
wheeled public or private carriage; 
a tutor who especially prepares an- 
other for an examination or an ath- 
letic contest: v.t. m to instruct or 
train for an examination, &c. 

coagulant (ko-ag'u-lant), n. a sub- 
stance that produces coagulation. 

coagulate (ko-ag'ti-lat) , v.t. to clot 
or curdle. 

coagulation (ko-ag-u-la'shun) , n. the 
act of coagulating; the state of being 
coagulated. [Latin.] 

coagulative (ko-ag'ii-Ia-tiv), adj. caus- 
ing coagulation. 

coagulator (ko-ag'u-la-ter) , n. that 
which causes coagulation. 

coagulum (ko-ag'Q-lum) , n. [pi. co- 
agula (ko-ag'u-la)], a clot of blood; 
a curdled mass. m 

coal (kol), n. mineralized vegetable 
matter, used in its hardened form 
as fuel: v .t. to furnish with coal: 
v.i. take in coal; pi. coals. [English.] 

coal-oil (kol'oil), n. petroleum. 

coal-tar (kol'tar), n. a thick opaque 
liquid, distilled from bituminous coal, 
and from which many rich dye colors 
are obtained, as well as medicines, 
all known as "coal-tar products." 

coalesce (ko-a : les') , v.t. to grow to- 
gether; combine; unite. [Latin.] 

coalescence (ko-a-les'ens) , n. the act 
of coalescing. 

coalescent (ko-a-les'ent) , adj. growing 
together 

coalition (ko-a-lish'un) , n. union in 
a body or mass; a combination of 
persons. 



coamings (kom'ings), n.pl. the raised 
wood or iron borders of the hatches 
of a vessel. 

coaptation (ko-ap-ta'shun) , n. the 
adjustment or adaptation of parts to 
one another; the fitting of one bone 
to another by a sort of gliding proc- 
ess or movement; same as close 
corporation, where members fill va- 
cancies by their own votes. [Latin.) 

coarse (kors), adj. large in texture 
or size; not refined; rough; rude.; 
indelicate. 

coarse-grained (kors'grand) , adj. hav- 
ing a coarse grain; ill-tempered. 

coarsely (kors'li), adv. in a coarse 
manner. 

coarseness (kors'nes), n. the quality of 
being coarse. 

coast (kost), n. the margin of the 
land next the sea; a frontier; a 
slide in a sledge down an incline: 
v.i. to sail, near or along the coast; 
descend an incline in a sledge, or on 
a bicycle without working the pedals* 
v.t. to sail close or near to. 

coaster (kost'er), n. a home-tradin fe * 
vessel; one who coasts on a sled. 

coastguard (kost/gard), n. a member 
of the service for watching the sea, 
originally to check smuggling. 

coasting- trade (kost'ing-trad), the 
trade carried on from port to port 
of the same country. 

coastwise (kost'wiz), adv. by, or along, 
the coast. 

coat (kot), n. an outer garment cov- 
ering the upper part of the body ; an 
external covering, as fur, &c; a 
thin layer; an integument: v.t. to 
cover or spread over. 

coat-card (kot'kard), n. a court-carcL 

coatee (ko-te') , n. a close-fitting coat 
with short tails. [Obsolete.] 

coat of arms (armz), n. the em- 
blazonment of armorial bearings on 
an escutcheon. 

coat of mail (mal), n. suit of chain- 
armor ._ 

coax (koks), v.t. to wheedle; cajole* 

coaxial (ko-ak'si-al) , adj. having a 
common axis. 

cob (kob), n. a roundish piece of any- 
thing; the spike of Indian corn; a 
strong thickset pony; a young her- 
ring; a spider; a pellet for feeding 
fowls; the bull-head or miller's 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



COBALT 



183 



COCOTTE 



thumb; a sea-gull; a kind of wicker 
basket; a kind of breakwater: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. cobbed, p.pr. cobbing], 
to punish with a strap; break (ore). 

cobalt (ko'bawlt), n. a steel-grey 
metal. 

cobble (kob'l), n. a pebble; a round 
medium-sized stone; clumsy work; 
v.t. to mend or patch up coarsely; 
v.i. work clumsily. 

cobbler (kob'ler), n. one who mends 
boots and shoes; a clumsy work- 
man; a cooling summer drink of ice, 
sherry, sugar, &c, usually drunk 
through a stiaw. 

cobra- di-capello (ko'bra-di-ka-pel'o) , 
n. a large and most venomous 
hooded snake found in India. For 
the poison in its fangs no cure has 
yet been discovered. The same is 
true of a very small Indian snake, 
the kerait. 

cobweb (kob'web), n. a spider's web: 
hence, a net or snare; old musty 
rubbish: adj. made of, or like, a 
cobweb; flimsy. 

coca (ko'ka), n. the dried leaf of a 
small South American shrub: a pow- 
erful tonic. [S. American.] 

eocaine (ko-kan'), n. a powerful alka- 
loid extracted from coca leaves. 

cocainism (ko-kan'izm)^ n. the mor- 
bid habit of using cocaine to excess. 

cocainize (ko-kan'Iz), v.t. to, subject 
to, or render insensible by cocaine. 

cocculus Indicus (kok'u-lus in-di'- 
kus), n. an East Indian climbing 
shrub possessing acrid narcotic 
properties. 

cochineal (koch'i-nel), n. a scarlet 
dye obtained from the dried body 
of an insect. [Spanish.] 

cochlea (kok'le-a), n. a snail: [pi. 
cochleae (kok'le-e)], the spiral-shap- 
ed cavity of the inner ear. 

cochleate (kok'le-at), adj. screw-like. 

cock/kok), n. the male of birds, es- 
pecially the domestic fowl; the male 
of certain animals other than birds; 
a vane in the shape of a cock; a 
leader or chief; a turn-valve for reg- 
ulating the flow of a liquid or gas; 
a small conical heap of hay. 

cock (kok), v.t. to turn up or set (the 
hat or head) jauntily on one side; 
erect: n. the action of the verb to 
cock. 



cock-eyed (kok'id), adj. having squint- 
ing eyes. 

cockade (kok-ad'), n. a badge or 
ribbon worn on the hat. [French.] 

cockatoo (kok-a-too'), n. a crested bird 
of the parrot family. [Australian.] 

cockatrice (kok'a-tris or -tris), n. a 
fabulous scorpion said to have been 
hatched in a cock's egg, and pos- 
sessing the power of killing by a 
glance of its eye. 

cockboat (kok'bot), n. a small boat. 

cockchafer (kok'cha-f er) , n. the May- 
bug. 

cockcrow (kok'kro), n. early morning. 

cockee (kok-e'), n. the spot where a 
curling player stands to hurl. 

cockerel (kok'er-el), n. a young cock. 

cockfight (kok'flt), n. the illegal 
sport of pitting two or more game 
cocks, armed with long steel spurs, 
against each other, as a show. 

cockle (kok'l), v.t. to contract into 
wrinkles. 

cockle (kok'l), n. an edible shell-fish 
with two heart-shaped wrinkled 
shells ; the plant corncockle or darnel ; 
a kiln for drying hops; a stove for 
drying biscuit-ware. 

cockney (kok'ni), n. a t Londoner: 
traditionally one born within sound 
of the bells of Bow Church, Cheap- 
side. 

cockney dom (kok'ni-dum), n. Lon- 
don and its suburbs. 

cockpit (kok'pit), n. an enclosed 
space for cockfighting. 

cockroach (kok'roch), n. a black beetle. 

cocktail (kok'tai), n. a mixed drink 
of which the base may be whiskey 
(a Manhattan), gin (a Martini), &c. 

cocoa (ko'ko), n. a palm which pro- 
duces the cocoanut. [Spanish.] 

cocoa (ko'ko), n. the ground seeds of 
the cacao or chocolate tree; also the 
beverage made from it. 

cocoanut (ko'ko-nut), n. the fruit of 
the cocoa palm. 

cocoon (ko-koon'), n. the silky ob- 
long case covering the laryae of 
many spinning insects while in the 
chrysalis state. 

cocoonery (ko-koon'er-i) , ft. a build- 
ing where silk-worms are fed when 
forming cocoons. 

cocotte (ko-kof), ft. a courtezan. 
[French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GOD 



184 



COIL 



cod (kod), ft. the husk or pod of a 
seed; the scrotum; the narrow part 
of a trawl-net. 

cod (kod), n. a large edible fish found 
in the northern seas, and especially 
on the banks of Newfoundland. 

coddle (kod 7 !), v.t. to make effemi- 
nate by pampering; treat tenderly; 
to stew gently: ft. an over-indulged, 
pampered person. 

code (kod), ft. a body of classified 
laws or regulations; a system of 
signals. [French.] 

codeine (ko-de'in) , n. an active me- 
dicinal principle extracted from the 
poppy._ 

codex (ko'deks), n. [pi. codices (ko'di- 
sez)], a volume of statutes; a man- 
uscript volume, especially of the sa- 
cred Scriptures or of the classic 
writers, Greek and Roman. 

codger (koj'er), n. a miser; a peevish, 
unreasonable old man. 

codicil (kod'i-sil), ft. an appendix to 
a will. 

codify (ko'di- or kod'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. codified, p.pr. codifying], to 
reduce to a code or digest 

codling (kod'ling), ft. a young cod; 
a kind of stewing apple. 

coefficient (ko-e-fish'ent) , adj. coop- 
erating: ft. that which cooperates 
with another; a number or known 
quantity prefixed in algebra as a 
multiplier to a variable or an un- 
known quantity. [Latin.] 

coerce (ko-ers'), v.t. to restrain or 
constrain by force, especially legal- 
ly or morally; compel. [Latin.] 

coercible (ko-ers'i-bl) , adj. able to be 
coerced. 

coercion (ko-er'shun) , n. the act of 
coercing. 

coercive (ko-er'siv), adj. having power 
to coerce. 

coeval (ko-e'val), adj. contempora- 
neous. [Latin.] 

coextensive (k5-eks-ten'siv) , adj. 
equally extensive. 

coffee (kof'e), n. the seeds of a plant 
which, roasted and ground, form the 
well-known beverage. [Turkish.] 

coffer (kof'er), n. a chest; a kind of 
caisson or floating dock; a sunken 
panel: pi. a treasury: v.t. to inclose 
in a coffer. 

coffin (kof'in),n. a case for the dead; 



the hollow part of a horse's hoof; 
v.t. inclose in a coffin. 

cog (kog), n. the tooth of a wheel; a 
trick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cogged, p.pr. 
cogging], to furnish with cogs; 
wheedle; to load (dice) in order to 
cheat. 

cogitate (koj'i-tat), v.i. to meditate: 
v.t. to devise or plan. [Latin.] 

cogitation (koj-i-ta/shun), n. the act 
of cogitating. 

cognac (ko'nyak), n. a French 
brandy distilled near Cognac from 
grapes grown in the valley of the 
Charente. 

cognate (kog'nat), adj. allied by 
blood; of the same stock, nature, or 
quality. • 

cognition (kog-nish'un) , n. knowl- 
edge. 

cognitive (kog'ni-tiv) , adj. having 
power of mental apprehension. 

cognizable (kon'iz-a-bl) , adj. that 
may be known. 

cognizance (kon'i-zans) , n. judicial 
knowledge or notice; perception. 

cognizant (kon'i-zant) , adj. having 
knowledge of anything. 

cognomen (kog-no'men), n. a sur- 
name. 

cohabit (ko-hab'it), v.i. to dwell to- 
gether as husband and wife. 

cohere (ko-her), v.i. to stick together. 

coherence (ko-her'ens), n. the state or 
quality of cohering. Also coher- 
ency. 

coherent (ko-he'rent), adj. cohering 
together; consistent; logical. 

coherer (ko-her 'er), n. a device for 
detecting electro-magnetic waves, 
used in wireless telegraphy. 

cohesion (ko-he'zhun), n. the force 
that unites together molecules of 
the same material; coherence. 

cohesive (ko-he'siv, , n. causing to 
cohere. 

cohort (ko'hort), n. a body of an- 
cient Roman soldiers, the tenth part 
of a legion. See legion. 

coiffeur (kwa-fer'j, n. a hairdresser. 

coiffure (koif'ur), n. a head dress; man- 
ner of arranging the hair. 

coign (koin), ft. a corner. 

coil (koil), n. a rope gathered into a 
ring; anything resembling it: v.t. 
to gather or wind into a circular 
heap 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



• COIN 



185 



COLLECTED 



coin (koinj, n. money stamped with 
a legal impression; a corner or 
angle: v.t. to convert into money; 
invent. 

coinage (koin'aj), n. the process of 
coining; the thing coined; invention. 

coincide (ko-in-skT) , v.i. correspond 
exactly; occur at the same time; 
fall upon, or meet, in the same point. 

coincidence (ko-in'si-dens) , n. the 
act of coinciding. 

coincident (ko-in 'si-dent), adj. coin- 
ciding. 

coiner (koin'er), n. one who stamps 
coins; especially one who makes 
counterfeit money. 

coir (koir), n. the prepared fiber of 
the husks of cocoanuts. [Malay.] 

coition (ko-ish'un), n. copulation; 
conjunction: said of the moon. 

coke (kok) , the residue of coal after 
the gas, &c, has been expelled: v.t. 
to convert into coke. 

colander (kui'an-der ) , n. a vessel 
with a perforated bottom. 

cola-nut (ko'la-nut), m n. the large 
bitter seed of an African tree; com- 
bined with coca, it forms an in- 
gredient of a tonic drink. 

eolchicum rkol'chi-kum), n. the 
meadow-saffron, the seeds and bulbs 
of which are used in medicine. 

cold (kold) . adj. without heat or 
warmth; frigid; without passion or 
zeal; indifferent; insensible; blue in 
tone: n. the opposite of heat; the 
sensation produced by the loss of 
heat; a catarrh. 

cold-blooded (kold-blud'ed) , adj. hav- 
ing the blood below 90° Fahr. in tem- 
perature ; indifferent . 

coldish (kold'ish), adj. somewhat 
chilly. 

cole (kol), n. cabbage plants in gen- 
eral. 

cole-slaw (kol'slaw), n. cabbage salad. 

Coleoptera (kol-e-op'ter-a), n.pl. an 
order of insects having the wings 
covered with a sheath; the beetles. 

colewort (kol'wert), n. young cab- 
bage. 

colic (kol'ik), n. acute spasmodic 
pain in the abdomen or bowels: adj. 
pertaining to. or affecting, the bow- 
els. [French.^ 

colicky (kol'ik-i), adj. pertaining to 
colic. 



Coliseum. See Colosseum. 

collaborate (ko-lab'o-rat)., v.i. to 
work jointly, especially in literary 
or scientific work. 

collaboration (ko-lab-6-ra'shun) , n, 
united labor. 

collaborator (ko-lab'o-ra-ter), n. one 
who assists another, especially in lit- 
erary or scientific work: [often col- 
laborateur (ko-lab-o-ra-ter') , the 
French form of the word]. 

collapse (kol-aps')t n- a falling in or 
together; sudden and complete fail- 
ure; general prostration of the vital 
powers: v.i. to fall in or together; 
shrink up; break down. 

collapsible (kol-ap'si-bl), adj. collaps- 
ing; capable of collapsing. 

collar (kol'er), n. anything encircling 
the neck, worn for use, restraint, or 
ornament; a round ring or flange: 
v.t. to seize by the collar; put a col- 
lar on; roll up. 

collarette (kol-er-et'), n. a fichu of 
lace. &c. 

collate (kol-at'), v.t. compare crit- 
ically one thing with another of the 
same kind, as manuscripts or text of 
books; place in an ecclesiastical 
benefice. 

collateral (kol-at'er-al) , adj. side by 
side; auxiliary; concurrent; descend- 
ed from the same stock, but in a 
different line; same as collateral 
security, or a security (stocks, 
bonds, &c), pledged to secure a 
loan in cash. 

collaterally (kol-at 'er-a-li), adv. in a 
collateral manner. 

collation (kol-a'shun), n. compari- 
son; a light repast; the presentation 
to a benefice by a bishop, who is the 
patron. [English-Latin.] 

collator (kol-ater), n. one who col- 
lates manuscripts or books: the 
bishop who collates. [English.] 

colleague (kol'eg), n. an associate in 
the same office, employment, or com- 
mission. 

collect (kol'ekt), n. a short compre- 
hensive prayer. 

collect (kol-ekt'), v.t. gather together; 
assemble; demand and obtain 
payment of: v.i. to meet together: 
accumulate. [Latin.] 

collected (kol-ekt'ed) , adj. self-pos- 
sessed. 






merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book ; 
!inp. lint : think, then. 



COLLECTION 



186 



COLORADO-BEETLE 



collection (kol-ek'shun) , n. the act of 
gathering together; a mass; a 
crowd; an assemblage of works of 
art, natural objects, &c. ; a contribu- 
tion to a special object; a private 
college examination. 

collective (kol-ek'tiv) , adj. accumu- 
lative. 

collectivism (kol-ek'tiv-izm) , n. the 
socialistic theory that land and capi- 
tal should be owned by society 
collectively. Opposed to individual- 
ism. 

collectivist (kol-ek'tiv-ist) , n. an ad- 
vocate of collectivism: adj. per- 
taining to collectivism. 

collector (kol-ek'ter) , n. one who 
collects. 

college (kol'ej), n. a society of men 
possessing certain powers and rights, 
and engaged in some common pur- 
suit, especially literary studies; the 
house or buildings founded for such 
a society. 

collegian (kol-e'ji-an) , n. a member 
of a college. 

collegiate (kol-e'ji-at), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or containing, a college; 
instituted like a college. 

college ice (Is), the same as sondhi. 

collet (koi'et), n. the part of a ring 
in which the stone is set. 

collide (kol-id'), v.i. to come into col- 
lision. 

collie (kori), n. a Scotch sheep-dog. 

collier (kql'yer), n. a digger of coal; 
a coal-digger; a vessel in the coal 
trade. 

colliery (kol'yer-i), n. [pi. collieries 
(kol'yer-iz)], a coal mine. 

collision (kol-izh'un) , n. the act of 
striking two bodies violently togeth- 
er; concussion. 

collocation (kol-o-ka'shun) , n. the 
act of placing; arrangement. 

collodion (kol-o'di-un), n. a prepara- 
tion of soluble gun-cotton with ether. 

colloquial (kol-o'kwi-al), adj. used 
in ordinary conversation. 

colloquialism (kol-o'k wi-al-izm) , n. a 
colloquial form of speech; slang. 

colloquy (kol'o-kwi), n. [pi. colloquies 
(kol'-o-kwiz)], a conversation; a dia- 
logue. 

collusion (kol-u'zhun) , n. a secret 
agreement for a fraudulent or evil 
purpose. 



collusive (kol-u'siv), adj. fraudulently 
concerted. 

collusory (kol-u'so-ri) , adj. carrying 
on fraud by secret agreement. 

cologne water (ko-lon' waw'ter). n. 
eau-de-cologne ; a perfume, first made 
in the city of Cologne. 

colon (ko'lon), n. a mark of punctua- 
tion [:], almost a full stop; the largest 
of the intestines. 

colonel (ker'nel), n. the commanding 
officer of a regiment. [French.] 

colonelcy (ker'nel-si\ n. the rank of a 
colonel. 

colonial (ko-lo'ni-al) , adj. pertaining 
to a colony. [Latin.] 

colonialism (ko-lo'ni-al-izm) , n. the 
characteristics of colonial life; a 
colonial habit or phrase. 

colonialize (ko-lo'ni-al-iz), v.t. to ren«= 
der colonial in character. 

colonist (kol'o-nist), n. an inhabitant 
of a colony. 

colonization (kol 7 o-ni-za/shun) , n. 
the act of colonizing, or state of 
being colonized; the temporary set- 
tlement of men in a voting district 
to qualify them as electors. 

colonize (koro-niz), v.t. to settle 01 
establish a colony in. 

colonnade (kol-on-ad'), n. a series of 
columns. [French.] 

colony_ (koro-ni), n. [pi. colonies 
(koro-niz)], a body of people from 
their native country who settle in 
another land, but are under the 
jurisdiction of, or connected with, 
the parent country; the country thus 
settled; a number of animals or 
plants living or growing together. 

color (kul'er), n. the hue or appear- 
ance that a body presents to the 
eye; a pigment or paint; complex- 
ion; redness; an apparent right or 
reason; pretense ;- false show: pi. a 
military or naval flag: v.t. to im- 
part a color to; tint; dye; give a 
specious appearance to ; make plaus- 
ible. [Latin.] 

color-blind (kurer r blmd) , adj. a 
defect in the vision which makes 
the afflicted unable to distinguish 
one color from another; as, blue from 
yellow, green from red, &c. 

Colorado-beetle (kol-o-ra 'do-bet '1) , 
n. a yellowish beetle, having its 
back marked with ten longitudinal 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hfie, hut ; think. //?en. 



COLORING 



187 



COMET 



black stripes: it is very destructive 
to potato crops. 

coloring (kul'er-ing), n. the act or 
art of giving a color to; the color so 
applied. 

colorist (kul'er-ist) , n. an artist whose 
works are characterized by beauty 
of color. 

colossal (ko-los'al), adj. like a colos- 
sus; gigantic. 

Colosseum (kol-o-se'um) , n. the Fla- 
vian amphitheater in ancient Rome. 
Also, incorrectly, Coliseum. 

colossus (ko-los'us), n. [pi. colossi 
(ko-los'-I)], a statue of gigantic size. 
Such a statue at Rhodes was in 
ancient times one of the Seven 
Wonders of the World. 

colportage (kpl'por-taj), .n. the sys- 
tem of distributing Bibles, religious 
books, &c, by colporteurs. 

Colporteur (kol'por-ter) , n. one en- 
gaged in colportage. [FrenchJ 

colt (kolt), n. a young horse; a young 
foolish fellow; a knotted rope's end 
formerly used as an instrument of 
punishment in the navy. 

colter (kol'ter), ji. a ploughshare. 
Also coulter. 

coltish (kolt'ish), adj. like a colt; 
frisky. 

colt's foot (kolts'foot), n. a medicinal 
herb. 

Columbian (ko-lum'bi-an) , n. a size 
of printing-type. See type. 

-Columbine (kql'um-bin), adj. m per- 
taining to, or like, a dove or pigeon: 
n. a plant with flowers of five petals : 
in pantomime the beautiful lady 
who is pursued by Harlequin and 
accompanied by Pantaloon, Panto- 
mime or the clown. 

column (kol'um), n. a round pillar 
to support or adorn a building; any 
body of certain dimensions pressing 
vertically on its base; a division of 
the page of a book, &c; a formation 
of troops in deep files. [Latin.] 

columnar (ko-lum'nar), adj. having 
the form or shape of a column. 

coma (ko'ma). n. insensibility ; stu- 
por. [Greek.] 

coma (ko'ma), n. [pi comae (ko'me)], 
the nebulous hair-like envelope sur- 
rounding the nucleus of a comet; 
the aggregate of branches forming 
the leafy head of a tree. 



comatose (ko'ina-tos) , adj. torpid; 

lethargic. 

comb (kom), n. a toothed instrument 
to separate and adjust the hair; the 
crest of a cock ; the crest of a wave 
or hill; a honeycomb: v.L to dress 
the hair with a comb; grain: v.i. to 
roll over, as the crest of a wave. 

combat (kom'bat), v.i. to fight; act 
in opposition: v.t. to fight with; 
oppose by force: n. a contest by 
force; a struggle. [French.] 

combatant (kom'bat-ant) , n. one who 
combats: adj. disposed to fight; 
bearing arms. 

combative (kom-bat'iv) , adj. pug- 
nacious. 

combination (kom-bi-na'shun), n. 
the union of bodies or qualities; an 
association of persons for a com- 
mon object: pi. underclothing woven 
in one piece. 

combine (kom-bin'), v.t. to unite or 
join; link closely together: v.i. to 
unite, agree, or coalesce: n. (Slang), 
a secret combination, generally for 
fraudulent purposes. [Latin.] 

combustibility (kom-bus-ti-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the property of being combustible. 

combustible (kom-bus'ti-bl) , adj. 
inflammable: n. an inflammable 
substance. [Latin.] 

combustion (kom-bust'yun), n. the 
act of burning; the state of being 
burnt; the union of an inflammable 
substance with oxygen, &c, produc- 
ing fight and heat. 

come (kum), v.i. [p.t. came, p.p. 
come, p.pr. coming], to move to- 
wards ; draw near ; reach ; happen ; 
arrive at some state or condition: 
v.t. to act or play the part of. 

comedian (ko-me'di-an) , n. an actor 
or player in comedy: fern, comedi- 
enne (ko-ma-di-en') . 

comedy (kom'e-di), n. [pi. comedies 
(kom'e-diz)], dramatic representa- 
tion of the humorous or ridiculous 
side of human life. [Greek.] 

comeliness (kum'li-nes) , n. grace; 
beauty. 

comely (kum'li), adj. graceful; 
handsome. 

comet (kom'et), n. a luminous celes- 
tial body, with an eccentric orbit, 
consisting, when perfect, of a nu- 
cleus, coma, and a tail. [Greek.] 



£tv, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



COMETARY 



188 



COMMERCIAL 



vometary (kom'e-ta-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to a comet. 

comfit (kum'fit), n. a dry sweetmeat. 

comfort (kum'fert), v.t. to console; 
strengthen; inspirit: n. a state of 
quiet enjoyment; consolation; en- 
couragement; a quilted bed-cover. 

comfortable (kum'f er-ta-bl) , adj. im- 
parting or enjoying comfort. [French.] 

comforter (kum'f er-ter) , n. one who 
comforts; a long woolen scarf. 

comfortless (kum'f ert-les) , adj. cheer- 
less; lacking comfort. 

comfrey (kum'fri), n. a rough hairy 
plant. 

comic (kom'ik) or comical (kom'ik- 
al), adj. exciting mirth. 

comicality e (kom-i-kal'i-ti) , n. the 
state of being comical. 

comically (kom'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
comical manner. 

coming (kum'ing), n. an arrival: 
adj^. expected; future. 

comique (ko-mek'), n. a comic actor 
or singer. [French.] 

comity (kom'i-ti), n. civility; polite- 
ness; acts of international courtesy. 

comma (kom'a), n. a punctuation 
point [,]. [Greek.] 

command (kom-and' or -and'), v.t. 
to order or charge with authority; 
control; exercise supreme authority 
over ;^ lead: v.i. act as a commander; 
exercise power or authority: n. au- 
thority ; \ an order # or mandate ; a 
dominating situation; a naval or 
military force under the command 
of a particular officer. 

commandant (kom-an-dant') , n. an 
officer in command of a fortified 
place or a body of troops. 

commandeer (kom-man-der'), v.t. to 
seize by military force and by al- 
leged military necessity. [Dutch.] 

commander (kom-and'er) , n. one who 
commands; a naval officer next be- 
low a captain. 

commandment (kom-and'ment), n. 
a command; a precept; a law, es- 
pecially any one of the Decalogue. 

commando (kom-an'do), n. a military 
expedition by private individuals; 
the quasi-military expeditions of the 
English farmers and Boers of South 
Africa against the natives; South 
African militia. [Dutch.] 

commemorate (kom-em'o-rat) , v.t. 



to call to remembrance by a solemn 
act; celebrate with honor. 

commemoration (kom - em - o - ra'- 
shun), n. the act of commemorating; 
a day of academic celebration at 
Oxford, when degrees are conferred = 

commemorative (kom-em'6-ra-tiv) \ 
adj. preserving the memory of. 

commemorator (kom-em'd-ra-ter) ; n, 
one who commemorates. 

commence (kom-ens'), v.i. to come 
into existence; begin: v.t. enter 
upon; perform the first act of. 

commencement (kom-ens'ment) , n. 
beginning; origin; the annual festival 
when degrees, &c, are conferred at 
American colleges ; like Commemora- 
tion Day at Oxford. 

commend (kom-end'), v.t. recom- 
mend as worthy of notice; praise; 
bring to mind. [Latin.] 

commendation (kom-en-da'shun) , n. 
the act of commending; approval. 

commendatory (kom-end'a-to-ri), 
adj. m serving to commend ; containing 
praise. 

commensurability (kom-en-su-ra« 
biri-ti), n. the state of being com- 
mensurable. 

commensurable (kom-en'su-ra-bl) s 
adj. having, or reducible to, a com- 
mon measure. 

commensurate (kom-en'su-rat), < 
reducible to a common measure; 
equal. 

comment (kom'ent), n. a spoken or 
written remark, especially a written 
note by way of explanation, &e.; 
criticism:' v.i. (kom-ent'), to write 
notes or explanations on the text 
of an authoi . [Latin.] 

commentary (kom'en-ta-ri) , n. 
commentaries (kom'en-ta-riz)], a se- 
ries of explanatory notes or an^ 
notations. •" 

commentative (kom'en-ta-tiv), adj. 
making commentaries. 

commentator (kom'en-ta-ter), n. one 
who writes notes to explain an 
author . 

commerce (kom'ers). n. interchange 
of merchandise on a large scale be- 
tween nations or individuals; inter- 
course. [Latin.] 

commercial (kom-er'shal), adj, per- 
taining to trade or commerce; mer- 
cantile. 



ate, 'arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think:, then. 



COMMERCIALISM 



189 



COMMUNE 



commercialism (kom-er' shal-izm) , n% 
commercial habits, methods, or 
principles. 

commercially (kom-er 'sha-li), adv. in 
a commercial manner. 

commingle (ko-ming'gl), v.t & v.i. 
to mix; blend. 

comminute (kom'i-nut), v.t to 
make small or fine^ by grinding: adj. 
divided into small parte. 

commiserate (kom-iz'er-atO, v.t feel 
pity for; sympathize with in dis- 
tress. [Latin.] 

commiseration (kom-iz-er-a'shun) , n. 
pity. 

commiserator (kom-iz'er-a-ter), n. 
one who pities. 

commissariat (kom-i-sa/ri-at) , n. 
the department of an army con- 
cerned with the supply of trans- 
ports, provisions, &c. m [French.] 

commissary (kom'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. com- 
missaries (kom'i-sa-riz)], one to 
whom some charge is committed by 
a superior; a delegate; an official in 
the commissariat department. 

commission (kom-ish'un) , n. a dele- 
gation of business to anyone; the 
act of doing or committing; a trust; 
a charge ; the warrant by which any- 
thing is done; one or more persons 
appointed to perform certain speci- 
fied duties; brokerage or allowance: 
v.t. empower; send with authority. 

commissioner (kom-ish'un-er) , n. a 
person empowered by a commission 
or warrant; an officer in charge of 
some department of the public 
service. [French.] 

commissure (kom'ish-ur) ; n. a joint 
or seam ; the point of union between 
two bodies. 

commit (kom-it')> v.t [v.t. & p.p. 
committed, p.pr. committing], to 
give in charge or trust; surrender; 
consign; perpetrate; learn by heart; 
send for trial, or to poison. 

commitment (kom-it'ment), n. the 
act of committing. Also committal. 

committee (kom-it'e), n. persons ap- 
pointed to consider or manage any 
matter. [French.] 

commode (kom-od'), n. a high head- 
dress formerly in vogue; a chest of 
drawers or bureau ;_ a night-stool. 

commodious (kom-o'di-us), adj. use- 
ful; convenient; roomy. 



commodity (kom-od'i : ti), n. [pi. com- 
modities (kom-od'i-tiz)], that which 
is useful; an article of commerce: pi. 
goods; merchandise. 

commodore (kom'o-dor) , n. a captain 
commanding a squadron; the lead- 
ing ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 

common (kom'un), adj. belonging 
equally to more than one; public; 
usual; frequent; inferior; of lew 
birth or origin; applied to nouns 
that are both masculine and femi- 
nine: n. a tract of open public land. 

common council (koun'sil), n. the 
representative body of a city or mu- 
nicipal corporation. 

common law (law), n. the unwrit- 
ten law of England, based on imme- 
morial usage and followed in the 
United States whenever it has not 
been set aside by statute law. 

commonage (kom'un-aj), n. the right 
of pasturing on common land. 

commonalty (kom'un-al-ti) , n. the 
common people. 

commoner (kom'un-er), n. one not 
a peer; a member of the House of 
Commons ; one who has a joint right 
in common land ; at Oxford, a student 
not on the foundation. 

commonly (kom'un-li), adv. usually; 
meanly. 

commonplace (kom'un-plas) , n. a 
memorandum for ready reference; 
an obvious remark; anything or- 
dinary: adj. uninteresting; trite; 
common; neither new nor striking. 

common-sense (kom'un-sens'), adj. 
characterized by sound practical 
judgment. 

commonweal (kom'un- wel) , n. the 
public good or welfare. 

commonwealth (kom'un-welth), n. 
the whole body of people in a state; 
a republic. 

commotion (kom-o'shun), n. violent 
agitation. 

communal (kom'u-nal), adj. pertain- 
ing to a commune. 

communalism (kom'u-nal-izm) , n. 
government by communes or cor- 
porations of towns and districts; 
one < of these districts [French]; the 
uprising and sway of one great 
Commune, as in Paris in 1871. 

commune (kom-un'), v.t. to converse 
together; impart; take counsel; par- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



f 



COMMUNICABILITY 



190 



COMPASSIONATE 



take of the Eucharist, or Holy Com- 
munion. [French.] 

Bommunicability (kom-u-ni-ka-blTi- 
ti), ft. the quaUty of being com- 
municable. 

communicable (kom-u'ni-ka-bl) , adj. 
impartible. 

communicant (kom-u'ni-kant) , adj. 
communicating: n. a partaker, es- 
pecially of the Eucharist. 

communicate (kom-u'ni-kat) , v.t. to 
impart; reveal: v.i. to share; partake 
of the Eucharist. 

communication (kom-u-ni-ka'shun), 
n. the act of communicating; means 
of passing from one place to another; 
news; intercourse. 

communicative (kom-u'ni-ka-tiv), 
adj. unreserved. 

communicator (kom-u'ni-ka-ter) , n. 
one who, or anything which, com- 
municates. 

communicatory (kom-u'ni-ka-to-ri) , 
adj. imparting knowledge. 

communion (kom-un'yim) t n . inter- 
course; fellowship; common posses- 
sion; a religious body; the partak- 
ing of the Eucharist. 

communism (kom'u-nizm) , n. the 
doctrine of having property in com- 
mon; socialism. 

communist (kom'u-nist) , ft. a sup- 
porter of communism; a socialist; a 
member of the Commune of P^ris 
(1871). 

communistic (kom-u-nis'tik), adj. re- 
lating to communism. 

community (kom-u'ni-ti) , ft. [pi. 
communities (kqm-u'ni-tiz)], a body 
of persons having common rights, 
interests, and privileges; a corpora- 
tion: society generally; common 
character. 

commutability (kom-u-ta-bil'i-ti) , ft. 
the quality of being commutable. 

commutable (kom-u'ta-bl), adj. in- 
terchangeable. [Latin.] 

commutation (Kom-u-ta'shun), ft. 
the act of commuting. 

commutation- ticket (kom-u-ta/- 
shun-tik'et), a ticket by which one 
who regularly passes over a certain 
part of a railway m commutes his 
normal fares by paying a lump sum, 
at a lower rate, thus allowing him 
the privilege of making the same 
journey as often as he pleases. 



commutator (kom'u-ta-ter), n. a de- 
vice to change the electric motor so 
as to make an alternating current 
continue, or opposite; a plan for 
changing or varying the strength of 
such a current. 

commute (kom-ut'), v.t. to exchange; 
substitute; reduce the severity of; 
regulate the direction of an electric 
current: v.i. to pay in gross amount; 
to travel regularly as a commuter. 

commuter (kom-ut'er), n. one who 
exchanges ; _ the user of a commuta- 
tion ticket in traveling. 

compact (kom'pakt), ft. an agree- 
ment or covenant: v.t. (kom-pakt'). 
to press or pack closely; consolidate. 

companion (kom-pan'yun) , n. a com- 
rade; an associate or partner; the hut 
over a ship's ladder: adj attendant. 

companionship (kom-pan'yun-ship), 
n. fellowship. 

company (kum'pa-ni), n. [pi. com- 
panies (kum'pa-niz)], an assemblage 
of people; a body of persons associ- 
ated together; society; fellowship; a 
firm; a ship's crew; a subdivision of 
a regiment. 

comparable (kom'pa-ra-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being compared; of equal 
regard. 

comparative (kom-par'a-tiv) , adj. es- 
timated by comparison; not positive: 
ft. the comparative degree of gram- 
mar. 

compare (kom-par'), v.t. to make one 
thing the measure of another; in- 
flect so as to form the degrees of 
comparison : v.i. to bear a compari- 
son. 

comparison (kom-par'i-sun) , n. the 
act # of comparing; an illustration or 
simile. 

compartment (kom-part'ment), n. a 
division by a partition, as of a car- 
riage, &c. ; a panel. 

compass (kum'pas) v.t. to encircle; 
walk around; besiege: n. a circular 
course; a circumference; extent; 
grasp; an instrument indicating the 
magnetic meridian : pi. a mathemati- 
cal instrument for dividing and 
drawing circles. 

compassion (kom-pash'un), n. sorrow 
for the sufferings of others ; sympathy ; 
pity. 

compassionate (kom-pash'un-at), v.t. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut- ; think, then. 



^ 



COMPATIBILITY 



191 



COMPLIMENT 



to have compassion for: adj. sym- 
pathetic; merciful. 

compatibility (kom-pat-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being compatible ; con- 
gruity. 

compatible (kom-pat'i-bl) , adj. con- 
gruous; suitable. 

compatriot (kom-pa'tri-ot) , n. a fel- 
low countryman. [French.] 

compeer (kom'per), n. an equal. 

compel (tom-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
compelled, p.pr. compelling], to urge 
irresistibly; force. 

compend (kom'pend), n. an abridg- 
ment. 

compendious (kom-pen'di-us) , adj. 
succinct. 

compendium (kom-pen'di-um) , n. an 
abridgment. 

compensate (kom'pen- or kom-pen'- 
sat), v.t. to recompense; make 
amends for : v.i. to make compensa- 
tion for. [Latin.] 

compensation (kom-pen-sa'shun), n. 
amends; recompense; a set-off. 

compensation- balance ( kom-pen-sa'- 
shun-barans) , n. a watch balance- 
wheel, constructed to counteract 
variations in temperature. 

compensative (kom-pen'sa-tiv), adj. 
making compensation. Also com- 
pensatory. 

compensator (kom'pen-sa-ter) , n. one 
who compensates. 

compete (kom-pet'), v.i. enter into 
competition with another ; rival. 

competence (kom'pe-tens), n. the 
state of being competent; suffi- 
ciency. Also competency. 

competent (kom'pe-tent), adj. fit; 
able; suitable; qualified; moderate. 

competition (kom-pe-tish'un) , n. ri- 
valry. 

competitive (kom-pet 'i-tiv) , adj. per- 
taining to competition; emulous. 

competitor (kom-pet'i-ter) , n. a rival. 

compilation (kom-pi-la'shun) , n. the 
act of compiling; the thing compiled. 

compile (kom-pir), v.t. to put to- 
gether in fresh form existing mate- 
rials. 

complacence (kom-pla'sens) , n. in- 
ward satisfaction. Also compla- 
cency, 

complacent (kom-pla'sent), adj. af- 
fable. 

complain (kom-plan'), v.i. to express. 



grief, pain, or resentment; charge 
formally. 

complainant (kom-plan'ant) , n. a 
plaintiff. 

complaint (kom-plant') , n. an accusa- 
tion; an expression of grief or pain; 
ailment. 

complaisance (kom-pla-sans') , n. 
courtesy. [French.] 

complaisant (kom-pla-sant') , adj. 
courteous. 

complected (kom-plek'ted) , adj. in- 
terwoven; complexioned. 

complement (kom'ple-ment) , n. full 
number or quantity; a complete set; 
v.t. to supply a deficiency. 

complemental (kom-ple-ment'al), adj. 
completing. Also complementary. 

complete (kom-plet), adj. free from 
deficiency; entire; absolute; fin- 
ished: v.t. to supply what is lacking; 
finish. [French.] 

completely (kom-plet'li) , adv. in a 
complete manner. 

completion (kom-ple'shun) , n. ac- 
complishment. 

complex (kom'pleks), adj. composed 
of various parts of things; compos- 
ite; intricate. [Latin.] 

complexion (kom-plek'shun) , n. the 
color of the skin, especially the face; 
aspect. [French.] 

complexioned (kom-plek'shund), adj. 
having a complexion. 

complexity (kom-pleks'i-ti) , n. the 
state of being complex. Also com- 
plexness. 

complexly (kom-pleks'li) , adv. in a 
complex manner. 

compilable (kom-pll'a-bl) , adj. com- 
pliant. 

compliance (kom-pll'ans) , n. acquies- 
cence. 

compliant (kom-pli'ant), adj. yield- 
ing. 

complicate (kom'pli-kat), v.t. to make 
intricate; involve: adj. intricate; 
folded together. [Lathi.] 

complication (kom-pli-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of complicating; the state of 
being complicated. 

complicity (kom-plis'i-ti) n. partner- 
ship in crime. 

compiler (kom-pli'er) , • one who 
complies. 

compliment (kom'pli-ment) , n. a for- 
mal act or expression of courtesy; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, tlien. 



COMPLIMENTARY 



192 



COMPUTATION 



delicate flattery : v.t. to flatter; con- 
gratulate; praise. 

complimentary (kom-pli-ment'a-ri) , 
adj. conveying a compliment. Also 
complimental. 

comply (kom-pll), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. com- 
plied, p.pr. complying], to yield as- 
sent; agree to. 

compo (kom'po), n. a kind of concrete ; 
a material for printing-rollers. 

component (kom-po'nent), adj. con- 
stituent: n. an elementary part of a 
compound. [Latin.] 

comport (kom-port'), v.i. to agree; 
harmonize: v.t. to behave. 

compose (kom-poz/), v.t. to form by 
combination; write as an author; 
calm; adjust; arrange in proper 
order; put together. 

composed (kom-pozd'), adj. tranquil; 
quiet. 

composer (kom-poz'er), n. one who 
composes; a musical author; one 
who calms. 

composing (kom-poz 'ing), adj. tend- 
ing to calm ; pertaining to, or used in, 
composition. 

composite (kom-poz'it or kom'poz-it), 
adj. compound. 

composition (kom-po-zish'un) , n. the 
act of composing; the thing com- 
posed; a mass formed by mingling 
various ingredients; mutual settle- 
ment or agreement ; a musical or 
literary work; the art of forming 
sentences. [Latin.] 

compositor (kom-poz 'r-ter), n. one 
who sets types. 

compost (kom'post), n. a mixture of 
various substances for fertilizing 
the ground; builders' compost: v.t. 
to cover with compost, plaster or 
stucco. 

composure (kom-po'zhur), n. tran- 
quillity. 

compote (kom'pot), n. stewed fruit. 

compound (kom-pound') , v.t. to mix 
or combine together; settle by mu- 
tual agreement; discharge a debt by 
paying a part: adj. (kom'pound), 
composed of two or more elements 
or ingredients or words: n. (kom'- 
pound), a mixture of two or more 
elements or ingredients. 

compounder (kom-pound'er) , n. one 
who compounds medicines, <fec; one 
who overlooks a debt or felony; one 



who pays for certain charges by a 
fixed sum. 

comprehend (kom-pre-hend') , v.t. to 
include or comprise; grasp with the 
mind; conceive. [Latin.] 

eomprehensibility (kom-pre-hen-si- 
bil'i-ti), n. the quality or state of 
being comprehensible. 

comprehensible (kom-pre-hen'si-bl) , 
adj. intelligible. 

comprehension (kom-pre-hen'shun) , 
n. the act of comprehending; extent, 
understanding. 

comprehensive (kom-pre-hen'siv), 
adj. including much; full. 

compress (kom-pres') , v.t. to press to- 
gether; condense [Latin]: n. (kom'- 
pres), a soft pad used in surgery to 
maintain pressure. [French.] 

compressibility (kom-pres-i-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quality of yielding to pressure. 

compressible (kom-pres 'i-bl), adj. 
condensable. 

compression (koin-presh'un), n. con- 
densation. 

compressive (kom-pres'iv) , adj. that 
compresses. 

compressor (koni-pres'er), n. one who, 
or that which, compresses. 

comprisal (kom-prrzal), n. the act of 
comprising. 

comprise (kom-prlz'), v.t. to compre- 
hend. 

compromise (kom'pro-miz), n. a set- 
tlement by mutual concessions: v.t. 
to settle by compromise; expose to 
risk. 

comptroller (kon-trol'er) . See con- 
troller. 

compulsion (kom-pul'shun) , n. the 
act of compelling; force; constraint. 

compulsive (kom-puTsiv) , adj. forci- 
ble. 

compulsorily (koni-puTso-ri-li) , adv. 
forcibly. 

compulsory (kom-puTso-ri) , adj. exer- 
cising compulsion; obligatory. 

compunction (kom-pungk'shun), n. 
contrition. [Latin.] 

compurgation (kom-per-ga'shun), n. 
the practice of justifying one man's 
veracity by the testimony of another. 

computable (kom-put'a-bl), adj. that 
may be computed. [Latin.] 

computation (kom-pu-ta'shun) , n. 
the act or process of computing; es- 
timate. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



COMPUTE 



193 



CONCESSION 



compute (kom-put')» v.t. to number; 

reckon, 
comrade 
Comtist 

Auguste 
osopher 
that we 
cept of 

senses — a 



(kom'rad), n. a companion, 
(con'tist), n. a follower of 
Comte, the French phil- 
(1798-1857) who taught 
can have no knowledge ex- 
physical things and by the 
doctrine called Positiv- 



con (kon), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conned, p. 
pr. conning], to peruse carefully: fix 
in the mind by constant repetition; 
to direct (a helmsman) how to steer. 

conation (ko-na/shun) , n. the faculty 
of voluntary agency, including voli- 
tion and desire. [Latin.] 

conative (ko'na- or kon'a-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to the faculty of conation ; 
expressing endeavor or effort. 

concatenation (kon-kat-e-na'shun) , 
n. a series of things united like links. 

concave (kon'kav), adj. hollow and 
curved. [Latin.] 

concave lens (lenz), n. a ]ens one side 
of which is flat and the other slightly 
concave. 

concavity (kon-kav'i-ti), n. [pi. con- 
cavities (kon-kav'i-tiz)], the state of 
being concave; the inner surface of 
a rounded hollow body. 

concavo-concave (kon-ka'vo-kon'- 
kav), adj. hollow on both surfaces, 
as a lens. 

concavo- convex (kon-ka'vo-kon'veks), 
adj. concave on one side, convex on 
the other. [Latin.] 

conceal (kon-seT), v.t. to hide; keep 
secret; disguise. [Latin.] 

concealment (kon-seTment) , n. the 
act of hiding or keeping secret; a 
place of hiding; shelter. 

concede (kon-secT), v.t. to yield; ad- 
mit. 

conceit (kon-set'), n. an idea; an over- 
estimate of one's own abilities; a 
quaint fancy. [Old French.] 

conceivability (kon-sev-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the quality of being conceivable. 

conceivable (kon-sev'a-bl) , adj. imag- 
inable. 

conceive (kon-seV), v.t. imagine; un- 
derstand; develop in the womb": v.i. 
to think; become pregnant. [French.] 

Ooncentrate (kon-sen' or kon'sen- 
trat), v.t. to bring to one point or 
common center; intensify the action 



of; condense: adj. reduced to a pure 
or dense state. [Latin.] 

concentration (kon-sen-tra/shun), ru 
the state of being concentrated : con- 
densation. 

concentration camp (kon-sen-tra'- 
shun kamp), n. in war, a carr.p where 
prisoners are held. 

concentrator (kon'sen-tra-ter) , n. a 
pneumatic apparatus for separating 
dry ores when comminuted. 

concentric (kon-sen'trik) , adj. having 
a common center. 

concentricity (kon-sen-tris'i-ti), a. 
the state of being concentric. 

concept (kon'sept), n. an abstract gen- 
eral notion or conception. [Latin. J 

conceptacle (kon-sep'ta-kl), n. a folli- 
cle or double follicle ; a receptacle. 

conception (kon-sep'shun), n. the im- 
pregnation of the ovum; the act or 
power of conceiving in the mind; an 
idea or notion. 

conceptive (kon-sep'tiv) , adj. capable 
of conceiving mentally or physically, 

conceptualist (kon-sep'tu-al-ist), tu 
one who holds the theory (conceptu- 
alism) that the mind can form for 
itself general conceptions. 

concern (kon-sern'), v.t. to relate or 
belong to; interest or engage; make 
uneasy: n. business; affair; interest; 
anxiety; a firm. 

concerning (kon-sern'ing) , prep, re- 
lating to. 

concernment (kon-sern'ment), n. so- 
licitude; affair. 

concert (kon-sertO, v.t. to contrive or 
devise together; adjust or arrange 
mutually: n. (kon'sert), a musical 
entertainment; co-operation; mu- 
tual agreement. [French.] 

concerted (kon-sert'ed), adj. mutu- 
ally planned or agreed upon; ar- 
ranged in parts. 

concertina (kon-ser-te'na) , n. a musi- 
cal instrument of the accordion class. 

concertino (kon-ser-te'no) , n. a small 
concerto. 

concerto (kon-ser'to, Italian kon- 
char'to), n. [pi. concertos (kon-ser'- 
toz)], a musical composition for a 
solo instrument with an orchestra! 
accompaniment. [Italian.] 

concession (kon-sesh'un) , n. the act 
of conceding; the thing conceded; 
land, privileges, &c, granted by a 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; 
tt hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONCESSIONAIRE 



194 



CONDEMNATORY 



government to a company, &c, for 
some specific purpose. [French.] 

concessionaire (kon-sesh-un-ar') , n. a 
person holding a concession. 

concessive (kon-ses'iv) , adj. implying 
concession. 

concessory (kon-ses'o-ri) , adj. conced- 
ing. 

conch (kongk), n. a marine shell. 

concha (kong'ka), n. [pi. conchse 
(kong'ke)], the outer ear; auricle 
the dome of an apse. [Latin.] 

ooncho- grass (kong'ko-gras) , n. a 
valuable forage grass of the southern 
United States. 

conchoid (kon'koid), n. a shell-like 
curve. 

eonchology (kong-kol'o-ji), n. the 
b/anch of zoology which treats of 
mollusks and their shells. 

concierge (kong-si-arzh') , n. in France, 
a door-keeper or janitor. 

conciliate (kon-sil'i-at) , v.t. to recon- 
cile; win or gain the affections of. 

conciliator (kon-sil'i-a;ter), n. one 
who conciliates. [Latin.] 

conciliatory (kon-sil'i-a-to-ri) , adj. 
tending to conciliate or reconcile. 
Also conciliative. 

concise (kon-sis'), adj. condensed, 
terse. [Latin.] 

concisely (kon-sis'li), adv. tersely; 
briefly. 

conciseness (kon-sis'nes), n. brevity. 

conclave (kon'klav), n. a private 
meeting, as of cardinals for the 
election of a Pope. [Latin.] 

conclude (kon-klud'), v.t. to infer; 
determine; settle; end: v.i. draw an 
inference. [Latin.] 

conclusion (kon-klu'zhun) , n. a final 
determination; result; end. 

conclusive (kon-klu'siv) , adj. decisive; 
final. 

concoct (kon-kokt'), v.t. to digest; 
cook; assimilate mentally; plot. 

concoction (kon-kok'shun), n. the act 
of concocting ; a plan or plot ; a com- 
pound of various ingredients. 

concomitance _ (kon-kom'i-tans) , n. 
the state of being concomitant. Also 
concomitancy. 

concomitant (kon-kom'i-tant) , n. 
accompanying; conjoined with: n. 
an attendant. 

concord (kong' or kon'kord), n. har- 
mony; union; agreement. 



concordance (kon-kor'dans) , n. agree- 
ment; a dictionary of words or pas- 
sages, with references to the places 
where they occur in certain works, 
especially in the Bible or in Shake- 
speare. 

concordant (kon-kor'dant) , adj. har- 
monious. 

concordat (kon-kor'dat) , n. a com- 
pact or agreement, especially be- 
tween Church and State. [French.] 

concourse (kong'kors), n. arriving to- 
gether; an assembly or crowd. 

concrete (kon'kret), adj. united in 
growth; coalesced; not abstract: n. 
a mass formed by concretion; a com- 
pact mass of lime, sand, gravel, mor- 
tar, &c, used for building: v.i. (kon- 
kret'); to coalesce: v.t. to form by the 
union of particles ._ [Latin.] 

concretion (kon-kre'shun) , n. the act 
of concreting; a mass formed by the 
union of separate particles. 

concretionary (kon-kre'shun-a-ri) , 
adj. characterized by concretions. 

concretive (kon-kre'tiv) , adj. pro- 
ducing concretes. 

concubinage (kong-ku'bi-naj), n. the 
act of living as man and wife with- 
out being legally married. 

concubine (kong'kti-bln) , n. a woman 
who lives with a man without being 
legally married. [Latin.] 

concupiscence (kon-ku'pi-sens) , m n. 
illicit sexual desire; unlawful desire. 

concupiscent (kon-ku 'pi-sent) , adj. 
lustful. 

concur (kon-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. con- 
curred, p.pr. concurring], to agree or 
unite in action or opinion; coincide. 

concurrence (kon-kur'ens) , n. the act 
of concurring; agreement; consent. 

concurrent (kon-kur'ent) , adj. acting 
in union or conjunction; joint and 
equal in authority; meeting at one 
point: n. that which concurs; a con- 
tributory cause. [Latin.] 

concussion (kon-kush'un) , n. the 
shock caused by two bodies coming 
violently together; injury by a fall. 

condemn (kon-dem'), v.t. to pro- 
nounce or judge guilty; blame; cen- 
sure; declare to be forfeited. [Latin.] 

condemnation (kon-dem-na'shun), n 
the act of condemning. 

condemnatory (kon-dem'na-to-ri), 
adj. implying condemnation. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mil ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONDENSABILITY 



195 



CONFERENCE' 



condensability (kon-den-sa-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quality of being condensable. 

condensable (kon-den'sa-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of condensation. 

condensation (kon-den-sa'shun) , n. 
compression. 

condense (kon-dens'), v.t. to compress; 
make close or thick: v.i. grow dense. 

condenser (kon-dens'er) , n. an ap- 
paratus for reducing gases or vapors 
to a liquid or solid form ; a device for 
storing electricity; a lens for con- 
centrating light. JLatin.] 

condescend (kon-de-send') , v.i. to 
stoop; descend; yield; deign. 

condescension (kon-de-sen'shun) , n. 
the act of condescending; voluntary 
humiliation. [Latin.] 

condign (kon-din'), adj> well-deserved; 
suitable. [Latin.] 

condiment (kon'di-ment) , n. a season- 
ing, such as pepper, mustard, horse- 
radish, &c. 

condition (kon-dish'un) , n. state; 
quality ; external circumstances; stip- 
ulation or terms of a contract: v.t. 
to contract or stipulate; bring into 
and keep in bodily health; examine. 

conditionally (kon-dish'un-a-li) , adv. 
with certain limitations. 

condolatory (kon-do'la-to-ri), adj. ex- 
pressing condolence. 

condole (kon-dol'), v.t. to lament: v.i. 
to express sympathy for another 
[with with]. [Latin.] 

condolence (kon-dol'ens) , n. sym- 
pathy. 

condonation (kon-do-na'shun) , n. the 
act of pardoning a wrong act. 

condone (kon-don'), v.t. to pardon, 
especially a violation of marital duty. 

condor (kon'der), n. a very large 
South American vulture. [Spanish.] 

conduce (kon-dus'), vd. to tend to; 
contribute. 

conducible (kon-du'si-bl) , adj. tend- 
ing; contributing; promoting. 

conducive (kon-dti'siv) , adj. having 
the quality or power of conducing 
[with to]. 

conduct (kon-dukt'), v.t. to guide; di- 
rect; manage; behave: n. (kon'dukt), 
personal behavior or practice; man- 
agement. 

conductance (kon-duk'tans), n. pow- 
er or capacity for conducting elec- 
tricity. 



conductibility (kon-duk-ti-bil'i-ti), 
n. the capability of being conducted* 

conductible (kon-duk'ti-bl) , adj. ca- 
pacity of being conducted. 

conduction (kon-duk'shun) , n. trans* 
mission by a conductor. [Latin.] 

conductive (kon-duk'tiv) , adj. having 
the quality or power of conducting. 

conductivity (kon-duk-tiv'i-ti), n. thf 
quality of being conductive. 

conductor (kon-duk'ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, conducts; a leader er 
guide ; one who has charge of a car or 
train; a substance which conductr 
or transmits certain forces. 

conduit (kon'dit), n. a canal or pipe 
for the conveyance of water, &c. 

cone (kon), n. a geometrical figrre 
broad, round, and broad at the bot- 
tom and lessening the circumference 
towards the top; the fruit of the fir 
pine, &c; a storm-cone: v.t. to 
shape like the segment of a cone. 

coney (ko'ni), another form of cony. 

confab (kon'fab), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. con- 
fabbed, p.pr. confabbing], to chat. 

confabulation (kon-f ab-u-la/shun), n« 
a chat. [Latin.] 

confection (kon-f ek'shun) , n. any- 
thing conserved or compounded with 
sugar; a sweetmeat. [Latin.] 

confectioner (kon-.f ek'shun-er) , n. one 
who prepares and sells sweetmeats, 
&c. 

confectionery (kon-f ek'shun-e-ri), ru 
[j>l. confectioneries (kon-fek'shun-e- 
riz)], sweetmeats cakes, preserves, 
&c. 

confederacy (kon-f ed'er-a-si), n. [pin 
confederacies (kon-fed'er-a-siz)], per- 
sons, states, or nations united in a 
league. 

confederate (kon-fed'er-at) : v.i. to 
unite in a league: adj. united by a 
league: n. a member of a confedera- 
tion; an ally; an accomplice. 

confederation (kon-f ed-er-a/shun), n. 
the act of confederating; an al- 
liance ; an alliance of states previously 
independent. 

confederative (kon-f ed'er-a-tiv), adj. 
of, or belonging to, a confederation. 

confer (kon-f er'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
conferred, p.pr. conferring], to give 
or bestow: v.i. to consult together; 
converse. 

conference (kon'fer-ens), n. the act of 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, Men. 



CONFESS 



196 



CONFOUND 



consulting together formally; an 
appointed meeting for discussing 
some topic or business; an ecclesias- 
tical assembly. 

confess (kon-f es'), v.t. to admit or 
acknowledge; avow; grant; prove; 
hear (as a priest) a confession: v.i. 
disclose the state of one's conscience 
to a priest and receive absolution. 

confession (kon-f esh'un) , n. act of 
confessing; anything disclosed or 
acknowledged. 

confessional (kon-f esh'un-al) , n. an 
inclosed cabinet, in which a priest 
sits to hear confession; the practice 
of auricular confession. 

confessor (kon-f es'er), n. one who 
makes a profession of his faith and 
suffers persecution; a priest who 
hears confessions and grants ab- 
solution. [Latin.] 

confetto (kon-f et'to), n. [pi. confetti 
(kon-fet'ti)], a sweetmeat; a plaster 
pellet used for pelting at carnivals. 

confidant (kon'fi-dant) , n. a con- 
fidential or bosom friend: fern, con- 
fidante. [French.] 

confide (kon-fld'), v.i. have confi- 
dence in: v.t. to trust fully [with to]. 

confidence (kon'fi-dens) , n. trust; 
reliance. 

confidence- game (kon'fi-dens-gam) , 
n. a scheme by which a swindler 
gets money from a stranger by win- 
ning his confidence and then taking 
advantage of it. Same as bunco- 
game. 

confident (kon'fi-dent), adj. full of 
confidence; positive; bold; dog- 
matical. [Latin.] 

confidential (kon-fi-den'shal), adj. 
spoken or written in confidence; 
trustworthy. 

confidentially (kon-fi-den'sha-li), adv. 
in a confidential manner. 

configuration (kon-fig-u-ra'shun), n. 
external form; relative position of 
the planets. 

confine (kon'fin), n. a boundary, 
border, or limit; a frontier [usually 

fil.]: v.t. (kon-fin'), to restrict within 
imits; imprison. [Latin.] 
confinement (kon-f In'ment) , n. the 

act of confining; childbirth. 
confirm (kon-ferm'), v.t. to 
strengthen; ratify; administer the 
rite of confirmation. [Latin.] 



confirmation (kon-f er-ma/shun) , n. 
the act of confirming; verification; 
evidence; admission to full com- 
munion after baptism. 

confirmatory (kon-f er'ma-to-ri) , adj. 
serving to confirm. 

confiscate (kon-fis' or kon'fis-kat), 
v.t. to adjudge to be forfeited to the 
public treasury; seize, as thus for- 
feited. [Latin.] 

confiscation (kon-fis-ka'shun), n. the 
act of confiscating. 

confiscator (kon'fis-ka-ter), n. one 
who confiscates. 

confiscatory (kon-fis 'ka-to-ri), adj. 
characterized by, or attended with, 
confiscation., 

conflagration (kon-fla-gra'shun) , n. a 
great fire. [Latin.] 

conflict (kon-flikt'), v.i. to strike or 
dash together; contend; fight: n. 
(kon'flikt), a fight or struggle for 
the mastery; a battle; antagonism; 
a violent collision. [Latin.] 

conflicting (kon-flikt 'ing), adj. op- 
posing. 

confluence (kon'flu-ens) , n. the junc- 
tion of two or more streams; an 
assembly. 

confluent (kon'flu-ent) , adj. flowing 
or running together: n. a tributary 
river or stream. [Latin.] 

conflux (kon'fluks), n. the meeting 
together of two or more streams; a 
crowd. 

conform (kon-f orm') , v.t. to make 
like; bring into harmony [usually 
with to]: v.i. to be in harmony 
with; comply with. [Latin.] 

conf ormability (kon-f orm-a-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quality or state of being 
conformable. 

conformable (kon-f orm 'a-bl), adj. 
like; corresponding; compliant; in 
parallel order. 

conformation (kon-f or-ma'shun), n. 
structure ; arrangement ; shape. 

conformist (kon-f orm 'ist), n. a mem- 
ber of the Established Church of 
England. 

conformity (kon-form'i-ti), n. com- 
pliance with established forms; re- 
semblance. 

confound (kon-f ound'), v.t. to min- 
gle; perplex; astonish; confuse; over- 
throw. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONFRERE 



197 



CONIC 



^ 



an asso 



confrere (kon-f rar ' ) , 
ciate. [French.] 

confront (kon-f runt 7 ) , v.t. to stand 
face to face [with with]; oppose 5 
compare. 

confuse (kon-fuz'), v.t. to mingle; 
jumble up; render indistinct; dis- 
concert; perplex. [Latin.] 

confusion (kon-f u'zhun) , n. the act 
of confusing ; perplexity ; loss of self- 
possession; disorder; tumult. 

confutation (kon-f u-ta'shun) , n. dis- 
proof. 

confute (kon-fut'), v.t. to prove to be 
false or invalid^ convict of error. 

con-game (kon'gam). n. same as con- 
fidence-game^ 

congeal (kon-jel'), v.t. to freeze; to 
make stiff and harden by the in- 
fluence of cold: v.i. to become frozen 
by the influence of cold; to change 
from a liquid to a solid by reason of 
cold. 

congelation (kon-je-la/shun) , n. the 
act of congealing. 

congener (kon'je-ner) , n. one that is 
of kin together. 

congenial (kon-je'ni-al) , adj. kindred; 
pleasant and sympathetic; cognate. 

congeniality (kon-je-ni-ari-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being congenial. 

congenital (kon-jen'i-tal) , adj. exist- 
ing, or produced, at birth; con- 
stitutional. 

conger (kong'ger), n._ a large sea-eel. 

congeries (kon-je'ri-ez)^ n. sing. & 
pi. a collection of particles into one 
mass; a gathering. [Latin.] 

congest (kon-jesf), v.t. to accumu- 
late. 

congested (kon-jest'ed), p. adj. unduly 
crowded; containing an unnatural 
accumulation of blood. 

congestion (kon-jest'yun), n. an over- 
crowded condition, especially of the 
blood-vessels. 

congestive (kon-jes'tiv), adj. imply- 
ing congestion. [Latin.] 

conglomerate (kon-glom'er-at) , v.t. 
to gather into a ball or round mass: 
adj. collected or clustered together: 
n. a rock composed of rounded or 
water-worn fragments of pre-exis- 
tent rocks. [Latin.] 

conglomeration (kon-glom-er- 
a'shun), n. the act of conglomerat- 
ing; a miscellaneous collection. 



aonglutinate (kon-gloo'ti-nat), v.L 
to glue together: adj. glued together; 
united by an adhesive_ substance. 

conglutination (kon-gloo-ti-na'shun), 
n. the act of gluing or joining to- 
gether; coalescence. 

eonglutinative (kon-gloo'ti-na-tiv), 
adj. having power to unite or heal 
wounds. 

congratulate (kon-grat'u-iat), v.t. to 
felicitate on account of some happy 
event [with on or upon}. 

congratulation (kon-grat-u-la'shun) f 
n. the act of congratulating^ 

congratulator (kon-grat'u-la-ter), n. 
one who congratulates. 

congratulatory (kon-grat'u-la-to-ri), 
adj. expressing congratulations. 

congregate (kong'gre-gat) . v.t. to as- 
semble; gather together: v.i. to 
come together. 

congregation (kong-gre-ga'shun), n. 
an assembly, especially of persona 
for religious worship. 

congregational (kong-gre-ga'shun-al), 
adj. pertaining to a congregation. _ 

Congregationalism (kong-gre-ga f - 
shun-al-izm) , n. a democratic form 
of church government, each congre- 
gation being self-governed_. 

Congregationalist (kong-gre-ga'shun- 
al-ist), n. an adherent of Congre- 
gationalism: adj. pertaining to Con- 
gregationalism. 

congress (kong'gres), n. a confer- 
ence; an assembly of ambassadors, 
&c, for the settlement of interna- 
tional affairs. 

Congress (kong'gres), n. the na- 
tional legislature of the United 
States, consisting of a Senate and a 
House of Representatives. 

Congressional (kon-gresh'un-al), adj. 
pertaining to Congress. 

Congressman (kong'gres-man) , n. a 
member of Congress, especially of 
the House of Representatives. 

congruence (kon'groo-ens) , n. suit- 
ability; agreement; consistency. Also 
congruency. 

congruent (kon'groo-ent). adj. suit- 
able; agreeing. 

congruity (kon-groo'i-ti) , n. agree- 
ment; fitness. 

congruous (kon'groo-us) , adj. ac- 
cordant; fit. 

conic (kon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONIFEROUS 



198 



CONOID AL 



shaped like, a cone. Also conical: 
n.pl. the branch of geometry which 
treats of the parabola, ellipse, and 
hyperbola; conic sections. 

coniferous (ko-nif 'er-us) , adj. bear- 
ing cones. 

coniform (ko'ni-form), adj. cone- 
shaped. 

conine (ko'nin), n. a very poisonous 
alkaloid existing in the hemlock. 

conjectural (kon-jek'tur-al), adj. 
doubtful. 

conjecturally (kon-jek'tur-a-li), adv. 
doubtfully. 

conjecture (kon-jek'tur) , n. a prob- 
able inference; a guess; v.t. to im- 
agine; surmise: v.i. to form con- 
jectures. 

conjoin (kon-join'), v.t. to join to- 
gether; connect or associate: v.i. to 
unite. 

conjoint (kon-joint'), adj. united; co- 
operating. 

conjugal (kon'ju-gal), adj. of, of per- 
taining to, marriage; connubial. 

conjugality (kon-ju-gal'i-ti), n. the 
married state. 

conjugate (kon'ju-gat), # v.t. to in- 
flect (verbs): v.i. to unite in conju- 
gation: adj. combined in pairs; kin- 
dred in meaning and origin. 

conjugation (kon-ju-ga/shun), n. the 
act of conjugating; the inflection of 
a verb; a kind of sexual union. 

conjunction (kon-jungk'shun), n. un- 
ion; association; connection; the ap- 
parent meeting of two or more 
stars or planets; a word used to 
connect sentences or words. 

conjunctive (kon-jungk'tiv), adj. serv- 
ing to unite; closely connected: n. 
the conjunctive mood. 

conjunctive mood (mood), n. the 
mood which expresses contingency 
or condition. 

conjunctively (kon-jungk'tiv-li), adv. 
in union. 

conjuncture (kon-jungk'tur), n. a 
combination of many circumstances 
or causes; a critical time. 

conjuration (kon-ju-ra/shun) , n. the 
act of conjuring or invoking; an in- 
cantation; an enchantment; solemn 
entreaty. 

conjure (kon-jur'), v.t. to summon 
in a sacred name; enjoin with the 
highest solemnity: (kun'jer), in- 



fluence by, or as if by, magic: v.i. 
to practice the arts of a conjurer. 

conjurer (kun'jer-er), n. one who 
performs tricks by sleight of hand; 
a pretended enchanter: (kon-jur'er), 
n. one who solemnly enjoins. 

conjuror (kon-ju'rer), n. one bound 
by an oath with others. [Latin.] 

con-man (kon'man), n. a man who 
plays the confidence-game or bunco- 
game as already described. 

connate (kon'nat), adj. united at the 
base. [Latin.] 

Connaught (kon'awt), a kind of cot- 
ton cloth. (Named from Connaught, 
one of the four Irish provinces.) 

connect (kon'nekt'), v.t. to bind or 
fasten together; unite; associate 
with: v.i. to be joined; cohere. 

connected (kon-nekt'ed), adj. linked 
together. 

connection or connexion (kon-nek'- 
shun), n. the state of being con- 
nected; relation by marriage or 
blood; sexual intercourse; acquain- 
tance; one's customers, &c. 

connective (kon-nek'tiv) , adj. able to 
connect: n. that which connects. 

connectively (kon-nek'tiv-li) , adv. by 
connection. 

connector (kon-nek'ter) , n. one who 
or that which connects. 

conning (kon'ing), n. the act of di- 
recting the helmsman of a vessel. 

conning- tower (kon'ing-tou'er) , n. 
the low shot-proof pilot-house of an 
armored vessel. 

connivance (kon-ni'vans) , n. the act 
of conniving: passive cooperation in 
a crime or fault; collusion. 

connive (kon-niv'), v.i. m to close the 
eyes upon a fault ; be in secret com- 
plicity [with at]. 

connoisseur (kon-a-ser'), w. a criti- 
cal judge. [French.] 

connotation (kon-no-ta'shun) , r». in- 
ference from an object to a quality. 

connotative (kon-no'ta-tiv), adj. 
attributive. 

connote (kon-not'). v.t. to designate 
by implication ; imply as an attribute. 

connubial (kon-u'bi-al) , adj. of, or 
pertaining to, the marriage state; 
nuptial. [Latin.] 

conoid (kon'oid), adj. cone-like. 

eonoidal (kon-oid'al), adj. almost 
conical. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONQUER 



199 



CONSIGNMENT 



conquer (kong'ker), v.t. gain by con- 
quest; overcome; subdue: v.i. to 
get the victory. [French.] 

conqueror (kong'ker-er) , n. a victor. 

conquest (kon'kwest), ?i. the act of 
conquering; subjugation; victory. 

consanguineous (kon-sang-gwin'e- 
us), adj. related by blood or birth. 

consanguinity (kon-sang-gwin'i-ti) , 
n. blood relationship. [Latin.] 

conscience (kon'shens), n. the moral 
sense which distinguishes right from 
wrong. [Latin.] 

conscientious (kon-shi-en'shus) , adj. 
influenced or regulated * by con- 
science; scrupulous. 

conscious (kon'shus), adj. aware of 
one's thoughts and actions; sen- 
sible. 

consciousness (kon'shus-nes) , n. the 
knowledge of that which passes in 
one's own mind. 

conscript (kon-skript') , v.t. to en- 
roll for compulsory military or naval 
service: (kon'skript), adj. registered; 
enrolled: n. one thus compulsorily 
enrolled. [Latin.] 

conscription (kon-skrip'shun), n. 
compulsory military or naval ser- 
vice; the persons enrolled. 

consecrate (kon'se-krat), v.t. to set 
apart as sacred; dedicate to the 
service of God; set apart to a 
sacred office; devote: adj. conse- 
crated; made sacred. [Latin.] 

consecration (kon-se-kra'shun), n. 
the act of consecrating; a setting 
apart or devoting to a sacred use or 
office. 

consecrator (kon'se-kra-ter) , n. one 
who consecrates. 

consecutive (kon-sek'u-tiv) , adj. suc- 
cessive; following. , [Latin.] 

consecutively (kon-sek'u-tiv-li) , adj. 
successively. 

consensus (kon-sen'sus) , n. general 
agreement. 

consent (kon-sent'), n. a yielding of 
the mind or will; acquiescence; 
sympathy: v.i. to comply; yield; 
accede; concur. [Latin.] 

consentient (kon-sen'snent) , adj. 
agreeing. 

consequence (kon'se-kwens) , n. that 
which naturally follows an effect; 
inference; result; importance; sig- 
nificance. 



consequent (kon'se-kwent), adj. fol- 
lowing as a result or natural effect 
[with to]: n. a result or effect. 

consequential (kon-se-kwen'shal), 
adj. following as the effect; self-im- 
portant, 

conservable (kon-serv'a-bl) , adj. that 
may be preserved from decay or in- 
jury. 

conservation (kon-ser-va/shun), n. 
the act of preserving from decay : 
loss, or injury. 

conservative (kon-ser'va-tiv) , adj. '' 
having the tendency or power to pre- 
serve: n. that which preserves; one 
opposed to hasty changes in thr 
political, religious, or civil institu- 
tions of the country. 

conservatoire (kon-ser-va-twar'),. n. 
a public institution for instruction, 
especially singing, music, &c. 
[French.] 

conservator (kon'ser-va-ter), one 
who preserves or takes charge. 

conservatory (kon-ser'va-to-ri) , adj. 
tending to preserve: n. a green- 
house. 

conserve (kon-serv'), v.t. to pre- 
serve from injury or destruction; 
preserve with sugar: (kon'serv),. n. 
preserved or candied fruit. [Latin.] 

consider (kon-sid'er), v.t. to fix the 
mind upon; contemplate: v.i. to de- 
liberate; reflect. [Latin.] 

considerable (kon-sid'er-a-bl), adj. 
worthy of notice; important; valu- 
able; more than a little. 

considerably (kon-sid'er-a-bli), adv. 
in a considerable manner. 

considerate (kon-sid'er-at), adj. hav- 
ing regard for others; prudent : 
thoughtful ; careful. 

consideration (kon-sid-er-a'shun) t n. 
the act of considering; claim to ne>- 
tice ; mature thought ; an equivalent ■ 
regard for others. 

considering (kon-sid'er-ing), prep. 
taking into consideration; allowing 
for: n. doubt; consideration. 

consign (kon-sln'), v.t. to deliver in 
a formal manner to another; yield 
in trust; to send goods. [French.] 

consignee (kon-sm-e'), n. the person 
to whom goods are sent ; an agent or 
factor. 

consignment (kon-sln 'ment), n. the act 
of consigning; the thing consigned. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONSIGNOR 



200 



CONSTRAIN 



consignor (kon-sm'er) , n. the person 
who consigns goods to another. 
Also consigner. 

consist (kon-sist'),. v i. to be com- 
posed of; co-exist; subsist [with 
in]. [Latin.] 

consistence (kon-sis'tens) , n. degree 
of density or firmness; harmony. 
Also consistency. 

consistent (kon-sis'tent) , adj. solid; 

uniform; not contradictory. 
jConsol (kon-sor), n. See consols. 

consolable (kon-sol'a-bl) , n. admit- 
ting of consolation or comfort. 

consolation (kon-so-la/shun) , n. al- 
leviation of mental or physical 
distress; solace. [Latin.] 

consolatory (kon-sol'a-tor-i), adj. 
tending to console; comforting; 
soothing. 

console (kon-sol'), v.t. to give com- 
fort to ; cheer in sorrow ; solace. 

console (kon'sol), n. an ornamental 
bracket supporting a cornice. 

consolidate (kon-sol'i-dat) , v.t. to 
make solid; harden; condense: v.i. 
to become solid. 

consolidation (kon-soW-da'shun) , n. 
the act of consolidating; solidifica- 
tion. 

consols (kon'solz or kon-solz'), n. 
the principal British funded secur- 
ity: abbreviation for consolidated 
fund. 

consomme (kon-so-ma/) , n. a strong 
clear soup or bouillon. 

consonance (kon'so-nans) , n. agree- 
ment of sounds; harmony; concord. 

consonant (kon'so-nant), adj. har- 
monious ; accordant : n. a letter other 
than a vowel. 

consort (kon'sort), n. a companion; 
a partner; a husband or wife; a 
ship accompanying another: v.t. 
& v.i. (kon-sorf), to associate; keep 
company [with with]. 

conspectus (kon-spek'tus) , n. a gen- 
eral sketch or digest of some sub- 
ject; a synopsis. 

conspicuous (kon-spik'u-us) , adj. 
mentally or physically visible; mani- 
fest; distinguished. 

conspiracy (kon-spir'a-si) , n. [pi. con- 
spiracies (kon-spir'a-siz)], a plot; 
two or more persons engaged to- 
gether for an unlawful or evil pur- 
pose. 



conspirator (kon-spir'a-ter) , n. one 
who conspires. 

conspire (kon-spir'), v.i. to concert 
a crime; combine for an unlawful 
purpose. [Latin.] 

constable (kun'sta-bl), n. & high of- 
ficer of state in mediaeval courts; a 
policeman. 

constabulary (kon-stab'u-ler-i) , adj. 
pertaining to constables: n. consta- 
bles collectively. 

constancy (kon'stan-si) , n. firm- 
ness; stability; fidelity. 

constant (kon'stant), adj. steadfast; 
firm, continuous: n. in physics, 
that which is not subject to change* 
as gravity. 

constellation (kon-stel-a'shun), n. a 
group or cluster of fixed stars desig- 
nated by some name; an assemblage 
of splendors. [Latin.] 

consternation (kon-ster-na'shun) , n. 
excessive terror, wonder, or sur- 
prise; perturbation. 

constipate (kon'sti-pat), v.t. to make 
costive. [Latin.] 

constipation (kon-sti-pa'shun) , n. 
costiveness; inactivity of the bowels. 

constituency (kon-stit'u-en-si), n. 
[pi. constituencies (kon-stit'u-en- 
siz)], the body of electors voting for 
a member of Congress, &c. 

constituent (kon-stri/u-ent) , adj. 
necessary or essential: n. an essen- 
tial or component part; an elector. 

constitute (kon'sti-tut) , v.t. to com- 
pose or make up; appoint; elect; 
enact; establish. [Latin.] 

constituted authorities (aw-thor'- 
i-tiz), n.pl. government officers col- 
lectively. 

constitution (kon-sti-tu'shun), n. the 
act of constituting; the thing consti- 
tuted; bodily strength; mental or 
physical temperament; the funda- 
mental law of a nation, state or 
society, whether unwritten as in 
Great Britain, or written as in the 
United States. [Latin.] 

constitutional (kon-sti-tu'shun-al) , 
adj. inherent in the constitution; 
fundamental: n. a walk taken for the 
benefit of the health. 

constitutionalist (kon-sti-tu'shun-al- 
ist), n. an adherent to constitu- 
tional government. 

constrain (kon-stran') v.t. to hold 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONSTRAINT 



201 



CONTEMPLATIVE 



down or keep back by force; re- 
strain. 

constraint (kon-strant'), n. compul- 
sion. 

constrict (kon-strikt'), v.t. to bind; 
cramp. [Latin.] 

constriction (kon-strikt'shun) , n. com- 
pression; contraction. 

constrictive (kon-strikt 'tiv) , adj. that 
constricts. 

constrictor (kon-strik'ter) , n. that 
which contracts or compresses; a 
muscle which contracts, closes, or 
compresses; a large serpent, the boa- 
constrictor of South America. 

constringent (kon-strin'jent), adj. 
contracting or binding. 

construct (kon-strukt'), v.t. to 
build; form; put together; com- 
pose. 

construction (kon-strak'shun) , n. the 
act of building; that which is con- 
structed; an edifice; interpretation; 
the syntactical arrangement of 
words in a sentence. [Latin.] 

constructive (kon-struk'tiv) , adj . hav- 
ing the character of construction; 
inferred. 

constructively (kon-struk'tiv-li) , adv. 
by construction. 

constructiveness (kon-struk'tiv-nes) , 
n. the faculty to construct. 

constructor (kon-struk'ter) , n. one 
who constructs. 

construe (kon'stroo), v.t. to put into 
proper order by syntactical rules; 
translate; interpret. [Latin.] 

consubstantial (kon-sub-stan'shal) , 
adj. having the same substance, es- 
sence, or nature. 

consubstantiality (kon-sub-stan-shi- 
al'i-ti), n. participation in the same 
nature or essence: said of the Holy 
Trinity. 

consubstantiation (kon-sub-stan-shi- 
a'shun), n. the doctrine that the body 
and blood of Christ are in a mys- 
terious manner substantially present 
in the Eucharistic elements after 
consecration. Also transubstantia- 
tion. [Latin.] 

Consul (kon'sul), n. the chief magis- 
trate of the Roman Republic, and of 
the French Republic (1799-1804); 
an officer commissioned by a gov- 
ernment to reside in a foreign 
country to promote the interests of 



its trade, and protect its subjected 
A consul is not a diplomatic officer. 
[Latin.] 

consul-general (kon'sul-jen'er-al), n. 
a chief consul at a chief city. 

consular (kon'sul-ar) , adj. pertaining 
to a consul. 

consulate (kon'su-lat), n. the office 
or official residence of a consul. 

consult (kon-sult'), v.t. to ask advice 
of; regard: v.i. to take counsel to- 
gether. [Latin.] 

consultation (kon-sul-ta/shun), n. the 
act of consulting; a conference or 
deliberation on some special mat- 
ter. 

consultative (kon-sul'ta-tiv) , adj. de- 
liberative. 

consume (kon-sum'), v.t. to destroy; 
waste; spend: v.i. waste away; be 
exhausted. [Latin.] 

consummate (kon'sum-at), v.t. to 
complete; finish: adj. (kon-sum 'at), 
perfect. 

consummately (kon-sum'at-li) , adv. 
perfectly. 

consummation (kon-sum-a'shun), ft, 
completion. 

consumption (kon-sump'shun) , n. the 
act of consuming ; a gradual wasting 
away; pulmonary disease; phthisis. 

consumptive (kon-sump'tiv) , adj. 
pertaining to consumption; affected 
with phthisis. 

contact (kon'takt), n. touch; close 
union. [Latin.] 

contagion (kon-ta'jun) , n. transmis- 
sion of disease by direct or indirect 
contact. 

contagious (kon-ta'jus), adj. trans- 
mitted by contact. 

contain (kon-tan'), v.t. to hold, as a 
vessel; keep within bounds; inclose: 
v.i. to live in continence. [Latin J 

contaminate (kon-tam'i-nat) , v.t. to 
pollute. 

contamination (kon-tam-i-na'shun), 
n. pollution. 

contemn (kon-tem') , v.t. to despise. 

contemplate (kon'tem, or kon-tem'- 
plat), v.t. to consider with con- 
tinued attention; meditate on; study. 

contemplation (kon-tem-pla/shun), 
n. the act of contemplating; pious 
meditation; intention. [Latin.] 

contemplative (kon-tem 'pla-tiv), adj. 
thoughtful. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
16 hue, hut : think, then. 



CONTEMPLATOR 



202 



CONTRACT 



contemplator (kon'tem-pla-ter), n. 
one who contemplates. 

contemporaneous (kon-tem-po-ra/- 
ne-us), adj. contemporary; at the 
same time. 

contemporary (kon-tem'po-ra-ri) , adj. 
existing or occurring at the same 
time: n. one living at the same time 
as another. 

contempt (kon-tempt') , n. disdain; 
scorn; disobedience to the orders, 
&c, of a court. 

contemptible (kon-temp'ti-bl), adj. 
meriting scorn. 

contemptibly (kon-temp'ti-bli), adv. 
in a contemptible manner. 

contemptuous (kon-temp'tu-us), adj. 
disdainful. 

contend (kon-tend'), v.i. to strive in 
opposition ; vie [with with or against] ; 
dispute or debate; assert. 

content (kon-tent% adj. satisfied; 
willing: v.t. to satisfy; gratify; ap- 
pease: n. (kon'tent), generally plu- 
ral, that which is comprised in any- 
thing. 

contented (kon-tent'ed), p. adj. grati- 
fied; satisfied. 

contention (kon-ten'shun) , n. con- 
test; debate. 

contentious (kon-ten'shus) , adj. caus- 
ing contention; quarrelsome; litigi- 
ous. 

contentment (kon-tent'ment) , n. 
satisfaction. 

conterminous (kon-ter'mi-nus) , adj. 
contiguous. 

contest (kon-test'), v.t. to dispute; 
oppose; litigate: v.i. to strive; con- 
tend; vie: n. (kon'test), a struggle 
for superiority; dispute. 

contestant (kon-tes'tant), n. one who 
contests, especially an election, or a 
will. 

context (kon'tekst), n. the parts in 
a book or discourse immediately ad- 
joining the sentence quoted. 

contexture (kon-teks'tur) , n. struc- 
ture. 

contiguity (kon-ti-gu'i-ti) , n. contact. 

contiguous (kon-tig'u-us), adj. ad- 
jacent. 

continence (kon'ti-nens), n. chasti- 
ty; self-restraint; moderation. Also 
continency. 

continent (kon'ti-nent), adj. chaste; 
exercising self-restraint: n. a large 



extent of land forming a geograph- 
ical division, as North America with 
South America. 

continental (kon-ti-nent'al), adj. per- 
taining to a continent. 

contingence (kon-tin'jens), n. [pi. 
contingencies (kon-tin'jen-siz)], a 
chance or possible occurrence. Also 
contingency. 

contingent (kon-tin'jent), adj. ac- 
cidental; conditional: n. a possi- 
bility; quota of troops. 

continual (kon-tin'u-al) , adj. pro- 
ceeding without interruption; in- 
cessant; constant. 

continually (kon-tin'u-a-li), adv. with- 
out intermission. 

continuance (kon-tin'u-ans) , n. per- 
manence; uninterrupted succession; 
duration. 

continuation (kon : tin-u-a'shun) , n. 
the act of continuing. 

continue (kon-tin'u), v.t. to carry on 
without interruption; persist in: v.i. 
to remain; abide; endure; persevere. 

continuity (kon-ti-nu'i-ti) , n. [pi. con- 
tinuities (kon-ti-nii'i-tiz)], uninter- 
rupted succession or connection; 
cohesion. 

continuous (kon-tin'u-us), adj. unin- 
terrupted. 

contort (kon-torf), v.t. to twist. 

contortion (kon-tor'shun), n. sl twist; 
flexure. 

contortionist (kon-tor'shun-ist) , n. 
an acrobat who contorts his body in 
performing gymnastics. 

contour (kon'toor), n. an outline; 
profile: v.t. to make an outline of. 

contraband (kon'tra-band) , adj. pro- 
hibited from importation; illegal. 

contraband of war (wawr), n. cer- 
tain commodities used in warfare, 
and the traffic in them with belliger- 
ent States. 

contrabandist (kon'tra-band-ist), n. 
a smuggler. [Spanish,] 

contrabasso (kon-tra-bas'so) , adj. 
sounding an octave lower than an- 
other instrument of the same class: 
n. the largest instrument of the vio- 
lin class, the double-bass. 

contract (kon-trakt'), v.t. draw closer 
together; shorten; condense: v.i. to 
shrink up; bargain; agree upon: n. 
(kon'trakt), a compact; a written 
agreement. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, Dook ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONTRACTIBILITY 



203 



CONTROVERSY 



contractibility (kon-trak-ti-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quality or capability of being 
contracted. 

contractile (kon-trak'til) , adj. having 
the power of shortening itself. Also 
contractible. 

contractility (kon-trak-til'i-ti), n. the 
power of contracting. 

contraction (kon-trak'shun) , n. the act 
of contracting; the state of being con- 
tracted ; the reduction of two vowels 
or syllables into one; abbreviation. 

contractor (kon-trak'ter) , n. one of 
the parties to a contract; one who 
contracts to supply or construct for 
a stipulated sum. 

contra-dance (kon'tra-dans) , n. a 
dance in which the partners are ar- 
ranged in opposite lines; a country- 
dance. Also contre : dance. 

contradict (kon-tra-dikt'), v.t. to as- 
sert the contrary or opposite of; 
gainsay; deny. 

contradiction (kon-tra-dik'shun) , n. 
the act of contradicting; denial; 
incongruity. 

contradictory (kon-tra-dik'to-ri) , adj. 
contrary. 

contradistinction (kon-tra-dis-tingk'- 
shun), n. a distinction by opposite 
qualities. 

contradistinctive (kon-tra-dis-tingk'- 
tiv), adj. characterized by contra- 
distinction. 

contradistinguish (kon-tra-dis-ting'- 
gwish), v.t. to distinguish by op- 
posite qualities. 

contralto (kon-tral'to) , n. the part 
sung by the highest male (counter- 
tenor) or the lowest female voice 
(alto); also the lowest female voice. 

contrariety (kon-tra-ri'i-ti), # n. [pi. 
contrarieties (kon-tra-ri'i-tiz)], op- 
position; inconsistency. 

contrarily (kon'tra-ri-li), adv. in a 
contrary manner. 

contrariness (kon-tra/ri-nes) , n. con- 
trariety. 

contrariwise (kon'tra-ri-wiz), adv. 
conversely. 

contrary (kqn'tra-ri) , adj. opposite; in 
an opposite direction ; perverse ; 
wayward: n. a thing of opposite 
qualities. 

contrast (kon-trast') , v.t. to place in 
contrast; compare: n. (kon'trast), 
opposition or difference of qualities 



made manifest by comparison; dis» 
similitude. 

contravallation (kon-tra-val-a'shun), 
n. a fortification thrown up round a 
city by a besieging force for security 
against the enemy's sallies. [Latin .J 

contravene (kon-tra-ven'), v.t. to ob- 
struct; violate. 

contravention (kon-tra-ven'shun), 
n. opposition; violation. 

contre- dance, same as contra-dance, 

contretemps (kong-tr-tang'), n. an 
unexpected event causing confusion; 
a hitch. [French.] 

contribute (kon-trib'iit), v.t. to give 
to some common stock; furnish as a 
share: v.i. to use one's influence. 

contribution (kon-tri-bu'shun) , n, 
the act of contributing; a subscrip- 
tion; tax; a writing furnished to a 
periodical. 

contributive (kon-trib'ti-tiv), adj. 
contributing. 

contributor (kon-trib'u-ter), n. one 
who contributes. 

contributory (kon-trib'ii-to-ri), adj. 
promoting the same end. 

contrite (kon'trit), adj. penitent. 

contritely (kon-trit'li) , adv. peni- 
tently. 

contriteness (kon-trit'nes), n. peni- 
tence; sorrow. 

contrition (kon-trish'un), n. sorrow 
for sin. 

contrivance (kon-tri'vans), n. a de- 
vice; apparatus; scheme; plan. 

contrive (kon-triv'), v.t. to devise; 
invent; plan; scheme. 

control (kon-trol'), n. a check; re- 
straint; superintendence; authority: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. controlled: p.pr. 
controlling], to restrain; govern; 
regulate. 

controllable (kon-trol'a-bl) , adj. sub- 
ject to control. 

controller (kon-trol'er) , n. one who 
controls; a public officer who over- 
sees and verifies the accounts of 
subordinate officials. Also comp- 
troller. 

controversial (kon-tro-ver'shal), adj* 
polemical. 

controversialist (kon-tro-ver'shal- 
ist), n. a disputant. 

controversially (kon-tro-ver'sha-h% 
adv. in a controversial manner. 

controversy (kon'tro-ver-si) , n. [pL 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, but ; think, then. 



CONTROVERT 



204 



CONVERT 



controversies (kon'tro-ver-siz)], agi- 
tation of contrary opinions; debate; 
disputation. 

controvert (kon-tro- vert') , v.t. to con- 
tend against; refute; disprove. 

controvertible (kon-tro-ver'ti-bl) , 
adj. capable of being disputed. 

controyertibly (kon-tro-vert'i-bli), 
adv. in a controvertible manner. 

controvertist (kon-tro-ver'tist) , n. 
a disputant. 

contumacious (kon-tu-ma'shus) , adj. 
perverse; obstinate. 

contumacy (kon'tu-ma-si) , n. [pi. 
contumacies (kon'tu-ma-siz)], ob- 
stinate or perverse opposition to law- 
ful authority. 

contumelious (kon-tu-me'li-us), adj. 
haughtily contemptuous or offensive; 
supercilious. 

contumely (kon'tu-me-li) , n. [pi. con- 
tumelies (kon'tti-me-liz)], naughty 
and contemptuous rudeness; scorn- 
ful and insolent abuse. 

contuse (kon-tuz'), v.t. to wound or 
bruise without breaking the skin. 

contusion (kon-tu'zhun) , n. the act of 
contusing; the state of being con- 
tused. [Latin.] 

conundrum (ko-nun'drum) , n. a rid- 
dle. [Dubious Latin.] 

convalesce (kon-va-les') , v.i. to re- 
cover strength and health after ill- 
ness. 

convalescence (kon-vayles'ens) , n. 
gradual recovery after illness. Also 
convalescency. 

convalescent (kon-va-les'ent) , adj. 
recovering health. 

convene (kon-ven'), v.i. to meet to- 
gether: v.t. cause to assemble; sum- 
mon judicially. 

convenience (kon-ve'ni-ens) , n. fitness; 
freedom from discomfort; accommo- 
dation. 

convenient (kon-ve'ni-ent)^ adj. 
suitable; appropriate; affording ac- 
commodation; handy. 

convent (kon'vent), n. a community 
of religious recluses; a nunnery; 
monastery. 

conventicle (kon-ven'ti-kl) , n. an as- 
sembly for worship [usually imply- 
ing schism]. 

convention (kon-ven'shun) , n. a polit- 
ical or ecclesiastical assembly; a 
diplomatic agreement. 



conventional (kon-ven'shun-al), adj. 
sanctioned by, or growing out of, 
custom or tacit agreement ; based on. 
accepted models or artistic rules. 

conventionalism (kon-ven'shun-al- 
izm), n. that which is received as es- 
tablished by usage, &c. 

conventionality (kon-ven-shun-al'i- 
ti), n. [pi. conventionalities (kon-ven- 
shun-ari-tiz)], adherence to con- 
ventional rules or precedents; arti- 
ficiality. 

conventionalize (kon-ven'shun : a-liz) , 
v.t. to bring into harmony with or- 
dinary usage ; to render conventional. 

conventionally (kon-ven'shun-a-li) , 
adv. in a conventional manner. 

converge (kon-verj'), v.i. tend to 
one point. 

convergence (kon-verj 'ens), n. [pi. 
convergencies (kon-verj 'en-siz)], ten- 
dency to one point. 

convergent (kon-verj 'ent), adj. tend- 
ing to one point. 

conversable (kon-vers'a-bl), social; 
inclined to converse. Also convertible. 

conversant (kon'ver-sant), adj. ac- 
quainted or familiar with; proficient. 

conversation (kon-ver-sa'shun) , n. 
informal or familiar talk. 

conversational (kon-ver-sa'shun-al) , 
adj. pertaining to conversation. 

conversationist (kon-ver-sa'shun-ist) , 
n. one who excels in conversation. 
Also conversationalist. 

conversazione (kon-ver-sat-ze-o'ne) , 
n. [pi. conversazioni (kon-ver-sat-ze- 
o'ne)], a meeting for conversation, 
especially on literary or scientific 
topics. [Italian.] 

converse (kon-vers'), v.i. to inter- 
change thoughts; talk familiarly: 
adj. & n. (kon'vers), reversed in 
order or relation; opposite; ac- 
quaintance; familiar talk. 

conversely (kon-vers'li) , adv. recip- 
rocally. 

conversion (kon-veVshun), n. change 
from one state, or from one religion, 
to another. 

convert (kon-vert'), v.t. to trans- 
mute; change from one religion to 
another; cause to undergo a moral 
change; apply to any use: n. (kon'- 
vert), one who changes from one 
religion to another; one who has un- 
dergone a moral change. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CONVERTER 



205 



COOM 



converter (kon- vert 'er), n. one who 
converts ; an iron retort used for con- 
verting pig iron into steel by the 
Bessemer process; a kind of electri- 
cal induction coil. 

convertibility (kon-vert-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being convertible. 

convertible (kon- ver'ti-bl) , adj. 
transmutable ; interchangeable. 

convex (kon'veks), adj. curved on the 
exterior surface: opposed to con- 
cave: n. a convex body. [Latin.] 

convexity (kon-veks'i-ti) , n. round- 
ness. 

convexo-concave (kon-veks'o-kon'- 
kav), adj. convex on one side, con- 
cave on the other. 

convexo-convex (kon-veks'o-kon'- 
vex), adj. having a convex shape on 
OBe side, and also another on the 
opposite; the direct antithesis of 
concavo-concave. 

convey (kon-va/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
conveyed, p.pr. conveying], to carry 
or transport; transmit; impart; 
communicate; transfer the title to 
(property). 

conveyance (kon-va'ans) , n. the act 
or means of conveying; a vehicle; 
the transference of property from 
one owner to another. 

conveyancer (kon-va'ans-er) , n. a 
lawyer who draws up deeds, &c, 
transferring property. 

conveyancing (kon-va/ans-ing) , n. 
the business of drawing deeds, 
leases, &c, and investigating titles 
to property. 

convict (kon-vikt'), v.t. to prove or 
pronounce guilty of a crime charged : 
n. (kon'vikt), a criminal sentenced 
to penal servitude. [Latin.] 

conviction (kon-vik'shun) , n. the act 
of convicting; the state of being con- 
victed; strong belief. 

convince (kon-vins'), v.t. to satisfy by 
evidence or argument; persuade; 
cause to believe. 

convivial (kon-viv'i-al), adj. festive; 
jovial. 

conviviality (kon-viv-i-al'i-ti), n. good 
fellowship. 

convivially (kon-viv'i-a-li) , adv. fes- 
tively. 

convocation (kon- vo-ka ''shun), n. the 
act of convoking an assembly, es- 
pecially of bishops and beneficed 



clergy, or heads of a university; an 
assembly of clergy. 

con vocational (kon-vo-ka'shun-al), 
adj. pertaining to a convocation. 

convoke (kon-vok'), v.t. to call or 
summon together; convene. 

convolute (kon'vo-liit), adj. roiled 
upon itself; twisted. Also convo- 
luted. 

convolution (kon- vo-lii 'shun) , n. a 
rolling together. 

convolve (kon-volv'), v.t. to roll to- 
gether. 

convoy (kon-voi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. con- 
voyed, p.pr. convoying], to accom- 
pany on the way for protection, by 
sea or land: n. (kon'voi), a protect- 
ing force accompanying ships, goods* 
persons, &c; an escort. 

convulse (kon-vuls'), v.t. to agitate- 
violently; shake; affect with convul- 
sions. 

convulsion (kon-vul'shun) , n. an agi- 
tation; tumult; a violent and unnat- 
ural contraction of the muscles. 

convulsive (kon-vuls'iv), adj. produc- 
ing convulsions. 

cony or coney (ko'ni), n. {pi. conies 
(ko'niz)], a rabbit. 

coo (koo), v. i. [p.t. & p.p. cooed, p.pr. 
cooing], to cry like a dove or pigeon; 
to act or converse in a loving man- 
ner : n. the sound uttered by doves 
and pigeons. 

cook (kook), v.t. to prepare for eating 
by boiling, baking, or roasting: i\L 
to act as a cook: n. one who pre- 
pares food for the table. 

cookery (kook'er-i), n. [pi. cookeries 
(kook'er-iz)], the art or practice oi 
cooking. 

cooky (kook'i), n. [pi. cookies (kook'- 
iz)], a small flat sweet cake. Also 
cookie. [Dutch.] 

cool (kool), adj. [campar. cooler, 
superl. coolest], slightly or moderate- 
ly cold; calm; deliberate: v.t. to 
make cool: v.i. to become cool. 

cooler (kool'er), n. that which cools*, 
a vessel for cooling liquids, &c. 

coolie (koo'li), n. an East Indian or 
Chinese porter: adj. pertaining te 
coolies. [Anglo-Indian.] 

coolly (kool'li), adv. in a cool manner. 

coolness (kool'nes), n. the state of 
being cool. 

coom (koom), n. matter which collects 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



COON 



206 



COQUET 



at the naves of wheels, &c; soot; 
coal-dust. 

coon (koon), n. abbreviation of rac- 
coon; a sly, knowing person; slang 
name for a negro. [Amer. -Indian.] 

coop (koop), n. a cage; pen: v.t. to 
confine in, or as in, a coop; inclose. 

cooper (koop'er), n. a maker of barrels, 
casks, &c; a beverage, half stout 
and half porter; a vessel that sells 
spirits, tobacco, &c, to fishermen, 
especially on the North Sea. 

cooperage (koop'er-aj), n. the busi- 
ness or workshop of a cooper; price 
for cooper's work. 

cooper ant (ko-op'er-ant), adj. coop- 
erating. 

cooperate (ko-op'er-at), v.i. to act or 
work jointly; concur to produce the 
same effect. 

cooperation (ko-op-er-a'shun) , n. the 
act of working jointly together; con- 
currence. 

cooperative (ko-op'er-a-tiv) , adj. pro- 
moting jointly the same end. 

cooperator (ko-op'er-a-ter), n. one 
who acts or labors conjointly with 
others. 

coordinate (ko-6r'di-nat), v.t. to place 
in the same order, class, &c; har- 
monize: adj. of the same rank or 
authority as another: n.pl. lines or 
other elements by which trie position 
of any point is determined by a fixed 
figure or lines. 

coordinately (ko-6r'di-nat-li) , adv. in 
the same rank, &c. 

coordination - (ko-6r-di-na/shun) , n. 
state of being coordinate. 

coot (koot), n. a short-tailed water- 
fowl; a term used in contempt. 

cop (kop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. copped, p.pr. 
copping], to seize as a prisoner: 
n. a policeman. From copper, re- 
ferring to the copper buttons on the 
uniform. 

copaiba (ko-pa'ba), n. a resinous 
balsam from various South Ameri- 
can and West Indian trees: used as 
a medicine. Also copaiva. # 

copal (ko-pal), n. a gum-resin: used 
in varnishes. 

coparcener (ko-par'se-ner) , n. a con- 
federate; one who shares with an- 
other in an act, usually wrong. 

cope (kop), n. a large semi-circular 
ecclesiastical vestment, worn by 



bishops and priests over the sur- 
plice. 

cope (kop), v.i. to strive or contend 
(followed by with). 

copeck (ko'pek), n. a Russian coin. 
= l-100th rouble. Also kopeck. 

Copernican (ko-per'ni-kan) , adj. per- 
taining to the astronomical system 
of Copernicus, which conceived the 
sun to be its center. 

copier (kop'i-er), n. a transcriber; imi- 
tator. 

coping (ko'ping), n. the top masonry 
of a wall. 

copious (ko'pi-us), adj. abundant; dif- 
fusive. 

copper (kop'er), n. a red, ductile, mal- 
leable, tenacious metal; a boiler: 
v.t. to cover with copper. Also cop- 
perize. 

copper (kop'er), n. a policeman. 

copperhead (kop'er-hed), n. a veno- 
mous American serpent. 

copperplate (kop'er-plat), n. a pol- 
ished copper plate on which some- 
thing is engraved for printing: adj. 
pertaining to the art of engraving on 
copperplate. 

coppice (kop 'is), n. same as copse. 

copse (kops), n. a thicket of brush- 
wood: v.t. to cut and trim as brush- 
wood: v.i. to preserve or plant 
brushwood. 

copula (kop 'u-la), n. [pi. copulas or ae 
(kop'u-laz, kop'u-le)j, a word which 
joins the subject and predicate in 
a sentence or proposition. 

copulate (kop'u-lat), v.i. to have sex- 
ual intercourse. [Latin.] 

copulation (kop-u-la'shun) , n. sexual 
intercourse. 

copulative (kop-u-la'tiv) , adj. uniting: 
n. a copulative conjunction, as and, 
with, etc. 

copy (kqp'i), n. [pi. copies (kop'iz)], an 
imitation; a transcript; a writing 
exercise; an original work: v.t. to 
transcribe; reproduce: v.i. imitate. 

copyist (kop'i-ist), n. one who copies. 

copyright (kop'i-rit), n. the exclusive 
right of an author in his literary or 
artistic work for a prescribed num- 
ber of years. 

coquet (ko-kef), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. co- 
quetted, p.pr. coquetting], to flirt; 
seek to attract attention or admi- 
ration; trifle. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



COQUETRY 



207 



CORKY 



coquetry (ko'ket-ri), n. [pi. coquet- 
ries (ko'ket-riz)], the act of coquet- 
ting; flirtation. 

coquette (ko-kef), n. a vain woman 
who seeks to gain men's attention 
and admiration. [French.] 

coral (kor'al), n. the hard calcareous 
skeleton of certain marine polyps; 
the unimpregnated roe of the lob- 
ster: adj. pertaining to coral. 

coralline (kor'al-in) , adj. consisting of, 
or like, coral; of a color like coral: 
n. an orange-red dye stuff. 

corbeil (kor'bel) , n* a little _ basket 
filled with earth, massed in sieges to 
shelter troops. [French.] 

«orbel (kor'bel), n. a projection of 
stone, wood, or iron to support some 
mass, often ornamented with gro- 
tesque figures; a sculptured basket of 
flowers, fruits, &c. 

cord (kord), n. a twisted string; a 
measure of wood = 128 cub. ft. (8 
ft. long, 4 ft. high, 4 ft. broad); a 
moral influence: v.t. to fasten or 
connect with cord. 

cordage (kord'aj), n. a quantity of 
cords or ropes; ropes and rigging 
collectively. 

cordate (kor'dat), adj. heart-shaped. 

cordial (kor'jal), adj. hearty; sincere; 
cheering: n. a medicine that in- 
creases the strength and restores the 
spirits; an aromatic and sweetened 
spirit. 

cordiality (kor-jal'i-ti) , n. sincere sym- 
pathetic geniality; sincerity; hearti- 
ness. 

cordiform (kor'di-form), adj. heart- 
shaped. 

cordilla (kor-dil'a), n. coarse German 
hemp. 

Cordillera (kor-dil-ya'ra) , n. a con- 
tinuous ridge or chain of mountains. 
[Spanish.] 

cording (kord'ing), n. the ribbed sur- 
face of a twilled fabric. 

cordite (kor'dlt), n. a powerful ex- 
plosive, used for military pur- 
poses. 

cordon (kor'don), n. a ribbon worn as 
the badge of an order; a band; a 
course of projecting stones forming 
the coping of a scarf wall; a line of 
military posts; an elongated body of 
troops. [French.] 

cordon bleu (bloo), n. the highest 



distinction in any profession; a first- 
class male cook. [French.] 

cordonnet (kor-do-na'), n. the slight- 
ly-raised border of a point-lace pat- 
tern; edging made of piping. 

cordovan (kor'do-van) , n. a Spanish 
leather made of goatskin, or split 
horsehide tanned and dressed. Also 
cord wain. 

corduroy (kor'du-roi) , n. a stout 
ribbed or corded cotton; piled fus- 
tian: v.t. to construct (a corduroy 
road) . 

corduroy road (rod), n. a roadway 
formed of logs laid side by side 
across swampy ground, &c. 

cordwainer (kord'wa-ner) , n. a work- 
er in leather; a shoemaker. 

core (kor), n. the heart or innermost 
part of anything, especially of fruit: 
v.t. to remove the core from; to 
mold or cast on a core. 

co-respondent (ko-re-spond'ent), n* 
a joint respondent in a divorce suit. 

coriaceous (ko-ri-a'shus), adj. like 
leather. 

coriander (kor-i-an'der) , n. an um- 
belliferous plant, the seeds of which 
are used as a carminative, or medi- 
cine which expels wind. 

Corinthian (ko-rin'thi-an) , adj. of, or 
pertaining to, Corinth, a celebrated 
city of Greece, noted for its luxury 
and licentiousness; luxurious; con* 
ducted by amateurs; noting the 
Corinthian order of architecture: it- 
formerly a man about. town; a gentle- 
man yachtsman, or sportsman. 

Corinthian bronze (bronz), n. an 
alloy of fine quality originally pro- 
duced at Corinth. 

Corinthian order (or'der), n. the 
lightest and most ornate of the clas- 
sic orders of architecture, with a 
bell-shaped capital, ornamented with 
sculptured acanthus leaves. 

corium (ko'ri-um), n. the innermost 
layer of skin of the cuticle. [Latin.] 

cork (kork), n. the outer layer of the 
bark of the cork tree, a species of 
oak; a stopper for a bottle: adj. 
made of cork. 

corker (kor'ker), n. an adept at any- 
thing; one who excites admiration by 
his skill or courage. 

corky (kork'i), adj. made of, or like, 
cork. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; baon, book; 

hue. hut: think, then 



CORMORANT 



208 



CORPUS 



cormorant (kor'mo-rant) , n. a diving 
bird that preys voraciously on fish; 
a glutton. 

corn (korn), n. grain, as wheat, bar- 
ley, &c; maize, or m Indian corn; 
plants that yield grain; breadstuff; 
a horny excrescence on the toe or 
foot; v.t, to preserve and season 
with salt or brine; as, to corn beef; 
to corn a tongue. 

corn-cob (konrkob), n. the spike of 
an ear of Indian corn. 

cornea (kor'ne-a), n. the horny circu- 
lar transparent membrane which 
forms the anterior portion of the 
eyeball. 

cornelian (kor-ne'lian) , n. a semi- 
transparent variety of chalcedony. 
Also carnelian. 

corner (kor'ner), n. an angle; a re- 
tired place; a mercantile ring to mo- 
nopolize some product: v.t. to drive 
or force into some position of diffi- 
culty from which there is no escape. 

corner the market, to buy up a 
commodity so as to monopolize it. 

corner-stone (kor'ner-ston) , n. the 
principal stone at the corner of a 
building; a part of the base of a 
monument. 

cornet (kor-nef), n. a kind of trumpet; 
formerly, the lowest in rank among 
cavalry officers, corresponding to a 
midshipman in the navy. 

cornflower (korn 'flour) , n. any wild 
plant growing in the cornfields, es- 
pecially the bluette. 

cornice (kor'nis), n. the highest pro- 
jection or border on a wall or column. 

cornstarch (korn'starch) , n. starch 
made from meal of Indian corn ; used 
for puddings, &c. 

cornucopia (kor-nu-ko^pi^a) , n. [pi. 
cornucopia? (kor-nu-ko'pi-e) or -as 
(-az)], the horn of plenty represent- 
ed in sculpture, as overflowing with 
fruit, flowers, &c. [Latin.] 

cornuted (kor-nut'ed), adj. horned. 

corolla (ko-rol'a), n. the inner envel- 
ope of a flower composed of two or 
more petals. 

eorollaceous (kor-ol-la'shus) , adj. per- 
taining to, or resembling, a corolla. 

corollary (kor'ol-a-ri), n. an additional 
deduction or inference drawn from 
a demonstrated proposition. 

corona (ko-ro'na), n. [pi. coronae 



(ko-ro'ne)], a crown; the flat pro- 
jecting part of a cornice; the upper 
surface of a molar tooth; a halo 
surrounding heavenly bodies; any 
crown-like appendage at the top of 
an organ of a plant. [Latin.] 

coronal (kor'o-nal), adj. pertaining to 
the corona: n. a crown, or garland. 

coronation (kor-o-n a/shun), n. the act 
or ceremony of crowning a sovereign. 

coroner (kor'o-ner), n. an officer who 
inquires into cases of sudden or ac- 
cidental death. 

coronet (kor'o-net), n. an inferior 
crown; an ornamental head-dress; 
the bone immediately beneath a 
horse's hoof. 

eoronium (ko-ro'ni-um) , n. a recently 
discovered element, fighter than hy- 
drogen. 

corporal (kor'po-ral) , adj. relating to 
the body; opposed to the mind: n. a 
communion cloth ; a corporal ; a non- 
commissioned officer of the lowest 
grade. 

corporate (kor'po-rat) , adj. united in 
a body or community by legal enact- 
ment. 

corporation (kor-po-ra'shun) , n. a 
body politic having a common seal, 
and legally authorized to act as one 
individual; a protuberant stomach. 

corporator (kor'po-ra-ter) , n. a mem- 
ber of a corporation, especially an 
original member. 

corporeal (kor-po're-al) , adj. having 
a material body; physical. 

corporeality (kor-po-re-al'i-ti) , n. the 
state of being corporal. 

corporeally (kor-po're-a-li), adv. in the 
body; physically. 

corps (kor), n. [pi. corps (korz)], a 
body of troops; a body of persons 
associated in a common work. 

corps diplomatique (dip-lo-ma-tek') , 
n. the ambassadors and ministers 
accredited to a government. 
[French.] 

corpse (korps), n. a dead body. 

corpulence (kor'pu-lens) , n. excessive 
fatness of body. Also corpulency. 

corpulent (kor'pu-lent) , adj. bulky; 
fat ; having a large, fleshy body. 

corpus (kor'pus), n. [pi. corpora (kor'- 
po-ra)], a body; collection of works 
or writings; the chief part of an 
organ. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge* met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book • 

hue, hut; think, th°n. 



CORPUS 



209 



CORUNDUM 



Corpus Christi (kris'ti), (Latin, the 
body of Christ), a Roman Catholic 
festival (the first Thursday after 
Trinity Sunday) in honor of the 
Eucharist. 
corpuscle (kor'pus-1), n. a minute par- 
ticle usually of blood. 
corpuscular (kor-pus'ku-lar), adj. per- 
taining to, or composed of, corpus- 
cles. 
corral (kor-ral'), n. a pen for live 
stock; an enclosure with wagons; a 
strong stockade for capturing wild 
elephants: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. corralled, 
p.pr. corralling], to drive into, or 
secure in, a corral; to take possession 
of, or capture; corner. [Spanish.] 
correct (ko-rekt'), v.t. to set straight; 
rectify; punish faults; amend: adj. 
exact; accurate: free from error; con- 
forming to a fixed rule or standard. 
correction (ko-rek'shun), n. the act of 

correcting: chastisement. 
correctional (ko-rek'shun-al), adj. 

tending to correct. 
corrective (ko-rek'tiv), adj. able to 
correct: n. that which corrects; an 
antidote. 
corrector (ko-rek'ter), n. one who cor- 
rects. 
correlate (kor'e-lat), v.i. to be recip- 
rocally related: v.t. to make clear the 
existence of reciprocal relations: 
adj. reciprocally related. 
correlation (kor-e-la/shun) , n. recipro- 
cal relation; similarity or parallel- 
ism of relation or law; the interde- 
pendence of functions, organs, nat- 
ural forces, or phenomena. 
correlative (kor-el'a-tiv), adj. having 
reciprocal or mutual relation: n. the 
antecedent of a pronoun. 
correlatively (kor-el'a-tiv-li) , adv. in 

a correlative relation. 
correspond (kor-e-spond') , v.i. to be 
adequate to; agree; suit; answer; 
communicate by letters. 
correspondence- (kor-e-spond 'ens), n. 
communication by letters; mutual 
adaptation; congruity. 
correspondent (kor-e-spond'ent) , adj. 
agreeing with; similar: n. one with 
whom intercourse is maintained by 
letters; one who sends news to a 
journal. 
corridor (kor'wlor) , n. a gallery or 
open passage in a building. 



corrigible (kor'ij-i-bl) , adj. capable o! 
being amended, corrected, or re- 
formed. 

corroborate (kor-rob'6r-at), v.t. con- 
firm; strengthen; establish; verify. 

corroboration (kor-rob-o-ra'shun), n. 
verification. 

corroborative (kor-rob'o-ra-tiv), adj. 
verifying; confirmative. 

corroboratory (kor-rob'6-ra-to-ri), 
adj. tending to corroborate. 

corrode (kor-od'), v.t. to eat away 
gradually; consume; disintegrate. 

corrosion (kor-o'zhun) , n. the act of 
corroding; a corroded condition. 

corrosive (kor-o'siv), adj. capable of 
being corrosive. 

corrugate (kor'oo-gat) , v.t. to draw, 
or shape, into wrinkles or folds. 

corrugated iron (irn), n. sheet-iron 
pressed into alternate parallel ridges 
and grooves and galvanized. 

corrugation (kor-oo-ga'shun), n. the 
act of corrugating; a fold or wrinkle. 

corrupt (kor-upt'), v.t. to turn from a 
sound to an unsound and putrescent 
state; make impure; seduce; bribe: 
v.i. to become putrid: adj. altered; 
depraved; putrid; spoiled; open to 
bribery. 

corruptibility (kor : up-ti-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the state or possibility of being cor- 
rupted. 

corruptible (kor-up'ti-bl), ' adj. ca- 
pable of being corrupted; subject to 
decay ; susceptible of being bribed. 

corruption (kor-up'shun) , n. the act 
of corrupting ; the state of being cor- 
rupted; physical dissolution. 

corsage (kor'sazh), n. a bodice; waist. 
[French.] 

corsair (kor'sar), n. a pirate. [French.] 

corse (kors), n. poetic for corpse. 

corset (kor'set) , n. a bodice : pi. a pair 
of stays: v.t. to inclose in corsets. 

corslet (kors'let), n. fight body-armor. 

cortege (kor-tazh'), n. a train of atten- 
dants; retinue; procession. [French.] 

Cortes (kor'tez), n.pl. the national 
and legislative assemblies of Spain 
and Portugal. Literally "the Courts. " 

cortex (kor'teks), n. [pi. cortices (kor'« 
ti-sez)], outer bark or covering. 

cortical (kor'ti-kal) , adj. consisting of, 
or like, bark; external. 

corundum (ko-run'dum) , n. a min- 
eral of extreme hardness. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book r 
1* hue, hut; think, then. 



CORUSCATE 



210 



COUGH 



coruscate (kor'us-kat), v.i. to sparkle; 
flash. 

coruscation (kor-us-ka'shun) , n. a 
sudden flash or play of light. 

corvette (kor-yef), n. a sloop of war. 

corvine (kor'vin), adj. pertaining to a 
crow. 

cosily (ko'zi-li), adv. snugly. m 

cosmetic (koz-met'ik), adj. imparting 
or improving beauty: n. a wash or 
preparation for such a purpose. 

cosmic (koz'mik), adj. pertaining to 
the universe and the laws which gov- 
ern it ; rising or setting with the sun. 
Also cosmical. 

cosmism (koz'mizm), n. Herbert 
Spencer's evolutionary philosophy. 
See evolution. 

cosmogony (koz-mog'o-ni) , n. a trea- 
tise on the world's origin. 

cosmography (koz-mog'ra-fi) , n. the 
science which treats of the constitu- 
tion of the whole system of worlds, 
or the earth as part of the universe: 
it includes geography, astronomy, 
and geology. 

cosmology (koz-mol'o-ji) , n. the sci- 
ence which investigates the origin of 
the world. 

cosmopolitan (koz-mo-pol'i-tan) , n. 
one who by much travel has become 
a citizen of the world. Also cos- 
mopolite: adj. at home in any part 
of the world. 

cosmorama (koz-mo-ra'ma) , n. an 
exhibition of views, &c, of various 
parts of the world realistically pro- 
duced. 

cosmos (koz'mos), n. the world or 
universe as an orderly system: op- 
posed to chaos. 

Cossack (kos'ak), n. one of a warlike 
tribe of Southern Russia, skilled as 
horsemen: adj. pertaining to Cos- 
sacks. 

cost (kosfc), v.t. to be bought for, or 
had at, a price; cause to bear or 
suffer: n. charge; expense; labor: 
pi. law charges. 

costa (kos'ta), n. [pi. costae (kos'te)], 
a rib. [Latin.] 

costal (kos'tal), adj. pertaining to a 
rib. 

costate (kos'tat), adj. ribbed. 

costermonger (kos'ter-mung-ger) , n. 
a hawker of fruit, vegetables, fish, 
&c. 



costive (kos'tiv)_, adj. constipated. 

costume (kos'tum), n. dress in gen- 
eral; style of dress; a walking or 
tailor-made dress: v.t. (kos-tum'), to 
dress in, or provide with, appropriate 
costumes. 

cosy (ko'zi), adj. and n. incorrectly 
written cosey. Same as cozy. 

cot (kot), n. a cottage; small bed. 

cotangent (ko-tan'jent), n. the tan- 
gent of the complement of an arc or 
angle. 

cote (kot), n. a hut; a sheepfold. 

cotemporary, cotemporaneous, &c, 
same as contemporary, &c. 

coterie (ko'te-re), n. an association or 
set of persons united together for 
social or other intercourse; a clique. 

coterminous. Same as conterminous. 

cotillion (ko-tiFyun), n. a brisk, lively 
dance for eight or more persons; 
music for such a dance; a black and 
white woolen skirt material. Also 
cotillon. 

cottage (kot'aj), n. a small dwelling. 

cotter (kot'er), cottier, coctar, abbre- 
viations for cottager: n. one who 
dwells in a cottage; one who lives 
rent free on a common; a wedge for 
tightening machinery. 

cotton (kot'n), n. a white, soft, downy 
substance resembling wool envelop- 
ing the seeds of the cotton-plant; 
cotton thread or cloth : adj. pertain- 
ing to, or made of, cotton: v.i. (with 
to) , to make up [to] another ; seek his 
intimacy; fall in with his whims. 

cotton-gin (kot/n-jin), n. a machine 
for separating the seeds from cotton 
fiber. 

couch (kouch), v.t. to place on a bed 
or other resting-place; hide; deposit 
in a bed or layer; express in words; 
include: v.i. to lie down; stoop; de- 
press or remove a cataract: n. a bed; 
sofa; a layer or stratum; a prelim- 
inary coat of size, paint, &c; a layer 
of barley spread out for malting. 

couchant (kouch'ant), adj. in herald- 
ry, cioucning or lying down. 

couch grass (gras), n. quitch grass. 

cougar (koo'gar and kow gar), n. the 
puma. 

cough (kof), v.i. to expel air from the 
lungs by a violent effort: v.t. to ex- 
pel from the lungs (followed by up) : 
n. an effort of the lungs, attended 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut : think, then- 



COULD 



211 



COUNTERSIGN 



with noise, to expel irritating or 
foreign matter. 

could (kood)_, _p.t. of can. 

coulomb (koo-lom'), n. the electrical 
standard unit of quantity = a cur- 
rent of one ampere per second. 

coulter (kol'ter), n. see colter. 

council (koun'sil), n. an assembly of 
persons met in consultation, or to 
give advice; a convocation; a mu- 
nicipal body. 

councilman (koun'sil-man), n. [pi. 
councilmen (koun'sil-men), a mem- 
ber of a municipal council. 

councilor (koun'sil-er), n. a member 
of a common council^ 

counsel (koun'sel), n. interchange of 
opinion; advice; consultation; de- 
liberate purpose or design; a bar- 
rister, attorney: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
counseled, p.pr. counseling], to give 
advice to; advise. [Latin.] 

counselor (koun'sel-er) , n. one who 
gives advice, especially legal advice; 
a member of a council. 

count (kount), n. a title of nobility. 

count (kount), v.t. to reckon or sum 
up; enumerate; place to an account; 
esteem: v.i. to tell off; mark time: 
n. the act of numbering or reckon- 
ing; the total ascertained; a separate 
and distinct charge in an indictment ; 
rhythm. [French.] 

countenance (koun'te-nans) , n. the 
whole form of the face; appearance; 
support: v.t. to support; encourage; 
favor. 

counter (koun'ter), n. one who, or 
that which, counts; a shop table; 
imitation money; a counter-tenor; 
a horse's breast between the shoul- 
ders and under the neck; a ship's 
stern between the water-line and the 
knuckle of the stern; a blow given in 
parrying: v.i. to give a blow while 
receiving or parrying one. 

counter (koun'ter), adv. contrary; ad- 
verse; in an opposite direction; the 
wrong way: used in composition, as 
counter-evidence, evidence opposing 
other evidence; cmznter-balance, to 
weigh or act against with equal 
force. 

counteract (koun-ter-akt'), v.t. to act 
in opposition to so as to defeat or 
hinder; neutralize. 

counterblast (koun'ter-blast) , n. a 



bugle or number of bugles blowing in 
answer or defiance to another blast 

countercharge (koun'ter-charj), n. a 
charge of cavalry in reply to one that 
has been received; an accusation in 
place of another and refuting it. 

counterfeit (koun'ter-fit), v.t. to make 
a copy of without authority for 
fraudulent • purposes ; forge; imitate: 
v.i. to carry on deception: adj. 
eigned; spurious; forged: n. an imi- 
tation; a forgery. [French.] 

counterfeiting (koun'ter-fit-ing) , n. 
the crime of making or uttering false 
coins or bank-notes. 

counterfoil (koun'ter-foil) , n. that 
part of a document, as a cheque, or 
draft, retained by the drawer; a stub. 

counterfort (koun'ter-fort) , n. a but- 
tress built at right angles to a wall 
or terrace; a spur of a mountain. 

counter-light (koun'ter-lit) , n . a light 
opposite any object, causing it to ap- 
pear to disadvantage. 

countermand (koun-ter-mand') , v.t. 
to revoke or annul, as an order or 
command; contradict the orders of: 
n. a revocation of a former order or 
command. 

countermark (koun-ter-mark') , n. an 
additional mark placed on goods for 
greater security; the mark of the 
Goldsmiths' Company in London, 
to indicate the standard quality 
of gold or silver: v.t. to place a 
countermark upon. 

counterpane (koun'ter-pan) , n. a bed 
coverlet. 

counter- parole (koun-ter-pa-roF) , n. 
a word given in addition to the pass- 
word. 

counterpart (koun'ter-part) , n. a du- 
plicate. 

counterpoint (koun'ter-point) , n. the 
science of harmony. 

counterscarp (koun'ter-skarp) , n. the 
exterior slope of a ditch opposite the 
scarp. See scarp. 

counter-sea (koun/ter-se) , n. a sea 
running in an opposite direction to 
the wind. 

counterseal (koun'ter-sel) , v.t. to seal 
with others: n. the reverse side of a 
pendent seal attached to a document. 

countersign (koun-ter-shF), v.t. to 
authenticate by an additional sig- 
nature: n. (koun'ter-sm), an addi* 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tf/ten. 



COUNTERSINK 



212 



COURTSHIP 



tional signature to a document to 
attest it; a military Watchword. 

countersink (koun'ter-singk), v.t. to 
drill (a conical depression) in timber 
or metal to receive a screw or bolt 
so that the head is flush with the 
surface. 

countervail (koun-ter-val') , v.t. to 
compensate ; counteract ; counter- 
balance. 

countess (koun'tes), n. the wife of an 
earl or count. [French,] 

counting (kount'ing), n. reckoning. 

counting-house (kount'ing-hous), n. 
the room where accounts or mercan- 
tile transactions are carried on. 

country (kun'tri), n. [vl. countries 

(kunt'rez)], a tract of land; region; 

rural parts; one's native land: adj. 

'rural; rustic; unpolished. [French.] 

county (koun'ti), n. [pi. counties 
(koun'tiz)], a definite district of a 
country separated from the rest for 
political or judicial administrative 
purposes : adj. pertaining to a county. 

coup (koo), n. a sudden telling blow, 
a master-stroke. [French.] 

coupe (koo-pa'), n. the front compart- 
ment of a French stage-coach; 
a small first-class carriage. [French.] 

couple (kup'l), n. two of the same 
kind connected together; a pair; 
man and wife; a pair of equal and 
parallel forces; two dissimilar metal 
plates in contact forming a voltaic 
battery: v.t. to link or join together; 
unite in marriage: v.i. to copulate; 
unite. [French.] 

couplet (kup'let), n. two successive 
lines of verse which rhyme together. 

coupon (koo'pon), n. a certificate at- 
tached to transferable bonds, which 
is intended to be cut off and pre- 
sented for the payment of dividends 
when due; a section of a ticket en- 
titling the holder to some specified 
accommodation, &c, over a line or 
route to be traveled, or to a seat in 
a theater, &c. [French.] 

courage (ker'aj), n. fortitude; valor. 

courageous (ker-a'jus), adj. brave; 
bold. 

courageously (ker-a/jus-li), adv. to 
act with courage; bravely; boldly. 

courier (koo'ri-er), n. an express 
messenger; a special messenger for 
a government or monarch; a travel- 



ing attendant who makes pre* 
liminary arrangements. [French.] 

course (kors), n. a race; a path or 
track; career; direction or line of 
motion; regular sequence; the por- 
tion of a meal served at one time; 
conduct; behavior; the direction a 
ship is steered; a continuous level 
range of brick or masonry of the 
same height; the chase of a hare by 
greyhounds: pi. catamenia; the sails 
set on the lower yards of a ship: 
v.t. to hunt: v.i. move swiftly; en- 
gage in coursing. [French.] 

courser (kors'er), n. a swift and 
spirited horse; a war-horse; one who 
courses ; a running bird of the os- 
trich family. 

coursing (kors'ing), n. the sport of 
pursuing hares with greyhounds. 

court (kort), n. an enclosed space; a 
small paved space surrounded by 
houses; a royal palace; the retinue 
of a sovereign; a hall of justice; 
the judges, &c, engaged there; civil- 
ity; flattery: v.t. to pay court tc; 
woo; flatter* solicit. [French.] 

courteous (keVte-us), adj. polite, 
obliging. 

courtesan (ker'te-zan) , n. a prostitute. 

courtesy (keVte-si), n. [pi. courtesies 
(ker'te-siz)], politeness combined with 
kindness; civility. [French.] 

courtesy; (kert'si), n. [pi. courtesies 
(kert'siz)], a salutation made by 
bending the knees: v.i [p.t. & p.p. 
courtesied, p.pr. courtesying], to 
make a courtesy. 

courtier (kort'yer), n. one who fre- 
quents or attends court; one who 
solicits the favor of another; one 
having courtly manners. [French.] 

courtliness (kort'li-nes) , n. elegance 
of manners. 

courtly (kort'li), adj. refined; elegant. 

court-martial (kort-mar'shal), n. [pL 
courts-martial], a court of justice 
composed of naval or military, offi- 
cers for the trial of disciplinary 
offenses. 

court- plaster (kort'plas-ter), n. a 
superior kind of. black sticking- 
plaster, originally used by ladies at 
court for ornamental patches on the 
face. 

courtship (kort'ship), n. the act of 
wooing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



COURTYARD 



213 



COXSWAIN 



courtyard (kort'yard) , n. an inclosed 
space adjoining a house. 

cousin (kuz'in), n. the son or daugh- 
ter of an uncle or aunt; a kinsman; 
a title of address used by a sover- 

. eign to certain noblemen. [French.] 

cousin- german (kuz'in-jer'man), n. 
a first cousin. [French.] 

couvade (ko6-vad')> ft- a peculiar 
custom in Brazil among the Indians 
by which, when a woman bears a 
child, her husband is put to bed and 
attended to with great solicitude. 
See matriarchate. [French.] 

cove (kov), n. a small sheltered in- 
let or creek; a retired nook; a hol- 
low molding ; a fellow : v.i. to arch over. 

covenant (kuv'e-nant), n. a written 
agreement; deed; bargain; a free 
promise of God's blessing; a solemn 
agreement of fellowship and faith 
between members of a church: v.i. to 
enter into a formal agreement ; bind 
one's self by contract. [Old French.] 

covenanter (kuv'e-nant-er) , n. one 
who enters into a covenant; es- 
pecially of the Holy League and 
Covenant in Scotland about 1650. 

cover (kuv'er), v.t. to overspread, as 
the top of anything, with something 
else; hide; save from punishment; 
shelter; clothe: v.i. put on a head 
covering: n. that which is laid on 
something else; a shelter; a covert; 
table furniture for one person: pi. 
thickets, underwood, &c, concealing 
game. [French.] 

covering (kuv'er-ing) , n. that which 
covers or protects; dress. 

coverlet (kuv'er-let), n. a bed quilt. 

covert (kuv'ert), adj. concealed; cov- 
ered; disguised; insidious; under 
authority or protection; said of a 
married woman: n. a place that pro- 
tects or shelters; a thicket; shelter 

j for game. [French.] 

coverture (kuv'er-tur) , n. a cover; 
shelter; the status of a married 
woman. [French.] 

covet (kuv'et), v.t. to desire earnest- 
ly; lust after: v.i. to indulge in in- 
ordinate desire. [French.] 

covetous (kuv'et-us), adj. inordinate- 
ly desirous, especially of money; 
avaricious. 

covetousness (kuv'et-us-ness) , n. the 
state of being covetous; greed. 



covey (kuv'i),'n. a hatch or brood 
of birds, especially partridges. 

covins (kov'ing), n. the projection 
of the upper stories of a house over 
the lower. 

cow (kou), n. [pi. cows (kouz)], the ma- 
ture female of the genus bos, or ox; 
the female of various other animals, 
as the whale, elephant, &c. [Anglo- 
Saxon]: n. a wedge placed behind a 
crab or windlass to check its motion : 
v.t. to depress with fear. [Icelandic] 

coward (kou'ard), n. one without cour- 
age; a dastard; poltroon. 

cowardice (kou'ard-is), n. dishonor- 
able fear. 

cow-bird (kou'berd), n. an American 
blackbird, so called from its accom- 
panying cattle. 

cowboy (kou'boi) , n. a boy who looks 
after cows; a mounted employee of 
a stockman or ranchman who looks 
after the cattle while grazing. 

cow-catcher (kou'kach-er) , n. a 
wedge-shaped iron frame in the 
front of a locomotive to remove ob- 
structions from the rails. 

cower (kou'er), v.i. to crouch or sink 
down through fear. [Icelandic] 

cowherd (kou'herd), n. a tender of 
cattle. 

cowhide (kou'hid), n. the tanned and 
dressed skins of cows; a stout flexi- 
ble whip made of raw hide: adj. 
made of cowhide leather: v.t. to 
chastise with a cowhide. 

cowl (koul), n. a monk's hood; a re- 
volving cover for a chimney pot. 

cowlick (kou'lik), n. a tuft of hair 
turned up or awry on the forehead. 

cowpox (kou'poks), n. a disease which 
affects the teats of cows, producing 
vesicles: from these the vaccine 
matter is obtained for inoculation 
against smallpox. 

cowrie (kou'ri), n. [pi. cowries (kou'- 
riz)], a small glossy shell, used as 
money by some African tribes, and 
in Siam. Also cowry. 

cowslip (kou'slip), n. a species of 
primrose. 

coxcomb (koks'kom), n. something 
resembling a cock's comb formerly 
worn by licensed jesters; a vain, 
pretentious, conceited fellow; a fop. 

coxswain (kok'sun), n. the steers- 
man of a boat, especially in a race. 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, f Tien. 



COY 



214 



CRANE 



coy (koi), adj. modest; bashful; de- 
mure. [Old French.] 

soyly (koi'li), adv. in a coy manner. 

coyness (koi'nes), n. reserve; demure- 
ness. 

coyote (koi-ot' or ko-yo'ta), n. the 
prairie-wolf: v.i. (koi-ot'), to search 
for gold single-handed, and as by 
chance. [Spanish, from Mexican.] 

cozen (kuz'n), v.t. to cheat. 

cozy (ko'zi), adj. warm and com- 
fortable; snug: n. a woolen cover to 
keep a teapot warm. [Gaelic] 

crab (krab), n. a short-tailed, stalk- 
eyed, ten-footed crustacean; a crab- 
apple; a sign (Cancer) in the Zo- 
diac; a name of various mechanical 
devices or machines: pi. the lowest 
cast at hazard: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
crabbed, p.pr. crabbing], to fish for 
crabs ; to oack out. 

crabbed (krab'ed), adj. morose; hard 
to decipher. 

crabby (krab'i), adj. crabbed. 

crack (krak), n. a chink or fissure; 
a narrow fracture; a sharp sound; 
a sharp resonant blow; an altered 
tone of voice: v.t. & v.i. to burst, 
break, or sever; utter a sharp, ab- 
rupt cry; extol; injure; damage 
mentally; open a bottle; to commit 
burglary: adj. of superior excel- 
lence. 

cracked (krakt), ] adj. split; blem- 
ished; broken; insane; legally im- 
perfect. 

cracker (krak'er), n. a hard biscuit; 
a firework; a kind of bonbon; a lie: 
pi. an instrument for cracking nuts. 

cracker jack (krak'er-jak), n. the 
same as a corker; an adept at what- 
ever he tries; a strong and skilful 
man. [American Slang.] 

crackle (krak'l), v.i. m to make a 
slight, sharp explosive noise: v.t. 
coyer with a delicate network of 
minute cracks: n. a noise of fre- 
quent and slight cracks and re- 
ports; a surface glaze on glass or 
porcelain; the noise made by dis- 
eased lungs in breathing. 

crackling (krak'ling), n. small ab- 
rupt cracks or reports made fre- 
quently; the browned crisp rind of 
roast pig. 

cracknel (krak'nel), n. a hard fancy 
biscuit. [Danish.] 



cracksman (kraks'man), n. [pZ.cracks* 
men (kraks'men)], a burglar. 

cradle (kra'dl), n. a baby's crib or 
little bed; infancy; birthplace or 
origin; a case for a broken limb; a 
device for rescuing shipwrecked per- 
sons; a frame of timbers placed 
under a ship for launching it; a 
steel tool used in engraving ; a gold- 
washing machine; a frame of wood, 
with long teeth, fastened to a 
scythe: v.t. to rock or place in a 
cradle; nurse or train in infancy; 
wash in a miner's cradle: v.i. to 
lie in a cradle. [Irish.] 

cradling (kra'dling), n. the open tim- 
bers or ribs of a vaulted ceiling. 

craft (kraft), n. manual skill; a 
trade; cunning; fraud; a small 
trading vessel. 

craftily (kraf t'i-li) , adv. cunningly. 

craftiness (kraft'i-nes), n. cunning. 

craftsman (kraf ts'man) , n. [pi. crafts- 
men (krafts'men)], a skilled artisan; 
a member of a particular trade. 

crafty (kraf'ti), adj. cunning; artful. 

crag (krag), n. a steep, rugged rock; 
shelly deposits in Pliocene strata. 

craggy (krag'i), adj. abounding in 
crags; pertaining to a crag or crags; 
rugged. 

cram (kram), v.t. [p.t. & p/p. crammed, 
p.pr. cramming], to stuff; fill beyond 
satiety; tell lies to: v.i. qualify 
speedily for an examination; to 
eat greedily: n. the act of cramming 
physically or mentally; hastily ac- 
quired knowledge ; a lie. [Icelandic. J 

cramp (kramp), n. a rectangular 
piece of iron with a tightening 
screw at one end; a spasmodic mus- 
cular contraction of the limbs; a 
piece of iron bent at both ends for 
holding: v.t. to affect with muscular 
spasms; confine; secure with a 
cramp. [Danish.] 

crampit (kram'pit), n. the metal tip 
of a scabbard, or staff. [Gaelic] 

crampoons (krain'poonz), n.pl. an ap- 
paratus like double calipers for rais- 
ing heavy weights. 

cranberry (kran'ber-ri) , n. [pi. cran- 
berries (kran'ber-riz)], the marsh 
whortleberry, with red acid berries. 

crane (kran), n. a large wading bird 
with very long legs and neck, and a 
long straight bill; a machine for 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

bue, hut ; think, then. 



CRANIAL 



215 



CREAM-LAID 



raising heavy weights: v.t to stretch 
or bend (the neck) like a crane. 

cranial (kra'ni-al), adj. pertaining 
to the skull. 

craniology (kra-ni-ol'o-ji), n.the scien- 
tific study of skulls and their char- 
acteristics. 

cranium (kra'ni-um) , n. [vl. crania], 
the skull. [Graeco-Latin.j 

crank (krangk), n. a device for caus- 
ing the rotation of an axis, or for 
converting rotary into reciprocal mo- 
tion, or the contrary; an instru- 
ment of prison discipline like a 
paddle-wheel; an iron brace; a 
fantastic form of speech; whim; 
fancy; a crotchety or impracticable 
person, especially one who has a 
monomania: adj. liable to lurch or 
capsize. 

crank-case (krangk 'kas), n. a piece of 
metal wiiich, in an automobile, holds 
the piston-rod to the body. 

crankiness (krangk'i-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being cranky. 

crank- pin (krangk'pin) , n. a pin 
parallel to a shaft, carried at the 
end of a crank. 

crank-shaft (krangk'shaf t) , n. a 
shaft bearing a crank. 

cranky (krangk'i), adj. full of crotchets 
or cranks; liable to be upset; loose 
and rickety. 

crannied (kran'id), adj. full of 
chinks. 

cranny (kran'i), n. [pi. crannies (kran'- 
iz)], a chink. [French.] 

crape (krap), n. a thin black gauze 
made of raw silk and gummed: v.t. 
to cover or diape with crape. 

crash (krash), v.t. to clash together 
with violence: v.i. to make a loud, 
clattering noise [Swedish] : n. a loud, 
sudden, confused noise; a coarse, 
heavy linen fabric. [French.] 

crass (kras), adj. gross; dense; ob- 
tuse. [French, from Latin.] 

crate (krat), n. a wicker hamper. 

crater (kra/ter), n. the cup-shaped 
cavity of a volcano; an ancient 
goblet. 

cratur (kra'ter), n. whiskey. "The 
comfortable creature." "The crea- 
ture that does you no harm." 
[Irish.] 

craunch. See crunch. 

cravat (kra-vat'), n. a neckcloth. 



crave (krav), v.t. to ask for with 
humility; beg earnestly; long for 
eagerly. 

craven (kra'vn), adj. cowardly; base: 
n. a coward; recreant. 

craving (kra'ving), n. a strong desire. 

craw (kraw), n. a bird's crop. 

crawfish (kraw'fish) or crayfish 
(kra'fish), n. the common name of a 
fresh- water lobster-like crustacean; 
the spiny lobster: v.i. to move slowly 
backward; to retreat. 

crawl (krawr), v.i. move slowly and 
with difficulty; creep: n. the act of 
crawling; a pen on the sea-coast for 
fish, turtles, &c. 

crayon (kra'un), n. a kind of chalk 
pencil ; a drawing done with cray- 
ons; one of the carbon points of an 
arc-fight: adj. drawn with crayons: 
v.t. to sketch out, as with a crayon. 

crayonist (kra'un-ist) , n. one who 
draws or sketches with crayons. 

craze (kraz), v.i. to become dement- 
ed; open in slight cracks: v.t. to 
produce cracks; render < insane : n. 
a passing fashion or infatuation; 
a crack in pottery glaze. 

crazily (kra'zi-li) , adv. in a crazy man- 
ner. 

craziness (kra/zi-nes), n. the state of 
being crazy. 

crazy (kra'zi), adj. insane; dilapi- 
dated; foolishly eager. [Swedish.] 

crazy- work (kra'zi-wxrk), n. patch- 
work of irregular sized pieces of 
silk, &c. 

creak (krek), v.i. to make a sharp, 
harsh, grating sound: n. such a 
sound. 

creaky (krek'i), adj. apt to creak. 

cream (krem) , n. the rich, oily part 
of milk: hence the choicest part of 
anything; a soft unctuous cosmetic: 
v.t. to skim cream from; remove 
the best part of. 

cream of tartar (tar'tar), n. purified 
tartar or argol. 

creamery (krem'er-i), n. [pi. creamer- 
ies (krem'er-iz)], a place where but- 
ter and cheese are made, or where 
cream is sold. 

cream-laid (krem'lad), adj. noting a 
paper of a creamy-white color, 
showing the lines of the mold im- 
pressed on it: opposed to cream," 
wove, which has no such lines. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



A 



CREASE 



216 



CRESSET 



crease (kres), w. a mark made by 
folding or doubling anything; a line 
drawn to define the limits of bowler 
and batsman: v.t. make a crease in. 

creasote. Another form of creosote. 

creatable (kre-at'a-bl) , adj. that 
may be created. 

create (kre-at/), v.t. to cause to come 
into existence; form out of nothing; 
invest with a new rank, office, or 
function. 

creatine (kre'a-tin), n. a white crystal- 
line substance in muscular tissue. 
Also kreatine. 

creation (kre-a'shun), n. the act of cre- 
ating ; the thing created ; the universe 

creative (kre-a'tiv), adj. constructive. 

creator (kre-a'ter), n. one who creates. 

Creator, n. the Supreme Being. 

creature (kre'ttir), n. anything cre- 
ated, especially a living being; one 
dependent on the influence of anoth- 
er: adj. of, or belonging to, the body. 

creche (krash), n. a public nursery. 

credence (kre'dens), n. belief ; trust. 

credenda (kre-den'da) , n.pl. articles of 
faith. [Latin.] 

credential (kre-den'shal) , adj. giving 
a claim or title to credit: n.pl. letters 
or certificates given to a person to 
show he has a right to confidence or 
the exercise of authority. 

credibility (kred-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being credible. 

credible (kred'i-bl), adj. worthy of 
credit; probable. 

credibly (kred'i-bli) , adv. in a credible 
manner. 

credit (kred'it), v.t. to believe; trust; 
have confidence in; enter on the 
credit side of an account: n. belief; 
honor; trust reposed; sale on trust; 
time allowed for payment of goods 
sold. [Latin.] 

creditor (kred'it-er) , n. one to whom 
another is indebted for money or 
goods. 

credulity (kre-dQ'li-ti), n. ready belief. 

credulous (kred'G-lus) , adj. easily 
imposed upon. 

creed (kred), n. a brief statement of 
belief. [Latin.] 

creek (krek, colloq. krik), n. & small 
bay; cove. 

creel (krel), n. a wicker fishing bas- 
ket; a wickerwork cage: v.t. to put 
in a creel; catch. 



creep (krep), v.i [p.t. & p.p. crept 
(krept), p.pr. creeping], to move 
slowly along the ground, as a worm 
or reptile; grow along the ground, as 
a plant; move secretly or insidious- 
ly; fawn. 

creeper (krep'er), n. one who, or that 
which, creeps; a plant which clings 
by rootlets or tendrils to some sup- 
port; the name of certain birds; a 
wingless insect; a kind of grapnel. 

creepy (krep'i), adj. shivering; chilled. 

cremate (kre-mat'), v.t. to reduce to 
ashes by heat, especially dead bodier . 

cremation (kre-ma/shun), n. the act 
of cremating. 

cremator (kre-ma'ter) , n. a furnacs 
for consuming dead bodies, refuse, &c 

crematory (kre'ma-to-ri), adj. per- 
taining to cremation: n. [pi. crema- 
tories (kre'ma-to-riz)], a place foi 
burning the dead. 

crenate (kre'nat), adj. notched. 

crenellated (kren'el-a-ted), adj. dec- 
orated with indented moldings (cre- 
nelles) . 

Creole (kre'ol), n. a native of Span- 
ish America, Louisiana, or the West 
Indies, descended from European 
(originally Spanish or French) an- 
cestors: adj. pertaining to a Creole. 

creosol (kre'o-sol), n. an oily liquid re- 
sembling phenol. 

creosote (kre'o-sot), n. a heavy oily 
liquid with a smoky smell, prepared 
from wood-tar: used as an antisep- 
tic, also as a wood preservative. 

crepitate (krep'i-tat), v.i. to make a 
slight, sharp, crackling noise. 

crepitation (krep-i-ta'shun) , n. a low, 
crackling noise. 

crepon (kre'pon), n. a thin crape- 
like material of wool, silk, or cotton. 

crept (krept), v.t. & p.p. of creep. 

crescent (kres ent), adj. growing: n. 
an increasing or new moon; a figure 
like a new moon; the Moslem pow- 
er: v.t. to form into a crescent. 

cresol (kre'sol), n. a phenol obtained 
from coal- and wood-tar. 

cress (kres), n. a name for various 
cruciferous plants, as the water- 
cress. 

cresset (kres'et), n. a light set on a 
beacon; an open frame of iron con- 
taining fire, used as a torch; a 
cooper's implement. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CREST 



217 



CRITERION 



crest (krest), n. a plume of feathers 
on the head of a bird, helmet, &c; 
the ridge of a wave; summit of a 
hill; courage; pride; spirit; v.t. to 
furnish or adorn with a crest; mark 
with lines or streaks: v.i. to take 
the form of a crest or ridge. 

crestfallen (krest'fawl-n), adj. de- 
jected. 

cretaceous (kre-ta'shus) , adj. com- 
posed of, or like, chalk; chalky. 
[Latin.] 

cretin (kre'tn), n. a, person who suf- 
fers from cretinism. 

cretinism (kre'tn-izm) , n. an incur- 
able, endemic malady, generally ac- 
companied by goitre, which occurs 
among the inhabitants of mountain- 
ous districts, as in Switzerland, and 
is supposed to be caused by drink- 
ing snow-water. 

cretonne (kre-ton'), n. an unglazed 
cotton fabric printed on one side. 

crevasse (krev-as'), n. a deep fissure 
in a glacier ice; a breach in a levee 
or embankment of a river. [French.] 

erevice (krev'is), n. a crack; fissure. 

crew (kroo), p.t. of crow. 

crew (kroo), n. a ship or boat's com- 
pany; a crowd or company of peo- 
ple. 

crewel (kroo'el), n. fine twisted worst- 
ed, &c, used in fancy work. 

crib (krib), n. a rack or manger; a 
stall for horses or cattle; a child's 
bed; a small lodging; a situation; 
a petty theft; a plagiarism; a lit- 
eral translation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
cribbed, p. pr. cribbing], to confine; 
steal; plagiarize: v.i. make notes 
for dishonest use in an examination. 

cribbage (krib'aj), n. a card game. 
See pony. 

crick (krik:), n. a painful stiffness of 
the muscles of the neck, or local 

i spasm. 

cricket (krik'et), n. the well-known 
game played with wickets, bats, and 
a ball, by eleven players on each 
side; a chirping insect. 

cricketings (krik'et-ingz), n. pi. a kind 
of fine twilled flannel. 

crier (kri'er), n. one who makes a 
public proclamation. 

crime (krim), n. a violation of the 
law; an offense against morality or 
the public welfare; wrong-doing. 



criminal (krim'i-nal) , adj. pertaining; 
to crime: n. one guilty of a crime. 

criminality (krim-i-nal'i-ti) , n. guilt, 

criminate (krim'i-nat) , v.t. to accuse, 
or declare guilty, of crime; involve 
in a crime. 

crimination (krim-i-na'shun), n. ac- 
cusation. 

criminology (krim-i-nol'o-ji) , n. the 
scientific investigation of crimes and 
criminals. See penology. 

crimp (krimp), v.t. to bend or twist 
in regular undulations; to cause to 
contract, as the flesh of live fish; 
decoy for enlistment: n. formerly 
one who entrapped men for the Eng- 
lish navy or army, or the merchant 
service; one who keeps a low lodg- 
ing-house for seamen. 

crimson (krim'zn), n. a deep red 
color inclining to purple: adj. crim- 
son-colored: v.t. to dye with crimson: 
v.i. to blush. 

cringe (krinj), v.i. to bend or crouch 
from fear or with servility: n. a 
servile bow. 

crinkle (kring'kl), v.t. to wrinkle; 
corrugate: v.i. to be corrugated or 
crimped: n. a wrinkle; bend. 

crinoline (krin'o-lin) , n. a hoop- 
skirt; a stiff fabric for stiffening a 
garment. 

cripple (krip'l), v.t. to deprive of the 
use of a limb; disable: n. one who 
is lame. 

crippling (krip'ling), n. spars or tim- 
bers used to support the sides of a 
building. 

crisis (krl'sis), n. [pi. cri'ses (krisez)], 
a turning point; a critical turn in 
a disease; emergency; conjuncture. 

crisp (krisp), adj. wavy; curled; 
brittle; cheerful; terse; sparkling: 
v.t. to curl; ripple: v.i. to form 
little curls; become friable. 

crispate (krisp 'at), adj. curled. 

Crispin (kris'pin), n. a shoemaker: in 
allusion to St. Crispin, the patron 
saint of shoemakers. 

criss-cross (kris'kros), n. an intersex 
tion; a child's game played with 
O's and X/s: adj. going backwards 
and forwards. 

criterion (krl-te'ri-on) , n. [pi. cri- 
teria (kri-te'ri-a)], a standard, law, 
or rule by which a correct judgment 
can be formed. [Greek.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut : think, then. 



CRITH 218 CROSS-BILL 

crith (krith), n. a unit of mass, older than Druidism. On the other 

used for gases = 1 liter of hydro- hand they should not be confounded, 

gen. as they often are, with dolmens. 

critic (krit'ik), n. one skilled in criti- See dolmen and Druid. 

cism; one who judges captiously. crone (kron), n. an old woman. 

critical (krit'i-kal) , adj. nicely exact; crony (kro'ni), n. [pi. cronies (kro'- 

skilled in criticism; censorious; per- niz)], a familiar friend, 

taining to the turning point of a crook (krook), n. a bend; a shep- 

disease. herd's hooked staff; a bishop's staff; 

critically (krit'i-ka-li) , adv. in a a swindler: v.t. to bend: v.i. to be 

critical manner. bent. 

criticise (krit'i-siz), v.t. to examine or croon (kroon), v.i. to utter a hollow, y 

judge as a critic; censure: v.i. to continued moan; sing in a soft, 

review. plaintive tone. 

criticism (krit'i-sizm) , n. the art of crop (krop), n. the produce of the 

judging and defining the merits of a ground, as corn, &c; a bird's craw; 

literary or artistic work; censure. a stout hunting whip; hair cut 

critique (kri-tek'), n. a careful an- close or short: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

alysis of a literary or artistic pro- cropped, cropt, p.pr. cropping], to 

duction._ [French.] cut off the tops or ends of anything; 

croak (krok), v.i. to make a sound reap; mow; cause to bear a crop: 

like a raven, &c; grumble: n. the v.i. appear unexpectedly [with up]. 

low, hoarse sound of the raven or cropper (krop'er), n. an expression 

frog. m used in England for "a fall. 

crochet (kro-sha/), n. a kind of knit- cropping-out (krop'ing-out), n. the 

ting with a hooked needle, in cot- appearance at the surface of a lode 

ton, wool, &c. : v.t. to work in crochet. of metal, or seam of coal. 

crock (krok), n. soot on a kettle, croquet (kro-ka/), n. a lawn game 
&c; an earthenware pot or vessel: played with mallets, balls, and 
v.t. to blacken with soot; smudge. hoops: v.t. to drive away, as an op- 
crockery (krok'er-i), n. earthenware. ponent's ball, after placing one's own 

crocket (kroch'et), n. an ornament em- in contact with it. 

ployed to decorate the angles of croquette (kro-ket'), n. ball of mince- 
spires, canopies, &c; one of the meat, fish, or fowl, seasoned and 
ends of a stag's horn. fried brown. [French.] 

crocodile (krok'6-dil or -dll), n. a crosier (kro'zher), n. a bishop's staff, 

large lizard-like amphibian reptile, cross (kros), n. & gibbet of wood 

with hard square scales on its back formed of an upright and a cross 

and tail. [French, from Latin.] piece, used in the punishment of 

crocus (kro'kus), n. a genus of irida- crucifixion: now the emblem of the 

ceous plants, from one species of Christian faith; a device resembling 

which saffron is obtained. a cross, of which there are many 

croft (kroft), n. a small farm, or in- kinds, i.e. the Greek cross, St. 

closed field. Andrew's cross, St. George's cross, 

crofter (kroft'er), n. a small farmer of the Maltese cross, &c; a mark made 
Western Scotland, who rents and on a document by those who can- 
tills a small farm. not write; a trial of patience; am* 

cromlech (krom'lek), n. an ancient animal of a cross-breed: v.t. to put, 

monument of rough stones in a or draw, across ; cancel ; pass ; thwart ; 

circle and usually surrounding a obstruct; make the sign of a cross 

lofty pillar of stone. Such are upon [French]; to cause to iDter- 

found at Stonehenge and Avebury breed: v.i. to be athwart; be in- 

in England; and, less notably, in consistent; interbreed: adj. falling 

many other places. They were long athwart; not parallel; fretful; per- 

believed to have been erected by the verse; untractable. 

Druids or Celtic priests, but this cross-bill (kros'bil), n. a bill brought 

is doubtful, as they are probably by a defendant against a plaintiff 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue^ hut; think, then. 



CROSSBOW 



219 



CRUCIFER 



praying for relief ; a bird with a cross- 
shaped bill. 

crossbow (kros'bo), n. a shooting 
weapon, having a bow across the stock. 

cross-breed (kros'bred), n. an animal 
produced by a male and female of 
different varieties. 

cross-buttock (kros-but'ok), n. a 
throw in wrestling where, when the 
pair are back to back, one of them 
throws his opponent across his hip. 

cross-examination (kros-eg-zam-i- 
na/shun), n. the questioning of a 
witness by his own, or the opposing, 
counsel. 

«ross-eyed (kros'id), adj. haying eyes 
that squint in different directions: 
n. a squint-eyed person; one having 
cross-eyes. 

cross-grained (kros'grand) , adj. with 
an irregular grain or fiber; con- 
trary or awkward in temper. 

crossing (kros'ing), n. the action of 
the verb to cross; a path across; in- 
tersection; opposition. 

cross-jack (kro'jak), n. the lower 
yard on the mizzen-mast. 

crossly (kros'li), adj. athwart; peevish- 
ly. 

cross-purpose (kros-per'pus), n. a 
contrary purpose: pi. a game of ques- 
tions and answers. 

cross- question (kros-kwes'chun) , v.t. 
to cross-examine. 

cross-sea (kros'se), n. a chopping sea 
in which the water runs in different 
directions. 

cross-stitch (kros'stich), n. a stitch 
formed of two stitches of the same 
length, the one crossing the other. 

cross-tie (kros'tl), n. a railroad sleeper. 

cross-trees (kros'trez), n.pl. short 
pieces of timber at the upper ends 
of the lower and top masts, to sup- 
port the rigging. 

cross-wind (kros'wind), n. sl side, or 
unfavorable, wind. 

cross- wise (kros'wiz), adv. across; 
cross-shaped. 

crotch (kroch), n. a hook or fork. 

crotchet (kroch'et), n. a musical note 
of l-4th a semibreve, a quarter note; 
a bracket ; a whim or fancy. m 

crotchety (kroch'et-i) , adj. whimsical; 
odd. 

croton-bug (kro 'tun-bug), n. a small 
light-colored cockroach. 



croton-oil (kro 'tun-oil), n. a viscid 
vegetable oil expressed from the 
seeds of a tropical plant. 

crouch (krouch), v.i. to stoop low; 
cringe. 

croup (kroop), n. the rump or but- 
tocks of certain animals; the place 
behind the saddle [French] : inflam- 
mation of the trachea and. larynx, 
with a hoarse cough and difficult 
breathing. _|Scottish.] 

croupier (kroo'pi-a), n. one who pre- 
sides at a gaming table and collects 
or pays out the money won or lost; 
a vice-chairman. [French.] 

croupy (kroop'i), adj. affected with 
croup. 

crow (kro), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crowed, 
crew, p.pr. crowing], to make a 
shrill sound like a cock; boast in 
triumph; utter a cry of pleasure: 
v.t. to "eat crow," to submit to an act 
of humiliation: n. the cry of a cock; 
a general name for birds of the 
genus Corvus, usually black, and 
with a strong conical bill. 

crowbar (kro 'bar), n. an iron lever. 

crowd (kroud), n. a number of per- 
sons or things collected closely to- 
gether; the populace: v.t. to press 
closely together; fill to excess; im- 
portune, as for a debt: v.i. to press 
in numbers. 

crown (kroun), n. a royal head-dress 
of jewels and gold worn as the in- 
signia of sovereignty; regal power; a 
wreath; the top; an English silver 
coin ($1.25); the corona of a flower; 
the upper part of a tooth; a size of 
printing paper (15 x 20 in.) : v.t. to 
invest with a crown; adorn or 
dignify; complete; reward. 

crown-glass (kroun'glas) , n. the finest 
window-glass. 

crow's-foot (kroz'foot), n. the ra- 
nunculus; a caltrop; an arrange- 
ment of cords to suspend an awning: 
pi. wrinkles under the eyes. 

crow's-nest (kroz'nest), n. a look-out, 
or watch-tower, on the main-top- 
mast crosstrees of a whaling vessel. 

crucial (kroo'shial), adj. cruciform; 
intersecting; searching. [Latin.] 

crucible (kroo'si-bl), n. a melting r pot. 

crucifer (kroo'si-fer), n. one who in an 
ecclesiastical procession carries the 
cross; a cross-bearer. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hfT\ hut ; think, fften. 



A 



CRUCTFIER 



220 



CRY 



crucifier (kroo'si-fl-er), n. one who 
crucifies. 

crucifix (kroo'si-fiks) , n, [pi. crucifixes 
(kroo'si-fiks-ez)], a cross with the 
sculptured figure of Christ. 

crucifixion (kroo-si-fik'shun) , n. the 
act of crucifying, especially the cruci- 
fixion of Christ upon the cross; 
great mental trial, or suffering. 

cruciform (kroo 'si-form), n. cross- 
shaped. 

crucify (kroo'si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cru- 
cified, p.pr. crucifying], to put to 
death by nailing the hands and feet 
to a cross; torture; destroy the 
power of (Gal. v. 24). > [Latin.] 

crude (krood), adj. in a natural 
state; raw; uncultured; harsh in 
color, or half -digested. [Latin.] 

crudely (krood'li), adv. in a crude man- 
ner. 

crudeness (krood'nes), ft. the quality 
of being crude. 

crudity (krood'i-ti) , ft. [pi. crudities 
(krood 'i-tiz)], the state or condition 
of being crude. 

cruel (kroo'el), adj. disposed to give 
pain to others; merciless; hard- 
hearted; unrelenting. 

cruelly (kroo'el-li) , adv. in a cruel 
manner. 

cruelty (kroo'el-ti) , ft. [pi. cruelties 
(kroo'el-tiz)], inhumanity; savagery. 

cruet (kroo'et), ft. a small glass vial. 

cruise. Same as cruse. 

cruise (krooz), v.i. to sail to and fro; 
wander about: ft. a voyage from 
place to place for warlike purposes, 
or for pleasure. [Danish.] 

cruiser (krooz'er), ft. a person, or ship, 
that cruises; a fast warship, either 
armored, unarmored, belted, &c. 
An armored cruiser is practically 
the same as a battle-ship. See 
battleship. 

crumb (krum), n. the soft, inner part 
of bread; a fragment of bread; a 
little piece: v.t. to dress with crumbs. 

crumble (krum'bl), v.t. to break into 
crumbs; cause to fall into pieces: 
v.i. to disappear gradually. 

crumby (krum'i), adj. having crumbs; 
soft. Also crummy. 

crumpet (krum'pet), ft. a soft tea-cake. 

crumple (krum'pl), v.t. to press into 
wrinkles; rumple: v.i. to become 
rumpled. 



crunch (krunch), v.t. to crush with 
the teeth; grind violently: v.i. to 
chew audibly: n. the act of crunch- 
ing. 

crupper (krup'er), n. the buttocks of 
a horse; the looped leather band 
passing round a horse's tail: v.t. 
to put a crupper on. [French.] 

crural (kroo'ral), adj. pertaining to 
the leg or thigh; leg-shaped. 

crusade (kroo-sad ') , ft. a mediaeval 
military expedition under the ban- 
ner of the cross headed by any one 
of the Christian powers, to recover 
the Holy Land; vigorous concerted 
action for the defense of some cause, 
as total abstinence, woman suffrage, 
or the advancement of some idea 
v.i. to engage in a crusade. [French.] 

cruse (krooz), n. an earthen pot or 
dish; a small vessel for holding 
liquids; a vial. [Icelandic] 

crush (krush), v.t. to press between 
two opposite bodies; squeeze; break 
by pressure; bruise; ruin; quell: 
v.i. to be pressed out of shape or 
into smaller compass: n. a violent 
compression or collision. 

crush-hat (krush'hat), ft. a collapsible 
hat. Also called an opera hat. 

crust (krust), ft. a hard external 
coating or rind; the exterior solid 
part of the earth's surface; a shell 
or hard covering: v.t. to cover over 
with crust: v.i. to contract into a 
hard covering. [Latin.] 

Crustacea (krus-ta'shi-a) , n.pl. a prime 
division of the Orthropoda, com- 
prising crabs and lobsters. 

crustacean (krus-ta/shi-an), adj. per- 
taining to the Crustacea: n. one of 
the Crustacea. 

crustaceous (krus-ta'shi-us), adj. 
shelly. 

crusty (krus'ti), adj. like a crust; 
rough in manner; surly; snappish; 

crutch (kruch), n. a support for 
cripples; any mechanical device like 
a crutch; the forked rest on a 
woman's saddle 

cry (kri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cried, p.pr. 
crying], to call aloud; proclaim; 
exclaim vehemently; implore; re- 
quire redress; shed tears: v.t. to 
utter loudly and publicly in giving 
notice: ft. loud or passionate utter- 
ance, especially of weeping or lam- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



CRYING 



221 



CUIRASS 



entation; an exclamation of won- 
der or triumph; outcry; clamor; 
acclamation; proclamation; common 
report; a paeK of hounds; a battle 
cry; a party catchword or phrase. 

trying (krl'ing), p.adj. specially de- 
manding notice; notorious; urgent. 

cryolite (kri'o-lit), n. a fluoride of so- 
dium and aluminium: the source of 
aluminium. 

crypt (kript), n, a subterranean cell 
or vault, usually under a church: 
sometimes used as a chapel or 
shrine. [Greek.] 

cryptic (kript 'ik), adj. hidden; secret 

Cryptogamia (krip-to-ga/mi-a) , n.pl. 
in the Linnean system, a class of 
flowerless plants, as mosses, ferns, 
&c. 

cryptogram (krip't 5-gram), n.& writ- 
ing, or a system of writing, in 
cipher. 

cryptography (krip-tog'ra-f i) , n. the 
art of writing in cipher or secret 
characters. 

crypton (krip'ton), n. an element of 
the atmosphere recently discovered. 

cryptonym (krip'to-nim), n. a secret 
name. 

crystal (kris'tal), n. an inorganic 
body having a definite geometrical 
form; a glass of superior clearness; 
anything transparent and clear: adj. 
consisting of crystal; clear; trans- 
parent. [Greek.] 

crystalline (kris ta-lin), adj. per- 
taining bo, or having the form of, a 
crystal; clear; transparent. 

crystallization (kris-ta-li-za'shun) , n. 
the act of crystallizing. 

crystallize (kris'tal-Iz), v.t. to cause 
to form crystals or a crystalline 
structure: v.i. to be converted into 
crystals; assume a definite shape. 

crystallography (kris-ta-log'ra-fi) , n. 
the science of the forms and struc- 
ture of crystals. 

cub (kub), n. the young of certain 
animals, as the fox. 

cubage (ku'baj), n. the act of de- 
termining the contents of a solid; 
the contents so measured. 

cubby-hole (kub'i-hol), n. a snug 
place. _ 

cube (kub), n. a regular solid body 
with six equal square sides or faces; 
the product obtained by multiplying 



the square of a quantity by the quan 
tity itself, as 5 x 5 x 5 = 125, cube 
of 5 : v.t. to raise to the third power, 
or cube. [Grseco-Latin.] 

cube root (kub'root), n. the first 
power of a cube, as 5 of 125. 

cubeb (ku'beb), n. the small spicy 
berry of a species of pepper; Java 
pepper ._ [Arabic, through Latin.] 

cubic (ku'bik), adj. having the form 
or properties of a cube. Also cubic- 
al 

cubically (ku'bi-ka-li) , adv. in a cubic 
manner. 

cubit (ku'bit), n. an ancient measure 
of about 18 inches; the forearm 
from the elbow to the wrist. [Latin.] 

cubo-cube (ku'bo-kub), n. the square 
of the cube, or the sixth power of a 
number, as 729 = 3 6 . 

cucking-stool (kuk'ing-stool) , n. a 
kind of chair in which disorderly 
females, common scolds, &c. t were 
placed and ducked, down to a cen- 
tury or more ago. Also ducking- 
stool. 

cuckold (kuk'old), n. the husband of 
an adulteress ; the burdock 

cuckoo (kook'oo), n. a passerine 
bird with a dark plumage and 
curved bill: so named fram its char- 
acteristic note. 

cucumber (ku'kum-ber) , n, a creep- 
ing plant, the donated fruit of 
which is used as a salad, and as a 
pickle. 

cud (kud), n. fooc\ brought from the 
first stomach of a ruminating ani- 
mal back into the mouth and chewed 
again. See quid. 

cuddle (kud'l), v.t. to embrace close- 
ly: v.i. to lie close or snug: n. a 
close embrace. 

cudgel (kuj'el), n. a short thick 
stick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cudgeled, 
p.pr. cudgeling], to beat with a 
cudgel. 

cue (ku;, n. the tail or end of a 
thing; a queue; a hint; the last 
word of an actor's speech ; the part 
one has to play: a number of per- 
sons waiting ranged in a line, the 
tapering rod used in billiards. 

cuff (kuf), n. a blow; the ornamental 
fold of the sleeve of a garment at the 
wrist: v.t. to strike with the hand. 

cuirass (kwe-ras'), n. a breastplate, 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CUIRASSIER 



222 



CUPIDITY 



cuirassier (kwe-ras-er') , n. a. cavalry 
soldier armed with a cuirass. 

cuisine (kwe-zen'), n. the kitchen of 
a hotel, &c; style or quality of 
cooking. [French.] 

cul-de-sac (kuTde-sak), n. [pi. culs- 
de-sac], a passage open only at one 
end; a position in which an army 
finds itself when hemmed in and no 
exit but in front. [French.] 

culinary (ku'li-na-ri) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the kitchen, or the art or proc- 
ess of cooking. 

cull (kul), v.t. to pick out; select; 
gather. 

culminate (kul'mi-nat) , v.i. to reach 
the highest point of altitude, rank, 
power, &c; come to the meridian. 

culmination (kul-mi T na/shun) , n. the 
attainment of the highest point; the 
transit of a planet through the me- 
ridian. 

culpability (kul-pa-bil'i-ti) , n. lia- 
bility to blame. 

culpable (kul'pa-bl), adj. deserving 
censure; criminal; blameworthy. 

culpatory (kuTpa-to-ri) , adj. cen- 
suring. 

culprit (kul'prit) , n. one arraigned be- 
fore a judge; one accused of a crime 
or fault. 

cult (kult), n. a particular ritual or 
system of worship; a subject of 
special study; devoted or extrava- 
gant homage or adoration. [Latin.] 

cultch (kulch), n. materials forming 
a spawning bed for oysters; oyster- 
spawn. [Origin unknown.] 

cultivate (kul'ti-vat), v.t. to till; 
improve by care, labor, or study; 
seek the society of. 

cultivation (kul-ti-va'shun) , n. the 
act of cultivating; tillage; culture. 

cultivator (kul'ti-va-ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, cultivates; a farmer; 
an agricultural implement. 

cultural (kul'tur-al), adj. pertaining 
to culture. 

culture (kul'ttir), n. tillage; the train- 
ing or refining of the moral or in- 
tellectual faculties; care given to 
the growth and development of ani- 
mals and plants; the propagation 
of bacteria for scientific study. 

culverin (kul'ver-in), n. a long cannon 
of the sixteenth century, with ser- 
pent-shaped handles. 



culvert (kul'vert) , n. a drain or water- 
way of masonry or brickwork under 
a road, &c. 

cumber (kum'ber), v.t. to hinder; 
embarrass; oppress; perplex. 

cumbersome (kum'ber-sum) , adj. 
burdensome; unwieldy. 

cumbrous (kum'brus), adj. trouble- 
some ; vexatious ; heavy ; obstructing. 

cumin (kum'in), n. a plant, with 
warm aromatic bitterish seeds. Also 
cummin. [Hebrew.] 

cumulative (ku'mu-la-tiv) , adj. 
augmenting or giving force; in- 
creasing by successive additions. 

cumulative vote (vot), n. a system 
of voting by which a voter votes for 
each candidate, or gives all his votes 
to one. 

cumulus (ku'mu-lus), n. [pi. cumuli 
(ku'mu-ll)], a cloud in round woolly 
masses. [Latin.] 

cuneate (ku'ne-at), adj. wedge- 
shaped. 

cuneiform (ku-ne'i-form), adj. having 
the form of a wedge: said of the 
wedge-shaped characters of the 
Assyrian and ancient Persian in- 
scriptions. Also arrowhead. [Latin.] 

cunning (kun'ing), adj. crafty; sly; 
designing; subtle: n. deceit; crafti- 
ness; the natural instinct of an 
animal. 

cup (kup), n. a small drinking ves- 
sel; something shaped like a cup; a 
chalice; a piece of plate offered as 
a prize; a vessel for drawing blood: 
pi. repeated potations: v.t. [p.t. & 
"p.p. cupped, p.pr. cupping], to bleed 
by means of a cupping-glass: v.i. to 
strike or indent the ground with 
a golf -club when striking the ball. 

cupboard (kub'erd), n. sl closet fit- 
ted with shelves for holding cups, 
plates, &c. 

cupel (ku'pel), n. a shallow porous 
vessel in which gold and silver are 
refined: v.t. [p.t. & v. p. cupeled, 
p.pr. cupeling], to renne (precious 
metals) from lead in a cupel. 

cupellation (ku-pel-a'shun), n. the act 
of refining in a cupel. 

cupful (kup'fool), n. [pi. cupfuls 
(kup'foolz)], as much as a cup will 
contain. 

cupidity (ku-pid'i-ti), n. covetous- 
ness. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, notyboon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tf/ien. 



CUPOLA 



223 



CURRENT 



cupola (kti'po-la), n. [pi. cupolas 
(ku'po-laz)], a spherical cup-shaped 
roof; a revolving shot-proof turret. 

cupreous ^ku'pre-us), adj. coppery. 

cupric (ku'prik), adj. pertaining to 
copper. 

cupriferous (kti-prif 'er-us) , adj. yield- 
ing copper. 

cuprite (ku'prit), n. red oxide of cop- 
per. 

cupule (ku'pul), n. a little cup, as of 
the acorn; a small cup-shaped 
organ. 

cur (ker), n. a mongrel dog; a surly, 
ill-bred person. 

curable (kur'a-bl), adj. remediable. 

curacy (ku'ra-si), n. the office or dis- 
trict of a curate. 

curari (kti-ra'ri), n. a black resinous 
substance prepared from the bark 
of a South American t/ee, used by 
the natives for poisoning their ar- 
rows: it is a powerful anaesthetic. 

curarine (ku-ra'rin), n. an alkaloid ex- 
tract of curari of a more deadly 
nature. 

curarize (ku'ra'nz), v.t. to poison by 
curari. 

curate (ku'rat), n. a clergyman who 
assists a yicar or incumbent. 

curative (ku'ra-tiv) , adj. pertaining to 
the cure of diseases; promoting 
cure: n. that which cures or serves 
to cure. [Latin.] 

curator (ku-ra/ter), n. the superin- 
tendent of a museum, art gallery, 
&c. 

curb (kerb), v.t. restrain; keep in sub- 
jection; furnish with, or as with, a 
curb: n. that which checks, re- 
strains, or subdues; a part of a 
horse's bridle; a curbstone. 

curbing (kerb'ing), n. curbstones col- 
lectively; materialfor curbstones. 

curbstone (kerb'ston), n. the stone- 
edge of a path. 

curd (kerd), n. the coagulated part of 
milk, containing casein: v.t. to cause 
to curdle. [Irish.] 

curdiness (kerd'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being curdy. 

curdle (ker'dl), v.t. to thicken into 
curd: v.i. to coagulate. 

curdy (kerd'di), adj. like, or full of, 
curd. 

cure (kur), n. restoration to health; 
the act, or art, of healing; spiritual 



charge; the office of a parish priest 
or curate: v.t. to heal; restore to 
health; preserve by salting. 

cure (ku-ra/), n. in France, a Roman 
Catholic parish priest. 

curfew (ker'fu), n. a bell originally 
rung at 8 p. m. as an intimation 
that fires and lights were to be ex- 
tinguished. [French, couvre-feu.] 

curia (ku'ri-a), n. the Papal Court, 
called specifically the Roman Curia. 

curio (ku'ri-6), n. [pi. curios (kii'ri- 
oz)], bric-a-brac; a curiosity. 

curiosity (kii-ri-os'i-ti) , n. [pi. curi- 
osities (ku-ri-os'i-tiz)], inquisitive- 
ness; something strange or rare. 

curioso (ku-ri-6'so) , n. [pi. curiosi 
(kii-ri-o'si)]^ a virtuoso^ [Italian.] 

curious (ku/ri-us), adj. desirous to see 
or know something new or strange ; 
inquisitive; scrutinizing; exact; ex- 
traordinary. 

curl (kerl), n. a ringlet of hair; an 
undulation or bend; a disease in 
fruit trees and potatoes: v.t. to 
twist into ringlets; crisp; coil; raise 
in undulations ; _ curve : v.i. to con- 
tract or bend into ringlets; move 
in spirals or undulations; become 
curled; play at the game of curling. 

curler (kerl'er), n. one who curls; one 
who plays at the game of curling; 
an instrument for curling the hair. 

curlew (kerl'lu), n. migratory short- 
tailed wading bird with a long 
curved bill. 

curling (kerning), n. a popular Scot- 
tish game played on the ice with 
smooth, flat, cheese-shaped stones, 
fitted with handles. 

curly (kerl'li), adj. having curls; wavy. 

curmudgeon (ker-mucrjin), n- # an 
avaricious, churlish fellow; a miser; 
a niggard. 

currant (ker' ant), n. a small variety 
of dried grape, imported from the 
Levant; the well-known shrub and 
its berry. 

currency (ker'en-si), n. a contin- 
ual passing from hand to hand; 
uninterrupted course; the cir- 
culating money medium of a na- 
tion. 

current (ker'ent), adj. widely circu- 
lated; now passing as time; gener- 
ally accepted or credited: n. a flow: 
said of fluids; body of air or water 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



CURRICLE 



224 



CUT 



flowing in a certain direction; gen- 
eral tendency. [French.] 

curricle (ker'i-kl), n. a two- wheeled 
chaise drawn by two horses abreast. 

curriculum (ker-ik'u-lum) , n. [pi. cur- 
ricula (ker-ik'Q-la)], a course; a 
prescribed course of study in a uni- 
versity, school, &c. [Latin.] 

currier (ker'i-er), n. a leather dresser. 

currish (ker'ish), adj. snappish; quar- 
relsome. 

curry (ker'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, 
p.pr. currying], to dress (leather) 
after tanning; beat; flatter; dress or 
clean (a horse). 

curry (ker'i), n. [pi. curries (ker'iz)], 
a highly-spiced East Indian sauce: a 
stew of rice, fowl, &c, flavored with 
curry: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. 
currying], to cook ornavor with curry. 

curry-comb (ker'i-kom), n. a metallic 
comb, used in grooming horses. 

curse (kers), n. an imprecation of 
evil; that which brings or causes 
evil or trouble; a profane oath: v.t. 
to imprecate evil upon; cause evil 
to; anathematize: v.i. to swear. 

cursed (ker'sed), p. adj. under a curse; 
hateful; unsanctified. 

cursorial (ker-so'ri-al) , adj. adapted 
for running or walking. 

cursorily (ker'so-ri-li) , adv. hastily. 

cursory (ker'so-ri), adj. hasty ; superfi- 
cial. 

curst (kerst), p.p. of curse. 

curt (kert), adj. abrupt; short. 

curtail (ker-tal'), v.t. to cut short; 
reduce. 

curtailment (ker-tal'ment), n. the act 
of curtailing. 

curtain (ker'tin), n. a textile hanging 
screen which can be drawn up or 
set aside at pleasure; the part of 
the rampart and parapet between 
two bastions or gates: v.t. to in- 
close in, or as with, curtains. 

curtain-lecture (keVtin-lek'tur), n. 
long talks given to their husbands by 
sharp-tongued wives after bod-time. 

curtsy (kert'si), n. [pi. curtsies (kert/- 
siz)], a salutation made by bending 
the knees. Also curtsey: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. curtsied, p.pr. curtsying], to 
make a curtsy. 

curvate (ker'vat), adj. bent; curved. 

curvation (ker-va/shun) , n. the act of 
bending. 



curvature (ker'va-tur), n. a bending. 

curve (kerv), adj. bent without angles: 
n. a bending without angles; a 
draughtsman's instrument for form- 
ing curves: v.t. to bend. 

curvet (ker'vet or ker-vet'), n. a par- 
ticular leap of a horse; a frisk or 
bound: v.i. to leap as a horse; frisk 
or bound. 

curvilineal (ker-vi-lin'e-al) or cur- 
vilinear (ker-vi-lin'e-ar) , adj. consist- 
ing of, or bounded by, curved lines. 

curving (ker'ving), n. a curve; bend. 

cushion (koosh'un), n. a pillow or 
soft pad for sitting or reclining upon; 
a pillow used in lace-making; the 
elastic rim of a billiard-table: v.t. 
to seat upon a cushion; furnish with 
a cushion: v.i. make the cue-ball 
strike against the cushion. 

cusp (kusp), n. the horn of a crescent; 
a sharp rigid point; a spear-shaped 
architectural ornament. 

cuspidal (kus'pi-dal) , adj. ending in 
a point. 

cuspidate (kus'pi-dat) , adj. furnished 
with a sharp, spear-like point. 

cuspidor (kus 'pi-dor), n. a spittoon. 
[Spanish.] 

custard (kus'terd), n. a composition 
of eggs and milk, &c, baked or boiled. 

custodian (kus-to'di-an) , n. one who 
has the care of anything. 

custody (kus'to-di), n. guardiansmp; 
imprisonment; security. [Latin.] 

custom (kus'tum), n. frequent or ha- 
bitual repetition of the same act; 
established usage; business support; 
unwritten law; duties on imported 
or exported goods: v.i. to be accus- 
tomed. [French.] 

custom house (hous), n. a building 
where duties are paid on exported or 
imported goods, and vessels are en- 
tered and cleared. 

customary (kus'tum-a-ri), adj. habit- 
ual; conventional; common. 

customer (kus'tum-er) , n. a purchaser. 

cut (kut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cut, p.pr. 
cutting], to cleave or separate with 
a sharp instrument; make an in- 
cision in; divide; trim; castrate; 
excavate; intersect; abridge ; di- 
minish; pass deliberately without 
recognition; divide (a pack of 
cards) at random; strike (a ball) 
so as to send it at right angles 



ate, arm, at, awi ; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, Jften- 



CUT-GLASS 



225 



CYCLOID 



to the batsman: v.i. to make an in- 
cision; perform the work of an edged 
instrument ; grow through the gums : 
n. an incision or wound made by a 
sharp instrument; gash; a sharp 
stroke; a sarcastic remark; a trench, 
channel, &c, made by digging; a 
slice ; a near passage ; a block on which 
an engraving is cut; the fashion of 
a garment; shape; deliberate ignor- 
ing of an acquaintance; the division 
of a pack of cards; a particular 
stroke in cricket, and lawn tennis; 
a diminution in price below another 
merchant; adj. divided or separated; 
gashed; having the surface orna- 
mented or fashioned. 

cut-glass (kut'glas), n. flint glass cut 
into facets or figures. 

cut-off (kut'of), n. a short or straight 
road; a new shorter channel cut by a 
river across a bend ; a device for stop- 
ping steam from entering a cylinder. 

cut-out (kut'out), n. a switch-like con- 
trivance to cut off an electric light 
from the circuit. 

cut- throat (kut'throt), n. a murderer; 
ruffian. 

cutaneous (ku-ta'ne-us) , adj. per- 
taining to the skin. [Latin.] 

cutaway (kut'a-wa), adj. cut back 
from the waist : n. a coat, the skirts 
of which slope from the waist. 

cutch (kuch), n. oyster-spawn; couch- 
or quick-grass; cultch. 

cute (kut), adj. sharp; clever. 

cuticle (kut'i-kl), ?i. the scarf-skin; 
the thin exterior bark of a plant. 

cutify (ku'ti-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cuti- 
fied, p.pr. cutify ing], to form, or be- 
come covered with, skin. 

cutlass (kut'las), n. a broad cutting 
sword. 

cutler (kut'ler), n. one who makes or 
sells knives or other cutting instru- 
ments. 

cutlery (kut'ler-i), n. edged or cutting 
instruments. 

cutlet (kut'let), n. a slice of meat. 

cutter (kut'er), n. one who cuts or 
hews; one who cuts out and shapes 
garments ; a light sledge for two 
persons; a small fast-sailing vessel, 
with one mast sloop-rigged; a man- 
of-war's boat. 

cutting (kut'ing), p. adj. dividing by 
an edged instrument ; deeply wound- 



ing the feelings; sarcastic; chilling; 
sharp: n. a piece cut off or from; a 
slip; an incision. 

cuttle (kut'l), n. the cuttle-fish, a 
cephalopod with an internal shell, 
the arms furnished with suckers, two 
large eyes, and an ink-bag contain- 
ing a dark fluid. 

cut- up (kut'up), v.i. to act in a frivol- 
ous fashion: n. to make a buffoon of 
one's self; to caper. 

cutwater (kut'waw-ter) , n. the fore 
part of a ship's prow; the angular 
edge of the pier of a bridge. 

cutweed (kut 'wed), n. a coarse marine 
alga. 

cutworm (kut'werm), n. a destructive 
larval moth. 

cyanate (si'an-at), n. a compound ot 
cyanic acid with a base. 

cyaneous (sl-a'ne-us) , adj. azure blue, 

cyanic (si-an'ik), adj. pertaining to 
cyanogen. [Greek.] 

cyanic acid (as 'id), n. a strong acid 
composed of cyanogen and oxygen. 

cyanide (sl'a-nld), n. sl compound of 
cyanic acid with a metal. 

cyanogen (si-an'6-jen), n. a colorless, 
poisonous gas burning with a purple 
flame, with the odor of peach blossoms. 

cyanosis (sl-a-no'sis), n. a condition 
of the body in which its surface be- 
comes blue, due to the insufficient 
aeration of the blood. 

cyanotype (si-an'o-tip) , n. a photo- 
graphic process in which the picture 
is taken in Prussian blue. 

cycle (si'kl), n. a revolution of a cer- 
tain period of time, which recurs 
again in the same order; an imagi- 
nary circle in the heavens; the ag- 
gregate of traditional or legendary 
matter connected with a mytholog- 
ical personage or event; a bicycle 
or tricycle: v.i. \p.t. & p.p. cycled, 
p.pr. cycling], to occur, or recur, in 
cycles; ride a bicycle or tricycle. 

cyclic (sik'lik), adj. pertaining to, or 
moving in, a cycle; belonging to the 
literary cycle of Greek poets who 
wrote on the Trojan war and its 
heroes. Also cyclical. 

cyclist (si'klist), n. a bicyclist. 

cycloid (si'kloid), n. a geometrical 
curve traced out by any point of a 
circle rolling along a straight line 
until it has completed a revolution. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 
1* htie, hut ; think, tfften. 



CYCLOMETER 



226 



CZECH 



cyclometer (si-klom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for registering the revolu- 
tions of a wheel. 

cyclone (si'klon), n. a violent storm; 
an atmospheric movement in which 
the wind blows spirally round to- 
wards a center. 

cyclonic (sl-klon'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a cyclone. 

cyclonoscope (si-klo'no-skop), n. an 
apparatus for recording the motions 
of atmospheric currents which pro- 
duce cyclones. 

Cyclopean (si-klo-pe'an), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Cycldps: hence huge and 
rough; terrific, vast; massive. 

cyclopedia or cyclopaedia (si-klo-pe'- 
di-a), abbreviation of encyclopedia. 

cyclorama (sl-klo-ra'ma) , n. a series 
of moving pictures extended cir- 
cularly so as to appear in natural 
perspective to the spectator stand- 
ing in the center. 

cyclostyle (si'klo : stil) , n. an appara- 
tus for producing manifold copies 
by means of a small toothed wheel. 

cygnet (sig'net), n. a young swan. 

cylinder (sil'in-der), n. a long circu- 
lar body, solid or hollow, of uniform 
diameter; a chamber in which force 
is exerted on the piston of a steam 
engine; the barrel of a pump; a hol- 
low roller for printing; a roller- 
shaped stone with cuneiform inscrip- 
tions. 

cylindric (sil-in'drik) , adj. having the 
form, or properties, of a cylinder. 
Also cylindrical. 

cylindricity (sil-in-dris'i-ti) , n. the 
state or character of being cylindrical. 

cylindroid (sil'in-droid), n. a solid 
body resembling a cylinder, but with 
the ends elliptical: adj. having the 
form of a cylindroid. 

cymbal (sim'bal), n. one of a pair 
of circular disk-shaped brass plates, 
which when struck produce a clash- 
ing sound. 

cyme (sim), n. a convex or flattened 
flower cluster. 

cynic (sin'ik), n. a morose, surly, or 
sarcastic person; one of a sect of 
ancient Greek philosophers. The 
word means "dog-like." [Greek.] 

cynical (sin'i-kal), adj. like a cynic. 

cynicism (sin'i-sizm) , n. the temper 
and practice of a cynic. 



cynosure (si 'no- or sin'o-shur), n. an 
object of general attraction. [Greek.] 

cypress (si'pres), n. a coniferous tree, 
the emblem of mourning: adj. be- 
longing to, or made of, cypress. 

cyprian (sip'ri-an), adj. pertaining to 
Venus: hence wanton; lascivious. 

cyst (sist), n. a bladder; pouch, usu- 
ally membranous, containing mor- 
bid matter. 

cystic (sis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or 
contained in, a cyst; vesicular. 

cystocele (sis'to-sel) , n. hernia occa- 
sioned by protrusion of the bladder. 

cystoplast (sis'to-plast), n. a nuclear 
and enveloping cell. 

cystoscopy (sis-tos'ko-pi), n. the ex- 
amination of the human bladder by 
an incandescent electric lamp. 

cystose (sis'tos), adj. full of cysts. 

cystotaenia (sis-to-te'ni-a) , n. a tape- 
worm. 

cystotome (sis'to^tome) , n. an instru- 
ment for operating on the bladder. 

cystotomy (sis-tot'o-mi) , n. the open- 
ing of the human bladder for the 
extraction of stone. 

cytoblastema (sl-to-blas-te'ma), n. 
the protoplasm in which animal and 
vegetable cells are produced. 

cytococcus (sl-to-kok'us), n. the nu- 
cleus of a parent cell. 

eytode (si'tod), n. a cell. 

cytogenesis (si-to-jen'e-sis), n. cell 
formation. 

cytula (si-tu'la), n. a parent cell; an 
impregnated ovum. 

cyule (si'ule), n. a keel boat; sailing 
vessel. 

Czar (zar) or Tzar (tsar), n. the title 
of the Russian Emperor. 

czardas (zar'das), n. an Hungarian na- 
tional dance. [Magyar.] 

Czarevitch (zar'e-vich) or Tsare- 
viteh (tzar'-), n. the eldest son of 
the Czar. Also Czarewitch, Caesare- 
witch. 

Czarevna (za-rey'na) or Tzarevna 
(tza-), n. imperial Russian princess: 
applied to the wife of the Czarevitch. 

Czarina (za-re'na) or Tsarina (tsa-), 
n. an empress of Russia; the wife of 
the Czar. 

Czech (chek) , n. a member of the most 
westerly branches of the Slavic fam- 
ily, including Bohemians, Moravi- 
ans, and Slovaks. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



D 



D, the fourth letter in the Greek 
and Latin alphabets, as in English 
and others of Western Europe. It 
was formed from a West Greek 
delta in which that letter A was 
rounded at the right side. The 
name delta, derived from the Phoeni- 
cian, means "a door," or the flap 
of a tent. D (d), as an abbreviation 
in Great Britain, meaning a penny, 
is from the Latin denarius, a small 
coin. 

dab (dab), v.t. [p.t. & v. p. dabbed, 
v.pr. dabbing], to strike or touch 
lightly: n. a small soft lump; a 
gentle blow; a salt-water flounder; 
an alleged expect : adj. clever ; handy. 

dabber (dab'er), n. an inking-ball used 
by printers and engravers. 

dabbing (dab'ing), n. the process of 
indenting the surface of a stone by a 
pick-shaped tool. 

dabble (dab'l), v.t. to dip slightly and 
often; moisten; spatter: v.i. to play 
in water; do anything in a superfi- 
cial manner. 

dabchick (dab'chik), n. an unfledged 
bird; a small grebe. 

dabster (dab'ster), n. an alleged ex- 
pert. 

dace (das), n. a small fresh- water fish 
resembling the roach. [English.] 

dachshund (daks'hoont) , n. the Ger- 
man badger-dog. 

da capo (daka'po), a musical term, 
meaning "from the beginning," over 
again. Abbreviated D.C. [Ital- 
ian.] 

dacoit (da-koif), n. a bandit in Bur- 
mah, who attacks the English troops, 
raids villages, and commits acts of 
depredation. 

dacoity (da-koit'i), n. the profession 
or act of a dacoit. [Burmese.] 

dactyl (dak'til), n. a poetical foot of 
three syllables, one long followed by 
two short (- w ~). [Greek, "a finger."] 



dactylic (dak-til 'ikj , adj. pertaining to 
the dactyl. 

dactyliography (dak-til-i-og'ra-fi), n. 
the art of engraving on gems. 

dactylitis (dak-til-i'tis), n. an in- 
flammation of the fingers or the 
toes. 

dactylology (dak-til-ol'o-ji), n. the 
art of communicating ideas with the 
fingers. [Greek.] 

dad (dad), n. a child-name for father. 
Also daddy. 

daddle (dad'l), v.t. to walk unsteadily 
like a child; waddle; trifle. 

daddy-long-legs (dad-i-long'legs) , n. 
a name for a sort of crane-fly. 

dado (da/do), n. the solid block form- 
ing the body of a pedestal; an orna- 
mental border around the lower part 
of the wall of a room, &c: v.t. to 
ornament with a dado. 

daffodil (daf'o-dil), n. the narcissus. 

daft (daft), adj. simple; silly. [Gaelic] 

dagger (dag'er), n. a short edged and 
pointed weapon, used for stabbing; 
a reference mark in printing (f). 

dago (da/go), n. [pi. dagos (da'goz)], 
a nickname for a dark-complexioned 
person, especially of Spanish, Portu- 
guese, or Italian descent: a sailor's 
name for a person speaking Portu- 
guese or Spanish. 

Dagon (da'gon), n. a god of the 
Phoenicians and Egyptians, repre- 
sented as half man and half fish. _ 

daguerreotype (da-ger'o-tlp) , n. a pic- 
ture produced on a silver plate, call- 
ed from its inventor, M. Daguerre, 
who gave to the world this, the first 
form of photograph, in 1839. 

dahabiyah (da-ha-be'ya) , n. a native 
boat on the Xile resembling a house- 
boat. 

dahlia (dal'ya), n. [pi. dahlias (dal'- 
yaz)], a composite plant, with large 
bright -colored flowers. 

daily (da'li), n. [pi. dailies (da/liz)], a 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DAIMIO 



228 



DAMOSEL 



newspaper or periodical published 
each week-day : adj. occurring or re- 
curring each successive day: diurnal; 
adv. day by day. 

daimio (di'mi-o), n. one of the 
Japanese feudal lords who were 
required to possess 10,000 measures 
of grain. They surrendered their 
political power to the Mikado in 
1871. 

daintiness (dan'ti-nes) , n. the quality 
of being dainty. 

dainty (dan'ti), n. [pi. dainties (dan'- 
tiz)], something choice or delicious: 
adj. refined as regards taste; fastidi- 
ous; delicious; elegant; sensitive; 
choice. 

dairy (da'ri), n. [pi. dairies (da'riz)], 
a place where milk is kept and con- 
verted into butter and cheese, &c; 
the shop where dairy produce is 
sold. 

dairy - produce (da/ri-pro'dtis) , n. 
milk, cream, butter, cheese, eggs. 

dairying (da'ri-ing), n. the business or 
occupation of a dairy farmer. 

dais (da'is_), n. a raised platform. 

daisied (da'zid) , adj. full of, or adorned 
with, daisies. 

daisy (da/zi), n. [pi. daisies (da'ziz)], 
a low composite herb with a yellow 
disk, and white or rose-colored rays; 
in colloquial language, a pretty girl. 

dal or dhal (dal) , n. a food much used 
by the poorer classes in India. 
It consists of split pulse mixed with 
rice. 

dale (dal), n. a vale; glen. 

dalliance (dal'i-ans), n. the act of dal- 
lying. 

dally (dal'li), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dallied, 
p.pr.^ dallying], to trifle away time; 
to loiter ; procrastinate ; to consume 
in neglect; to toy with; act volup- 
tuously (with) ; to waste time in friv- 
olous talk. 

dalmatic (dal-mat'ik), n. a tunic worn 
by a deacon over alb and cassock 
during mass or the celebration of the 
Eucharist. 

Daltonism (dawl'tun-izm) , n. color- 
blindness; inability to distinguish 
one color from another; a disease 
named from the English chemist, 
Dr. John Dalton (1788-1844), who 
was much afflicted by it. 

dam (dam), n. a barrier across a water- 



course; any artificial contrivance to 
stop the flow of water or a gas; a 
female parent: said of beasts: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. dammed, p.pr. damming], 
to confine, or raise the level of, by 
a dam ; restrain [usual with in or up] . 

damage (dam'aj), n. injury or harm; 
harm wilfully done to a person's 
character, person, or estate: pi. 
money recovered for loss suffered: 
v.t. to injure: v.i. to receive injury. 

damask (dam'ask), n. a rich silk fab- 
ric woven with elaborate patterns; a 
fine twilled table-linen; a fabric of 
silk and wool, silk and cotton, &c, 
with a variegated design; Damascus 
steel or work; deep pink: adj. per- 
taining to, or made of, damask: 
v.t. to work flowers upon; ornament 
(metals) with wavy, silvery devices. 

damaskeen (dam-as-ken') , v.t. to ap- 
ply decorative metallic designs to (a 
surface of steel, &c). 

damasse (da-ma-sa/), adj. woven with 
a rich pattern to imitate damask; 
decorated with white on a white 
ground; said of porcelain. 

dame (dam), n. a title formerly used 
instead of mistress, written Mrs.; 
the mistress of an elementary school; 
an elderly woman. Originally, how- 
ever, like the French dame, it de- 
noted a lady of position, and us- 
ually the wife or widow of a knight. 

damn (dam), v.t. to sentence to pun- 
ishment judicially; consign to a cer- 
tain fate; condemn as bad or as a 
failure; *to invoke a malediction 
upon: v.i. curse inwardly: n. a curse. 

damnation (dam-na'shun) , n. the 
state of being damned; ruination by 
adverse criticism; punishment in a 
future state. 

damnatory (dam'na-to-ri) , adj. as- 
signing to, or containing a threat of, 
damnation. 

damned (damd), p.adj. condemned to 
perdition ; execraoly bad ; used some- 
times adverbially as an intensive 
[printed d — d]. 

damnify (dam'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
damnified, p.pr. damnifying], to 
cause loss or damage to. 

damnum (dam'num), n. loss or dam- 
age capable of assessment by a jury. 

damosel (dam'o-zel), n. formerly, a 
damsel. [French, demoiselle.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DAMP 



229 



DARWINIAN 



damp (damp), n. moisture; fog; humid 
exhalation: adj. moist; foggy; humid; 
dejected: v.t. to moisten; discourage; 
depress; diminish the vibrations of: 
p.p. sometimes dampen. 

damper (damp'er), n. something 
which depresses or discourages; a 
contrivance for deadening the vibra- 
tion of a musical instrument; or one 
regulating the heat of stoves. 

dampness (damp'nes), n. humidity; 
moisture. 

damsel (dam'zel), n. a maiden. 

damson (dam'zn), n. a small purple 
oval-shaped plum. 

dance (dans), v.i. to move with mea- 
sured steps or to a musical accom- 
paniment; perform the figures of a 
dance; move nimbly, or merrily; 
exult: v.t. to give a dancing motion 
to; perform as a dancer: n. a regu- 
lated movement of the feet to a 
rhythmical musical accompaniment; 
a dancing party. 

dandelion (dan'de-ll-un), n. a bien- 
nial composite plant with yellow 
flowers and deeply notched leaves. 

dander (dan'der), n. dandruff; anger. 

dandle (dan'dl), v.t. to move up and 
down on the knee or in the arms in 
affectionate play; fondle. 

dandruff (dan'druf), n. scurf on the 
scalp. 

dandy (dan'di), n. [pi. dandies (dan'- 
diz)], a fop; coxcomb; something 
very neat and trim. 

dandyism (dan'di-izm), n. foppish- 
ness. 

danger (dan'jer), n. hazard; peril. # 

dangerous (dan'jer-us), adj. involving, 
or beset with, danger; ready to do 
harm or injury; perilous; hazardous. 

dangle (dang'gl), v.i. to hang loosely; 
follow: v.t. to cause to dangle. 

dank (dangk), adj. humid; damp. 

danseuse (dang-sez'), n. a female 
professional dancer. [French.] 

dapper (dap'er), adj. small and ac- 
tive; trim and neat in appearance. 

dapple (dap'l), adj. spotted; varie- 
gated: v.t. to variegate with spots. 

darbies (dar'bez), n. a cant word for 
handcuffs; also nippers. 

Dardanelles (dar'dan-els) , n. a forti- 
fied strait connecting the Sea of 
Marmora with the Aegean Sea, sep- 
arating the Gallipoli Peninsula from 



Asia Minor; in 1915 scene of attacks 
by the Allies in the European War. 

dare (dar), v.i. [p.t. dared, durst, p.p. 
dared, p.pr. daring], to have cour- 
age; venturej v.t. to defy; challenge. 

dare-devil (dar'dev-1), adj. reckless: 
n. a reckless fellow, 

daric (dar'ik), n. an ancient Persian 
gold coin named after King Darius. 
Value in U. S. money, 85.52. 

daring (dar'ing), n. intrepidity: adj. 
fearless; bold; increpid. 

dark (dark), adj. destitute of light; 
not reflecting fight; wholly black or 
grey; producing gloom; unenlight- 
ened, mentally or physically; ob- 
scure; untried; of a brunette com- 
plexion: n. darkness. 

Dark Ages (a/jez), n.pl. the mediaeval 
period from about 600 to 1300 A.D. 

darken (dark'en), v.t. to make dark; 
obscure; render unintelligible: v.i. 
to become dark. 

darkening (dark'en-ing) , n. twilight; 
gloaming. 

darkish (dark'ish), adj. somewhat 
dark. 

darkling (dark'ling), adj. dimly seen. 

darkly (dark'li), adv. with imperfect 
light; not clearly; mysteriously. 

darkness (dark'nes), n. absence of 
light, partial or total; physical or 
moral blindness; obscurity; gloom; 
wickedness. 

darksome (dark'sum), adj. gloomy. 

darky and darkey (dark'i), n. [pi. 
darkies (dark'iz)], a negro. 

darling (dar'ling), meaning "little 
dear," n. a favorite; pet: adj. ten- 
derly beloved ; very dear. 

darn (darn), v.t. to mend (a rent) by 
filling in the hole with yarn or thread 
by means of a needle: n. a patch 
made by darning. 

darnel (dar'nel), the popular name of 
a grass, Loliiim tremulens, formerly 
supposed to be poisonous. 

dart (dart), n. a small lance or spear; 
a kind of eel-spear; the arrow of a 
blow-gun; a swift, sudden move- 
ment; the dace: v.t. throw; give out 
or send forth: v.i. move swiftly; 
start suddenly and run quickly. 

Darwinian (dar-win'i-an) , adj. per= 
taining to Charles Darwin, the natu- 
ralist (1809 r 1882), or Darwinism: 
n. an evolutionist. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, tfien. 



DARWINISM 



230 



DAYDREAM 



Darwinism (dar'win-izm), n. the the- 
ory of natural selection advocated 
by Darwin. 

dash (dash), v.t. to throw violently or 
hastily; break by collision; hurl; 
shatter; suffuse; depress; confuse; 
mingle; sketch rapidly: v.i. to rush 
with violence; fly off the surface 
with a violent noisy motion: n. a 
collision; a slight addition; ostenta- 
tious parade; a mark ( — ) in writing 
or printing. 

dash-board (dash'bord), n. a splash- 
board; a paddle-wheel float. 

dastard (das'tard), n. a coward: adj. 
meanly shrinking from danger; cow- 
ardly. 

dastardliness (das'tard-li-nes), n. 
mean timidity. 

dastardly (das'tard-li>, adv. cowardly 

data (data), pi. of datum (q.v.). 

date (dat), n. the time of an epoch or 
transaction; the inscription which 
specifies when a writing or inscrip- 
tion was executed; duration; the 
edible oval fruit of the date-palm: 
v.t. to mark with a date: v.i. to have 
a date; reckon. 

date- tree (dat'tre), n. a species of 
palm. 

dative (da/tiv), adj. denoting the case 
of a noun, pronoun, or adjective 
which expresses the remoter object: 
usually indicated in English by to or 
for with the objective case: n. the 
dative case in Greek and Latin. 

datum (da/turn), n. [pi. data (da'ta)], 
something assumed, known, or con- 
ceded for the basis of an argument 
or inference [usually in pi.]. 

daub (dawb), v.t. to cover or smear 
with adhesive matter; paint coarse- 
ly or unskilfully ; plaster ; flatter gross- 
ly: n. a coarse or rudely-executed 
painting; a smear; a cheap kind of 
mortar. 

daubing (dawb'ing), n. a coarse paint- 
ing; the application of rough mor- 
tar to a wall to imitate stone. 

daughter (daw'ter), n. the female off- 
spring of a man or woman; a female 
in a childlike relation; something 
conceived of as feminine. 

daughter-in-law (daw'ter-in-law) , ft. 
a son's wife. 

daunt (dawnt), v.t. to intimidate; dis- 
hearten. 



dauntless (dawnt 'les), adj. fearless. 

Dauphin (do-fang'), n. the title of the 
eldest son of tne King of France 
from 1349 to 1830. The word in 
French means "dolphin" which 
was the crest of the great nobles of 
Viennois in the province of Dauphiny 
(Dauphine) . When they ceded their 
province to the King of France, it 
was on the express condition that 
the heir to the French throne should 
bear the title and crest which had 
been theirs. Feminine, Dauphin- 
ess; in French Dauphine (do-fen'). 

davenport (dav'en-port) , n. a small 
writing-desk: a sofa-bed or couch. 

davit (dav'it), n. one of a pair of 
f -shaped uprights projecting over 
the side of a vessel for suspending 
or lowering a boat. 

davy (da'vi), n. [pi. davies (da/viz)], 
a miner's safety-lamp surrounded by 
fine gauze wire, invented by Sir H. 
Davy, as a protection against fire- 
damp; a sailor's word for "affidavit." 

Davy Jones (jonz), n. a humorous 
name for the spirit of the sea; a sea- 
devil. Sailors speak of his abode 
at the bottom of the sea as "Davy 
Jones's locker." 

daw (daw), n. a bird of the crow 
family; a jackdaw. 

dawdle (daw'dl), v.i. to waste time 
in a trifling manner; loiter: n. a 
dawdler. 

dawn (dawn), v.i. to begin to grow 
light; glimmer; break as the day; n. 
the first appearance of fight in the 
morning; beginning. 

dawning (dawn'ing), n. daybreak; 
beginning. 

day (da), n. the period of light be- 
tween sunrise and sunset; daylight; 
sunshine; the space of twenty-four 
hours, reckoning from midnight to 
midnight (the civil day), or from 
noon to noon (the astronomical 
day); in the East, a distance that 
can be traveled in twenty-four 
hours; a specified time or period. 

daybook (da/book), n. a book in whick 
the transactions of the day are en- 
tered in the order of their occur- 
rence. 

daybreak (da'brak), n. the dawn. 

daydream (da'drem), n. a visionary 
fancy. 



ate, arm, pt f awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

bue, hut : think, then. 



DAYS 



231 



DEAD-WIND 



days of grace (gras), n.pl. the cus- 
tomary period (three days) allowed 
for the payment of a note of hand 
after it becomes due. In many- 
States, these days of grace are now 
illegal. 

dayspring (da/spring), n. the dawn 
(Luke i. 78). 

daze (daz), v.t. to dazzle: n. the state 
of being dazed. 

dazzle (daz'l), v.t. to overpower by a 
glare of light; dim by excess of 
light; overpower by splendor: v.i. to 
be overpowered by light: n. excess 
of light. 

deacon (de'kn), n. a person in the low- 
est degree of holy orders; an officer 
in Christian churches appointed or 
elected to assist the minister and 
manage the temporal affairs of a 
church. 

deaconess (de'kn-es), n. a m minor 
clerical order m of women in the 
Protestant Episcopal church per- 
forming the same limited functions 
as are assigned to a deacon. Unlike 
deacons, however, they cannot be 
advanced to the priesthood. 

dead (ded), adj. destitute of life; 
inanimate; resembling death; in- 
active ; unprofitable ; monotonous ; 
tasteless; unerring; without reli- 
gious vitality; flat; not transmitting 
a current; deprived of civil rights; 
out of the game or play: n. dead 
persons individually or collectively; 
the point or degree of greatest life- 
lessness: adv. absolutely; exactly. 

dead-beat (ded'bet), adj. making suc- 
cessive movements with intervals of 
rest and no recoil: n. a petty swin- 
dler who borrows small sums, or gets 
his living from hand to mouth; a 
tramp; a loafer. 

dead-center (ded-sen'ter), n. that 
position of a crank in which the 
crank-axle, crank-pin, and the con- 
necting rod are all in a straight line. 

dead-coloring (ded-kul'er-ing) , n. the 
first broad outlines of a picture. 

deaden (ded/n), v.t. to diminish the 
acuteness, intensity, or vigor of; re- 
tard; blunt; render non-conductive; 
make insipid or stale; deprive of 
gloss or brilliancy; kill (trees) by 
girdling. 

deadeye (ded'i), n. a round, fiat block 



of wood encircled with an iron band 
and pierced with three holes to re- 
ceive lanyards: used for setting up 
rigging. 
deadhead (ded'hed), n. a person who 
has a free pass on railways or to 

E laces of amusement, &c; a wooden 
uoy: v.t. to furnish free admission 
to: v.i. to travel or gain admission 
without payment. 

dead letter (ded let'er), n. an un- 
claimed letter, the owner for which 
cannot be found; any statute or 
legal precedent which has lost its 
authority. 

dead-lift (ded'lift), n. a heavy weight; 
the last extremity. 

dead- lights (ded'llts), ?i.pl. strong 
wooden _ shutters placed over the 
cabin windows in stormy ~:eather. 

deadliness (ded'li-nes) , n. tha state of 
being deadly. 

dead-load (ded'lod), n. a constant mo- 
tionless load. 

deadlock (ded'lok), n. a lock worked 
on one side by a handle, and on the 
other side by a key; a situation in 
which progress is impossible. 

deadly (ded'li), adj. causing death; de- 
structive; fatal; implacable: adv. 
implacably. 

deadman (ded'man), n. [pi. deadmen 
(ded 'men)], a name jocularly given 
to a bottle of wine or other strong 
drink after it has been drained. 

dead-neap (ded'nep), n. the lowest 
stage of the tide. 

deadness (ded'nes), n. absence of life; 
inactivity. 

dead- reckoning (ded-rek'un-ing), n. 
the calculation of a ship's place at 
sea by the log and the compass 
courses, allowing for drift, leeway, 
&c. 

dead-set (ded'set), n. the fixed posi- 
tion of a dog in pointing game ; a de- 
termined effort or attack: adj. de- 
termined to do something. 

dead-water (ded'waw-ter) , n. the 
water that closes in under the stern 
of a ship; eddy-water. 

dead- weight (ded-wat'), n. the weight 
of the vehicle in addition to the load 
to be carried; freight charged for by 
weight instead of by bulk; the heav- 
iest part of a ship's cargo. 

dead-wind (ded'wind), n. a wind 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DEAD-WORK 



232 



DEBASEMENT 



blowing directly opposite to a ship's 
course. 

dead- work (ded'werk), n. work at 
first unprofitable, but which leads 
the way to profitable production, 
as in opening a mine. 

deaf (def), adj. deprived of hearing; 
unwilling to hear or pay regard 
to. 

deafen (def'n), v.t. to make deaf; 
render impervious to sound. 

deafening (def'ning), p.adj. making 
impervious to sound: n. material 
employed to deaden a floor or wall. 

deaf-mute (def-muf), n. one who can 
neither hear nor speak. 

deafness (def'nes), n. the state of 
being deaf. 

deal (del), n. an indefinite quantity, 
degree, or extent ; a division of cards 
to the players; a mercantile com- 
bination; the wood of the fir or pine 
tree cut into boards or planks: v.t. 

Sj.t. & p.p. dealt, p.pr. dealing], to 
istribute, apportion, or divide; 
throw about; scatter: v.i. to have 
business; make a private arrange- 
ment. 

dealer (del'er), n. one who deals at 
cards; a trader. 

dealing (del'ing), n. conduct towards 
others; business intercourse; traffic 
[frequently pi.]. 

dealt (delt), p.t. of deal. 

dean (den), n. the presiding ecclesias- 
tical dignitary in cathedral and col- 
legiate churches, in his own juris- 
diction the superior of a bishop; the 
chief officer of any faculty in a 
college; the oldest member, by rea- 
son of service, in a constituted body 
of which he acts as president; the 
senior member of a diplomatic corps ; 
the oldest and most distinguished 
representative of the literature of a 
country. [French.] 

dean and chapter (chap'ter), the 
governing body of a cathedral, com- 
prising the dean, canons, or preben- 
daries. 

deanery (den'er-i), n. [pi. deaneries 
(den'er-iz)], the office, jurisdiction, 
or residence of a dean. 

deanship (den'ship), n. the office of a 
dean. 

dear (der), adj. expensive; costly; 
marked by scarcity or dearth; be- 



loved; highly esteemed; precious: n« 
a darling; favorite: adv. at a high 
price or rate: inter j. expressing sur- 
prise, pity, or emotion. 

dearly (der'li), adv. with great affec- 
tion; at a high price or rate. 

dearness (der'nes), n. affection; high 
price; dearth. 

dearth (derth), n. want; scarcity; 
famine. 

deary, dearey, or dearie (der'i), n. a 
darling. 

death (deth), n. extinction of life or 
feeling; the state of the dead; a 
general mortality; decay; destruc- 
tion; spiritual ruin after physical 
death (Rom. viii. 6). 

death-bell (deth'bel), n. a passing 
bell, i.e. one that marks by its 
tolling the passing away of life. 

death-point (deth'point) , n. the de- 
gree of heat or cold which destroys 
an animal organism. 

death-rate (deth'rat), n. the per- 
centage of deaths, usually reckoned 
per thousand, among the popula- 
tion of a country, city, &c, for a 
given period. 

death's-head (deths'hed), n. a skull, 
or representation of a skull, em- 
blematic of death. 

death-watch (deth'woch), n. a vigil 
beside a dying person; a guard 
set over a criminal prior to his 
execution; a small beetle which 
makes a ticking sound, supers titious- 
ly supposed to forebode death. 

deathless (deth'les), adj. immortal. 

deathly (deth'li), adj. mortal; fatal. 

debacle (da-bak'l), n. the breaking 
up of ice on a river; a stampede; a 
violent flood carrying with it debris 
in great masses; a terrible defeat 
in war. [French.] 

debar (de-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
barred, p.m. debarring], to shut 
out; exclude; hinder from approach, 
enjoyment, or action; preclude [with 
from]. 

debark (de-bark'), v.i. to disembark. 

debarkation (de-bar-ka'shun) , n. the 
act of disembarking. 

debase (de-bas'), v.t. to reduce from 
a higher to a lower state; lower m 
character, virtue, purity, or quality. 

debasement (de-bas'ment) , n. act of 
debasing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DEBATABLE 



233 



DECAY 



debatable (de-ba'ta-bl) , adj. admit- 
ting of question or debate. 

debate (de-bat), v.t. to contend for 
in words or arguments; meditate 
upon; deliberate together: v.i. to ar- 
gue or discuss a point; reflect: n. 
contention in words or argument; 
controversy ; discussion. 

debauch (d e-bawch') , v.t. > to cor- 
rupt in morals or principles; se- 
duce; pollute; vitiate: v.i. to engage 
in debauchery or riot: n. excess in 
eating and drinking; lewdness. 

debauchee (deb-o-she'), n. a drunk- 
ard and rake. 

debauchery (de-baw'cher-i) , n. [pi. 
debaucheries (de-baw'cher-iz)], ex- 
cesssive intemperance ; seduction 
from purity or virtue; corruption of 
fidelity. 

debenture (de-ben'tur), n. a written 
acknowledgment of a debt. 

debilitate (de-bil'i-tat) , v.t. to en- 
feeble; enervate. 

debilitation (de-bil-i-ta/shun) , n. en- 
ervation. 

debility (de-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. debilities 
(de-bil'i-tiz)], abnormal functional 
weakness; languor. 

debit (deb 'it), n. that which is ow- 
ing, entered on the debtor side of a 
ledger: opposed to credit: adj. re- 
lating to debts: v.t. to charge with 
debt; enter on the debtor's side of 
an account. 

debonair, also debonnaire (deb-o- 
nar'), odj. of gentle manners or 
breeding; elegant. 

debouch (de-boosh'), v.i. to march 
out of a confined space into open 
ground. [French.] 

debouche (da-boo-sha/) , an opening; 
an opening in military works for 
troops. [French.] 

debris (da-bre'), n. fragments; bro- 
ken rubbish; loose pieces of rock 
at the base of a mountain. 

debt (det), n. that which is due from 
one person to another; obligation; 
trespass. [Latin.] 

debtor (det'er), n. one who owes some- 
thing to another; one who is in 
debt. 

debut (da-bu), n. a first appearance 
in society, or before the public. 
[French.] 

debutant (da-bu-tang'), n. one who 



makes a debut : Feminine, debutante 
(da-bu-tanf). 

decade (dek'ad), n. a group of ten; 
ten consecutive years. 

decadence (de-ka'dens) , n. a state of 
decay. Also decadency. 

decadent (dek-a/dent) , adj. deteriorat- 
ing, 

decagon (dek'a-gon), n. plain figure 
having ten sides and ten angles. 

decagonal (dek-ag'6-nal) , adj. per- 
taining to a decagon. [Greek.] 

decagramme (dek'a-gram) , n. a 
weight of ten grammes. Also deca- 
gram. 

decahedron (dek-a-he'dron) , n. [pi. 
decahedra (dek-a-he'dra)], a solid 
bounded by ten plane faces. 

decaliter (dek'a-le-tr) , n. a measure of 
capacity containing 10 liters = 2 
1-5 imperial gallons. 

decalogue (dek'a-log) , n. the ten com- 
mandments (Ex. xx.); the moral 
law. [Greek.] 

decameter (dek'a-me-tr) , n. a measure 
of length of 10 meters = 32.8 feet. 

decamp (de-kamp'), v.i. to depart 
speedily; go away secretly or un- 
ceremoniously. 

decant (de-kant'), v.t. to pour off 
gently. 

decanter (de-kant 'er) , n. an orna- 
mental glass bottle for holding 
wines, &c. 

decapitate (de-kap'i-tat) , v.t. to be- 
head. 

decapitation (de-kap-i-ta'shun), n. 
beheading. 

decapod (dek'a-pod), adj. having ten 
feet or ten arms: n. sl ten-footed 
crustacean, or ten-armed cephalopod. 

Decapoda (de-kap'o-da), n.pl. the or- 
der of Crustacea which includes 
those having ten feet, as lobsters, 
crabs, shrimps, &c, and cephalopods 
with ten arms. 

decarbonate (de-kar'bon-at) , v.t. to 
deprive of carbon. Also decarbon- 
ize (de-kar'bon-ize) . 

decare (dek-ai -') , n. a superficial meas- 
ure of 1,000 sq. meters = % acre 
(nearly). [Greek.] 

decastere (dek'a-ster) , n. a solid meas- 
ure, ten times a cubic meter = 13 
cubic yards (nearly). 

decay (de-ka'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
cayed, p.pr. decaying], to become 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
18 hue, hut ; think, then. 



DECEASE 



234 



DECKLE-EDGED 



impaired; rot; decline or fall: n. 
deterioration ; decline ; . rottenness , 

decease (de-ses'), v.i. to die: n. 
death. ■ 

deceit (de-set'), n. deception; false- 
hood. 

deceitful (de-set 'f ool) , adj. full of 
deceit. 

deceitfully (de-set 'foo-li), adv. in a 
deceitful manner. _ 

deceitfulness (de-set 'fool-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being deceitful. 

deceivable (de-sev'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being, or liable to be, deceived. 

deceive (de-sev'), v.t. to mislead or 
cause to err; delude; impose upon; 
disappoint. 

December (de-sem'ber) , n. the twelfth 
month of the year. 

decemvir (des-em'yer) , n. [pi. de- 
cemviri (des-em'vi-ri)j, one of ten 
Roman magistrates, especially one 
of those who possessed absolute 
authority in ancient Rome (451— 
449 B.C.), and edited the laws 
known as the Twelve Tables. 

decern viral (des-em'vi-ral) , adj. per- 
taining to the decemviri. 

decemvirate (des-em'vi-rat) , n. a 
body of ten men in authority; their 
office, or term of office. 

decency (de 'sen-si), n. [pi. decencies 
(de'sen-siz)], the state of being 
decent, or modest. 

decennial (des-en'i-al), adj. lasting 
for or occurring every ten years. 

decent (de'sent), adj. decorous; be- 
coming; respectable; modest; pass- 
able. 

deception (de-sep'shun) , n. the act of 
deceiving; the state of being de- 
ceived; fraud. 

deceptive (de-sep'tiv), adj. tending to 
deceive. 

deciare (des-i-ar'), n. a unit of super- 
ficial measurement, the tenth part 
of an are, = 107.6 square feet. 

decidable (de-sid'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being decided. 

decide (de-sid/), v.t. to bring to an 
issue or conclusion; fix the end of; 
resolve: v.i. to give a judgment or 
decision; arbitrate. 

decided (de-sld'ed), adj. free from 
ambiguity ; determined ; unques- 
tionable; resolute. 

deciduous (de-sid'u-us) , adj. falling 



off at maturity, or in season; shed 
periodically. [LatinJ 

decigram (des 1-gram), n. a metric 
weight, l-10th of a gram = 1.54 
grains troy (nearly). Also deci- 
gramme. 

deciliter (des'i-le-tr) , n. a measure of 
capacity, l-10th of a liter = 3.52 
fluid ounces. 

decillion (de-sil'yun) , n. in France 
and the United States a unit fol- 
lowed by 33 ciphers; in England a 
unit followed by 60 ciphers. 

decilux (des'i-luks) , n. l-10th of a lux. 

decimal (des'i-mal), adj. pertaining 
to, or based upon, the number 10: 
n. a decimal fraction. 

decimal place (plas), n. the place of 
a figure after the decimal point. 

decimal point (point), n. a dot sep- 
arating a decimal fraction from a 
whole number, also indicating when 
standing alone its fractional charac- 
ter. 

decimal system (sis'tem), n. a sys- 
tem of reckoning or measuring by 
10, or powers of 10. 

decimally (des'i-ma-li) , adv. by tens. 

decimate (des'i-mat), v.t. to select 
by lot and put to death, or punish, 
every tenth man; destroy a large 
proportion of. 

decimation (des-i-ma'shun) , n. the 
act of decimating; destruction on a 
large scale. 

decimeter (des'i-me-tr) , n. a measure 
of length, l-10th of a meter = 3.937 
inches. 

decipher (de-sl'fer), v.t. to read (se- 
cret writing); discover or make out 
the meaning of; solve; unravel. 

decision (de-sizh'un) , n. the act of de- 
ciding ; determination ; j udgment ; 
settlement. 

decisive (de-sl'siv), adj. final; conclu- 
sive. 

decistere (des-i-star'), n. a cubic 
measure, l-10th of a stere = 3.532 
cubic feet. 

deck (dek), v.t. to array in finery or 
ornaments; adorn; to furnish with 
a deck: n. the flooring of a ship. 

decker (dek'er), n. one who, or that 
which, decks; a ship having decks. 

deckle-edged (dek'1-ejd), adj. hay- 
ing the edges rough and uncut: said 
of books. 



ate, ariti, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DECLAIM 



235 



DECORATOR 



declaim (de-klam/), v.t. to speak in 
a rhetorical style; speak as an exer- 
cise in elocution; harangue. 

declamation (dek-la-ma/shun) , n. the 
art of declaiming according to rhe- 
torical rules; impassioned oratory; 
distinct and correct enunciation of 
words in vocal music. 

declamatory (de-klam'a-to-ri) , adj. 
pertaining to, or characterized by, 
reclamation; noisy in style; appeal- 
ing to the passions. 

declaration (dek-la-ra'shun) , n. the 
act of declaring or proclaiming ; that 
which is declared; an assertion; 
publication; a statement reduced to 
writing. 

Declaration of Independence. See 
in Appendix. 

declarative (de-klar'a-tiv) , adj. ex- 
planatory. 

declaratory (de-klar'a-to-ri) , adj. af- 
firmative. 

declare (de-klar'), v.t. to make known; 
tell openly or publicly; proclaim 
formally; publish; make a solemn 
affirmation before witnesses; make 
a full statement as to goods, &c: 
v.i. to make a declaration; avow 
[with for or against]. 

declension (de-klen'shun) , n. decline; 
a falling off, or away; deterioration; 
the inflection of nouns, pronouns, 
and adjectives. 

declinable (de-klm'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being declined. _ 

decimate (dek'li-nat) , adj. curved 
downwards. 

declination (dek-h-na'shun) , n. the 
act or state of bending, or moving, 
downwards; oblique variation from 
some definite direction; deteriora- 
tion; decay; the angular distance of 
a heavenly body N. or S. of the 
equator; non-acceptance. 

declinator (dek'li-na-ter) , n. an instru- 
ment for determinating the declina- 
tion and inclination of a plane. 

decline (de-klnV), v.i. to incline from 
a right line; bend or lean down- 
wards; droop; draw to a close; be- 
come weak; deviate from rectitude: 
v.t. to refuse; bend downwards; de- 
press; inflect: n. diminution; de- 
cay ; deterioration ; consumption. 

declinograph (de-klin'o-graf ) , n. an 
automatic registering instrument 



for recording astronomical declina- 
tions. 

declinometer (dek-li-nom'e-ter) , n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
declination of the magnetic needle. 

declivitous (de-khVi-tus) , adj. mod- 
erately steep. 

declivity (de-kliv'i-ti) , n. [pi. declivi- 
ties (de-kliv'i-tiz)], a gradual de- 
scent; deviation from a horizontal 
line: opposed to acclivity. 

decoct (de-kokt'), v.t. the act of boil- 
ing anything to extract its essence. 

decoction (de-kok'shun) , n. an extract 
obtained by boiling or digesting in 
hot water, 

decollate (de-korat), v.t. to behead. 

decollation (de-kol-a'shun) , n. the act 
of beheading. 

decollete (da-kol-e-ta'), adj. cut low 
in the neck so as to expose the neck 
and shoulders: said of a dress. De- 
colletee, fern, (same pron.), wearing 
a low-necked dress. 

decomposable (de-kom-poz'a-bl), adj. 
capable of being decomposed. 

decompose (de-kom-poz'), v.t. to re- 
solve into constituent elements; 
cause to decay or rot : v.i. to become 
decomposed; putrefy. 

decomposite (de-kom-poz'it or de- 
kom'poz-it), adj. compounded a 
second time. 

decomposition ^ (de-kom-po-zish'un) , 
n. the act of resolving into con- 
stituent elements; analysis; disin- 
tegration. 

decompound (de : kom-pound') , v.t. 
to compound < things already com- 
pounded: adj. compounded more 
than once. 

decorate (dek'o-rat), v.t. to orna- 
ment, embellish, adorn, or beautify; 
confer a badge of honor upon ; grace. 

decoration (dek-o-ra'shun) , n. the art 
of decorating; an ornament or em- 
bellishment; a badge of honor. 

Decoration Day (da), n. the day 
(May 30) on which the graves of 
those who fell in the Civil War 
(1831-65) are decorated. Also called 
Memorial Day. 

decorative (dek'o-ra-tiv) , adj. tending 
to decoration. 

decorator (dek'o-ra-ter) , n. one who 
decorates; an artist or artisan who 
decorates rooms, &c. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DECOROUS 



236 



DEEP 



decorous (de-ko' or dek'er-us), adj. 
marked by propriety; decent; fit; 
proper. 

decorticate (de-kor'ti-kat) , v.t. to 
remove che bark, husk, or peel from. 

decorum (de-ko 'rum), n. propriety 
and decency of words, dress, and 
conduct. 

decoy (de-koi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
coyed, p.pr. decoying], to lead or al- 
lure into danger by artifice: v.i. to 
be allured by means of a decoy: n. 
a deceptive stratagem; a lure; a 
piece of enclosed water into which 
wild fowl are decoyed.' 

decoy-duck (de-koi'duk) , n. a tame, 
or imitation, duck used to allure 
wild fowl: hence a person who en- 
traps others. 

decrease (de-kres'), v.i. to become 
less; dimmish; abate; wane; fail: 
v.t. to cause to grow less; reduce 
gradually in size or extent; dwindle: 
n. gradual diminution, or decay ; the 
amount or degree of lessening; the 
wane of the moon. [Latin.] 

decree (de-kre'), n. an ordinance, 
law, or edict; a judicial decision; 
the award of an umpire or arbitra- 
tor; the predetermined purpose of 
God: v.t. to determine by a decree; 
ordain; constitute by edict; assign: 
v.i. to make a decree; determine. 

decrement (dek're-ment) , n. diminu- 
tion. 

decrepit (de-krep'it), adj. enfeebled 
by age, or infirmity; wasted; worn 
out. [Latin.] 

decrepitate (de-krep'i-tat), v.t. to 
calcine (as salt) in a strong heat, 
causing a crackling sound. 

decrepitude (de-krep'i-ttid) , n. phys- 
ical infirmity caused by old age. 

decrescent (de-kres'ent) , adj. grow- 
ing less. 

decretal (de-kre 'tal) , n. a papal de- 
cree; a book of edicts. 

decretive (de-kre'tiv) , adj. having the 
authority of a decree. 

decretory (dek're-to-ri), adj. judi- 
cial; settled. 

decrial (de-kri'al), n. clamorous cen- 
sure. 

decrier (de-kri'er), n. one who 
censures. 

decry (de-la*!'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
cried, p.pr. decrying], to olame 



clamorously; cry down; censure^ 
disparage. 

decumbent (de-kum'bent) , adj. lying 
down; prostrate; reclining. 

decuple (dek'u-pl), adj. tenfold: n. a 
number repeated ten times: v.t. in- 
crease tenfold. 

decurrent (de-kur'ent) , adj. running, 
or extending, downward: said of a 
plant. 

decursive (de-kur'siv) , adj. running 
down. 

decussate (de-kus'at), v.i. to intersect 
or cross at an acute angle: adj. in- 
tersected. [Latin.] 

dedicate (ded'i-kat), v.t. to set apart 
by a solemn act or religious cere- 
mony; devote or set apart to some 
work or duty; inscribe, as a literary 
work. [Latin.] 

dedication (ded-i-ka'shun), n. the act 
of dedicating; an inscription or a<L 
dress. 

dedicator (ded'i-ka-ter) , n. one who 
dedicates. 

dedicatory (ded'i-ka-to-ri), adj. per- 
taining to composing, or constitut- 
ing, a dedication. 

deduce (de-diis'), v.t. to gather by 
reasoning; infer; derive [with from 
or out of]. 

deduct (de-dukt'), v.t. to take away. 

deduction (de-duk'shun), n. the act 
or process of deducting ; subtraction ; 
in logic, the process of reasoning 
from a single fact by a general law 
through a series of related facts to 
a conclusion; syllogistic reasoning* 
See induction. 

deductive (de-duk'tiv) , adj. pertain- 
ing to deduction. 

deductively (de-duk'tiv-li), adv. by 
deduction. 

deed (ded), n. that which is done by 
a responsible agent; an act; an il- 
lustrious achievement; a written in- 
strument for the transfer of real es- 
tate: v.t. convey by deed. 

deem (dem), v.t. to think; determine: 
v.i. to have, or be of, an opinion; 
judge. [Gothic] 

deemster (dem'ster), n. a judge or 
umpire; the title of either of the 
two chief judges of the Isle of Man. 
Also dempster. 

deep (dep), adj. extending far below 
the surface; low in situation; pen- 



ate, arm, at, awl 



me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
hue, hut ; think, then. 



DEEPEN 



237 



DEFERENT 



etrating; sagacious; profound; dif- 
ficult to understand; absorbed; 
grave in tone, or low in pitch; 
strongly colored: n. that which is of 
great depth; a great body of water. 

deepen (dep'en), v.t. to make deep or 
deeper; make darker; make sad; 
cloud : v.i. to become deep or deeper. 

deep-laid (dep'lad) , adj. well-concerted. 

deepness (dep'nes), n. depth; profun- 
di^. 

deep-sea (dep'se), adj. pertaining to 
the open sea, or deeper parts of the 
ocean. 

deer (der), nosing. & pi. a general 
name for solid-horned ruminants of 
the genus Cervus. 

deerhound (der'hound), n. a stag- 
hound. 

deer-lick (der'lik), a spot of salt 
ground, resorted to by deer to lick 
the earth; where salt is found. Also 
salt-lick. The plural is also used. 

deer- stalking (der'stawk-ing), n. the 
hunting of deer by stealing upon 
them unawares. 

deface (de-fas'), v.t. to mar or de- 
stroy the surface of; disfigure; im- 
pair the legibility of; injure; spoil. 

defacement (de-fas'ment), n. the act 
of defacing; the condition of being 
defaced; injury. 

defalcation (de-f al-ka/shun) , n. a def- 
icit of funds through a breach of 
trust; embezzlement; diminution. 

defalcator (de-f al'ka-ter) , n. an em- 
bezzler. 

defamation (def-a-ma/shun) , n. the 
act of injuring one's good name or 
reputation without justification, 
either orally, or by a written com- 
munication. 

def amatory (de-f am'a-to-ri) , adj. con- 
taining that which is injurious to 
the character or reputation. 

defame (de-fam'), v.t. to injure or 
destroy the good reputation of; ac- 
cuse falsely; asperse; vilify. 

default (de-fawlt'), n. failure or 
omission to do any act; failure to 
satisfy the acts required in a law- 
suit: v.t. to make a default in; neg- 
lect: v.i. to make a default. 

defaulter (de-f a wit 'er) , n. one who 
makes a default; one who fails to 
make a proper account of money or 
property intrusted to his charge. 



defeasance (de-fez'ans), n. the an- 
nulment of_a contract or deed. 

defeat (de-fet'), v.t. to overcome or 
vanquish; frustrate; baffle: n. the 
act of defeating; frustration; over- 
throw. 

defecate (def'e-kat), v.L to clarify: 
v.i. to become clear; discharge ex- 
cremental matter from the bowels. 

defecation (def-e-ka/shun) , n. clari- 
fication ; evacuation from the bowels. 

defecator (def'e-ka-cer), n. one who, 
or that which, purifies or cleanses; 
an apparatus for removing feculent 
matter from juices, &c. 

defect (de-fekt'), n. an imperfection, 
moral or physical; insufficiency ; 
faulo; error. 

defection (de-f ek'shun) , n. a falling 
away from duty or allegiance; de- 
sertion. 

defective (de-fek'tiv), adj. having a 
defect or flaw of any kind; incom- 
plete; faulty; wanting some of the 
usual grammatical forms. 

defend (de-fend'), v.t. to guard or 
protect; maintain; vindicate one's 
legal rights by force of argument or 
evidence: v.i. to formally enter a de- 
fense to an action. 

defendant (de-fend 'ant), n. a person 
who is sued or accused in a civil 
or criminal court. 

defense (de-fens'), n. the act or state 
of defending or being defended; pro- 
tection; vindication by force or ar- 
gument; a defendant's plea or an- 
swer. 

def ensibility (de-f en-si-bil'i-ti) , adj. 
the quality of being defensible. 

defensible (de-f en'si-bl) , adj. capable 
of being defended. 

defensive (de-f en'siv) , adj. serving to 
defend or protect; carried on in de- 
fense. 

defer (de-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
ferred, p.pr. deferring], to put off to 
a future time; delay: v.i. to pro- 
crastinate. 

deference (def 'er-ens) ,_ n. a yielding 
to the opinions or wishes of anoth- 
er; regard, as shown in act or 
manner. 

deferent (def 'er-ent) , adj. conveying: 
n. that which conveys or carries; a 
duct or vessel in the body which con- 
veys fluids. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not : boon, book ; 

hiie, hut ; think, then. 



DEFERENTIAL 



238 



DEGOTE 



deferential (def-er-en'shal), adj. char- 
acterized by, or expressing, defer- 
ence. 

deferentially (def-er-en'sha-li) , adv. 
respectfully. 

deferment (de-fer'ment) , n. delay. 

defiance (de-fi'ans), n. contemptuous 
disregard; a challenge. 

defiant (de-fl'ant), adj. characterized 
by defiance. 

deficiency (de-fish'en-si) , n. [pi. defici- 
encies (de-fish'en-siz)], the state of 
being deficient; incompleteness; in- 
sufficiency; scarcity. 

deficient (de-fish'ent) , adj. wanting; 
incomplete. 

deficit (def'i-sit), n. a falling off, or 
deficiency, in amount or quantity, 
especially of receipts. 

defilade (def-i-lad') , v.t. to raise, as 
a rampart, so as to protect the lines 
of the defending parts from guns 
placed in a high position. 

defile (de-fil'), v.t. to make foul or 
impure; tarnish; corrupt the chas- 
tity of: v.i. to march off in a file: n. 
a long narrow mountainous pass. 

defilment (de-f il'ment) , n. moral or 
physical pollution. 

definable (de-fin'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being defined. 

define (de-fin'), v.t. to determine the 
limits of; describe the nature or 
properties of. 

definite (def'i-nit), adj. having fixed 
or distinct limits; certain; pointing 
out. 

definitely (def 'i-nit-li) , adv. certainly; 
distinctly. 

definition (def-i-nish'un), n. a brief 
description or explanation of the 
precise meaning of a term, phrase, 
&c; a concise statement. 

definitive (de-fin'i-tiv), adj. deter- 
mining; conclusive: n. a word used 
in grammar to define the significa- 
tion of a noun. 

deflagrate (def 'la-grat) , v.t. to set 
fire to: v.i. to burn with sudden and 
sparkling combustion. 

deflagrator (def'la-gra-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for producing combustion 
of metallic substances by electricity. 

deflect (de-flekt'), v.t. to bend from 
a straight line: v.i. to swerve; bend 
or turn aside. 

deflection (de-flek'shun) , n. a bending. 



deflective (de-flek'tiv), adj. causing 
deflection. 

deflector (de-flek'ter) , n. a plate or 
cone in a furnace or lamp to bring 
flames or gases into close contact, 
and thus increase combustion. 

deflexure (de-flek'shur), n. a bending 
down. 

deflower (de-flour'), v.t. to deprive of 
flowers or bloom; despoil of pristine 
grace or beauty; deprive of virginity. 

defluent (def'lu-ent), adj. running 
downward: n. a river rising in a 
lake. 

deforest (de-for'est), v.t. to clear of 
forest ; cut down, clear away, or de- 
stroy the trees of. 

deform (de-form'), v.t. to render ugly 
or unshapely; disfigure; mar. 

deformity (de-form 'i-ti) , n. [vl. de- 
formities (de-form'i-tiz)], physical 
malformation; disfigurement; want 
of beauty or harmony. 

defraud (de-f rawd'), v.t. to deprive of 
some right or interest by deception; 
cheat ; withhold wrongfully. 

defray (de-fra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
frayed, p.pr. defraying], to dis- 
charge (the expenses of anything); 
pay; settle. 

deft (deft), adj. dexterous; handy; 
clever. 

defunct (de-f ungkt/) , adj. dead; ex- 
tinct: n. a dead person; the dead 
(collectively). 

defy (de-f I')., v.t. [p.t. & p.p. defied, 
p.pr. defying], to challenge or pro- 
voke to strife; set at defiance; re- 
sist openly. 

degeneracy (de-jen'er-a-si), n. the 
state of being degenerate. 

degenerate (de-jen'er-at), v.i. to be- 
come inferior in goodness or quality ; 
become of a lower type; pass to an 
inferior or worse state; deteriorate: 
adj. deteriorated; degraded: n. a 
degenerate person or organism. 

degenerately (de-jen'er-at-li), adv. 
in a degenerate manner. 

degeneration (de-jen-er-a/shun), n. 
the act, state, or process of growing 
worse; degeneracy; decline; the 
morbid impairment of any struc- 
tural tissue or organ_. 

deglutition (deg-loo-tish'un), n. . 
s wallo wing. _ 

degote (de-got/), n. oil distilled from 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, Jften. 



DEGRADATION 



239 



DELICACY 



the white birch: used for Russian 
leather. 

legradation (deg-ra-da'shun) , n. the 
act of degrading. 

degrade (de-grad'), v.t. to reduce in 
grade or rank; deprive of honors, 
office, or dignity; lower physically 
or morally; tone down; diminish; 
wear away._ 

degree (de-gre% n. a step or grade; 
rank or station; relationship be- 
tween a person and the next in line 
of descent ; rank conferred by a 
diploma after examination; one of 
three degrees in the comparison of 
an adjective or adverb; a certain 
amount or interval; the 360th part 
of the circumference of a circle, 
60 geographical miles. 

dehiscence (de-his'ens) , n. the open- 
ing of a capsule for the discharge 
of seeds, or of anthers for the dis- 
charge of pollen. 

dehiscent (de-his'ent), adj. opening. 

dehorn (de-horn 7 ), v.t. to deprive of 
horns. 

dehypnotize (de-hip'no-tiz), v.t. to 
awaken from _hypnot ism. 

deification (de-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the 
act of defying: apotheosis. 

deify (de'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. deified, 
p.pr. deifying], to make, or exalt 
to the rank of, a deity; idolize. 

deign (dan), v.i. to condescend; 

vouchsafe: v.t. to permit- 
deism (de'izm), n. the creed of a 
deist. 

deist (de'ist), n. one who believes in 
the existence of a personal God, 
but not in revealed religion. 

deistic (de-ist'ik), adj. pertaining to 
deism, or deists. 

deity (de'i-ti), n. [pi. deities (de'i- 
tiz)], a god, goddess, or person wor- 
shipped as a divine being. 

Deity, n. God; Jehovah; the charac- 
ter, nature, or attributes of God, 
the Godhead. 

deject (de-jekt'), v.t. to depress the 
spirits of; dishearten; sadden. 

dejection (de-jek'shun), n. lowness of 
spirits; _ melancholy; depression; 
evacuation. 

dejeuner (da-zhe-na/) , n. the first 
formal meal of the day. [French.] 

delaine (de-lan'), n. a light textile 
fabric of wool and cotton. 



delay (de-la/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
layed, p.pr. delaying], to postpone; 
hinder for a time: v.i. to act or pro- 
ceed slowly: n. postponement; pro- 
crastination. 

dele (de'le), v.t. to take out (a letter, 
&c.) in proof reading: n. a mark (5) 
that a letter, &c, is to be deleted. 

delegability (de-lek-ta-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being delectable. 

delectable (de-lek'ta-bl), adj. pleas- 
ing; delightful. 

delectably (de-lek'ta-bH) , adv. de- 
lightfully. 

delectation (de-lek-ta'shun) , n. de- 
light; pleasure. 

delegate (del'e r gat) , # v.t. to send as 
a representative with authority to 
act; entrust; commit: n. one sent 
to represent and _act for others. 

delegation (del-e-ga'shun) , n. the act 
of delegating; a person or body of 
persons chosen to act for others. 

delete (de-let'), v.t. to blot out; 
erase. 

deleterious (del-e-teVi-us) , adj. harm- 
ful, morally or physically; poison- 
ous. 

deletion (de-le'shun), n. the act of de- 
leting. 

Delft or Delf (delf), n. glazed earthen- 
ware, made largely in Delft, Hol- 
land, from which it_ is named. 

deliberate (de-lib 'er-at), v.t. to think 
upon or consider ; weigh in the mind ; 
ponder: v.i. to take counsel with 
one's self or others: adj. circum- 
spect; slow in determining or in 
action; well-considered. 

deliberately (de-lib 'er-at-li), adv. with 
careful consideration. 

deliberateness (de-lib 'er-at-nes), n. 
circumspection. 

deliberation (de-lib-er-a'shun), n. 
calm and careful consideration ; slow- 
ness in action. 

deliberative (de-lib 'er-a-tiy), adj. 
characterized by, or acting witn, 
deliberation. 

delicacy (del'i-ka-si) , n. [pi. delica- 
cies (del'i-ka-siz)], the state or 
quality of being delicate; agreeable- 
ness to the_ taste or other senses; 
grace; sensitiveness; refinement; sen- 
sibility; consideration for the feel- 
ings of others; susceptibility to dis- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, hook ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DELICATESSEN 



240 



DEMAND 



delicatessen (del-i-ka-tes'en) , n.pl. 
table delicacies. [German.] 

delicious (de-lish'us) , adj. highly 
pleasing to the senses, taste, or 
mind; exquisite. 

delight (de-lit'), v.t. to gratify or 
please greatly; charm: v.i. be high- 
ly gratified or pleased [with in]: n. 
an extreme degree of pleasure; high 
satisfaction; joy. 

delightful (de-llt'fool) , adj. affording 
delight. 

delimit (de-lim'it), v.t. to mark out or 
fix the limits of, asterritory ; bound. 

delineate (de r lin'e-at) , v.t. to mark 
out with lines; sketch; portray; 
describe minutely and accurately in 
words. 

delineation (de-lin-e-a'shun) , n. the 
act or art of delineating; a sketch, 
description, &c. 

delineator (de-lin'e-a-ter) , n. one who 
delineates. 

delinquency (de-ling'kwen-si) , n. [pi. 
delinquencies (de - ling' kwen - sis)], 
neglect of, or failure in, duty; a 
misdeed; fault. 

delinquent (de-lin'kwent), adj. falling 
short of duty: n. one who neglects, 
or fails to perform, a duty; an of- 
fender. 

deliquesce (del-i;kwes') , v.i. to melt 
and become liquid by absorbing 
moisture from the atmosphere. 

deliquescence (del-i-kwes'ens) , n. the 
act, property, or state of deliquescing. 

deliquescent (del-i-kwes'ent), adj. 
liquefying or melting on exposure to 
the atmosphere. 

delirious (de-lir'i-us) , adj. light-head- 
ed; insane; frantic with delight. 

delirium (de : lir'i-um) , n. excitement 
and aberration of the mind, caused 
by fever, &c. 

delirium tremens (tre'mens) , n. a 
disease of the brain caused by the 
excessi ye and prolonged use of in- 
toxicating liquors. 

deliver (de-liv'er), v.t. to set free; 
save; yield possession or control of; 
send forth vigorously; discharge; 
communicate; speak; disburden of 
a child. 

deliverance (de-liv'er-ans) , n. the 
act of delivering; rescue; an au- 
thoritative utterance by an official 
or judge on some technical point. 



delivery (de-liv'er-i), n. [pi. deliveries 
(de-liv'er-riz)], the act of delivering; 
a setting free; a surrender; transfer; 
manner of utterance; a distribution 
of letters, &c; the act or manner of 
delivering a ball; parturition. 

dell (del), n. a small secluded valley. 

Delphic (derfik), adj. pertaining to 
Delphi, or to the famous sanctuary 
of Apollo with us priestess, or the 
games celebrated there in honor of 
Apollo. 

delta (del'ta), n. [pi. deltas (del'taz)], 
an alluvial deposit, shaped like the 
Greek letter A formed at the mouth 
of a river; any triangular surface. 
The most famous delta in the world 
is that at the mouth of the river 
Nile. 

deltaic (del-ta'ik), adj. pertaining to 9, 
delta. 

deltoid (del'toid), adj. shaped like a 
delta (A) ; pertaining to the deltoid 
muscle of the shoulder. 

delude (de-lfid') v.t. to impose upon 
the mind or judgment of; beguile 
deceive. ' 

deluge (del'uj), n. an inundation; a 
great overflowing of the land by 
water, especially chat of the time of 
Noah (Genesis vii.); a sudden and 
resistless calamity: v.t. to over- 
whelm. 

delul (de-lool'), n. a female drome- 
dary. [Arabic] 

delusion (de-lu'zhun), n. the act of 
deluding; deceit; imposition; illu- 
sion. 

delusive (de-lu'siv), adj. tending to 
delude or deceive; deceptive. Also 
delusory. 

delve (delv), v.t. to open with a 
spade; fathom; penetrate. 

demagnetize (de-mag'net-iz) , yd. to 
deprive of magnetic properties. 

demagogic (dem-a-go'jik) , adj. char- 
acteristic of a demagogue. Also 
demagogical. 

demagogism (dem'a-gog-izm) , n. the 
principles or practice of a dema- 
gogue. 

demagogue (dem'a-gog), n. a popular 
and factious orator, especially one 
• who inveighs against constituted au- 
thority. [Greek.] 

demand (de-mand'), v.t. to claim as 
by right or authority; ask in a per- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DEMANTOID 



241 



DEMORALIZE 



emptory manner; summon: n. an 
authoritative claim; a peremptory- 
request; the state of being much 
sought after. 

demantoid (de-man'toid), n. an em- 
erald green garnet: used as a 
gem. 

demarcation (de-mar-ka'shun) , n. 
the act of denning, or marking, the 
bounds of. 

demean (de-men'), v.t. to behave 
[with self]. 

demeanor (de-men'er), n behavior; 
deportment. 

dement (de-ment'), v.t. to make in- 
sane. 

dementia (de-men'shi-a), n. insanity. 

demesne (de-men'), n. landed estate 
attached to a manor: adj. pertaining 
to a demesne. 

dcmi, a prefix signifying half, used in 
composition, as demi-quaver, a note 
equal in duration to half a quaver. 
In the same way semi is used. 

demigod (dem'i-god), n. an inferior 
deity; one whose nature is partly 
divine; the offspring of a god and 
a human being; a deified hero. 

demijohn (dem'i-jon), n. a large 
glass bottle with a small neck and 
large body, usually incased in 
wickerwork. 

demise (de-mlz'), n. the transfer of a 
right to, or of a title in, an estate 
through death or forfeiture; death, 
especially of a royal personage; the 
conveyance or transfer of an estate 
by will or lease for a term of years 
or in fee simple: v.t. to give or grant 
by will: v.i. to pass by bequest or 
inheritance. 

demobilize (de-mo 'bi-liz), v.t. to dis- 
band or dismiss (troops that have 
been mobilized) ; change from a war 
to a peace footing. 

democracy (de-mok'ra-si) , n. [pi. de- 
mocracies (de-mok'ra-siz)], govern- 
ment by the people collectively by 
elected representatives; political or 
social equality. 

Democracy, n. the Democratic party 
or its principles. 

democrat (dem'o-krat), n. one who 
advocates and upholds the principles 
of democracy. 

Democrat, n. a member of the Demo- 
cratic party. 



democratic (dem-o-krat'ik) or demo- 
cratical (dem-o-krat'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to democracy. 

democratically (dem-o-krat'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in a democratic manner. 

demoiselle (dem-wa-zel') , n. a young 
lady, or unmarried woman; the Nu- 
midian crane; a handsome small 
dragon-fly. [French.] 

demolish (de-mol'ish), v.t. to throw 
down; reduce to ruins; destroy; 
annihilate. [Latin.] 

demolition (dem-o-lish'un) , n. the 
act or process of demolishing; de- 
struction ._ 

demon (de'mon), n. an evil spirit; 
devil; a guardian spirit or genius. 

demonetize (de-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to de- 
prive of standard value, as currency; 
withdraw from use as money. 

demoniac (de-mo 'ni-ak), adj. per- 
taining to, or influenced by, demons; 
characteristic of a demon. Also 
demoniacal: n. a lunatic. 

demonism (de'mon-izm), n. belief in 
demons; the nature of a demon. 

demonolatry (de-mon-ol'a-tri) , n. 
devil worship. See Satanism. 

demonology (de-mon-ol'o-ji), n. a 
treatise on demons or evil spirits, 
as connected with the science of re- 
ligion, or popular superstitions. 

demonstrable (de-mon'stra-bl) , adj. 
capable of being demonstrated. 

demonstrate (de-mon' or dem'on- 
strat), v.t. to prove beyond the pos- 
sibility of a doubt; teach by exam- 
ples: v.i. to organize, or take part 
in, a party demonstration. 

demonstration (dem-on-s tra'shun) , 
n. the act of demonstrating; a proof 
beyond the possibility of a doubt ; 
manifestation; a public exhibition 
of sympathy with some political or 
social movement; the exhibition and 
description of examples in art and 
science teaching, especially anatomy. 

demonstrative (dem-on'stra-tiv), adj. 
having the power of demonstration; 
conclusive; manifesting the feelings 
openly and strongly: n. a demon- 
strative pronoun. 

demonstrator (dem'on-stra-ter) , n. 
one who demonstrates; a teacher of 
practical anatomy, or physical sci- 
ence. 

demoralize (de-mor'al-iz), v.t. to cor- 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
If lme, hut: think, then. 



DEMOUNTABLE 



242 



DENOUNCE 



rupt, or undermine, the morals of; 
deprive of spirit or energy ; throw 
into confusion. 

demountable (de-mount 'a-bl) , adj. 
capable of being unmounted; ap- 
plied especially to the rims and tires 
of automobiles. 

demulcent (de-mursent) , adj. soften- 
ing; lenitive: n. a medicine which 
allays irritation. 

demur (de-mur'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- 
murred, p. pr. demurring], to hesi- 
tate; raise objections; to interpose 
a demurrer: n. an objection or ex- 
ception. 

demure (de-mur'), adj. grave; sober; 
decorous in bearing; affectedly mod- 
est or grave. 

demurely (de-mur'li), adv. in a de- 
mure manner. 

demureness (de-mur'nes), n. the 
quality of being demure. 

demurrage (de-mur 'aj), n. the com- 
pensation paid by the freighter for 
the detention of a vessel in port be- 
yond the stipulated time. 

demurrer (de-mur 'er), n. an issue on a 
point of law. 

demy (de-mi') , n. [pi. demies (de- 
miz')], a particular size of writing 
and printing paper, 16 x 21 inches. 

demy (dem-i'), n. at Magdalen Col- 
lege, Oxford, a "half -fellow" or one 
who holds a scholarship rather than 
a fellowship. 

den (den) , n. the cave of a wild beast ; 
lair; a small or secluded apartment, 
used as a retreat for work and lei- 
sure. 

denationalize (de-nash'un-al-iz) , v.t. 
to deprive of national rights or char- 
acter; render local. 

denaturalize (de-nat'ti-ral-Iz), v.t. to 
make unnatural; divest of the ac- 
quired rights of citizenship in a for- 
eign country. 

denatured (de-na/turd) , adj. changed 
in nature or character; unfitted for 
its ordinary use by addition of other 
materials, as denatured alcohol, which 
is alcohol so altered or produced as 
to be fatal as a beverage. 

dendrite (den'drit), n. a stone or 
mineral with tree-like markings. 

dendroid (den'droid), adj. resembling 
a tree in appearance; arbores- 
cent. 



dendrology (den-drol'o-ji) , n. the nat* 
ural history of trees. [Greek.] 

dendrometer (den : drom'e-ter), n. an 
apparatus for taking the heights and 
diameters of trees to ascertain their 
contents. 

denial (de-m'al), n. the act of deny- 
ing; refusal; contradiction; non-com- 
pliance. 

denizen (den'i-zen), n. an inhabitant; 
citizen; an alien who has received 
letters patent admitting him to the 
rights of citizenship. 

denominate (de-nom'i-nat) , v.t. to 
designate; characterized by an epi- 
thet; name: adj. made up of units 
of a specified kind. [Latin.] 

denomination (de-nom-i-na/shun) , n. 
the act of designating; a sect, class, 
or division. 

denominational (de-nom-i-na/shun- 
al), adj. pertaining to, or carried on 
by, a sect. 

denominationalism (de-nom-i-na'- 
shun-al-izm) , n. a denominational or 
class spirit, or policy; the opinion 
that education should be carried out 
through religious bodies. 

denominationally (de-nom-i-na'shun- 
a-li), adv. by sects. • 

denominative (de-nom'i-na-tiv) , adj. 
giving a name; formed from a sub- 
stantive or adjectival stem; conno- 
tative: n. a verb formed from a sub- 
stantive or adjectival stem. 

denominator (de-nom'i-na-ter), n. 
one who, or that which, denominates ; 
the expression of a fraction which, 
when placed below the line, gives 
the name or value to the unic. 

denotable (de-no t'a-bl), adj. that may 
be denoted. 

denotative (de-no 'ta-tiv), adj. having 
the power to denote or point out; 
significant. 

denote (de-nof), v.t. to signify or iden- 
tify by a visible sign; indicate; be- 
token. 

denouement (da-noo'mang) , n. the 
act of unraveling or solving a plot; 
outcome. 

denounce (de-nouns'), v.t. to threaten 
or accuse publicly; censure; stigma- 
tize; lay claim to (as a new, or an 
abandoned, mine); to give notice to 
a government that the government 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, boek ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DENSE 243 DEPLETION 

of another nation intends to termi- denunciation (de-nun-si-a'shun), n. 

nate a treaty. _ t the act of denouncing; a threat; 

dense (dens), adj. thick; compact; in- menace. 

tense. m g denunciator (de-nun 'si-a-ter) , n. a de- 

density (den'si-ti), n. compactness; nouncer. 

mass of matter per unit of volume; denunciatory (de-nun 'si-a-to-ri), adj. 

depth of shade. m pertaining to, or containing, a de- 

dent (dent), n. a slight depression nunciation. Also denunciative. 

caused by a blow or pressure; the deny (de-nl'), v.t. to refuse to believe 

tooth of a wheel; a cog, card, comb, or admit; contradict; refuse to grant; 

or metallic brush: v.t. to make a abjure. 

dent in. deodand (de'o-dand), n. anything 

dental (den'tal), adj. pertaining to the which has caused death, and has 

teeth; pronounced by the aid of the been given to God (forfeited to the 

teeth: n. a letter pronounced by the Crown for pious uses). [Latin.] 

aid of the teeth. deodar (de-o-dar')., n. a variety of cedar 

dental- surgery (den'tal-ser'jer-i), n. known as Indian cedar, because 

the profession of surgery as applied grown largely in Northwestern In- 
to the teeth and the adjacent parts dia; held sacred by the natives. 

of the human head. deodorant (de-o'der-ant), n. a deodor- 

dentate (den 'tat), adj. toothed. Also izer. 

dentated. deodorize (de-o'der-iz), v.t. to disin- 

denticulate (den-tik'u-lat), adj. fur- feet. 

nished with small teeth. Also den- depart (de-part'), v.i. to go or move 

ticulated. away; leave; die; desist. 

dentiform (den'ti-f orm) , adj. tooth- department (de-part 'ment), n. a sepa- 

shaped. rate room or office for business; a 

dentifrice (den'ti-fris) , n. tooth-pow- branch of business, study, or science; 

der. a territorial administrative division. 

dentil (den'til) , n. one of the small department - store (de - part'ment - 

square blocks or projections in cor- stor), n. a large retail store carrying 

nices. Also dentel. on many different lines of business. 

dentilabial (den-ti-la'bi-al), adj. artic- departmental (de-part-men'tal) , adj. 

ulated between the teeth and the pertaining to a department; gov- 

lips, as the sound of the letter v. erned by departments. [Latin.] 

dentilingual (den-ti-ling'gwal) , adj. departure (de-par'chur), n. the act of 

formed between the teeth and the departing; a going away; deviation; 

tongue, as the two aspirates th, and death. 

th, in English — thin, and this. depend (de-pend') , v.i. to rely for sup- 

dentine (den-ten'), n. the hard, dense, port; trust; hang down. 

calcified tissue which forms the body dependence (de-pend'ens) , n. the 

of a tooth. state of being dependent; connec- 

dentiphone (den'ti-f on), n. an audi- tion; reliance; trust. Also depend- 

phone. ency (de-pen'den-si) , [pi. depen- 

dentist (den 'tist), n. a dental surgeon. dencies (de-pen'den-siz)], a colony. 
dentistry (den'tis-tri) , n. dental sur- dependent (de-pend'ent), adj. hang- 

gery. ing down; contingent; conditional; 

dentition (den-tish'un) , n. the process, subordinate: n % one dependent upon 

or period, of cutting the teeth; ar- another ; a retainer ; consequence. 

rangement of the teeth. depict (de-pikt'), v.t. to paint or por- 

dentoid (den'toid), adj. tooth-shape_d. tray ; describe or represent vividly. 
denudation (de-nu- or den : u-da/- depilatory (de-pil'a-to-ri) , adj : having 

shun), n. the act of stripping or the power of removing hair: n. a 

making bare. hair-remover. 

denude (de-nud ; ), v.t. to make bare depletion (de-ple'shun) , n. the act of 

or naked; lay bare (rocks) by ero- emptying or exhausting; blood-let- 
si ve action. ting. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DEPLORABLE 



244 



DEPUTE 



deplorable (de-plor'a-bl) , adj. worthy 
to be deplored; sad; calamitous; 
grievous. 

deplore (de-plor'), v.t. to lament; 
grieve for. 

deploy (de-ploi'), v.t. & v.i, [v.t. & p.p. 
deployed, p.pr. deploying], to open 
out; extend in line so as to present 
a wider front: n. the act of deploy- 
ing. Also deployment. 

depolarize (de-po'lar-iz), v.t. to de- 
prive of polarity. See polarity. 

deponent (de-pon'ent) , adj. denoting 
a Latin verb with a passive form 
and an active meaning: n. a witness 
who makes an affidavit to a state- 
ment of fact. 

depopulate (de-pop 'ti-lat), v.t. to de- 
prive of inhabitants; devastate; lay 
waste. 

deport (de-port'), v.t. to carry from 
one country to another; banish; be- 
have (one's self). 

deportment (de-port'ment) , n. con- 
duct; behavior. 

depose (de-poz'), v.t. to remove from a 
throne, or other high station; de- 
prive of office: v.i. testify on oath. 

deposit (de-poz'it), v.t. to put or set 
down; place; intrust to another for 
security: n. anything deposited; 
something committed to the care of 
another; a pledge; rocks produced 
by denudation or by the laying down 
of other formations. 

depositary (de-poz'i-ta-ri), n. one 
with whom something is intrusted; 
a guardian. 

deposition (dep-o-zish'un) , n. the act 
of depositing or deposing; that 
which is deposited or deposed; an 
affidavit. 

depositor (de-poz 'i-ter), n. one who 
deposits. 

depository (de-poz 'i-to-ri), n. [pi. de- 
positories (de-poz 'i-to^riz)], the 
place where anything is deposited 
for security; a depot for the sale of 
publications. 

depot (de'po or dep'o), n. a ware- 
house; a magazine for military 
stores, &c; the headquarters of a 
regiment; a railway station. 

depravation (dep-ra-va'shun) , n. the 
act of depraving; deterioration. 

deprave (de-prav'), v.t. to make bad. 

depraved (de-pravd'), p. adj. morally 



debased; corrupt; made bad or 
worse. 

depravity (de-prav'i-ti), n. the state 
of being depraved or corrupt; wick- 
edness. 

deprecable (dep're-ka-bl), adj. that 
which is, or should be, deprecated. 

deprecate (dep're-kat), v.t. to pray 
against; disapprove strongly; ex- 
press regret for. 

deprecation (dep-re-ka'shun) , n. the 
act of deprecating; in litanies, a peti- 
tion to be delivered from some spir- 
itual or temporal evil. [Latin.] 

deprecatory (dep're-ka-to-ri), adj. 
apologetic. 

depreciate (de-pre'shi-at) , v.t. to 
lower the value, or rate, of; dis- 
parage: v.i. to fall in value. 

depreciation (de-pre-shi-a'shun) , n . 
the act of lessening the value or 
worth of; fall in value. 

depredate (dep're-dat), v.t. to pillagt ; 
rob; lay waste; prey upon. 

depredation (dep-re-da'shun) , n. the 
act of depredating. 

depredator (dep're-da-ter), n. a plun- 
derer. 

depress (de-pres'), v.t. to Dress or 
thrust down; humble; dispirit; lower 
or cheapen. 

depressed (de-prest'),. p. adj. cast down 
in spirits; lowered in position; flat- 
tened from above, or vertically. 

depression (de-presh'un), n. the act 
of depressing; the sinking or fall- 
ing in of a surface; abasement; de- 
jection of spirits; debility; diminu- 
tion or dullness of trade. 

depressor (de-pres'er), n. one who, or 
that which, depresses; a muscle that 
draws down an organ or part. 

deprivation (dep-ri-va/shun) , n. the 
act of caking away; destitution; loss; 
the deposition of a cleric from his 
office or functions. 

deprive (de-prlv'), v.t. to take from; 
dispossess; debar; depose from of- 
fice. 

depth (depth), n. the state or degree 
of being deep; profoundness; extent 
of penetration; richness of tone or 
color. [Gothic] 

deputation (dep-u-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of deputing; the persons de- 
puted. 

depute (de-puf), v.i. to appoint as an 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DEPUTIZE 



245 



DESCENSION 



agent or deputy; send with authority 
to act on behalf of the principal. 

deputize (dep'u-tiz), v.t. to appoint 
as a deputy. _ 

ieputy_ (dep'Q-ti), n. [pi. deputies 
(dep'u-tiz)J, one appointed to act 
for another ; a delegate ; in the French 
Parliament a member of the lower 
house. 

derail (de-rai'), v.i. to run off the rails: 
v.t. to cause to leave the rails. 

derange (de-ranf), v.t. co throw into 
confusion; disturb the normal func- 
tions of; displace. 

derangement (de-ranj'ment), n. the 
act of deranging; insanity. 

Derby (dar'bi), n. [pi. derbies (dar'- 
biz)], a race, founded, 1780, for 
three-year-old horses, run annually 
at Epsom, England. 

derby (der'bi and in England dar'bi), 
n. a kind of stiff felt hat, with convex 
crown and curved brim. 

derelict (der'e-likt), adj. abandoned; 
adrift: n. anything left, forsaken, or 
cast away intentionally, as at sea: 
pi. abandoned goods found at sea; 
also, morally neglected. 

dereliction (der-e-lik'shun) , n. omis- 
sion, as cf obligation or duty; the 
gaining of land by the permanent 
retirement of the sea. 

deride (de-rid'), v.t. to mock; laugh at: 
v.i. to indulge in mockery, scorn, or 
ridicule. 

deridingly (de-rid'ing-li), adv. with 
derision. 

derisible (de-rlz'i-bl), adj. open to de- 
rision. 

derision (de-rizh'un), n. the act of de- 
riding; ridicule; scorn; contempt. 

derisive (de-riz'iv), adj. expressing de- 
rision. 

derivable (de-riv'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being derived ; deducible. 

derivation (der-i-va'shun) , n. the act 
of deriving, or the condition of being 
derived; the process of tracing a 
word from its original source; ety- 
mology; evolution; deduction. 

derivative (de-riv'a-tiv) , adj. derived 
or taken from another; deducible; 
secondary: n. a word obtained from 
some other by a prefix or suffix, or 
other modification. 

derive (de-riv'), v.t. to draw from an 
original source; obtain by trans- 



mission or descent; trace (a word> 
to its original root or stem; deduce 
infer. 

derma {der'ma), n. the true skin. 

dermal (der'mal), adj. pertaining to 
the, or consisting of, skin. Also 
dermic (der'mik). 

derma toid (der'ma-ooid), adj. like 
skin. 

dermatology (der-ma-tol'o-ji) , n. the 
science which treats of the skin and 
its diseases. 

dermic, another form of dermal. 

dernier ressort (der'ni-a res-sor'), n. 
the last resort or_expedient. [French.] 

derogate (der/6-gat), v.t. to take away; 
annul partially: v.i. detract [with 
from]. 

derogation (der-o-ga'shun), n. the act 
of derogating; detraction; deprecia- 
tion. 

derogatory (de-rog'a-to-ri) , adj. tend- 
ing to derogate from honor, char- 
acter, or value [with to, from], 

derrick (der'ik), n. an apparatus for 
hoisting heavy weights. 

derringer (der'in-jer), n. a pocket pis- 
tol with a short barrel of very large 
caliber, named from its inventor. 

dervish (der'vish), n. a Mohammedan 
monk who professes extreme pov- 
erty, chastity, and humility, and 
leads a very austere life; any Sou- 
danese who adhered to the Mahdi 
in his attempt to expel the English 
from Egypt. 

descant (des'kant), n. a varied song 
or melody; a disquisition or com- 
ment: (des-kant') v.i. to comment 
freely ; discourse at length. 

descend (de-send'), v.i. to pass from 
a higher to a lower position; fail 
upon or invade; be derived from; 
fall in order of inheritance, or from 
one generation to another; move to- 
ward the south: said of a star: v.t. 
to move or pass along downwards. 

descendant (de-send'ant) , n. one who 
is lineally descended from an an- 
cestor; offspring. 

descendant _ (de-send 'ent), adj. de- 
scending; sinking. 

descendible (de-send'i-bl) , adj. that 
may be descended; transmissible. 

descension (de-sen'shun) , n. the act 
of descending; a falling; declension; 
sinking downwards. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DESCENT 



246 



DESPATCH 



descent (de-sent ; ), n. change from a 
higher to a lower place; a sudden 
hostile invasion or attack; moral or 
social declension; transmission of an 
estate; derivation from a common 
ancestor ; birth ; a passage from a 
higher to a lower pitch. 

describable (d®-skrlb'a-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of description. 

describe (de-skrib'), v.t. to delineate 
or trace out; narrate; set forth. 

description (de-skrip'shun), n. the act 
of describing; delineation by marks 
or signs; an account of anything in 
words or writing. 

descriptive (de-skrip'tiv), adj. tend- 
ing to, or serving to, describe; con- 
taining description. 

desecrate (des'e-krat) , v.t. to divert 
from a sacred to a secular use; pro- 
fane. 

desecration (des-e-kra'shun) , n. profa- 
nation. 

desert (de-zert'), v.t. to forsake; aban- 
don: v.i. abscond from duty. 

desert (dez'ert), n. a barren tract in- 
capable of supporting life or vege- 
tation; a solitude: adj. pertaining to 
a desert. 

desert (de-zert'), n. a reward or pun- 
ishment deserved; merit. 

deserve (de-zerv'j, v.t. to earn by serv- 
ice; be justly entitled to, or worthy 
of; merit: v.i. to be w T orthy or de- 
serving [usually with well or ill]. 

deservedly (de-zerv'ed-li) , adv. justly. 

deshabille, same as dishabille. 

desiccate (des'i-kat) , v.t. to dry thor- 
oughly ; dry up ; preserve by exhaust- 
ing the moisture from: v.i. to be- 
come dry. 

desiccation (des-i-ka'shun) , n. the act 
of drying. 

desiccative (des'i-ka-tiv) , adj. tend- 
ing to dry. 

desiccator (des'i-ka-ter) , n. an appar- 
atus for drying foods and other sub- 
stances. 

desiderate (de-sid'er-at) , m v.t. to be 
in want or need of; desire to have. 

desiderative (de-sid'er-a-tiv), adj. hav- 
ing desire. 

desideratum (de-si d-er-a 'turn), n. [pi. 
desiderata (de-sid-er-a'ta)], any- 
thing desired; a want or desire 
generally felt and recognized. 

design (de-zin'), v.t. to draw, mark, or 



plan out; project; set apart mental- 
ly : v.i. to formulate designs or exe- 
cute original work: n. an outline, 
plan, or drawing; project; inten- 
tion. 

designate (dez'ig-nat), v.t. to indi- 
cate by marks, lines, or a descrip- 
tion the limits of; point out; dis- 
tinguish; name: adj. designated; 
selected. 

designation (dez-ig-ha'shun) , n. the 
act of designating; nomination; ap- 
pointment. 

designedly (de-zm'ed-li) , adv. inten- 
tionally. 

designing (de-zm'ing), adj. scheming; 
artful; cunning; insidious; wily. 

desilverize (de-siTver-iz), v.t. to re- 
move the silver from any mass of 
metal containing it. 

desirability (de-zlr-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being desirable. 

desirable (de-zir'a-bl) , adj. pleasing; 
agreeable. 

desire (de-zir'), v.t. to wish earnestly 
for; crave : v.i. be in the state of 
desire: n. a longing for the posses- 
sion of some object; a petition or 
prayer; natural or sensual tendency; 
the object longed for. _ [French.] 

desirous (de-zir'us), adj. full of desire. 

desist (de-zisf), v.i. to cease to act or 
proceed; stop; forbear. [Usually 
with "from."] 

desk (desk), n. a sloping frame or table 
for the use of writers and readers; a 
clerk's position; a lectern; figura- 
tively, the clerical profession. 

desmine (des'min or 'mm), n. a min- 
eral that crystallizes in silken tufts. 

desolate (des'o-lat) ? v.t. to lay waste; 
deprive of inhabitants; overwhelm 
with sorrow: adj. deprived of in- 
habitants ) solitary; laid waste; aban- 
doned; miserable. . 

desolately (des'o-lat-li), adv. in a 
desolate manner. 

desolation (des-o-la'shun), n. the act 
of desolating; the state of being des- 
olated; a solitude; ruin; destruction; 
affliction; misery. 

despair (de-spar'), v.i. to abandon all 
hope, or expectation; become hope- 
less: v.t. to lose hope or confidence in: 
n. loss of hope or confidence; hope- 
lessness; desperation. 

despatch (des-pach') ,same as dispatch. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DESPERADO 



247 



DETECTABLE 



desperado (des-per-a/do) , n. a man 
reckless of danger; a wild ruffian. 
[Spanish.] 

desperate (des'per-at) , adj. regard- 
less of danger or consequences. 

desperately (des'per-at-li) , adv. reck- 
lessly; hopelessly. 

despicable (des'pi-ka-bl), adj. con- 
temptible. 

despise (de-spiz'), v.t. to look down 
upon with scorn or contempt; dis- 
dain. 

despite (de-spit'), n.- extreme con- 
tempt; malicious anger; scorn; ha- 
tred: prep, notwithstanding. 

despitefully (de-splt'foo-li), adv. ma- 
liciously. 

despoil (de-spoil'), v.t. to rob: deprive. 

despond (de-spond'), v.i. to be cast 
down in spirits; give way to de- 
spondency. 

despondency (de-spon 'den-si), n. ab- 
sence of hope or courage; deep men- 
tal depression. 

despondent (de-spon'dent), adj. 
downcast ; hopeless. 

despot (des'pot), n. an absolute irre- 
sponsible ruler; an autocrat; tyrant. 

despotic (des-pot'ik), # adj. absolute in 
power; autocratic; irresponsible; ar- 
bitrary: tyrannical. 

despotically (des-pot'i-ka-li), adv. in 
a despotic manner. # 

despotism (des'pot-izm) , n. absolute 
power or government; tyranny. 

dessert (dez-ert'), n. a course of 
fruits, sweets, &c, usually served 
last at dinner. [French.] 

destination (des-ti-na'shun) , n. pur- 
pose or end for which anything is 
appointed; ultimate design; goal; 
termination. 

destine (des'tin), v.t. to predetermine 
for some use; fix unalterably; doom. 

destiny (des'ti-ni), n. [pi. destinies 
(des'ti-niz)], predetermined lot; fate; 
inevitable necessity. 

destitute (des'ti-tut), adj. without 
resources; lacking; p_oor; penniless. 

destitution (des-ti-tu'shun) , n. pov- 
erty; want. 

destroy (de-stroi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
destroyed, p.pr. destroying], to pull 
down; overturn; lay waste; render 
desolate ; kill ; put an end to ; disprove. 

destroyer (de-stroi'er) , n. one who de- 
stroys; a torpedo-boat destroyer. 



destructibility (de-struk-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being destructible. 

destructible (de-struk'ti-bl) , adj. that 
may be destroyed. 

destruction (de-struk'shun) , n. the 
act or process of destroying; sub- 
version; overthrow; ruin; death. 

destructive (de : struk'tiv) , adj. tend- 
ing to, or causing, destruction; ruin- 
ous: hurtful. 

destructively § (de-struk'tiv-li) , adj. 
in a destructive manner. 

destructiveness (de-struk'ti v-nes) , n. 
the quality of being destructive; a 
propensity to destroy. 

desudation (des-u-da'shun), n. pro- 
fuse sweating. 

desuetude (des'we-tud), n. disuse. 

desulphurize (de-sul'fer-iz), to free 
from sulphur, as in a mass of ore. 

desultorily (des'ul-to-ri-li), adv. in a 
desultory manner. 

desultoriness (des'ul-to-ri-nes), n. the 
quality of being desultory; discur- 
siveness. 

desultory (des'ul-to-ri), adj. passing 
from one thing to another without 
order or method; cursory; erratic. 

detach (de-tach'), v.t. to disconnect; 
detail for a specific purpose; send 
away from. 

detachment (de-tach'ment) , n. the 
act of detaching; the thing detached; 
a body of troops, or certain ships, 
detached from the # main body and 
sent on special service; mental aloof- 
ness. 

detail (de-tal), v.t. to relate minute- 
ly; enumerate; tell off for a given 
duty: v.i. to give details of: n. an 
item; a particular or minute ac- 
count; a small detachment for spe- 
cial service: pi. minute parts of a 
picture, statue, &c. [French.] 

detain (de-tan'), v.t. to hold back: 
restrain from departure; retain in 
custody. 

detainer (de-tan'er), n. one who de- 
tains; a writ for holding a person in 
custody. 

detainment (de-tan 'ment) , n. deten- 
tion. 

detect (de-tekt'), v.t. to discover; bring 
to fight; expose; find out; ascertain 
the character of. 

detectable (de-tek'ta-bl), adj. that 
may be detected. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book; 

hue, Yvl* ; think, then. 



DETECTION 



248 



DEUCE 



detection (de-tek'shun), n. the act of 
detecting or its result; discovery. 

detective (de-tek'tiv) , adj. employed 
in detecting; pertaining to detec- 
tives, or detection: n. one whose 
business it is to trace wrong-doers 

detector (de-tek'ter), n. one who, or 
that which, detects; an apparatus 
or device for indicating the presence 
of anything. 

detent (de : tent')> n. a pin, lever, or 
stud forming a stop in a clock, lock,&c. 

detention (de-ten'shun) , n. the act of 
detaining or withholding; restraint; 
delay. 

detentive (de-ten'tiv) , adj. employed 
in detaining. 

deter (de-ter'),y.£. [p.t. & p.p. deterred, 
v.pr. deterring], to discourage, or 
hinder, by fear; restrain; dishearten. 

deterge (de-terj'), v.t. to cleanse, as a 
wound. [Latin.] 

detergent (de-ter'jent), n. any lotion 
or medicine that is applied to cleanse 
and help to heal ulcers, wounds, &c. 

deteriorate (de-te'ri-o-rat), v.L to re- 
duce to an inferior quality or value; 
impair: v.i. to grow worse. 

deterioration (de-te-ri-o-ra'shun) , n. 
degeneracy. 

determinable (de-ter'mi-na-bl) , adj. 
capable of being definitely ascer- 
tained; defined with clearness; ter- 
minable. 

determinant (de-ter'mi-nant) , adj. 
causing determination: n. that 
which determines, decides, or estab- 
lishes something. 

determinate (de-teVmi-nat) , adj. hav- 
ing definite or fixed limits; clearly 
defined; specific. 

determination (de-ter-mi-na'shun) , 
n. the act of determining; purpose; 
resolution. 

determinative (de-ter'min-a-tiv) , adj. 
determining, limiting, or denning; 
tending to define the genus or 
species: n. that which serves to de- 
termine the quality or character of 
something else; a demonstrative pro- 
noua ; an ideograph. 

determine (de-ter'min), v.i. to de- 
cide; end: v.t. to fix or settle the 
bounds of; put an end to; restrict. 

determined (de-ter'mind) , p. adj. reso- 
lute; inflexible; fixed; circumscribed; 
limited. 



determinedly (de-teVmind-li), adv. 
resolutely. 

determinism (de-ter'min-izm) , n. tho, 
doctrine that every act is brought 
about by some efficient cause. 

deterrent (de-ter'ent) , adj. serving, or 
tending, to deter: n. that which de- 
ters. 

detest (de-test') , v.t. to hate intensely. 

detestation (de-tes-ta'-shun), n. ex- 
treme dislike or abhorrence; loath- 
ing. 

dethrone (de-thron'), v.L to remove 
from a throne; deprive of authority. 

detonate (det'o-nat), v.t to cause to 
explode with a loud and sudden re- 
port: v.i. to explode loudly and sud 
denly. [Latin.] 

detonation (det-o-na'shun) , n. a sue 
den explosion with a loud report. 

detonator (det'o-na-ter) , n. a sub 
stance that detonates; a percussion 
cap. 

detour (de-toor'), n. a circuitous way. 

detract (de-trakt'), v.L to draw or 
take away [with from]: v.i. take 
away the reputation. [Latin.] 

detraction (de-trak'shun) , n. depre- 
ciation; defamation; slander. 

detractor (de-trakt 'ter), n. one who 
detracts; a muscle that draws away 
some part. 

detrain (de-tran'), v.L to remove from 
a train, as troops: v.i. alight from 
a train. 

detriment (det'ri-ment), n. that which 
injures, reduces in value, or causes 
damage. 

detrimental (det-ri-ment'al), adj. in- 
jurious. 

detrimentally (det-ri-men'ta-li) , adv. 
injuriously. 

detrital (de-tri'tal) , adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, detritus. [Latin.] 

detritus (de-trl'tus), n. accumulations 
arising from fragments of rocks 
broken off or worn away; debris; 
waste. 

de trop (de tro'), too much; not 
wanted: said of a person whose pres- 
ence is not desired. 

deuce (dtis), n. the devil; a card or 
dice with two spots; a term used in 
scoring at lawn tennis. [Deuce in the 
sense of devil came from the early 
Teutons, who belived in a hairy 
wood demon whom they called Dus. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DEUCE-ACE 



249 



DEVOLVE 



The Celts gave him the name Scrat, 
whence ''Old Scratch."] 

deuce-ace (dus'as), ft. the ace and 
two-spot thrown at dice or dealt at 
cards. 

deuteragonist (du-ter-ag'o-nist), ft. 
the second actor in a Greek tragedy. 

deutoplasm (du'to : plazm) , n. the 
secondary or nutritive plasm or albu- 
minous part of the yolk, w r hich pro- 
vides food for the embryo. 

Deutzia (dut'zi-a), n. a small genus 
of handsome Chinese and Japanese 
shrubs. 

dev (dev) and deva (de'va), n. liter- 
ally, "light," the bright splendor of 
the greater gods, as thought of by 
the Hindus. [Sanskrit.] 

devachan (da/ya-kan), # ft. in occult- 
ism, a state into which the higher 
spiritual life of man passes after 
death. [Hindu.] 

devachanee (da-va-kan-e'), ft. one 
who is in the enjoyment of the 
devachan. 

.1 evaporation (de-vap-5-ra'shun), ft. 
the change of vapor into water. 

devastate (dev'as-tat) , v.t. to lay 
waste; desolate; ravage; plunder. 

devastation (dev-as-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of devastating ; desolation ; waste ; 
destruction. 

devastator (dev'as-ta-ter), ft. one who 
devastates. 

develop (de-vel'op), v.t. to unfold 
gradually; make known in detail; 
complete; to cause to go from a 
lower to. a higher state; bring to 
view by inducing changes on a sen- 
sitized plate: v.i. to advance from 
one stage to another; become grad- 
ually apparent. 

development (de-vel'op-ment) , ft. the 
act of developing. 

developmental (de-vel-op-men'tal) , 
adj. pertaining to development. 

devest (de-vest'), v.t. m to alienate or 
annul, as right or title: v.i. to be 
lost or alienated. 

deviate (de'vi-at), v.i. to turn aside 
from a certain course; diverge; err: 
v.t. to change the direction or posi- 
tion of. 

deviation (de-vi-a'shun), n. the act of 
deviating ; di gr ession ; wandering ; 
variation from established rule; er- 
ror. 



deviator (de'vi-a-ter), n. one who devi- 
ates. 

device (de-vis'), n. a contrivance; in- 
vention; a stratagem; a fanciful de- 
sign or pattern; a heraldic emblem. 

devil (dev'l), n. the Evil Spirit, Satan; 
a fallen angel: feminine, she-devil; 
a false god or demon ; a very wicked 
person; a bold dashing fellow; a 
malicious spirit in a person; a 
printer's apprentice; a machine for 
dividing rags or cotton in paper- 
making: v.t. to season cold meat 
highly with cayenne pepper, mus- 
tard and other condiments and then 
to broil it; prepare work for another; 
to stir up disturbance. Also be- 
devil. [Late Latin, Anglo-Saxon.] 

devil-fish (dev'1-fish), n. a large spe- 
cies of octopus. 

devilish (dev'1-ish), adj. diabolical; 
extremely wicked; infernal; ex- 
cessive. 

devilishly (dev'1-ish-li), adv. diaboli- 
cally; excessively. 

devilkin (dev'1-kin), n. a, little devil. 

devilment (dev'1-ment), n. roguish- 
ness. 

devils-on-horseback(dev'lz-on-hors'- 
bak), n. oysters and bacon broiled 
together. 

devil's tattoo (devlz ta-too'), n. 
an idle pounding or beating upon 
a table with the knuckles. 

deviltry (dev'1-tri), ft. malicious mis- 
chief; diabolical wickedness. 

devious (de'vi-us), adj. rambling; 
circuitous. 

devisable (de-vls'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being imagined or bequeathed. 

devise (de-viz'), v.t. to imagine; 
scheme; contrive; concoct; bequeath 
by will: ft. .a gift of real property 
by will; a will. 

devisee (dev-i-ze'), ft. the person to 
whom a bequest has been made. 

deviser (de-viz'er), ft. one who de- 
vises or invents. 

devisor (de-viz'er), ft. one who be- 
queaths by will. 

devoid (de-void'), adj. destitute. of . 

devoir (dev-war'), n. a service or 
duty owed; an act of courtesy or 
respect. [French.] 

devolve (de-volv'), v.t. to transfer 
from one to another; transmit: v.i. 
to be transferred or transmitted. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 
19 hue, hut; think, then. 



DEVOTE 



250 



DIAGNOSIS 



devote (de-vot'), y.t. to dedicate or 
consecrate; consign to evil; give up 
wholly to; apply (one's self, &c.) to 
some object. 

devotee (dev-o-te'), n. a votary; en- 
thusiast. 

devotion (de-vo'shun), n. the act of 
devoting or consecrating; the state 
of being devoted; strong affection; 
ardent love; religious worship; 
prayer [usually pi.]. 

devotional (de-vo'shun-al), adj. de- 
vout. 

devour (de-vour'), v.t. to swallow 
greedily or ravenously; consume or 
destroy rapidly; annihilate; enjo3 r 
with avidity. 

devout (de-vouf), adj. devoted to re- 
ligious thoughts and exercises ; heart- 
felt, 

dew (du), n. aqueous vapor con- 
densed from the atmosphere and de- 
posited in small drops at evening; 
that which falls lightly and in a re- 
freshing manner. 

dew-claw (du'claw), n. the little claw 
behind a dog's foot; the false hoof 
of a deer. _ 

dewiness (du'i-nes), n. state of being 
dewy. 

dewlap (du'lap), n. the loose skin that 
hangs from the neck of an ox or 
cow, or torn any huge dog, such as 
the mastiff, the Siberian blood- 
hound , &c. 

dewy (du'i), adj. moist with dew. 

dexter (deks'ter), adj. right: opposed 
to left. 

dexterity (deks-ter'i-ti) , n. manual 
skill; mental or physical adroitness; 
cleverness. 

dexterous (deks'ter-us) , adj. pos- 
sessing manual skill; quick, men- 
tally or physically; adroit; clever. 
Also dextrous. 

dextrine (deks'trin), n. a white 
gummy substance found in plant 
sap, &c: used as gum. 

dextrose (deks'tros), n. a white 
crystalline variety of sugar found 
in sweet fruits ; as the grape, cherry, 
&c, and in diabetic urine. 

dey (da), n. the former title of the 
governor of Algiers, and of the chief 
of the Turkish Janizaries. 

dhole (dol), n. the so-called red-dog 
of the Dekkan, noted for its strength, 



courage, and ferocity. # It makes its 
way, when hunting, in packs, and 
few animals dare face it. 

dhow (dou), n. a one-masted oriental 
vessel much used in the Red Sea 
and Indian Ocean by the Arabs and 
Egyptians. It has a beak or ram, 
and a large deck at the stern. 
[Arabic] 

diabase (dl'a-bas), n. a dark colored 
igneous rock; composed of augite, 
feldspar, and iron; greenstone. 

diabetes (dl-a-be'tez), n. & disease 
characterized by a morbid and ex- 
cessive discharge of urine. [Greek.] 

diabetic (di-a-be'tik) , adj. pertaining 
to diabetes^ 

diablerie (di-ab'le-re) , n. deviltry; 
mischief. [French.] 

diabolic (di-a-bol'ik) or diabolical 
(di-a-borirkal^ adj. devilish; impious. 

diabolo (de-ab'o-lo), n. a game played 
with two sticks, a string and top- 
like cube. 

diacaustic (de-a-kaws'tik), adj. de- 
noting a caustic curve formed by re- 
fracted rays: n. a diacaustic curve. 

diaconal (de-ak'o-nal), adj. pertain- 
ing to a deacon. 

diaconate (de-ak'6-nat), n. the office 
or dignity of a deacon; deacons col- 
lectively. 

diacoustics (di-a-koos'tiks) , n.pl. the 
science of refracted sounds; dia- 
phonics. 

diacritical (di-a-krit'i-kal) , adj. serv- 
ing to separate or distinguish; suf- 
ficient to magnetize an iron core to 
one : half its saturation. Also dia- 
critic. 

diacritical mark (mark), n. a mark 
employed to distinguish letters or 
sounds which resemble each other, 
and to indicate their true pronun- 
ciation, as a, o, a, 6. 

diadem (di'a-dem), n. a crown; tiara. 

diaeresis (di-e'ri-sis) , n. the separation 
of two things that are normally one. 
[Greek.] See dialysis; dieresis. 

diaglyphic (di-a-glif 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or like, an intaglio: sunk 
into the general surface. 

diagnose (di-ag-nos') , v.t. m to ascer- 
tain, as a disease, by its general 
symptoms. 

diagnosis (di-ag-no'sis), n. [pi. diag- 
noses (di-ag-no'sez)], scientific dis- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DIAGNOSTIC 



251 



DIAPHAXTOGKAPH 



crimination; the recognition of a 
disease by its symptoms. 

diagnostic (di-ag-nos'tik), adj. char- 
acteristic: n : a symptom distin- 
guishing a disease. 

diagometer (dl-a-gom'e-ter) , n. a 
kind of electroscope for measuring 
and determining relative conduc- 
tivity. 

diagonal (di-ag'o-nal), adj. extending 
from one angle to another: n. a 
straight oblique line dividing a rec- 
tangular figure into equal parts. 

/diagonally (di-ag'o-na-li) , adv. in a 
diagonal manner. 

diagram (dl'a-gram), n. a geomet- 
rical figure; a mechanical plan; an 
outline, drawing, or figure. 

diagrammatic (di-a-gra-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or illustrated by, a 
diagram. 

diagrammatically (di-a-gra-mat'i-ka- 
li), adv. by a diagram. 

diagraph (di'a-graf), n. an instrument 
for drawing figures or objects me- 
chanically. 

dial (di'al), n. an instrument for 
showing the time by the sun's shad- 
ow; the face of a timepiece; any 
plate on which an index finger 
marks revolutions, pressure, &c; 
an insulated fixed wheel used in 
telegraphy: v.t. to measure or in- 
dicate by a dial; survey with a 
miner's compass. [Latin. 1 

dialect (di'a-lekt), n. the peculiar 
manner _ in which a language is 
spoken in a province or district of 
a country; idiom; a sub-division of 
a language, as the Yorkshire dialect 
in England, the Suabian dialect in 
Germany, and the Provencal dialect 
in France. [Greek. 1 

dialectic (di-a-lekt'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to a dialect, or to logic. Also 
dialectical. 

dialectician (dl-a-lek-tish'an) , n. a 
logician. 

dialectics (di : a-lekt'iks), n.pl. the 
art of reasoning. 

dialectology (di-a-lek-tol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of philology which treats of 
dialects. 

dialing (di'al-ing), n. the art of con- 
structing dials. 

dialogue (di'a-log), n. a conversation 
between two or more persons; a 



literary composition in which per- 
sons are represented as reasoning 
on, or discussing, a subject. 

dialysis (di-al'i-sis), n. the breaking 
up, or division, of one syllable into 
two; in Latin grammar, the change 
of j and v into i and u; the separa- 
tion of different substances in solu- 
tion by diffusion through a moist 
membrane. 

diamagnetism (di-a-mag'net-izm) , n. 
the property possessed by certain 
bodies when under the influence of 
magnetism, and freely suspended, of 
taking a position at right angles to 
the magnetic meridian. 

diameter (dl-am'e-ter), n. the length 
of a line passing through the center 

- of any object from one side to the 
other; the distance through the 
lower part of the shaft of a column. 

diametrical (di-a-met'ri-kal), adj. per- 
taining to a diameter; directly ad- 
verse or opposite. 

diametrically (di-a-met'ri-ka-li), adv. 
in a diametrical manner. 

diamond (di'a-mund), n. a gem of 
extreme hardness and refractive 
power: a rhomboidal figure; a play- 
ing card with one or more lozenge- 
shaped figures: a glass cutter's tool; 
the smallest kind of type generally 
used (see type) : adj. resembling a 
diamond, as ihe so-called l 'base- 
ball diamond" where the ground 
for the players is laid out diamond- 
wise. [French ] 

diamond-drill (dl'a-mund-dril) , n. a 
rod or tube furnished at the end 
with diamonds for boring very hard 
rock. 

diapason (di-a-pa'zon), n. the entire 
compass of a voice or instrument; 
a recognized musical standard of 
pitch; the foundation stops of an 
organ. 

diaper (dl'a-per), n. linen cloth woven 
in geometric patterns; a napkin; 
surface decoration of one or more 
simple figures repeated: v.t. to # varie- 
gate or embroider; work in diaper. 

diaphane (di-af 'a-ne) , n. the art of 
imitating stained glass by trans- 
parencies on plain glass. 

diaphanous (di-af 'a-nus) , adj. trans- 
parent. 

diaphantograph (di-a-f an'to-graf ) , n, 



ate, arm, at, awl : me, m£rgp, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DIAPHONIC 



252 



DIDACTIC 



an instrument for drawing objects 
from thier reflection on a sheet of 



diaphonic (di-a-f on'ik) , same as dia- 
coustic. 

diaphoretic (di-a-fo-ret'ik), adj. pro- 
ducing perspiration: n. a sudorific 
medicine. 

diaphragm (di'a-fram), n. the mid- 
riff, which divides the chest from 
the abdomen; any substance that in- 
tercepts or divides. 

diaphy lactic (di-a-fi-lak'tik), n. a pre- 
ventive against disease. 

diarist (di'a-rist), n. one who keeps a 
diary, usually one that is to be 
published. 

diarrhea (dl-a-re'a), n. a morbidly 
persistent purging or looseness of 
the bowels. Also diarrhoea. 

diary (di'a-ri), n. [pi. diaries (di'a- 
riz)], a register of daily occurrences 
or duties; a book for daily memo- 
randa. 

diastase (di'a-sta s) , n. a soluble nitrog- 
enous ferment formed in germinat- 
ing grain and animal fluids, and 
having the property of converting 
starch and dextrine into sugar. 

diastole (di-as'to-le) , n. the rhythmi- 
cal expansion and dilatation of the 
heart and arteries in beating; the 
lengthening of a syllable naturally 
short. 

diastyle (di'a-stil), n. an arrangement 
of columns in which the interspace 
between each measure three or 
four diameters of the shaft. 

diatonic (dl-a-ton'ik), adj. designat- 
ing the regular tones of a key or 
scale. 

diatribe (di'a-trib), n. a continued dis- 
course or disputation; a strain of 
violent abuse; bitter criticism. 

dibble (dib'l), n. a gardening tool 
for making holes in the earth: v.t. 
plant with a dibble: v.i. dip bait 
gently into the water. 

dice (dis), n.pl. small cubes marked 
on the sides with one to six spots 
or pips: used in games of chance: 
v.i. to play with dice: v.t. to decorate 
with woven patterns to resemble 
cubes; to cut into cubes. 

dicer (dl'ser), n. a gambler. 

dichroism (di'kro-izm) , n. the proper- 
ty by which a crystallized body ex- 



hibits different colors according to 
the direction of light transmitted 
through it. 

dichromism (di'kro-mizm) , n. color 
blindness characterized by inability 
to see more than one of the three 
primary colors. 

dicing (dis'ing), n. gaming with dice; 
stamped leather ornamented with 
squares. 

dicker (dik'er), v.i. to barter or trade 
on a small scale. 

dicky (dik'i), n. [pi. dickies (dik'iz)J, 
a m small separate shirt-front; a 
child's bib or pinafore. 

dicotyledon (di'kot-y-le-don), n. a 
plant having two cotyledons with 
two stems. This is the most widely 
spread plant in the world, having 
80,000 divisions. 

dictate (dik'tat), v.t. declare with 
authority; express orally so that an- 
other may take words down in writ- 
ing: v.i. to speak with authority. 

dictation (dik-t a/shun), n. the act v\' 
dictating; the thing dictated. 

dictator (dik-ta'ter) , n. one who die 
tates; one invested with absolute 
powers of government; an ancient 
Roman magistrate with supreme au- 
thority, appointed in times of emer- 
gency. 

dictatorial (dik 7 ta-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to a dictator; absolute; im- 
perious. 

diction (dik'shun), n. manner of 
speaking or expression; choice of 
words; style. [Latin.] 

dictionary (dik'shun-a-ri), n. [pi. 
dictionaries # (dik'shun - a - riz)], a 
book containing all, or the prin- 
cipal, words in a language, with 
phonetics indicative of the sound of 
each, followed by definitions and 
other explanatory matter. [Late 
Latin.] See lexicon. 

dictograph (dik'to-graf ) , n. an inven- 
tion by which dictation is received 
by one person at a distance from 
another. 

dictum (dik'tum), n. [pi. dicta (dik'* 
ta)], a dogmatic or authoritative as- 
sertion; aphorism. [Latin.] 

did (did), p.t. of do. 

didactic (di-dak'tik) , adj. teaching; 
instructing; explanatory. Also di- 
dactical. [Greek.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



DIDACTICS 



253 



DIFFRACTION 



didactics (di-dak'tiks), n.pl. the art of 
teaching. 

didactyl (di-dak'til) , adj. having two 
digits, as fingers or toes: n. an ani- 
mal with two toes on each foot. 

didecahedral (dl-dek-a-he'dral) , adj. 
having the form of a ten-sided prism 
with a five-sided base. 

dido (di'do), n. a caper. [Colloq.] 

didodecahedral (dl-do-dek-a-he'dral) , 
adj. having the form of a prism with 
12 sides and a 6-sided base. 

die (di), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. 
dying], to cease to live; expire; 
perish; wither; languish. 

die (di), n. [pi. dies (dis)],- a small 
cube (pi. dice, see dice) ; a piece of 
engraved metal with a device used 
for coining money, medals, &c; a 
tool used in cutting the threads of 
screws or bolts, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
died, p.pr. dying], to mold, stamp, 
cut with a die. 

dielectric (di-e-lek'trik) , adj. non- 
conducting: n. any medium, as glass, 
&c, that transmits electric force by 
induction. 

dieresis (di-er'e-sis) , n. a sign (**) 
placed over the second of two sepa- 
rate vowels to show that each has a 
separate sound in pronunciation, as 
aerated ; a division in a line or 
verse; cell-division. Also diaeresis. 

Diesel engine (de'sel en'gin), n. an oil- 
engine, using heavy oil, invented by 
Rudolf Diesel, in which the vapor 
produced from the oil is injected 
under extremely high pressure and is 
ignited by air raised to incandes- 
cence by compression, employed on 
ships. 

diesis (dl'e-sis), n. the double dagger 
(t) used in printing; the difference 
between a greater and less semitone. 

diet (di'et), n. solid or liquid food; 
manner of living, with special refer- 
ence co food; a deliberative conven- 
tion; a national or legislative assem- 
bly, as the Hungarian Diet. [Greek.] 

dietary (dl'e-ta-ri) , adj. pertaining 
to the rules of diet: n.pl. dietaries 
(dl'e-ta-riz) ], a certain fixed allowance 
of food; system of diet. 

dietetic (di-e-tet'ik) , adj. regulating 
food or diet. Also dietetical: n.pl. 
that branch of hygiene which relates 
to rules of diet. 



dieting (dl'et-ing), n. the act of eat- 
ing according to regimen. 

differ (dif'er), v.i. to be dissimilar; 
be distinguished from, or have dif- 
ferent properties or qualities; dis- 
agree; contend. 

difference (dif 'er-ens) , n. the act or 
state of being unlike; disparity; 
distinc tion ; controversy ; qu ar rel ; 
on the Stock Exchange, the margin 
payable on settlement: v.t. to distin- 
guish between; discriminate; take 
the difference of. 

different (dif'er-ent), adj. unlike; dis- 
tinct. 

differentia (dif-er-en'shi-aX n. [pi. 
differentiae (dif^er-en'shi-e)], that 
which distinguishes one species 
from another of the same genus. 
[Latin.] 

differential (dif-er-en'shal) , adj. in- 
dicating a difference ; having dif- 
ferent velocities. 

differential calculus (kal'ku-lus), 
n. che method of finding an infinite- 
ly small quantity which shall equal 
a given quantity when taken in- 
finite times. 

differential duties (du'tiz), n.pl. 
duties levied unequally on similar 
produce from foreign countries. 

differentially (dif-er-en'sha-li) , adv. 
in a differential manner. 

differentiate (dif-er-en'shi-at) , v.t. 
to constitute a difference between; 
specialize in structure or functions: 
v.i. to acquire a distinctive and sepa- 
rate character. 

differentiation (dif-er-en-shi-a'shun) , 
n. the act of differentiating; special- 
ization; perceiving differences in 
objects. 

difficult (dif'i-kult), adj. not easy; 
arduous; perplexing; not easily 
managed. 

difficulty (dif'i-kul-ti), n. [pi. dif- 
ficulties (dif'i - kul - tiz) ], something 
that requires labor or skill to over- 
come; scruple; objection; contro- 
versy: pi. complication of affairs; 
embarrassment; perplexity. 

diffidence (dif'i-dens), n. lack of self- 
reliance; modest reserve. 

diffident (dif'i-dent), adj. lacking self- 
reliance; shy; modest. 

diffraction (dif-rak' or di-frak'shun) , 
n. the act of turning aside a ray of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



DIFFRACTIVE 



254 



DIKE 



light when passing the edge of an 
opaque body. 

diffract! ve (dif-rak'tiv) , adj. pertain- 
ing to diffraction. 

diffuse (dif-uV), v.t. to pour out and 
spread all around; scatter; circu- 
late: adj. (dif-us'), widely spread; 
verbose; redundant. 

diffusibility (dif-uz-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
capability of being diffused. 

diffusible (dif-tiz'i-bl), adj. capable of 
being diffused. 

diffusion (dif-u'zhun) , n. the act of 
diffusing; a spreading abroad; the 
mingling of liquids through animal 
membranes. 

diffusive (dif-us'iv), adj. capable of 
^ diffusing; spreading; wide reaching. 

dig (dig), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dug or 

digged, p.pr. digging], to work with 

a spade; cast up earth; study hard: 

v.t. to excavate; break up (ground); 

m search; thrust or force in. 

dig in, v. m reflexive (of an invading 
force); intrench for a prolonged 
# stay. 

digamma (dl-gam'a), n. an early 

Greek letter resembling F, having a 

m sound approaching that of V or W. 

digest (di'jest), n. any compilation, 
abridgment, or summary of laws ar- 
ranged methodically under proper 
heads, or titles; the Pandects of the 
Emperor Justinian; a synopsis: v.t. 
(di-jesf) to arrange methodically un- 
der proper heads or titles; classify; 
dissolve in the stomach by the ac- 
tion of digestive juices; arrange in 
the mind ; soften and prepare by heat: 
v.i. to be digested, or prepared by 
heat. See predigest. 

digester (dl-jest'er), n. an apparatus 
lor extracting the essence of a sub- 
stance by heat. 

digestibility (di-jes-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being digestible. 

digestible (di-jes'ti-bl), adj. capable 
of being digested. 

digestion (di-jes'chun), n. the act of 
digesting; the conversion of food by 
the action of the gastric juices into 
soluble products; mental or physical 
assimilation. 

digestive (dl-jes'tiv), adj. pertaining to 
digestion. 

digger (dig'er), n. one who digs. 

Digger, n. a name of a degraded tribe 



of Calif ornian Indians who subsist 
chiefly on roots. 

digging (dig'ing), n. the act of excavat- 
ing: pi. a locality where mining op- 
erations, especially for gold, are car- 
ried on; residence. 

digit (dij'it), n. a finger or toe; a 
measure (% inch); l-12th of the di- 
ameter of the sun or moon; any one 
of the ten Arabic numerals. 

digital (dij'i-tal), adj. pertaining to a 
digit, as a digital examination. 

digitalin (dij'i-tal-in), n. a poisonous 
crystalline alkaloid obtained from 
the leaves of the foxglove. 

Digitalis (dij-i-ta/lis), n. a genus of 
tall plants, the figworts, including 
the foxglove. 

digitigrade (dij'i-ti-grad), adj. walk- 
ing on the toes, as cats, dogs, &c. 

dignified (dig'ni-fld) , adj. invested, 
or marked, with dignity; noble; 
stately. 

dignify (dig'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dig- 
nified, p.pr. dignifying], to invest 
with, or exalt in, dignity or rank; 
confer honor upon; elevate; ennoble. 

dignitary (dig'ni-ta-ri) , n. [pi. digni- 
taries # (dig'ni-ta-riz)], one who holds 
a position of dignity or honor; an 
ecclesiastic aboye a priest or canon. 

dignity (dig'ni-ti). n. [pi, dignities 
(dig'ni-tiz)], elevation of rank; de- 
gree of excellence; moral worth; 
qualities suited to inspire or com- 
mand respect and reverence. 

digraph (di'graf), n. combination of 
two sounds or characters to repre- 
sent one simple sound, as read. 
Also digram. 

digress (di- or di-gres'), v.i. to turn 
aside; deviate from the main sub- 
ject or line of argument; wander. 

digression (di-gresh'un), n. the act of 
digressing; the angular distance of 
the planets Mercury and Venus from 
the sun. 

digressive (di-gres'iv) , adj. character- 
ized by digression. 

digressively (di-gres'iv-li) , adv. in a 
digressive manner. 

dihedral (di-he'dral), adj. having two 
plane faces or sides. 

dike (dlk), n. an embankment or cut- 
ting of earth, especially one throw q 
up as a protection against the sea, 
floods, &c; a mass of igneous intru- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DILAPIDATE 



255 



DIMPLY 



sive rock. Also dyke: v.t. to sur- 
round, protect or inclose with a 
dike; drain by ditching. 

dilapidate (di-lap'i-dat), v.t. to bring 
into partial ruin by neglect or mis- 
use: v.i. to become dilapidated. 

dilapidation (di : lap-i-da/shun), n. a 
state of partial ruin, especially 
through neglect or misuse. 

dilatable (di-lat'a-bl), adj. expansive. 

dilatation (di-la-ta/shun) , n. expan- 
sion. 

dilate (di-laf), v.t. to enlarge or ex- 
pand in all directions; distend: v.i. 
to be extended or enlarged; speak 
fully and copiously. 

dilator (di-la/ter), n. one who, or that 
which, dilates ; a surgical instru- 
ment for opening or expanding an 
orifice, &c. ; a muscle that dilates the 
parts on which it acts. 

dilatory (dil'a-to-ri) , adj. causing, or 
tending to cause, delay; slow; inac- 
tive. 

dilemma (di- or di-lem/a), n. an 
awkward or vexatious situation; an 
argument which presents an antag- 
onist with alternatives, each of which 
is fatal to his cause. 

dilettante (dil-e-tan'te;, n. [pi. dilet- 
tanti (dil-e-tan'te)], one who pur- 
sues the fine arts, literature, or 
science, only for amusement; an 
amateur: opposed to connoisseur: 
adj. pertaining to dilettanti, or 
dilettantism. [Italian.] 

dilettantism (dil-e-tan'tizm), n. the 
characteristics of dilettanti; ama- 
teurish pursuit of art, literature, &c. 
[used in a disparaging sense]. 

diligence (dil'i-jens), n. careful atten- 
tion; assiduity; industry; a French 
stage-coach (de-le-zhans').. 

dill (dil), n. an herb belonging to the 
parsley family, with an aromatic 
fruit. 

dill-pickle (dil-pik'l), n. a large cu- 
cumber pickled in salt and vinegar. 

dilly-dally (dil'i-dal'i) , v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. -darned, p.pr. -dallying], to loi- 
ter; trifle. 

dilute (di- or dl-lut'), v.t. to thin or 
weaken by the admixture of another 
fluid, especially water; weaken: v.i. 
to become thinner. 

dilution (di-lu'shun), n. the act of di- 
luting; a weak liquid. 



diluvial (di-lu'vi-al) , adj. pertaining 
to, produced by, or resulting from, a 
deluge or flood. 

dim (dim), adj. [comp. dimmer, su- 

Serl. dimmest], somewhat dark; 
azy; obscure; faint; tarnished; ill- 
defined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dimmed, 
p.pr. dimming], to render obscure or 
less distinct; cloud; tarnish; dull: 
v.i. to become dim; fade. 

dime (dim), n. a silver coin = l-10th 
of a dollar, or ten cents: adj. of the 1 
value of a dime. 

dime novel (nov'el), n. a term ap- 
plied to cheap sensational literature. 

dimension (di-men'shun) , n. the size 
or measured extent of a body; cubic 
capacity; the literal factor of an 
algebraic product or term: pi. mag- 
nitude or importance. 

dimensional (di-men'shun-al), per- 
taining to dimension. 

diminish (di-min'ish), v.t. to make 
less; reduce in bulk or amount; 
weaken; impair; detract from; re- 
duce by a semitone: v.i. to lessen; 
dwindle. 

diminuendo (di-min-u-en'do), adv. 
diminishingly; a word used in music. 
[Italian.] 

diminution (dim-i-nu'shun) f< n. the 
act of making less; reduction; les- 
sening. 

diminutive (di-min'u-tiv) , adj. be- 
low the average size; little; con- 
tracted; narrow: n. a word formed 
from another to express the sense of 
littleness. 

dimissory (dim'is-o-ri) , adj. sending 
to the jurisdiction of another; giv- 
ing leave to depart. 

dimity (dim'i-ti), n. [pi. dimities (dim'i- 
tiz)], a cotton cloth of thick texture 
with a ridged surface. 

dimorphism (dl-mor'fizm) , n. the 
quality of assuming, crystallizing, or 
existing in, two forms. 

dimorphous (di-mor'fus), adj. exist- 
ing in two forms. Also dimorphic. 

dimple (dim'pl), n. a small depres- 
sion^ hollow in the cheek or chin; 
an indentation: v.i. to form dim- 
ples, as the sea: v.t. to mark with 
dimples. 

dimply (dim'pli), m adj. full of, or 
marked with, dimples. Also dim* 
pled. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book i 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DIN 



256 



DIPSOMANIA 



din (din), n. a continued and violent 
noise: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dinned, p.pr. 
dinning], to stun with noise: v.i. 
make a clamor. 

dine (din), v.i. to take dinner: v.t. to 
give or provide a dinner for; feed. 

ding (ding), v.i. to sound, as a bell, 
with a continuous monotonous tone: 
v.t. to impress by noisy repetition. 

ding-dong (ding'dong), n. the sound 
of a metallic body produced by 
blows, as a bell. 

dinghy (ding'ji), n. the smallest boat 
of a man-of-war; an East Indian 
ferry-boat; a rowboat with no out- 
riggers; in the U. S., a dory. 

dingily (din'ji-li), adv. in a dingy 
manner. 

dingle (ding'gl), n. a narrow hollow 
between hills; the enclosed weather- 
porch of a house. [Americanism.] 

dingle-dangle (ding'gl-dang'gl) , adv. 
swinging backwards and forwards; 
loosely pendent. 

dingo (ding'go), n. the Australian 
wild dog. 

dingy (din'ji), adj. dark-colored; dirty. 

dinner (din'er), n. the chief meal of 
the day; a dinner party. [French.] 

dint (dint), n. a mark left by a blow 
or pressure; force or power [with 
of]: v.t. to make a mark on or in. 

diocesan (di-os'e-san), adj. of, or 
pertaining to, a diocese: n. a bishop. 

diocese (di'o-ses), n. [pi. dioceses (di'- 
6-se-sez)], a bishop's see; a bishop- 
ric. 

dioptase (di-op'tas) , n. a vitreous em- 
erald green ore of copper. 

dioptric (di-op'trik), adj. assisting 
vision by means of the refraction of 
light in viewing distant objects. 
Also dioptrical. 

diorama (di-o-ra'ma) , n. an exhibition 
of pictures on movable screens, 
viewed through a large opening in a 
darkened room. 

diorite (di'o-rlt), n. a granite-like rock 
consisting of triclinic feldspar and 
hornblende. 

diosmose (di-os'mos), n. the mingling 
of fluids through a permeable mem- 
brane. Also diosmosis. 

dioxide (di-oks'id), n. an oxide con- 
sisting of two atoms of oxygen and 
one atom of a metal. 

dip (dip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dipped, 



p.pr. dipping], to plunge for a short 
time into a fluid ; baptize by im- 
mersion; lower and raise quickly: 
v.i. to immerse one's self; enter 
slightly into anything; sink: n. the 
act of dipping ; the inclination of the 
magnetic needle, or the angle made 
by it; the angle of inclination of 
strata to the horizon. 

diphtheria (dif- or dip-the'ri-a), n. 
a contagious throat-disease charac- 
terized by the formation of a false 
membrane in the air-passages. Also 
diphtheritis. [Greek.] 

diphthong (dif 'thong), n. the union of 
two vowel-sounds pronounced in one 
syllable, as Caesar, boil. 

diploma (di-plo'ma), n. a writing on 
parchment or paper under sign and 
seal, conferring some honor or au- 
thority; any ancient record, such as 
a charter, royal proclamation, war- 
rant, or legal document. [Latin.] 

diplomacy (di-plom'a-si), n. [pi. dip- 
plomacies (di-plom'a-siz)], the art 
of conducting negotiations between 
two States or nations; or of trans- 
acting international business; skill 
in conducting negotiations. [French.] 

diplomat (dip'lo-mat), n. a person 
engaged in diplomacy. 

diplomatic (dip-lo-mat'ik), adj. per- 
taining to diplomacy; characterized 
by special tact in the management 
of affairs. 

diplomatics (dip-lo-mat'iks), n. the 
study of ancient documents (di- 
plomata) with a view to scientific 
investigation of their age, author- 
ship, style of writing, abbreviations 
and other points. See palaeography. 

diplomatically (dip-lo-mat 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. with diplomatic skill; with tact. 

diplomatic corps (kor), n. all the 
diplomatic officers accredited to a sin- I 
gle government or sovereign ; ambas- 
sadors, ministers, secretaries of le- | 
gation, chancellors, and attaches. 

diplomatist (di-plo'ma-tist), n. one | 
who is skilled in diplomacy. 

dipper (dip'er), n. one who, or thai 
which, dips; a water-fowl; a tin cup| 
with a long handle used in the coun- 
try for dipping water. . . 

dippy (dip'i), adj. given to drink ;| 
drunken. 

dipsomania (dip-so-ma'ni-a), n. I 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book :| 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 




COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. 



WILD FLOWERS ( 




>RTH AMERICA 



DIPSOMANIAC 



257 



DISASTROUS 



morbid and uncontrollable craving 
for alcoholic drinks. _ [Greek.] 

dipsomaniac (dip-so-ma'ni-ak) , n. 
one who suffers from dipsomania: 
adj. pertaining to dipsomania. 

dipteral (dip'te-ral), adj. furnished 
with a double row of columns, as in 
temples; dipterous. 

dipterous (dip'te-rus), adj. two- 
winged. 

dire (dir), adj. dreadful; mournful. 

direct ^ (dl-rekt'), adj. straight; not 
circuitous; open; plain; straightfor- 
ward; not of collateral descent; not 
retrograde: v.t. to aim or drive in a 
straight line; guide or show; point 
out or determine with authority: v.i. 
to act as a guide. 

direction (di-rek'shun) , n. relative po- 
sition; a command; order; guid- 
ance; the address of a person on a 
package or ticket. 

directly (dl : rekt'li), adv. in a direct or 
straight line; immediately; openly. 

directness (dl-rekt'nes), n. straightfor- 
wardness ; freedom from ambiguity. 

director (dl-rekt'ter) , n. one who 
directs or superintends; one appoint- 
ed to transact the affairs of the com- 
pany, &c; a spiritual guide. 

directorate (cfi-rekt'to-rat), n. the 
office of a director; a body or board 
of directors. 

directory (dl-rekt'to-ri), n. [pi. direc- 
tories (dl-rekt'to-riz)], a book con- 
taining the names, addresses, and 
occupations of the residents of a 
place ; a bod y of directors ; a book of 
rules or directions for divine worship : 
adj. guiding; commanding. 

direct primary (dl-rekf prl'ma-ri), n. 
method of selecting the nominees of a 
party for political office by direct vote 
of the people, winners of the primary 
becoming the party's candidates in 
the regular election. 

direful (dir 'fool), adj. dreadful; dismal. 

dirge (derj), n. a funeral hymn. 

dirigible (dir'i-ji-bl) , adj. that may 
be guided or steered: n. a dirigible 
aircraft. 

dirk (derk), n. a dagger. 

dirt (dert), n. any foul or filthy sub- 
stance; garden earth. 

dirtiness (der'ti-nes) , n. the state or 
# quality of being dirty. 

dirty (der'ti), adj. impure; soiled; mor- 



ally unclean; disgusting; muddy; 
sloppy: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dirtied, p.pr. 
dirtying], to soil; sully; tarnish. 

dis-, Latin prefix, signifies separation, 
privation or negation. 

disability (dis-a-biTi-ti) , n. [pi. dis- 
abilities (dis-a-bil'i-tiz)], lack of 
physical, intellectual, or social fit- 
ness; legal incapacity. 

disable (dis-a'bl), v.t. to deprive of 
power; disqualify; impoverish; in- 
capacitate. 

disabuse (dis-a-buz'), v.t. to clear from 
mistakes or false conceptions, set 
right. 

disaffect (dis-a-fekf), v.t. to fill with 
discontent; alienate the affections 
from; disturb the functions of. 

disaffection (dis-a-fek'shun),n. aliena- 
tion of affection ;_ disloyalty; ill-will. 

disagree (dis-a-gre'), v.i. to be at 
variance; to differ. 

disagreeable (dis-a-gre 'a-bl), adj. ex- 
citing repugnance or displeasure: «. 
that which is displeasing or un- 
satisfactory. 

disagreeableness (dis-a-gre'a-bl-nes), 
n. unpleasantness. 

disagreeably (dis-a-gre'a-bli), ocfc. 
in a disagreeable manner. 

disappear (dis-a-per'), v.i. to pass 
away; vanish. 

disappearance (dis-a-per'ans) , n. re- 
moval from sight. 

disappoint (dis-ap-point'), v.t. to 
thwart or frustrate the hopes of; 
fail to keep an appointment with. 

disappointment (dis-a-point'ment), 
n. defeat or failure of expectation; 
state of depression caused by failure, 
&c. 

disarm (dis-arm'), v.t. to deprive of 
arms; reduce to a peace footing; 
render harmless; subdue. 

disarmament (dis-arm'a-ment), n. 
the act of disarming ; reduction to a 
peace footing. _ 

disarray (dis-a-ra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
arrayed, p.pr. disarraying], throw 
into disorder; rout: n. negligent or 
insufficient dress; confusion. 

disaster (dis-as'ter) , n. a sudden or un- 
expected misfortune; a serious acci- 
dent. 

disastrous (dis : as'trus) , adj. occasion- 
ing loss or misfortune; unfortunate; 
calamitous. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge^ met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



DISAVOW 



258 



DISCOURSE 



disavow (dis-a-vow') , v.t. to abjure. 

disband (dis-band')., v.t. to dismiss 
from military service; break up: v.i. 
to be dismissed. 

disbar (dis-bar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
barred, p.pr. disbarring], to deprive 
a lawyer of his right to practice. 

disburden (dis-ber'dn) , v.t. to remove 
a burden from; relieve of anything 
annoying or oppressive: v.i. to ease 
one's mind. 

disburse (dis-bers'), v.t. to expend. 

disbursement (dis-bers'ment), n. 
money expended. 

disc, another form of disk. 

discard (dis-kard'), v.t. to cast off as 
useless; dismiss from service; reject 
as useless: v.i. in card-playing, to 
throw out cards not required. 

discern (diz-ern'), v.t. to distinguish 
mentally, or with the eye; judge or 
decide between: v.i. to make distinc- 

tion - * r> 

discernible (diz-ern i-bl) , adj. per- 
ceptible. 

discernment (diz-ern'ment) , n. acute- 
ness in judgment; penetration; dis- 
crimination. 

discharge (dis-charj'), v.t. unload; dis- 
embark; free from any burden, im- 
pediment, or obligation; exonerate 
or acquit; free from restraint or 
custody; let fly; explode; perform 
(a trust or duty): v.i. to send out 
liquid matter: n. the act of discharg- 
ing; that which is discharged; an 
explosion; a flowing or issuing out; 
dismission from office or employ- 
ment; liberation. 

disciple (di-si'pl), _ n. one who re- 
ceives the teaching of another; a 
scholar; a follower. 

disciplinable (dis'i-plm-a-bl), adj. 
capable of instruction or liable to 
disciplinary punishment. 

disciplinarian (dis-i-pli-na'ri-an) , adj. 
pertaining to discipline: n. one who 
advocates, or enforces, strict disci- 
pline. 

disciplinary (dis'i-plin-a-ri), adj. per- 
taining to discipline. 

discipline (dis'i-plin), n. mental or 
moral training; education; subjec- 
tion to control; military regulation; 
chastisement: v.t. to train to obe- 
dience or efficiency; regulate; chas- 
tise. 



disclaim (dis-klam'j, v.t. to disown 9 
repudiate. 

disclaimer (dis-klam'er) , n. dis- 
avowal; denial. 

disclose (dis-kloz'). v.t. to uncover; 
reveal. 

disclosure (dis-kloz 'ur), the act of 
revealing anything secret; discov- 
ery. 

discoid (dis'koid), adj. disk-shaped. 

discolor (dis-kul'er),' v.t. to change 
from the natural color; give a false 
complexion to; stain. 

discomfit (dis-kum'fTt), v.t. to defeat; 
rout; frustrate; thwart. 

discomfiture (dis-kum'fi-tur) , n. de- 
feat; disappointment. 

discommode (dis-kom-od') , v.t. to 
inconvenience. 

discompose (dis-kom-poz'), v.t. dis- 
arrange; vex; ruffle. 

discomposure (dis-kom-poz'ur), n. 
agitation; unrest. 

disconcert (dis-kon-sert'), v.t. to dis- 
turb the composure or self-posses- 
sion of; frustrate. 

disconsolate (dis-kon'so-lat) , adj. 
hopeless; sad. 

disconsolately (dis-kon'so-lat-li) , adv. 
hopelessly; sadly. 

discord (dis'kqrd), n. disagreement; a 
confused noise; a combination of 
discordant sounds; disagreement in 
coloring or parts. 

discordant m (dis-kord'ant), adj. at 
variance; inharmonious; jarring; in- 
congruous. m 

discount (dis'kount), n. a sum de- 
ducted or allowed for prompt pay- 
ment of an account ; a deduction 
made according to the current rate 
of interest: v.t. (dis-kount'), to al- 
low a discount on; advance money, 
deducting a certain rate per cent.; 
make a deduction from; antici- 
pate. 

discourage (dis-kur'aj), v.t. to deprive 
or lessen the courage of; dishearten; 
deter. 

discouragement (dis-kur'aj-ment) , n. 
the act of depriving of confidence; 
that which destroys courage. 

discourse (dis-kors'), n. speech or lan- 
guage; conversation; a treatise or 
dissertation; sermon: v.t. & v.i. to 
talk or converse; utter; communi- 
cate ideas orally. 



ate, arm, at, awl 



me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
hue, hut; think, then. 



DISCOVER 



259 



DISHONOR 



discover (dis-kuv'er), v.t. to bring to 
light; reveal; find (something previ- 
ously unknown). 

discovery (dis-kuv'er-i) , n. [pi. dis- 
coveries (dis-kuv'er-iz)], a bringing 
to light or making known, especially 
for the first time; disclosure. 

discreet (dis-kret'), adj. prudent; cir- 
cumspect. 

discrepancy (dis-krep'an-si), n. incon- 
sistency; difference. Also discrep- 
ance. 

discrepant (dis-krep'ant) , adj. dis- 
agreeing; different. 

discrete (dis-kref) , adj. separate from 
others; distinct; not continuous. 

discretion (dis-kresh'un) , n. prudence; 
judgment; sagacity; skill. 

discretionary (dis-kresh'un-a-ri) , adj. 
done at one's will and choice. 

discriminate (dis-krim'i-nat) , v.t. to 
observe or mark the differences be- 
tween; select: v.i. to make a differ- 
ence or distinction. 

discrimination (dis-krim-i-na'shun) , 
n. power of penetration; faculty of 
nice discernment. 

discriminative (dis - krim'i - na - tiv) , 
adj. characteristic. 

discriminator (dis-krim'i-na-ter) , n. 
one who discriminates. 

discursive (dis-ker'siv) , adj. desultory. 

discursively (dis-ker'siv-li), adv. in a 
discursive manner. 

discursiveness (dis-keVsiv-nes) , n. 
digression. 

discuss (dis-kus'), v.t. to debate; agi- 
tate; reason upon; test (viands). 

discussion (dis-kush'un) , n. argument; 
debate; ventilation of a question. 

disdain (dis-dan'), v.t. to think unwor- 
thy; deem unsuitable; look upon 
with contempt or scorn: n. con- 
tempt; haughty, _or indignant scorn. 

disdainful (dis-dan 'f ool) , adj. con- 
temptuous. 

disdainfully (dis-dan'f oo-li) , adv. in a 
disdainful manner. 

disease (di-zeV), # n. any mental, 
moral, or physical disorder; mal- 
ady; illness: v.t. to cause disease in; 
derange. 

disembogue (dis-em-bog') , v.t. to 
pour out or discharge at the mouth: 
said of a river: v.i. to find a vent, 
pass across, or out, at the mouth of 
a river. 



disembowel (dis-em-bou'el) , v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. disemboweled, p.pr. disem- 
boweling], to deprive of bowels; 
wound in the abdomen, so that the 
bowels protrude. 

disfiguration (dis-fig-u-ra/shun), n. 
deformity. 

disfigure (dis-fig'ur) , v.t. to injure the 
shape, form, or beauty of; deform* 

disfranchise (dis-fran'chiz) , v.t. to de- 
prive of electoral or municipal priv- 
ileges ; especially the right to vote. 

disgorge (dis-gorj'), v.t. to force out of 
the mouth or stomach with violence; 
surrender what has been unlawfully 
obtained; make restitution of. 

disgrace (dis-gras') , n. the state of be- 
ing out of favor; ignominy; shame; 
dishonor: u.t. to bring shame, re- 
proval, or dishonor upon; dismiss 
with dishonor. [Old French.] 

disgraceful (dis-gras 'fool) , adj. charac- 
terized by, or occasioning, disgrace. 

disgracefully (dis-gras 'f oo-li) , adv. in 
a disgraceful manner. 

disguise (dis-giz'), v.t. to change the 
appearance of, as by an unusual 
dress; counterfeit; conceal: n. a 
dress designed to conceal the iden- 
tity of the wearer; counterfeit ap- 
pearance; false pretense. [French.] 

disgust (dis-gustO, v.t. to cause aver- 
sion in, or repugnance to; offend the 
moral sense of: n. strong aversion 
or repugnance. [French.] 

dish (dish), n. a broad hollow vessel 
with a rimmed edge ; food served in 
a dish: v.t. to put into a dish for 
serving at table [often with up]; 
frustrate. 

dishabille (dis-a-bel') , n. undress or 
negligent attire. Also, and cor- 
rectly, deshabille. 

dishearten (dis-har'tn) , v.t. to discour- 
age. 

dishevel (dis-hev'l), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
disheveled, p.pr. disheveling], to dis- 
order (the hair) or cause it to hang 
negligently: v.i. to be spread in dis- 
order. 

dishonor (dis-on'er), v.t. to deprive of 
honor; bring shame upon the char- 
acter of; lessen the reputation of; 
violate the chastity of; refuse, or 
fail, to pay (a bill or note when due 
and presented) : n. disgrace ; igno- 
miny; shame; violation of dignity. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DISHONORABLE 



260 



DISPENSABLE 



dishonorable (dis-on'er-a-bl),. adj. 
discreditable; shameful; ignominious. 

disinclination (dis-in-kli-na'shun), n. 
an aversion or dislike to anything. 

disinfect (dis-in-fekt'), v.t. to remove 
dangerous germs from a body. 

disingenuous (dis-in-gen'u-us), adj. 
lacking frankness. 

disintegrate (dis-in'te-grat) , v.t. to 
break up into component parts by 
mechanical or atmospheric agency: 
v.i. separate. 

disintegration (dis-in-te-gra/shun) , n. 
the act of disintegrating; wearing 
down of rocks by atmospheric in- 
fluences; separation. 

disjunctive (dis-jungk'tiv) , adj. serv- 
ing, or tending, to disjoin or sepa- 
rate: n. a disjunctive conjunction 
which connects grammatically two 
words or clauses disjoined in meaning. 

disk (disk), n. an ancient quoit; a 
flat circular plate, or anything re- 
sembling it; the whole surface of a 
leaf. Also disc. [Greek.] 

dislike (dis-lik'), n. a strong feeling 
of repugnance or aversion; antip- 
athy: v.t. to regard with aversion. 

dislocate (dis'lo-kat) , v.t. to put out of 
joint; interrupt the_ continuity of. 

dislocation (dis-lo-ka/shun) , n. the 
act of dislocating; a joint put out of 
its socket; a displacement of strati- 
fied rocks. 

dislodge (dis-loj'), v.t. to remove or 
drive out from a place of lodgment; 
drive from a hiding place or chosen 
station. 

disloyal (dis-loi'al) , adj. unfaithful to 
one's sovereign or country; untrue 
to plighted faith or duty. 

dismal (diz'mal), adj. gloomy; de- 
pressing; dark; horrid; sorrowful. 

dismantle (dis-mant'l), v.t. to strip 
or divest of furniture, equipment, or 
means of defense; raze; demolish. 

dismay (dis-ma/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
mayed, p.pr. dismaying], to terrify; 
dispirit; discourage; intimidate: n. 
loss of courage through fear. 

dismember (dis-mem'ber) , v.t. to cut 
or tear limb from limb; sever into 
parts and distribute; dislocate; sev- 
er; divide. 

dismiss (dis-mis'), v.t. to send away; 
permit to depart; discharge from of- 
fice or employment. 



dismissal (dis-mis'al) , n. the act of 

dismissing; removal from office, &c. 

dismount (dis-mount'), v.t. to re- 
move from a horse or the like; to 
displace from a mounting, as a can- 
non: v.i. to alight; to descend. 

disobedience (dis-6-be'di-ens) , n. fail- 
ure or refusal to submit to lawful au- 
thority. 

disobedient (dis-o-be'di-ent), adj. re- 
fusing or failing to submit to lawful 
authority. 

disobey (dis-o-ba/), v.t. to refuse to 
submit to lawful authority. 

disorder (dis-or'der) , n. want of J order 
or arrangement; lack of system; ir- 
regularity; breach of public order; 
riot; mental or physical disease: v.t. 
to throw into confusion; disturb the 
regular mental or physical func- 
tions; derange; ruffle. 

disordered (dis-or'derd), p. adj. disor- 
derly; irregular; loose; unruly; dis- 
reputable. 

disorderly (dis-6r'der-li) , adj. con- 
fused; unmethodical; unruly. 

disorganize (dis-or'ga-niz), v. t. to 
throw into confusion. 

disown (dis-on'), v.t. to cast off; to 
sever specific or general relations. 

disparage (dis-par'aj), v.t. treat with 
contempt; criticise unjustly; depre- 
ciate; belittle. 

disparagement (dis-par'aj-ment) ? n. 
the act of disparaging; depreciation; 
reproach; disgrace [often with to], 

disparity (dis-par'i-ti), n.[pl. dispari- 
ties (dis-par'i-tiz)], inequality of 
rank, station, degree, or excellence; 
disproportion. 

dispassionate (dis-pash'un-at), adj. 
free from passion; calm; unprej- 
udiced; impartial. 

dispassionately (dis-pash'un-at-li), 
adv. in a dispassionate manner. 

dispatch (dis-pach'), v.t. to send off; 
expedite; put to death; finish quick- 
ly: n. speedy performance; celerity; 
an official document sent from one 
public official to another; a telegram. 

dispel (dis-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
pelled, p.pr. dispelling], to drive 
away by, or as by, scattering; dis- 
perse; dissipate. 

dispensable (dis-pen'sa-bl), adj. that 
which may be dispensed with. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DISPENSARY 



261 



DISSENSION 



dispensary (dis-pen'sa-ri), n. [pi. dis- 
pensaries (dis-pen'sa-riz)], a place 
where medicines are kept and made 
up; a charitable institution for 
providing the poor with medical 
advice and medicines. 

dispensation (dis-pen-sa'shun), n. the 
act # of dispensing; distribution; that 
which is appointed or bestowed by a 
higher power; the particular way by 
which, at different periods, God has 
made known His dealings with man- 
kind; the suspending of a rule or 
law in some particular case; a li- 
cense granted from the Pope, or by 
a bishop. 

dispense m (dis-pens')., v.t. to _ deal out 
in portions; distribute; give forth 
effusively; excuse: v.i. to give dis- 
pensation; distribute medicines. 

dispermous (dl-speVmus) , adj. two- 
seeded. 

disperse (dis-pers'), v.t. to scatter 
in different directions or parts; dif- 
fuse; spread; cause to vanish: v.i. 
to separate; go to different parts; 
vanish out of sight. 

dispersion (dis-peVshun) , n. the act of 
dispersing; the separation of light 
into different colored rays in passing 
through a prism. 

dispersive (dis-per'siv) , adj. tending 
to disperse. 

dispirit (dis T pir'it) , v.t. to depress the 
spirits of ; dishearten ; render cheerless. 

displace (dis-plas'), v.t. to put out of 
place; disorder; depose from office 
or dignity. 

displacement (dis-plas'ment), n. the 
act of displacing; substitution; ap- 
parent change of position ; the weight 
of water displaced by a solid body 
immersed in it. 

display (dis-pla/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
played, p.pr. displajing], to spread 
out; unfold; exhibit; force into no- 
tice ; manifest mentally or physically : 
v.i. to make a display. 

displeasure (dis-plezh'ur) , n. annoy- 
ance; vexation; distaste; pique. 

disport (dis-port'), v.t. to amuse > or 
divert [with -seZ/] ; to display gaily: 
v.i. to play. 

disposable (dis-poz'a-bl), adj. free to 
^be employed ;_subject to disposal. 

disposal (dis-poz'al), n. arrangement; 
order; control; right of bestowing. 



dispose (dis-poz'), v.t. to place; ar- 
range; order; distribute; adapt; in- 
cline. 

disposition (dis-po-zish'un) , n. the 
act of disposing; order; arrange- 
ment; natural temperament. 

disputable (dis'pu-ta-bl) , adj. liable 
to be disputed ;_called in question. 

disputant (dis'pu-tant), adj. engaged 
in controversy: n. a controversial- 
ist. 

disputation (dis-pu-ta'shun) ,n. a ver- 
bal controversy; an altercation. 

dispute (dis-put'), v.i. to debate; 
argue: v.t. contend for by words or 
actions; express doubt of; contro- 
vert: n. a controversy; altercation; 
quarrel; contest. 

disquisition (dis-kwi-zish/un), n. a 
systematic investigation or discus- 
sion of some subject; an elaborate 
essay. 

disrate (dis-rat'), v.t. to degrade or 
lower in rank, as a petty officer. 

disruption (dis-rup'snun), n. forcible 
separation; breach. < 

disruptive (dis-rup'tiv), adj. causing 
disruption. 

dissatisfaction _ (dis-sat-is-f ak'shun), 
n. unrest of mind; discontent. 

dissect (di-sekt'), v.t. to cut in pieces; 
anatomize; divide and examine mi- 
nutely. [Latin.] 

dissection (di-sek'shun) K n. the act of 
dissecting or cutting in pieces for 
scientific examination; anatomy; nice 
examination and analysis of any 
work. 

dissector (di-s_ek'ter) , n. an anatomist. 

disseize (di-sez'), v.t. to deprive of 
seizin or possession; dispossess un- 
lawfully. 

disseizin (di-sez'in), n. the act of un- 
lawfully dispossessing a person of an 
estate. [Norman French.] 

dissemble (di-sem'bl), v.t. to hide un- 
der a false appearance ; give the sem- 
blance of something else to: v.u 
to act the hypocrite. 

dissembling (di-sem'bling) , n. dis- 
simulation. 

disseminate (di-sem'i-nat),?;.Z.to scat- 
ter abroad, like seed; . propagate; 
diffuse. 

disseminator (di-sem'i-na-ter) , n. one 
who, or that which, disseminates. 

dissension (dis-sen'shun) , n. strife; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DISSENT 



262 



DISTEMPEIt 



disagreement; breach of union; va- 
riance. 

dissent (di-sent'), v.i. to disagree in 
opinion [with from]; refuse adher- 
ence to an Established Church: n. 
difference of opinion; refusal to ac- 
knowledge or conform to an Estab- 
lished Church. 

dissenter (di-sent 'er) , n. a noncom- 
formist; one opposed to an Es- 
tablished Church. 

dissentient (di-sen'shent) , adj. dis- 
senting: n. one who disagrees. 

dissenting ( di-sent 'ing), # p.adj. per- 
taining to, or characterized by, dis- 
sent ; separating from an Established 
Church; pertaining to dissenters. 

dissertation (dis-er-ta'shun) , n. a for- 
mal argumentative discourse; trea- 
tise setting forth the results of an 
investigation, as a contribution to 
existing knowledge, usually said of 
a thesis presented by advanced uni- 
versity students who are candidates 
for the doctorate in philosophy. 

dissever (di-sev'er), v.t. to cut in two; 
disjoin; divide; separate. 

dissidence (dis'i-dens) , n. disagree- 
ment. 

dissident (dis'i-dent) , adj. not agree- 
ing, or conforming: n. one who dis- 
agrees or dissents. 

dissilient (di-sil'i-ent), adj. springing 
asunder, or bursting open with force. 

dissimulate (di-sim'u-lat)^ v.i. & v.t. 
to dissemble; feign; disguise. 

dissimulation (di-sim-u-la'shun) , n. 
hypocrisy; false pretense; fallacious 
appearance. 

dissipate (dis'i-pat)., v.t. to scatter 
completely; drive in different direc- 
tions; squander: v.i. to engage in 
dissipation. 

dissipated (dis'i-pat-ed) , p.adj. scat- 
tered; dispersed; characterized by 
dissipation. 

dissipation (dis-i-pa'shun), n. the act 
or state of being dissipated; mental 
distraction; excessive # indulgence in 
luxury, especially drink or vicious 
pleasures. 

dissociate (di-so'shi-at), v.t. to separate. 

dissolubility (di-sol-u-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
capacity of being dissolved. 

dissoluble (dis'ol-u-bl) , adj. capable of 
being dissolved or converted into a 
fluid. 



dissolute (dis'o-lut), adj. given to vice 
or dissipation ; loose in morals or con- 
duct. 

dissolution (dis-o-lu'shun) , n. the act 
of dissolving or liquefying; separa- 
tion of component parts; separation 
of the soul from the body ; death ; a 
breaking up of a union of persons, 
as a society, &c. 

dissolutionism (dis-o-lu'shun-izm), n. 
the social theory of anarchism or 
nihilism. 

dissolvable (dis-ol'va-bl) , adj. that 
may be dissolved. 

dissolve (dis-olv'), v.t. to liquefy; 
melt; terminate; annul: v.i. to be- 
come liquefied; waste away; sepa- 
rate. 

dissonance (dis'o-nans) , n. discord; 
lack of harmony. 

dissonant (dis'o-nant) , adj. discordant. 

dissuade (di-swad'), v.t. to advise or 
counsel against; divert by argument. 

dissuasion (di-swa'zhun) , n. the act 
of dissuading; advice or persuasion 
against a purpose or action. 

dissuasive (di-swa'siv) . adj. tending 
to dissuade: n. an argument em- 
ployed to dissuade. 

dissyllable (di-siFa-bl) , n. a word of 
two syllables. 

distaff (dis'taf), n. [pi. distaffs (dis'- 
tafs)], the staff from which flax is 
drawn in spinning. 

distance (dis'tans), n. the space or 
interval between two objects or 
points; remoteness of time, rank, re- 
lationship or place ; interval between 
two notes; reserve of manner; alien- 
ation: v.t. to place remotely; leave 
behind in a race. 

distant (distant), adj. remote; re- 
served. 

distaste (dis-tast'), n. aversion of the 
palate; dislike; disinclination. 

distasteful (dis-tast'f ool) , adj. un- 
pleasant to the taste; expressive of 
dislike. 

distastefully (dis-tast'foo-li), adv. in 
a distasteful manner. * 

distemper (dis-tem'per), v.t. to disor- 
der or disease; derange the func- 
tions of; compound (colors) for use 
in distemper painting ; a disease ; 
a catarrhal disease affecting young 
dogs; a method of painting in spe- 
cially prepared opaque colors mixed 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DISTEND 



263 



DITTY 



with a binding medium soluble in 
water: used for mural decoration. 

distend (dis-tend'), v.t. to stretch out 
in all directions; expand: v.i. to 
swell. 

distention (dis-ten'shun) , n. a swell- 
ing out. 

distich (plis'tik), n. a couplet. 

distill (dis-til'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dis- 
tilled, p.pr. distilling,] > to fall in 
drops; flow gently; trickle forth; 
practice the art of distillation; v.t. 
to let fall in drops; obtain by dis- 
tillation; rectify. 

distillate (dis'tii-at) , n. the product 
of distillation found in the receiver 
of a distilling apparatus. 

distillation (dis-til-a'shun) , n. the 
process of distilling; the substance 
drawn by the still. 

distinct (dis-tingkt')t. adj. separate; 
different; clear; plain; unconfused. 

distinction (dis-tingk'shun) , n. mark 
of difference or superiority; emi- 
nence of rank or conduct; fame; dis- 
crimination. 

distinctive (dis-tingk'tiy) , adj. mark- 
ing a difference or distinction; char- 
acteristic; discriminating; plain. 

distingue (dis-stan-ga'), adj. distin- 
guished. [French.] 

distinguish (dis-ting'gwish) , v.t. to 
separate from others by some mark 
of honor or preference; designate 
by special characteristics; discrim- 
inate; make known: v.i. to make a 
distinction [with between]. 

distinguished (dis-ting'gwisht) , p. adj. 
eminent ; celebrated ; conspicuous ; 
noted. 

distort (dis-tort), v.t. to twist or turn 
from the natural shape or figure; 
twist; pervert from the true mean- 
ing; misrepresent. 

distortion (dis-tor'shun) , n. the act 
of distorting ; perversion ; a deformity. 

distract (dis-trakf) , v.t. to perplex; 
harass; confuse the mind; bewilder; 
derange. 

distraction (dis-trak'shun) , n. per- 
plexity; mental distress; insanity. 

distractive (dis-trak'tiv) , adj. causing 
distraction. 

distrain (dis-tran'), v.t. to seize and 
hold (goods or chattels) as security 
for payment of a debt: v.i. to levy 
a distress. 



distraint (dis-trant'). n. the act of dis- 
training for debt. 

distrait (dis-tra/), adj. absent-minded. 

distraught (dis-trawt'), adj. bewil- 
dered or harassed. 

distress (dis-tres'), v.t. to inflict pain 
or suffering upon; grieve; harass; 
perplex; in law, to seize for debt: n. 
physical or mental anguish; the act 
of distraining; goods taken in dis- 
traint. 

distribute (dis-trib'ut), v.t. to deal 
out or divide; allot; apportion; ar- 
range according to classification; 
dispose of separately; separate and 
return (as types) to their respective 
cases. 

distribution (dis-tri-bu'shun) , n. the 
act of distributing; apportionment; 
arrangement; classification. 

distributive (dis-trib/u-tiv), adj. per- 
taining to distribution: n. a distrib- 
utive word, as "separately." 

district (dis'trikt), n. a territorial di- 
vision; circuit; region or tract of 
country. 

distrust (dis-trust'), n. want of confi- 
dence, faith or reliance; suspicion; 
discredit: v.t. to have no confidence 
or trust in; doubt; suspect. 

distrustful (dis-trust 'fool) , adj. sus- 
picious. 

distrustfully (dis-trust 'f oo-li) , adv. 
suspiciously. 

disturb (dis-terb), v.t. to trouble; vex; 
throw into confusion; agitate; dis- 
place. 

disturbance (dis-terb'ans) , n. the in- 
terruption of a settled state; uproar; 
mental agitation. 

distyle (dis'til), n. a two-columned 
portico. [Greek.] 

disulphate (di-sul'fat), n. a sulphate 
containing one atom of hydrogen, 
replaceable by a basic element. 

disulphide (di-sul'fid), n. a sulphide 
containing two atoms of sulphur. 

disuse (dis-iis'), n. lack of use; cessa- 
tion. 

ditch (dich), n. a trench cut in the 
earth; a moat: v.i. make a ditch : 
v.t. surround with a ditch. 

ditto (dit'to), n. that which has been 
said; a duplicate: adv. as before; 
likewise. > [Italian.] 

ditty (dit'i), n. [pi. ditties (dit'iz)], a 
little song. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



DIURETIC 



264 



DIVISION 



diuretic (dl-u-ret'ik), adj. aiding the 
secretion and flow of urine. [Greek.] 

diurnal (di-er'nal), adj. pertaining to 
a day; daily; performed in twenty- 
four hours; active during the day- 
time: n. a day-book; journal. 

diurnally (di-er'na-li), adv. daily. 

diva {de'va), n. a prima donna. 
[Italian.] 

divan (di-van'), n. a court of justice; 
a council of state in Turkey; a coun- 
cil-hall; a smoking-room; couch. 

dive (dry), v.i. to plunge head fore- 
most into water; enter deeply into 
any subject or question: v.t. to ex- 
plore by diving: n. a sudden plunge 
head foremost into water. 

dive (div), n. & place of low resort 
where drunkards and harlots con- 
sort together. 

diverge (di-verj'), v.i. to spread out 
from one point; recede from. 

divergence (di-ver'jens), n. a receding 
from each other; a tending apart. 

divergent (dl-ver'jent), adj. tending 
to diverge. 

divers (di'verz), adj. various; sundry. 

diverse (di'vers or dl-vers')., adj. es- 
sentially different; dissimilar; sep- 
arate. 

diversification (di-ver-si-fi-ka/shun) , 
n. variation. 

diversify (di-ver'si-f I) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
diversified, p.pr. diversifying], to 
make different from another; give 
variety to; discriminate; variegate. 

diversion (di-veVshun) , n. variation; 
alteration; pastime; the act of di- 
verting the attention of an enemy 
from the real point of attack. 

divert (di-verf), v.t. to turn aside 
from any direction or course ; draw 
away from; entertain; amuse. 

divertimento (di-vert-i-men'to) , n. a 
light pleasant vocal or instrumen- 
tal composition. [Italian.] 

divertissement (di-ver'tiz-mang) , n. 
amusement; recreation; an entr'- 
acte, as a ballet, &c. [French.] 

divest (di-yest'), v.t. to strip or deprive 
of anything; despoil; make bare. 

divestiture (di-vest'i-tur), n. sur- 
render of property. 

divide (di-vid'), v.t. to cut into two 
or more parts; separate; keep apart; 
disunite by discord; distribute: v.i. 
to be separated; cleave; diverge; 



have a share; vote by division: n. 
a watershed. 

divided skirt (di-vid'ed skert), n. a 
skirt made so as to combine both 
skirt and knickerbockers. 

dividend (div'i-dend) , n. a share of 
the profits of a public company or 
business; a sum paid pro rata out of 
a bankrupt's estate; interest payable 
on money invested in the public 
funds; a number or quantity to be 
m divided. [Latin.] 

divi-divi (div'i-div'i), n. astringent 
husks of a South American tropical 
plant, used for dyeing and tanning. 

divination (div-i-na'shun), n. the act 
of divining; the pretended art of 
foreseeing future events by super- 
natural or magical agency. 

divine (di-vin'), adj. partaking of the 
nature of God ; excellent in the high- 
est degree; godlike; sacred; holy; 
pertaining to theology: n. a the- 
ologian; clergyman: v.t. to foretell; 
presage: v.i. to conjecture; guess. 

diving (div'ing), n. the act of plunging 
into water; connected with, or used 
in, diving. 

diving-bell (div'ing-bel) , n. a hollow 
apparatus supplied with air for the 
diver, used for various purposes 
below the surface of the water. 

divining-rod (di-vin'ing-rod) , n. a 
forked rod or branch, as of witch- 
hazel, which, when held loosely in 
the hand, is said to be drawn down 
to the ground where water or min- 
erals are situated. 

divinity (di-vin'i-ti) , n. [pi. divinities 
(di-vin'i-tiz)], the state or quality of 
being divine; Godhead; a pagan or 
healthen deity; theology. 

divisibility (di-viz-i-biri-ti) , n. the 
quality of being divisible. 

divisible (di-viz'i-bl) , adj. capable of 
being divided; capable of division 
without a remainder. 

division (di-vizh'un) , n. the act or 
state of being divided; separation; 
a partition; section; discord; dif- 
ference; the separating of the mem- 
bers of a legislative or municipal 
assembly in order to take a vote; 
two or more brigades under the com- 
mand of a general officer; a section 
of a fleet under one commander; the 
process of finding how many times 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DIVISIONAL 



265 



DOG-DAYS 



one number or quantity is contained 
in another. 

divisional (di-vizh'un-al) , adj. per- 
taining to division. 

divisor (di-vl'zor) , n. the number by 
which another (the dividend) is 
divided. [Latin.] 

divorce (di-vors'). n» a dissolution of 
the marriage bond by legal au- 
thority: v.t. to dissolve the mar- 
riage contract between by legal 
authority; release from close union. 

divorcement (di-vors'ment), n. the 
act or process or divorcing (Deut. 
xxiv. 1). 

divort (di-vortO, n. a watershed. 

divulge (di-yulj'), v.t. to make known, 
as something previously kept secret; 
disclose. 

dizziness (diz'i-nes), n. giddiness. 

dizzy (diz'i), adj. giddy. 

do (doo), v.t. [p.t. did, p.p. done, p. 
pr. doing], m to perform; achieve; 
cause to bring about; make ready 
for some object or purpose; cheat or 
swindle: v.i. to act or behave; suc- 
ceed; suffice; fare as to health: n. a 
trick or hoax. 

docile (dos'il) , adj. easy to teach ; 
tractable; easily managed. 

docility (do-sil'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being docile. 

dock (dok), n. a place for constructing 
and laying up ships ; the place where 
a prisoner stands in a court to be 
tried; a coarse weed with broad 
leaves; the tail of a horse after it 
has been docked: v.t. to cut off or 
curtail; deduct from; diminish. 

dockage (dok'aj), n. reduction; provi- 
sion or accommodation for the dock- 
ing of vessels; money paid for the 
use of a dock. 

docket (dok'et), v.t. to mark the con- 
tents or titles of papers on the back 
of them; indorse: n. a directed label 
or ticket tied on goods; a summary 
of a larger writing; a digest. 

dockyard (dok'yard), n. sl place where 
ships are built and naval stores are 
kept. 

doctor (dok'ter), n. one skilled in any 
particular branch of knowledge; an 
academical degree denoting the 
highest proficiency in a faculty of 
a university ; a learned man ; a medi- 
cal practitioner: v.t. to treat medi- 



cally; tamper with or give a false 
appearance to: v.i. to practice 
medicine; undergo medical treat- 
ment. 

doctorate (dok'ter-at) , n. the degree 
of doctor. 

doctrinaire (dok-tri-nar') , n. one who 
theorizes on political or other mat- 
ters, disregarding practical consid- 
erations: adj. visionary. 

doctrinal (dok'trin-al) , adj. m pertain- 
ing to, or containing, doctrine. 

doctrinally (dok'tri-na-li) , adv. in a 
doctrinal manner. 

doctrine (dok'trin), n. that which is 
taught; the principles, belief, or 
dogma of any church, sect or party. 

document (dok'u-ment) , n. a printed 
or written paper relied upon to es- 
tablish some fact or assertion, or con- 
veying information. 

documentary (dok-u-men'ta-ri), adj« 
pertaining to, derived from, or con- 
sisting of, documents. 

dodder (dod'er) , n. a parasitical plant. 

dodecagon (do-dek'a-gon) , n. a figure 
with twelve sides and twelve angles* 

dodecahedron (do-dek-a-he'dron), k. 
a solid having twelve faces. 

dodge (doj), v.i. to start aside and shift 
about; evade by craft; avoid; prac- 
tice tricky devices: v.t. to establish 
by starting aside: n. the act of 
dodging; a trick. 

dodo .(do 'do), n. [pi. dodos (do'doz)]. 
a large extinct bird with a short 
neck, a large hooked bill, short 
wings and legs. 

doe (do), n. the female of a buck or 
fallow deer, or of an antelope, rab- 
bit, or hare. 

doeskin (do'skin), n. the skin of a doe: 
a fine woolen cloth with a smooth 
finish. 

doff (dof), v.t. to take or put off, 
as clothes: v.i. remove the hat in 
saluting. 

dog (dog), n. a domesticated carnivo- 
rous animal belonging to the genua 
Canis; name of various mechanical 
contrivances: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dog- 
ged, p.pr. dogging], to hunt as a 
dog; follow pertinaciously. 



dogcart (dog'kart ) , ?i . a light cart with 
two transverse seats back to back. 

dog-days (dog'daz), n.pl. a period in 
July and August when the dog-st» 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
550 hue, hut ; think, then. 



DOGE 



266 



DOLOROSO 



or Sirius rises and sets with the 
sun; usually the hottest part of the 
summer. 

Doge (doj), n. the title of the chief 
magistrates of the ancient republics 
of Venice and Genoa. [Italian.] 

dog-ear (dog'er), v.t. to turn the cor- 
ners on the leaves of a book. Also 
dog's ear. 

dogfish (dog'fish), n. a species of 
littoral shark very destructive to fish. 

dogged (dog'ed), adj. stubborn; perti- 
nacious. 

dogger (dog'er), n. a two-masted ves- 
sel with a broad beam: used in the 
cod and herring fisheries by the 
Dutch in the North Sea.^ 

doggerel (dog'er-el), n. a kind of verse 
devoid of skill or rhythm: adj. weak 
and illiterate in construction: said of 
verse. 

doggish (dog'ish), adj. cur-like; snap- 
pish. 

doggy (dog'i), n. a pet name for a 
dog; in college slang, a snob; one 
guilty of bad form: adj. devoted to 
the breeding of dogs. 

dogma (dog'ma), n. [pi. dogmas (dog'- 
maz)], or dogmata (dog'ma-ta), 
an established principle, tenet, or 
doctrine; a doctrine stated in a for- 
mal manner and received by the 
Church as authoritative. 

dogmatic (dog-mat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, dogma; 
positive; authoritative; dogmatical: 
n.pl. doctrinal theology. 

dogmatically (dog-mat 'i-ka-li), adv. 
in a dogmatic manner. 

dogmatism (dog'ma-tizm), n. dog- 
matic or positive assertion of opinion. 

dogmatize (dog'ma-tlz), v.i. to make 
dogmatic assertions; utter positive 
assertions without > adducing proof: 
v.t. to treat dogmatically. 

dog-star (dog'star), n. the brightest 
of all the stars. In the summer 
months it rises and sets with the 
sun. It is also called Canicula 
[Latin, "little dog"] and also Sirius. 
See dog-days. 

dog-tooth (dog'tooth), n. % a sharp- 
pointed tool for working in marble. 

dog- trot (dog'trot), n. a gentle trot. 

dog-watch (dog'woch), n. one of two 
watches on board ship of two hours 
each, between 4 and 8 p.m. 



dogwood (dog'wood), n. the wild 
cornel. 

doily (doi'li), n. [pi. doilies (doi'liz)], 
a small mat or napkin: used on 
dessert plates, &c. 

doings (doo'ingz), n.pl. things done; 
movements; conduct. 

doldrums (dol'drumz), n.pl. a sailor's 
term for the tropical zones of calms 
and variable winds; depression of 
spirits ; the dumps. 

dole (dol), n. that which is dealt out 
sparingly; alms: v.t. to deal out 
sparingly. 

doleful (doTfool), adj. sorrowful; dis- 
mal. 

dolefully (dol'foo-li), adj. sorrow- 
fully; dismally. 

dolerite (dorer-it), n. a dark-colored 
basic igneous rock; basaltic green- 
stone. 

doll (dol), n. a girl's puppet or toy- 
baby; a childish-featured girl or 
woman. 

dollar (dol'ar), n. a silver coin current 
in the United States and Canada — ■ 
100 cents; a coin of various other 
countries. [Dutch.] 

dollar- diplomacy (dol'ar-di-plo'ma- 
si), n. diplomacy that aims chiefly at 
commercial advantage. 

dolly (dol'i), n. [pi. dollies (dol'iz)], a 
little doll; a block used in pile driv- 
ing; an apparatus for washing 
clothes; a contrivance for washing 
ore in mining. 

Dolly Varden (var'dn), n. a woman's 
dress of fight bright-figured muslin, 
worn over a bright-colored petti- 
coat. From Dickens's "Barnaby 
Rudge." 

dolman (dol'man), n. a long Turkish 
outer garment; an hussar's uniform 
jacket; a woman's sleeveless mantle. 

dolmen (dol'men), n. a sepulchral 
monument, consisting of a large un- 
hewn stone resting on two or more 
unhewn stones, set on end or on edge. 
See cromlech. 

dolomite (dol'o-mit), n. a crystalline 
variety of magnesian limestone. 

dolor (do'ler), n. sorrow; pain. Also 
written dolour. 

dolorific (dol-o-rif'ik), adj. causing 
grief. 

doloroso (dol-o-ro'so), adv. softly; a 
term used in music. [Italian.] 



g,te, arm, at, awl; me, merge^^ met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, boGk; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



DOLOROUS 



267 



DONKEY 



dolorous (dol'o-rus), adj. sorrowful. 

dolour (do'ler), n. see dolor. 

dolphin (dol'fin), n. the name of a 
cetaceous mammal of the genus 
Delphinus and alhed genera. 

dolt (dolt), n. a heavy stupid fellow. 

dom (dom), n. a title of respect ap- 
plied to gentlemen in Portugal and 
Brazil; in Portugal a tide of the 
king when Portugal was reigned by 
the Braganzas_. 

domain (do-man'), n. lordship; au- 
thority; empire; landed property; 
demesne. 

dome (dom),_n. a hemispherical roof. 

domestic (do-mes'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the house or household af- 
fairs; private; home-made: n. a 
household servant: pi. articles of 
home manufacture, especially cot- 
ton-cloths. 

domestic economy (e-kon'o-mi) , n. 
the art of managing household af- 
fairs in the best and thriftiest man- 
ner. 

domestically (do-mes'ti-ka-li) , adv. 
privately. 

domesticate (do - mes'ti - kat) , v.t. 
to make domestic; familiarize with 
domestic life; tame: v.i. to become 
domestic. 

domesticity (do-mes-tis'i-ti), n. [pi. 
domesticities (do-mes-tis'i-tiz)], the 
state of being domestic; domestic 
character. 

domicile (dom'i-sil), n. a permanent 
residence or place of abode; home: 
v.t. to establish in a fixed residence. 

domiciliary (dom-i-sil'i-a-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to the residence of a person 
or family, as u a domiciliary visit.' ' 

dominant (dom'i-nant) , adj. exercis- 
ing chief authority; ruling; predomi- 
nant ; ascending : n. the recitative 
note in Gregorian scales; the fifth 
tone of a musical scale in any as- 
cending key. 

dominate (dom'i-nat) , v.t. to govern; 
rule; predominate over: v.i. to be 
dominant. 

domination (dom-i-na'shun) , n. the 
act of dominating; absolute author- 
ity ; power. 

domineer (dom-i-ner') , v.i. to exer- 
cise authority arrogantly or tyrannic- 
ally; bluster. 

dominical (do-min'i-kal) , adj. per- 



taining to Christ as Lord, or to Sun- 
day: n. a dominical letter. 

Dominical letter (let'er), n. one of 
the letters (A B C D E F G) used in 
the calendar of the Prayer Book to 
denote Sunday throughout the year 
and to determine the date of Easter 
Day. 

dominie (dom'i-ne), n. a schoolmas- 
ter; a clergyman of the Dutch Re- 
formed Churchy 

dominion (do-min'yun) , n. supreme 
authority; sovereignty; independent 
right or possession; a territory or 
country subject to the control of one 
government; such especially is the 
Dominion of Canada. 

domino (dom'i-no), n. [pi. dominos 
(dom'i-noz)], a large loose silk cape 
or cloak with large sleeves and a 
hood used as a masquerade garment; 
an ecclesiastical hood: pi. a game 
played with 28 oblong dotted pieces 
of bone or wood (dominoes). 

dom-pedro (dom-pe'dro), n. the name 
of the game of sancho-pedro when 
played with the joker. 

don (don), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. donned, 
p.pr. donning], to put on; invest 
with; assume: n. a Spanish title 
of courtesy [Latin]; [fern. m Dona 
(don'ya')]; a fellow or collegiate dig- 
nitary. 

donate (do'nat), v.t. to contribute, 
especially to some religious or phil- 
anthropic object. 

donation (do-na'shun), n. a charitable 
gift; benefaction; present. 

donative (don'a-tiv), adj. vested or 
vesting by donation: n. a gift. 

donator (do-na'ter), n. a giver. 

done (dun), p. adj. completed; pub- 
lished officially; cooked sufficiently; 
thoroughly fatigued; cheated: interj. 
agreed! 

donee (do-ne'),^. a person to whom 
a gift or donation is made. 

dongola (don'go-la), n. a goatskin, 
or sheepskin tanned to resemble kid. 

doni (do'ni), n. a single-masted Cey- 
lonese coasting vessel with a long sail. 

donjon (don' or dun'jun), n. the 
principal tower or keep of a mediae- 
val castle, containing the prison. 

donkey (dong'ki), n. [pi. donkeys 
(dong'kiz)], an ass; a stupid or obsti- 
nate fellow. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DONNA 



268 



DOUBLE 



donna (don'na), n. a lady. [Italian.] 

donnish (don'ish) , adj. characteris- 
tic of a don. [Academic] 

donnism (don'izm), n. academic self- 
importance. 

donor (do'ner), n. a giver. 

doom (doom), n. a judicial sentence 
of condemnation; the infliction of 
a sentence; irrevocable destiny; 
fate; ruin; the Day of Judgment: 
v.L to pronounce condemnation 
upon; sentence to punishment; or- 
dain as a penalty. 



dormitory (dor'mi-to-ri), n. [pl % 
dormitories (dor'mi-to-riz)], a large 
apartment capable of holding several 
beds; in college parlance, a hall de- 
voted to rooms and suites in which 
the students live; adjacent to the 
lecture-halls or buildings where in- 
struction is given. 

dormouse (dor'mous), n. [pi. dormice 
(dor 'mis)], a small European squirrel- 
like rodent. 

dorsal (dor'sal), adj. pertaining to, or 
situated near, the back. 



doomsday (doomz'da), n. the day of dory (do'ri), n. [pi. dories (do'riz)], a 



final and universal judgment 

Doomsday Book (dumz'da buk) or 
Domesday Book (domz'da buk), ft. 
a great book prepared by the early 
Norman kings in England, and con- 
taining a list of the great estates 
that might be confiscated or heavily 
taxed. 

door (dor), n. the gate or entrance 
of a house; portal; means ^of access. 

dope (dop), n. a stupefying drink 
used for criminal purposes, as for 
robbery of the unwary; material for 
newspaper or magazine articles: v.t. 
dope out, to plan; to furnish ma- 
terial for journalistic work. 
slang.] 

Dorian (do'ri-an), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, Doris, a small 
district of ancient Greece: n. a 
member of the Doric or Dorian race, 
one of the four great division of the 
ancient Greeks. 

Doric (dor'ik), adj. Dorian: n. the 
broad hard dialect of the Dorians. 

Doric Order (or'der) , the oldest and 
simplest of the three orders of Greek 
architecture. A Doric column has 



popular name for a golden-colored 
fish much esteemed for the table; 
the wall-eyed pike-perch, John Dory ; 
a small flat-bottomed skiff with a 
sharp prow. 

dosage (do'saj), ft. the operation of 
putting into sparkling wines some- 
thing to give them a distinctive 
taste; in medicine, the nature and 
quantity of a dose. 

dose (dos), ft. the quantity of medi- 
cine to be taken at one time; any- 
thing nauseous; quantity: v.t. to 
give doses to; administer anything 
objectionable or nauseous. 
[U. S. dost (dust), 2 p. sing. pres. indie, of do. 

dot (dot), ft. a small point or speck; 
a diminutive child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
dotted, p.pr. dotting], to mark with 
dots or specks. 

dotage (do'taj), ft. imbecility of 
mind due to old age; foolish or ex- 
cessive affection, 

dotard (do'tard), ft. one whose intellect 
is impaired by age; one who is 
foolishly affectionate: adj. doting. 

dote (dot), v.i. to exhibit the weak- 
ness of age; bestow excessive love. 
no base except the steps which lead doth (duth), 3 p. sing, indie, of do. 
to it, and no ornament upon its dotterel (dot'er-el), ft. a small plover t 
capital except a delicate curve (the dottle (dot'tl), n. the ashes and refuse 
echinus). It is expressive of stern of a tobacco-pipe. 
beauty, delicately appreciated by double (dub'l), adj. twofold; two of 

a sort; being in pairs; twice as 



the architect. 
Doricism (dor'i - sizm) , ft. a Doric 

idiom, phrase, or peculiarity. 
dorking (dqr'king), ft. one of a breed 

of domestic fowls. 
dormant (dor'mant), adj. sleeping; 

quiet; in abeyance. 
dormer (dor'mer), n. a bedroom; a 

window pierced vertically in the side 

of a roof. 



much; deceitful; insincere: ft. twice 
the quantity; a duplicate; trick; a 
turning back to escape pursuit; an 
apparition; a fold or plait: pL 
changes rung on five bells; games 
played by two on a side: v.t. to 
make double; duplicate; repeat: 
fold; sail round or by: v.i. to in- 
crease to twice the quantity; return 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

ilue, hut; think, then. 



DOtJBLE-BASS 



269 



DOWNWARD 



on one's track; march at double 
quick time: adv. twice over. 

double-bass (dub-1-bas') , n. the larg- 
est violin. 

double- dagger (dub-1-dag'er) , n. a 
reference mark {%). 

double entendre (doo'bl an-tan'- 
dr), n. a word or phrase with a 
double meaning, one of which is 
usually indelicate. [French.] 

doubleness (dub'1-nes), n. the state 
of being double; duplicity. 

doublet (dub'let), n. a duplicate; 
pair; a kind of close-fitting man's 
garment; a ring in which the stone 
has been split into t vo halves, or 
one shallow stone i .posed upon 
another. 

doubloon (dub-loon'), n. zl Spanish 
gold coin. [Spanish.] 

doubly (dub'li) , adix twice the quan- 
tity or degree; in a double or twofold 
manner. 

doubt (dout), v.i. to waver in opin- 
ion; hesitate; be in suspense: i>i. 
to suspect; distrust: n. uncertainty 
of mind; suspense; scruple; per- 
plexity . 

doubtful (dout'fool), adj. of uncer- 
tain issue; questionable; hazardous - 
insecure. 

doubtfully (dout'f oo-li) , adv. in a 
doubtful manner. 

doubting (dout'ing), adj. inspiring, or 
subject to, doubt; questionable. 

doubtless (dout'les), adv. assuredly 
certainly. 

douche (doosh), n. a jet or current 
of water directed upon some part 
of the body. 

dough (do), n. a soft mass of mois- 
tened flour yet unbaked. 

doughtily (dou'ti-li), adv. valiantly. 

doughtiness (dou'ti-nes) , n. valor; 
bravery. 

ioughty (dou'ti),ad/. valiant; strong. 

doughy (do'i), adj. soft like dough. 

Douma and Duma (doo'ma), n. the 
lower house of the Russian parlia- 
ment. 

douse (dous), v.t. to plunge suddenly 
into a liquid; extinguish; lower sud- 
denly, as a sail: v.i. to fall into 
water; to use the divining rod. 

dove (duv), n. a pigeon of the genus 
Columba; a term of endearment. 

dovecote (duv'kot), n. a small house 



or box with compartments for 
doves. 

dovetail (duv'tal), v.t. to unite by a 
joint resembling a dove's tail spread 
out; fit closely and exactly. 

dowager (dou'a-jer), n. the widow 
of a king, prince, or person of rank; 
a widow with a jointure. [Old 
French.] 

dowdily (dou'di-li), adv. in a dowdy 
manner. 

dowdiness (dou'di-nes) , n. the state of 
being dowdy. 

dowdy (dow'di) and dowd (doud), *. 
[pi. dowdies (dow'diz)], a slatternly 
woman who affects finery: adj. 
slovenly or ill-dressed; shabby. 

dowel (dou'el), n. a pin to connect 
two pieces of wood by being sunk 
in the edges of each; a piece of 
wood driven into a wall to seeurt 
something else: v.t. to fasten b$ 
dowels. 

dower (dou'er), n. that part of a hus- 
band's property which his widow en- 
joys during her life; jointure; per- 
sonal endowment. 

dowlas (dou'las), n. a kind of coarse 
linen cloth. 

down (doun), n. soft feathers, hair, 
or wool; the soft fibres of plants: 
pi. a tract of bare, hilly land used 
for pasturing sheep ; banks or round- 
ed hillocks of sand: adv. from a 
higher to a lower degree or position: 
at the lowest point; on the ground; 
below the horizon; from earlier to 
later times; in hand, or on the 
counter; on paper, or in a book: 
adj. dejected; downcast: prep, along 
a descent; from a higher place to a 
lower; along the course or current of. 

downcast (doun'kast), adj. directed 
downwards : # sad: n. the ventilating 
shaft of a mine. 

downfall (doun 'f awl), v. a falling 
downwards; sudden fall from rank 
or reputation: ruin. 

downgrade (doun'grfld > ). n. a down- 
ward movement: reverse of fortune', 
departure from the orthodox stan- 
dard of belief. 

downright (doun'rit), adj. straight to 
the point; blunt; unceremonious, 
adv. perpendicularly; completely; 
thoroughly. 

downward (doun 'ward), adj. tending 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DOWNY 



270 



DRAMATIC 



to the ground ; moving from a higher 
to a lower place, grade, or direc- 
tion; descending: adv. from a higher 
to a lower condition, state, or place; 
from the source. Also downwards. 

downy (doun'i), adj. covered with, or 
made of, down; soft; restful; cun- 
ning; artful. [English slang.] 

dowry (dou'ri), n. [pi. dowries (dou'- 
riz)], the property a woman brings 
to her husband at marriage; gift 
or possession. 

doxology (doks-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. dox- 
ologies (doks-ol'o-jiz)], an as- 
cription or short hymn of praise to 
God. [Greek.] 

doze (doz), v.i. to sleep lightly or fit- 
fully: n. a' light sleep, or nap. 

dozen (duz'n), n. twelve units. [A 
remnant of the duodecimal system.] 

drab (drab), n. a kind of thick dull 
brown or yellowish-grey woolen 
cloth; a tint of such a color; a dis- 
solute woman; a prostitute: adj. 
of a drab color. 

drabble (drab'l), v.t. to make wet or 
dirty by dragging through mud or 
water: v.i. to fish with a long fine 
and rod. 

drac (drak), n. an evil spirit; lilia- 
ceous palm-like plants, to which the 
dragon-tree belongs. [French dia- 
lect.] 

drachma (drak'ma), n. [pi. drach- 
mae (drak'me) , > drachmas ('maz)], a 
Greek silver coin, of a value in U. S. 
money of about eighteen cents 
($0.18). Also drachm. 

draff (draf), n. refuse from malt 
breweries; hog's-wash; dregs. 

draft (draft), n. a sketch or outline; 
bill of exchange; an order for mon- 
ey; detachment of soldiers; the act 
of drawing a load; the state of be- 
ing drawn; the act of drinking or 
the amount drunk at once; an out- 
line or sketch; the act of sweeping 
with a net; the quantity of fish 
caught at one draw of the net; the 
depth of water t a vessel draws or 
to which she sinks; a current of 
air: v.t. to delineate or sketch out; 
call forth; select by a draft for mili- 
tary service. 

drag (drag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dragged, 
p.pr. dragging], to pull or draw 
along by force ; draw along slowly 



or heavily; haul; tug: v.t. to trail 
along the ground: n. the act of 
dragging; a net or apparatus for 
drawing along the bottom of the 
water; a coach drawn by four 
horses; a kind of sledge for heavy 
loads; the difference between the 
draft of water forward or aft of a 
ship. 

draggle (drag'l), v.t. to wet or soil 
by dragging in the mud or along 
the ground: v.i. to become dirty or 
wet by dragging. 

draggle-tail (dra'gl-tal) , n. a sloven- 
ly woman. 

dragoman (drag'o-man) , n. [pi. drago- 
mans (drag'o-manz)], in the East, 
an interpreter, or agent for travelers, 
especially an interpreter attached 
to an embassy. [Arabic] 

dragon (drag'un) , %. a fabulous animal 
represented as a winged serpent or 
lizard; a fierce person; a winged 
heraldic beast: adj. fierce; destruc- 
tive. [Greek.] 

dragon-fly (drag'un-fll) , n. an insect 
with a long slender abdomen, large 
eyes and wings. 

dragon's-blood (drag'unz - blud) , n. 
the red juice and gum of several 
South American and East Indian 
trees. 

dragoon (dra-goon'), n. originally a 
kind of mounted infantry, now cav- 
alry, either light or heavy, wearing 
helmets: v.t. to harass or reduce to 
submission by military force; to 
harass; to worry; to force into some 
action against one's will. 

drain (dran), v.t. to draw off grad- 
ually; exhaust: v.i. to become dry: 
n. a channel or pipe for superfluous 
water; a sewer; the act of exhaust- 
ing. 

drainage (dran'aj), n. the act or means 
of draining ; that which is drained off. 

drake (drak), n. a male duck. 

dram (dram), n. l-8th of an ounce 
troy, and l-16th of an ounce avoir- 
dupois; a small quantity of spiritu- 
ous liquor. 

drama (dra'ma), n. a prose or poet- 
ical composition depicting a story of 
human life in character, &c, on the 
stage; theatrical entertainment. 

dramatic (dra-mat'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or appropriate to, the drama. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DRAMATICALLY 



271 



DREDGE 



dramatically (dra-mat/i-ka-li) , adv. 
in a dramatic manner. 

dramatis personse (dram'a-tis per- 
so'ne), the characters in a play or 
drama. [Grseco-Latin.j 

dramatize (dram'a-tiz) , v.t. to com- 
pose in the form of a drama; adapt 
for stage representation. 

dramaturgy (dram'a-ter-ji) , n. the 
art of dramatic composition; rep- 
resentation and stage effect. 

drank, v.t. & p.p. of drink. 

drape (drap), v.t. to cover with cloth; 
arrange in folds or hangings. 

draper (dra/per), n. a dealer in wool- 
en or cotton cloth, &c. 

drapery (dra/per-i), n. [pi. draperies 
(dra/per-iz)], textile cloths or fabrics 
used for garments or hangings; cos- 
tumes represented in sculpture or 
painting. 

drastic (dras'tik), adj. powerful; 
vigorous; severe. [Greek.] 

draught (draft), n. Same as draft. 

draughts (drafts), n. the game of 
checkers. 

Dra vidian (dra-vid'i-an) , adj. be- 
longing to the great group of na- 
tives who inhabit Southern India. 

draw (draw), v.t. m [p.t. drew, p.p. 
drawn, p.pr. m drawing], to pull along 
or haul; raise; suck in; pull out; 
force out; elongate; disembowel; 
win, as in a lottery; drive or beat 
out; sketch; draft; # require a cer- 
tain depth to float in; entice or al- 
lure; induce; receive; 7mte out 
leave undecided: v.i. to produce mo- 
tion; act as an inducement; shrink; 
come together or near; practice 
drawing; settle in the water to a 
certain depth: n. the act of draw- 
ing ; a lot or chance drawn ; a game 
left undecided; a feeler; the act of 
drawing a covert. 

drawback (drawbak), n. loss of 
advantage ; a discouragement ; money 
paid back, especially to an importer 
of goods on which customs duty has 
been paid on their being exported. 

drawbridge (draw'brij), n. a bridge 
which may be wholly or partially 
lifted up. 

drawee (draw-e'), n. one on whom an 
order, bill of exchange, or a draft 
is drawn. 

drawer (draw'er), n. one who draws; a 



draftsman; a sliding box-like ar- 
rangement for holding clothes, pa- ! 
pers, &c; one who draws a bill of 
exchange, or an order for the pay- 
ment of money: pi. an under-gar- 
ment worn by both sexes, covering 
the lower part of the body and legs. 

drawing (drawing), n. delineation; 
attraction or motion; a distribution 
in a lottery: pi. the takings or re- 
ceipts of a business. 

drawing-room (draw'ing-room) , n. a 
room for the reception of company; 
a formal reception by the sovereign, 
or a distinguished official; the com- 
pany assembled in a drawing-room. 

drawl (drawl), v.t. to utter in a slow, 
lazy tone: n. a slow, lazy manner of 
speaking. 

drawn (drawn), p. adj. left unde- 
cided; disemboweled; contracted. 

dray (dra), n. a low, stoutly-built 
cart used for heavy loads. 

dread (dred), v.t. to fear greatly; an- 
ticipate with shrinking or terror; 
venerate: v.i. to be in great fear: 
n. apprehensive terror; reverential 
awe: adj. awful; solemn. ^ 

dreadful (dred'fool), adj. inspiring 
dread. 

dreadfully (dred'foo-li), adv. in a 
dreadful manner. 

dreadnaught (dred'nawt), n. a fear- 
less person; a thick woolen felted 
cloth; a recent type of battleship of 
vast size and carrying enormous guns. 

dream (drem), n. a train of thoughts 
or images passing through the mind 
during sleep; an idle fancy: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. m dreamt, # p.pr. dreaming], to 
see or imagine in sleep; think about 
vainly: v.i. to have a train of ideas 
in sleep. 

dreamless (drem'les), adj. without 
dreams. 

dreamy (drem'i) , adj. pertaining to, 
or full of, dreams ; indistinct ; vision- 
ary. 

drear (drer) L adj. dismal; sorrowful. 

drearily (drer'i-li) ; adv. gloomily. 

dreary (drer'i), adj. cheerless; gloomy. 

dredge (drej), n. # a drag or instru- 
ment for sweeping the bottoms of 
rivers to bring up something: v.L 
to clean out and deepen by a dredge; 
gather with a dredge; sprinkle flour 
upon. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DREGS 



272 



DRIZZLY 



(dregz), n.pl. the sediment of 
liquor; lees; worthless matter. 

Breibund (dri'boont), n. a triple al- 
liance, especially that (1883) be- 
tween Germany, Austria-Hungary, 
and Italy for mutual defense. 

drench (drench), v.t. to wet thorough- 
ly; steep in moisture; forcibly ad- 
minister a draft to: n. a large draft; 
a dose of medicine for a horse or cattle. 

Dresden (drez'den), n. a fine porce- 
lain made near Dresden in Saxony. 

dress (dres),v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dressed, 
p.pr. dressing], to invest with, or 
as with, clothing; adorn; deck out; 
embellish; prepare or make ready; 
cook; curry or rub down; adjust 
to a straight line; prune or trim: v.i. 
to put on clothes: n. a covering for 
the body; a robe; external finish or 
ornament ; adjustment. [Old French.] 

dresser (dres'er), n. one who regulates 
or adjusts dress; a surgeon's as- 
sistant; a set of shelves or open 
cupboard for plates, &c; a com- 
bination of mirror and bureau. 

dressing (dres'ing), n. the act of put- 
ting on clothes; material used in 
sizing or stiffening fabrics; the 
smoothing of the surface of stone; 
sauce or stuffing used for preparing 
a dish; a beating; reprimand; an 
external application to a wound ; the 
preparation of mineral ores for the 
furnace. 

dressing-gown (dres'ing-goun), n. 
a light, easy, loose gown worn while 
dressing _ or in neglige. 

drew (droo), p.t. of draw. 

dribble (drib'l), v.i. to fall in small 
drops; drip: v.t. to let fall in drops; 
give out or deal in small portions; 
in football to give a slight kick or 
shove to: n. a drizzling shower; a 
trickling out in small drops. 

driblet (drib'let), n. a small piece, 
part, or sum. 

dried (drid), p.t. & p.p. of dry. 

drier (dri'er), n. one who, or that 
which, dries; a substance added to 
paint, &c, causing it to dry quick- 
ly; an apparatus for drying off 
moisture. 

drift (drift), n. the direction in 
which anything is driven; an im- 
pellent force; overbearing influence; 
an accumulation heaped up by sea 



or wind; tendency; scope; the hori- 
zontal passage of a mine; a collec- 
tion of loose earth, rocks, &c, trans- 
ported from a distance by the 
agency of ice ; # leeway made in a 
gale; the direction of a current: v.t. 
to drive along, or in heaps; cover 
with driftage: v.i. to be carried 
along by a current, or by circum- 
stances; accumulate in heaps. 

driftage (drift'aj), n. that which is 
drifted; leeway caused by wind or 
sea currents. 

drill (dril), v.t. to pierce with a 
drill; bore; perforate; instruct thor- 
oughly in the rudiments of any busi- 
ness, &c; train; sow in lines or 
rows: v.i. to engage in military ex- 
ercises: n. a tool for boring or mak- 
ing holes in a hard substance; a 
machine for sowing seeds in rows; 
military exercise. 

drilling (dril'ing), n. the act of using 
a drill; a heavy, firm twilled cloth. 

drink (dringk), v.i. [p.t. drank, p.p. 
drunk, p.pr. drinking], to swallow a 
liquid; imbibe alcoholic liquors ha- 
bitually: n. any beverage swallowed 
to quench thirst; as much liquor as 
can be taken at once; strong or in- 
toxicating liquor. 

drip (drip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dripped, 
p.pr. dripping], to fall in drops: v.t. 
to let fall in drops: n. that which 
falls in drops; a projecting cornice 
to throw off rain. 

drive (driv), v.t. [p.t. drove, p.p. 
driven, p.pr. driving], to impel or 
urge forward by force; propel; com- 
municate motion to; convey in a 
vehicle: v.i. to press, or be impelled, 
forward with violence; travel in a 
carriage; aim a blow [with let]', n. 
the act of driving or impelling; a 
strong blow; a road prepared for 
driving; an excursion in a carriage; 
an annual gathering of cattle for 
branding; a forward blow given to 
a ball at cricket ; a forward movement 
in force by an army. 

drivel (driv'el), v.i. to slaver; be weak 
or foolish in speech. 

driven (driv'n), p.p. of drive. 

drizzle (driz'l), v.i. to rain slightly 
or in misty drops: n. fine misty rain. 

drizzly (driz'li), adj. shedding fine 
rain. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DROIT 



273 



DRUMMOND-LIGHT 



droit (droit or drwa), n. equity; right 
of ownership, especially in land ; cus- 
tom; duty. [French.] 

drole (drol), n. a funny fellow; buf- 
foon. [French.] 

droll (drol), adj. ridiculous; queer. 

drollery (drol'er-i), n. [pi. drolleries 
(drorer-riz)], the quahty of being 
droll; buffoonery. 

drolling (droring), n. burlesque, 

drolly (droi'H), adv. comically. 

dromedary (drom'e-da-ri) , n. [pi. 
dromedaries (drom'e-da-riz)], one 
of a domesticated breed of camels 
distinguished for its speed and by 
having one hump. [French.] 

drone (dron), v.i. to utter in a mo- 
notonous tone or sound; live in idle- 
ness: v.t. to read in a monotonous 
tone: n. a dull, monotonous tone; 
one of the pipes of a bagpipe; the 
male of the honey-bee which pro- 
duces no honey; a lazy fellow. 

drool (drool), v.i. to slaver as an in- 
fant; to utter foolish and imbecile 
remarks ;_ to drivel. 

droop (droop), v.i. to sink or hang 
down; languish; bend down gradu- 
ally: v.t. cause to hang down: n. 
the act of drooping. 

droopy (droo'pi), adj. drooping; feel- 
ing enervated, or dull. 

drop (drop), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dropped, 
dropt, p.pr. dropping], to fall in 
drops; distil; sink to a lower posi- 
tion; fall in death; visit informally 
[with in]: v.t. to let fall; discon- 
tinue; utter casually; send off (a 
hasty note): n. a globule of mois- 
ture; something that hangs like a 
drop; a small quantity of a liquid; a 
falling trap-door; the painted cur- 
tain of a theater (drop-scene): pi. 
medicine regulated by drops. 
'drop-shutter (drop-shut'er), n. a 
device, operated by a spring, for 
taking instantaneous photographs. 

dropsical (drop'si-kal), adj. affected 
with dropsy. 

dropsy (drop'si), n. an unnatural accu- 
mulation of serous fluid in any 
cavity of the body or its tissues; a 
disease affecting the food-sac of 
young trout; blue swelling. 

dropt, p.t. & p.p. of drop. 

dross (dros), n. the scum or slag of 
melted metal; sediment; refuse. 



drought (drout), n. continued ar> 
sence of rain or moisture ; dryness. 

drove (drov), p.t. of drive: n. a collec- 
tion of cattle or sheep driven in a 
body; a crowd; sprats caught early 
in the season. 

drown (droun), v.i. to perish by suf- 
focation in w r ater: v.t. to suffocate 
by immersion in water; overwhelm; 
inundate; deluge. 

drowse (drouz), v.i. to be heavy with 
sleepiness; be half -asleep: n. a light 
sleep. 

drowsiness (drouz'i-nes), n. sleepiness. 

drowsy (drouz'i), adj. sleepy; sluggish, 

drub (drub), v.t. [p.t. & p. p. drubbed, 
p.pr. drubbing], to beat vigorously: 
n. a thump. 

drudge (drudj), v.i. to labor hard at 
mean or uncongenial tasks; slave: 
v.t. to spend or pass laboriously: n. 
one employed in menial work who 
works hard for insufficient remu- 
neration. 

drudgery (drudj'er-i), n. the work of a 
drudge; mean servile labor. 

drug (drug), n. an ingredient used 
in medicine; a narcotic; an unsal- 
able article: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drug- 
ged, p.pr. drugging], to mix drugs 
w-ith; render stupid by a narcotic 
drug; to take or to administer drugs 
habitually. [French.] 

drugget (drug'et), n. a coarse woolen 
fabric used as a floor-cloth. m 

druggist (drug'ist) , n. a dealer in drugs. 

Druid (droo'id), n. a priest of the 
ancient inhabitants (probably pre- 
Celtic) of Britain, Gaul, and Ger- 
many. Feminine, Druidess. 

drum (drum), n. an instrument of 
percussion, consisting of a hollow 
cylinder with vellum at the ends, 
and beaten with sticks (drum- 
sticks); the tympanum of the ear; 
a drum-shaped box for figs; a cylin- 
der or revolving shaft: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. drummed, p.pr. drumming], to 
beat a drum; beat up recruits; beat 
rapidly with the fingers: v.t. to pl^y 
on a drum ; din ; expel ignominiously 
[w^ith out], [Danish.] 

drumhead (drum'hed), n. the head or 
top of a drum; the top of a capstan. 

drummer (drum'er) , n. one who plays 
a drum; a commercial traveler. 

Drummond-light (drum'und-lit) , n. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 
IS hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



DRUMSTICK 



274 



DUEL 



another name for the limelight of 
calcium light, and named from its 
inventor Capt. Thomas Drummond. 

drumstick (drum'stik), n. the stick 
with which a drum is beaten; the 
outer joint of a fowl's leg. 

drunk (drungk), p.p. of drink: n. a 
fit of drunkenness; a drunken per- 
son: adj. intoxicated. 

drunkard (drungk'ard), n. one habit- 
ually drunk. 

drunken (drungk'en), p. adj. habit- 
ually intemperate. 

drunkenness (drungk'en-nes) , n. the 
state of being drunk; habitual in- 
temperance; frenzy. 

dry (dri), adj. [comp. drier, superl. 
driest], free from moisture or wet- 
ness; not yielding juices; devoid of 
interest ; unintentionally humorous 
or quaint: v.t. free from moisture or 
juice; stop the flow of; parch. 

dryad (dii'ad), n. a wood nymph. 

dry dock (dri'dok), n. a dock, or basin, 
in which ships are laid up dry for re- 
pairs. 

dryly (dri'li), adv. without moisture; 
m a dry manner ; coldly ; sarcastically. 

dry-nurse (dri'ners), v.t. to rear with- 
out the breast. 

drysalt (dri'sawlt), v.t. to cure by salt- 
ing and drying, as meat. 

dual (du'al), adj. expressing or com- 
posed of the number two: n. the 
form of the noun or verb connoting 
two persons or things, as in Greek ; 

dualism (du'al-izm), n. a twofold divi- 
sion; the doctrine of two indepen- 
dent and separate principles in man, 
the spiritual and the corporeal; the 
Gnostic theory that there are two 
independent eternal principles, one 
evil and the other good. 

dualist (du'a-list), n. one who holds 
any of the theories of dualism. 

dualistic (du-a-list'ik) , adj. twofold; 
characterized by, or pertaining to, 
dualism. 

duality (du-al'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being twofold; division 
into two. 

dub (dub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dubbed, 
v.pr. dubbing], to invest with 
Knighthood by striking the shoulder 
with a sword; confer any rank, dig- 
nity, character, or name upon: v.i. 
make a brisk noise: n. a tap or blow. 



dubious (du'bi-us), adj. doubtful. 

ducal (du'kal), adj. pertaining to a 
duke. 

ducat (duk'at), n. an Austrian gold or 
silver coin formerly in use in Europe 
and still current; its value in U. S. 
money is $2.28: pi. money. 

duchess (duch'es), n. the consort or 
widow of a duke. 

duchy (duch'i), n. [pi. duchies (duch'- 
iz)], the territory, dominions, or juris- 
diction of a duke. 

duck (duk), n. any bird of the fam- 
ily Anatidse, especially the domestic 
duck; the female of this bird, as dis- 
tinguished from the drake; an ex- 
pression of endearment, also of 
slight contempt; a strong linen un- 
twilled fabric : pi. sailors' trousers or 
light clothes worn in hot climates: 
v.i. to plunge the head under water 
and then withdraw it quickly; bob 
the head. 

ducking (duk'ing), n. the act of put- 
ting under water; the sport of shoot- 
ing wild ducks. 

ducking-stool (duk'ing-stool) , n. a 
stool on which women who were 
adjudged to be "common scolds" 
were formerly ducked in the water. 

duckling (duk'ling), n. a young duck. 

duckweed (duk'wed), n. a common 
fresh-water plant eaten by ducks. 

duct (dukt), n. a passage, tube, or 
canal by which a fluid or secretion 
is conveyed. 

ductile (duk'til) , adj. capable of being 
drawn out into threads or wire; 
tractable. 

ductility (duk-til'i-ti), n. flexibility. 

dude (dud), n. a kind of dandy, 
characterized by over-affectedness 
in manners, dress, &c. [Slang.] 

dudeen (du-den'), n. a short clay 
pipe. Better dhudeen. [Irish.] 

dudgeon (duj'un), n. sullen anger; 
resentment ; ill-will. 

duds (dudz), n.pl. clothes. 

due (du), adj. owed or owing; pay- 
able; fulfilling obligation; suitable 
to a case; ascribable; proper: adv. 
exactly; directly: n. that which is 
owed or required by an obligation; 
a custom, toll, tribute, or fee. 

duel (du'el), n. a combat between two 
persons with deadly weapons: v.i. 
to fight in a duel. [French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book, 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DUELING 



275 



DUNKERS 



dueling (du'el-ing), n. the fighting a 
duel. 

duena (doo-a/nya), n. an elderly 
Spanish or Portuguese lady who acts 
as a guardian to a younger one; a 
governess. Also duenna (doo^en'a). 

dueno (doo-a/nyo), n. a guardian or 
care-taker to a youth. [Spanish.] 

duet (du-et'). n. a vocal or instru- 

, mental composition for two per- 
formers. Also djietto. [Italian.] 

duetino (doo-a-te'no) , n. a short 
duet. 

duff (duf), n. a pudding of flour, &c, 
boiled in a bag; a vegetable growth 
accumulated in forest ground. When 
duff is dealt out to sailors, sweetened 
or with currants, they style it 
"plum-duff." 

duffer (duf'er), n.a peddler or hawker 
of feminine articles of attire, flash 
jewelry, &c; a dull, stupid, ineffi- 
cient person; a fogy. 

duffing (duf'ing), adj. worthless; coun- 
terfeit. 

dug, p.t. & p.p. of dig: n. a teat. 

dugong (cm gong), n. an aquatic 
herbivorous mammal resembling the 
seal and walrus; the sea-cow. 

dugout (dug'out), n. a canoe hol- 
lowed out from a log; a rough kind 
of shelter excavated in the side of a 
hill or bank. 

duke (duk) , n. the highest order in the 
British peerage and ranking next 
below an archbishop and the princes 
of the blood. A title given in 
monarchical countries on the Con- 
tinent of Europe, but carrying no 
right to legislate, as is the case with 
peers of the United Kingdom. 

dukedom (duk'dum), n. sl duchy. 

dulcet (dul'set), adj. sweet or pleas- 
ant to the ear; harmonious. 

dulciana (dul-si-a'na) , n. a soft-toned 
stop. [Spanish.] 

dulcimer _ (dul'si-mer), n. an instru- 
ment with wire strings which are 
struck with a rod. 

dull (dul), adj. slow of apprehension 
or action; stupid; sluggish; with- 
out sensibility; not bright or clear 
to the eye; blunt; without wind: 
v.t. to deprive of sharpness; make 
stupid or heavy; tarnish. m 

duliard (dul'ard), n. a stupid person; 
blockhead. 



dullness (dul'nes), n. the state 01 
quality of being dull. 

duly (du'li), adv. in a fit and becom- 
ing manner; fitly; regularly. 

dumb (dum), adj. incapable of speech. 

dumb-bell (dunVbel), n. one of a pair 
of heavy weights used for muscular 
exercise. 

dumbledore (dum'bl-dor) , n. the 
bumble-bee; the brown cockchafer. 

dumb-show (dum'sho), n. gesture 
without speech. 

dumb-waiter (dum-wa'ter) , n. a 
small lift, carrying things, especially 
food, from one floor to another. 

dummy (dum'i), n. [j)l. dummies 
(dum'iz)], one who is mute or 
silent; that which imitates a reality; 
an exposed hand at whist when three 
persons are playing: adj. fictitious. 

dump (dump), n. a thud or heavy 
sound; anything short, thick, and 
heavy; a place to discharge rub- 
bish in: pi. low spirits: v.t. to throw 
down and empty. 

dumpling (dump 'ling), n. sl crust or 
paste often used for enveloping fruit 
or meat. 

iumpy (dump'i), adj. short and thick; 
discontented; sulky. 

dun (dun), adj.^ of a dull brown col- 
or: n. a creditor who presses per- 
sistently for payment of a debt; a 
fortified eminence ; earthwork ; 
mound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dunned, 
p.pr. dunning], to urge Importunate- 
ly, especially for a debt; cure, as 
codfish, after salting, to impart a 
dark color. 

dunce (duns), n. a dull, ignorant 
person. 

dunderhead (dun'der-hed) , n. a dolt; 
a numskull. 

dune (dun), a heap of drifted sand 
piled up on the sea-shore by the 
action of the wind. 

dunfish (dun'fish) , n. codfish cured by 
dunning. 

dung (dung), n. the excrement of 
animals; anything filthy or rotten: 
v.t. to manure with dung. 

dungeon (dun'jun), n. the principal 
keep of a mediaeval castle; a dark 
underground cell; a prison. 

Dunkers (dun'kerz), n.pl. sl sect of 
German- American Baptists, properly 
termed Brethren, who migrated to 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut : think, //^n. 



DUNNAGE 



276 



DWARF 



Pennsylvania about 1728, because 
they were persecuted in Germany. 
In some respects they resemble the 
Quakers. [German.] 

dunnage (dun'aj), n. loose wood, fag- 
ots, &c, stowed in the hold of a 
vessel to protect the cargo ; a sailor's 
"kit" or luggage. 

dunnite (dun 'nit), n. a powerful 
explosive, invented by Major Dunn, 
U. S. A., its composition a secret. 

duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal) , adj. con- 
sisting of, or computing by, twelves 
or any power of 12: n. a twelfth 
power of anything: pi. a system of 
computing by twelves the number 
of square feet and inches in a rec- 
tangular area. This system was 
used by the Romans and some Orien- 
tal peoples in early times. Traces of 
it remain in our "dozen," a sum of 
twelve units. 

duodecimo (du-o-des'i-mo) , n. a 
sheet folded into 12 leaves (12mo): 
said of a book. 

duodenum (du-o-de'num) , n. [pi. 
duodena (du-o-de'na)], the first por- 
tion of the small intestine. 

duograph (du'6-graf), n. a pictuie 
produced in two colors. 

dupe (dup), n. one who is, or can be, 
easily tricked; a credulous person: 
v.t. to deceive by trickery; cheat. 

duplex (du'pleks), adj. double; com- 
pound: applied to the transmission 
of two telegraphic messages over 
a single wire at the same time: v.i. 
to transmit telegraphic messages by 
the duplex_ system. 

duplicate (du'pli-kat), v.t. to make or 
render double; make a copy or 
copies of: v.i. to celebrate Mass or 
receive the Eucharist twice in one 
day : adj. corresponding exactly with 
another; twofold; double; growing 
in pairs: n. facsimile; counterpart; 
an exact copy. 

duplication (du-pli-ka'shun) , n. the 
act of duplicating; a fold; multi- 
plication by two. 

duplicity (du-plis'i-ti), n. deceit; 
hypocrisy. 

durability (du-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. endur- 
ance. 

durable (du'ra-bl), adj. not perishing; 
permanent; stable; lasting. 

dura mater (du'ra ma/ter), n. the 



tough covering which envelops the 
brain and spinal cord. [Latin.] 

duramen (du-ra'men), n. the inner or 
heart wood of an exogenous tree. 

durance (dii'rans), n. imprisonment. 
[French.] 

duration (du-ra/shun) , n. continuance 
in time; permanency 1 

duress (du-res' or du'res), n. re- 
straint of personal liberty by fear 
or physical force, compelling a per- 
son to do some act; imprisonment. 
[French.] 

during (dur'ing), prep, in the time 
of; at some period of. 

durometer (du-rom'c-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for testing the hardness of 
steel rails. 

durst (derst), p.t. of dare. 

dusk (dusk), adj. tending to dark- 
ness; shadowy; swarthy: n. incip- 
ient darkness; twilight. [Swedish.] 

duskily (dusk'i-li), adv. with a ten- 
dency to darkness or blackness. 

dust (dust), n. fine dry particles of 
matter; a stirring of such fine par- 
ticles; gold-dust, hence money; un- 
organized matter; pollen; obscurity; 
confusion: v.t. to brush away from; 
cover with a powdered substance. 

dusty (dust'i), adj. [comp. dustier, 
superl. dustiest], covered with dust. 

Dutch (duch), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the Dutch or Low 
Germans ( Nether] anders) of Hol- 
land, or their language. 

duteous (du'ti-us), adj. fulfilling duty; 
obedient. 

dutiable (du'ti-a-bl) , adj. subject to 
duty. 

dutiful (dii'ti-f ool) , adj. respectful; 
obedient to parents. 

dutifully (du'ti-f oo-li), adv. in a duti- 
ful manner. 

duty (du'ti), n. [pi. duties (du'tiz)], 
obligatory service;' tax, impost, or 
toll levied by Government on cer- 
tain article_s. 

duumvir (doo-um'ver) , n. [pi. duum- 
viri (dooyiim'vi-ri) , duumvirs ('verz)l, 
two ancient Roman officers of high 
rank acting together in one capacity 
or public function. 

duumvirate (doo-um'ver-at) , n. the 
joint office of the duumviri 

dwarf (dwawrf), n. a human being, 
animal, or plant much below the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



DWELL 



277 



DZAN 



average height: adj. of smaller size 
or height than the average: v.t. hin- 
der from growing to the natural 
size. 

dwell (dwel), v.i. [p.t. &. p.p. dwelt, 
p.pr. dwelling], to reside for a 
length of time; have a fixed abode; 
continue; linger: v.t. to inhabit. 

dwelling (dwel'ing), n. a house or 
place of abode. 

dwindle (dwin'dl), v.i. to become 
gradually less; diminish; decrease. 

Dyak (di'ak), adj. pertaining to # the 
natives of the Malay race inhabiting 
Borneo. 

dye (di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dyed, p.pr, 
dyeing], to stain or color: v.i. to 
follow the trade of a dyer: n. a col- 
oring liquid or stain. 

dying (di'ing), p. adj. the passing away 
from life ; decaying physically ; draw- 
ing to a close ; the act of expiring. 

dynactinometer (dl-nak-ti-nom'e- 
ter), n. an instrument for measuring 
the intensity of the photogenic rays 
of light and comparing the quick- 
ness of action of lenses in photog- 
raphy. 

dynam (dl'nam), n. a unit of work = 
1 foot pound. 

dynamic (dl-nam'ik), adj. pertaining 
to mechanical forces not in equilib- 
rium; effective. [Greek.] n.pl. that 
branch of mechanics which treats of 
the effects of force in producing 
motion. Also kinetics. 

dynamitard (di-na-mi-tard 7 ) , n. one 
who advocates the use of dynamite 
as a revolutionary agent. [French.] 

dynamite (di'na-mit), n. a highly ex- 



plosive compound of nitro-glycerine 
mixed with sawdust or infusorial 
silica: v.t. to destroy by dynamite. 

dynamiter (ch'na-mit-er), n. one who 
uses dynamite in effecting a crime of 
violence. 

dynamo (di'na-mo), n. an electric ma- 
chine for converting mechanical into 
electric energy. 

dynamograph (dl-nam'o-graf ) , n. an 
instrument for registering muscular 
power by compressing a spring held 
in the hand. 

dynamometer (di-na-mom'e-ter) , n. 
an apparatus for measuring the force 
or power in moving a load, &e. 

dynastic (di-nas'tik), adj. pertaining 
to a dynasty. 

dynasty (dl'nas-ti), n. [pi. dynasties 
(dl'nas-tiz)], a line or succession of 
sovereigns of a particular family; the 
length of time during which a cer- 
tain family reigns. 

dyne (din), n. the force which, act- 
ing upon a gramme per second, gen- 
erates a velocity of 1 centimeter. 

dysentery (dis'en-ter-i) , n. a tropic- 
al disease akin to diarrhoea, at- 
tended with fever. 

dysmenorrhea (dis-men-o-re'a) , n. 
a painful flow or difficult move- 
ment of the menses. 

dyspepsia (dis-pep'si-a) , n. indigestion. 

dyspeptic (dis-pep'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or afflicted with, dyspepsia: 
n. a person who suffers from dys- 
pepsia. 

dzan (dzan), adj. that which is to be 
understood only by the initiated; 
esoteric. [Sanskrit.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



E 



E, the fifth letter of the English al- 
phabet, deriving its form from a 
Phoenician sign through the Greek 
and Latin scripts. E occurs with 

great frequency because it came in- 
iscriminately to take the place of 
other vowels at the end of words in 
Latin, a, t(s), u(s). 

each (ech), adj. & pron. every one; 
either. 

eager (e'ger), adj. impetuous; vehe- 
ment; earnest; keen; enthusiastic. 

eagle (e'gl), n. a bird of prey, genus 
Aquila, noted for its strength, size, 
and keenness of vision; a gold coin 
of the United States = 10 dollars; the 
military standard of ancient Rome. 

eaglet (e'glet), n. a young eagle. 

eagle- wood (e'gl-wood), n. a highly 
fragrant resinous wood. Also agal- 
lochum. 

ear (er), n. the organ of hearing; 
delicate perception of sounds; at- 
tention; a spike of corn; anything 
that resembles an ear. 

eared (erd), adj. having ears. 

earing (er'ing), n. a small rope for 
fastening the upper corner of a sail 
to a yard or stanchion; a plowing 
of land ; the formation of ears, as 
in wheat. 

earl (erl), n. an English nobleman next 
in rank below a marquis. On the 
Continent the title "count" is the 
same in origin. 

earldom (erl'dum), n. the possessions 
or dignity of an earl. 

early (er'li), adj. [comp. earlier, 
superl. earliest], before the usual 
time; seasonable: adv. soon; sea- 
sonably. 

earmark (er'mark), n. a mark for 
identification: v.t. to set a distinc- 
tive mark upon. 

earn (ern), v.t. to gain as a just 
recompense for one's labor, service, 
&c; merit. 



earnest (ern'est), adj. in serious reality ; 
serious in speech or action; ardent; 
zealous; eager: n. a portion of 
something given or done in advance 
as a pledge. 

earnings (ern'ingz), n.pl. wages; re- 
ward. 

ear-ring (er'ring), n. an ear orna- 
ment. 

earth (erth), n. the inhabited terra- 
queous globe; the solid materials 
which compose the globe; ground; 
soil; a region or land; worldly 
things or interests; the inhabitants 
of the globe ; that part of the ground 
forming part of an electric cir- 
cuit: v.t. to hide or bury in the 
earth; place in connection with the 
earth: v.i. to burrow. 

earthen (erth'en) , adj. made of earth. 

earthenware (erth'en-war) , n. vessels 
or other objects made of clay or a 
similar earthy substance. 

earthly (crth'li) , adj. pertaining to the 
earth; sensual; worldly; possible; 
conceivable. 

earthnut (erth'nut) , n. the ground nut. 

earthquake (erth'kwak), n. a shaking 
or trembling of the earth produced 
by subterranean volcanic forces. 

earthwork (crth'werk), n. a cutting or 
embankment; an offensive or de- 
fensive fortification constructed 
chiefly of earth. 

earthworm (erth'werm), n. a common 
name for worms that live in the 
ground. 

earthy (erth'i), adj. pertaining to, 
composed of, or resembling, the 
earth; dull; coarse. 

earwax (er'waks), n. cerumen. 

earwig (er' wig) , # n. a well-known 
insect with a pair of curved forceps 
at its tail: vt. m [p.t:. & p.p. earwigged, 
p.pr. earwigging], to gain the ear of 
and influence by whispered or covert 
statements. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, £ften. : 



EASE 



279 



ECCENTRIC 



ease (ez), n. freedom from pain, dis- 
turbance, labor, or affectation; 
quiet; repose; facility: v.t. to free 
from pain, anxiety, or trouble; give 
rest or relief. 

easel (e'zl), n. a wooden frame or 
tripod for supporting a canvas, 
blackboard, &c. 

easement (ez'ment), n. that which 
gives ease or relief; a right of ac- 
commodation in another's land, or a 
right of passage. 

east (est), n. that part of the heavens 
where the sun is seen to rise; one 
of the four cardinal points; the 
eastern part of the earth: adj. com- 
ing from the east; near the altar of 
a church, as seen from the nave : 
adv. in an easterly direction. 

East (est), n. the Orient; the eastern 
part of the United States. 

Easter (es'ter), n. a festival of the 
Christian Church to commemorate 
the resurrection of Jesus Christ: 
adj. pertaining to Easter. 

easterly (es'ter-li), adv. situated, or 
moving towards, the east: adj. in 
the direction of the east. 

eastern (est'ern), adj. situated to- 
wards, or lying in, the east. 

Eastern (est'ern), adj. Oriental. 

Eastern Church (cherch), n. the 
Orthodox Oriental or Greek Church. 

Eastern Empire (em'pir), n. that 
part of the later Roman Empire 
which had its capital at Byzantium 
(Constantinople) . 

Eastern Question (kwes'chun), n. 
the term applied to the complicated 
internal problems arising out of the 
possession by the Turks of the 
southeast of Europe, and their re- 
lations to Russia and adjoining 
States. 

Easterner (est'ern-er), n. a person who 
resides in the eastern part of the 
United States. 

easting (est'ing), n. the distance trav- 
ersed by a vessel eastward from a 
given meridian. 

eastward (est'ward), adv. toward, or 
in the direction of, the east. Also 
eastwards. 

easy # (ez'i), adj. [comp. easier, superl. 
easiest], free from pain, disturbance, 
&c; not burdensome; moderate; 
credulous; natural; not formal; 



yielding; gentle; self-indulgent: adv. 
easily. 

Easy Street (stret), a position of 
financial comfort. [Colloq.] 

eat (et), v.t. [p.t. ate, p.p. eaten, p.pr. 
eating], to chew and swallow, as 
food; devour; consume; corrode; 
waste or wear away: v. i. to take 
foodj penetrate; taste. 

eau (o), n. [pi. eaux (o), (French)], 
water, especially when applied to 
perfumes, cordials, and spirituous 
waters, as eau de cologne. 

eaves (evz), n.pl. the edges of the 
roof which overhang a building. 

eavesdrop (evz'drop), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
eavesdropped, p.pr. eavesdropping], 
to listen to the private conversa- 
tion of others. 

ebauchoir (a-bo-shwar'), n. a large 
broad hewing chisel used by statu- 
aries. [French.] 

ebb (eb) , n. the flowing back of the 
tide; ebb-tide; decline: v.i. to flow 
back or return, as the tide to the 
sea; decline; recede. 

Eblis (eb'lis or e'blis), n. the Mo- 
hammedan Devil; in Mohammedan 
mythology the chief evil spirit, or 
any of the former angels who were 
cast out of Heaven for refusing to 
worship- Adam. [Arabic] 

ebonite (eb'un-It), n. a hard dark va- 
riety of vulcanite. 

ebonize (eb'un-iz), v.t. to make black 
by staining like ebony. 

ebony (eb'un-i), n. a hard, heavy, dur- 
able black-colored wood [pi. ebonies 
(eb'un-iz)], negroes: adj. made of, or 
like, ebony. 

eboulement (a-bool'mang) , n. the 
crumbling of a wall or fortification; 
a landslip; avalanche. [French.] 

ebullition (eb-u-lish'un), n. the act 
of boiling; effervescence; a sudden 
outburst of feeling. 

eburine (eb'u-rin), n. an artificial 
ivory. 

ecarte (a-kar-ta/), n. a game of cards 
played by two persons with thirty-two 
cards, from which those from two 
to six have been cast out. [French.] 

ecaudate (e-kaw'dat), adj. tailless. 

ecbatic (ek>bat'ik) , adj. denoting the 
relation of cause and effect. 

eccentric (ek-sen'trik) , adj. not sit- 
uated in, or deviating from the cen- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ECCENTRICITY 



280 



ECSTASY 



ter; peculiar in manner or char- 
acter; erratic; not having the same 
center: opposed to concentric: n. a 
circle or sphere not having the same 
center as another circle; a mechani- 
cal device for converting continuous 
circular motion into reciprocating 
rectilinear motion. 

eccentricity (ek-sen-tris'i-ti) , n. [pi. 
eccentricities (ek-sen-tris'i-tiz)], de- 
viation from a center; peculiarity of 
manner or character; idiosyncrasy. 

ecchymosis (ek;i-mo'sis), n. a livid 
spot on the skin, caused by extrav- 
asated blood. [Greek.] 

ecclesiastic (e-kle-zi-as'tik) , n. a per- 
son in holy orders; a clergyman. 

ecclesiastical (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kal), adj. 
pertaining to the Church and its 
organization or government. 

ecclesiastically % (e-kle-zi-as'ti-ka-li) , 
adv. in an ecclesiastical manner. 

ecclesiasticism (e-kle-zi-as' ci-sizm) , 
n. strong attachment to the forms, 
usages, organization, and privileges 
of the Church. 

ecclesiology (e-kle-zi-ol'o-ji), n. the 
science which treats # of the Church 
as an organized society, and of its 
development; science of church 
architecture and decoration. 

echelon (esh'e-lon), n. an arrange- 
ment of a body of troops in the form 
of steps; an arrangement of the 
vessels of a fleet in V form: v.t. to 
form in echelon. [French.] 

echinoderm (e-ki'no-derm) , n. an in- 
dividual of the Echinodermata, a 
class of animals in Cuvier's system 
which includes the star-fishes, sea- 
urchins, &c. [Greek.] 

echinus (e-ki'nus) , n. [pi. echini (e-ki'- 
ni)], a sea-urchin; a rounded egg- 
shaped molding. 

echo (ek'o), n. [pi. echoes (ek'oz)], the 
repetition of a sound caused by 
reflection; the # repetition of the 
words or opinions of others: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. echoed, p.pr. echoing], 
to emit an echo; give, or reflect 
back, a sound: v.t. to repeat the 
sound of; repeat closely (the words, 
&c, of others). 

echometry (e-kom'e-tri) , n. the art 
of measuring the duration of sounds. 

eclair (a-klar'), n. a small oblong 
cake containing flavored cream, &c, 



covered on the top with sugar or 
chocolate. [French.] 

eclair cissement (a - klar - ses' mang) , 
n. an explanation or clearing up of 
something previously obscure or 
misunderstood. [French.] 

eclat (a-kla/), n. a bursting forth, as 
of applause or admiration; renown; 
striking effect; splendor. [French.] 

eclectic (ek-lek'tik) , adj. selecting or 
choosing from different systems, doc- 
trines, or sources; liberal and broad 
in taste or belief: n. one of a class 
of ancient philosophers. [Greek.] 

eclecticism (ek - lek' ti - sizm) , n. the 
eclectic system of philosophy. 

eclipse (e-klips'), n. the total or par- 
tial obscuration of the light of a 
heavenly body caused by its entering 
the shadow of another body: hence 
diminution: obscuration; temporary 
failure: adj. pertaining to an eclipse: 
v.t. to cover or obscure by an eclipse; 
darken or conceal; overshadow. 

ecliptic (e-klip'tik), n. the apparent 
path of the sun, or real path of the 
earth, in the heavens during a year. 

eclogue (ek'log), n. a pastoral poem. 

economic (ek-o- or e-ko-nom'ik) , adj. 
frugal; saving; pertaining to do- 
mestic economy. Also economical: 
n.pl. political economy. 

economically (e-ko-nom'i-ka-li), adv. 
with economy. 

economist (e-kon'6-mist) , n. one pru- 
dent in expenditure; a student of 
political economy. 

economize (e-kon'o-miz) , v.t. to man- 
age with care or frugality: v.i. to be 
careful in outlay. 

economy (e-kon'o-mi) , n. [pi. econ- 
omies (e-kon'o-miz)], the regulation 
of household affairs; frugality in ex- 
penditure; any system of religious 
laws, rites, or ceremonies. [Greek.] 

ecorche (a~kor-sha/) , n. an anatom- 
ical model, represented as deprived 
of the skin; to exhibit for study the 
muscular system. [French.] 

ecrevisse (a-kre-ves') , n. a crawfish; a 
piece of armor formed of overlap- 
ping splints resembling the tail of 
the crawfish. 

ecru (a-krooO, adj. unbleached : said of 
the color of textile fabrics. [French.] 

ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. {pi. ecstasies 
(ek'sta-siz)], the state of being beside 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ECSTATIC 



281 



EDUCE 



one's self; excessive joy; a kind of 
cataleptic trance. [Greek.] 

ecstatic (ek-stat'ik) , adj. overpower- 
ing; rapturous; entrancing. Also 
cstatical. 

ecstatically (ek-stat'i-ka-li) , adv. rap- 
turously. 

ectasis (ek'ta-sis), n. the pronuncia- 
tion of a vowel as long, or its length- 
ening if short. 

ecthyma (ek-the'ma), n. a painful 
eruption of the skin. 

f.ctoblast (ek'to-blast), n. an outer cell 
wall. 

ectocyst (ek-to'sist), n. the outer cov- 
ering cf a polyzoon. 

ectoderm (ek'to-derm), n. the exter- 
nal skin, or outer layer, of an animal 
or plant. 

ectoplasm (ek'to-plazm) , n. the ex- 
terior protoplasm or sarcode of a 
cell. [Greek.] 

ectozoa (ek-to-zo'a), n.pl. external 
parasites. [Greek.] 

ectype (ek'tTp), n. a reproduction or 
imitation of an original design. 

ectypography (ek-ti-pog'ra-fi) , n. a 
method of etching in relief. m 

ecu (a-ku/), n. a mediaeval shield; the 
name of various gold and silver coins 
formerly current in France. 

ecumenic (ek-u-men'ik) and cecu- 
menic, adj. general; universal, per- 
taining to the Christian Church 
throughout the world: said of cer- 
tain councils of the Church. [Greek.] 

ecumenical (ek-u'men'i-cal) and 
oecumenical. Same as ecumenic. 

eczema (ek'ze-ma), n. an inflamma- 
tory disease of the skin. 

eddy (ed'i), n. [pi. eddies (ed'iz)], a 
contrary current of air or water 
causing a circular motion; a small 
whirlpool: v.i. to move with a circu- 
lar motion; whirl. 

Edelweiss (a/dl-vis), n. a small peren- 
nial white, woolly, composite Alpine 
plant. [German.] 

Eden (e'dn), n. paradise; any particu- 
larly delightful region. [Hebrew.] 

edge (ej), n. the thin, sharp or cut- 
ting part of an instrument; extreme 
border; brink; margin; keenness; 
mental acuteness: v.t. to furnish 
with a,n # edge or a border ; exasper- 
ate; incite; move forward little by 
little: v.i. to sail close to the wind. 



edged (ej'd), p. adj. furnished with an 
edge, border, or fringe. 

edge-tool (edj'tool), n. any sharp 
tool. 

edging (edj'ing), n. that which forms 
an edge or border; narrow lace or 
embroidery for a garment ; the oper- 
ation of shaping or ornamenting 
anything. 

edible (ed'i-bl), adj. fit to be eaten as 
food: n. something fit to be eaten 
[usually in pi.]. [Latin.] 

edict (e'dikt), n. a public proclama- 
tion or decree issued by a sovereign 
and having the force of a law. 

edification (ed-i-fi-ka'shun) , n.^ a 
building up in a moral or religious 
sense; instruction. [Latin.] 

edify (ed'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. edified, 
p.pr. edifying], to build up or 
strengthen, especially in faith or 
morals; impart instruction to. 

edit (edit), v.t. to revise and prepare 
for publication; direct, select, and 
adapt literary matter for the press; 
make a revision of. 

edition (e-dish'un), n. the published 
form of a literary work; the number 
of copies of a book, magazine, or 
newspaper published at one time; 
reproduction. 

editor (ed'i-ter), n. one who superin- 
tends, revises, or prepares a literary 
work for publication; one who con- 
ducts a newspaper, magazine, &c. 

editorial (ed-i-tor'i-al) , adj. pertaining 
to an editor, or his duties: n. a lead- 
ing article. 

educate (ed'u-kat), v.t. to impart 
knowledge to ; cultivate the moral or 
intellectual faculties of; instruct; 
train. 

education (ed-u-ka'shun) , n. the act, 
process, or result of educating; the 
systematic training of the moral and 
intellectual faculties; the rearing of 
animals. 

educationist _ (ed-u-ka/shun-ist) , n. 
one versed in the art, theory, and 
methods of education; one who ad- 
vocates the promotion and extension 
of education. 

educator (ed'u-ka-ter) , n. one who, or 
that which, educates; a tutor; an 
educationist. 

educe (e-dus'), v.t. to draw out; 
evolve; bring to light. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
21 irae, hut : think, then. 



EDUCTION 



282 



EFFUSION 



eduction (e-duk'shun), n. the act of 
exhausting, as steam. 

eductive (e-duk'ti v) , adj. drawing out. 

eel (el), n. an elongated fish, destitute 
of ventral fins, having a slippery 
mucous skin. 

eelbuck (eTbuk), n. a funnel-shaped 
wicker basket for catching eels. 

eelfare (eTfar), n. the passage of 
young eels up a stream; a brood of 
eels. 

eel-pout (el'pout), n. the burbot. 

e'en (en), contraction of even and 
evening. [Poetical.] 

e'er (ar), contraction of ever. 

eerie (e'ri), adj. lonely; weird; gloomy; 
mysterious. Also eery. 

efface (ef-f as'), v.t to obliterate; 
render indistinguishable; destroy. 

eff aceable (ef-f as'a-bl) , adj. capable of 
being effaced. 

effacement (ef-f as'ment) , n. oblitera- 
tion. 

effect (ef-fekt'), v.t. to produce as a 
cause, consequence, or result; ac- 
complish; fulfil: n. result; purpose; 
realization; efficiency; purport: pi. 
goods; personal estate. 

effective (ef-fekt'iv), adj. having the 
power to effect; operative; efficient; 
powerful: n. a soldier fit for dutj;. 

effectual (ef-fekt'u-al), adj. producing, 
or having, effect; completely opera- 
tive; efficient. 

effectually (ef-fekt'u-a-li), adv. in an 
effectual manner. 

effeminacy (ef-f em'i-na-si) , n. the 
guality of being effeminate; woman- 
ish softness or delicacy; unmanli- 
ness. 

effeminate (ef-f em'i-nat) , v.t. to make 
womanish or delicate: v.i. become 
womanish: adj. having the qualities 
or characteristics of a woman; deli- 
cate or unmanly. [Latin.] 

efferent (ef'fer-ent), adj. conveying or 
discharging outwards. 

effervesce (ef-fer-ves') , v.i. to be in a 
state of natural ebullition; bubble 
or hiss. [Latin.] 

effervescence (ef-f er-ves'ens) , n. the 
state or condition of effervescing; 
irrepressible excitement; a display 
of feeling. 

effervescent (ef-f er-ves'ent) , adj. gent- 
ly bubbling and hissing from the 
giving off of gas. 



effervescible (ef-fer-ves'i-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of effervescing. 
effete (ef-fef), adj. worn out; barren; 

exhausted. 

efficacious (ef-i-ka/shus) , adj. pro- 
ducing, or capable of producing, a 
desired effect. 

efficacy (ef'i-ka-si), n. power to pro- 
duce results or effects; ability. 

efficiency (e-fish'en-si), n. effectual 
agency or power; the state of being 
efficient. 

efficient (e-fish'ent) , adj. producing 
or causing effects or results; power- 
ful; ready: n. an agent or cause; a 
qualified person. 

effigy (ef'i-ji), n. [pi. effigies (ef'i-jiz)], 
an image; a likeness or figure in 
sculpture, painting, or on coins, &c. 

effloresce (e-flo-res'), v.i. to blossom; 
become covered with a whitish crust 
or fine white crystals. 

efflorescence (e-flo-res'ens) , n. the 
time or state of flowering; the pro- 
duction of flowers; redness of the 
skin; the formation of fine white 
crystals on the surface of efflorescing 
substances. 

efflorescent (e-flo-res'ent), adj. blos- 
soming. 

effluence (ef 'flu-ens), n. an issuing 
out. 

effluent (ef'flu-ent), adj. flowing or 
issuing forth: n. a stream which 
flows out of another or forms the 
outlet of a lake. 

effluvial (e-fiu'vi-al) , adj. pertaining 
to effluvia. 

effluvium (e-fiu'vi-um) , n. [pi. effluvia 
(e-fluVi-a)], an invisible subtle em- 
anation ; disagreeable exhalations 
arising from decaying matter. 

efflux (ef'fluks), n. the act of flowing 
out; effluence; emanation; a passing 
away. 

effoliation (e-f ol-i-a/shun) , n. the de- 
priving of leaves: said of a plant. 

effort (effort), n. strenuous exertion, 
physical or mental; struggle; at- 
tempt. 

effrontery (e-f runt 'er-i), n. impu- 
dence. 

effulgence (e-ful'jens), n. a great lus- 
ter, brightness, or splendor. 

effusion (e-fu'zhun), n. the act cf 
pouring out, or shedding forth; an 
outpouring of thought or sentiment; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EFFUSIVE 



283 



ELABORATE 



the escape of a fluid from the vessel 
inclosing it. 

effusive (e-fu'siv), adj. pouring forth 
freely or widely. 

eft (eft), n. a newt. 

egad (e-gad'), inter j. an exclamation 
of wonder, pleasure, or admiration. 

©gg (eg), n. the oval or roundish body- 
laid by birds and certain other ani- 
mals, from which their young are 
produced; something shaped like an 
egg; the germ or first principle of 
anything: v.t. to urge on or incite; 
pelt with eggs. 

egging (eg'ing)_, n.' incitement. # 

egis or aegis (e'jis), n. the shield of 
Jupiter, said to have been made 
from the skin of the goat, Amalthea, 
his foster-mother. It was given by 
him to Minerva and was one of her 
characteristic attributes; a shield 
or protection; as the "aegis of the 
state." [Greek.] 

eglantine (eg'lan-tln) , n. the dog-rose. 

©go (e'go), pr. I: n. self; personality. 
[Latin.] 

egoism (e'go-izm), n. the habit of re- 
garding self as the center of every- 
thing; the doctrine that everything 
is uncertain but the fact of one's 
own existence. 

egoist (e'go-ist) , n. an adherent of ego- 
ism. 

ego-maniac (eg-o-ma/ni-ak) , n. one 
whose love of self has become a 
disease. 

egotism (e'gq- or eg'o-tizm), n. self- 
exaltation in thought, speech, or 
writing; vanity. Also egoism. 

egotist (eg'o-tist), n. one character- 
ized by egotism. 

egotistic (eg-o-tist'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, egotism. 
Also egotistical. 

egregious (e-gre'jus), adj. extraordi- 
nary. 

egress _(e'gres) , n. departure. 

egret (e-gret').ft. a species of heron; a 
heron's plume; the feathery down of 
seeds. 

Egyptology (e-jip-tol'o-ji), # n. the 
science or scientific investigation of 
Egyptian antiquities and hiero- 
glyphics. 

eider (I'der), n. sl large marine duck, 
the down of which is an article of 
commercial value. [Icelandic] 



eidograph (r'clo-graf), n. an appara- 
tus for copying drawings, &c. 

eidoscope (I'do-skop), n. an instru- 
ment for producing an infinite vari- 
ety of geometrical figures. [Greek.] 

eight (at) , adj. one more than 7 : a 
cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 7 
and 1; a symbol (8, VlIL, viii.) de- 
noting this number. 

eighteen (a/ten), adj. one more than 
17: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum 
of 17 and 1; a symbol (18, XVIII., 
xviii.) denoting this number. 

eighteenmo (a/ten-mo), n. a, book 
whose sheets are folded into 18 
leaves. Octodecimo. 

eighteenth (a'tenth), adj. next in or- 
der after 17th: an ordinal numeral. 

eighth (a/th), # adj. next after sev- 
enth: an ordinal numeral: n. an in- 
terval of an octave. 

eightieth (a'ti-eth), adj. next to 79th. 

eightscore (at'skor), adj. containing 
eight times 20: n. 160. 

eighty (a'ti), adj. 8 times 10. 

eikon (I'kon), n. [pi. eikones (I'ko- 
nez)], a holy image; a sacred picture 
used in the Greek Church. 

eis-wool (Is'wool), n. a fine kind of 
worsted. 

either (e r or I'ther), adj. one or the 
other of two; both: pron. one of 
two: conj. the correlative to or. 

ejaculate (e-jak'u-lat), v.t. to utter 
suddenly: v.i. to utter ejaculations. 

ejaculation (e-jak-u-la'shun), n. the 
act of uttering suddenly; an exclama- 
tion. [Latin.] 

ejaculatory (e-jak'u-la-to-ri), adj. ut- 
tered suddenly or sharply. 

eject (e-jekf), v.t. to cast forth; dis- 
miss from office; evict. 

ejection (e-jek'shun), n. expulsion. 

ejective (e-jek'tiv), adj. pertaining to 
ejection. 

ejectment (e-jekt'ment) , n. the act 
of ejecting; an action for the recov- 
ery of lands, &c. 

ejector (e-jek'ter), n. one who, or that 
which, ejects. 

ejoo-fiher (a/joo-fi'ber), n. a strong 
black fiber, used in commerce. 
[Malay.] 

eke (ek), v.t. to extend or lengthen 
[with out]: adv. also; likewise. [Poet.] 

elaborate (e-lab'6-rat), v.t. to pro- 
duce with labor; improve or refine 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nfirth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



ELABORATELY 



284 



ELECTRIFY 



with study or labor: adj. highly- 
finished; complicated. 

elaborately (e-lab'o-rat-li), adv. in an 
elaborate manner. 

elaborator (e-lab'o-ra-ter) , n. one 
who, or that which, elaborates. 

elan (a-lang'), n. dash. [French.] 

eland (e'Jand), n. the Cape elk. 

elapse (e-laps'), v.i. to slip or glide 
away; run out without notice. 

elastic (e-las'tik), adj. springing back: 
having the power of returning to its 
original form; rebounding; springy; 
capable of extension: n. an elastic 
woven fabric made partly of india- 
rubber. 

elasticity (e-las-tis'i-ti) , n. the quality 
of being elastic; power to recover 
from depression. 

elastic- tissue (e-las'tik-tish'u)^ n. 
elastic light yellow tissue in the liga- 
ments of the vertebrae. 

elate (e-laf), v.t. to raise the spirits 
of; cause to feel exultant; excite. 

elation (e-la/shun), n. the state of be- 
ing elated; joyful elevation of mind. 

elbow (el'bo), n. the joint or bend of 
the arm; anything bent or curved 
like an elbow: v.t. to thrust on one 
side. 

elder (el'der), adj. older; exceeding an- 
other in age; prior in time, origin, 
or appointment: n. one older in age, 
rank, or station; a lay member of 
the Jewish Sanhedrim; one of a 
body of laymen, in certain churches, 
authorized to superintend its spir- 
itual interests, and to assist the 
minister; a shrub or tree with a 
spongy pith and purple berries. 

elderly (el'der-li), adj. somewhat old. 

eldest (eld 'est), adj. oldest; firstborn. 

El Dorado (el do-ra'do) , n. an imagi- 
nary country in South America, 
fabled to be very rich in gold and 
precious stones : hence an inexhausti- 
ble treasure. [Spanish.] 

elect (e-lekt'), v.t. to choose for any 
office or use ; choose by ballot ; select 
from a number: adj. taken in prefer- 
ence ; chosen to an office but not yet 
invested with the dignity: n.pl. 
those chosen to eternal life by Divine 
Sovereignty. 

election (e-lek'shun) , n. the act of 
electing; voluntary preference; the 
act of choosing a person for some of- 



fice or function by show of hands, or 
ballot; the selection by Divine Sov- 
ereignty of certain individuals to 
eternal life; one of the five points of 
Calvinism. 

electioneer (e-lek-shun-er') , v.i. to 
employ means for influencing the 
result of an election. 

electioneering (e-lek-shun-er 'ing) , n. 
the act of canvassing for, or the 
means employed to secure, votes at 
an election. 

elective (e-lek'tiv), adj. regulated by 
choice ; exerting the power of choice ; 
opposed to hereditary; haying the 
tendency to attract, or combine with. 

elector (e-lek'ter), n. one legally quali- 
fied to vote; a member of a United 
States electoral college; one of the 
German princes who formerly pos- 
sessed the power of electing the Em- 
peror. 

electoral (e-lek'to-ral), adj. pertaining 
to elections or electors; haying the 
rights of an elector. [Latin.] 

electoral college (kol'ej), n. body of 
representatives elected by the voters 
of the several States to choose a 
president of the United States. 

electorate (e-lek'to-rat), n. the whole 
body of persons entitled to vote; the 
dignity or territory of an elector of 
the old German Empire. 

electric (e-lek'trik) , adj. pertaining to, 
containing, generated by, or pro- 
duced by, electricity; magnetic. 
Also electrical. 

electrically (e-lek'tri-ka-li), adv. by 
electricity 

electrician (e-lek-trish'un) , n. one 
wno is skilled in the science of elec- 
tricity; the maker or vendor of 
electrical appliances. 

electricity (e-lek-tris'i-ti), n. an im- 
ponderable and invisible agent pro- 
ducing light, heat, chemical decom- 
position, and other physical phenom- 
ena; the science of the laws and 
phenomena which characterize elec- 
tricity. 

electrifiable (e - lek'tri - fl - a - bl) , adj. 
capable of receiving, being charged 
with, or transmitting, electricity. 

electrification (e-lek-tri-fl-ka'shun) , 
n. the act of electrifying; the state 
of being electrified. 

electrify (e-lek'tri-fD , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue hut ; think, then. 



ELECTRO 



285 



ELECTROTECHNIGS 



electrified, p.pr. electrifying], to 
charge with, or act upon, by elec- 
tricity; pass an electric current 
through. Also electrize. 

electro (e-lek'tro), a Greek prefix de- 
noting electricity as the motive 
power, or operating agent, used in 
many words, the meaning of which 
is self-evident, as efedro-engrave, 
electro-gild, &c. 

electro-biology (e-lek'tro-bi-ol'o-j'i) , 
ft. mesmerism. 

electro- cautery (e-lek'tro-kaw'ter-i) , 
n. cauterizing by a platinum wire 
heated by electricity. 

electrocute (e-lek'tro-kut), v.t. to put 
to death (a criminal) by an electric 
current. [Grseco-Latin ; jnodern.] 

electrocution (e-lek-tro-ku'shun) , ft. 
the act of_ electrocuting. 

electrode (e-lek'trod), n. either of the 
terminals of an electric source ; anode 
or cathode. 

electro- dynamics (e-lek' tro-dl-n am '- 
iks), n. that branch of physics which 
treats of electric currents. 

electro- dynamometer (e-lek'tro-di- 
na-mom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for 
measuring the strength of an electric 
current. 

electrograph (e-lek'tro-graf ) , n. an 
apparatus used in preparing copper 
cylinders for printing fabrics and 
wall-papers. 

electrography (e-lek-trog'ra-fi), ft. a 
process of copying fine engravings 
on copper or steel by means of an 
electro-copper deposit. 

electrokinetics (e-lek'tro-ki-net'iks) , 
ft. that branch of electrical science 
which treats of electric currents, 
or electricity in motion, as distin- 
guished from electrostatics. 

electrolier (e-lek-tio-ler'), n. an orna- 
mental metal bracket for supporting 
electric lamps. 

electrolysis (e-lek-trol'i-sis) , n. the de- 
composition of a chemical compound 
by electricity into its component 
parts. [Greek.] 

electrolyze (e-lek'tro-llz) , v.t. to de- 
compose by the direct action of elec- 
tricity or galvanism. 

electro- magnet (e-lek'tro-mag'net) , 
ft. a coil of soft iron rendered mag- 
netic by the passage of an electric 
current through it. 



electromagnetics (e-lek'tro-mag-net'- 
iks), n. the science of electro-mag- 
netism. 

electromassage (e-lek'tro-mas-af), n* 
massage wich the application of an 
electric current. 

electrometallurgy (e-lek'tro-met 'al- 
er-ji), n. the art of precipitating cer- 
tain metals from their solutions, or 
of separating metals from their ores, 
&c, by a slow electric current. 

electrometer (e-lek- trom'e-oer), ft. an 
instrument for measuring the amount 
of electrical force. 

electromotor (e-lek'tro-mo'ter), ft. 
any arrangement^ or apparatus, 
which produces or excites an electric 
current. 

electron (e-lek'tron) , ft. an atom 
corpuscle; the Beta ray of radium; 
the carrier of negative electricity. 

electronegative (e-lek'tro-neg'a-tiv) , 
adj. having a tendency to pass to the 
positive pole in electrolysis^ 

electropathy (e-lek-trop'a-thi), n. the 
treatment of diseases by_ electricity. 

electrophone (e-lek'tro-f on) , n. an 
instrument for producing resonant 
sounds by electric currents; a form 
of telephonic transmitter. 

electrophorus (e-lek-trof '5-rus) , ft. an 
instrument for generating statical 
electricity by induction. 

electrophotometer (e-lek'tro-fo-tom' 
e-ter) , ft. an instrument for comparing 
the brightness of various lights with 
that produced by an electric spark. 

electrophotomicrography (e-lek'tro- 
fo-to-mi-krog'ra-fi), n. photograph- 
ing by electric light objects magnified 
by the microscope. 

electrophysiology (e-lek'tro-fiz-i-ol'o- 
ji), n . > that branch of electricity 
which investigates the electric phe- 
nomena of living organisms. 

electroplate (e-lek'tro-plat) , v.t. to 
cover or give a coating of metal to 
by means of a current of electricity: 
ft. an article thus coated: generally 
applied to silver plate. 

electropositive (e - lek'tro - poz'i - tiy) , 
adj. tending to pass to the negative 
pole in electrolysis. 

electroscope ( e-lek' tro-skop), ft. an 
electrometer. 

electrotechnics (e - lek'tro - tek'niks) , 
ft. the science of the processes or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS 286 



ELIDE 



methods in which electricity is ap- 
plied to the industrial arts. 

electrotherapeutics. See electrother- 
apy. 

electrotinting (e-lek'tro-tint'ing) , n. 
a method of producing a design, 
&c, in relief on a metal plate, the 
lines of which when exposed in an 
electro-bath are protected by an 
agent. 

electrotype (e-lek'tro-tip) , n. a fac- 
simile in metal of any object made 
by covering a mold, plate, &c, 
with a coating of copper by the 
action of a galvanic electric current: 
v.t. to take a copy of by electrical 
deposition. 

electrum (e-lek' trum), n. amber 
[Greek]; German silver plate. 

electuary (e-lek'-tfi-a-ri) , n. a purga- 
tive composed of powders and fruit 
preserves. 

eleemosynary (el-e-mos'i-na-ri) , adj. 
pertaining to alms; devoted to 
charitable purposes ; dependent 
upon charity: n. one who lives on 
alms. 

elegance (el'e-gans), n. [pi. elegances 
(el'e-gan-siz)], the state or quality 
of being elegant; polish; refinement; 
symmetry. [French.] 

elegant (el'e-gant), adj. characterized 
by refinement and good taste; re- 
fined; polished; beautiful in form, 
color, or design. 

elegiac (el-e-ji'ak, or e-le'ji-ak), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
an elegy; plaintive; mournful: n. a 
song expressing sorrow; a funeral 
song. . m H 

elegit (e-le'jit), n. a writ of execu- 
tion under which a creditor can hold 
a debtor's goods until his claim is 
satisfied. 

elegy (el'e-ji), n. [pi. elegies (el'e-jiz)], 
a funeral song or ode; dirge; re- 
quiem. 

element (el'e-ment), n. a first or con- 
stituent principle; a component or 
essential part; a substance which 
cannot be decomposed by any known 
method; natural environment; in- 
gredient: pi. the letters or sounds 
of the alphabet; the Eucharistic 
bread and wine. 

elemental (el-e-ment'al) , # adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, an 



element; fundamental. Also ele- 
mentary. 

elephant (el'e-fant), n. a large five- 
toed proboscidian mammal with a 
flexible trunk and large tusks. 

elephantiasis (el-e-fan-ti'a-sis), n. a 
cutaneous disease resembling lep- 
rosy and accompanied by a swelling 
of the head and body. 

elephantine (el-e-f an'tin) , adj. per- 
taining to, or resembling, an ele- 
phant; huge; unwieldy. 

elephantoid (el-e-f an'toid) , adj. like 
an elephant. 

elevate (el'e-vat), v.t. to raise from a 
lower to a higher position; ennoble; 
animate; inspire; raise by training 
or education; to intoxicate slightly. 

elevation (el-e-va/shun), n. the act of 
elevating; the state of being ele- 
vated; a sketch plan of the front 
or principal side of a building; the 
altitude of a heavenly body above 
the horizon; raising of the land by 
seismic or other agency; slight in- 
toxication. 

elevator (el'e-va-ter) , n. that which 
raises up or exalts; a hoisting ma- 
chine or lift; a warehouse for the 
storage of grain. 

eleven (e-lev'n), adj. 10 with 1 added: 
a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 10 
with 1 added. 

eleventh (e-lev'nth), adj. next in or- 
der after 10th: an ordinal numeral; 
constituting one of 11 parts: n. one 
of 11 equal parts. 

elf (elf), n. [pi. elves (elvz)], a di- 
minutive mischievous sprite sup- 
posed to haunt hills and wild places; 
a dwarf; fairy. 

elf- child (elf 'child), n. a child believed 
to have been left by the fairies in 
the place of one stolen by them; a 
changeling. 

elfin (erfin), n. an .inhabitant of fairy- 
land; a sportive child: adj. pertain- 
ing to elves. 

elf -fire (elf 'fir), n. will-o'-the-wisp. 

elfish (elfish), adj. resembling, or 
caused by, an elf; mischievous. 

elf kin (elf kin), n. a little elf. 

elf-lock (elf'lok), n. a knot of hair 
twisted in an intricate manner. 

elicit (e-lis'it), v.t. to draw out. [Latin.] 

elide (e-lid'), v.t. to slur over, or cut 
off, as a final vowel. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ELIGIBILITY 



287 



EMARGINATE 



eligibility (el-i-ji-bil'i-ti) , n. the qual- 
ity of being eligible. 

eligible (el'i-ji-bl) , adj. capable of 
being, or fib to be, chosen; legally 
qualified. 

eliminate (e^lim'i-nat), v.t. to leave 
out of consideration, or cast aside. 

eliquate (el'i-kwat), v.t. to separate 
or melt_out, as metal from ore. 

elision (e-lizh'un), n. the cutting off 
of a vowel or syllable for the sake 
of euphony, as o'er for over. 

elite (a r let'), n. the choicest part, as 
of society, a profession, an army, &c 

elixir (e-lik'ser), w.an imaginary 
liquid of the alchemists supposed to 
be capable of prolonging life indefi- 
nitely, and of changing baser metals 
into gold; a tincture, essence, or 
cordial. [Arabic] 

elk (elk), n. a very large deer of North 
America and Northern Europe; the 
moose-deer. [Icelandic] 

elkwood (elk'wood), n. the wood of the 
umbrella-tree. 

ell (el), n. a measure formerly used 
for cloth, varying in different coun- 
tries, an English ell being 45 inches. 

ellipse (el-lips'), n. one of the sec- 
tions of a cone; the elliptical orbit 
of a planet. [Greek.] 

ellipsis (el-lips'is) , n. the omission of a 
word or words in a sentence, the 
sense of which is obvious. 

ellipsoid (el-lips'oid) , n. an elliptical 
spheroid. 

elliptic (e-Jip'tik), adj. pertaining to, 
or formed like, an ellipse; having a 
part omitted. Also elliptical. 

elHptically (e-lip'ti-ka-li), adv. in an 
elliptical manner. 

ellipticity (e-lip-tis'i-ti) , n. the qual- 
ity of being elliptic; the extent of 
any divergence of any ellipse from 
the circle. 

elm (elm), n. a tree of various spe- 
cies belonging to the genus Ulmus. 

elocution (el-o-ku'shun) , n. the art, 
manner, or style of speaking in pub- 
lic; delivery. 

elocutionary (el-o-ku'shun-a-ri) , adj. 
pertaining to elocution. 

elocutionist (el-o-ku'shun-ist), n. one 
skilled in, or a teacher of, the art of 
elocution. 

elod (el'od), n. the odic force of elec- 
tricity. [Modern coined word.] 



eloge (a'lozh), n. a funeral oration, 
especially one pronounced on the 
death of a member of the French 
Academy. [French.] 

Elohim (el-o-hem'), n. one of the Old 
Testament names of God, spoken of 
in the plural. [Hebrew.] 

elongate (e-long'gat) , v.t. to stretch 
out; extend; lengthen. 

elongation (e-16ng-ga'shun) , n. ex- 
tension. 

elope (e-lop'), v.i.^ to escape private- 
ly; run away with a lover or para- 
mour. [Dutch.] 

elopement (e-lop'ment), n. running 
away. 

eloquence (el'o-kwens) , n. the art of 
speaking with fluency and elegance. 

eloquent (el'o-kwent) , adj. having the 
power of fluent and elegant oratory. 

else (els), adv. besides; otherwise. 

elsewhere (els'hwar), adv. in another 
place. 

elucidate (e-lus'i-dat), v.t. to make 
clear; render _intelligible; illustrate. 

elucidator (e-lus'i-da-ter), n. one who 
elucid_ates; an expositor. 

elude (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by artifice 
or dexterity; shun; escape. 

elusive (e-lu'siv), adj. deceptive; falla- 
cious. 

elusory (e-lu'so-ri) , adj. evasive; de- 
ceptive. 

Elysian (e-liz'i-an), adj. pertaining to 
Elysium; yielding the highest en- 
joyment. 

Elysium (e-hVi-um), n. the Greek 
Paradise or residence of the blessed 
after death; a condition of perfect 
happiness. 

em (em), n. the square body of any 
size of type, serving as a unit of 
measurement^ 

emaciate (e-ma'shi-at), v.i. to lose 
flesh gradually; pine away: v.t. to 
make thin. [Latin.] 

emanate (em'a-nat), v.i. to flow out, 
issue, or proceed, as from a source. 

emancipate (e-man'si-pat) , v.t. to 
liberate from servitude or bondage; 
set free; enfranchise. 

emancipation (e-mamsi-pa'shun), n. 
the act of setting free persons in a 
state of bondage. 

emancipator (e-man'si-pa-ter) , n. a 
liberator. 

emarginate (e-mar'gin-at) , adj. in- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EMASCULATE 



288 



EMBRACE 



dented at the edges; having the apex 
notched. 

emasculate (e-mas'ku-lat), v.t. to 
castrate; deprive of virility; weaken 
by expurgation; adj. castrated'. 

embalm (em-bam'), v.t. to preserve 
from decay by balsams, aromatic 
spices or antiseptics. 

embank (em-bangk'), v.t. to inclose 
with a bank; protect by a bank. 

embankment (em-bangk'ment), n. 
a bank of earth, stones, &c, for pro- 
tection or defense. 

embargo (em-bar'go), n. [pi. embar- 
goes (em-bar'goz)], an orcier by au- 
thority prohibiting the departure 
of vessels from a port. 

embark (em-bark'), v.t. to put on 
board ship ; venture or invest : v.i. to 
go on board a vessel; engage in any 
affairs. 

embarrass (em-bar'as), v.t. to hinder; 
pern! ex; involve in pecuniary diffi- 
culties; distress. 

embarrassment (em - bar'as - ment) , 
n. confusion of mind; pecuniary 
difficulties. 

embassy (em'ba-si), n. [pi. embassies 
(em'ba-siz)], the public function, or 
official residence of an ambassador. 

embattled (em-bat'ld), p. adj. fur- 
nished with battlements; drawn up 
in battle array. 

embed (em-bed'), v.t. to lay in, or as 
in, a bed ; set in surrounding matter. 

embellish (em-bel'ish), v.t. to make 
beautiful; set off by ornamentation. 

ember (em'ber), n. a small live coal 
or unextinguished smoldering ashes. 

embezzle (em-bez'l), v.t. to appropri- 
ate fraudulently, as property en- 
trusted to one's care. 

embitter (em-bit'er), v.t. to make bit- 
ter, or more bitter; exasperate. 
Also imbitter. 

emblazon (em-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn 
with heraldic figures; blazon; deco- 
rate; celebrate the praises of. 

emblazonry (em-bla'zn-ri) , n. [pi. 
emblazonries (em-bla'zn-riz)], her- 
aldic decoration. 

emblem (em'blem), n. a symbolical fig- 
ure or design ; a visible sign of an idea. 

emblemata (em-ble'ma-ta), n.pl. de- 
tachable figures with which the an- 
cients ornamented gold, silver, or 
other metallic vessels. 



emblematic (em-blem-at'ik), adj. per- 
taining to an emblem; symbolical. 
Also emblematical. 

emblematically (em-blem-at'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in an emblematical manner. 

emblements (em'ble-ments) , n.pl. 
annual crops produced by the labor 
of the cultivator. 

embodier (em-bod'i-er) , n. one who 
embodies. 

embodiment (em-bod 'i-ment) , n. the 
act of embodying, or uniting in a 
whole. 

embody (em-bod'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
embodied, p.pr. embodying], to 
collect into one mass or united 
whole; invest with, or as with, a 
material body; v.i. to coalesce. 

embolden (em-bold'en), v.t. to en- 
courage. 

embolism (em'bo-lizm) , n. an inter- 
calation; the insertion of days, 
months, or years into the calendar 
to produce regularity of time; the 
presence of obstructing clots in the 
blood vessels. [Greek.] 

embolus (em'bo-lus), n. [pi. emboli 
(em'bo-ll)], something inserted and 
acting in another thing, as a piston- 
rod. 

embonpoint (an - bong - pwang') , n. 
plumpness of figure, especially of 
the bust. [French.] 

embosom (em-booz'um), v.t. to hold 
in the bosom; inclose in the midst; 
shelter. 

emboss (em-bos'), v.t. to cover with 
bosses or studs; raise in relief from 
the surface. 

embossing (em-bos'ing), n. the art of 
producing raised or projecting fig- 
ures or designs in relief on surfaces. 

embouchure (am-boo-shur') , n. the 
mouth of a river, a cannon, &c; 
the mouthpiece of a musical wind 
instrument. [French.] 

embowel (em-bou'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
emboweled, p.pr. emboweling], to 
remove the intestines from; disem- 
bowel. 

embower (em-bou'er), v.t. to cover 
with, or as with, a bower; v.i. to rest, 
as in a bower; form a bower. 

embrace (em-bras'), v.t. to take in 
close, or press to the bosom with 
affection; hug; cling to; receive 
with willingness; in law, to attempt 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EMBRACERY 



289 



EMISSARY 



to influence by threats or bribes: 
v.i. to join in an embrace: n. the act 
of embracing; a clasping in the arms; 
a hug. 

embracery (em-bra/ser-i) , n. the act 
of attempting to corrupt or influence 
a jury. 

embrasure (em-bra/zhur) , n. an open- 
ing in a wall or parapet from which to 
fire guns; a window or door having 
its sides slanted on the inside. 

embrocate (em'bro-kat), v.t. to mois- 
ten and rub, as a diseased or injured 
part, with a lotion. 

embrocation (em-bro-ka'shun) , n. 
a liniment for applying to, or rub- 
bing, an injured part of the body. 

embroider (em-broid'er) , v.t. to deco- 
rate with needlework ; embellish with 
additions. 

embroidery (em-broid'er-i) , n. [pi. 
embroideries (em-broid'er-iz)], orna- 
mental work of gold, silver, silk, &c, 
executed with the needle; embellish- 
ment. 

embroil (em-broil'), v.t. to throw into 
confusion; involve in contention; 
mix up; entangle. 

embryo (em' bri-o) , n. [pi. embryos 
(em'bri-oz)], the first germ or rudi- 
ment of an organism; the first or 
undeveloped state of anything. 

embryogeny (em-bri-oj'e-ni), n. the 
development of the embryo in the 
ovule. 

embryologist (em - bri - ol'o - jist) , n. 
one who studies, or is skilled in, 
embryology. 

embryology (em-bri-ol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of biology which treats of 
the development of embryos. 

embryonic (em-bri-on'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or resembling, an em- 
bryo; rudimentary. 

embryoplastic (em-bri-o-plas'tik) , 
adj. pertaining to the formation and 
development of an embryo. 

embryoscope (em'bri-6-skop), n. an 
instrument for the observation of 
the development of embryos. 

embryotomy (em-bri-ot'o-mi), n. the 
extraction of an embryo or foetus by 
cutting. 

emend (e-mend'), v.t. to # alter or 
correct a text or manuscript. 

emendation (e-men-da'shun), n. the 
alteration or correction of a text, 



so as to give an improved read- 
ing. 

emendator (e'men-da-ter), n. one 
who corrects or improves the text 
of a work. 

emerald (em'e-rald), n. a precious 
stone of a rich, deep green color: 
a variety of beryl ; a size of type : adj. 
of an emerald color. [French.] 

emeraldine (em'e-ral-din) , n. a dye 
of a dark green color. 

emerge (e-merj'), v.i. to rise up, or 
come forth, from anything which 
conceals; become apparent. 

emergency (e-mer'jen-si), n. [pi. 
emergencies (e-mer'jen-siz)], a sud- 
den occasion; pressing necessity; 
strait; crisis; adj. pertaining to, or 
used in, an emergency. 

emeritus (e-mer'i-tus), adj. retired 
from service with honor: said of a 
university or college professor, or of 
the rector of a church. [Latin.] 

emersion (e-mer'shun) , n. the act of 
emerging; the reappearance of a 
heavenly body after an eclipse. 

emery (em'er-i), n. a very hard va- 
riety of corundum; used when pow- 
dered for grinding or polishing. 

emetic (e-met'ik), adj. inducing vom- 
iting: n. a medicine possessing 
emetic properties. 

emetically (e-met'i-ka-li), adv. so as 
to cause vomiting. 

emeute (a-mut'), n. a seditious 
or revolutionary outbreak; riot. 
[French.] 

emigrant (em'i- grant), n. one who 
quits his own country to settle in 
another; adj. moving from one coun- 
try to another; pertaining to, or 
used by, emigrants. [Latin.] 

emigrate (em'i-grat), v.i. to leave one's 
country to settle in another. 

eminence (em'i-nens), n. that which 
is lofty; elevation; height; exalted 
rank, station, celebrity, or repute; 
a title given to cardinals. 

eminent (em'i-nent), adj. high in 
office, rank, or reputation; dis- 
tinguished; exalted; conspicuous. 

emir (e-meV), n. a prince; a title of 
dignity given _ to a Mohammedan 
prince or chieftain, notably the 
Emir of Afghanistan. Also ameer. 
amir. 

emissary (em'i-sa-ri) , n. [pi. emis- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
19 hue, hut; think, fften. 



EMISSION 



290 



EMULATE 



saries (em'i-sa-riz)], a person, or 
agent, sent on a mission, especially 
of a secret nature. 

emission (e-mish'un), n. the act of 
sending out; that which is issued at 
the time, as bank notes. , 

emissive (e-mis'iv), adj. sending out. 

•emit (e-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emitted, 
p.pr. emitting], to send or give 
forth; issue, as an order or decree; 
to print and send into circulation, 
as bank notes. [Latin.] 

emmensite (em'men-zlt) , n. an ex- 
plosive of very high power. • 

emmet (em'et), n. an ant. 

emollient (e-mql'yent) , adj. soften- 
ing: n. a medicine that has a soften- 
ing effect onjiving tissues. 

emolliotype (e-mol'i-o-tfp), n. a pic- 
ture taken on opal glass by the 
collodio-ehloride process. 

emolument (e-mol'u-ment) , ft. profit; 
remuneration ; income ; pecuniary 
gain. 

emotion (e-mo'shun), n. mental agi- 
tation; excited feeling; passion. 

emotional (e-mo'shun-al), adj. per- 
taining to, or characterized by, 
emotion. 

emotive (e-mo'tiv), adj. producing 
emotion. 

emperor (em'per-er), m. the sover- 
eign or supreme ruler of an em- 
pire. 

emphasis (em'fa-sis), n. a particular 
stress of the voice on a word or 
words in reading or speaking; spe- 
cial force of language or thought. 

emphasize (em'fa-siz)^ v.t. to pro- 
nounce with emphasis; bring out 
clearly and distinctly. 

emphatic (em-fat'ik), adj. uttered 
with emphasis; forcibly significant; 
impressive; earnest. Also emphati- 
cal. 

emphatically (em-f at'i-ka-li) , adv. in 
an emphatic manner. 

empire (em'pfr), ?i. supreme power or 
dominion; imperial rule or sover- 
eignty; the region ruled over by an 
emperor or sovereign; sway; con- 
trol. [French.] g 

empiric (em-pir'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, founded upon, or derived from, 
experience. Also empirical. 

empirically (em-pir'i-ka-li) , adv. in an 
empirical or experimental manner. 



empiricism (em-pir'i-sizm) , n. ob- 
servation, or practical experience 
apart from scientific knowledge ; the 
practice of medicine without the 
usual medical training or qualifi- 
cation; quackery. 

employ (em-ploi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. em- 
ployed, p.pr. employing], to give oc- 
cupation to; keep busy; exercise; 
make use of; apply or devote to an 
object; n. occupation. 

employee (em-ploi-e'), ft. one who 
works for another [French em- 
ploye (-§/)]. 

employment (em-ploi'ment) , ft. busi- 
ness; occupation. 

emporium (em-po'ri-um), n. a com- 
mercial center or place of trade; a 
large shop. 

empower (em-pou'er), v.t. to au- 
thorize; enable. 

empresario (em-pres-a/ri-o) , n. a 
contractor who introduces foreign 
settlers to Mexico by arrangement 
with the government; a musical 
director. [Italian.] 

empress (em'pres), n. the consort or 
widow of an emperor. 

empressement (an-pres-mang'), cor- 
dial vivacity of manner ; an animated 
display of interest. [French.] 

emptiness (emp'ti-nes), n. the state 
of being empty; want of knowledge 
or sense. 

empty (emp'ti), adj. [comp. emptier 
(emp'ti-er), saperl. emptiest (empti- 
est)], containing nothing; vague; 
unsatisfactory; destitute of force, 
knowledge, or sense; fasting; vacant: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emptied, p.pr. empty- 
ing], to deprive of the contents; pour 
out; discharge; make vacant: v.i. 
to become empty; discharge itself: 
ft. (pi. empties), an empty vessel, 
packing case, or sack. 

emptying (emp'ti-ing), n. the act of 
making empty: pi. the lees of beer 
or cider, used as yeast (pronounced 
by rustics emplins). 

empyrean (em-pir-e'an), adj. per- 
taining to the highest and purest re- 
gion of heaven, or the region of pure 
fire; ethereal. Also empyreal. 

emu (e'mu), n. a large Australian 
ostrich-like bird. 

emulate (em'u-lat), v.t. to strive to 
equal or excel; vie with; rival. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EMULATION 



291 



ENCUMBER 



emulation (em-u-la/shun) , n. a spirit 

of rivalry. 
emulator (em'u-la-ter), n. a rival; 

competitor. 
emulgent (e-mul'jent), adj. draining 
out: applied to the arteries and 
veins: n. an emulgent vessel; a med- 
icine that promotes a flow of bile. 

emulous (em'u-lus) , adj. desirous to 
excel; rivaling; competitive. 

emulsion (e-mul'shun) , n. any liquid 
preparation resembling milk; a sub- 
stance suspended in gelatine or col- 
lodion, used in the preparation of 
dry photographic plates. 

enable (en'a-bl), v.t. to make able; 
furnish with adequate means or 
power; empower. 

enact (en-akt'), v.t to decree; pass 
into law; act the part of. 

enacting clause (en-akt 'ing klawz), 
n. the introductory clause of a bill 
or act, usually commencing "Be it 
enacted." 

enactment (en-akt'ment), n. the act 
of enacting; a statute; the passing of 
a bill into law. 

enactor (en-akt'ter), n. one who enacts. 

enamel (en-am/el), n. an opaque, 
semi-transparent, or colored sub- 
stance, or glass, used in coating the 
surface of metals or porcelain, and 
afterwards fired ; anything enameled ; 
any smooth hard coating, especially 
the dense white substance of the 
teeth: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. enameled, 
p.pr. enameling], to lay on, cover, or 
decorate with enamel; adorn with 
various hues: v.i. to practice the art 
of enameling. [Old French.] # 

enamor (en-am'er), v.t. to captivate. 

encamp (en-kamp'), v.i. to form a 
camp; halt on the march; go into 
camp or settle in temporary quar- 
ters: v.t. to form into a camp. 

encampment ( en-kamp 'ment), n. a 
temporary resting place for an army 
or company of travelers. 

encaustic (en-kaws' tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the art of painting in burnt 
wax. [Greek.] 

encaustic- tile (en-kaws'tik-tll) , n. 
a variegated paving-tile inlaid on 
ground of another color. 

enceinte (ang-sangt') , n. the line of 
works which forms the main in- 
closure of a fortress or place; a 



close or precinct: adj. with child; 
pregnant. [French.] 
enchain (en-chan'), v.t. to hold fast 

with, or as with, a chain. 
enchant (en-chant'), v.t. to charm or 
subdue, as by spells or sorcery; be- 
witch; fill with delight. 
enchanter (en-chant'er), n. sl wizard, 
one who is supposed to charm by 
spells or incantations. Feminine 
enchantress. 
enchantment (en-chant 'ment), n. 
the use or practice of magic, sorcery, 
charms, &c; the state of being en- 
chanted; rapture. 
encircle (en-ser'kl) , v.t. to form, or 
inclose, in a circle ; enclasp ; embrace. 
enclitic (en-klit'ik). In Greek and 
Latin, particles that adhere to 
preceding words, losing their own 
accent which passes forward to the 
preceding syllable (recessive accent). 
enclose. See inclose. 
enclosure. See inclosure. 
encomiastic (en-ko-mi-as'tik), adj. 

bestowing praise ;_ eulogistic. 
encomium (en-ko'mi-um), n. [pL 
encomiums (en-ko'mi-umz)], formal 
praise; eulogy. [Greek.] 
encompass (en-kum'pas) , v.t. to sur- 
round. 
encore (ang-kor'),. adv. once more; 
again; n. a repetition in response to 
a call by an audience: v.t. to call 
for a repetition of (any partieular 
part of a performance). [French, 
but not so used by the French.] 
encounter (en-koun'ter), v.t. to come 
upon suddenly; meet face to face: 
v.i. to come into collision; meet in 
combat: n. a sudden or accidental 
meeting; conflict ;_ battle, 
encourage (en-kur'aj), v.t. to give, or 

inspire with, courage; stimulate. 
encouragement (en-kur'a j-menc) , _ ?i. 
the act of encouraging; that which 
gives courage or incites to action 
or perseverance. 
encrinite (en'kri-mt) , n. a stone-lily. 
encroach (en-kroch'), v.i. to invade 
gradually or by stealth; infringe; 
intrude (usually with on or upon) . 
encroachment (en-kroch'ment) , n, 

intrusion. 
encumber (en-kum'ber) , v.t. to im- 
pede; retard; clog; obstruct; load 
with debt or other legal liabilities. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



ENCUMBRANCE 



292 



ENEMA 



encumbrance (en-kum'brans) , n. that 
which encumbers; a lien or liability 
attached to real property. 

encyclical (en-sik'li-kal) , adj. sent to 
all members of a class or commu- 
nity; intended for general circula- 
tion. Also encyclic: n. a circular 
letter sent by the Pope to the bish- 
ops, treating of topics of general ec- 
clesiastical interest. [Greek.J 

encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (en- 
si-klo-pe'di-a), n. the circle of the 
arts and sciences; a dictionary of 
the arts, sciences and literature; a 
comprehensive summary of knowl- 
edge; a cyclopedia. 

encyclopedic (en-si-klo-pe'dik), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, an 
encyclopedia. Also encyclopaedic. 

encyclopedist (en-sl-klo-pe'dist), n. a 
compiler of an encyclopedia; one 
whose studies embrace all knowl- 
edge. Also encyclopaedist. 

encyst (en-sist'), v.t. & v.i. to enclose, 
or become enclosed, in a cyst or 
vesicle. 

end (end), n: the extreme limit or 
terminal point of anything; purpose 
in view; design; necessary termina- 
tion, or logical outcome; death: v.t. 
to bring to an end; finish; ter- 
minate; destroy: v.i. to come to an 
end; die. 

endanger (en-dan 'jer), v.t. expose to, 
or bring into, danger; hazard. 

endear (en-der'), v.t. to make dear or 
beloved ; attach to one's self. 

endearment (en-der 'ment) , n. affec- 
tion. 

endeavor (en-dev'er), v.i. to strive for 
the attainment of some object; at- 
tempt: n. an effort or attempt. 

endemic (en-dem'ik), adj. peculiar to 
a nation, people, or locality: ap- 
plied to a disease. 

ending (ending), n. result; end. 

endive (en'dlv), n. an herb known as 
Cichorium Endivia. Its leaves when 
blanched are used as a salad. 

endless (end'les), a. everlasting; with- 
out termination. 

endless chain, n. a closed belt or 
cable without a terminal point ; # a 
system of multiplied letter- writing. 

end-man (end'man), n. in theatrical 
slang, the man who sits at the end 
of a row of negro "minstrels," and 



carries on humorous colloquies with 
the leader who sits in the middle. 

endo and endon, a prefix meaning 
within. 

endocarp (en'do-karp) , n. the inner 
coat or shell of a fruit. 

endogen (en'do-jen), n. an endogen- 
ous plant: pi. one of the primary 
classes of the vegetable kingdom, 
in which the plants increase by in- 
ternal growth and elongation at the 
summit, and have a distinct pith. 

endogenous (en-doj'en-us), adj. per- 
taining to the endogens; originating 
or growing within. 

endoscope (en'do-skop),n. an instru- 
ment used for examining some in- 
ternal part of the body, as the 
urethra. 

endosmosis (en-dos-mo'sis), n. the 
transmission of a fluid inward from 
outside when two fluids are sepa- 
rated by a porous septum. 

endosperm (en'do-sperm) , n. the albu- 
men of a seed. 

endow (en-dou'), v.t. to bestow a fund 
or income upon; settle upon; fur- 
nish, as with some gift or quality 
(with with). 

endowment (en-dou'ment) , n. the 
act of endowing; that which is be- 
stowed, settled, or appropriated to 
any object; that which is given or 
bestowed on the person or mind: pi. 
natural gifts. 

endue (en-du')» v.t. to clothe; invest; 
assume; furnish with some moral or 
spiritual gift. Also indue. 

endurability (en-dtir-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being endurable. 

endurable (en-dur'a-bl) , adj. bearable. 

endurance (en-dur'ans) , n.the capac- 
ity to endure; power of suffering 
without succumbing; continuance; 
fortitude. 

endure (en-dur'), v.t'. to support with- 
out breaking or yielding; put up 
with; remain in: v.i. to harden; re- 
main in the same state. 

enduring (en-dur'ing) , adj. perma- 
nent. 

endways (end'waz), adv. on end; with 
the end forward or uppermost; 
lengthwise. Also endwise. 

enema (en'e-ma), n. an injection 
thrown into the rectum as a medi- 
cine. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ENEMY 



293 



ENGRAVING 



enemy (en'e-mi), n. [pi. enemies (en'e- 
miz)], one hostile to another; foe; 
antagonist; a hostile army: adj. hos- 
tile, of the enemy. 

energetic (en-er-jet'ik), adj. possess- 
ing, or displaying, energy; vigorous 
in action; forcible: ii.pl physical, 
as distinguishedjrom vital dynamics. 

energico ( en-er'je-ko), adj. with ener- 
gy, force, and strong accentuation 
[Mus.]. 

energize (en'er-jlz), v.t. to endow with 
energy: v.i. to act with energy. 

energy (en'er-ji), n. [pi. energies (en'- 
er-jiz)], internal or inherent power; 
vigorous operation; power efficiently 
and forcibly exerted; capacity for 
performing work; emphasis, 

enervate (en 'er- vat or e-ner'vat), v.t. 
to deprive of nerve, force, or vigor; 
render effeminate or feeble; weaken. 

en famille (ang fa : me'), with one's 
family; at home; in domestic fash- 
ion; without formality. [French.] 

enfeeble (en-fe'bl), v.t. to weaken; 
relax. 

enfeoff (en-fef), v.t. to invest with a 
feud, fief, or fee; give, sell or con- 
vey lands in fee to. 

enfilade (en-fi-lad'), n. a straight line 
or passage; the situation of a place 
or a body of men liable to be raked 
with shot through its whole extent: 
v.t. to pierce or rake with shot in a 
straight line. 

enforce (en-fors')., v.t. to put into exe- 
cution with vigor; compel; make 
clear or intelligible. 

enfranchise (en-fran'chiz), v.t. to lib- 
erate or set free; make free of a 
state, city, or corporation; confer 
the electoral franchise upon; ad- 
mit to the right of voting in public 
elections. 

enfranchisement (en-f ran'chiz-ment ) , 
n. the act of setting free: especially 
the admission to free political rights. 

engage (en-gaj'), v.t. to pledge or 
bind by oath or contract; make lia- 
ble for a debt; secure for aid or em- 
ployment; encounter in battle; oc- 
cupy the time or attention of; inter- 
lock: v.i. to promise or assume an 
obligation; occupy one's self; enter 
a conflict. 

engaged (en-gajd'), p.adj. busy or oc- 
cupied ; affianced. 



engagement (en-gaj 'ment), n. the ace 
of engaging; the state or condition 
of being engaged; betrothal; occu- 
pation; a conflict between armies 
or fleets. 
engaging (en-ga j 'ing) , adj. winning; 
pleasing. 

engender (en-jen'der) , v.t. to beget; 
excite: v.i. to come into existence. 

engine (en'jin), n. anything used to 
effect a purpose ; a machine by which 
power is applied for the performance 
of work ; an apparatus for producing 
some mechanical effect: v.t. to fur- 
nish or fit up a _vessel with engines. 

engineer (en-ji-ner'),. n. one who is 
skilled in the principles or practice 
of any branch of engineering; one 
who has charge of and manages an 
engine; one who carries through a 
scheme or undertaking by skill or 
astuteness: v.t. to plan, lay out, or 
direct, as an engineer, the forma- 
tion or execution of ,_as a road or work. 

engineering (en-ji-ner'ing), n. the art 
of constructing and using machinery; 
the art and science by which natu- 
ral forces and materials are utilized 
in structures or machines. 

English (ing'glish), adj. belonging 
to, characteristic of, or pertaining 
to, the language or the people of 
England, or those descended from 
them: n. the English people or the 
language spoken by them; a size of 
printing-type (see type) : v.t. to 
translate into English; to give a 
twisting or spinning motion to, as 
a ball at billiards, so as to deflect it 
from its course. 

engorge (en-gorj') : n. to eat vora- 
ciously; when said of the earth, to 
swallow down, as in an earthquake, 
chasm, or quagmire. 

engrailment (en-graTment), n. a ring 
of dots round the edge of a coin or 
medal. 

engrave (en-grav'), v.t. to cut or 
carve in sunken patterns; incise 
with figures or lines; impress deeply 
or indelibly. 

engraving (en-grav'ing) , n. the act, 
process, or art of producing designs, 
&c, incised or relief, on metal, stone, 
or hard wood; that which is en- 
graved; an impression from an en- 
graved plate. 



ate, lirm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ENGROSS 



294 



ENSHEATHE 



engross (en-gros'), v.t. to purchase in 
the gross or bulk; monopolize; write 
in a large distinct round hand. 

engrossment (en-gros'ment), n. the 
act of acquiring large or undue 
quantities of things; the act of en- 
grossing documents; that which has 
been engrossed; attention to one 
thing to the exclusion of everything 
else. 

engulf (en-gulf), v.t. to draw down 
into an abyss; to overwhelm in a 
mass of water. Also ingulf. < 

enhance (en-hans'), v.t. to raise in 
esceem; advance; heighten in price 
or value. 

enharmonic (en-har-mon'ik) , adj. pro- 
ceeding by smaller intervals than a 
semitone. Also enharmonical. 

enharmonically (en-har-mon'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in an enharmonic manner. 

enharmonic scale (skal), n. a musi- 
cal scale having more than 12 tones 
to the octave. 

enhydrite (en-hi'drit) , n. any mineral 
containing water. 

enigma (e-nig'ma), n. a riddle. 

enigmatic (e-nig-mat'ik), adj. per- 
taining to an enigma; obscure or 
puzzling. Also enigmatical. 

enigmatically (e-nig-mat'i-ka-li), adv. 
in an enigmatical manner. 

enjoin (en-join'), v.t. to direct with 
authority or urgency; enforce; pro- 
hibit or restrain by an injunction. 

enjoy (en-joi'), v.t. to feel or perceive 
with pleasure; have the use or pos- 
session of. 

enjoyment (en-joi'ment), n. the act of 
enjoying; pleasure or gratification. 

enkindle (en-kin'dl), v.t. to set on fire; 
rouse. 

enlarge (en-larj'), v.t. to make larger; 
extend in limits or dimensions; am- 
plify; extend to more purposes or 
uses; release from confinement; di- 
late upon: v.i. to become larger; ex- 
patiate. 

enlighten (en-lit'n), v.t. to illuminate; 
make clear to the mind ; furnish 
with increased knowledge; elevate 
morally or spiritually. 

enlist ( en-list'), v.t. to enroll, as for 
military service; register; gain over, 
or employ in some cause: v.i. to 
engage one's self for military ser- 
vice. 



enlistment (en-list 'ment), n. the act of 
enlisting; the state of being enlisted. 

enliven (en-liv'n), v.t. to make vigor- 
ous, active, or vivacious; exhilarate; 
inspirit. 

en masse (ang mas'), collectively; 
altogether. [French.] 

enmity (en'mi-ti), n. [pi. enmities 
(en'mi-tiz)], animosity; hatred; hos- 
tility; ill-will. 

ennoble (en-no'bl) , v.t to make noble ; 
dignify; exalt; make famous or il- 
lustrious. 

ennui (ang-we'), languor of mind; 
listlessness. [French.] 

enormity (e-nor'mi-ti) , n. [pi. enor- 
mities (e-nor'mi-tiz)], something 
outrageous or extremely immoder- 
ate; an atrocity. 

enormous (e-nor'mus), adj. excessive; 
very great; immense; huge; ex- 
tremely wicked. 

enough (e-nuf), adj. sufficient: n. a 
sufficiency: adv. so as to be suffi- 
cient; very; quite: inter j. stop! 

en passant (ang pas-sang'), by the 
way. [French.] 

enquire (en-quir'), same as inquire. 

enquiry (en-qul'ri), same as inquiry. 

enrage (en-raj'), v.t. to throw into a 
rage. 

enrail (en-ral'), v.t. to place a car 
upon rails : opposed to derail. 

en rapport (ang rap-por'), in sym- 
pathy with (with with). [French.] 

enrapt (en-rapt'), adj. enraptured. 

enrapture (en-rap'tur) , v.t. to trans- 
port with delight; please intensely; 
charm. 

en regie (ang ra'gl), in due order. 
[French.] 

enrich (en-rich'), v.t. to make rich; 
fertilize; store; adorn. 

enrobe (en-rob'), v.t. to clothe; invest. 

enroll (en-rol'), v.t. to insert in a reg- 
ister; enlist; record. 

en route (ang root'), on the way. 
[French.] 

ens (enz), n. [pi. entia (en'shi-a)], 
an entity; existence; being. [Latin.] 

ensanguine (en-sang'gwin) , v.t. to 
smear or cover with blood. 

ensconce (en-skons'), v.t. to hide; fix 
securely or comfortably; settle. 

ensemble (ang-sam'bl), the whole, 
with the parts all assembled. [French.] 

ensheathe (en-sheW), v.t. to sheathe. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ENSHRINE 



295 



ENTOMB 



enshrine (en-shrm'), v.t. to place in 
a shrine; keep sacred. 

enshroud (en-shroud') , v.t. to cover 
with, or as with, a shroud; con- 
ceal. 

ensiform (en'si-f orm) , adj. sword- 
shaped. [Latin.] 

ensign (en'sln), n. a flag; badge; the 
lowest rank in the U. S. navy. 

ensilage (en'si-laj), n. fodder or vege- 
table produce stored in a silo or 
pit: v.t. to preserve in a silo. 

enslave (en-slav'), v.t. to bring into, 
or reduce to, s_lavery ; enthrall. 

ensnare (en-snar'), v.t. to take in a 
snare; take by craft; allure. 

ensue (en-su r ), v.i. to follow as a con- 
sequence; succeed L 

en suite (ang swet/), in a series. 
[French.] 

ensure, same as insure. 

entablature (en-tab la-tur), n. the 
whole parts on the top of a pillar 
or column, composed of architrave, 
frieze, and cornice. 

entail (en-taT), n. an estate in fee 
limited to a particular heir or heirs: 
v.t. to leave or settle, as if by en- 
tail; involve; necessitate. 

entangle (en-tang'gl) , v.t. to involve; 
tangle ; ensnare ; perplex ; bewilder. 

entanglement (en-tang'gl-ment), n. 
the act of entangling; an obstacle of 
barbed wire used to prevent the ap- 
proach of an enemy. 

entente (ang-tant), n. understanding 
between governments; alliance. # 

enter (en'ter), v.t. to go or come into; 
begin; penetrate; set down in writ- 
ing; initiate into a business, &c; 
place on the records of a court: v.i. 
to effect an entrance; come in; join 
or become a member of. 

enteric (en-ter'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated near, the intestines. 

enteritis (en-ter-I'tis), n. inflammation 
of the small intestines. [Greek.] 

enterozoon (en-ter-o-zo'on), n. [pi. 
enterozoa (en-ter-o-zo'a)], an in- 
testinal parasite. 

enterprise (en'ter-priz), n. an under- 
taking of importance or risk; bold- 
ness; energy and invention. 

enterprising (en'ter-prlz-ing) , n. ad- 
venturous; energetic; progressive. 

entertain (en-ter-tan'), v.t. to receive 
and treat hospitably; afford diver- 



sion to ; keep in the mind ; take into 
consideration: v.i. to receive guests 
hospitably. 

entertaining (en-ter-t an'ing), -p. adj. 
amusing; diverting. 

entertainment (en-ter-tan'ment), n. 
the act of entertaining; hospitality 
at table; a feast or banquet; a 
diverting performance; amusement. 

enthrall (en-thrawr), v.t. to enslave; 
bring or hold under some overmas- 
tering influence. 

enthrone (en-thron'), v.t. to place on 
a throne; invest with sovereign 
power and authority. 

enthuse (en-thuz'), v.t. to render en- 
thusiastic: v.i. manifest enthusiasm. 
[Vulgar.] 

enthusiasm (en-thu'zi-azm) , n. eleva- 
tion of fancy; ardor of mind; fer- 
vent zeal; fanaticism. [Greek.] 

enthusiast (en-thu'zi-ast) , n. one who 
is filled with enthusiasm; one who 
thinks himself to be inspired; a 
visionary; fanatic. 

enthusiastic (en-thu-zi-as'tik), adj. 
given to, or characterized by, en- 
thusiasm; ardent; zealous. 

enthusiastically (en-thu-zi-as'ti-ka- 
li), adv. with enthusiasm. 

entice (en-tis'), v.t. to attract or al- 
lure; tempt. 

enticingly (en-ti'sing-li), adv. in a 
manner to attract, seduce, allure. 

entire (en-tlr'), adj. complete in all 
parts; whole; undivided or un- 
broken; unalloyed; consisting of one 
piece: adv. entirely; wholly: n. the 
whole; entire beer. 

entirely (en-tir'li), adv. fully; com- 
pletely. 

entireness (en-tir'nes) , /n. the state 
or quality of being entire; complete- 
ness. 

entirety (en-tir'ti), n. completeness; 
the whole. 

entitle (en-tl'tl), v.t. to give a title, 
name, or designation to; style; give 
a right to. # 

entity (en'ti-ti), n. [pi. entities (en'- 
ti-tiz)]> anything that exists, or is 
supposed to exist; being. 

ento. ent, a Greek prefix forming 
many compounds with scientific 
words, meaning within, interior. 

entomb (en-toom'), v.t. to place in, 
or as in, a tomb. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ENTOMBMENT 



296 



ENVY 



entombment (en-toom'ment) , n. the 
act of placing in a tomb. 

entomoid (en'to-moid), adj. resem- 
bling an insect. 

entomology (en-to-mql'o-ji) , n. that 
branch of zoology which treats of in- 
sects and their habits. 

entomologist (en-to-mol'o-jist), n. a 
student of entomology. 

entomophagus (en-to-mof 'a-gus) , adj. 
insect-eating. 

entonic (en-ton'ik), adj. having great 
tension; strained. 

entourage (ang-too-razh') , n. asso- 
ciates, surroundings. 

entozoon_(en-to-zo'on) , n. [pi. entozoa 
(en~to-zo'a)], an intestinal parasite. 
Same as enterozoon. 

entr'acte (ang'tr-akt) , n. the inter- 
val between the acts of a play or 
opera; a musical interlude. m [French.] 

entrails (en'tralz), n.pl. the intestines. 

entrain (en-tran r ), v.t. to dispatch 
(troops) by train :v.i. to board a train. # 

entrance (en'trans), n. the act of en- 
tering; a passage; avenue; the en- 
try of a ship, or goods, at the cus- 
tom house of a port : v.t. (en-trans') 
to bewitch, to fascinate. 

entrap (en-trap/), v.t. to take in, or 
as in, a trap ;_inveigle ; ensnare. 

entreat (en-tret'), v.t. to solicit ear- 
nestly; importune; beseech. 

entreaty (en-tret'i), n. [pi. entreaties 
(en-tret 'iz)], an earnest petition or 
request; prayer. 

entree (ang-tra/), n. entrance; admis- 
sion; a side dish. [French.] 

entremets (ang-tr-ma/) , n.pl. side 
dishes; a made dish. __[French.] 

entre nous (ang'tr noo), confiden- 
tially. [French.] 

entre pas (ang'tr pa), n. an amble. 
[French.] 

entre- pot (ang'tr-po), n. a commer- 
cial center for the distribution of 
goods ; a free m port where foreign 
merchandise is kept in bond. 
[French.] 

entrust, same as intrust. 

entry (en'tri), n. [pi. entries (en'triz)], 
an entrance; passage; entree; the 
act of entering and inscribing in a 
book ; item ; the act of taking right- 
ful possession of lands or tenements, 
or feloniously entering another's 
premises. 



entwine (en-twin'), v.t. to twine 
around ; twist together. 

enumerate (e - nu'mer - at) , v.t. to 
reckon or name singly; count; go 
over in detail. 

enumeration (e-nu-mer-a'shun) , n. 
the act of numbering; counting up; 
a catalogue; list. 

enunciable (e-nun'shi-a-bl) , adj. ca- 
pable of being enunciated. 

enunciate (e-nun'shi-at) , v.t. to de- 
clare or proclaim; utter; express; 
speak. 

enunciation (e-nun-shi-a'shun) , n. 
definite or declaratory statement; 
articulation* the words in which a 
proposition is expressed. 

enunciative (e-nun'shi-a-ti v) , adj. de- 
claratory. 

enunciator (e-nun'shi-Fi-tcr) , one who 
enunciates or declares. 

envelop (en-vel'up), v.t. to surround 
with, or as with, a wrapper; hide; 
cover. 

envelope (en'vel-op), n. a case or 
wrapper, usually gummed, for safe 
conveyance of a letter by post, &c; 
covering; wrapper; an investing in- 
tegument; exterior fortified works. 

envelopment (en-vel'up-ment), n. the 
act of enveloping, a covering; wrap- 
per. 

envenom (en-ven'um), v.t. make poi- 
sonous; infuse venom into; embit- 
ter. 

enviable (en'vi-a-bl) , adj. exciting 
envy; capable of awakening the de- 
sire to possess. 

enviably (en'vi-a-bli) , adv. in an envi- 
able manner. t 

envious (en'vi-us), adj. feeling, or 
characterized by, envy; jealous. 

environ (en-vi'run), v.t. to surround or 
inclose; encompass; hem in: n.pl. 
places near a town or city; suburbs. 

environment (en-vl'run-ment) , n. 
that which surrounds; external cir- 
cumstances of an organism. 

envoy (en'voi), n. a diplomatic repre- 
sentative, second in rank to an am- 
bassador; one sent on a special mis- 
sion. [French.] 

envy (en'vi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. envied, 
p.pr. envying], to grudge; feel dis- 
pleasure at the excellence or pros- 
perity of; covet: v.i. to feel or ex- 
hibit envy: n. malice, ill-will; dis- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ENWRAP 



297 



EPIGRAPH 



pleasure felt at the excellence of an- 
other; an object of envy. 

enwrap (en-rap') v.t. to wrap up. # 

enzootic (en-zo-qt'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to a disease which affects animals of 
a particular district. 

epact (e'pakt), n. the excess of the 
solar over the lunar month, about 11 
days in the year. [French.] 

epaulet (ep'aw-let), n. an ornament- 
al badge sometimes worn on the 
shoulder by naval and military of- 
ficers. [French.] 

epaulment (e-pawl'ment) , n. a side- 
work to protect troops in flank. 

epenthesis (ep-en'the-sis) n. the in- 
sertion of a letter or syllable in che 
middle of a word, as the n in 
passenger (French, passager). 

epergne (a-pern'), n. an ornamental 
stand with a dish and branches for 
holding flowers, &c, as a decoration 
for the dining table. [French.] 

ephemera (e-femVra), n. [pi. eph- 
emerae (e-fem'e-re)], that which exists 
but for a day; May-fly. 

ephemeral (e-fem'er-al) , adj. existing 
only for a day; short-lived. 

ephemeris (e-f em'er-is) , n. [pi. ephem- 
erides (e-fem-mer'i-dez)], an astro- 
nomical almanac showing the daily 
positions of the sun, moon, and plan- 
ets. [Greek.] 

ephod (ef'od), n. a priestly vestment 
worn by the Jewish high priest. 

ephor (ef'or), n. [pi. ephori (ef'or-I), 
ephors (ef'orz)], one of the five Spar- 
tan magistrates. 

epi, a Greek preposition occurring 
largely in the formation of English 
words of a scientific character. Its 
original meaning is "upon." 

epic (ep'ik), adj. heroic; narrative; 
said of a poem: n. a narrative poem 
of some heroic deed or event. 
[Greek.] 

epicarp (ep'i-karp), n. the outer layer 
or skin of a fruit. 

epicene (ep'i-sen), adj. of common 
gender: n. a noun common to both 
genders. 

epicranium (ep-i-kra'ni-um), n. the 
scalp of the cranium or skull. 

epicure (ep'i-kiir), n. one devoted to 
luxury, especially_ of a dainty kind. 

Epicurean (ep-i-ku-re'an) , n. a fol- 
lower of the Greek philosopher, 



• Epicurus (third century B.C.), who 
taught that pleasure is the chief 
good ; by a perversion of his meaning, 
the word came to be applied to a 
voluptuary, or gourmand: adj. luxu- 
rious; devoted to the pleasures of 
the table. 

epicycle (ep'i-si-kl), n. a small circle 
whose center is situated on the cir- 
cumference of a greater circle. 

epicycloid (ep-i-sl'kloid) , n. a curve 
described by a point in the circum- 
ference of one circle which rolls upon 
the convex circumference of another 
circle. 

epidemic (ep-i-dem'ik), adj. attacking 
many at the same time: said of a 
disease: n. a disease having this 
characteristic. [Greek.] 

epidermal (ep-i-der'mal) , adj. per- 
taining to the epidermis. Also epi* 
dermic. 

epidermis (ep-i-der'mis) , n. the cuticle 
or scarf skin; the outer coating or 
bark of a plant. 

epigamic (ep-i-gam'ic) , adj. seeking to 
attract one's mate in the time of cop- 
ulation. [Greek.] 

epigastric (ep-i-gas'tric) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the epigastrium, i. e., the abdo- 
men with the stomach and its walls. 

epigastrium (ep-i-gas'tri-um) , n. the 
upper part of the abdomen and more 
particularly the walls of the stomach, 
and the stomach itself. [Greek.] 

epi genesis (ep-i-jen'e-sis), n. the hy- 
pothesis that the germ is created by 
the division or segmentation of a 
fecundated egg- cell. 

epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is), n. the leaf- 
shaped cartilage which covers the 
upper part of the larynx in the act 
of swallowing. 

epigram (ep'i-gram), n. a verse or 
short poem ending in some ingenious 
or witty turn; a pithy phrase. 

epigrammatic (ep-i-gra-mat'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
an epigram ; pointed. Also epigram- 
matical. 

epi grammatically f ep-i-gra-mat 'i-ka- 
li) r adv. in an epigrammatical man- 
ner; pointedly and concisely. 

epigraph (ep'i-graf), n. an inscription 
on a building, monument, &c; a 
motto or quotation prefixed to a 
literary work. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
22 hue, hut ; think, then. 



EPIGRAPHY 



298 



EQUALITY 



epigraphy (ep-ig'ra-fi) , the study of 
inscriptions upon marble, bronze, 
ivory, gold, silver, &c, for their in- 
terpretation and use in historical or 
artistic investigation. 

epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si) , n. a chronic ner- 
vous disease accompanied by loss of 
consciousness and convulsions. 

epileptic (ep-i-lep'tik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or affected with, epilepsy: n. one 
affected with epilepsy. 

epilogue (ep'i-log), n. a poem or 
speech at the conclusion of a play. 

epiornis (ep-i-or'nis), n. a gigantic fos- 
sil bird. 

Epiphany (e-pif'a-m), n. a Church 
festival (Jan. 6) to commemorate 
the visit of the Magi to Bethlehem, 
and the manifestation of Christ to 
the Gentiles. [Greek.] m 

episcopacy (e-pis'ko-pa-si), n. church 
government by bishops; prelacy. 

episcopal (e-pis'ko-pal) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, episco- 
pacy; vested in a bishop. 

Episcopalian (e-pis-ko-pa/li-an) , adj. 
pertaining to episcopacy. : 

Episcopalian, adj. pertaining to the 
Protestant Episcopal Church: n. a 
member, or supporter, of that church. 

episcopally (e-pis'ko-pa-li), adv. by 
episcopal authority. 

episcopate (e-pis'ko-pat) , n. the office 
and dignity of a bishop; bishopric. 

episode (ep'i-sqd), # n. an incident; a 
digression, or incidental narrative. 

episodic (ep-i-sod'ik) , appertaining 
to g an episode ; adventitious. Also 
episodical. 

episodically (ep-i-sod'i-ka-li) , adv. in- 
cidentally. 

episperm (ep'i-sperm), n. the outer 
covering of a seed. 

epistemology (ep-is-te-mol'o-ji), n: 
any theory that seeks to explain our 
knowledge or belief. 

epistle (e-pis'l), n. a letter; a writ- 
ten communication or message. 

epistolary (e-pis'to-la-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to letters. 

epitaph (ep'i-taf), n. a memorial in- 
scription on a tomb or monument. 

epithelioma (ep-i-the-li-o'ma) , n. a 
cancerous disease of the epithelium. 
It is less dangerous, however, than 
true cancer and may be extirpated 
by the knife. 



epithelium (ep-i-the'li-um) , n. the 
cells that line the alimentary canal 
and sometimes other parts of the 
body. 

epithet (ep'i-thet), n. an adjective 
denoting any quality either good or 
bad; appellation. 

epitome (e-pit'6-me) , n. a summary; 
abridgment; compendium. 

epitomize (e-pit'6-miz), v.t. to de- 
scribe briefly; condense. 

epizoan (ep-i-zo'an) , n. [pi. epizoa 
(ep-i-zo'a)], a parasitic animal which 
lives on the exterior of another ani- 
mal. 

epizootic (ep-i-zo-ot'ik) , adj. parasit- 
ic on animals ; prevailing among 
animals. 

epizooty (ep-i-z5'o-ti) , n. an epi- 
demic influenza prevailing among 
animals, especially horses. 

epoch (ep'ok), n. a point of time 
from which succeeding years are 
reckoned^ era; date. 

epode (ep'od), n. the last part of an 
ode; a burden or refrain in music. 

eponym (ep'o-nim), n. the presumed 
ancestor or founder of a race, tribe, 
city, nation, &c. ; surname. 

eponymous (ep-on'i-mus), adj. per- 
taining to one who gives his name 
to a race, tribe, people, city, monu- 
ment, or to a drama, or book; as, 
Alexandria (from its founder, Alex- 
ander the Great), Harvard (after 
John Harvard), Thackeray's Pen- 
dennis after the hero of the book, 
&c, &c. 

epos (ep'os). See epic. 

epsom salts (ep'sum sawltz), n.pl. sul- 
phate of magnesia. 

equability (e-kwa-bil'i-ti) , adj. even- 
ness. 

equable (ek'wa-bl), adj. uniform; 
consistently equal; proportionate. 

equably (ek'wa-bli) , 'adv. in an equable 
manner. 

equal (e'kwal), adj. of the same ex- 
tent, or magnitude; uniform; ade- 
quate; of the same rank, degree, or 
value; just; parallel: n. one of the 
same age, rank, office, talents, &c: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. equaled, p.pr. equal- 
ing], to be, become or make equal; 
return a full equivalent for. 

equality (e-kwal'i-ti), n. [pi. equali- 
ties (e-kwal'i-tiz)], the state of being 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EQUALIZE 



299 



ERA 



equal; uniformity; evenness, equa- 
bility. 

equalize (e'kwa-llz), v.t. to make 
equal; render uniform. 

equally (e'kwal-li), adv. in an equal 
manner ; in the same degree; uni- 
formly; in equal parts or shares. 

equanimity (e-kwa-nim'i-ti), n. even- 
ness of_ temper or mind; calmness. 

equate (e-kwaf), v.t. to reduce to an 
average ; put in the form of an equa- 
tion. 

equation (e-kwa'shun) , n. in mathe- 
matics, a proposition expressing the 
equality of two quantities, the sign 
= being placed between them ; a 
representation of a chemical reac- 
tion expressed by symbols. 

equator (e-kwa'ter), n. the imaginary 
circle which passes round the mid- 
dle of the earth and divides it into 
two equal parts. 

equatorial (e-kwa-to'ri-al) , adj. per- 
taining to the equator: n. a, tele- 
scope mounted on two axes, one axis 
being parallel to the axis of the 
earth's rotation: used fcr keeping any 
star constantly in the field inde- 
pendently of the earth's rotation. 

squatorially (e-kwa-to'ri-a-li), adv. 
m a line with the equator. 

equerry (ek'wer-i), n..\pl. equerries 
(ek'wer-iz)], an officer in the house of 
a prince or nobleman, who attends 
him in public, and has the super- 
vision of his horses. 

equestrian (e-kwes'tri-an) , adj. per* 
taining to horses or horsemanship; 
performing with horses: n. one 
skilled in horsemanship. 

equestrienne (e-kwes-tri-en') , n. a 
skillful horsewoman. [French.] 

equi, a Latin_ prejix meaning equal. 

equilateral (e-kwi-lat'er-al), adj. hav- 
ing all the sides equal: n. a figure 
with equal sides. 

equilibrator (e-kwi-li'brat-er) , n. an 
object tending or serving to produce 
equilibrium. Also a tail of a flying 
machine. 

equilibrium (e - kwi -*lib ' ri - um) , n. 
equality of weight, power, force, 
&c; equipoise. 

equine (e'kwm), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, a # horse or horses. 

equinoctial (e-kwi-nok'shal) , adj. per- 
taining to the equinoxes: n. the 



equinoctial line; the heavy storm 
which is popularly believed to occur 
at the time when the sun # enters 
one of the two equinoctial points. 

equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. the point of 
intersection of the ecliptic and the 
equator; the time the sun enters 
one of the two equinoctial points 
when the days and nights are of 
equal duration. 

equip (e-kwip'), v.t. [-p.t. & p.p. 
equipped, p.pr. equipping], to fur- 
nish or fit out; accoutre; prepare or 
qualify. 

equipage (ek'wi-paj), n. the arms 
and outfit of an army, vessel, trav- 
eler, &c; the carriage, horse, liver- 
ied servants of a person of rank or 
gentleman. 

equipment (e-kwip 'ment), n. arti- 
cles or supplies necessary for any 
particular service; arms, horses, &c, 
required for military service; roll- 
ing-stock or plant of a railway. 

equipoise (e'kwi-poiz), n. equilibri- 
um; equality of weight. 

equiponderant (e-kwi-pon'der-ant) B 
adj. of the same weight. 

equitable (ek'wi-ta-bl), adj. impar- 
tial; just. 

equitably (ek'wi-ta-bli) , adv. justly ; 
impartially. 

equity (ek'wi-ti), n. [pi. equities 
(ek'wi-tiz)], justice; just regard to 
right or claim; impartiality; the ad- 
ministration of law according to its 
spirit and not according to the 
letter. 

equivalence (e-kwiv'a-lens) , n. equal- 
ity of value or power; in chemistry . 
the property of having equal valency 
See equivalency. 

equivalent (e-kwiv'a-lent), adj. equal 
in value or power; the same in 
significance or effect; commensurate: 
n. a thing of the same value, weight, 
power, effect, &c. 

equivocal (e-kwiv'o-kal) , adj. of a 
doubtful or double significance; 
ambiguous; open to suspicion or 
doubt; uncertain^ 

equivocally (e-kwiv'o-ka-li) , adv. in 
an equivocal manner. 

equivocate (e-kwiv'o-kat) , v.i. to use 
words of double meaning; prevari- 
cate. 

era (e'ra), n. the point of time from 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ERADICATE 



300 



ERSE 



which a series of years is reckoned; 
period; the beginning of a new geo- 
logical system or formation. 

eradicate (e-rad'i-kat), v.t. to de- 
stroy thoroughly; exterminate. 

erase (e-ras ; ), v.t. to obliterate by, or 
as by, scratching, or blotting out; 
expunge. 

eraser (e-ra'ser), n. a knife or. pre- 
pared india-rubber for rubbing out 
pencil-marks, &c. 

erasure (e-ra'zhur), n. the act of 
erasing. 

erbium (eVbi-um), n. a rare metal; 
one of the elements. 

ere (ar), conj. & prep, before; sooner 
than. 

Erebus (er'e-bus), n. in classical 
mythology, a place of utter darkness ; 
Hades, or more strictly, a place 
lying between the upper world and 
Hades. 

erect (e-rekt'), v.t. to raise upright; 
construct; build; raise; establish; 
distend or stiffen; adj. uprighc; 
firmly uplifted; bold or unshaken. 

erectile (e-rek'til) , adj. having the 
property of, or susceptible to, erec- 
tion. 

erection (e-rek'shun) , n. the act of 
constructing or raising edifices; a 
structure or building. See also pria- 
pism. 

erectiye (e-rek'tiv), adj. tending, or 
serving, to erect, or to build up. 

erector (e-rek'ter) , n. one who erects ; a 
muscle that erects any part. 

eremite (er'e-mit), another form of 
hermit. 

erethism (er'e-thizm) , n. unnatural 
excitation of some organ or tissue 
of the body. [Greek.] 

erg (erg), n. a unit of work in the 
centimeter - gram - second system 
Also ergon. 

ergmeter (erg'me-ter) , n. an instru- 
ment for measuring the strength of 
an electric current in ergs. 

ergo (er'go). adv. therefore; conse- 
quently. [Latin.] 

ergometer (er-gom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for measuring work per- 
formed or force produced. [Greek.] 

ergot (er'got), n. a black horn-like 
fungus, growing upon rye, &c. As a 
drug, its tincture is used in medicine, 
as an emmenagogue. 



erg-ten (erg'ten), n. a unit of work = 
10,000,000,000 ergs. 

erinite (er'in-It), n. a rich emerald 
green arseniate of copper. 

ermine (eVmin), n. a weasel-like 
animal, much valued for its fur, 
which becomes white in winter, ex 
cept the tip of the tail, which re- 
mains black; the emblem, dignity, 
or office of a judge. 

ermined (er'mind), p. adj. clothed or 
invested with ermine. 

era (em), n. an eagle. Also erne. 

erode (e-rod'), v.t. to eat away; cor 
rode. 

erose (e-ros'), adj. toothed irregularly, 
as if gnawed away: said of a leaf. 

erosion (e-ro'zhun), n. the act of 
eroding; gradual destruction or eat- 
ing away ; an eroded part. 

erosive (e-ro'siv), adj. gnawing or 
wearing away. 

erostrate (e : ros'trat), adj. beakless, 

erotic (e-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
caused by, love; amorous: n. an 
amatory poem or composition. 

eroticism (e-rot'i-sizm), n. an ab- 
normal interest in sex, and in 
questions having to do with sex 
relations. 

err (er), v.t. to commit an error or 
mistake; wander; deviate from the 
path of rectitude* 

errand (er'and), n. a message; com- 
mission. 

errant (er'rant), adj. roving; wander- 
ing. 

errantry (er'rant-ri) ,n. knight-errantry. 

erratic (er-rat'ik), adj. wandering • 
irregular; eccentric: n.pl. boulders 
transported by natural agencies 
from their original site. 

erratically (er-rat'i-ka-li) , adv. irreg- 
ularly. 

erratum (er-ra'tum), n. [pi. errata 
(er-ia'ta)], an error in printing or 
writing. [Latin.] 

erroneous (er-ro'ne-us) , adj. charac- 
terized by error; incorrect; mis- 
taken; wrong. 

error (er'er), n. deviation from the 
truth; mistake; blunder; an irreg- 
ularity. u m 

Erse (ers) , adj. pertaining to the Celts 
of Ireland or Scotland, or to their 
language. The word "Irish" is a 
corruption of Erse. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, hooki, 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ERST 



301 



ESPRIT 



erst (erst), adv. formerly. 

eructation (e r ruk-ta/shun) , n. the 
act of throwing off wind from the 
stomach. 

erudite (er'u-dlt) : learned. 

erudition (er-u-dish'un), n. knowledge 
obtained by the study of books; 
learning. 

erupted (e-rupt'ed), adj. violently 
ejected. 

eruptive (e-rup'tiv), adj. bursting 
forth. 

eryngo (e-ring'go), n. sea-holly. 

erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las), n. an in- 
flammation of the skin, accompanied 
with fever. [Greek.] 

escalade (es-ka-lad') , n. the act of 
scaling the walls of a fortified place 
by means of scaling-ladders. 

escalator (es'ka-la/tor) , n. a moving 
stairway. 

escapade (es'ka-pad') , n. a breach of 
propriety; misdeed; freak. 

escape (es-kap'), v.t. to flee from; get 
out of the way of; avoid; enjoy 
immunity from: v.i. to get out of 
danger; fly: n. a getting away from 
danger; flight; deliverance. 

escapement (es-kap'ment) , n. a me- 
chanical device for securing regu- 
larity of movement. 

escarp (es-karp'), v.t % to give a steep 
slope to: n. the side of the ditch 
next the rampart forming a steep 
slope. 

escarpment (es-karp'ment), # n. the 
precipitous face of a ridge of high land. 

escheat (es-chef), v.t. to forfeit 
through failure of heirs in British 
law: v.i. to revert to the crown or 
lord _ of the manor by reason of 
forfeiture or failure of heirs: n. land 
or tenements which fall to the crown 
or lord of the manor by forfeiture or 
failure of heirs. 

eschew (es-chu'),. v.t. to shun; avoid. 

escorial (es-ko'ri-al), n. a worked- 
out mine. 

Escurial _ (es-koo'ri-al) , or Escorial 
(es-ko'ri-al), n. a remarkable palace 
and monastery twenty-seven miles 
to the northwest of Madrid in Spain. 
Erected by King Philip II in honor 
of St. Laurence; it is built in the 
form of a gridiron on which St. 
Laurence is said to have been mar- 
tyred. 



escort (es'kort), n. a body of armed 
men acting as a guard; a retinue: 
v.t. (es-korf) to accompany; con- 
voy. 

escritoire (es-kri-twar') , n. & writing 
desk, table, or bureau. 

esculent (es'ku-lent) , adj. eatable. 

escutcheon (es-kuch/un). n. a shield 
on which the heraldic arms of a 
family are emblazoned. 

Eskimo (es'ki-mo), adj. pertaining to 
one of a tribe of diminutive people 
inhabiting Greenland and adjacent 
parts. Also Esquimau. 

esophagus (e-sof 'a-gus) , n. the gul- 
let or canal through which food and 
drink pass to the stomach. Also 
oesophagus ._ 

esoteric (es-o-ter'ik), adj. pertaining 
to doctrines taught privately; se- 
cret; confidential; profound, as most 
of the now existing works of Aris- 

- totle, whose popular (exoteric) dis- 
courses have been lost. 

esoterist (es'o-ter-ist) , n. an occultist. 

espaliers (es-pal'yerz) t n .pl. fruL trees 
trained on a trellis. 

esparto (es-par'to), n. a species of 
Spanish grass used for making pa- 
per. 

especial (es-pesh'al) , adj. particular; 
chief. 

especially (es-pesh'a-li) , adv. particu- 
larly; chiefly. 

Esperanto (es-per-an'to), n. an arti- 
ficial language, designed for inter- 
national use. It is based largely 
on the Romanic languages, derived 
from the Latin; whereas Volapuk, 
the earlier artificial language, is 
based on Germanic roots. 

espionage (es'pi-o-naj), n. the act or 
practice of spying to detect wrong- 
doing, or of employing spies or se- 
cret agents. 

esplanade (es-pla-nade'). n. a levelled 
terrace or promenade, for public use. 

espousal (es-pouz'al), adj. pertaining 
to the act of espousing: n. the act 
of espousing or betrothing: pi. the 
ceremony of contracting a man and 
woman to each other in marriage. 

espouse (es-pouz'), v.t. to promise, en- 
gage, or give in marriage; wed; 
adopt; advocate or defend, as a 
cause. 

esprit de corps (es-pre ; de kor'), a 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ESPY 



302 



ETHER 



spirit of common devotion, honor, 
interest, binding together men of 
the same profession, society, &c. 

espy (es-pi'). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. espied, 
p.pr. espying], to' see at a distance; 
discover (something intended to be 
hid) ; see unexpectedly. 

Esquimau, same as Eskimo, pi. 
Esquimaux. 

esquire (es-kwir'), w. originally the ar- 
mor-bearer or attendant on a knight ; 
a title next below a knight's; a title 
applied to professional men, justices 
of the peace, and often used instead 
of Mr. in the address of a letter. 

. In England it is considered dis- 
courteous or contemptuous to use 
Mr. in place of Esq. in a letter. 

essay (es'sa), n. a short written com- 
position or treatise; an attempt; 
experiment: v.t. (es-sa'), [p.t. & 
p.p. essayed, p.pr. essaying], to try 
or attempt. 

essence (es'ens), n. the concentrated 
preparation of any substance; vola- 
tile matter; perfume; that in which 
the real character of a thing con- 
sists. 

essential (es-sen'shal) , adj. necessary 
to the existence of a thing; most 
important; indispensable; pure; vol- 
atile; highly rectified. 

essentiality (es-sen-shi-al'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being essential. 

essentially (es-sen'shi-a-li) , adv. in 
the highest degree. 

establish (es-tab'lish), v.t. to fix firm- 
ly; settle; prove legally; strength- 
en; restore. 

establishment (es-tab'lish-ment), n. 
the act of establishing; ratification; 
settlement; a place of residence or 
business; household; income; a form 
of religion connected with the state. 

estate (es-tat'), n. condition of life; 
rank, position, or quality; the title 
or interest one has in lands or tene- 
ments; property in general: pi. or- 
ders or classes of men in a country; 
a legislative assembly composed of 
these classes. 

esteem (es-tem/), v.t. to set a high 
value upon; respect; prize; con- 
sider: n. favorable opinion; estima- 
tion ; respect ; reverence. 

esthetics, same as aesthetics. 

estimable (es'ti-ma-bl), adj. worthy of 



regard, esteem, or honor; calcula- 
ble. 

estimate (es'ti-mat), v.t. to compute; 
determine the value of : n. the com- 
puted^ cost or value of anything; 
appraisement. m 

estimation (es-ti-ma'shun) , n. calcula- 
tion; appraisement; honor, respect, 
or esteem; conjecture. 

estop (es-top'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. es- 
topped, p.pr. estopping], to place 
under estoppel; bar. 

estoppel (es-top'el), n. a legal impedi- 
ment. 

estovers (es-to'verz), n.pl. alimony; 
wood taken for his own use by a 
tenant. [English law ] 

estrange (es-tranj'), v.t. to alienate; 
keep at a distance; turn from kind- 
ness to indifference or enmity (with 
from) . 

estrapade (es-tra-pad') , n. the effort 
of a horse in trying to throw his 
rider, by kicking, rearing, &c. 

estrich (es'trich), n. a trade name for 
fine ostrich down. 

estuarial (es-tu-a/ri-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or formed in. an estuary. 
Also estuarine (es-tu'a-ren). 

estuary (es'tu-a-ri), n. [pi. estuaries 
(es'tu-a-riz)], the mouth of a tidal 
river. 

et caetera (et set'er-a), and others 
of the same kind; and so forth. 
Also et cetera. 

etch (ech), v.t. to engrave by biting 
out with an acid the design previous- 
ly drawn with an etching-needle: v.i. 
to practice etching. 

eternal (e-ter'nal), adj. without be- 
ginning or end; everlasting; per- 
petual; incessant. 

Eternal, n. an appellation of God 
(with The). The favorite oath of 
Andrew Jackson. • 

eternally (e-ter'na-li) , adv. perpetually. 

eternity (e-ter'ni-ti) , n. [pi. eternities 
(e-ter'ni-tiz)], infinite duration; un- 
ending exi tenee. 

etesian (e-te'zhi-an) , adj. noting the 
north or northeast wind which in 
early spring prevails over Europe. 

ether (e r ther), n. an extremely fine 
fluid, lighter than air, supposed to 
pervade all space beyond the atmos- 
phere of the earth; a volatile in- 
flammable liquid produced by the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ETHEREAL 



303 



EUPHEMISM 



distillation of alcohol with sulphuric 
acid. It is now used as an anaes- 
thetic largely supplanting chloroform 
as being safer. In ancient physical 
philosophy, ether ((Ether) was a fine 
essence springing from fire or 
breathed out by the gods, and was 
held to be a fifth element. 

ethereal (e-the're-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed of, ether; airy; ex- 
quisite; heavenly. 

ethereally (e-the're-a-li), adv. in an 
ethereal manner. 

ether ol (e'ther-ol), n. a 3-ellowish, vis- 
cid, oily hydrocarbon. 

ethical (eth'i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
ethics ; moral. 

ethics (eth'iks), n.'pl. the science that 
treaty of the principles of human 
morality -and duty; moral philoso- 
phy; morals. 

Ethiopian (e-thi-o'pi-an), adj. per- 
taining to Ethiopia : n. sl native of 
Ethiopia. 

ethmoid (eth'moid), n. a light, 
spongy, sieve-like bone, which forms 
the roof of the nose. 

ethnic (eth'nik) adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of/ races or peoples. 
Also ethnical. 

ethnography (eth-nog'ra-fi) , n. the 
scientific description of races and na- 
tions of mankind. 

ethnology (eth-nol'6-ji), n. the sci- 
ence that treats of races of men, their 
characteristics, &c. 

ethology (eth-ol'o-ji), n. the science 
of ethics. 

ethos (e'thos), n. the # characteristic 
genius of a people, institution, or 
system. [Greek.] 

ethyl (eth'il), n. a monatomic fatty 
hydrocarbon radical, contained in 
alcohol and ether. 

ethylene (eth'il-en), n. heavy carbur- 
etted hydrogen, or defiant gas. 

etiolate (e'ti-o-lat), v.t. to blanch or 
whiten by exclusion from sun- 
light, 

etiology (efr-i-ol'o-ji), n. the science or 
attempt in i seeking the reason or 
First Cause in entire in science, the- 
ology, medicine, rhetoric, &c. 

etiquette (et'i-ket), ft. the conven- 
tional rules or ceremonial observed 
in polite society; good breeding. 
[French.] 



etymological (et-i-mo-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to etymology L 

etymologically (et-i-mo-lo j 'i-ka-li) , 
ado. in an etymological manner. 

etymologist (et-i-rnol'o-jist), n. one 
who is proficient in etymology. Also 
etymologizer. 

etymologize (et-i-mol'o-jiz) , v.i. to 
investigate the origin and primary 
meaning of words. 

etymology (et-i-mol'o-ji), n. [pi. ety- 
mologies (et-i-mol'o-jiz)], that branch 
of philology which treats of the origin 
and derivation of words. [Greek.] 

etymon (et'i-mon), # ft. the_ root of a 
word or its primitive signification. 

eucalyptol (u-ka-lip'tol), ft. a liquid 
contained in_ eucalyptus oil. 

Eucalyptus (u-ka-lip'tus), n. [pi. Eu- 
calypti (u-ka-lip'ti)], a genus of 
Australian evergreen trees, some 
species of which furnish gum and a 
valuable medicine. 

eucalyptus, n. a tree of the genus 
above defined. 

Eucharist (u'ka-rist), ft. the Holy 
Communion; the sacrament of the 
Lord's Supper; the elements, bread 
and wine, used in that sacrament. 

eucharistic (u-ka-ris'tik), adj. per- 
taining to the eucharist : expressing 
thanksgiving. Also eucharistical. 

euchlorine (u-klo'rin), n. a greenish 
explosive gas, having bleaching 
properties. 

euchre (u'ker), ft. a particular game 
of cards, those between seven and 
ace being discarded: v.t. to prevent 
Can opponent at euchre) from tak- 
ing three of the five tricks: hence 
to outwit. [From German Jucks.] 

eugenics (u-jen'iks), n. the science 
which is concerned in securing the 
birth of healthv children. 

eulogist (u'lo-jist), n. one who eulo- 
gizes. 

eulogistic (u-lo-jist'ik) , adj. laudatory. 

eulogize (u'lo-jlz), v.t. to praise high- 
ly; commend. 

eulogy (u'lo-ji), n. [pi. eulogies (u'lo- 
jiz)], the praise of anyone spoken or 
written : _panegyric. 

eunuch (u'nuk), n. a castrated per- 
son, especially an attendant in a 
harem. [Greek.] 

euphemism (u'fem-izm), n. the sub- 
stitution of a delicate or pleasing 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EUPHEMISTIC 



304 



EVENTUAL 



expression in place of one which is 
offensive or indelicate. 

euphemistic (u-fem-is'tik) adj. per- 
taining to, or characterized by, eu- 
phemism. 

euphonic (ti-fon'ik), adj. sounding 
pleasantly to the ear. Also euphon- 
ical, euphonious. [Greek.] 
Luphonium (u-fo'ni-um), n. a bass 
Brass instrument; a musical instru- 
ment consisting of glass tubes united 
by metal bars. 

euphony (Q'fo-ni), n. [pi. euphonies 
(u'fo-niz)],^ an agreeable sound, or 
pronunciation. 

euphuism (Q'fu-izm) ,i. a pedantic 
or affected use of words or language, 
prevalent at the court of Queen 
Elizabeth._ 

Eurasian (u-ra/zhan), adj. belonging 
to one whose parents are of mixed 
blood — partly European or Amer- 
ican, and partly Asiatic. 

eureka (hu-re'ka), n. a Greek word sig- 
nifying "I have found it." (Proper 
pronunciation in Greek is hu'ra-ka.) 

euroclydon (u-rok'li-don), n. a tem- 
pestuous northeasterly wind preva- 
lent in the Levant. 

eustachian (u-sta/ki-an), adj. noting 
a tube which leads from the cavity 
of the tympanum of the ear to the 
pharynx. 

eutectic (u-tek'tik), adj. melting at a 
low temperature. 

euthanasia (u-than-a/zhi-a) , n. a 
painless, easy death. 

evacuate (e-vak'u-at), v.t. to make 
void or empty; discharge through 
the excretory passages; abandon 
possession, or withdraw from. 

evade (e-vad'), v.t. to elude; escape by 
artifice, stratagem, or sophistry. 

evadible (e-vad'i-bl) , adj. capable of 
being evaded. Also evadable. 

evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent), adj. dis- 
appearing gradually from sight ; van- 
ishing. 

evangel (e-van'jel), n. good news, 
especially that of the Gospel. 

evangelical (ev-an-jeri-kal), adj. per- 
taining to the Gospel, or the four 
Gospels; maintaining the funda- 
mental doctrines of the Protestant 
faith; spiritually minded. Also 
evangelic; n. one who holds evan- 
gelical doctrines. 



evangelically (ev-an-jeri-ka-li) , adv 
in an evangelical manner. 

evangelism (e-van'jel-izm), n. the 
doctrine and preaching of evangeli- 
cal principles. Also evangelicalism. 

evangelist (e-van'jel-ist), n. one of 
the four writers of the Gospel; an 
itinerant preacher. 

evangelize (e-van'jel-iz), v.t. to in- 
struct in the Gospel; convert to 
Christianity. 

evaporate (e-vap'o-rat), v.i. to dis- 
perse in vapor; pass away without 
effect: v.t. to convert into vapor. 

evaporation (e-vap-o-ra'shun), n. the 
slow conversion of a fluid into vapor. 

evasion (e-va/zhun), n. the act of evad- 
ing; an excuse; equivocation; sub- 
terfuge. 

evasive (e-va/siv), adj. tending, or 
seeking to evade; elusive. 

evasively (e-va'siv-li) , adv. with eva- 
siom 

Eve (ev), n. the first woman. [He- 
brew, "woman".] 

eve (ev), n. the fast or vigil before a 
church festival, or Saint's day; the 
period immediately preceding some 
important event; evening [Poet.]. 

evection (e-vek'shun), n. sl periodical 
irregularity of the moon's motion. 

even (e'vn), adj. level;, uniform; 
smooth; parallel; divisible by two 
without a remainder; equal; bal- 
anced; calm; whole: n. evening 
[Poet.]: v.t. to level or make even: 
v.t. to be quits: adv. verily; exactly; 
noting emphasis; but also. 

evening (e'vn-ing), n. the close of the 
day and beginning of the night ; the 
latter end of life. 

evenly (e'ven-li), adv. in an even man- 
ner; smoothly; uniformly; impar- 
tially. 

evenness (e'ven-nes), n. smoothness; 
uniformicy; regularity; equality of 
surface; equanimity. 

event (e-vent/), n. an occurrence; in- 
cident; consequence of an action; 
any single item in a program of 
sports or games. 

eventful (e-vent'fool), adj. full of inci- 
dents or events; momentous: 

eventide (e'vn-tidy, n. evening. 

eventual (e-ven'tu-al) , adj. happen- 
ing as a result; ultimate; contin- 
gent. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit. ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EVENTUALITY 



305 



EXAGGERATE 



eventuality (ev-en-tti-al'i-ti) , n. [pi. 
eventualities (ev-en-tu-al'i-tiz)], a 
possible occurrence; a propensity to 
take cognizance of events or facts. 

eventually (e-ven'tu-a-li) , adv. ulti- 
mately. 

eventuate (e-ven'tu-at) , v.i. to happen ; 
terminate; result. 

ever (ev'er), adv. at any time; al- 
ways; without end; in any degree. 

everglade (ev'er-glad) , n. a low, 
swampy tract of land, with patches 
of tall grass ; especially such the 
great marsh in Southern Florida, 
long the haunt of the Seminole 
Indians, who were not driven out 
by the United States forces until 
after 1837, with a loss of 1,500 
white soldiers and at a cost of 
$10,000,000. 

evergreen (ev'er-gren) , n. a tree or 
plant which retains its foliage 
throughout the year: adj. always 
green, or fresh. 

everlasting (ev-er-last'ing) , adj. per- 
petual: n. eternity; a plant whose 
flowers retain their color when dried ; 
a kind of stout woolen material. 

Everlasting, n. God, the Eternal. 

evermore (ever-mor'), adv. eternally; 
always. 

evert (e-verf), v.t. to destroy; over- 
throw; turn outwards. 

every (ev'ri or ev'er-i), adj. the 
whole, taken one at a time; each. 

evict (e-vikt')- v.t. to expel or dis- 
possess by legal process. 

eviction (e-vik'shun) , n. the act of 
evicting. 

evidence (ev'i-dens), n. indubitable 
certainty; proof; testimony: v.t. to 
prove; make evident or plain. 

evident (ev'i-dent), adj. plain; ob- 
vious. 

evidential (ev-i-den'shal), adj. prov- 
ing clearly. 

evidentially (ev-i-den'sha-li) , adv. as 
evidence. 

evil (e'vl), adj. morally bad; wicked; 
sinful; unfortunate; mischievous; 
disastrous; worthless: adv. badly; 
unkindly: n. moral depravity; in- 
jury; affliction. - 

evil-eye (e'vl-i), n. an influence for 
injury, supposed to be exerted by 
certain persons who cast a malignant 
glance at anyone. The supersti- 



tion survives largely in Italy, where 
it is called jettatura. 

evilly (e'vl-li), adv. maliciously; wick- 
edly. 

evince (e-yins'), v.t. to manifest or 
make evident; demonstrate. 

evincible (e-vin'si-bl) , adj. capable 
of proof or demonstration. 

eviscerate (e-vis'er-at) , v.t. to dis- 
emboweL [Latin.] 

evoke (e-vok'), v.t. to call forth. 

evolution (ev-o-hYshun) , n. devel- 
opment or growth; the movements 
of troops in marching or on the bat- 
tle field; the extraction of roots of 
any arithmetical or algebraical pow- 
er; the gradual development or de- 
scent of forms of life from simple 
or low organized types consisting of 
a single cell. [Latin.] 

evolutional (ev-o-lu'shun-al) , adj. per- 
taining to, or resulting from, evolu- 
tion. Also evolutionary. 

evolutionary (ev-o-lu'shun-a-ri) , adj. 
pertaining to the doctrine of evolu- 
tion. 

evolutionist (ev-o-lu'shun-ist) , adj. 
pertaining to evolution: n. one who 
maintains the doctrine of evolution; 
tactician. 

evolve (e-volv'), v.t. to develop; un- 
fold; expand; work out. 

ewe (u), n. a female sheep. 

ewer (u'er), n. a large water pitcher, 
used in the toilet. 

ex, prefix, meaning out of, beyond, 
from; before words denoting occu- 
pation or office, it indicates previous 
occupancy. 

exact (egz-akt')., adj. very correct or 
accurate; precise; methodical; strict; 
particular: v.t. require or claim au- 
thoritatively ; compel to be paid ; in- 
sist upon as a right. 

exacting (egz-akt'ing) , p. adj. making 
unreasonable demands; oppressive; 
severe; arduous. 

exaction (egz-ak'shun) , n. the act of 
exacting; extortion. 

exactly (egz-akt'li), adv. accurately; 
precisely. 

exactness (egz-akt'nes) , n. accuracy; 
precision. 

exactor (egz-akt'er), n. one who exacts. 

exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at), v.t. to en- 
large or heighten by overstatement; 
color highly. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
30 hue, hut : think, then. 



EXAGGERATION 



306 



EXCHANGER 



exaggeration (egz-aj-er-a/shun), n. 
overstatement. 

exalt (egz-awlt'), v.t. to elevate in 
rank, station, or dignity; raise on 
high; glorify or extol. 

examination (egz-am-i-na/shun) , n. 
the act of scrutinizing or testing. 

examine (egz-am'in) , v.t. to scrutinize 
or investigate carefully; search or 
inquire into; interrogate as a wit- 
ness; test orally or by papers the 
knowledge, qualifications, &c, of, as 
a candidate for a degree or office; 
experiment; analyze; test. 

examinee (egz-am-i-ne') , n. one who 
is examined. 

examiner (egz-am'i-ner) , n. one who 
tests m the fitness of another for a 
position, office, degree, or honor. 

example (egz-am'pl), n. a pattern; a 
model or copy; an illustration of a 
rule or precept; sample; specimen; 
one punished for the admonition of 
others. 

exasperate (egz-as'per-at) , v.t. to irri- 
tate exceedingly; enrage greatly; 
embitter; intensify: adj. covered 
with hard, stiff points: said of a 
plant. 

ex cathedra (eks ka-the'dra), adv. 
with an air of official authority; 
dogmatically. 

excavate (eks'ka-yat) , v.t. to dig or 
hollow out; scoop or cut out. 

excavation # (eks-ka-va/shun) , n. a 
hollow cavity formed by cutting or 
digging out earth; an open earth- 
cutting. 

excavator (eks'ka-va-ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, excavates; a digging 
machine. 

exceed (ek-sed'), v.t. to go beyond the 
limit or measure of; surpass; excel; 
transcend: v.i. to be greater; go be- 
yond bounds. 

exceeding (ek-sed 'ing) , p. adj. very 
great. 

exceedingly (ek-sed'ing-li) , adv. ex- 
tremely. 

excel (ek-sel'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. excelled, 
p.pr. excelling], to possess good 
qualities in a great degree: v.t. sur- 
pass ; outdo in comparison ; to be 
superior to. 

excellence (ek'sei-ens) , n. the state of 
excelling in anything; superior merit, 
goodness, or virtue. 



Excellency (ek'sel-en-si) , n. [pL ex- 
cellencies (ek'sel-en-siz)], a title of 
honor of various high officials, as an 
ambassador, governor, &c. [French.] 

excellent (ek'sel-ent) , adj. of great 
value, merit, or virtue; highly useful 
or desirable; eminently distinguished 
for goodness, or ability. 

excelsior (ek-sel'si-er), adj. yet higher. 
This word, though properly an ad- 
jective, is incorrectly used by Long- 
fellow as an adverb in his famous 
poem of that title. The adverbial 
form should be excelsius (Latin, 
3d declension.) 

excelsior (ek-sel'si-er), n. wood shav- 
ings, long and thin, and used for 
packing material. 

except (ek-sept'), v.t. to omit or leave 
out; exclude: v.i. to object (with 
to): prep, omitting; without inclu- 
sion of; besides: conj. unless. 

exception (ek-sep'shun) , n. the state 
of being excepted; omission; exclu- 
sion; objection; offense taken (with 
to) ; a formal objection to a decision 
of a court during trial. 

exceptionable (ek-sep'shun-a-bl), adj. 
objectionable. 

exceptional (ek-sep'shun-al), adj. un- 
usual. 

exceptionally (ek-sep'shun-a-li) , adv. 
unusually. 

excerpt (ek-serpt'), v.t. to take out or 
select from, as a book; quote: n. a 
selection or extract from a book or 
writing. 

excess (ek-ses'), n. that which exceeds 
the ordinary limit, measure, or ex- 
perience; overplus; superfluity; in- 
temperance. 

excessive (ek-ses'iv), adj. extreme; un- 
reasonable. 

exchange (eks-chanj'), v.t. to give in 
return for an -equivalent; barter, 
give, resign, or abandon: n. the act 
of exchanging; barter; reciprocity; 
the act of resigning one thing for 
another; a place where merchants 
meet (often ' change). 

exchange- broker (eks - chanj - bro'- 
ker), n. a broker who negotiates 
foreign bills. 

exchangeable (eks-chanj 'a-bl), adj. 
that may be exchanged; ratable. 

exchanger (eks-chanj 'er), n. a money- 
changer. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



EXCHEQUER 



307 



EXCURRENT 



exchequer (eks-chek'er) , n. a treasury ; 
cash or funds; formerly an English 
court of law, now merged into the 
Queen's Bench division of the High 
Court of Justice. [Old French.] 

excisable (ek-siz'a-bl) , adj. dutiable. 

excise (ek-slz'),v.t. to levy an excise 
duty upon: n. an inland tax levied 
on commodities of home production 
and consumption. 

excision (eks-sizh'un) , n. the act of 
cutting out, or off; the state of being 
cut off; destruction; ruin; amputa- 
tion. 

excitability (ek-sit-a-bil'i-ti)^ n. [pi. 
excitabilities (ek-slt-a-bil'i-tiz)j the 
state or quality of being excitable 
or easily stirred up ; sensitiveness to 
irritation. 

excitant (ek-si'tant) , n. a stimulant. 

excitation (ek-si-ta/shun) , n. the act 
of exciting; the excitement produced. 

excite (ek-sit'), v.t. to animate; rouse 
up; encourage; put into motion or 
action. 

excited (ek-slt'ed), p. adj. aroused; pro- 
voked. 

excitement (ek-sit'ment) , n. the state 
of being excited; commotion; sensa- 
tion; stimulation; warmth of tem- 
per. 

exciting (ek-slt'ing) , p. adj. tending to 
excite; stirring; lively. 

excito-motor (ek-si-to-mo'ter), adj. 
tending to excite nutrition by reflex 
action. Also excitomotory (ek-si- 
to-mo'to-ry) . 

exclaim (eks-klam), v.i. & v.t. to cry 
out abruptly and passionately; to 
vociferate. 

exclamation (eks-kla-ma'shun) , n. an 
abrupt or clamorous outcry; an ex- 
pression of surprise, pain, # &c; a 
mark (!) in writing or printing to 
denote emotion, surprise, &c. 

exclamatorily (eks - klam'a - to - ri-li) , 
adv. in an exclamatory manner. 

exclamatory (eks-klam'a-to-ri) , adj. 
containing, expressing, or using, ex- 
clamation. 

exclave (eks'klav) , n. a small part of a 
country lying within the territory 
of another power. [Latin.] 

exclude (eks-klud'), v.t. to shut out; 
hinder from entrance or admission; 
prohibit; debar; except. 

exclusion (eks-khVzhun) , n. the act of 



excluding; the state of being ex- 
cluded; omission. 

exclusionist (eks-khYzhun-ist) , n. one 
who would debar another from any 
privilege or right. 

exclusive (eks-khl'siv) , adj. tending to 
exclude; illiberal; shutting out from 
limits fixed by law: n. one who ex- 
cludes all but a few from his society 
or fellowship. 

excogitate (eks-kofi-tat), v.t. to in- 
vent; discover by thinking. 

excommunicable (eks-kom-mu'ni-ka- 
bl), adj. deserving, or punishable by 
excommunication. 

excommunicate (eks-kom-mu'ni- 

kat), v.t. to punish by cutting off 
from the membership and communi- 
cation of the church. [Latin.] > 

excoriate (eks-ko'ri-at), v.t. to strip off 
the skin; rub or gall; abrade. 

excortication (eks-kor-ti-ka'shun) , n. 
the act of stripping off bark. 

excrement (eks'kre-ment), n. matter 
discharged from the body of an ani- 
mal after digestiom 

excremental (eks-kre-men'tal) , adj. of 
the nature of excrement. 

excrescence (eks-kres'ens) , n. an un- 
natural or disfiguring outgrowth. 

excrescent (eks-kres'ent), adj. per- 
taining to an excrescence; superflu- 
ous. 

excreta (eks-kre'ta) , n.pl. useless mat- 
ter eliminated from the body. 

excretion (eks-kre'shun) , n. the throw- 
ing off or ejection of waste matter 
from the body. 

excretory (eks-kre'to-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to excretion: n. [pi. excre- 
tories (eks-kre'to-riz)], a duct or 
vessel that transmits excreted mat- 
ter. 

excruciate (eks-kru'shi-at) , v.t. to in- 
flict severe pains upon ; torture. 

excruciating (eks-kru'shi-a-ting) , adj. 
agonizing. 

excruciation (eks-kru-shi-a'shun) , n. 
agony; torture. 

exculpate (eks-kul'pat), v.t. to clear 
from the imputation of a fault; ex- 
onerate. 

exculpatory (eks-kul'pa-to-ri) adj. 
vindicatory. 

excurrent (eks-kur'ent) , adj. running 
out beyond the edge: said of trees 
or leaves. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EXCURSION 



308 



EXHALE 



excursion (eks-ker'shun) , n. a pleas- 
ure trip; a short or rapid tour; a di- 
gression. 

excursive (eks-ker'siv) , adj. rambling. 

excursus (eks-ker'sus) , n. a disserta- 
tion supplemental to a work, giving 
additional information on certain 
points; a digression. [Latin.] 

excusable (eks-kuz'a-bl), adv. pardon- 
able. 

excusably (eks-kuz'a-bli), adv. par- 
donably. 

excuse (eks-kuz'),^. to extenuate by 
apology; pardon; free from obliga- 
tion or duty; remit; justify: n. 
(eks-kus'), a plea offered in extenua- 
tion of some fault or neglect of duty ; 
apology; pretext. 

exeat (eks'e-afc), n. leave of absence 
from a college; permission granted 
by a bishop to a priest to depart 
from his diocese. [Latin: "let him 
go."] 

execrate (eks'e-krat) , v.t. to imprecate 
evil upon; detest; abhor. 

execration (eks-e-kra'shun) n. the act 
of execrating; imprecation; detesta- 
tion. 

execute (eks'e-kut), v.t. to perform; 
carry into effect; put to death; pur- 
sue to the end; make valid or legal 
by signing or sealing: v.t. to per- 
form any act or office; play some 
piece of music. [Latin.] 

execution (eks-e-ku'shun) , n. the act 
of executing; performance; manner 
of carrying anything into effect; 
completion; a legal warrant or or- 
der; the act of giving validity to 
a legal instrument; capital punish- 
ment; destruction; effective work or 
operation. 

executive (egs-ek'u-tiv) , adj. per- 
taining to the governing body; ad- 
ministrative; active: n. an official, 
or body, charged with carrying the 
laws into effect; the administrative 
branch of a government. 

executor (egs-ek'u-ter) , n. a person ap- 
pointed by a testator to see that the 
terms of his will are duly carried 
out. Fern, executrix. 

executory (egs-ek'u-to-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to the execution of laws; 
carrying out official duties; to be per- 
formed at a future period. 

(eks-e-je'sis) , n. explanation 



or interpretation of a text or passage, 
especially of the Bible. [Latin.] 

exegetic (eks-e-jet'ik), adj. expository; 
interpretative. Also exegeticai: n. 
pi. the science which deals with the 
interpretation of Scripture. 

exemplar (egz-em'plar) , n. something 
to be copied, or serving as a model; 
an example. 

exemplary (egz-em'pla-ri) , adj. serving 
as a copy or model; commendable. 

exemplification _ (egz-em-pli-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. illustration by example. 

exemplify (egz-em'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. exemplified, p.pr. exemplifying], 
to illustrate by example; transcribe. 

exempt (egz-emptO , v.t. to free from 
some duty or obligation; grant im- 
munity to: adj. free from some duty 
or obligation (with from) : n. a person 
thus set free; an exon. 

exequatur (eks-e-kwa'ter) , n. a writ- 
ten recognition of a consul or com- 
mercial agent given by the foreign 
government to which he is ac- 
credited, authorizing him to exercise 
his authority in the place where he is 
stationed; used in such phrases as 
"He received his exequatur," &c. 
[Latin.] 

exercise (eks'er-siz)^ v.t. to train by 
use; exert; practice; employ ac- 
tively; make anxious; harass; v.i. 
to undergo training: n. bodily exer- 
tion; mental or physical develop- 
ment; labor; practice; a lesson or 
example for practice. 

exercitor (egz-er'si-ter) , n. the per- 
son to whom the profits of a ship be- 
long. 

exergue (eks-erg'), n. the small space 
beneath the principal design on a 
coin or medal for the insertion of a 
date, &c. 

exert (eks-erf), v.t. to put forth; use 
with an effort. 

exeunt (eks'e-unt), they go out: a 
word used as stage direction in 
plays to denote that the actors re- 
tire from the stage. 

exfoliation (eks-f o-li-a'shun) , n. the 
act of scaling or peeling off. 

exhalation (eks-ha-la'shun), n. the 
act of exhaling; emanation. 

exhale (eks-haT), v.t. to breathe forth; 
emit or send out; cause to evapo- 
rate: v.i. to rise in vapor. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note. nOrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EXHAUST 



309 



EXPECT 



exhaust (egz-awst'), v.t. to empty by 
drawing off the contents; drain; 
weaken; wear out by exertion; dis- 
cuss or treat thoroughly : adj. wholly 
or partially deprived of strength. 

exhaustible (egz-awst 'i-bl), adj. cap- 
able of being exhausted. 

exhaustive (egz-awst 'iv), adj. ex- 
hausting; complete. 

exhibit (egz-ib'it) v.t. to present to 
view; display; show; manifest pub- 
licly; present formally or officially; 
administer: n. a legal document pre- 
sented in proof of facts; an object 
offered for public view. 

exhibition (eks-i-bish'un) , n. the act 
of exhibiting; a public show; a pri- 
vate benefaction for the support of 
a scholar at a university. 

exhilarate (egz-il'a-rat and eks-mT- 
a-rat), v.t. to make joyous, glad, or 
cheerful; enliven. 

exhort (egz-ort), v.t. to incite by ap- 
peal or argument to good deeds; 
caution; admonish. 

exhortative (eks-hort'a-tiv), adj. con- 
taining exhortation. 

exhortatory (eks-hort'a-to-ri), adj. 
tending to exhort. 

exhume (eks-hum'). v.t. to disinter. 

exigency (eks'i-j en-si), n. [pi. exigen- 
cies (eks'i-j en-siz)], pressmg neces- 
sity or demand; urgency. 

exigent (eks'i-jent), adj. urgent; press- 
ing. 

exile (ex'il), v.t. to banish from one's 
native country: n. the state of being 
banished from one's native country; 
the condition of living away from 
one's home or friends. [Latin.] 

exist (egz-isf), v.i. to have existence; 
live. 

existence (egz-is fens), n. the state of 
being; life; duration; occurrence./ 

existent (egz-ist'ent), n. having being. 

exit (eks'it), n. the act of going out; 
egress; the departure of an actor 
from the stage. 

exo, a Greek prejix, meaning on the 
outside, occurring in many scientific 
words. 

exode (eks'od), n. an interlude, &c, 
at the conclusion of a play. 

ex officio (eks of-fish'i-o), by virtue of 
office. [Latin.] 

exogen (eks'o-jen), n. a plant which 
increases year by year by the addi- 



tion of layers outside the previous 
bark; opposed to endogen. 

exogenous (eks-oj'en-us), adj. per- 
taining to exogens or their method of 
growth. 

exonerate (egz-on'er-at) , v.t. to free 
from the imputation of a fault; 
acquit; justify; relieve or discharge 
from a responsibility, duty, &c. 

exonerative (egz-on'er-a-tiv) , adj 9 1 
tending to exonerate. 

exophthalmia (eks-of-tharmi-a) , n. 
abnormal prominence of the eye- 
ball. 

exorbitance (egz-or'bi-tans) , n. go* 
ing beyond due limits; excess. Also 
exorbitancy. 

exorbitant (egz-or'bi-tant) , adj. ex- 
cessive. 

exorcise (eks'or-siz), v.t. to expel (an 
evil spirit) by prayers or incanta- 
tions; pronounce exorcisms over. 

exorcism (eks'or-sizm) , n. the act of 
expelling evil spirits. 

exorcist (eks'or-sist), n. one who exor- 
cises; one of the minor orders in 
the Roman Catholic and Greek 
Churches. [Late Latin.] 

exordium (egz-6r'di-um), n. the open- 
ing part of a speech or composition. 

exosmose (eks-os'mos), n. the pas- 
sage outwards through a membrane 
of gases and_ liquids. [Greek.] 

exoteric (eks-o-ter'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to the uninitiated public: opposed 
to esoteric. 

exotic (eks-ot'ik), adj. foreign. 

expand (eks-pand'), v.t. to distend ^di- 
late; extend: v.i. to increase in size. 

expanse (eks-pans'), n. a continuous 
area; the firmament; extent. 

expansion (eks-pan'shun), n. the state 
of being expanded. 

expansionist (eks-pan'shun-ist) : m n. 
one who favors financial or political 
expansion. 

expansive (eks-pan'siv) , adj. capable 
of being expanded; widely extended. 

ex parte (ekspar'te), adj. one-sided. 
[Latin.] 

expatiate (eks-pa/shi-at) , v.i. to en- 
large in statement or language. u 

expatriate (eks-pat'ri-at), v.t. to drive 
from one's native country. 

expect (eks-pekt'), v>t. to wait for; 
look for with an apprehension of 
something good or evil. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EXPECTANCE 



310 



EXPLOITATION 



expectance (eks-pek'tans) , n. the act 
or state of expecting. Also ex- 
pectancy. 

expectant (eks-pek'tant) , adj. waiting 
in expectation; presumptive. 

expectation (eks-pek-ta/shun) , n. the 
act of looking forward to; anticipa- 
tion; contingent prospect of wealth. 

expectorant (eks-pek'to-rant) , n. a 
medicine that promotes expectora- 
tion. 

expectorate (eks-pek'to-rat) , v.t. to 
eject from the lungs by coughing, 
&c; spit. 

expectoration (eks-pek-to-ra/shun) , 
n. the act of expectorating; the 
mucous matter expectorated. 

expediency (eks-pe'di-en-si) , n. [pi. 
expediencies (eks-pe'di-en-siz)], suit- 
ably to an end or purpose; fitness; 
propriety. Also expedience. 

expedient (eks-pe'di-ent) , adj. fit ; con- 
venient; suitable; proper: n. that 
which aids as a means to an end; 
device. 

expedite (eks'pe-dit) , v.t. to hasten; 
facilitate. 

expedition (eks-pe-dish'un) , n. haste; 
despatch ; promptness ; a march, voy- 
age, &c, by an army or several 
persons for some particular pur- 
pose. 

expeditionary (eks-pe-dish'un-a-ri) , 
adj. pertaining to, or constituting, an 
expedition. 

expeditious (eks - pe - dish ' us) , adj. 
quick; speedy. 

expel (eks-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex- 
pelled, p.pr. expelling], to drive 
away ; force out ; send away by 
authority; exclude. [Latin.] 

expend (eks-pend'), v.t. to lay out; 
spend. 

expenditure (eks-pen'di-tur) , n. a 
laying out, as money, time, labor, 
&c; disbursement. 

expense (eks-pens'), n. expenditure; 
drain on resources; detriment; cost. 

expensive (eks-pen'siv) , adj. causing 
expense. 

experience (eks-pe'ri-ens) , n. knowl- 
edge gained by trial and practice; 
test; practice; spiritual exercise of 
mind. 

experientialism (eks : d e - r i - en ' sh al- 
izm) . Same as empiricism. 

experiment (eks-per'i-ment) , n. a 



trial or operation to discover some- 
thing previously unknown; proof 
trial; v.i. to search out by trial. 
Also experimentalize. 

experimental (eks-per-i-men'tal) , adj. 
pertaining to, or founded on, ex- 
periment; guided, or learned by ex- 
perience, 

experimentally (eks-per-i-men'ta-li) , 
adv. by experiment. 

expert (eks-pert'), adj. skilful, through 
practice or experience; adroit; dex- 
terous: n. (eks'pert), one who is 
skilled through practise or ex- 
perience. 

expiate (eks'pi-at), v.t. to atone for. 

expiatory (eks'pi-a-to-ri), adj. having 
the power or nature of atonement. 

expiration (eks-pi-ra'shun) , n. termi- 
nation. 

expire (eks-pir'), v.t. to breathe out 
from the lungs: v.i. to die. 

expiry (eks'pi-ri), n. the end. 

explain (eks-plan'), v.t. to make in- 
telligible or clear; expound or in- 
terpret. 

explanation (eks-pla-na'shun) , n. the 
act of explaining; elucidation; in- 
terpretation; a mutual clearing up 
of a misunderstanding. 

explanatory (eks-plan'a-to-ri) , adj. 
serving to explain. 

expletive (eks'ple-tiv), n. a word not 
necessary for the sense inserted in 
a sentence for ornament or to fill 
up a verse: adj. filling up; added 
or inserted for emphasis, &c; an 
oath. 

explicable (eks'pli-ka-bl) , adj. that 
may be explained or interpreted. 

explicative (eks'pli-ka-tiv) , adj. serv- 
ing to explain. Also explicatory. m 

explicit (eks - plis ' it) , adj. plain; 
definite. 

explode (eks-plod'), v.i. to burst forth 
with sudden noise and violence; col- 
lapse: v.t. to cause to pass from a 
solid to a gaseous state; refute; de- 
molish. 

exploit (eks-ploif), v.t. to make use of 
for one's own profit; put to use; 
explore in search of; explain at 
length: n. (eks'ploit), a remarkable 
deed or heroic act. 

exploitation (eks-ploi-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of exploiting; the improvement 
of lands, working of mines, &c; an 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EXPLORATION 



311 



EXTANT 



examination to utilize natural re- 
sources previously neglected; sel- 
fish utilization. 

exploration (eks-plo-ra'shun), n. the 
act of exploring; careful investi- 
gation or saarch, especially geo- 
graphical research. 

explore (eks-plor'), v.t. to search into 
or examine thoroughly; travel in 
or over (a country) to discover its 
characteristic features, &c. 

explosion (eks-plo'zhun), n. the act 
oi exploding ; a sudden bursting with 
a loud report ; a sudden and violent 
outbreak. 

explosive (eks-plo'siv), adj. pertaining 
to, or causing, explosion: n. any sub- 
stance that causes an explosion; a 
mute consonant. 

exponent (eks-po'nent), n. the index 
of an algebraical power; one who 
explains or interprets the principles 
of something. 

exponential (eks-po-nen'shal) , adj. 
pertaining to an exponent. 

export (eks-port'), v.t. to send or carry 
out of a country, as merchandise: 
v.i. to send goods to a foreign coun- 
try: (cks'port), n. sl commodity car- 
ried to a foreign country. 

expose (eks-poz'), v.t. to lay open; put 
forward for sale; leave to the ac- 
tion of any force or circumstance; 
disclose; place in peril; lay open to 
censure or ridicule. 

expose (eks-po-za/), n. an exposure. 
[French.] 

exposition (eks-po-zish'un) , n. an ex- 
planation or interpretation; an ex- 
hibition. 

expositor (eks-poz'i-ter), n. one who 
expounds or interprets. 

expository (eks-poz 'i-to-ri), apper- 
taining to, or conveying, exposition. 
Also expositive. 

ex post facto (eks post f ak'to) , (Lat- 
in, "after the deed is done")? a law 
enacted with retrospective effect. 

expostulate (eks-pos'tti-lat) , v.i. to 
reason earnestly or remonstrate 
(followed by with, on or won). 

expostulatory (eks-pos'tu-la-to-ri) , 
adj. pertaining to, containing, or of 
the nature of, expostulation. 

exposure (eks-po'zhur), n. the act of 
exposing; situation; aspect. 

expound (eks-pound'), v.t. to set 



forth, explain, or interpret; make 
clear. 

express (eks-pres'), v.t. to exhibit by 
language; utter; show; represent; 
squeeze out; despatch by express; 
adj. plainly stated; exact; resem- 
bling precisely; not implied; special- 
ly prepared; pertaining to quick or 
direct conveyance: n. a person or 
vehicle that carries letters or small 
packages expeditiously; an express- 
train ; a message or despatch ; a reg- 
ular and systematic method of con- 
veyance for passengers, mails, goods 
of small bulk, &c. [Latin.] 

expressible (eks-pres'i-bl) , adj. cap- 
able of being expressed, in any sense 
of the word. 

expression (eks-presh'un) , n. the act 
or power of representing anything; 
a saying ; mode of speech ; transient 
change of the countenance; modu- 
lation of the voice. 

expressive (eks-pres'iv), adj. serving 
to express; full of significance; forci- 
bly. 

expressively (eks-pres'iv-li), adv. in an 
expressive manner. m 

expressly (eks-pres'li) adv. plainly; 
specially. 

expressman (eks-pres 'man), n. the 
person who takes charge of express 
matter and attends to its delivery; 
the driver of an express wagon. 

expropriation (eks-pro-pri-a/shun) , n* 
the exclusion of a small owner from 
the ownership of land, &c. 

expulsion (eks-puTshun), n. forcible 
ejection. 

expulsive (eks-pul'siv) , adj. serving to 
expel. 

expunge (eks-punj'). v.t. to blot out; 
erase; destroy; obliterate. [Latin.] 

expurgate (eks'per-gat) , v.t. to re- 
move whatever is offensive to good 
taste or morality from: said of books. 
See Bowdlerize. [Latin.] 

expurgator (eks'per-ga-ter), n. one 
who expurgates. 

expurgatory (eks-per'ga-to-ri) , adj. 
serving to expurgate. 

exquisite (eks'kwi-zit) , adj. refined; 
delicate; nice; accurate; choice; ex- 
cellent; highly finished'; extreme: n. 
a person over refined in dress; a 
dandy. [Latin.] 

extant (eks'tant), adj. still existing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book \ 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EXTEMPORANEOUS 



312 



EXTRA 



extemporaneous (eks-tem-po-ra'ne- 
us), adj. unpremeditated; without 
previous notes or study; off-hand. 
Also extemporary. 

extempore (eks-tem'po-re), adj. and 
adv. without study or premeditation. 

extemporize (eks-tem'po-riz) v.t. to 
compose on the spur of the moment : 
v.i. to discourse, &c, without notes 
or previous study. 

extend (eks-tend'), v.t. to stretch out; 
enlarge; amplify; continue; diffuse; 
communicate; disseminate; v.i. to 
reach to any distance; be prolonged. 

extensible (eks-t en 'si-bl) , adj. capable 
of extension. AJso extensile. 

extension (eks-ten'shun), n. the act of 
extending; the state of being ex- 
tended; a branch line of railway, 
&c; space regarded as having di- 
mensions. 

extensive (eks-ten'siv), adj. having 
great extent; wide; comprehensive. 

extensively (eks-ten'siv-li) , adv. wide- 
ly; largely. 

extensometer (eks-ten-som'e-^ter), n. 
a micrometer for measuring the 
expansion of a body. 

extensor (eks-ten'ser) , n. a muscle 
that extends, or straightens, a limb. 

extent (eks-tent'), n. the space or de- 
gree to which a thing is extended; 
size; compass; reach; a writ of 
execution. 

extenuate (eks-ten'u-at) , v.t. to offer 
excuses for; palliate; mitigate. 

extenuator (eks-ten'u-a-ter) , n. one 
who extenuates. 

extenuatory (eks-ten'u-a-to-ri) , adj. 
palliative. 

exterior (eks-te'ri-er) , adj. outward; 
external: n. that which is outside; 
outer surface. 

exterminate (eks-ter'mi-nat) , v.t. to 
destroy utterly; annihilate; root 
out. 

exterminator ( eks-t er'mi-na-t er ) , n. 
one who, or that which, exterminates. 

exterminatory (eks-ter'mi-na-toyri) , 
adj. pertaining to extermination ; 
serving to exterminate. 

extern (eks-tern'), n. a non-resident 
scholar: adj. visible. [Latin.] 

external (eks-ter'nal) , adj. outside; ex- 
terior; superficial; objective; for- 
eign: n. an exterior or outward part; 
an outward form, rite, or ceremony. 



externally (eks-ter'na-li) , adv. out- 
wardly. 
exterritoriality (eks-ter-ri-to-ri-al'i« 
ti), n. the right possessed by am- 
bassadors to live under the laws of 
their own country in a foreign land. 
extinct (eks-tingkt') , adj. extinguished ; 
put out; quenched; worn out; in- 
active. 
extineteur (eks-tingkt'tur or eks- 
tang-tur'), n. a portable fire-ex- 
tinguisher. [French.] 
extinguish (eks-ting'gwish) , v.t. to 
put out; pay off and satisfy in full; 
eclipse. 
extinguisher (eks-ting'gwish-er) , n. 
one who, or that which, extinguishes; 
a hollow cone for extinguishing a 
light; an instrument filled with 
liquids, and by which these can be 
thrown upon fire. 
extirpate (eks-ter'pat) , v.t. to eradi- 
cate; destroy; exterminate. 
extirpative (eks'ter-pa-tiv), adj. cap- 
able of, or tending to, extirpate. 
Also extirpatory. 
extirpator (eks'ter-pa-ter), n. one 

who, or that which, extirpates. 
extol (eks-tol'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex- 
tolled, p.pr. extolling], to praise 
highly; magnify; laud; celebrate. 
extorsive (eks-tor'siv) , adj. tending to 

extort. 
extort (eks-tort'), v.t. to obtain by- 
threats, violence, or injustice: v.i. 
to practice extortion. 
extortion (eks-tor'shun) , n. the act or 
practice of extorting; oppressive or 
unjust exaction. 
extortionate ( eks-t or 'shun-at), adj. 
characterized by extortion; unjust. 
extor tionately (eks-tor 'shun-at-li) , 

adv. in an extortionate manner. 
extortioner (eks-tor'shun-er) , n. one 
who practices extortion. Also ex- 
tortionist. 
extra, a Latin prefix meaning over and i 
above; beyond; besides; found in 
numerous words, the sense of which 
is self-evident, as e:rira-ofncial, extra- 
parochial, extra-judicial, &c. 
extra (eks'tra), adj. additional: n. I 
something not included in the usual 
fee or charge ; an edition of a news- 
paper issued in addition to the reg- 
ular edition, or for some particular | 
object. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



EXTRACT 



313 



EYELID 



extract (eks-trakc'), v.t. to draw out 
of; pull out; select from a larger 
literary work: n. (eks'trakt) a sub- 
stance extracted by distillation, so- 
lution, &c; an abstract or excerpt 
from a book; quotation. 

extractible (eks-trakt'i-bl), adj. cap- 
able of being extracted. Also ex- 
tractable. 

extraction (eks-trak'shun) , n. the act 
of extracting; lineage, birth, or de- 
scent. 

extractor (eks-trakt'ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, extracts. 

extraditable (eks-tra-dl'ta-bl^ adj. 
liable, or subject, to extradition. 

extradite (eks'tra-dlt), v.t. to sur- 
render (a person) to another govern- 
ment under the terms of a treaty of 
extradition. 

extradition (eks-tra-dish'un), n. the 
surrender by the government of one 
nation to another of a person guilty 
of a crime, in accordance with the 
terms of a treaty existing between 
the two nations. 

extramural (eks-tra-mu'ral), adj. be- 
yond the wall of a city or university. 

extrane (eks-tran'), adj. foreign; not 
in accord with the hypnotized sub- 
ject: n. one who is extreme. 

extraneity (eks-tra-ne'i-ti), n. ex- 
ternality. 

extraneous (eks-tra'ne-us) , adj. ex- 
ternal; foreign. 

extraordinary (eks-tror'di-na-ri, or 
eks-tra~6r'di-na-ri), adj. beyond or 
out of the usual course ; uncommon ; 
unusual; remarkable; rare; emi- 
nent; special. 

extravagance (eks-trav'a-gans) , n. ex- 
cess in anything, especially expendi- 
ture; profusion. 

extravagant (eks-trav'a-gant), adj. 
exceeding reasonable limits; waste- 
ful^ prodigal; irregular; needlessly 
lavish in expenditure; visionary. 

extravaganza (eks-trav-a-gan'za) n. a 
stage burlesque ; an irregular piece of 
music; a wild flight of language or 
feeling. [Italian.] 

extravasate (eks-trav'a-sat), v.t. to 
force out of a duct or vessel, as 
blood : v.i. to escape out of the prop- 
er vessel. 

extreme (eks-trem'), adj. of the high- 
est degree; last; utmost; furthest; 



final; most severe or strict; uncom- 
promising: n. the utmost degree of 
anything; extremity; excess; end: pL 
points at the greatest distance from 
each other. 

extremely (eks-trem'li), adv. exceed- 
ingly. 

extremist (eks-trern'ist) , n. a sup- 
porter of extreme views or practice. 

extremity (eks-trem 'i-ti) , n. [pi. ex- 
tremities (eks-trem 'i-tiz) ], the ut- 
most point or degree; remotest part; 
utmost violence, vigor, or necessity; 
end: pi. the limbs. 

extricable (eks'tri-ka-bl) , adj. capable 
of being extricated. 

extricate (eks'tri-kat), v.t. to free 
from difficulties, complications, or 
perplexity; disembarrass. 

extrinsic (eks-trin'sik) , adj. external, 
not inherent or essential f foreign. 

extrinsically (eks-trin'si-ka-li), adv, 
outwardly. 

extroversion (eks-tro-ver'shun) , n. 
the turning of an inner part outward, 

extrude (eks-trud'), v.t. to thrust out. 

exuberance (eks-u'ber-ans), n. super- 
abundance. 

exuberant (eks-u'ber-ant) ,adj. copious. 

exude (eks-ud'), v.t. to discharge grad- 
ually through pores: v.i. to flow out 
slowly. 

exult (egz-ult'), v.i. to rejoice in tri- 
umph ; be glad above measure. m 

exultant (egz-ult 'ant), adj. rejoicing 
triumphantly. _ 

exuviae (eks-uVi-e), n. pi. the cast-off 
skins, shells, &c, of animals; fossil 
remains of animals. 

eye (i), n. [pi. eyes (Iz)], the organ of 
sight; the eyeball, sight; observa- 
tion; view; a small perforation; bud 
that which resembles an eye: v.t 
[p.t. & p.p. eyed; p.pr. eyeing], to 
watch closely; keep in view; scruti- 
nize. 

eyeball (I'bawl) , n. the globe of the ej^e. 

eyebright (I'brit), n. the plant eu- 
phrasy, of the figwort family. 

eyebrow (I'brou), n. the hairy arcb 
above the eyes. 

eyelash (I'lash), n. the ridge of haii 
that lines the eyelid. 

eyelet (I'let), n. a small hole to re- 
ceive a lace or cord. 

eyelid (I'lid) , n. the movable skin 
which covers over and closes the eye 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 

hue. hut ; think, fften. 



EYE-OPENER 



314 



EYRIE 



eye-opener (I-op'en-er), n. anything 
that opens the eyes; something in- 
credible, as news; an early dram of 
spirits. 

eye- piece (I'pes), n. the lens or lenses 
in an optical instrument through 
which the image of an object is 
magnified and viewed. 

eyesight (I'sit), n. the sight of the 
eye; range of vision ; view. 

eyesore (I'sor), n. anything that of- 
fends the sight. 



eye-spot (I'spot), n. a rudimentary 

visual organ ; an eye-like marking. 
eye-tooth (I'tooth), n. [pi. eye-teeth 

(I'teth) ], one of the upper canine 

teeth in the human jaw. 
eyot (I'ot), n. a little island in a river 

or lake. Also ait. [English.] 
eyra (I'ra), n. the wild cat of Texas. 
eyre (ar), n. a circuit of itinerant 

judges. 
eyrie (e' or a/ri), n. the nest of a 

predatory bird. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



F 



F, the sixth letter in the alphabet; 
derived from Greek and Latin. In 
the Oriental character it was called 
van or wan, which means a nail. 

fa (fa), n. the fourth note in the sol- 
fa musical notation = F. 

fable (fa/bl), n. a short fictitious nar- 
rative intended to convey some 
moral; an idle story or falsehood: 
v.t. to feign; fabricate: v.i. to speak 
falsely or untruthfully. 

fabric (fab'rik), n. an edifice or 
building; a woven, felted, or knitted 
material. 

fabricate (f ab'ri-kat) , v.t. to con- 
struct; form by manufacture or 
art; invent falsely.. 

fabricator (fab'ri-ka-ter), n. one who 
fabricates. 

fabulist (fab'u-list), n. a writer of fa- 
bles; a liar. 

fabulize (fab'ii-llz), v.i. to compose, 
write, or relate fables. 

fabulous (fab'u-lus), adj. fictitious; 
mythical. 

facade _(fa-s ad'), n. front elevation. 

face (fas), n. the countenance; dial 
of a clock, &c; front; visage; sur- 
face; appearance; outward aspect; 
confidence; personal influence; an 
expressive grimace; value, exclud- 
ing discount or interest: said of a 
note, &e. (face-value) : v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. faced, p.pr. facing], to meet 
in front; oppose with boldness or 
confidence; stand opposite to; cover 
with an additional surface: v.i. to 
turn the face. 

faced (fast), p. adj. having a face; 
dressed, as stone or tea; furnished 
with a covering of harder metal. 

facer (fas'er), n. a blow in the face; 
a quick retort; an unexpected 
check, 

facet (fas'et), n. a small surface or 
face; one of the minute planes into 
which the surface of a diamond is 



cut: v.t. to cut or work a facet 
upon. 

facetiae (f a-se'shi-e) , n.pl. witty say- 
ings; books characterized by coarse 
wit. [Latin.] 

facetious (f a-se'shus) , adj. humorous; 
jocular. 

facial (fa/shal), adj. pertaining to the 
face. 

facial angle (ang'gl)^ n. the angle 
formed by the two fines drawn re- 
spectively from the nostrils to the 
ear, and from the nose to the fore- 
head: used in craniometrical calcu- 
lations. 

facially (fa'sha-li), adv. as regards the 
face. 

facies (fa'shi-ez), n. the face; the gen- 
eral resemblance or aspect of any 
group of organisms or rocks. 

facile (fas'il), adi. yielding; pliant; 
affable. 

facile princeps (fas'i-le prin'seps), 
easily first. [Latin.] 

facilitate (f a-sil'i-tat) , v.t. to make easy 
or less difficult ; lessen the labor of. 

facility (f a-siri-ti) , n. [pi. facilities 
(fa-siri-tiz)], freedom from difficulty ; 
dexterity; ease; pliancy; ready com- 
pliance: pi. the means by which the 
performance of any act may be 
more easily accomplished. 

facing (fa/sing), n. a covering in 
front for ornamental or other pur- 
poses; a method of coloring tea, 
&c: pl.^ military movements in drill 
in turning to the right, left, &c.° 
the collars, cuffs, &c, of different 
color from that of the coat on a 
military uniform. 

fac- simile (f ak r sim'i-le) , n. an ex- 
act reproduction, counterpart, or 
likeness of an original. 

fact (fakt), n. anything that is done; 
reality; event; truth. 

faction (fak'shun), n. a party in dis- 
loyal opposition; dissension. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FACTIOUS 



316 



FAIR 



factious (fak'shus), adj. given to, or 
characterized by, faction; turbu- 
lent. 

factitious (f ak-tish'us) , adj. artificial; 
sham. 

factitive (f ak'ti-tiv) , adj. causative. 

factor (fak'ter), n. an agent who 
transacts business for another; one 
of two or more quantities (multi- 
plier and multiplicand) which, mul- 
tiplied together, give a product ; any 
circumstance, &c, which produces a 
result: v.t. to manage or act as a 
factor for; resolve into mathemati- 
cal factors. 

factorage (fak'ter-aj), n. a factor's 
commission. 

factory (fak'to-ri), n. [pi. factories 
(fak'to-riz) ], a manufactory; a trad- 
ing settlement. 

factotum (f ak-to'tum) , n. a man of all 
work. [Latin.] 

faculae (fak'u-le), n.pl. luminous spots 
on the sun's surface. 

facultative (f ak'ul-ta-tiv) , adj. ena- 
bling; permissive. 

faculty (fak'ul-ti), n. [pi. faculties 
(fak'ul-tiz) ], any mental or physical 
power ; mental capacity ; skill ob- 
tained by practice; ability; ease; 
readiness; the members collectively 
of any one of the learned profes- 
sions, especially the medical; the 
professors and instructors of a de- 
partment in a university. 

fad (fad) , n. a crotchet ; a pet idea or 
hobby; a passing fashion. 

faddist (fad'ist), n. one given to fads. 

faddy (fad'i), adj. given to fads. 

fade (fad), v.i. to lose color or dis- 
tinctness; languish; wither; droop; 
die away. 

fading (fad'ing), n. decay; loss of 
color. 

faecal (fe'kal), adj. pertaining to ex- 
crement or sediment. [Latin.] 

faeces (fe'sez), n.pl. excrement; sedi- 
ment. 

faecula, same as fecula. 

fag (fag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fagged, p.pr. 
fagging], to work hard; grow weary; 
drudge for another: v.t. to tire out or 
exhaust; to compel to drudge for 
another: n. one who drudges for an- 
other; a school-boy who performs 
menial duties for another in a higher 
class ; fatigue or weariness ; drudgery. 



fag-end (fag'end), n. the latter or 
meaner part of anything; the frayed 
end of a piece of cloth, rope, &c. 

faggot (fag'ot) ,n.an abandoned woman. 

fagot (fog'ot), n. a bundle of sticks 
bound together ; a bundle of fish laid 
up for drying; a bundle of scrap- 
or wrought-iron or steel to be 
worked over; a kind of meat-cake of 
pork: v.t. to form into fagots. 

fagoting (f ag'ot-ing) , n. a method of 
ornamenting textile fabrics. 

Fahrenheit (f a/ren-hlt) , n. the name 
of a thermometer-scale, having 32° 
as its freezing point, and 212° as 
the boiling point of water; named 
from the German physicist, D. G. 
Fahrenheit (1722). 

faience (f a-i-yans') , n. a variety of 
decorated majolica ware. 

fail (fal) , v.i. to fall short; be deficient; 
waste away; decline; turn out 
badly; become bankrupt: v.t. to be 
wanting, or insufficient for; forsake; 
n. failure; omission. 

failing (faTing), n. a fault; weakness; 
imperfection; the act of becoming 
bankrupt. 

faille (fa'ye), n. a soft untwilled silk 
used for dresses, &c. 

failure (fal'tir), n. the act of failing; 
omission; neglect or non-perform- 
ance ; want of success ; lapse ; the act 
of becoming bankrupt. 

fain (fan), adv. willingly; gladly. 

faint (fant), v.i. to become feeble; lose 
consciousness; swoon; lose cour- 
age and hope: adj. feeble; languid; 
depressed; spiritless; not bright or 
vivid in color; not loud or clear: n. 
a sudden loss of consciousness: pL 
the impure spirit which distils over 
first and last in making whisky. 

fainting (fant'ing), n. a sudden and 
temporary loss of consciousness; 
syncope. 

fair (far), adj. beautiful; handsome; 
pleasing to the eye or mind; free 
from any dark hue; spotless; not 
cloudy; fine; favorable; prosper- 
ous; just; equitable; civil; legible; 
above mediocrity; of good reputa- 
tion; reasonable; passably good; 
blowing direct; the female sex (with 
the); a market held at particular 
times; adv. distinctly; openly; hon- 
estly; on good terms; legibly. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

htie, hut ; think, then. 



FAIRLY 



317 



FALSE-KEEL 



fairly (far'li), adv. honorably; openly. 

fairness (far'nes), n. the quality of 
being fair; beauty; equity; clear- 
ness; candor. 

fairy (far'i and fa/e-ri), n. [pi. fairies 
(far-iz) ], an imaginary oeing of 
graceful and diminutive human 
form, supposed to interfere in hu- 
man affairs for good or evil; an elf; 
fay; sprite; brownie: adj. pertaining 
to, or resembling, fairies. 

fairy-land (f ar'i-land) , n. the sup- 
posed abode of fairies; an enchant- 
ing and pleasant abode. 

fairy ring (f ar'i-ring) , n. a small cir- 
cle of grass greener than the turf sur- 
rounding it, caused by an under- 
ground fungus. _ 

fait accompli (f at-a-kom'ple) , some- 
thing already done. 

faith (fath), n. belief; trust in the 
honesty and truth of another; the 
assent of the mind to Divine revela- 
tion; unshaken adherence; fidelity; 
honesty; a system of doctrines or 
tenets 

faithful (fath'fool), adj. full of faith; 
trustworthy; truthful; honest; loy- 
al: n. Christians in full communion 
(with the) . _ 

faithfully (f ath'f oo-li) , adv. in a faith- 
ful manner. 

fake (fak), v.t. to fold or coil; to cover 
up imperfections of, or fabricate 
with the view to deception; steal: n. 
a coil or turn of a rope; a cheat or 
dodge; canard; hoax; a swindler or 
trickster. 

fakement (f ak'ment) , n. fraud ; decep- 
tion. 

faker (fak'er), n. one who fakes; a 
swindler; pickpocket. 

fakir (fa'ker), n. a Mohammedan as- 
cetic or mendicant priest. 

falcate (fal'kat), adj. sickle-shaped. 
Also falciform. 

falchion (f awl 'shun), n. % a short, 
slightly curved sword, with a broad 
blade. 

falcon (fawl'kn), n. a predatory bird 
with a hooked beak, trained for 
hunting. 

falconer (f awl'kn-er) , n. one who 
trains or sports with falcons. 

falconry (fawrkn-ri), n. the art of 
training hawks to pursue other 
birds. 



faldstool (f awld'stool) , n. a litany- 
stool, or -desk; the bishop's chair 
near the altar. 

fal-lal (fal'lal), n. a bit of decoration 
in dress ; a merry song. 

fall (fawl), v.i. [p.t. fell, p.p. fallen, 
p.pr. falling], to drop from a higher 
to a lower place; drop from an erect 
posture; descend; sink; flow into; 
perish; be .degraded or disgraced; 
happen ; # apostatize or fall into sin; 
begin with ardor; become the prop- 
erty of: adj. pertaining to the au- 
tumn: n. the act of falling; distance 
through which anything falls; over- 
throw; ruin; death; cadence; water- 
fall; cataract; decrease in value; a 
vail; autumn. 

fallacious (f al-la/shus) , adj. decep- 
tive. 

fallacy (fal'a-si), n. m [pi. fallacies 
(fal'a-siz) ], a deceptive or false ap- 
pearance; mistake; an _ unsound 
method of reasoning; sophism. 

fallen (fawl'n), p. adj. sunk to a low- 
er _ state or condition; degraded; 
ruined, outcast; overthrown; dead. 

fallibility (fal-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state 
of being fallible; liability to err. 

fallible (fal'i-bl), adj. liable to be de- 
ceived, misled, err, or fail. 

falling (fawring), p. adj. moving or 
hanging downwards; sinking; de- 
clining ; decreasing in value or quan- 
tity: n. the act or process of falling; 
descent; downward displacement. 

fallopian (fal-o'pi-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to the ducts which convey the 
ova to the uterus. 

fallow (faro), v.t. to make or keep fal- 
low: adj. plowed but not sown for 
the season; untilled; neglected; of 
a pale yellow or reddish-yellow col- 
or: n. land plowed but left un- 
seeded. 

fallow-deer (fal'o-der), n. sl species of 
deer of yellowish-brown color, with 
branched and recurved horns. 

false (fa wis), adj. untrue; dishon- 
est; disloyal; perfidious; counter- 
feit; not well founded; unreliable; 
made for temporary use; not in har- 
mony: adv. falsely. 

falsehood (f awls'hood) , n. an untruth; 
lie. 

false-keel (fawls'kel), n. the timber 
below the main keel. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FALSETTO 



318 



FANTASIA 



falsetto (fal-set'o), n. an artificial 
tone higher in key than the natural 
compass of the voice. [Italian.] 

falsify (fawl'si-fi), v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. 
falsified, p.pr. falsifying], to make, 
or prove to be false; counterfeit; 
forge: v.i. to He. 

falsity (fawl'si-ti), n. [pi. falsities 
(fawl'si-tiz)], the quality of being 
false; an untruth; false statement. 

Falstaffian (fawl-staf'i-an), adj. re- 
sembling Sir John Falstaff in Shake- 
speare's plays; hence boasting; 
coarsely jovial. 

falter (fawl'ter), v.t. to utter in a weak 
trembling manner (with put): v.i. 
to exhibit moral or physical hesi- 
tancy; waver; tremble; fail in ut- 
terance. 

fame (fam), n. public report; rumor; 
celebrity; renown. 

famed (fam'd), adj. renowned; cele- 
brated. 

familiar (f a-mil'yer) , adj. well ac- 
quainted, or intimate with; domes- 
tic; affable; easy; m unconstrained; 
unceremonious; habituated by cus- 
tom: n. a spirit or demon supposed 
to attend at the call of a necroman- 
cer; a domestic of the papal house- 
hold. 

familiarity (f a-mil-i-ar'i-ti) , m n. [pi. 
familiarities (fa-mil-i-ar'i-tiz)], in- 
timacy; ease of conversation; free- 
dom from ceremony or conven- 
tionality; a liberty or freedom. 

familiarize # (f a-mil'yer-iz) , v.t. to 
make fa miliar ; # habituate. 

family (fam'i-li), n. [pi. families 
(fam'i-liz)], a household; children as 
distinguished from the parent; a 
body of persons descended from a 
common ancestor; tribe; race; gene- 
alogy ; noble lineage ; class ; a group of 
animals larger than a genus, but 
less than an order; an order [Bot.]. 

famine (fam 'in), n. extreme dearth; 
great scarcity. 

famish (fam'ish), v.t. & v.i. to starve. 

famous (fa/mus), adj. renowned; con- 
spicuous; noted. 

famously (f a'mus-li) , adv. in a famous 
manner; admirably. 

famulus (fam'u-lus), n. the familiar 
spirit of a magician; an assistant. 
[Latin.] 

fan (fan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fanned, 



p.pr. fanning], to cool with a fan; 
agitate the air, as with a fan; ven- 
tilate; winnow: n. a flat implement 
used to cool the face by agitating the 
air; an instrument for exciting a 
current of air; anything resembling 
a fan in shape; a winnowing imple- 
ment; an enthusiastic spectator at 
baseball. 

fanatic (fa-nat'ik), n. one who is in- 
temperately zealous, or wildly ex- 
travagant, especially on religious 
subjects: adj. characterized by fa- 
naticism; visionary. Also fanatical. 

fanatically (fa-nat'i-ka-li), adv. in a 
fanatic manner. 

fanaticism (fa-nat'i-sizm), n. extrav- 
agant or frenzied zeal; wild en- 
thusiasm. 

fancied (fan'sid), adj. imaginary. 

fancier (fan'sher), n. one who breeds 
or sells animals and birds; an ama- 
teur. 

fanciful (f an'si-f ool) , adj. influenced 
by the fancy; unreal; whimsical; 
wild. 

fancifully (f an'si-f oo-li) , adv. in a 
fanciful manner. 

fancy (fan'si), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fancied, 
p.pr. fancying], to imagine; take a 
liking to; to be pleased with: v.i. to 
imagine; suppose: adj. ornamental; 
elegant ; imaginary ; characterized by 
variety: n. creative imagination; 
idea; notion; liking; caprice; pet 
pursuit; sporting characters, as 
pugilists, &c. (with the). 

fandango (fan-dang'go), n. a lively 
Spanish dance; a lively ball. 

fane (fan), n. a temple; church. 
[Latin.] 

fanfare (fan'far or fang-far'), n. a 
flourish of trumpets; noisy osten- 
tatious parade. [French.] 

fanfaronade (f an-f ar-o-nad') , n. blus- 
tering talk or swagger: v.i. to make a 
noisy parade. 

fang (fang), n. the lower part of a 
tooth set in the socket; the poison- 
tooth of a serpent; a tusk, claw, 
talon, or pointed toocl 

f anion (fan'yxm), n. a small banner. 

fantail (fan'tal), n. a variety of 
pigeon. 

fantan (fan 'tan), n. a Chinese gamb- 
ling game. 

fantasia (f an-ta' or ta'zhi-a) , n. a mu- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FANTASTIC 



319 



FASCINATION 



sical composition not restricted by 
the usual laws of form or time. 

fantastic (fan-tas'tik), adj. odd; whim- 
sical; grotesque; unreal; imaginary. 
Also fantastical. 

fantastically (f an-tas'ti-ka-li) , adv. in 
a fantastic manner. 

fantasy (fan'ta-si), n. [pi. fantasies 
(fan'ta-siz)], a fantastic idea; a 
whimsical fancy. 

far (far), adj. [comp. farther, further, 
superl. farthest, furthest], remote; 
distant; extending widely or at 
length; contrary to design or pur- 
pose; alienated: adv. remotely; very 
much; to a certain point or degree; 
to a great distance; widely. 

farad (far 'ad), n. a unit of electric 
capacity. [From the name Fara- 
day.] 

farce (fars), n. a short comedy in 
which qualities and actions are much 
exaggerated; ridiculous or empty 
parade. 

farcical (f ar'si-kal) , adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a farce; 
ludicrous. 

farcically (f ar'si-ka-li) , adv. in a farci- 
cal manner. 

farcy (far'si), n. a disease of horses, 
closely allied to glanders. 

fare (far), v.i. to. be in any state, 
either good or ill; be entertained 
with food; live; succeed; result: n. 
the sum paid for a journey by lail, 
<fec. ; a person conveyed for hire in a 
vehicle; provisions of a table; enter- 
tainment; the quantity of fish taken 
by a smack. 

farewell (far-wel'), inter j. may you 
fare well or prosper; good-bye: adj. 
noting, or accompanying, a parting: 
n. an adieu. 

far-fetched (far-fecht'), adj. unnatu- 
ral; forced. 

farina (fa-re'na), n. starch; flour or 
meal obtained by grinding the seeds 
of cereals and leguminous plants. 

farinaceous (f ar-i-na/shus) , adj. con- 
sisting of, or made from, farina; like 
meal. 

farinose (far'i-nos), adj. producing, 
or covered with, farina; mealy. 

farm (farm), n. a portion of land, 
cultivated by one person, with the 
buildings, &c, appurtenant to it: v.t. 
to cultivate (land) at a fixed rental; 



lease or let: v.i. to carry on the op- 
eration of farming. 

farmer (farm'er), n. one who cultivates 
a farm ; an agriculturist ; one who col= 
lects revenues, taxes, &c, for a cer- 
tain commission or rate. 

farming (farming) , adj. pertaining to, 
or engaged in, agriculture: n. the 
leasing out, or collection of taxes, 
revenues, &c, for a certain commis- 
sion or rate per cent. 

faro (fa/ or fa'ro), n. a game of 
chance, played with cards: so called, 
it is said, from the picture of 
Pharaoh, which formerly was print- 
ed on one of t_he_cards. 

farrago (f ar-ra'go) , n. a medley ; 
hotch-potch. 

farrier (far'i-er), n. one who shoes 
horses; a veterinary surgeon. 

farriery (f ar'i-er-i) , n. the occupation 
of shoeing horses; veterinary surgery. 

farrow (far'o), v.t. to give birth to: 
said of pigs: n. a litter of pigs: adj. 
noting a cow not calving in a given 
season. i <! i 

farther (far^/ier), adj., comp. of far; 
more distant or remote; additional: 
adv. more remotely: conj. moreover. 

farthing (far^/dng), n. one-fourth of 
an English penny; half a cent. 

farthingale (f ar^Aing-gal) , n. a kind 
of hoop-skirt formed of circles of 
whale-bone, worn by women of the 
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 
Also farthingdale. 

fasces (fas'ez), n.pl. sl bundle of rods 
containing an axe, carried by the 
lictors before the magistrates of an- 
cient Rome as a symbol of authority. 

fascia (fash'i-a), n. [pi. fasciae (fash'- 
i-e)], a filet or belt; a broad volute; a 
jutting brick course beyond the win- 
dows; a ligature. 

fascicle (fas'i-kl), n. a small collection, 
group, or bundle; a serial division 
of a book. 

fasciculate (f as-ik'u-lat) , adj. formed 
of, or growing in, bundles. Also fas- 
ciculated. 

fascinate (fas'i-nat), v.t to influence 
the mind or will of as if by enchant- 
ment; bewitch; captivate: v.i. to 
exercise a bewitching or captivating 
power. [Latin.] 

fascination (f as'i-na/shun) , n. the act 
of fascinating; the state of being 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut. ; think, then. 



L 



FASCINE 



320 



FATHERLY 



fascinated; any invisible influence 
that overpowers the mind or will; 
bewitchment] charm. 

fascine (fas-cen'), n. a cylindrical 
bundle of sticks or fagots bound 
together, used for fortifying ditches, 
building earthworks, &c. [French.] 

fashion (fash'un), n. the shape or 
form of anything; conventional cus- 
tom or usage, especially in dress; 
compliance with the rules of good 
society; method; general practice: 
v.t. to mold, shape, or form; accom- 
modate. 

fashionable (f ash'un-a-bl) , adj. ac- 
cording to the prevailing mode; 
made in accordance with the fashion 
of the day; observant of the rules 
of polite society and its usages; 
well-bred. [French.] 

fashion-plate (fash'un-plat), n. an 
engraving representing the prevail- 
ing fashions in apparel. 

fast (fast), v.i. to abstain from food, 
either from necessity, or as a reli- 
gious obligation: n. abstinence from 
food; religious mortification by ab- 
stinence. [Anglo r Saxon.] 

fast (fast), adj. quick; speedy in mo- 
tion; expeditious; in advance of the 
standard: said of a timepiece; firm; 
immovable; close; faithful; dissi- 
pated; gay: adv. rapidly; firmly. 

fast-day (fast'-da), n. a day set apart 
by civil or ecclesiastical authority 
for religious fasting. 

fasten (fas'n), v.t. to fix securely; 
make fast; bolt or bar; v.i. to seize 
or take hold: generally with on. 

fastening (fas'n-ing), n. the act of 
making fast; a bolt or clasp. 

fastidious (f as-tid'i-us) , adj. squeam- 
ish; overnice. 

fasting (fast'ing), n. abstinence from 
food, especially as a religious ob- 
servance. 

fastland (fast 'land), n. upland. 

fastness (fast'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being fast; a fortress or 
natural stronghold. 

fat (fat), adj. [corny, fatter, superl. 
fattest], corpulent; fleshy; adipose; 
greasy; unusually extended: said of 
type ; broad ; sluggish ; stupid ; dull ; 
lucrative; fertile; affluent: n. a 
solid, oily, yellow or white substance 
forming part of the tissue of ani- 



mals; the best or richest of any- 
thing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fatted, p.pr. 
fatting], to fatten; cause to gain 
flesh: v.i. to become fat. 

fatal (fa/tal), adj. causing death or 
destruction; fateful. [Latin.] 

fatalism (fa'tal-izm) , n. the doctrine 
that all things happen by irresistible 
necessity overruling all things. 

fatalist (fa/tal-ist), n. a believer in the 
doctrine offatalism. 

fatalistic (fa-tal-is'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to fatalism. 

fatality (f a-tal'i-ti) , n. [pi. fatalities (fa- 
tal 'i-tiz) ], predetermined order or 
series of events; destiny; a calamity; 
fatal occurrence. 

fatally (fa'tal-i), adv. in a fatal man- 
ner. 

Fata Morgana (fa'ta mor-ga'na), n. 
a name for the mirage sometimes 
seen near the straits of Messina. 

Fate (fat), n. destiny; inevitable ne- 
cessity; death or destruction; pre- 
destined lot: pi. the three classic 
goddesses, Clot ho, Lachesis, and 
Atropos, who presided over the des- 
tinies of mankind. 

fated (fa 'ted), p. adj. decreed by fate; 
destined. 

fateful (f at'f ool) , adj. possessing fatal 
power; determining destiny; fatal. 

father (f&'ther), n. a male parent or 
ancestor; one who stands in the re- 
lation of a father; an originator or 
founder; the official title of a con- 
fessor of the Roman Catholic 
Church, the superior of a convent, 
or of an ancient Roman senator; the 
senior member of any class, pro- 
fession, or body; an ecclesiastical 
writer of the Early Christian 
Church: v.t. to adopt as a son or 
daughter; to ascribe to anyone as 
his offspring or production: with on. 

Father, n. the Creator, God. 

fatherhood (f a'^er-hood) , n. pa- 
ternity. 

father-in-law (f a'2/ier-in-law) , n. the 
father of a husband or wife. 

fatherland (f a'2/ier-land) , n. one's 
native country. 

fatherless (f a'Z/ier-les) , adj. deprived 
of a father. 

fatherly (f a'^er-li) , adj. % pertaining 
to a father; kind, affectionate, as a 
father: adv. like a father. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FATHOM 



321 



FEARFULLY 



fathom (fath'um), n. a measure of 
length = 6 ft.: v.t to reach; ascer- 
tain the depth of. 

fatigue (fa-teg') i n\ weariness; toil; 
bodily or mental exhaustion; v.t. to 
weary with bodily or mental exer- 
tion; tire; harass. 

fatigue-duty (f a-teg'du-ti) , n. labor 
a soldier is employed in, distinct from 
the practice of arms. 

fatling (fat 'ling), n. a young animal 
fattened for slaughter. 

fatuess (fat'nes), n. the quality or 
state of being fat; corpulency; 
fertility. ** 

fatten (fat'n), v.t. to make fat, plump, 
or stout; feed for the table; make 
fertile or abundant. 

fatty (fat 'i) f> adj. consisting, or having 
the qualities of, fat; greasy; oily. 

fatuity (f a-tu'i-ti) , n. weakness of 
intellect ; obstinate folly. 

fatuous (fat'u-us), adj. weak in intel- 
lect; silly; obstinately foolish; illu- 
sory. 

faubourg (fo'boorg), n. a suburb. 
[French.] 

fauces (faw'sez), n.pl. the upper part 
of the throat and entrance to the 
gullet. 

faucet (faw'set), n. & short pipe with 
a valve, used for drawing out liquor. 

faugh (faw), inter j. an exclamation 
expressive of disgust or abhorrence. 

fault (fawlt), n. a slight crime or 
offense; blemish; defect; omission; 
the loss of scent in hunting: said of 
a hound; fracture of strata; an ac- 
cidental leak in an electric circuit ; 
an improper service in lawn-tennis. 

faultfinder (fawlt'flnd-er), n. one 
given to finding fault; a mechanical 
device for discovering faults in an 
electric circuit. 

faultless (fawlt'les), adj. without a 
flaw. 

faulty (fawlt'i), adj. imperfect; erro- 
neous. • 

faun (fawn), n. a classic woodland 
deity, resembling the satyrs in ap- 
pearance. 

fauna (faw'na), n. [pi. faunae (faw'ne), 
faunas (faw'naz) ], the animals char- 
acteristic of any particular region, 
or geological period. [Latin.] 

fauteuil (fo-tere), n. an upholstered 
arm chair; membership in the 



French Academy; the seat of a 
president, &c. [French.] 

faux pas (fo pa'), n. an error or slip, 
especially in respect of good man- 
ners or morality. [French.] 

Favonian (f a-vo'ni-an) , adj. pertain- 
ing to Favonius, the west wind, 
hence auspicious. [Latin.] 

favor (fa'ver), n. kindness; support; 
patronage; good will; facility; par- 
tiality; bias; a love token; a bunch 
of ribbons worn on some special oc- 
casion; a letter: v.t. to regard with 
favor; befriend; facilitate; resemble 
in features; spare. [Latin.] 

favorable (f a'ver-a-bl) , adj. propi- 
tious ; advantageous ; friendly ; partial. 

favored (fa'verd), adj. featured (when 
used with well or ill) . 

favorite (fa'ver-it), n. one who, or 
that which, is particularly esteemed; 
one regarded with undue preference ; 
a person or animal considered to have 
the best chance of winning in a con- 
test; adj. preferred^ esteemed. 

favoritism (f a'ver-i-tizm) , n. the dis- 
position or tendency to favor one 
person or class in preference to 
others possessing equal claims; par- 
tiality. 

fawn (fawn), n. a young deer: v.i. & 
v.t. to court servilely (with on or 
upon) ; to exhibit affection by leap- 
ing upon, cringing, or licking the 
hand of a person : said of a dog. 

fawning (fawn'ing), n. gross, or 
servile flattery. 

fay (fa), n. an elf; fairy: v.t. to fit 
(two pieces of wood) flush together: 
v.i. to fit closely: adj. fated; dead. 
[Scotch.] 

faze (faz), v.t. to worry; annoy; 
frighten; disturb; produce an effect 
on. Also fease. 

fealty (fe'al-ti), n. the duty of a 
vassal or tenant to his feudal su- 
perior; loyalty. [O. French.] 

fear (fer), n. apprehension of evil or 
danger; dread; anxiety; solicitude; 
reverence: v.t. to regard with appre- 
hension; dread: v.i. to be in fear; 
feel anxiety. 

fearful (fer'fool), adj. affected with 
fear; timorous; apprehensive; in- 
spiring fear. 

fearfully (fer'foo-h), adv. in fear; so as 
to cause fear. 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; u<35n, book ; 
21 hue, hut ; think, then. 



FEARLESS 



322 



FEE 



fearless (fer'les), adj. intrepid. 

fearlessly (f er-les-li) , adv. bravely; in 
a fearless manner. 

fearlessness (f er'les-nes) , n. intrepid- 
ity. 

fearsome (fer'sum), adj. fearful; ter- 
rible. 

feasibility (f e-zi-bil'i-ti) , n. practica- 
bility. 

feasible (fe'zi-bl), adj. practicable. 

feasibly (fe'zi-bli), adv. practicably. 

feast (fest), n. a sumptuous repast, 
especially in commemoration of some 
eveni,, &c; a festival, especially of 
the Church; anything affording 
pleasure to the palate or mind: v.t. 
to entertain sumptuously; delight: 
v.i. to feed sumptuously; enjoy one's 
self. 

feast-day (fest'da), n. a day of revelry 
or solemn joy. 

feat (fet), n. a notable achievement, 
deed, or performance. 

feather (feth'er), n. part of the ex-' 
terior covering of a bird; a plume; 
something resembling a feather; the 
water thrown up by the turn of the 
blade of an oar; kind or class: v.t. 
to ornament with feathers; cover 
with, or as with, feathers; turn the 
blade of (an oar) horizontally when 
leaving the water: v.i. to become 
covered with, or something resem- 
bling, feathers. 

feather-brained (f eZA'er-brand) , adj. 
giddy. 

feather-edged (fe^'er-ejd), adj. thin 
at the edges. 

feather-weight (f e^'er-wat) , n. in a 
handicap, the least weight that can 
be put on a racehorse ; or in pugilism 
the lightest weight that can enter 
the ring. 

feathery (f e^/i'er-i) , adj. covered with, 
or resembling, feathers; very light. 

feature (fe'tur), n. the cast of the 
face; lineament; > principal part; 
outline; characteristic; appearance: 
v.t. to make public or conspicuous; 
to give a prominent place to. 

featured (fe'ttird), adj. having a par- 
ticular cast of face. 

feaze (faz), v.t. to disturb; discon- 
cert; frighten. Also faze. 

febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. a medicine 
that lessens or dispels fever. 

febrile (feb'ril or fe'bril), adj. pertain- 



ing to, accompanied by, or indicat- 
ing fever. 

fecal, same as faecal. 

feces, same as faeces. 

feckless (fek'les), adj. good-for-noth- 
ing; shiftless. [Scottish.] 

fecula (fek'u-la), n. farina; starch; 
chlorophyll. 

feculence (f ek'u-lens) , n. the quality 
of being feculent; dregs. Also fecu- 
lency. 

feculent (f ek'u-lent) , adj. containing, 
or full of, dregs or sediment; turbid; 
muddy. 

fecund (fek'und or fe-kund'), adj. 
fruitful; prolific. [Latin.] 

fecundate (f ek'un-dat) , v.t. to make 
fruitful or prolific; fertilize; im- 
pregnate. 

fecundity (f ek-un'di-ti) , n. fruitful- 
ness; prolificness ; fertility of inven- 
tion; germination. 

fed, p.t. & p.p. of feed. 

federal (fed'er-al), adj. pertaining to, 
constituting, or founded upon, a 
league or treaty; consisting in a 
union or compact between States, 
especially of the United States or 
Switzerland; confederated. 

Federal, adj. supporting the cause of 
the Union in the American civil war 
(1861-'65): n. one who favored the 
Union cause in that war. [Latin.] 

Federalism (fed'er-al-izm), n. the doc- 
trine of federal union, and the sup- 
port of a strong central government 
for the United States. 

Federalist (f ed'er-al-ist) , adj. favoring 
the Federal party in the United 
States: n. a member of this party 
(1793-1820). 

federalize (f ed'er-al-iz) , v.t. to bring 
together in a political federacy: v.i. 
to unite under a federal form of gov* 
ernment. Also federate. 

federated (fed r er-a-ted), adj. united 
by compact. 

federation (f ed-er-a/shun) , n. a league; 
federal government^ 

federative (fed'er-a-tiv), adj. forming 
a league or confederacy; federal. 

fee (fe), n. a payment for service ren* 
derea, especially professional ser- 
vice; a gratuity; an heritable or 
inherited estate; land held from a 
superior; feud: v.t. in the sense of to 
pay or give a fee to, it is French. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, Jften. 



x 1 EEBLE 



323 



FELONY 



feeble (fe'bl), adj. weak; wanting in 
physical strength or mental vigor ; 
infirm: v.L to weaken. 

feed (fed), v.tj to give food to; nour- 
ish; graze or pasture; supply with 
necessaries; furnish with materials, 
as a machine: v.i. to eat; subsist 
(with on or upon) : n. a certain 
quantity of food given to animals at 
onetime; fodder; pasture; a banquet. 

feeder (fed'er), n. one who, or that 
which, feeds; one who fattens cat- 
tle; that which nourishes or supplies 
the needs of, or increases the im- 
portance or value of ; a branch canal 
or railway; an electric wire supply- 
ing a current to a main conductor. 

feeding (fed'ing), n. the act of eating; 
pasture. 

feed-pipe (fed'plp), n. a pipe which 
supplies water to the boiler of a 
steam-engine. 

feed-pump (fed'-pump), n. a force- 
pump which supplies water to the 

. boiler_of a steam-engine. 

feel (fel), v.t. to perceive by the 
touch; be conscious of; understand; 
test; be influenced or moved by; ex- 
perience, as pleasure or pain; exam- 
ine by touching or handling: v.t. 
seem to the touch ; have the passions 
moved: n. the sense of feeling; 
touch; sensation. 

feeler (feTer), n. one who, or that 
which, feels; the part of an inverte- 
brate animal which serves as an or- 
gan of touch, as the antennae of in- 
sects, &c; something put forth as a 
means of gaining information not 
directlyobtainable. 

feeling (feTing), p.adj. easily affected; 
sympathetic; of great sensibility; 
perceptible by touch: n. sense of 
touch; physical or mental sensation; 
perception; tenderness. 

fee- simple (fe-sim'pl), n. an estate in 
land or tenements held by a person 
in his own right, without restrictions 

feet (fet), pi. of foot. 

fee- tail (fe'tal), n. an estate entailed 
to a person and his heirs. [Old 
French.] 

feign (fan)_, v.t. to pretend; invent. 

feigned (fand), adj. pretended; coun- 
terfeited. [French.] 

feint (fant), n. a pretense; mock attack. 

feldspar (feld'spar), n. a name for 



various crystalline minerals occur- 
ring in igneous rocks, composed 
principally of silicate of aluminia* 
Also felspar. [German.] 

felicitate (fe-lis'i-tat), v.t. to con- 
gratulate. 

felicitous (fe-lis'i-tus), adj. character- 
ized by, or causing, happiness; ap- 
propriate. 

felicitously (fe-lis'i-tus-li), adv. hap- • 
pily; suitably. 

felicity > (fe-lis'i-ti), n. \pl. felicities 
(fe-lis'i-tiz)], a condition of supreme 
happiness; blissf ulness ; prosperity; 
appropriateness; a neat or well- 
chosen _expression. [Latin.] 

feline (fe'lln), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembling, a cat; stealthy; treach- 
erous. [Latin.] 

fell (fel), v.t. to hew, cut, or knock, 
down; cause to fall; turn down (a 
seam) : adj. cruel ; savage ; barbar- 
ous; hideous; powerful: n. the skin 

, of an animal; a hem laid level with 
the material; a rocky or barren hill; 
small pieces of ore. 

fellah (fel'a), n. [pi. fellahs (fel'az). 
fellaheen (-hen')], in Egypt and 
Syria, a peasant or laborer. [Arabic. I 

felloe (fel 5), same as felly. 

fellow (fel'o), n. a companion or asso- 
ciate; one of the same kind; com- 
peer; one of a pair; an individual; 
one held in slight esteem; a member 
of an incorporated society; a gradu- 
ate member of a college who holds a 
fellowship: adj. associated or joined 
with (used in composition). 

fellowship (fel'o-ship), n. association; 
communion; intimacy; society; joint 
interest or feeling; a college endow- 
ment for the support of a fellow; 
one of the rules of arithmetic. 

felly (fel'i), n. [pi fellies (fel'iz)], one 
of the curved pieces of wood which 
form the rim of a wheel; the rim. 

felo-de-se (fe'lo-de-se') , n. a suicide. 
[Latin, "a felon against himself."] 

felon (fel'un)^ n. one guilty of fel- 
ony; a whitlow: adj. malignant; 
traitorous. 

felonious (fe-lo'ni-us), adj. done with 
the intention of committing crime; 
malignant. 

felony (fel'o-ni), n. [pi. felonies (fel'- 
o-niz)], a crime punishable by death 
or imprisonment in a state prison. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FELSITE 



324 



FERMENTATION 



felsite (fel'sit), n. a variety of feldspar. 

felspar (fel'spar), n. same as feldspar. 

felt, p.t. of feel. 

felt (felt), n. an unwoven fabric 
composed of wool or wool and hair, 
compacted together by pressure or 
heat. 

felting (felt'ing), n. the material of 
which felt is made, or the process 
of manufacturing it. 

felucca (fe-luk'a), n. a small sailing- 
vessel propelled by lateen sails and 
oars, used in the Mediterranean. 

female (fe'mal), n. one of that sex 
which conceives and produces young ; 
the plant or flower which bears the 
pistil and receives the pollen of the 
male flower: adj. pertaining to that 
sex which produces young ; feminine ; 
womanly; having pistils but desti- 
tute of stamens; noting, in mechan- 
ics, something, as a hollow, into 
which another part fits. 

feme coverte (fern or fam kuv'ert), 
n. a married woman. Also femme 
couverte. [Norman French.] 

feme sole (sol), n. an unmarried 
woman. Also femme sole. 

feminine (fem'i-nin), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, women; deli- 
cate; tender; sensitive; wanting in 
manly characteristics ; effeminate : 
n. a woman. 

femininity (f em-i-nin'i-ti) , n. % the 
state or quality of being feminine; 
womankind. 

feminism (f em'in-izm) , n. a condition 
of men who become hypersensitive, 
too imaginative, and lacking in the 
traits that are supposed to be mas- 
culine. [French.] 

femme de chambre (fam de sham'- 
br), n. a lady's-maid; chambermaid. 

femoral (fem'o-ral), adj. pertaining 
to the thigh. 

femur (fe'mer), n. the thigh-bone. 

fen (fen), n. low, flat, marsh land, 
covered with sedges, &c. ; a kind of 
mold or moss causing disease in 
hops. 

fence (fens), v.i. to practise fencing; 
deposit stolen property with a con- 
federate: y.t. guard or protect; de- 
fend; to inclose or surround with a 
fence; fortify: n. the art of fencing; 
defense; guard; a boundary con- 
sisting of posts, wire, &c; inclos- 



ure; skill in debate; a receiver ol 
stolen goods. 

fence (fens), n. a row of stakes or 
wooden piles that defend a place 
enclosed by them. [Latin.] 

fencible (fen'si-bl), adj. capable of 
defense, or being defended: n. a sol- 
dier enlisted for home service. 

fencing (fens'ing), n. the art of skil- 
fully using a foil or sword for at- 
tack or defense; materials used for 
constructing a fence; a collection of 
fences; guard; skilful debate. 

fend (fend), v.t. to ward off; protect 
with a fender. 

fender (fend'er), n. a cushion of rope, 
or piece of wood hung over the side 
of a vessel to prevent injury by con- 
tact with a landing-stage, &c. ; a 
metal guard in front of a fireplace 
to prevent the hot coal falling upon 
the floor; a device affixed to the 
front of a street car to prevent in- 
jury to pedestrians. [Latin.] 

fennel (fen'el), n. an aromatic bien- 
nial herb of the parsley family, with 
yellow flowers. 

fenny (fen'i), adj. full of fens; marshy. 

fent (fent), n. a slit in a garment 
for convenience in putting it on; 
placket; remnant. 

ferae naturae (fer'e na-tu're), in law, 
wild animals as distinguished from 
those domesticated. [Latin, "of 
wild nature."] 

Feralia (fer-a'li-a), n. a solemn fes- 
tival in ancient Rome in honor of 
the dead. 

fer-de- lance (f er-de-lans') , n.the name 
of a venomous crotaloid snake found 
in the West Indies and South 
America. It resembles the copper- 
head snake of the North. . Its name 
comes from the fact that its head is 
of the shape of a lance-head. [French.] 

ferial (fer'i-al), adj. pertaining to 
week days, especially those which 
are not festivals or fasts; pertaining 
to holidays. 

ferment (fer'ment), n. a microscopic 
fungus which produces fermenta- 
tion; internal commotion; tumult; 
v.t. (fer-ment'), to produce fermenta- 
tion in; excite: v.i. to be in a state 6i 
fermentation; effervesce; be excited. 

fermentation (fer-men-ta'shun), n. 
the chemical decomposition which 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FERMENTATIVE 



325 



FESTIVE 



takes place in an organic substance 
exposed to the air, due to the action 
of microscopic organisms, or to un- 
organized ferments; excitement. 

fermentative (fer-men'ta-tiv), adj. 
causing, or characteristic of, fermen- 
tation. [Latin.] 

fern (fern), n. a cryptogamous or 
flowerless plant with broad and 
feathery fronds or leaves, on the 
under surface of which the repro- 
ductive seeds are situated. 

fernery (fern'er-i), n. [pi. ferneries 
(fern'er-iz) ], a place where ferns are 
cultivated. 

ferny (f ern'i) , adj. fern-like, or abound- 
ing in ferns. 

ferocious (f e T ro'shus) , adj. savage; 
fierce; rapacious; of cruel nature. 

ferocity (f e-ros'i-ti) , n. [pi. ferocities 
(fe-ros'i-tiz) ], savageness or cruelty 
of disposition; inhuman cruelty. 

ferrate (fer'at), n. a salt of ferric acid. 

ferret (fer'et), n. a domesticated va- 
riety of polecat, employed to hunt 
rats and rabbits from their holes 
[French]; a kind of binding; an iron 
rod used for making the rings at 
the mouths of bottles, or trying 
melted glass: v.t. to search minutely 
(with out). 

ferreter (fer'et -er), n. one who fer- 
rets. 

ferretto (f er-ret'to) , n. a preparation 
of copper with sulphuric acid; used 
in coloring glass. [Hispano-Latin.] 

ferriage (fer'i-aj), n. money paid for 
conveyance by ferry. 

ferric (fer'ik), adj. pertaining to, con- 
taining, or extracted from, iron. 

ferric acid (as'id), n. an acid com- 
posed of 3 atoms of oxygen and 1 
of iron. 

ferro (fer'ro), a prejix, denoting the 
presence of iron in a substance. 
[Latin.] 

ferrobronze (fer'ro-bronz),n. an alloy 
of copper, zinc, and iron. 

ferro-cyanic (fer'ro-sl-an'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to an acid formed by the 
union of iron and cyanogen. 

ferro- manganese (f er 'ro-mang'ga- 
nez), n. an alloy of iron and man- 
ganese, used in the Bessemer process 
of manufacturing steel. 

ferrotype (f er'ro-tip) , n. a photograph 
taken upon a sensitized iron plate. 



ferrous (fer'us), adj. pertaining to v 
or obtained from, iron. 

ferrous oxide (oks'Id), n. monoxide 
of iron. 

ferruginous (fer-ru'ji-nus), adj. con- 
taining or impregnated with, iron; 
rust-colored. 

ferrule (fer'il), n. a metal ring placed 
at the end of a _ stick, &c, to 
strengthen it. [Latin.] 

ferry (fer'i), n. [pi. ferries (fer'iz) ], a 
passage across a river, &c; a ferry- 
boat; the place where a ferry-boat 
lands its passengers: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferrying], to con- 
vey across a river, &c, in a boat: 
v.i. go across water in a boat. 

fertile (fer'til), adj. producing abun- 
dantly ; f rui tf ul ; # reproductive ; rich 
in resources or invention. [Latin.] 

fertility (f er-til'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being fertile; abundance; 
fecundity; richness of resources or 
invention. 

fertilization (f er-til-i-za'shun) , n. the 
act or process of making fertile ; im- 
pregnation. 

fertilize (fer'til-Iz), v.t. to make fer- 
tile; render fruitful; impregnate. 

fertilizer (f er' til-i-zer) , n. any ma- 
terial used as a manure for the 
land. 

ferule (fer'ul), n. a rod or flat stick 
used for chastisement: v.t. to chas- 
tise with a ferule. [Latin.] 

fervent (fer'vent), adj. zealous; ear- 
nest; vehement; very hot. 

fervently (f er'vent-li) , adv. with fervor. 

fervid (fer'vid), adj. burning; ardent; 
fiery; intense; eager. [Latin.] 

fervor (fer'ver), n. intensity of feeling; 
zeal; warmth. 

festal (fes'tal), adj. pertaining to a 
f east; joyous; festive; hilarious. 

festally (fes'ta-li), adv. festively. 

fester (fes'ter), v.t. to cause to fester 
or rankle: v.i. to become ulcerated; 
suppurate; rankle; become putrid; 
rot: n. an ulcerous or purulent sore ; 
act of festering or rankling. [French.) 

festival (f es'ti-val) , n. a joyful cele- 
bration in commemoration of some 
event, religious or civil; an enter- 
tainment on behalf of some charity 
at which fruit, &c, is sold. [Latin.) 

festive (fes'tiv), adj. pertaining to a 
feast; gay; joyous; merry. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, hook i 

hiie^ hut ; think, then. 



FESTIVELY 



326 



FEVER-FEW 



festively (fes'tiv-li), adv. in a festive 
manner, 

festivity (fes-tiv'i-ti), n. [vl. festivi- 
ties (fes-tiv'i-tiz)], social gaiety at 
an entertainment or feast; merry- 
making; joyfulness; a festival. 

festoon (fes-toon'), n. a wreath or gar- 
land suspended at the extremities 
and hanging in a curve; an archi- 
tectural ornament of such form: v.L 
to decorate with, or form into, fes- 
toons. 

fetal (fe'tal), adj. pertaining to the 
fetus. Also fcetal. 

fetch (fech), v.L to go after and 
bring; obtain as its price; call for 
and accompany; heave, as a sigh; 
fascinate: v.i. to move and turn; 
reach or get: n. an artifice or trick; 
a wraith; the appearance at night of 
a light rese .Tabling a candle, sup- 
posedto portend death, (fetch-light). 

fete (fat) n. a festival or holiday: 
vi. to entertain, or honor, with fes- 
tivities. [French.] 

fete champetre (shang-pa'tr), n. a 
rural or open-air festival. 

fete day (da), n. a birthday celebra- 
tion, especially the jday of the saint 
whose name one bears. [French.] 

fetich (fet'ish, or fet'ish), n. any mate- 
rial object, as a stone, weapon, 
feather, &c, supposed by the ne- 
groes of Western Africa to be the 
abode of a spirit, and to give to its 
possessor power over such a deity: 
hence any object of unreasoning de- 
votion; inage or idol. Also fetish. 

fetichism (fet'ish-iz:n), n. the wor- 
ship of, or belief in, fetiches; unrea,- 
soning or superstitious devotion. 
Also fetishism. [Portuguese.] ' 

fetich-man (fet'ish-man), n. a medi- 
cine man. 

feticide (fe'ti-sid), n. the act of killing 
the fetus in the womb. 

fetid (fe'tid, or fet'id), adj. giving 
forth an offensive smell; stinking. 

fetlock (fet'lok), n. a tuft of hair be- 
hind a horse's pastern joint; the 
pastern joint. 

fetlock ed (fet'lokt), adj. having fet- 
locks; secured or fastened by the 
fetlojks. 

fetter (fet'er), n. a chain or shackle 
for the feet (usually pi.)) a re- 
straint; hindrance: v.L to place fet- 



ters upon; chain; bind; hinder; re- 
strain. 

fettle (fet'l), v.i. to repair; work 
with activity; clean up: v.L to put 
in order; cover or line; fasten: n, 
good condition or repair; fuss. 

fetus (fe'tus), n. the young of vivi- 
parous animals in the uterus. 

feud (fud), n. an inveterate quarrel 
between clans or families; blood- 
feud; quarrel; enmity; hatred. 

feud (fud), n. a fief, or land held 
from a lord on condition of render 
ing himfeudal service. [Latin.] 

feudal (fu'dal), adj. pertaining to a 
feud or quarrel; pertaining to, or 
founded upon, a feud or fief. 

feudalist (fu'dal-ist), n. an upholder 
of feudalism. 

feudality (fu-dal'i-ti), n. the state ot 
being feudal; feudal principles or 
constitution. 

feudalize (ffi'dal-iz), v.L to conform 
to feudalism. 

feudally (fu'dal-li), adv. in accordance 
with the principles of feudalism. 

feudal system (sis'tem), n. the po- 
litico-social system formerly preva- 
lent in Europe during the Middle 
Ages of holding lands on condition 
of military _service. Feudalism. 

feudatory _(fu'da-to-ri), n. [pi. feuda- 
tories (fu/da-to-riz)], one 1 elding 
land by feudal tenure; a vassal: adj 
pertaining to, or held by, feudal 
tenure. 

feu dejoie (fe' de zhwa/)^ n. an ex- 
pression of public rejoicing, as the 
firing of cannen, or burning of bon- 
fires. [French.] 

feudist (fu'dist), n. one skilled in 
feudal law. In some States, it is 
the custom for families to perpetuate 
their grudges, from father to son, 
such being called feudists. 

fcuilleton (fe-i-tang'), n. that sec- 
tion of a French newspaper which 
is devoted to light literature, criti- 
cal notices, fiction, &c; a newspaper 
serial. 

fever (fe'ver), n. a disease charac- 
terized by marked increase of beat 
of the skin, # quickened pulse,igreat 
debility, thirst, &c.^ a conditon cf 
extreme nervous excitement: v.t. U 
put into a fever. [Latin.] 

fever- few (feVer-fu), n. a plant of the 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book 

hue, hut; think, then. 



FEVERISH 



327 



FIDELITY 



aster family, formerly esteemed as a 
febrifuge^ 

feverish (fe'ver-ish) , adj. affected with, 
indicating, or resembling, fever. 

few (fu), adj. [comp. fewer, superl. 
fewest], not many; small in num- 
ber; limited. [Latin.] 

fewness (fumes) , n. smallness of num- 
ber. 

fez (fez), n. a brimless, close fitting, 
felt hat, usually red, with a black 
tassel: worn by Turks, Egyptians, 
&c. [French.] 

fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. sl hackney-coach. 
[French.] 

fiance (fe-ang-sa'), n. one who is be- 
trothed or affianced. Fein, fiancee. 

fiasco (fe-as'ko), n. a complete or lu- 
dicrous failure, as of some enter- 
prise of which high hopes were en- 
tertained, as a musical performance, 
&c; a flask or bottle. [Italian.] 

fiat (fl'at), n. a peremptory order or 
decree; an order of a court authoriz- 
ing certain proceedings, as in bank- 
ruptcy. [Latin, "Let it be done."] 

fib (fib), n. a falsehood; white lie: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fibbed, p.pr. fibbing], 
to tell fibs; to deliver a quick suc- 
cession of blows. 

fibber (fib'er), n. one who tells fibs. 

fiber (fJ'ber), n. a slender, thread- 
like substance, or filament; raw ma- 
terial which can be separated into 
threads for making up textile fabrics. 

fibriform (fi'bri-form), adj. fiber-like. 

fibril (fl'bril), n. a small fiber. 

fibrillse (fi-bril'e), n.pl. minute subdivi- 
sions of the root, as of the lichens. 

fibrillose (fl'bril-os), adj. composed of, 
or covered with, fibrils. 

fibrin (fl'brin), n. a white albumi- 
noid substance which forms the clot 
of blood; the fibrous part of flesh; 
gluten obtained from corn, &c. Also 
fibrine. 

fibrinous (fi'brin-us), adj. composed 
of, or of the nature of, fibrin. 

fibroid (fi'broid), adj. of the structure 
of, or containing, fiber. 

fibroin (fi'bro-in), n. the principal 
constituent of raw silk, cobwebs, 
and horny sponge- tissue. 

fibrous (fi'brus), adj. composed of, or 
of the nature of, fibers. 

fibster (fib'ster), n. a liar in a small 
way. 



fibula (fib'U-la), n. [pi. fibulae (-le)J, 
the outer and smaller of the two 
bones which form the lower leg; an 
ancient ornamental brooch or safe- 
ty-pin. 

fichu (fish'u), n, sl light three-cornered 
article of ladies' dress worn on the 
neck, or over the neck and shoulders, 

fickle (fik'l), adj. capricious; incon- 
stant. 

fictile (fik'til), adj. pertaining to pot- 
tery; readily molded: plastic. 

fiction (fLVshun), n. the act of feign- 
ing or inventing; that which is 
feigned or invented; a literary pro- 
duction of the imagination in prose 
form, as a novel, romance, &c; 
a legal assumption for the purpose 
of convenience, the furtherance of 
justice, &c. [Latin.] 

fictional (fik'shun-al) , adj. pertaining 
to, characteristic of, or created by, 
fiction. 

fictionist (fik'shun-ist) , n. a writer of 
fiction. 

fictitious (fik-tish'us), adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, fiction; 
false; unreal. 

fid (fid), n. an iron or wooden bar to 
support a topmast; a large tapering 
wooden pin for opening the strands 
of a rope: v.t. to put into place and 
secure by a fid._ Also fidd. 

fidalgo (fi-dal'go), n. a Portuguese 
nobleman; same as Spanish hidalgo* 

fiddle (fid'l), n. a violin; a rack 
used on board ship to prevent arti- 
cles from rolling off the table in 
stormy weather: v.i. to play the fid- 
dle or violin: v.t. to cheat by arti- 
fice. 

fiddle-de-dee (fid'1-de-de), interj. non- 
sense!: n. a piece of nonsense. 

fiddle-faddle (fid'l-fad'l), n. nonsense i 
trifling conversation: v.i. to talk 
nonsense; fuss about trifles: adj, 
fussy about trifles. 

fiddler (fid'ler), n. a violinist; a 
name of the common sandpiper; 
sixpence; one who is fussy about 
trifles. 

fiddlestick (fid'l-s tik) , n. a bow for 
playing upon the fiddle or violin: 
interj. nonsense! (usually in pi.). 

fiddling (fid'liug), n. the act of play- 
ing the violin: p. adj. trifling. 

fidelity (fi-del'i-ti) , n. [pi. fidelities 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FID-FAD 



328 



FIGHT 



(fi-del'i-tiz)], integrity; faithful ad- 
herence to obligation or duty; hon- 
esty; loyalty; reliability. 

fid- fad (fid'fad), n. fiddle-faddle. 

fidget (fij'et), n. one who is fidgety; 
nervous restlessness (often in pi.): 
v.t. to put in a fidget; worry: v.i. to 
move about uneasily or restlessly. 

fidgetiness (fij'et-i-nes), n. the state 
of being fidgety. 

fidgety (fij'et-i), adj. restless; impa- 
tient. 

fiducial (fi-du'shal) , adj. of the na- 
ture of a trust ; practical confidence. 

fiduciary (fi-du'shi-a-ri) , n. [pi. fidu- 
ciaries (fi-du'shi-a-riz) ], a trustee; 
one who depends for salvation on 
faith without works: adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, a trust; con- 
fident; unwavering. 

fie (fi), inter j. for shame. Also fy; 
fye. 

fief (fef), n. a fee or feud; a landed 
estate or manor held under a feudal 
superior. [Old French.] 

field (feld), n. a piece of land en- 
closed for tillage or pasture; open 
country; a region yielding some nat- 
ural product; site of a battle; 
sphere of action ; a wide expanse ; 
space within which telescopic or 
microscopic objects are viewed; 
outdoor work; in heraldry, the sur- 
face of the shield; the ground upon 
which a game is played; the com- 
petitors in a race, hunt, &c: v.t. to 
catch or stop and return to the 
wicket-keeper, as a ball at cricket, 
&c: v.i. to act as a fielder; in a 
race, bet on the field against the 
favorite. 

field-allowance (f eld-a-lou'ans) , n. 
extra pay given to officers on active 
service. 

field-artillery (fekTar-tirer-i), n. artil- 
lery so mounted as to be readily han- 
dled in active service. 

field-book (feld'book), n. a surveyor's 
note-book. 

field-day (feld'da), n. a military re- 
view; a day of unusual excitement 
or display; a day devoted to outdoor 
scientific research. 

field -glass (feld'glas), n. a small 
portable telescope. 

field-marshal (feld-mar'shal), n. the 
highest rank in the British army. 



field-officer (f eld-of 'i-ser) , n. a major 
lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. 

field-sports (f eld'sportz) , n.vl. out- 
door diversions, especially snooting, 
hunting, &c. 

field-work (feld'werk), n. outdoor 
operations or observations. 

fiend (fend), n. an infernal being; 
demon; one who is intensely mali- 
cious or wicked. 

fiendish (fend'ish), adj. like a fiend 

fiendishly (fend'ish-h) adv. in a 
fiendish manner. 

fierce (fers), adj. savage; violent; 
mercilessj ferocious; unrestrained. 

fiercely (fers'li), adv. in a fierce man- 
ner. 

fieri facias (fl'e-ri fa'shi-as), [Latin 
"Cause it to be done"], a writ of exe- 
cution authorizing a levy on the 
goods and chattels of the person 
against whom it is issued. 

fieriness (fir'i-nes) n. the quality of 
being fiery; heat of temper. 

fiery (fir'i), adj. [comp. fierier, snperh 
fieriest], pertaining to, or consisting 
of, fire; passionate: easily roused: 
fervent; ardent. 

fife (flf), n. a shrill-toned musical 
instrument of the flute class: v.t. to 
play (a tune) on a fife. 

fifteen (fif'ten), adj. consisting of 5 
and 10; a cardinal numeral: n. the 
number made up of 5 and 10; one 
point scored at lawn-tennis. 

fifteenth (fif tenth), adj. next in order 
after fourteenth: n. a fifteenth part, 

fifth (fifth), adj. next in order after 
4th: n. one of five equal parts; in 
music, an interval of three tones 
and a semi-tone; the dominant. 

fifthly (fifth'li), adv. in the fifth placeo 

fiftieth (fiTti-eth), adj. next in order 
after 49th: n. one of 50 equal parts. 

fifty (fif'ti), adj. consisting of five 
times 10: n. [pi. fifties (fif'tiz) ], the 
number which 



amounts to five times 



10. 



fig (fig), n- the pear-shaped fruit oi 
the fig-tree; the fig-tree; a snap of 
the fingers in token of contempt; 
anything insignificant or worthlesSo 

fight (fit), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fought, 
p.pr. fighting], contend in battle or 
in arms; make war; offer resist- 
ance: v.t. to war against; strive for 
the mastery of; manoeuvre in bat- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me. merge, met: mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FIGHTING 



329 



FILLER 



tie, as ships: n. a combat; battle or 
engagement; contest. 

fighting (fit'ing), adj. pertaining to 
conflict; qualified, or trained, to 
fight; skilled in warfare: n. a com- 
bat. 

fig-leaf (fig'lef), n. the leaf of a fig- 
tree; a light covering in the form of 
a fig-leaf to conceal nakedness. 

fig-marigold (fig-mar'i-gold) , n. a 
plant which produces a fig-shaped 
fruit. 

figinent (fig'ment), n. an invention; 
fiction. 

figuline (fig'u-lin), n. potter's clay, 

figurant (fig'u-rant), n. an opera 
dancer who performs as one of the 
group. Fern, figurante (fig'u-rant). 

figurative (fig'ti-ra-tiv) , adj. repre- 
senting by figure; symbolical; un- 
real; metaphorical. 

figuratively (fig'u-ra-tiv-li) , adv. in a 
figurative manner. 

figure (fig'ur), n. the outline or shape 
of a person or object; appearance; 
an image or statue; representation 
of a person by drawing or painting; 
idea; pattern; type; sign or charac- 
ter denoting a number ; a movement 
in a dance; musical phrase, or re= 
peaced theme ; a horoscope; value 
or cost; in logic, the character of 2 
syllogism as determined by the 
place of the middle term; a space 
bounded on all sides by lines or 
planes: v.t. to form into any deter- 
minate shape: show by resemblance; 
represent; symbolize; adorn or cover 
with figures; calculate or compute: 
v.i. to be conspicuous ; cipher. [Lat in.] 

figured (fig'urd), adj. covered or 
adorned with figures; symbolized; 
pictured; indicated by figuies 
[Mus.]. 

figure-head (fig'ur-hed), n. a carved 
representation of a human or otl cr 
figure placed at the prow of a ship; 
a person who is only nominally im- 
portant. 

figuring (fig'ur-ing) , n. computation. 

figwort (fig'wert), n. a plant used as a 
specific for piles. 

filament (fiTa-ment), n. a fine thread, 
or thread-like process or appen- 
dage; the stalk of an anther. 

filamentary (fil-a-men'ta-ri), adj. con- 
sisting of, or resembling, a filament. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me. 



merge, u.fi : hilt". 11.1l : note, 
hue, lull ; think. /Aeu. 



filar (friar), adj. pertaining # to, Of 
furnished with, threads; having fine 
threads stretched across the field of 
view: said of a microscope, &c. 

filbert (fil'bert), n. the edible nut of 
the cultivated hazel. 

filch (filch), v.t. to pilfer; rob. 

file (fll), n. a wire, &c, on which pa- 
pers are strung for preservation or 
reference; a bundle of papers fas- 
tened together and endorsed with the 
date, contents, &c, of each; a line 
of soldiers ranged one behind the 
other; a tool of hard steel with 
small grooves on the surface, used 
for cutting and smoothing: v.t. to 
cut or smooth with a file; string 
(papers, &c.) on a file, or place 
them away, endorsed, for future 
reference; place among the lecords 
of a court or house of legislature 
v.i. to march in a file or line. 

filial (fil'i-al), adj. pertaining to, 01 
befitting, a son or daughter; due to 
a father. 

filially (fil-i-a-li) , adv. 'a a filial 
manner. 

filiation (fil-i-a'shun) , n. affiliation 

f^ibuster (fil-i-bus'ter) , n. a free- 
booter; buccaneer; a lawless military 
adventurer who invades a foreign 
country: v.i. to act as a filibuster; 
to delay legislation by obstructive 
tactics. 

filiform (fiTi-form), adj. thread-like 

filigree (fiTi-gre), adj. made of, or re- 
lating to, work in filigree: n. orna- 
mental work, resembling lace, in- 
gold or silver wire; something deli- 
cate and ornamental, but not 
lasting. [French.] 

filigreed (fiTi-gred), adj. ornamented 
with, or as with, filigree. 

filing (filing), n. the act of using a 
file: pi. fine fragments rubbed off 
by the action of a file. 

Filipino (fil-i-pe'no) , n. a native of 
the Philippine Islands. 

fill (fil), v.t. to make full; satisfy \ 
crowd; engage; occupy; employ: v.i. 
to become full or replete; be dis- 
tended; pour a glass or vessel full; 
n. as much as produces complete 
-.ttisfaction; satiety. 

filler (fiTer), n. one who, or that 
which, fills; a funnel for filling 
bottles, &c; composition for stop- 
north, not; boon, book; 



FILLET 



330 



FINDER 



ping up holes or pores in a mate- 

„ rial before painting it; the body of 
a cigar. 

fillet (nTet), ft. a narrow band of metal, 
linen, silk, &c, worn around the 
forehead, for securing the hair; the 
fleshy part of the thigh: said of 
veal; a boneless lump of meat or 
fish served flat or rolled together 
and tied round; a raised rim, nar- 
row ornament, or molding; a plain 
line or band; the loins of a horse: 
v.t. to bind with a fillet; ornament 
with a fillet; make into fillets, as 
veal, &e. 

filling (firing), p. adj. serving to fill; 
occupying the whole space; satiat- 
ing: n. something that serves to fill 
up a vacant space, cavity, or pore: 
pi. prepared wort. 

fillip (fiTip), n. a sudden sharp jerk or 
stroke with the finger; an incite- 
ment: v.t. to strike with the nail of 
the finger by a sudden movement; 
project: v.i. to aim a fillip. 

fillister (fiTis-ter), n. a rabbet-plane; 
a groove or rabbet on the outer 
edge of a window-sash to receive 
glass. 

filly (fil'i), n. [pi. fillies (fil'iz)], a young 
mare; a bold, lively girl. 

film (film), n. a thin skin or filament; 
a thin covering of some sensitized 
substance to receive a photographic 
impression ; in particular the strip of 
prepared celluloid, or similar mate- 
rial, on which moving pictures are 
taken, or that by means of which 
they are displayed: v.i. to become 
covered with a film. 

filminess (film'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being filmy. 

filmy (film'i), adj. composed of, or re- 
sembling, films. 

filo-floss (fi'lo-flos), n. a fine soft 
thread, used in embroidery. 

filose (fi'los), adj. thread-like. 

filter (fii'ter), n. any material or ap- 
paratus by which water or any 
other liquid is purified; a contri- 
vance for arresting particles of 
steel, dust, &c, in the air; a strain- 
er: v.t. to purify, as a liquid. 

filth (filth), n. foul matter; dirt; de- 
filement, moral or physical. 

filthily (filth'i-li) , adv. in a filthy man- 
ner. 



filthiness (filth/i-nes) , n. uncleanness; 
impurity. 

filthy (filth'i), adj. [comp. filthier, su- 
perl. filthiest], foul; dirty; unclean, 
morally or physically; obscene. 

filtrate (fiTtrat), ft. a liquid which 
has been filtered: v.t. to filter. 

fin (fin), n. one of the organs of loco- 
motion of a fish. 

finable (fln'a-bl), adj. liable to a 
fine; capable of being refined. 

final (fi'nal), adj. pertaining to the 
end; ultimate^ finishing; decisive: 
ft. that which is last, or makes an 
end; the deciding heat of an ath- 
letic contest. 

final cause (kawz), ft. the end for 
which a thing is done. 

finale (fe-na/la), n. the last passage 
in a musical composition; the final 
act, &c, of a scene or performance; 
termination; end. 

finality (fi-nal'i-ti), ft. completeness. 

finally (fi'na-li) , adv. lastly ; completely. 

finance (fi-nans'), ft. the public 
revenue of a government or state; 
the science of the profitable manage- 
ment of monetary m affairs: v.t. to 
manage the financial arrangement 
of: v.i. to raise money for some spe- 
cial object. 

financial (fi-nan'shal) , adj. pertaining 
to finance. 

financially (fi-nan'shal-li) , adv. with 
respect to finance. 

financier (fin-an-ser') , n. one who is 
skilled in the principles of banking, 
or conducts private or public finan- 
cial affairs. 

finback (fin'bak), ft. a variety of 
whale, having the dorsal fin promi- 
nent. Also finner, razorback. 

finch (finch), n. the common name 
for various small birds, as the chaf- 
finch, canary, &c. 

find (fmd), # v.t. [p.-t. & p.p. found, 
p.pr. finding], to discover; obtain 
by searching; ascertain by experi- 
ment; meet by accident; regain, as 
something lost; supply; declare by 
judicial verdict: ft. the discovery of 
something valuable. 

finder (flnd'er), ft. one who, or that 
which, finds; a small telescope at- 
tached to a larger one to locate 
some particular star, &©., to be ex- 
amined by the larger instrument. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



j^IN DE SIECLE 



331 



FINLET 



fin de siecle (fang de si-ak'l) [French], 
the end of the century; applied as 
a noun or adjective to anything 
strange or bizarre from 1890 to 
1900, when it was supplanted by the 
expression vinglieme siecle, "twentieth 
century." Both bits of Parisian 
slang are nearly equivalent to chic. 
See chic. [An expression now ob- 
solete.] 

finding (finding), n. discovery; the 
verdict of a jury, or court: pi. the 
tools, &c, which a workman himself 
supplies. 

fine (fin), n. # money paid as a pen- 
alty; forfeiture: v.t. to impose a 
monetary penalty upon; purify; re- 
fine; clarify. 

fine (fin), adj. slender; thin; keen; 
pure; refined; subtle; delicate; ele- 
gant; of small diameter; very hand- 
some; noble; showy; admirable: 
splendid; beautiful in thought or 
language; free from clouds or rain; 
d exterbus ; discriminating ; artful : 
adv. very much; finely. m 

fine-cut (fin'kut), adj. delicately cut or 
chiseled; cut fine, as tobacco. 

flnedraw (fln'draw), v.t. to sew up 
neatly, as a rent, so that it is im- 
perceptible; draw out to extreme 
tenuity, as wire. 

finedrawn (fln'drawn), adj. spun very 
fine ; over : subtle ; m far-fetched. 

finely (fm'li), adv. in a fine manner. 

fineness (fm'nes), n. the state or quali- 
ty of being fine; in an alloy, the 
quantity of pure metal contained. 

finery (fl'ner-i), n, [pi. fineries (fl'- 
ner-iz)], personal' adornment, as fine 
or showy clothes, &c; outward 
show. 

finesse (fi-nes'), n. artifice or strat- 
agem; skill; dexterity; finessing at 
whist: v.i. to use artifice or skill to 
accomplish some end; in playing 
whist, to endeavor to take a trick 
with a lower card than that held 
by an opponent, while holding a 
higher card. [French.] 

finger (fing'ger) , n. one of the five 
divisions of the hand; one of the 
four digits of the hand, as dis- 
tinguished from a thumb; a fin- 
ger's breadth; any mechanical con- 
trivance resembling a finger; an in- 
dex; musical touch: v.t. to handle, or 



perform, with the fingers; meddle 
with; steal; pilfer: v.i. to use the 
fingers skilfully in performing upon 
a musical instrument. 

finger-bowl (fing'ger-bol) , n. a glass 
bow placed upon the table at the 
end of a meal, before each person* 
who dips his fingers lightly into it* 
to cleanse them. 

fingered (fing'gerd), p. adj. having fin- 
gers ; played with the fingers ; marked 
to show how the fingers are to be 
used. 

fingerer (fing'ger-er) , n. one who fin- 
gers; a pilferer. 

fingering (fing'ger-ing) , n. the act of 
touching with the fingers; the act of 
manipulating the fingers on a fin- 
gered instrument; fine work exe- 
cuted by the fingers; a loose-twisted 
woolen yarn, used for knitting 
stockings, &c. 

fingerling (fing'ger-ling), n. a young 
trout. 

fingerstall (fing'ger-stawl) , n. a pro- 
tective covering for an injured finger, 

finial (fin'i-al), n. a pointed orna- 
ment at the top of a spire, gable, &c 

finical (fin'i-kal), adj. fastidious; over 
particular. 

finically (fin'i-ka-li) , adv. in a finical 
manner. 

finikin (fin'i-kin), adj. fussy or affects 
edly precise in trifles, as in dress, 
manner, &c; a variety of pigeon. 
Also finicking. [Dutch.] 

fining (fln'ing), n. the act or process 
of purifying or refining; clarifica- 
tion. 

finis (fi'nis), n. the end. [Latin.] 

finish (fin'ish), v.t. to bring to aa 
end; complete; put an end to; con- 
clude; make perfect; polish; ldllor 
render powerless: v.i. to come to an 
end; expire: n. completion; careful 
elaboration; the final touches given 
to a work; the end. 

finished (fin'isht), p. adj. complete; of 
superior excellence or quality; care- 
fully elaborated- 
finite (fi'nlt), adj. having limits: fi. 
that which is finite [with the], 

finitely (fl'nlt-li), adv. in a limited de- 
gree. 

finiteness (fl'nit-nes) , n. the state of 
being finite. 

finlet (fin 'let), n. a small fin. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FINNED 



332 



FIRST 



finned (find), adj. having fins. 

finny (fin'ni), adj. having fins; resem- 
bling, or abounding in, fish. 

finos (fe'nos), n. merino sheep's wool 
of the second best quality. [Spanish.] 

fiord (fyord), n. a long narrow inlet 
or arm of the sea between high 
rocks or banks. Also fjord. [Nor- 
wegian.] 

fir (fer), n. the name of various cone- 
bearing trees of the genus Abies, 
and allied genera; a fir-tree. 

fire (fir), n. heat and light evolved 
by ignition and combustion; the 
result of combustion of bodies; 
a burning; conflagration; flame; 
discharge of firearms; light; in- 
tensity of feeling; ardor; spirit; 
severe trial or affliction: v.i. to set 
on fire; inflame; kindle; bake, as 
porcelain; explode; excite violently; 
irritate; illuminate; cauterize: v.i. 
to become ignited; be inflamed; dis- 
charge firearms; ring a peal of bells 
all together. 

firearms (fir'armz), n.pl. rifles, can- 
non, &c. 

fire-ball (fir'bawl), n. a grenade; me- 
teor. 

fire-balloon (fir'ba-loon), n. a balloon 
inflated with hot air and used as a 
fire work. See firework. 

fire-box (fir'boks), n. in a locomotive 
engine, the receptacle for the fire. 

firebrand (flr'brand)^ n. a piece of 
burning wood; an incendiary; one 
who inflames the passions of others. 

fire-brigade (flr'bri-gad) , n. all mem- 
bers of a fire department in a city or 
large district. 

firebug (fir 'bug), n. an incendiary. 

fire-clay (fir'kla), n. a kind of clay 
capable of resisting intense heat. 

firecracker (f Ir'krak-er) , n. a small 

. explosive firework. 

fire-damp (fir 'damp), n. carburet ted 
hydrogen, explosive when brought 
into contact with fire in mines. 

fire-dog (fir'dog), n. an andiron. 

fire-drill (fir'dril), n. the drill of 
pupils in public and other schools 
to prepare them to leave in case of 
fire. 

fire-engine (fir 'en- j in) , n. a hand or 
steam engine for ejecting water 
through hose to extinguish a fire. 

fire-escape (fir'es-kap), n. a ladder or 



open staircase for rescuing persons 
from the upper parts of a building 
on fire. 

firefly (fir'fli), n. a winged insect 
which emits light at night. 

fire-irons (f Ir'I-erns) , n.pl. the shovel, 
poker, and tongs. 

fire-kiln (fir'kil), n. an oven. 

fireman (fir'inan), n. [pi. firemen (ffr'- 
men)], one trained to extinguish 
fires; a stoker. 

fire-ship (fir'ship), n. a ship filled 
with combustibles, set fire to, and 
floated among the vessels of an 
enemy. 

fireside (fir'sid), n. the hearth: hence 
domestic life and comfort. 

fire-water (fir'waw-ter), n. ardent 
spirits. [American Indian.] 

firework (flr'werk), n. a preparation 
of gunpowder, sulphur, charcoal, 
&c, inclosed in a cardboard or paper 
case, which, when ignited, scintil- 
lates and explodes: pi. a pyrotech- 
nic display including fire-balloons, 
pin- wheels, Roman candles, sky- 
rockets, pictures in fire, and many 
other elaborate contrivances : col- 
loquially, a brilliant display of ora- 
tory. 

fire-worship (f fr'wer-ship) , n. the 
worship or veneration of fire as a 
deity. 

firing (flr'ing), n. the act of discharg- 
ing firearms; the application of in- 
tense heat, as in baking, &c: fuel; 
cauterization. 

firkin (fer'kin), n. a small wooden 
vessel for holding butter, lard, &c; 
a measure of capacity = l-4th of a 
barrel; 9 gals. 

firm (ferm), adj. hard; compact; 
solid ; closely compressed ; unyield- 
ing; not easily moved; rigorous; 
staunch; unfaltering; steadfast: n. 
the title or style under which & 
mercantile house transacts its busi- 
ness; a mercantile partnership. 

firmament (fer'ma-ment), n. the sky. 

firman (fer 'man or fer 'man), n. a 
special decree, edict, or license of an 
oriental potentate, as of the Turk- 
ish Sultan. [Persian.] 

first (ferst), adj. the ordinal of one; 
foremost in place, rank, dignity, 
time, excellence, &c; earliest; most 
important; chief: adv. before all 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FIRST-AID 



333 



FISSURE 



others in order, place, rank, time, 
&c; sooner: n. the beginning; the 
upper part of a vocal or instru- 
mental duet, trio, &c. [Mus.] 

first-aid (ferst-ad) , n. surgical or med- 
ical treatment given as promptly as 
possible after the occurrence of an 
injury, as by a soldier on the battle- 
field, or by a layman before the ar- 
rival of a doctor; emergency treat- 
ment. 

first-class (f erst'klas) , adj. of the high- 
est excellence, rank, or quality. 

first-fruits (f erst 'f ruts), n.pl. the first 
gatherings of the produce of the 
season; the first profits of any of- 
fice or undertaking. 

first-hand (f erst 'hand), n. the mate of 
a fishing-smack: adj. obtained direct 
from the producer or grower. 

firstling (f erst 'ling), n. the first-born; 
first produced. 

firstly (ferst'li), adv._ in the first place. 

first- mate (f erst 'mat), n. in the mer- 
chant service, the officer next in 
rank to the captain. 

first-rate (f erst 'rat), adj. of the high- 
est excellence; having the highest 
quality or character: n. a warship of 
the first class: adv. excellently. 

firth (ferth), same as frith. 

fiscal (fis'kal), adj. pertaining to the 
exchequer or public revenues; finan- 
cial: n. in Spain a state treasurer. 

fish (fish), n. [pi. fish, fishes (fish'ez)], 
a vertebrate, cold-blooded, aquatic 
animal furnished with permanent 
gills; the flesh of fish used as food; 
a machine for hoisting an anchor; 
a piece of wood fastened to an- 
other to strengthen it; one of the 
signs (Pisces) of the zodiac; a 
counter used at cards: v.t. to search 
in quest of fish; catch (fish); seek 
for and bring to light; draw up; 
strengthen by spars: v.i. to try to 
catch fish; seek to gain or obtain 
something by indirect methods, 

fish-beam (fish'bem), n. a beam of 
timber bulging downwards. 

fish-block (fish'blok), n. a hoisting- 
block for raising the flukes of an 
anchor to the gunwale. 

fish-davit (fish'dav-it), n. a strong 
spar, or crane, for fishing the anchor. 

fisher (fish'er) , n. one who fishes ; the 
pekan. 



fisherman (fish 'er-man), n. one whose 
occupation it is to catch fish ; a fish- 
ing-smack. 

fishery (fish'er-i), n. [pi. fisheries 
(fish'er-iz)], the business of catching 
fish; a fishing-ground; the right to 
fish at a particular time or ground. 

fishgarth (fish'garth) , n. a fish-weir. 

fishgig (fish'gig^ n. a pronged instru- 
ment for spearing fish. _ Also fizgig. 

fish-glue (fish'gloo), n. isinglass. 

fish-hawk (fish'hawk), n. the osprey. 

fishiness (fish'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being fishy. 

fishing (fish'ing), n. the art, sport, or 
business of taking fish; a fishing- 
ground; the operation of hoisting 
an anchor up to the gunwale of a 
vessel. 

fish- joint (fish'joint), n. a pair of iron 
plates for fastening the ends of two 
rails together. 

fish-maw (fish'maw), n. the sound of a 
fish. 

fishmonger (fish'mung-ger) , n, one 
who sells fish. 

fish- sound (fish'sound) , n. the swim- 
ming or air-bladder of a fish. 

fish-torpedo (fish-tor-pe'do) , n. a 
submarine torpedo somewhat re- 
sembling a fish in shape. 

fish- weir (fish'wer), _ n. a dam for 
stopping or preserving fish. 

fish-wife (fish'wlf), n. a woman who 
retails fish. Also fish woman. See 
Billingsgate. 

fishy (fish'i), adj. pertaining to, con- 
sisting of, abounding in, or like, fish; 
dull ; vacant ; questionable ; incredible. 

fissi, prefix, meaning cleft, occurring 
in various scientific words, as fissi- 
parous, propagating or multiplying 
by fission. [Latin.] 

fissile (fis'il), adj. capable of being 
split: said of rocks. 

fission (fish'un), n the act of cleav- 
ing or splitting up into parts; the 
spontaneous division of a simple 
organism into two parts, each of 
which becomes a new individual. 

fissiparous (fis-sip'et-us). See fissi. 

fissiped (fis'i-ped), adj. having the 
toes separated: n. an animal belong- 
ing to the Fissipedia, a division of 
carnivorous mammals, including the 
dogs, cats, &c. 

fissure (fish'ur), n. a cleft or crack; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, r7*en. 



FIST 



334 



FLAG 



a narrow opening; furrow: v.t. to 
make a fissure: v.i. to crack. [Latin.] 

fist (fist), n. the hand when closed or 
clenched: v.t. to grip or strike with 
the fist. 

fistic (fis'tik), adj. pertaining to pu- 
gilism. 

fisticuffs (fis'ti-kufs) , n. a combat 
with the fists; boxing. 

fistula (fis'tu-la), n. a deep pipe-like 
ulcer in the rectum. 

fistuiose (fis'tu-los) , adj. of the nature 
of a fistula; hollow like a pipe. Also 
fistulous. 

fit (fit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fitted, p.pr. 
fitting], to make fit or suitable; 
adapt; accommodate to anything; 
qualify; adjust; equip; benefit: v.i. 
to be proper or suitable: n. adapta- 
tion of one thing to another; suit- 
ability: adj. [camp, fitter, superl. 
fittest], convenient; suitable; pre- 
pared; qualified. 

fit (fit), n. a sudden attack of disease 
attended with convulsions, and often 
with loss of consciousness; a tem- 
porary mental paroxysm, or attack 
of pain or illness; caprice. 

fitch (fitsh), n. the polecat. 

fitful (fit'fool), adj. capricious; spas- 
modic. 

fitfully (fit'foo-li), adv. in a fitful man- 
ner. 

fitly (fit'li), adv. suitably; properly. 

fitness (fit'nes), n. the state or quality 
of being fit. 

fitter (fit/er), n. one who adjusts pipes, 
or fits the parts of a machine to- 
gether; one who fits on, and shapes 
an article of dress; a coal-broker. 

fitting (fit'ing), p. adj. suitable; appro- 
priate: n.pl. the necessary fixtures, 
&c, of a house or shop. 

five (fiv), adj. consisting of 4 and 1; 
a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 
4 and 1: pi. & game resembling, ten- 
nis, played in England. 

fivefold (fiv'fold), adj. five times as 
much or as great; multiplied by 5. 

fix (fiks), v.t. to make fast, secure, or 
stable; direct steadily; set or place 
permanently; adjust; transfix; de- 
prive of volatility; predispose: v.i. 
to become solid or firm; settle down: 
n. an awkward situation; quandary. 

fixation (fiks-a'shun), n. the act of 
fixing ; stability ; absence of volatility ; 



reduction from a fluid to a solid 
state. 

fixative (fiks'a-tiv) , n. something that 
serves to fix, as a mordant, &c. 

fixed (fikst), p. adj. firm; lasting; set- 
tled; permanent; stable; established; 
resolute; not volatile. 

fixed- body (fikst-bod'i) , n. a sub- 
stance not readily volatilized, as a 
fixed oil. 

fixedly (fiks'ed-li), adv. steadily ; firmly . 

fixedness (fiks'ed-nes), n. the state of 
being fixed; absence of volatility. 

fixed-star (fikst-star'), n. a star which 
retains relatively the same position 
in the heavens. 

fixing (fiks'ing), n. the act of making 
firm, or rendering permanent; the 
act of adjusting or amending; a 
cast to carry a shaft-bearing: 'pi. 
ornaments, outfit, apparatus, &c. 

fixity (fiks'i-ti), n. stability; perma- 
nence. 

fixture (fiks'tur), n. that which is 
firmly fixed; an article of furni- 
ture fixed to a house and regarded 
as oart of it. 

fizgig (fiz'gig), n. a firework made of 
damp powder; a flirting, giddy girl. 

fizz (fiz), n. a hissing noise; an ef- 
fervescent beverage, as sparkling 
champagne: v.i. to make a fizzing 
noise. Also fizzle. 

fizzle (fiz'l), n. to fail ignominiously r 
to make a fiasco. 

fjeld (fyeld), n. a lofty barren table- 
land. [Norwegian.] 

fjord. Same as fiord. 

flabbily (flab'i-li), adv. in a flabby 
manner. 

flabbiness (flab'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being flabby. 

flabby (flab 'i), adj. easily shaken, or 
yielding to the touch; lacking mus- 
cle; mentally or physically feeble. 

flabellate (fla-bel'at"), adj. fan-shaped. 

flabellum (fla-beFum), n. [pi. flabel- 
la (fla-bel'a)], a large fan carried by 
the Pope's attendants; in the Greek 
Church, a fan used to drive away 
flies from the chalice during the cele- 
bration of the eucharist. [Latin.] 

flaccid (flak'sid), adj. flabby; weak. 

flaccidity (flak-sid'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being flaccid. 

flag (flag), n. a piece of cloth or 
bunting on which usually some de- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FLAGELLANT 



335 



FLAJr 



vice is wrought, used as the standard 
of a nation, an ensign, signal, &c; 
a p lant of the genus Iris ; a flagstone : 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. flagged, v.pr. flag- 
ging], to become weary; lose vigor; 
hp.ng down: v.t. signal with a flag; 
pave with flagstones. 

flagellant (flaj 'el-ant), adj. using a 
whip or scourge: n. one who scourges 
himself for religious discipline. 

ftageilata (flaj-el-a'ta),n.£L a class of 
infusorians with whip-like append- 
ages. [Latin.] 

flagellate (fla'jel-at), v.t. to whip: adj. 
having whip-like processes. 

flageolet (flaj'o-iet), n. a musical 
instrument of the flute class. 

flagging (flag'ing), n. pavement of 
flagstones. 

flagitious (fla-jish'us) , adj. atrocious; 
wicked; highly criminal. 

flag-officer (flag-of i-ser) , n. an ad- 
miral. 

flagon (flag'un), n. a large drinking 
vessel with_a narrow mouth. 

flagrant (fla ' grant), adj. openly 
wicked; heinous; glaring; notorious. 

flagrante delicto (fla-gran'te de-lik'- 
to) [Latin], in the very act. 

flagstone (flag'ston), n. a large flat 
paving-stone. 

flail (flal), n. a wooden instrument 
for threshing wheat, &c, by hand. 

flake (flak), n. a small film of any- 
thing loosely held together, as 
snow; a thin scaly piece of any- 
thing; a carnation with a single 
color in stripes on a white ground : 
v.t. & v.i. to form into flakes; scale 
or peel off. 

flake- white (flak'whlt), n. pure white 
lead. 

flaky (flak'i), adj. consisting of flakes 
or layers. 

flam (flam), n. a falsehood; freak; 
blarney; false pretense. [Obsolete.] 

flambeau (flam'bo), n. [pi. flambeaux 
(flam'boz)], a lighted torch; a large % 
ornamental candlestick. 

flamboyant (flam-boi'ant) , adj. de- 
noting a florid or showy style, espe- 
cially as deficient in good taste, de- 
noting the French Pointed Gothic; 
florid; showy; boisterous; noisy; de- 
void of taste. 

flame (flam), n. fire; ardor of tem- 
per or passion; glow of imagination; 



excitement; a sweetheart: v.i.* ux 
heat; excite: v.i. to burst intc 
flame; blaze. 

flamen (fla/men), n. one of fifteen 
priests in ancient Rome devoted 
to the service of a special deity. 
[Latin.] 

flaming (flaming), adj. giving forth 
flames; blazing; causing excitement? 
violent. [Latin.] 

flamingo (fla-ming'go) , n. a long- 
legged, web-footed, red-colored bird. 

flamingo- plant (fla-ming 'go-plant), n, 
a handsome hot-house plant belongs 
ing to the Arum family. 

flammule (flam'ul), n. a Kctle flames 
especially the small flame symbolic 
ing Chinese and Japanese deities. 

flamy (fiam'i), adj. resembling flame; 
flame-colored. 

flang (flang), n. a miner's double- 
pointed pick. 

flange (flanj), n. a raised or project- 
ing rim for preventing a wheel slip- 
ping, or as an attachement: v.t. to 
attach a flange to. 

flank (flangk), n. the fleshy part of 
an animal between the ribs and! 
hip; the side of an army, regiment 
or building; that part of a fortifica- 
tion constructed to defend another: 
v.t. to attack or turn the flank or 
side of (an army) ; guard on the 
flank: v.i. to border or touch [with 
on]: adj. pertaining to, or cut from, 
the flank. 

flanker (flangk'er), n. one of a body of 
troops thrown out to protect a line 
of march; a man who Wcjks on the 
flank of grouse-drivers to keep the 
birds in the line required 

flannel (flan'el), n. a soft-textured, 
loosely woven cloth with a light 
nap. [French.] 

flannel- cake (flan'el-kak) , n, a grid- 
dle-cake made of wheat flour and 
raised with yeast. 

flanneled (flan'eld), adj. covered in 
flannel. 

flannelette (flan-el-et') , n. a soft cotton 
material resembling flannel. 

flap (flap), n. anything broad and 
flexible, hanging loosely, and fas- 
tened on one side; the motion or 
noise of anything broad and flats 
a slap; the tail of a coat: v.t. \p.L 
& p.p. flapped], to strike with, or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FLAPJACK 



336 



FLAUNT 



as* with, a flap; let fall; move back- 
wards and forwards rapidly: v.i. to 
move, as wings, with noise. 

flapjack (flap'jak), n. a pancake that 
is deftly tossed in the air and 
turned when one side is done, leav- 
ing the other side down in the grid- 
dle. 

flapper (flap'er), n. one who, or that 
which, flaps; a flipper. 

flare (flar), n. a large, unsteady 
glaring light: v.i. to burn with a 
broad, unsteady light; be offensive- 
ly showy in dress. 

flash (flash), n. a sudden, quick, 
transitory blaze or light; sudden 
outburst, as of merriment, wit, or 
passion; a short, transient state; a 
body of water driven by violence; 
a sluice above a shoal on navigable 
rivers for easing the water for the 
passage of boats: v.t. to cause to 
act, burst, or appear suddenly; 
cover with a thin coating of colored 
glass; to show ostentatiously, as "to 
flash his roll": v.i. to shine with a 
sudden, quick, transient blaze or 
light; act, or burst forth, suddenly; 
gleam; splash: adj. pertaining to 
thieves or their language, as a a 
flash house"; cheap and gaudy; 
sham; vulgarly ostentatious or 
showy, as "flash jewelry." [Swe- 
dish.] 

flashily (flash'i-li) , adv. in a flashy 
manner. 

flashiness (flash 'i-nes) , n. gaudiness. 

flashing (flashing) , n. a name- for va- 
rious operations in glass-making: pi. 
pieces of lead or other metal used 
as a cap-joint to keep roofs, &c, 
watertight: adj. emitting flashes. 

flashing- point (flash'ing-point), m n. 
the temperature, below the burning- 
point, at which the vapor of a vola- 
tile liquid will ignite and explode: 
used as a test for illuminants. 

flash-light (flash 'lit), w.a momentary, 
brilliant light for taking photo- 
graphs. 

flashy (flash'i), adj. brilliant, but 
empty; gaudy. 

flask (flask), n. a small bottle; a vessel, 
usually metal or leather, for holding 
powder or shot. 

flat (flat), adj. level; even; smooth; 
prostrate; horizontal; insipid; posi- 



tive; downright; low: said of prices; 
dull: said of sales; without interest; 
wanting relief or prominence: said 
of figures in painting ; sounded below 
the true pitch: n. a level or extended 
plain ; a shallow ; shoal ; story or floor 
of a house; the broad or plane part 
of a thing ; surface without relief or 
prominence; depression in thought 
or language ; a musical sign (I?) which 
lowers the succeeding note half a 
tone; one of the halves of a scene 
which meet in the middle of the 
stage of a theater; a person easily 
duped: adv. in a level or prostrate 
position. 

flatfish (flat'fish), n. any fish with a 
compressed body, having ics eyes 
situated on either side, and the 
under side colorless, as the sole. 

flatten (flat'n), v.t. to lay flat; make 
level or even; beat down; depress; 
make dull, insipid or tasteless; lower 
in tone: v.i. to become flat or level; 
become insipid. 

flatter (Safer), v.t.^ to gain over or 
please by complimentary speech; 
soothe; persuade; raise false hopes 
or expectations: v.i. to employ flat- 
tery. 

flattering (flafer-ing), p. adj. pleasing 
to pride or vanity; fallacious; partial. 

flattery (flafer-i), n. [pi. flatteries 
(flaf er-iz)], insincere complimen- 
tary speech; adulation; false praise. 

flatting (flaf ing), n. the act or process 
of making flat or smooth; the proc- 
ess of rolling metal into sheets by 
cylindrical pressure; the sounding 
of a note below the true pitch; a 
method of house-painting by which 
the paint appears luscerless; a coat 
of size laid over_ gilding to protect it. 

flatulence (flaf u-lens) , n. distension 
of the stomach, caused by gases 
generated within it; emptiness ; con- 
ceit. Also flatulency. 

flatulent (flaf u-lent) , adj. affected 
# with, or tending to produce, flatu- 
lence; pretentious; conceited. 

flatwise (flafwiz), adv. with the flat 
side downwards. 

flaunt (flant and flawnt), v.i. t to make 
an ostentatious display in dress: 
v.t. behave or exhibit pertly or 
impudently: n. the act of flaunt- 
ing; a boast; a brag. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FLAV 



337 



FLEXURE 



flav, prefix, occurring in various 

scientific compound words, meaning 

yellow. Also flavi, flavo. [Latin.] 
flavor (fla'ver), n. a particular smell 

or taste: v.t. to impart a flavor to. 
flavoring (fla'ver-ing) , n. an essence 

or extract for giving a flavor to any- 
thing. 
flaw (flaw), n. a blemish; inherent 

defect; crack: v.t. to make a flaw 

in; crack. 
flax (flaks), n. a plant of the genus 

Linum, the fiber of which is spun 

into linen cloth. 
flaxen (naks'en) , adj. resembling, or 

made of, flax; of golden color: said 

of the hair. _Also flaxy. 
flaxseed (flak'sed), n. Unseed. 
flay (fla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flayed, p.pr. 

flaying], to strip off, skin: torture, 
flea (fle), n. a small blood-sucking 

insect of the genus Pulex, remark- 
able for its agility and irritating 

bite. 
fleabane (fle'ban), n. a plant of the 

aster family. 
flea-bite (fle'bit)^ n. the bite of a flea; 

the red spot it causes; a trifling 

wound or trouble; a very small 

quantity. 
fleaking (fle'king), n. a light covering 

of reeds under the thatch of a 

house. _ 
fleam (flem), n. a lancet for bleeding 

cattle. 
fleck (flek), n. a streak or spot: v.t. 

to streak or spot; variegate. 
flection. Same as flexion. 
fledge (flej), v.i. to acquire the full 

plumage or feathers necessary for 

flight. 
fledgling (flej 'ling), n. a young bird 

just fledged. 
flee (fle), v.t. [p.t. fled, p.pr. fleeing], 

to run away from; avoid: v.i. to 

hasten away from danger; scatter; 

disappe_ar. 
fleece (fles), n. the whole wool shorn 

L'oin a sheep at one time: v.t. to 

deprive of the wool or fleece ; strip ; 

plunder by injustice or fraud; cover 

with, or as with, a fleece. 
fleece- wool (fles'wool), n. wool cut 

from a Hving animal. 
fleecy (fles'i), adj. resembling a fleece; 

woolly. 
fleer (fler), n. mockery or contempt 



expressed in words or gesture: v.i 
to mock or sneer; grin contemptu= 
ously. 

fleering (fler'ing), p. adj. mocking; 
scoffing: n the act of mocking or 
scoffing. 

fleet (flet), adj. swift; rapid; nimble: 
n. a company of warships or mer- 
chant vessels not fewer than twelve- 
a creek or inlet: v.t. to move or pass 
rapidly over; skim. 

fleeting (flet'ing), p. adj. passing quick- 
ly. „ 

flense (Sens), v.t. to cut up and strip 
the blubber from: said of a whale 
or seal. Also flench, flinch. 

flesh (flesh), n. that part of an ani- 
mal body underlying the skin, and 
composed of soft muscular tissue; 
animal food; pulp of fruit, &c; the 
body: opposed to soul; human na- 
ture or race; carnal state or ap- 
petites; present fife; kindred: adj. 
resembling flesh in color or ap- 
pearance: v.t. to satiate or glut. 

fleshings _ (flesh'ingz), n.pl. flesh- 
colored tights. 

fleshly (flesh'li), adj. pertaining to the 
body; corporeal; human; carnal; 
lascivious: adv. carnally. 

fleshy (flesh'i), adj. [comp. fleshier, 
superl. fleshiest], full of flesh; plump: 
corpulent; succulent; gross. 

Fletcherism (fletch'er-izm), n. a die= 
tetic method based on mastication ; 
introduced by Horace Fletcher, ao 
American, in 1907. 

fleur-de-lys (fler-de-les') , n. [pi. fleurs- 
de-lys], the royal bearing or em- 
blem of France under the monarchy . 
fleur-de-lis (fler-de-le'), the name 
for various species of the iris. 

flew (floo), p.t. of fly. _ 

flexibility (neks-i-biri-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being flexible. Also 
nexibleness. 

flexiole (fleks^i-bl) , adj. easily bent: 
pliant ; yielding to persuasion. Also 
flexile. 

flexion (flek'shun), n. the act or proc- 
ess of bending; a curve; in gram- 
mar, inflection. 

flexor (fleks r er), n. a muscle that acts 
in bending the joints: opposed to 
extensor. 

flexure (fleks'ur), n. the act of bending; 
the part bent; a curve or fold; joint, 



ate. linn, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
22 hue, hut ; think, then. 



FLICK 



338 



FLOAT 



flick (flik), n. a light, quick stroke, 
as with a whip: v.t. to whip lightly. 

flicker (flik'er), v.i. to move with an 
unsteady and quick motion; flutter 
with the wings: n. an unsteady 
lighc or movement; the golden- 
winged woodpecker of North Amer- 
ica. 

flickering (flik'er-ing), n. the state of 
burning unsteadily. 

flier (fli'er), n. one who flies, or flees; 
a fugitive; that part of a machine 
that regulates and equalizes mo- 
tion; an essay or feeler: pi. a straight 
flight of steps. 

flies (fliz), pi. of fly. 

flight (flit), n. the act, process, man- 
ner, or power of flying; hasty de- 
parture; birds flying together, or 
produced in the same season; a 
soaring forth; extravagant sally; 
the distance traveled by a projectile; 
a shower or voile y; a series of 
steps. 

flightily (fllt'i-li), adv. capriciously. 

fiightiness (flit'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being flighty. 

flighty (flit'i), adj. changeful; capri- 
cious; extravagant in fancy; wild; 
giddy. 

fiimsily (flim'zi-li) , adv. in a flimsy 
manner. 

flimsiness (flim'zi-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being flimsy. § 

flimsy (flim'zi), n. [pZ.flimsies(flim'ziz)], 
a thin manifold paper, especially 
that used for making reporting 
copies; a bank-note^ adj. unsub- 
stantial; thin; weak; ineffective. 

flinch (flinch) , v.i. to shrink or draw 
back, as from pain, danger, &c. : n. 
the act of flinching. 

flinder (flin'der), n. a splinter; frag- 
ment. 

fling (fling), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flung, 
p.pr. flinging], to throw or hurl; 
drive by violence; scatter; cast to 
the ground: v.i. to flounce; throw 
out the legs violently: n. the act of 
throwing or casting; a sneer or 
gibe; kick or leap; unrestrained 
pleasure; dash; a Highland dance: 
n. a "lark" or spree; the sportive 
days of a young man. 

flint (flint), n. a variety of quartz; 
a flint implement; anything pro- 
verbially hard. 



flinty (flint'i), adj. composed of, or re* 
^semblmg, flint; hard; obdurate. 

flip (flip), n. 2l liquor of beer, spirit* 

sugar, &c; a short quick stroke; a 

flick: v.t. to jerk with the fingers; 

strike with a short quick blow: adj. 

^frivolous, flippant. [Slang.] 

flip-flap (flip 'flap), n. the noise caused 
by something flapping; a somer- 
sault: adv. with a flapping sound. 

flippancy (flip'an-si), n. pertness; 
though cless fluency of speech. 

flippant (flip'ant), adj. characterized 
by thoughtless levity of speech, or 
pertness. 

flipper (flip'er), n. a broad fin, arm, or 
paddle used in swimming, as that of 
the whale, seal, or turtle. 

flirt (fieri:), v.t. move to and fro with 
a short, rapid action; throw with a 
quick elastic motion: v.i. make love 
for mere amusement; coquette: n. 
a coquette; a sudden jerk or toss. 

flirtation (fler-ta/shun), n. the act 
of flirting. 

flirtatious (fler-ta/shus) , n. inclined 
to flirt. 

flirting (fler'ting), n. coquetry : adj . co- 
quettish. 

flit (flit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flitted, 
p.pr. flitting], to remove (a thing) 
from one house to another [Scotch]: 
v.i. to pass lightly and swiftly 
along; fly away; skim; migrate. 

flitch (flich). n. the side of a hog 
salted and cured. 

flitter- mouse (flit'er-mous), n. a bat. 
[German.] 

flitting (flit'ing), n. the act of flying 
or moving lightly and swiftly; a 
removal. 

flix (fliks), n. soft fur. 

float (flot), v.t. to cause to rest or be 
conveyed on the surface of a liquid; 
convey without effort or will; to 
start, sell, or dispose of; smooth 
or level plaster with a float: v.i. to 
be buoyed up on the surface of a 
liquid or gaseous fluid; move lightly 
or glide without apparent effort; 
drift about: n. anything that floats 
on the surface of a liquid or buoys 
up something; a raft; the cork or 
quill used in angling; a ball-cock; 
a plasterer's tool for spreading and 
smoothing; the water-gauge of a 
steam-boiler. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, tfften. 



FLOATER 



339 



FLOSS 



floater (flot'er), n. one who, or that 
which, floats; a voter not belonging 
to any particular party. 

floating (flot'ing), p.adj. swimming, or 
buoyed up, on the surface of a liquid ; 
free to move about; circulating; nob 
fixed or settled; ready for use: n. 
the act or state of anything that floats. 

floccillation (flok-sil-a/shun) , n. the 
picking of bed-clothes by a delirious 
patient: regarded as a serious 
symptom. 

floccose (flok'os), adj. covered with 
soft hair or wool; woolly. 

flocculence (flok'ti-lens) , n. the state 
of being flocculent. 

flocculent (flok'u-lent) , adj. woolly. 

flocculus (flok'u-lus) , n. [pi. flocculi 
(flok'u-li)], a small flake; a small tuft 
of down or wool-like hair. 

floccus (fiok'us), n. [pi. flocci (flok'sl)], 
the long tuft of hair which terminates 
the tail of certain quadrupeds, as 
the lion; the down on an unfledged 
bird. [Latin.] 

flock (flok), n. a company or collec- 
tion of sheep or birds; a congrega- 
tion; crowd; a lock of wool; fibrous 
material used for stuffing uphol- 
stery, &c: v.i. to come together in 
a flock; assemble. 

floe (flo), n. a large flat mass of float- 
ing ice. 

floe-rat (flo'rat), n. the ringed seal. 

flog (flog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flogged, 
p.pr. flogging], to whip; chastise; 
to lash (the water) with the line in 
angling. 

flogging (flog'ing), n. a whipping. 

flood (flud), n. a great flow of water; 
inundation; the deluge; high tide; 
the sea; an abundant supply or out- 
pouring of anything: v.t. to deluge; 
inundate; overflow. 

flood-gate (flud'gat), n. a gate in a 
water-way, which when opened al- 
lows the water to escape when at a 
certain height. 

flood- tide (flud'tid), n. the rising tide. 

floor (flor), n. the part of a house, 
room, &c, on which one treads; 
story; a level suite of rooms; any 
smooth or level area; pavement; the 
part of a legislative chamber oc- 
cupied by the members: v.t. to coyer 
with a floor; put to silence; strike 
down. 



floorage (flor'aj), n. the area of a floor. 

floorer (flor'er), n. a knock-down 
blow: an unanswerable question or 
argument. _ 

flooring (flor'ing), n. materials for 
floors; floors collectively; pavement. 

flop (flop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flopped, 
p.pr. flopping], to strike frequently; 
unfold with a jerk: v.i. to plump 
down; fall loosely and flatly; to 
change one's politics unexpectedly: 
n. the sound caused by a soft flat 
body coming suddenly in contact 
with the ground: adv. suddenly. 

flora (flo'ra), n. the wild^ plants of 
a particular region, district, or geo- 
logical period; a description of such 
plants. _ [Latin.] 

floral (flo'ral), adj. pertaining to, re- 
sembling, or consisting of, flowers. 

floral- envelope (flo'ral-en'vel-op), n. 
the corolla and calyx of a flower. 

flor an (flo 'ran), n. fine-grained tin 
ore. 

floreated (flo're-a-ted) , adj. orna- 
mented > with floral decorations. 
Also floriated. 

florescence (flo-res'ens), n. the flow- 
ering of a plant. 

floretum (flo : re'tum), n. a botanical 
garden specially devoted to flowers. 

floricultural (flo-ri-kurtur-al), adj. 
pertaining to floriculture. 

floriculture (flo'ri-kul-tur), n. the cul- 
ture of flowers. 

floriculturist (flo-ri-kurtur-ist) , n. 
one who is skilled in floriculture. 

florid (flor 'id) , adj. bright in color; 
brilliant with decorations; profuse- 
ly embellished. 

floridly (flor'id-li), adv. in a florid man- 
ner. 

florin (flor'in), n. a European silver 
coin, ranging in value in different 
countries from forty to fifty cents ; 

florist (flo'rist), n. one who culti- 
vates flowers for pleasure, or sells 
them for profit. 

flory-boat (flo'ri-bot), n. a small 
boat for conveying passengers be- 
tween a steamboat and the shore at 
low tide. 

nosh (flosh), n. a receptacle into 
which ore is put for stamping. 

floss (flos), n. floss-silk; the soft, 
downy, silken substance in the husks 
of certain plants; the slag on the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



FLOSS-SILK 



340 



FLUNK 



surface of molten iron in a puddling- 
furnace; a small stream. 

floss-silk (flos'silk), n. an inferior un- 
twisted soft silk. 

flossy (ftos'i),_ adj. like floss; downy. 

flotation (flo-ta'shun), n. the act or 
state of floating; the science of float- 
ing bodies. 

flotilla (flo-til'a), n. a fleet of small 
vessels. 

flotsam (flot'sam), n. goods lost in 
shipwreck, and found floating upon 
the sea. 

flounce (flouns), n. a narrow piece 
of cloth sewed to the skirt of a 
dress or petticoat, with the lower 
border loose and spreading; a sud- 
den jerk or movement of the body, 
indicative of impatience: v.t. to fur- 
nish or trim with flounces: v.i. to 
throw about the limbs and body. 

flouncing (flouns'ing) , n. material for 
flounces. 

flounder (floun'der), v.i. to strug- 
gle, roll, or proceed with difficulty, 
as an animal in the mire: n. a flat 
sea-fish; a bootmaker's tool. 

flour (flour), n. the fine meal of 
ground wheat; a fine soft powder. 

flourish (flur'ish), v.i. to prosper or 
thrive; be vigorous; be copious or 
flowery in language; embellish: v.t. 
swing about or brandish; give flour- 
ishes to: n. a figure formed by lines 
or strokes fancifully drawn; the act 
of brandishing; a musical passage 
intended only for display; .ostenta- 
tious parade. 

flourishing (fhir'ish-ing) , p. adj. pros- 
perous; thriving; vigorous; osten- 
tatious. 

floury (flour 'i), adj. resembling, con- 
sisting of, or covered with, flour. 

flout (flout), v.t. to insult; treat con- 
temptuously; jeer: v.i. to scoff; 
sneer :n. an insult; scoff. 

flow (flo)^ v.i. to run or spread, as 
water; circulate; glide; rise, as the 
tide; melt; issue forth: v.t. to over- 
flow or inundate: n. a current or 
stream; copiousness; the rise of the 
tide. 

flower (flou'er) , n. that part of a plant 
which contains the reproductive or- 
gans; blossom; the best, or choicest, 
part of anything; the prime; a figure 
or ornamental expression: pi. a light 



powdery substance obtained by sub- 
limation: v.i. to put forth flowers; 
blossom or bloom: v.t. ornament or 
cover with flowers. [French.] 

floweret (flou'er-et), n. a little flower. 

flowering-fern (flou'er-ing-fern), n. 
the Osmunda regalis. 

flowery (flou'er-i), adj. abounding, or 
adorned, with flowers; highly figu- 
rative or embellished. 

flowing (flo'ing), p. adj. moving, or 
pouring forth, as a stream; copious; 
fluent ; hanging loosely or swaying. 

flown (flon), p.p. _of_ fly. 

fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), v.i. to roll to 
and fro, as a wave; undulate; rise 
and fall ; be irresolute or wavering. 

flue (flu), n. a pipe or passage to con- 
vey away smoke, hot air, &c; soft 
downy matter; fluff. 

fluency (flu'en-si), n. the quality of 
being fluent. 

fluent (flu'ent) adj. possessing readi- 
ness and ease of speech; voluble; 
eloquent. 

fluey (flu'i), adj. like flue; fluffy. 

fluff (fluf), n. light down or fur nap: 
v.t. to spread out, as feathers: n. a 
flash. 

flumness (fluf'i-nes), n. the quality of 
being fluffy. 

fluffy (fluf'i), adj. consisting of, or cov- 
ered with, fluff; feathery. 

fluid (flu'id), adj. liquid or gaseous: 
n. a substance the particles of which 
are readily separable. 

fluidity (flu-id 'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being fluid. 

fluke (fluk), n. the broad part of an 
anchor which is fixed into the 
ground; a flounder; a parasitic dis- 
ease in sheep; a variety of potato; 
one of the two lobes of a whale's 
tail; a lucky stroke in billiards: v.i. 
to score by a lucky stroke; use the 
flukes in swimming: said of a whale. 

fluky (fluk'i), adj. like a fluke; ob- 
tained by chance; a sudden change 
in the direction of the wind. 

flume (flum), n. a channel for the 
conveyance of water. 

flummery (flum'er-i), n. a jelly made 
of flour; blanc-mange; insipidity; 
humbug. 

flung, p.t. & p.p. of fling. 

flunk (flungk), n. in college slang a 
complete failure: v.i. to fail com- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FLUNKY 



341 



FLYBLOW 



pletely; retire through fear, or 
confusion. 

flunky (flungk'i\ n. [pi. flunkies 
(flungk'iz)], a liveried servant; a 
toady; snob; a foolish, incautious 
speculator. Also flunkey. 

flunkyism (flungk'i-izm) , n. the char- 
acteristics of a flunky. Also flunk- 
eyism . 

fluoresce (fioo-o-res') , v.i. to exhibit 
fluorescence. 

fluorescence (floo-o-res'ens) , n. the 
quality existing in certain trans- 
parent bodies of giving off under the 
action of light a color differing from 
their own ; the property possessed by 
certain substances of becoming lu- 
minous when exposed to X-rays or 
other forms of _radiant energy. m 

fluorescent (floo-o-res'ent) , adj. per- 
taining to fluorescence; possessing 
the capacity of fluorescing. < 

fluoric (floo-or'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or obtained from, fluorine. 

fluoride (flqo'o-rld), n. a compound of 
fluorine with a metallic base. 

fluorine (floo'o-rin), n. an elemen- 
tary gaseous bodj r allied to chlorine. 
It is the only element that will not 
combine wit h_ oxygen. 

fluoroscope (floo'er-o-skop), n. a de- 
vice for use in making X-ray ex- 
aminations on a screen covered with 
fluorescent material. 

fluor-spar (floo'er-spar), n. a trans- 
parent or semi-transparent mineral, 
composed of fluoride of calcium. 
Also fluorite. 

flurry (flur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flurried, 
p.pr. flurrying], to agitate, confuse, 
or bewilder: n. sudden commotion 
or excitement; hurry; a sudden gust. 

flush (flush), v.t. to cause to blush; 
excite; clean out with a rush of 
water; drive from cover: said of 
game birds: v.i. to blush; glow: 
n. a sudden rush of water; flow 
of blood to the face; sudden ex- 
citement or impulse; a flock of 
game birds suddenly started; abun- 
dance; bloom; growth; a hand of 
cards all of the same suit: said of 
poker and cribbage; a bog or morass: 
adj. level with the surface; quite 
full; abundant; plentifully supplied 
with money; vigorous: adv. so as to 
be level. 



flush-deck (flush'dek), n. a deck level 
from stem to stern. 

flushing (flushing), n. the act of 
cleansing out by a copious flow of 
water; a glow of red in the face. 

fluster (flus'ter), v.t. to confuse or 
agitate; hurry: n. agitation or con- 
fusion; excitement. 

flute (flut), n. a tubular wind-instru- 
ment furnished with finger-holes and 
keys; a long channel or groove cut 
in the shaft of a column; crimping 
or furrowing: v.t. to sound as a 
flute; form parallel grooves or chan- 
nel in ; crimp or furrow. 

flutina(flu-te'na) ,n.a kind of accordion, 

fluting (flu 'ting), n. a channel or 
groove; fluted work; a flute-shaped 
crimp. 

flutist (flu'tist), n. a performer on the 
flute. 

flutter (flut'er), v.i. to move or flap 
the wings rapidly; move rapidly ana 
irregularly; be in agitation or un- 
certainty: v.t. to throw into con- 
fusion: n. a quick and irregular mo- 
tion; vibration; state of excitement 
or anxiety. 

flutter- wheel (flut'er-hwel), n. a 
water-wheel connected with a chute. 

fluty (flu'ti), adj. flute-like in tone. 

fluvial (flu'vi-al), adj. pertaining to, 
growing or living in, or caused by, 
rivers. Also fiuvatile. 

flux (fluks), n. any flow or issue of 
matter; flow of the tide; a substance 
added to assist in the reduction of a 
metal by fusion: v.t. to melt or fuse. 

fluxion (fluk'shun), n. the act of flow- 
ing or melting; matter that flows: pi. 
in mathematics, the analysis of in- 
finitely small variable quantities. 

fly (fli), v.i. [pt. flew, p.p. flown, p.pr. 
flying], to move through, or rise in, 
the air with wings; pass swiftly; be 
driven through the air; move rapid- 
ly; run away; part with violence; 
burst; fade: v.t. to avoid or shun; 
cause to fly or float in the air; flut- 
ter: n. [pi. flies (fliz)], a two-winged 
insect of many species, including the 
house-fly, Musca domestica; an arti- 
ficial fly used in angling ; m a disease 
in turnips; a hackney carriage: adj. 
wide awake. [Slang.] 

flyblow (fli'blo), n. the egg or larva 
of a fly: v.t. & v.i. [p.p. flyblown. 



ate, arm, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not,* boon, book-; 

hue, hut ; think, fTien. 



FLYING 



342 



FOLDER 



p.pr. flyblowing], to lay eggs in 
meat, &c, and taint it. 

flying (fiTing), n. the action of the 
verb to fly: p. adj. adapted for flight; 
floating; waving; brief, or hurried. 

flying-bridge (fll'ing-brij), n. a tem- 
porary bridge. 

flying-buttress (fll'ing-but'res), n. 
an arched brace for strengthening 
and supporting a part of a building 
which rises above the rest. 

flying- fish (fli'ing-fish) , n. a fish with 
long pectoral fins, which has the pow- 
er of sustaining itself in the air for a 
short time. 

flying- jib (fll'ing-jib), n. a sail beyond 
the jib. 

flying- squirrel (fli'ing-skwer'el), n. a 
squirrel having parachute-like folds 
of skin attached to the legs, enabling 
it to make very long leaps. 

fly-wheel (fiThwel), n. & heavy 
wheel in a machine which regulates 
its motion. 

foal (fol), n. the young of a horse, 
ass, or camel: v.i. to bring forth 
young :_ said of a mare, &c. 

foam (iom), n. the white substance 
formed on a liquid by violent agita- 
tion or fermentation; spume: v.t. to 
cause to foam: v.i. to gather foam: 
froth. 

fob (fob), n. a small pocket, especially 
for a watch: v.t. to cheat. 

focal (fo'kal), adj. pertaining to, or 
placed at, a focus. 

focal distance (dis'tans), n. the dis- 
tance between the optical center of 
a lens or mirror and the point where 
the rays converge. 

focus (fo'kus), n. [pi. focuses (fokus- 
ez),foci (fo'si)], the point where a sys- 
tem of rays of light or heat meet 
after being reflected or refracted; 
any central point: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
focused, p.pr. focusing], to bring to 
a focus or center. Also focalize 
(fo'kal-iz). 

fodder (fod'er), n. food for horses, 
cattle, or sheep: v.t. to feed with 
fodder. 

foe (fo), n. a personal enemy; ill- 
wisher; an adversary in war. 

foehn (feyn), n. a warm, dry, Alpine 
wind, prevalent in Switzerland. 
[German.] 

foeman (fo'man), n. {pi. foemen 



(fo'men)], an adversary in war. 

foetal, same as fetal. 

foetus, same as fetus. 

fog (fog), n. condensed watery vapor 
near the surface of the sea or land; 
bewilderment; a cloud or haze ob- 
scuring a photographic plate; the 
after-grass of autumn; winter pas- 
ture; v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fogged, p.pr. 
fogging], to become foggy. 

fog- bank (fog'bangk), n. a dense mass 
of fog at sea, appearing like land in 
the distance. 

foggily (fog'i-li), adv. in a foggy 
manner; dimly. 

fogginess (fog'i-nes), n. the state of 
being foggy. 

foggy (fog'i), adj. abounding in, or 
filled with, fog; bewildered; obscure; 
obtuse_. 

fogy (fo'gi), n. [pi. fogies (fo'giz)], 
a person of old-fashioned or eccen- 
tric habits. Also fogey, fogie. [Erse.] 

Foh (fo), n. the Chinese name for 
Buddha. 

Fohist (fo'lst), n. a Chinese follower 
of Buddha. 

foible (foi'bl), n. a failing or imper- 
fection in character; the weakest 
part of the blade in a sword. 

foil (foil), v.t. 10 baffle or frustrate; 
defeat : n. a long, thin fencing weap- 
on with a button on the end; the 
trail of hunted game; a thin plate, 
or sheet of metal; a contrast to set 
something off to advantage; a small 
arc in the tracery of a Gothic win- 
dow, &c. 

foist (foist), v.t. to place in wrong- 
fully or surreptitiously; palm off 
slyly Twith in, into, upon]. 

Fokker (fok'er), n. a very efficient 
fighting aeroplane of great speed em- 
ployed in 1916 by the Germans in 
the European War; said to have its 
machine gun so mounted as to fire 
through the propeller shaft. 

fold (fold), v.t. to bend one part over 
another; inclose; wrap up; shut up 
in a pen or fold: n. a part bent or 
doubled over another; a plait; a pen 
for sheep; a bend of a stratum; 
flock of sheep; the Church. 

folder (fold'er), n. one who, or that 
which, folds; a name for various in- 
struments or contrivances for fold- 
ing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, ^en. 



FOLDEROL 



343 



FOOLERY 



folderol (fol'de-rol) , n. mere non- 
sense; an idle fancy or conceit; a 
silly trifle. 

folding (folding), n. the act or process 
of doubling one part over another. 

folding- doors (fold'ing-dorz), n.pl. a 
pair of doors hung on opposite side- 
posts and meeting in the middle. 

foliaceous (fo-li-a'shus), adj. resem- 
bling, shaped like, or having, leaves; 
consisting of thin plates or laminae. 

foliage (f6'li-aj), # n. leaves collective- 
ly; the artistic representation of 
leaves, flowers, &c, as in archi- 
tectural decoration. [Latin.] 

foliated (fo'li-a-ted), p. adj. _ beaten, 
formed into, or covered with, thin 
plates; splitting into laminae: deco- 
rated with leaf-like ornamentation. 

foliation (f o-li-a/shun) , n. the act of 
leafing; the act or process of beating 
a metal into thin plates; lamina- 
tion: said of a mineral; the number 
of the leaves of a book. 

folio (fo'li-6), n. a book of the larg- 
est size formed by folding a sheet of 
paper once; a page of MS. or print- 
ed matter; the right and left hand 
pages of a ledger, &c; in legal doc- 
uments 72 words of MS., 100 words 
in congressional proceedings; a case 
for music, &c: adj. having a sheet 
of paper folded once: v.t. to page. 

foliole (fo'li-ol), n. a leaflet. 

foliose (fo'li : 6s), adj. resembling a leaf; 
covered with jeaves. 

folk (folk or fok), n. people in gen- 
eral: nation or race; one's relatives. 

folk-lore (folk' or foklor), n. popular 
traditions, customs, beliefs, max- 
ims, etymologies, &c. 

folk-song (folk' or fok'song), n. a pop- 
ular song or ballad, illustrative of 
the common life of the people. 

follia (fol-le'a), n. a kind of musical 
composition consisting of variations 
on a given air. 

follicle (fori-kl), n. a seed-vessel; 
a very small tube or cavity; a sim- 
ple gland. 

follicular (fol-ik'u-lar)* adj. like a fol- 
licle. 

follow (fol'6), v.t. to go or come 
after; pursue; succeed in order; ac- 
company; attend; espouse the opin- 
ions or cause of; imitate or conform 
to; watch or attend to closely; to 



practice: v.i. to go or come after an, 
other; result: n. a particular stroke 
in billards or croquet. 

follower (fol'o-er), n. one who follows 
anocher; a disciple, attendant, or 
dependent; one of the same sect or 
party; a maidservant's sweetheart. 

following (f ol'o-ing) , adj. succeeding- 
n. vocation or calling; disciples or 
adherents collectively. 

folly (fori), n. [pi. Jollies (fol'iz)], 
want of understanding; foolishness; 
unbecoming conduct ; criminal weak- 
ness; sin. 

foment (fo-ment'), v.t. to bathe with 
warm or medicated liquids; excite; 
stir up or instigate. 

fomentation (f o-men-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of fomenting ; warm or _ medi- 
cated liquids applied to a diseased 
part; incitement. 

fomes (fo'mez), n. [pi. fomites (fo'mi- 
tez)], a porous substance, as wool, 
&c, capable of retaining germs, 
and thus communicating contagiom 
[Latin.] 

fond (fond), adj. affectionate; lov- 
ing ; ardently attached or devoted ; 
partial to; injudiciously, foolishly 
indulgent (with of). 

fondle (fon'dl), v.t. to caress; treat 
with tenderness; handle tenderly: 
v.i. to exhibit fondness, 

fondling (f on'dling) , n. one who, or 
that which, is fondled. 

fondu (fong-du'), adj. in calico printing 
and paper hangings, the gradual 
blending of one color into another. 
[French.] 

font (font), n. a stone receptacle to 
hold the water used in baptizing; a 
complete assortment of a particular 
kind of type. 

fontal (font'al), adj. pertaining to a 
font. 

fontanel (fon-ta-nel'), n. one of the 
six open spaces in the skull of an 
infantj a set on 

food (food), n. nutriment; material, 

fool (fool), n. a person devoid of rea- 
son or intelligence; idiot; one who 
acts in a foolish manner; a victim 
or butt ; a compound of crushed 
gooseberries with cream: v.t. to make 
a fool of; treat with contempt; dis- 
appoint. __ 

foolery (fool'er-i), n. [pi. fooleries 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FOOLHARDINESS 



344 



FORCEPS 



(fool'er-iz)], habitual folly; absurd 
conduce or action. 

foolhardiness (f ool'har-di-nes) , n. a 
courage without sense. 

foolhardy (f ool'har-di) , adj. foolishly 
bold; daringly rash; regardless of 
consequences. 

fooling (fooring), n. foolish speech or 
conduct; buffoonery; banter; idle 
interference^ 

foolish (fool'ish), adj. acting with- 
out reason or judgment; weak 
minded; silly; ridiculous; trifling; 
contemptible. 

foolishly (f ool'ish-li) , adj. in a foolish 
manner. 

foolishness (f ool'ish-nes) , n. folly. 

foolscap (foolz'kap), n. a size of pa- 
per about 17 in. x 14 in.: originally 
water-marked with the cap and bells 
formerly worn by professional jest- 
ers. 

foot (foot), n. [pi. feet, (fet) ], that 
part of the leg on which an animal 
walks or stands; the lower part, 
base, foundation, or end, of any- 
thing; that part of a boot or stock- 
ing which receives the foot ; a meas- 
ure = 12 in.; infantry soldiers; a 
certain number of syllables consti- 
tuting pare of a verse: v.t. to add a 
foot to, as a stocking; add fig- 
ures in a column, and place the total 
at the bottom: v.i. to dance; go on 
foot. 

football (foot'bawl), n. a large india- 
rubber ball encased in leather, used 
in the game of football. 

footing (foot'ing), n. ground or sup- 
port for the feet ; tread ; a firm or as- 
sured position; dance; an entertain- 
ment given by a new employee, &c, 
to his fellow workmen; state or con- 
dition. 

footman (foot'man), n. [pi. footmen 
(f oot'men) j f> a livery servant who at- 
tends a carriage, waits at table, &c. 

footpad (foot'pad), n. a highwayman 
who robs on foot. 

foot-pound (foot'pound), n. the unit 
of energy — work required to raise 1 
lb. through a space of 1 ft. 

foots (foots), n.pl. the sediment of oil 
or sugar. 

fop (fop), n. a dandy; pretentious fool. 

foppery (fop'er-f) , n. [pi. fopperies 
(fop'er-iz) ], dandyism. 



foppish (fop'ish), adj. affected in dress 
and manners., 

for (for), prep, in place of; on account 
of; for the sake of; notwithstand- 
ing; to the number or amount of: 
conj. because; since: prefix, mean- 
ing thoroughly, before, greatly, with a 
privative, or negative force. 

forage (for'aj), n. food for horses and 
cattle; a search for provisions: v.i. 
to wander about in search of pro- 
visions: v.t. to supply with forage. 

foraging (for'aj-ing), n. the act of 
searching for forage. 

foramen (fo-ra/men), n. [pi. foram- 
ina (fo-ram'j-na) ], short passage or 
opening, as in a bone, or ovule. 

foraminated (f o-ram'i-na-ted) , adj t 
furnished with small holes or fo 
ramina. Also foraminate. 

foray (for'a), n. a predatory expedi* 
tion in border warfare: v.t. to plun- 
der or ravage. 

forbade (for-bad'), p.t. of forbid. 

forbear (for-bar'), v.t. [p.t. forbore (for- 
bor'), p : p. forborne (for-born') , p.pr. 
forbearing], to abstain from; excuse; 
spare: v.i. to restrain one's self; be 
patient: n. an ancestor. Also fore- 
bear. [Scotch.] 

forbearance (f or-bar'ans) , n. patience; 
indulgence; self-command. 

forbid (for-bid'),.^. [pi. forbade, p.p. 
forbidden, forbid, p.pr. forbidding], to 
prohibit ; command not to do : oppose. 

forbidding (f or-bid'ing) , p. adj. repel- 
lent; disagreeable. m 

force (fors), n. active power; vigor; 
strength; energy; violence; power 
to persuade or convince; validity; 
legality; efficacy; meaning; troops; 
armament; a trained or organized 
body; unlawful violence to property 
or person; any cause that produces, 
or tends to produce, motion, or a 
change of motion, in a body; a wa- 
terfall: v.t.^ to compel; overpower by 
strength; impel; push; press; strain; 
cause to grow or ripen by artificial 
means: v.i. to endeavor. 

forced (forst), p. adj. strained; af- 
fected. 

forcemeat (fors'met), n. meat chop- 
ped fine and seasoned. # 

forceps (for'seps), n. pincers or pli- 
ers for seizing and extracting any- 
thing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, nait ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FORCIBLE 



345 



FORETOP 



forcible (for'si-bl), adj. character- 
ized by mental or physical power; 
vigorous; violent. 

forcibly (f or'si-bli) , adv. in a forcible 

manner; vigorously; violently. 

ford (ford), n. a shallow part of a 
stream, &c, which can be crossed by 
men or animals: v.t. to wade through 
or pass over without swimming. 

fordable (ford'a-bl), adj. possessing a 
ford ; allowing passage. 

! ore, a prefix meaning before, in front, 
much used in composition: its 
meaning is usually self-evident. 

fore-and-aft (for and aft), the entire 
length of a ship. 

forearm (for'arm), n. the arm be- 
tween the wrist and elbow: v.t. to 
prepare for attack or resistance be- 
fore the time of need. 

forebear. See under forbear. 

forebode (for-bod'), v.t. to presage, es- 
pecially evil ; feel a presentiment of : 
v.i. to foretell_(evil). 

forebow (for'bo), n. the pommel of a 
saddle. 

forecast (for'kast), n. a previous con- 
trivance; foresight; prediction of the 
weather: v.t. (for-kasf). to plan or 
calculate beforehand; foresee; pre- 
dict. 

forecastle (fok'sl), n. the part of a 
vessel forward of the foremast, where 
the seamen take their meals and 
sleep. 

foreclose (for-kloz'), v.t. to cut off 
from the right of redemption: said 
of a mortgage. 

forefather (for'fa-£/ier), n. a male an- 
cestor. 

Forefather's Day (for'fa-^erz da), n. 
Dec. 21, the day when the Pilgrim 
Fathers landed at Plymouth, Mass., 
1620: observed as an anniversary in 
New England. 

foregather (for-ga^'er), v.i. to assem- 
ble; as^ocia_te (with with). 

forego (for-go')i v.t. [p.t. forewent, p.p. 
foregone, p.pr. m foregoing], to re- 
nounce or refrain from; give up: v.t. 
precede. 

forehead (for'ed) n. that part of the 
ace between the eyes and the hair; 
brow. 

foreign (for'en), adj. belonging to 
another nation or country; alien; 
exotic; extraneous; remote. 



forel (for'el), n. sl kind of parchment 
used for covers of books. 

foreland (for'land), n. point of land 
pro jecting^ into the sea; headland. 

forelock (for'lok), n. a lock of hair 
growing on the forehead; a linchpin. 

foreman (for'man), n. [pi. foremen 
(for 'men) ], the spokesman of a jury; 
an overseer. 

foremost (for'most), adj. chief; first. 

forensic (f o-ren'sik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or used in, courts of justice or 
public debate. 

forensic medicine (med'i-sin), n. 
medical jurisprudence. 

forereach (for-rech'), v.t. to gain 
upon: v.i. to forge ahead in stays: 
said of a vessel. 

forerun (for-run'), v.t. [p.t. foreran, 
p.p. forerun, p.pr. forerunning], to 
run before; precede; announce. 

forerunner (for-run'er), n. a messen- 
ger sent before; herald; something 
that precedes a person or event. 

foresail (for 'sal), n. a large square sail, 
the principal one on the foremast. 

foreshore (for'shor), n. that part of a 
beach or shore situated between the 
high and low water marks. 

foreshorten (f or-short'n) , v.t. to de- 
pict (figures as they appear to the eye 
when viewed obliquely) so as -to 
convey the impression of full length. 

foreskin (for 'skin), n. the fold of skin 
cohering the end of the penis. 

forest (for'est), n. a large extent of 
ground covered with trees; wood- 
land; an uncultivated tract of land, 
more or less covered with trees and 
undergrowth: adj. pertaining to a 
forest; rustic; sylvan: v.t. to cover 
with trees or forest. 

forestall (for-stawl') v.t. to be before- 
hand with; anticipate; buy up in 
advance. 

forestay (for'sta), n. a strong rope, 
reaching from the foremast-head W 
the bow of a vessel to strengthen 
the foremast. 

forester (for'est-er), n. one skilled in 
forestry, or an officer who has charge 
of a forest; an inhabitant of a forest 
or wild region. 

forestry (f or'est-ri) , the art of cul- 
tivating forests or managing timber, 

foretop (for'top), n. the platform at 
the head of a foremast. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think , then. 



FORETOPMAST 



346 



FORMALITY 



foretopmast (for 'top-mast), n. the 
mast immediately above the fore- 
mast. 

forever (for-ev'er), adv. without end; 
throughout all eternity. 

forewarn (for-worn'), v.t. to inform 
or caution beforehand. 

forfeit (for'fit), n. a fine or penalty; 
v.t. to lose (some position, right, or 
advantage) by breach of conditions, 
omission, or conduct: adj. alienated 
or lost. [Old French.] 

forfeiture (for'fi-tur), n.the act of for- 
feiting; that which is forfeited; pen- 
alty. 

forfend (for-fend'), v.t. to ward off. 

forgave (for-gav'), P-t. of forgive. 

forge (forj), v.t. to fashion (a piece 
of metal) by heating and hammer- 
ing; form into shape; invent; coun- 
terfeit, with intent to defraud; im- 
pel forward: v.i. to be guilty of the 
crime of forgery ; go slowly or with 
difficulty: n. an open fire in which a 
blacksmith heats irons by forced 
draught, and fashions the metal 
while hot ; a place where metal is 
forged; smithy; workshop. 

forger (forj'er), n. one who commits 
the crime of forgery ; a fabricator. 

forgery (for j'er-i), n. the act of coun- 
terfeiting the handwriting of another 
with intent to defraud; the act of 
counterfeiting coin. 

forget (for-get'), v.t. [p.t. forgot: 
p.p. forgotten, p.pr. forgetting], to 
lose the remembrance of; overlook 
or neglect; slight. 

forgetable (f or-get'a-bl) , adj. liable 
to be forgotten. 

forgetful (for-get 'fool) , adj. apt to for- 
get; careless; negligent; heedless. 

forgetfully (for-get'foo-li), adv. in a 
forgetful manner. 

forgetfulness (for-get'f ool-nes) , n. the 
quality of being forgetful; loss of 
remembrance; neglect. 

forget-me-not (f or-get'me-not) , n. a 
perennial plant with small bright 
skyblue flowers. < 

forgivable (f or-giv'a-bl) , adj. that 
may be forgiven. 

forgive (for-giv'), v.t. [p.t. forgave, 
p.p. forgiven, p.pr. forgiving], to 
pardon; remit, as a sin, offense, debt, 
&c: v.i. to exhibit forgiveness. 

forgiven (for-giv'n), p.p. of forgive. 



forgiveness (f or-giv'nes) , n. pardon; 
remission. 

forgotten (for-got'n), p.p. of forget. 

fork (fork), n. an instrument with 
two or more prongs; anything re- 
sembling, or branching like, a fork; 
the branch or space caused by the 
junction of two roads or rivers: v.t. 
to raise, throw, or dig with a fork; 
steal: v.i. to branch off. 

forked (forkt), adj. shaped like a 
fork; opening into two or more 
parts; zigzag, as lightning. 

forlorn (for-lorn'), adj. abandoned; de- 
serted; destitute; miserable; bereft; 
hopeless. 

forlorn-hope (for-lorn-hop'), n. a 
body of men detached for some ser- 
vice of exceptional peril; a well-nigh 
hopeless enterprise. 

form (form), n. the external appear- 
ance or shape of anything; image; 
likeness; orderly arrangement; beau- 
ty; symmetry; determinate shape or 
structure; established practice, or 
ritual; a mold or pattern; an offi- 
cial formula; a long bench without 
a back; a class; state of high con- 
dition or fitness; the bed or seat of 
a hare; types, plates, &c, imposed in 
a chase ready for printing (forme) : 
v.t. to give shape to; create; mold 
to a particular pattern; conceive or 
imagine; constitute; devise; adjust: 
v.i. to take shape. 

formal (for'mal) , adj. according to 
form or established rules; precise; 
ceremonious ; conven tional ; essential ; 
having the outward form without 
the inward reality. 

formaldehyde (f or-mal'de-hid) , n. a 
gas obtained by the partial oxida- 
tion of methyl alcohol, used largely 
as a disinfectant and as an anti 
septic. 

formalin (for'ma-lin), n. a 40 pei 
cent, solution of formaldehyde, used 
for preserving specimens for biolog- 
ical work. Also formol. 

formalism (f or'ma-lizm) , n. exact and 
scrupulous observance of outward 
forms and conventional usages, es- 
pecially in religious duties. 

formalist (f or'ma-list) , n. a scrupulous 
observer of outward forms. 

formality (f or-mal'i-ti) , n. [pi. for- 
malities (for-mal'i-tiz)], strict ad- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



FORMALLY 



347 



FORTITUDE 



herence to external or customary 
forms; ceremony; method or mode. 

formally (f or'ma-li) , adv. in a formal 
manner. 

formate (for'mat), n. a salt of for- 
mic acid. 

formation (f or-m'a/shun) , n. the act 
of forming; that which is formed; 
structure; figure; production; a 
group of strata of nearly the same 
age having certain common charac- 
teristics. 

formative (for'ma-tiv) , adj. giving or 
serving to form; plastic; germinal: 
n. a word formed by adding a pre- 
fix, or suffix. 

former (for'mer), adj. preceding in 
time or place; first mentioned: n. sl 
maker; author. 

formerly; (f or'mer-li) , adv. anciently; 
some time ago. 

formic (for'mik) , adj. pertaining to, or 
produced by, ants; derived from 
formic acid. 

formic acid (as'id), n. & colorless 
corrosive acid consisting of oxygen, 
hydrogen, and carbon, obtained from 
oxalic acid and glycerine: originally 
obtained from the bodies of red ants. 

formicant (f or'mi-kant) , adj. weak: 
said of the pulse. [Latin.] 

formication (f 6r-mi-ka'shun) , n. irri- 
tation of the skin, resembling that 
made by the creeping of ants. 

formidable (f or'mid-a-bl) , adj. excit- 
ing dread; fearful; powerful. 

formidably (f or'mid-a-bli) , adv. in a 
formidable manner. 

formless (form'les), adj. without form. 

formula (for'mu-la), n. [pi. formulas 
(f or'mu-laz) , formulae (for'mu-le)], 
a prescribed form, rule, or model; a 
group of sj^mbols, expressing the 
composition of a chemical compound ; 
a formal statement of faith or doc- 
trine; a prescription; the expression 
of a rule by algebraic symbols. 

formulary (f or'mti-la-ri) , n. [pi. for- 
mularies (for'mu-la-riz)], a book of 
stated and prescribed forms, or of 
prayers, ritual, &c; a formula. 

formulate (f or'mu-lat) , v.t. to put 
into the form of, or reduce to, a 
formula; fix or state, in definite 
terms. 

formyl (for'mil), n. the hypothetical 
base of formic acid. 



fornicate (for'ni-kat), v.i. to com- 
mit fornication: adj. arched; vaulted. 

fornication (for-ni-ka/shun), n. the 
illicit sexual • intercourse of un- 
married persons; adultery; idolatry; 
an arching or vaulting. 

fornix > (for'niks), n. [pi. fornices 
(for'ni-sez)], in anatomy, an arch- 
shaped part; the upper shell of an 
oyster. 

forsake (for-sak'), v.t. [p.t. forsook 
(for-sook'), p r p. forsaken (for-sak'n), 
p.pr. forsaking], to leave; desert; 
abandon; ^to part from. 

forsooth (f or-sooth') , adv. verily; in 
truth. 

forswear (f or-swar') , v.i. [p.t. forswore 
(for-swor')> V-V- forsworn (for- 
sworn'), p.pr. forswearing], to swear 
falsely; commit perjury: v.t. to deny 
on oath; abjure. 

fort (fort), n. an inclosed fortified 
place; castle; fortress. 

fortalice (f ort'a-lis) , n. a small fort, 
or fortified outwork. [French.] 

forte (fort), n. one's strong point, or 
special talent. 

forte (for-ta/), adv. used as a musical 
term, strongly. Also fortissimo, 
very strongly. [Italian.] 

forth (forth), adv. onward in lime, 
place, or order; forward; abroad; 
away. 

forthcoming (f orth-kum'ing) , adj. 
ready, or about to appear: n. a com- 
ing forth. 

forthwith (f orth-wi^') , adv. imme- 
diately. 

fortieth (f or'ti-eth) , adj. next in or- 
der after 39th: n. one of 40 equal 
parts. 

fortification (f or-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n. the 
art or science of fortifying; a mili- 
tary defensive work; a strengthen- 
ing. 

fortifier (f 6r'ti-fi-er) , n. one who forti- 
fies. 

fortify (for'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. forti- 
fied, p.pr. fortifying], to strengthen 
against attack by military works; 
make strong; encourage or confirm: 
v.i. to erect military works of de- 
fense. 

fortitude (f or'ti-tud) , n. mental 
strength to endure suffering or ad- 
versity with courage; patient en- 
durance. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; booh, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FORTNIGHT 348 FOUNTAIN-HEAD 

fortnight (fort'nlt), n. fourteen days, fossiliferous (f os-il-if 'er-us) , adj. con« 

fortnightly (fort'nit-li), adv. once taining fossils. 

every fourteen days. fossilize (fos'il-Iz), v.t. to petrify: v.i, 

fortress (fqrt'res), n. a large perma- to become antiquated. 

nent fortified place for defense or foster (fos'ter), v.t. to nourish; nurse; 

security; castle_. rear up; sustain or support; cherish. 

fortuitous (for-tu'i-tus), adj. happen- foster-brother (fos'ter-bru^'er), n. a 

ing by chance; accidental. brother by nursing, but not by- 

fortuity (for-tu'i-ti), n. [pi. fortuities birth. 

(for-tu'i-tiz)], an accidental occur- foster-child (fos'ter-child) , n. a child 

rence; chance. nursed or reared by one who is not 

fortunate (for'tii-nat), adj. happening its parent. 

by good fortune; lucky; auspicious; f other (fo^'er). Same as fodder. 

successful. fought (fawt), p.t. & p.p. of fight. 

fortunately (for'tu-nat-li), adv. luck- foul (foul), adj. offensive, morally or 

ily; auspiciously. physically; dirty; impure; scurri- 

fortune (for'tun), n. the good or ill lous; filthy; hateful; loathsome; dis- 

that happens to mankind; chance; graceful; unfair; cloudy and stormy; 

fate; estate; wealth; possessions; contrary, as a wind; thick with 

future destiny. weeds, &c; entangled, as an anchor: 

fortune-hunter (f or'tun-hun'ter) , n. n. a wilful collision: v.t. to make 

one who seeks to marry an heiress, foul or dirty; sully or defile; come 

or wealthy woman. into collision with: v.i. to becomo 

forty (for'ti), adj. one more than 39: foul or dirty. 

n. the sum of 10 and 30. foulard (fdo-lard'), n. a light silk, or 

forum (fo'rum), n. [pi. fora (fo'ra), silk-cotton washable dress fabric; a 

forums (fo'rumz)], the public place silk handkerchief for wear round the 

of meeting in ancient Rome, where neck or head. 

the law courts, public offices, &c, found, p.t. & p.p. of find. 

were situated: hence a place of found (found), v.t. to lay the basis 

public resort, or court of law. [Latin.] of; build; fix firmly; establish; orig- 

forward (for'werd), adv. onward; in inate; form by melting a metal and 

advance; toward the forepart: adj. pouring it into a mold; cast. 

situated near the front; early in sea- foundation (f oun-da'shun) , n. the 

son or preparation; ready; prompt: basis or lowest part of a structure; 

presumptuous; unreserved; not over groundwork; the principles or origin 

modest; eager; earnest; imperti- of anything; an endowment or en- 

nent: inter j. on! v.t. to help for- dowed institution; the first stitches 

ward; quicken or hasten; improve; in knitting or crocheting. 

transmit. founder (foun'der), n. one who 

forwarder (f or'werd-er) , n. one who founds or originates; builder; one 

forwards or promotes; a merchant who casts metal: v.t. to sink by fill- 

who transmits goods; the workman ing with water; disable or make 

who forwards the rough work in lame: said of a horse: v.i. to fill and 

book-binding to the finisher. sink; go lame. 

forwardness (f or'werd-nes) , n. wo foundling (found 'ling}, n. a child 

state or quality of being forward; found whose parents is unknown. 

impertinence; pertness. foundry (found'ri), n. [pi. foundries 

forwards (for'werdz), adv. another (found 'riz)], the place where metal 

form of forward. casting is carried on. 

fossil (fos'il), n. any organic body fount (fount), n. a fountain or 

which by burial in the earth's strata spring; original source. 

has become petrified; a person an- fountain (foun'tan), n. a natural or 

tiquated in his ideas : adj. pertain- artificial spring of water ; the head 

ing to, of the nature of, or converted or source of a river; a jet or spout 

into, a fossil; dug from the earth: of water; the first cause or origin. 

antiquated. fountain-head (foun'tan-hed) , n. the 

ate, arm, at, awl' me, n?erge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



FOUNTAIN-PEN 



349 



FRACAS 



spring from which a stream flows; 
the first source. 

fountain-pen (foun- tan-pen') , n. a 
pen having a reservoir of ink in the 
holder. 

four (for), adj. consisting of 1 more 
than 3; a cardinal numeral: n. the 
sum of 3 and 1; a four-oared boat, 
or its crew. 

fourchette (f oor-shet') , n. a forked 
surgical instrument; the wish-bone 
of a bird; the frog of a horse's foot. 

fourflusher (f or'flush-er) , n. in 
American slang, a person who makes 
pretenses, and comes to an ignomini- 
ous exposure; the name is derived 
from the game of poker, where a 
flush is a hand containing five cards 
of one suit. A four-flusher is one 
who "bluffs" and pretends to have 
the whole five, but is found to have 
only an incomplete flush of four 
cards — counting nothing; a boaster; 
a pretender. 

fourfold (for 'fold), n. a quantity 
four times as much: adj. four times 
told. 

fourgon (foor-gong'), n. a military 
ammunition wagon, baggage car- 
riage, or forge L 

Fourierism (foo'ri-er-izm), n. the 
socialistic and cooperative system 
advocated by Fourier, the French 
socialist. 

four-in-hand (f or'in-hand) , n. a 
coach drawn by four horses and 
driven by one person; a necktie, worn 
tied in a knot so as to leave the ends 
hanging vertically: adv. with a team 
of four horses. 

fourneau (foor-no'), n. the chamber 
of a mine in which the powder is 
placed. [French.] 

four-o'clock (f or'o-klok) , n. a flower, 
the Marvel of Peru. 

fourscore (for'skor), adj. eighty. 

fourteen (for'ten), adj. consisting of 
4 more than 10 : n. the sum of 4 and 10. 

fourteenth (for'tenth), adj. fourth in 
order after tenth: n. one of fourteen 
equal parts. 

fourth (forth), adj. next in order 
after third: n. one of four equal 
parts; a musical interval oi two 
tones and one semitone. 

Fourth, n. the fourth day of July; 
Independence Day. 



fourthly (forth'li), adv. in the fourth 
place. 

fovilla (fo-vil'a), n. the gummy fer- 
tilizing protoplasmic liquid of pollen 
grain. [Latin.] 

fowl (foul), n. a gallinaceous bird, 
especially the domestic cock or hen; 
poultry; birds collectively : v.i. to 
catch or kill wild birds for sport or 
food. 

fowler (foul'er), n. one who catches or 
kills wild birds for sport or food. 

fowling (fouTing), n. the act or prac- 
tice of catching or shooting wild 
birds. 

fowling-piece (f ouring-pes) , n. a 
light gun used for ordinary sporting. 

fox (foks), n. a canine mammal with 
a long bushy tail, belonging to the 
genus Vulpes, notorious for its cun- 
ning: hence a sly, cunning person; 
a small strand of rope, formed by 
twisting several rope-yarns together: 
v.t. to make sour, or turn reddish; 
repair: said of boots; watch slyly: 
v.i. to turn sour or become reddish; 
act as a spy. 

fox-bats (foks'batz), n. a genus of bats 
with a fox-like head. 

fox-brush (foks 'brush) , n. the tail of a 
fox. 

foxed (fokst), v. adj. stained, as tim- 
ber, or spotted, as prints, books, &c, 
with a reddish discoloration; re- 
paired with leather: said of a boot, 

foxglove (foks'gluv), n.^ a plant of the 
genus Digitalis, especially the purple 
foxglove, the* leaves of which are 
used medicinally. 

fox- grape (foks'grap), n. a variety of 
grape. 

foxhound (foks'hound), n. one of a 
breed of dogs used for fox-hunting. 

foxiness (f oks'i-nes) , n. sly cunning, or 
shrewdness; the state of being de- 
cayed, or sour. 

fox-squirrel (foks'skwer-el), n. the 
North American tree squirrel. 

foxtail (foks'tal), n. the name of vari- 
ous species of grass ; the tail of a fox. 

foxy (foks'i), adj. pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, a fox; cunning; crafty; 
reddish-brown in color. 

foyer (fwa-ya/), n. the lobby of a 
theater. [French.] 

fracas (fra/kas), n. a noisy quarrel. 
[French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FRACTION 



350 



FRATERNAL 



fraction (frak'shun), n. a part bro- 
ken off ; act of breaking; the state of 
being broken; a part of a unit, as M. 

fractional (frak'shun-al), adj. per- 
taining to, or constituting, a fraction; 
very small. 

fractious (frak'shus), adj. unruly; 
cross. 

fracture (frak'tur), n. a part broken; a 
break caused by violence; separa- 
tion; the direction in which a min- 
eral breaks so as to show its texture : 
v.t. to break, or crack, as a bone, &c. 

fragile (fraj'il), adj. easily broken; 
weak; delicate. 

fragileness (fraj'il-nes), n. the state 
of being fragile. 

fragility (fra-jil'i-ti), n. the state of 
being fragile. 

fragment (frag'ment), n. a part 
broken off from a whole; an imper- 
fect part. 

fragmental (frag-ment'al) , adj. per- 
taining to, or composed of, frag- 
ments, disconnected; made of parts 
of preexistent rock; conglomerate. 
Also fragmentary. 

fragrance (fra'grans), n. the state 
or quality of being fragrant. Also 
fragrancy. 

fragrant (fra/grant), adj. sweet-smell- 
ing- 

fragrantly (fra/grant-li) , adv. with a 

pleasant odor. 

frail (fral), adj. fragile; brittle; weak, 
physically or morally; infirm: n. a 
basket made of rushes. # 

f raise (fraz), n. palisading formed 
of inclined or horizontal stakes. 

framable (fram'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being framed. 

frame (fram), n. something con- 
structed or composed of parts fitted 
and joined together; that on which 
anything is held or stretched; any 
contrivance for inclosing, admitting, 
or supporting something; a compos- 
itor's stand; an inclined table or 
planks for washing ore; shape; 
temper; state: v.t. to fit (one thing) 
into another; shape or form; adjust 
or regulate; invent; adapt: v.i. to 
wash ore on a frame. 

frame-bridge (fram'brij), n. a timber 
bridge. 

framer (fram'er), n. one who frames; a 
contriver. 



framework (fram'werk), n. that which 
incloses or supports something else. 

franc (frangk), n. a French coin, the 
unit of monetary value = 18.3 cents. 

franchise (fran'chiz), n. the consti- 
tutional right of suffrage; a particu- 
lar privilege or right granted by a 
sovereign or by a legislative body to 
an individual, or to a corporation; 
the district or jurisdiction to which 
a particular privilege extends. 

Franco (frang'ko), n. or adj. a form 
used in composition to denote 
France, or French, as the Franco- 
German war. 

Franco (frang'ko; French, frang'ko), 
n. a name given in France to a mem- 
ber of the Franc-tireurs or volunteer 
sharpshooters. 

francoiin (f rang'ko-lin) , n. a bird al- 
lied to the partridge. 

f rangibility (franj-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being frangible. 

frangible (f r an Yi-h\),adj. easily broken. 

frank (frangk), jadj. open or ingenu- 
ous; candid; outspoken; unreserved: 
n. a signature that exempts mail- 
matter from payment of postage; a 
letter privileged to go post-free: v.t. 
to send or have conveyed free of 
charge. 

Frank (frangk), at the time of the 
Crusades, the name by which 
Christian Europeans were known in 
the East. 

frankincense (f rangk'in-sens) , n. a 
fragrant inflammable resin burnt as 
incense. 

franklin (frangk'lin), n. a small land- 
holder; a freeman. [Old French.] 

frankly (frangk'li), adv. candidly, 
openly. 

frankness (f rangk'nes) , n. candor; 
openness. 

frantic (fran'tik), adj. violently mad 
or distracted; outrageous; trans- 
ported by passion. 

frantically (fran'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a 
frantic manner. 

frap (frap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. frapped, 
p.pr. f rapping], to strengthen or 
draw together by ropes crossing each 
other; undergird. 

frappe (frap-pa'), adj. chilled with 
ice. [French.] 

fraternal (fra-ter'nal) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, becoming, or like, brothers. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FRATERNITY 



351 



FREEZABLE 



fraternity (fra-ter'ni-ti) , n. [pi. fra- 
ternities (fra-ter'ni-tiz)], brotherly 
relationship ; a body of men associat- 
ed together by a common bond of 
interest, especially of a religious 
character; men of the same pro- 
fession or class. 

fraternize (fra'ter-niz), v.i. to asso- 
ciate or hold fellowship as brothers. 

fratricide (fra/cri-sid), n. the crime 
of killing a brother; one who kills a 
brother. 

fraud (frawd), n. deceit; artifice; 
trick; cheat; a humbug. 

f raudulence (fraw'du-lens) , n. deceit- 
fulness; trickery; unfairness. 

fraudulent (fraw'du-lent), adj. charac- 
terized by, founded on, or obtained 
by, fraud. 

fraught (frawt), adj. laden; charged,. 

fraxin (fraks'in), n. a crystalline 
substance obtained from the bark of 
the ash tree. Also fraxinin. 

fray (fra), n. a riot; quarrel; a chafe 
or rub: vJt. to chafe or wear away. 

fraying (fra'ing), n. the act of wearing 
away by friction; the peeling off of 
the velvet of a deer's horn. 

freak (frek), n. sudden or capricious 
change of mind, or whim; a prank; 
an abnormal animal or plant: v.t. 
to variegate; spot or streak. 

freakish (frek'ish), adj. eccentric; 
frolicsome; whimsical. 

freckle (frek'l), n. a brownish spot 
in the skin: v.t. to mark with freck- 
les: v.i. to become freckled. 

free (fre), adj. [comp. freer, superl. 
freest], without restraint; at lib- 
erty; permitted; liberal; generous; 
open; free from guilt; independent; 
familiar; licentious; not arbitrary 
or despotic; spirited; not attached 
or fixed ; uncombined ; invested with 
the franchise, &c. (with oj) : v.t. to 
set at liberty; emancipate; rid or 
exempt; clear: adv. gratuitously. 

free-board (fre'bord), n. that part of 
the side of a ship between the up- 
per side of the deck and the water- 
line. 

freebooter (fre'boot-er), n. one who 
roves about for plunder or pillage; 
buccaneer.^ 

free city (sit'i), n. a city having an 
independent franchise and govern- 
ment, like the old Hanse towns in 



Germany — Hamburg, Breme, Lii- 
beck and others. See Hanse. 

freedman_ (fred'man), n. [pi. freed- 
men (f red 'men)], a slave who has 
been legally emancipated. 

freedom (fre'dum), n. the state of 
being free; liberty; independence; 
ease # in performance; particular 
privilege; absence of conventional- 
ity; undue familiarity. 

free-hand (fre'hand), adj. drawn by 
the hand without the aid of instru- 
ments. 

free-handed (fre-hand'ed) , adj. gener- 
ous; liberal. 

freehold (fre'hold) , n. an estate or tene- 
ment held by fee-simple, fee- tail, or 
for life. 

free-lance (fre'lans), n. one of a class 
of mediaeval soldiers who sold their 
services to fight for the highest bid- 
der; one who acts, speaks, or writes 
irrespectiveof any party. 

freeman (fre'man), n. [pi. freemen 
(fre 'men)], one in the enjoyment of 
liberty ; one possessed of # certain 
franchises or municipal privileges. 

Freemason (fre'ma-sn), n. a member 
of a secret society of great antiquity, 
consisting formerly of skilled crafts- 
men; now a social association 
professing principles of brotherly 
love, charity, and mutual aid. 

Freemasonry (fre-ma'sn-ri), n. the 
system, rites, &c, of the Freemasons. 

free port (fre port), n. a port where no 
duties are levied on merchandise. 

Free-soil (fre'soil), adj. opposed to the 
extension of slavery: said of the 
party formed at Boston, United 
States, 1848, to restrict slavery. 

freestone (fre'ston), n. a sandstone 
suitable for working. 

freethinker (f re : think'er) , n. one who 
forms his opinions independently of 
others; one who rejects revelation 
in religion, and dogmatic belief; a 
latitudinarian. 

free trade (trad), n. trade with other 
countries unrestricted by tariffs or 
customs duties.^ 

free-will (fre-wil') , _ adj. voluntary; 
holding the theological doctrine that 
man is free to exercise his will for 
good or evil. 

freezable (frez'a-bl), adj. that may 
be frozen. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FREEZE 



352 



FRICASSEE 



freeze (frez), v.t. [p.t. froze, p.p. 
frozen, p.pr. freezing], to congeal or 
harden into ice; kill by cold: v.i. fco 
be congealed with cold; be chilled 
with cold; be at or below the tem- 
perature of 32°. 

freezing-point (frez'ing-point), n. 
32° above 0° in the Fahrenheit 
scale (0° Centigrade) , at which water 
freezes. 

freight (f rat) , n. t the goods with 
which a vessel is loaded; cargo; 
goods carried by rail; the sum paid 
or charged for the conveyance of 
goods: adj. used for conveying 
goods: v.t. to load with goods for 
conveyance; hire or charter. 

freightage (frat'aj), n. charge for 
freight; cargo_. 

freight-car (frat'kar), n. a railway car 
for transporting freight. 

freighter (frat'er), n. one who freights 
a ship or car; shipper; a vessel for 
conveying freight. 

French (french), adj. pertaining to 
France, its inhabitants, or language. 

Frenchify (french'i-fi), v. [p.t. & p.p. 
frenchified, p.pr. frenchifying], to 
infect with French manners, char- 
acteristics, or customs. 

French leave (french-lev'), n. depart- 
ure without ceremony or notice. 

frenzied (fren'zid), p. adj. affected 
with frenzy; delirious. 

frenzy (fren'zi), n. \pl. frenzies (fren'- 
ziz)], violent agitation; temporary 
madness; fury: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fren- 
zied, p.pr. frenzying], to throw into 
a frenzy; render mad. # 

frequency (fre'kwen-si) , n. the re- 
peated occurrence of a thing at 
short intervals. 

frequent (fre'kwent), adj. recurring 
often: v.t. (fre-kwent') to resort to, 
or visit often. [Latin.] 

frequentative (fre-kwen'ta-tiy) , adj. 
in grammar, noting repetition, as 
certain verbs. 

frequently (fre'kwent-li), adv. often; 
repeatedly. 

fresco (fres'ko), n. [pi. frescos, fres- 
coes (fres'Jkoz)], a method of wall- 
painting in water-colors on fresh 
plaster: v.t. to decorate or paint in 
fresco. [Italian.] 

fresh (fresh), adj. new; recent; un- 
faded; uninjured by time; in good 



condition; not forgotten; healthy; 
strong and active; not wearied; live- 
ly; brisk; pure and cool; not salt; 
inexperienced; forward; intoxicated: 
n. a spring; freshet; the union of 
fresh and salt water in a river. 

freshen (fresh'en), v.t. to make fresh; 
render less salt;- revive; slacken (a 
rope) to relieve the part exposed to 
friction: v.i. to become vigorous; 
grow fresh; lose saltness. 

freshet (fresh'et), n. a flood caused by 
melting snow or heavy rain. 

freshman (fresh'man), n. [pi. fresh- 
men (fresh 'men)], a college student 
in his first year. 

fresh- water (fresh 'waw-ter) , adj. per- 
taining to, living in, found in, or 
formed in, fresh water; accustomed 
to river navigation or the coasting 
trade. 

fret (fret), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fretted, 
p.pr. fretting], to wear away by fric- 
tion; injure by rubbing; corrode; 
agitate; vex; irritate; make rough 
on the surface; ornament with 
raised or interlaced work; varie- 
gate: v.i. to be worn away by fric- 
tion or corrosion; be agitated or 
irritated; utter peevish complaints: 
n. the act or process of fretting; an 
ornament formed by small bands or 
fillets interlacing each other at right 
angles; perforated or interlaced or- 
namental work; an agitation on the 
surface of a liquid; chafing, or irri- 
tation; a small piece of ivory or 
wood on the keyboard of certain 
stringed instruments. 

fretful (fret'fool), adj. peevish; irri- 
tated. 

fret-saw (fret'saw), n. a long, thin, 
narrow saw with fine teeth, used for 
cutting frets. 

frette (fret-ta/), adj. decorated with 
fretwork. Also fretted. 

fretwork (fretVerk), n. carved, raised, 
or open ornamental work. 

friability (f ri-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being friable. Also 
friableness. 

friable (fri'a-bl), adj. readily crum- 
bled, or reduced to powder. 

friar (frfer) , n. . one of a mendicant 
order of monks in the Roman Cath- 
olic Church. 

fricassee (f rik-a-se') , n. a dish of 



ate, arm, at awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 




COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F, E. WRIGHT, 




*%:£ 



WOLF 




^IMALS 



A 



FRICATIVE 



353 



FRIT 



chicken, rabbit, or other meat cut 
into small pieces, stewed and fried 
with gravy or sauce: v.t. to make 
into, or dress like, a fricassee. 
[French.] 

fricative (frik'a-tiv) , n. a name for 
certain letters, as th, sh, zh, produced 
by the friction of the breath issuing 
through the narrow aperture of the 
organs of articulation. 

friction (frik'shun), n. the act of rub- 
bing; attrition; resistance to the 
motion of a body, caused by contact 
with the surface upon which it 
moves; the act of rubbing to stimu- 
late the circulation of the blood 
vessels; irritation or disagreement 
caused by divergence of opinion. 

frictional (frik'shun-al) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or produced by, friction. 

Friday (frl'da), n. the sixth day of 
the week: named from the Scandi- 
navian deity Frigga, the goddess of 
love. 

fried (fiid), p.t. & p.p. of fry. 

friend (frend), n. one attached to 
another by affection, regard, or es- 
teem; an intimate acquaintance; a 
supporter or favorer of a cause, 
&c; an ally; a term of salutation. 

Friend, n. a member of the Society 
of Friends. 

friendless (frend'les), adj. without a 
friend. 

friendliness (frend 'li-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being friendly. 

friendly (frend'li), adj. pertaining to a 
friend; having the characteristics 
of a friend; amicable; affable; 
genial; convenient; favorable: adv. 
amicably. 

friendship (frend 'ship), n. intimacy; 
united with affection or esteem; mu- 
tual attachment; good-will. 

Friesian (fre'zian), adj. pertaining 
to Friesland, its inhabitants, or its 
language. Also Frisian. 

Friesland (frez'land), n. a northern 
province of Holland bordering on 
the German Ocean. The Dutch 
form of the word is Vriesland. 

frieze (frez), n. the middle part of 
the entablature of a column between 
the architrave and cornice: usually 
ornamented with sculpture, &c; a 
coarse woolen cloth with a rough 
shaggy nap on one side. 



frigate (frig'at), n. in the old navies a 
warship with an upper flush deck, 
carrying from 24 to 50 guns. 

frigate-bird _ (irig'at-berd) , n. a swift 
raptorial bird allied to the pelican. 

frigeratory (frij'er-a-to-ri) s n. a cool- 
ing or refrigerating chamber. 

fright (frit), n. a sudden and vio- 
lent fear; alarm; a person whose 
dress or appearance is ridiculous. 

frighten (frit'n), v.t. to terrifs*. 

frightful (frit 'fool), adj. _ terrible; 
dreadful; alarming; shocking; gro- 
tesque. 

frightfully (frit'foo-li) ; adv. terribly; 
grotesquely. 

frigid (frij'id), adj. without warmth; 
wmtery; cold in temperament; stiff; 
formal; dull. \ 

frigidity (fri-jid'i-ti), n. the state of 
being frigid^ coldness. 

frijole (fre-hol'e), n. a bean much 
cultivated in Mexico as an article 
of food when ground and fried. 

frill (fril), n. a pleated or crimped 
edging of fine linen to a garment, 
as a shirt front, &c; ruffle: pi. af- 
fectation of manner; ornamentation 
of dress, &c: v.i. to ruffle or shiver 
the feathers with cold: said of a 
hawk: v.t. to make into a frill. 

frilling (fril'ing), n. gathered trimming 
or edging for garments. 

Frimaire (f re-mar'), n. a month of 
the French Revolutionary calendar, 
Nov. 21st to Dec. 20th. 

fringe (frinj), e n. an ornamental bor- 
der of hanging cords. &c; any bor- 
der or edging resembling a fringe: 
v.t. to border with, or as with, a 
fringe. 

frippery (frip'er-i), n. old clothes 
or furniture; the p'ace where old 
clothes are sold; trade in second- 
hand clothes: adj. trumpery; con- 
temptible. [French.] 

frisk (frisk), v.i. to gambol or dance 
in frolic: n. a gambol, dance, or 
frolic. 

frisket (fris'ket), n. a light frame 
for holding _ down the paper while 
che impression # is being printed. 

f riskiness (fris'ki-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being frisky. 

frisky (fris'ki), adj. lively in action; 
sprightly; gay; frolicsome. 

frit (frit), n. the mixture of sand 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
23 hue, hut ; think, then. 



FRIT-FLY 



354 



FROST 



and fluxes from which glass is made 
after being calcined and baked in a 
furnace prior to fusion: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. fritted, p.pr. fritting], to decom- 
pose and melt partially. 

frit-fly (frit'fll), n. a small fly inju- 
rious to wheat. 

frith (frith), n. an inlet of the sea 
at the mouth of a river; estuary 
[Scotch]. Also firth; a kind of weir 
for capturing fish. 

fritter (frit'er), v.t. to waste by de- 
grees; cut up as meat into small 
pieces for frying: n. a small piece 
of meat cut for frying; a small cake 
with meat or fruit in it. 

frivolity (f ri-yol'i-ti) , n. [pi. frivoli- 
ties (fri-vol'i-tiz)], levity; a trifling 
act, thought, or action. 

frivolous (friv'o-lus) , adj. trifling; 
trivial; petty; silly; inclined to 
levity. 

frizette (fri-zet'), n. a small piece of 
hair worn as a bang. Also fri- 
sette. 

frizz (friz), v.t. to curl or crisp; 
form into little hard burrs: said of 
the nap of cloth: n. that which is 
frizzed, as hair. 

frizzle (friz'l), v.t. to curl on hot coals; 
curl or frizz: n. a crisped lock of 
hair. 

fro (fro), adv. away from; backward. 

frock (frok), n. a loose upper gar- 
ment worn by children and women ; 
dress; a monk's habit; a coarse 
over-gaiment worn by laborers, &c. ; 
an undress regimental coat. 

frock-coat (frok'kot), n. a close-fitting 
strait-bodied coat with wide skirts 
of the same length before and be- 
hind. 

frog (frog), n. a small tailless am- 
phibious animal of the genus Rana; 
a tender horny substance growing 
in the middle of the sole of a horse's 
foot; a spindle-shaped button or 
toggle used for fastening military 
cloaks, ladies' mantles, &c; a section 
of a railway line where the rails 
diverge. 

frog- eater (f rog'e-ter) , n. a term of 
derision applied by the English to the 
French during the Napoleonic wars 
and later. 

frogged (frogd), adj. ornamented or 
fastened with frogs. See frog. 



frogging (frog'ing), n. ornamentation 
with frogs; fishing with frogs as 
live bait. 

frolic (frol'ik), n. a scene of merry- 
making or gaiety; a sportive out- 
burst; wild prank: adj. sportive; 
merry or gay: v.i. to indulge in 
tricks of mirth and levity ; play wild 
pranks. 

frolicsome (f rol'ik-sum) , adj. full of 
frolic. 

from (from), prep, out of, away; 
since; noting source or beginning, 
distance, logical or physical se- 
quences. 

frond (frond), n. the union of a leaf 
and a branch; the leaf of a fern, 
palm, or seaweed. 

frons (fronz), n. [pi. frontes (fron'- 
tez)], the forehead. [Latin.] - 

front (frunt), n. the forehead; the 
forepart or foremost of anything; 
van; the most conspicuous part; 
impudence or boldness ; a false shirt- 
bosom or dickey : adj. situated at the 
front: v.t. to stand, or be situated, 
opposite to, or over against: v.i. to 
have the front turned in a particular 
direction. [French.] 

frontage (frunt'aj),7i.the front part of 
a building or its area. 

frontal (frun'tal), adj. pertaining to 
the front or forehead: n. something 
worn on the forehead; an ecclesias- 
tical hanging in front of an altar; 
a small pediment over a window or 
door. 

frontier (frun-teV), n. the boundary 
or limits of a country: adj. pertain- 
ing to, or situated near, the boun- 
dary of a country; contiguous. 

frontispiece (fron'tis-pes), n. an illus- 
tration facing the front page of a 
book. 

frontlet (frunt'let) , n. a fillet or band 
worn on the forehead; a Jewish 
phylactery; the margin of the head 
of a bird behind the bill. 

fronton (fron'ton), n. the entrance to 
a building ornamented. 

frost (frost), n. minute frozen parti- 
cles of moisture ; the temperature of 
the atmosphere which causes the 
congelation of water; hoar-frost; 
an enterprise ending in failure: 
v.t. to cover with frost or any thing 
resembling frost. See frosting. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FROSTED 



355 



FUGITIVE 



frosted (frost'ed), p. adj. covered with, 
resembling, or injured by, frost. 

frostily (frost'i-li) , adv. with frost, or 
excessive cold; gruff; ill-tempered. 

frosting (frosting), n. a preparation of 
fine sugar and white of egg for cov- 
ering cakes; rough powdered glass 
used in decorative work and to ren- 
der windows opaque. 

frosty (frost'i), adj. [comp. frostier, su- 
per!, frostiest], producing, or accom- 
panied with, frost; frozen; hoary; 
cold or distant in manner. 

froth (froth), n. the mass of bubbles 
formed on the surface of a liquid by 
agitation, or fermentation; foam; 
superficial knowledge; vapid elo- 
quence. 

frothily (f roth'i-li) , adv. in a frothy 
manner. 

frothiness (froth 'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being frothy. 

frothy (froth 'i), adj. [comp. frothier, 
superl. frothiest], full of, or com- 
posed of, froth; empty; frivolous: 
unsubstantial. 

frousy. Same as frowzy. 

frow (frou), n. a German or Dutch 
woman; slattern; (fro) potato : flour ; 
a tool used for cleaving shingles, 
staves, &c. _ 

froward (fro'werd), adj. perverse; 
wayward. 

frown (froun), n. a contraction of 
the brows indicative of displeas- 
ure, &c: v.i. to contract the brows 
to indicate displeasure, &c; scowl; 
lower. 

frowzy (frou'zi), adj. musty; untidy. 

froze (froz), p.t. of freeze. 

frozen (froz'en), # p. adj. congealed, 
benumbed, or killed with cold; icy; 
wanting in warmth of feeling or 
sympathy. 

Fructidor (f ruk-ti-dor') ,. n. the name 
of one of the months in the French 
Revolutionary calendar; Aug. 18th 
to Sept. 16th. 

fructify (f ruk'ti-fl) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
fructified, p.pr. fructifying], to make 
productive; fertilize: v.i. to Dear fruit. 

fructose (fruk'tos), n. sugar in ripe 
fruit or honey. 

frugal (fru'gal), adj. thrifty; eco- 
nomical. 

frugality (f rii-gal'i-ti) , n. thrift; 
economy. 



frugally (fm'ga-li), adv. with economy 

frugivorous (fru-giv'o-rus) , adj. fruit* 
eating ._ 

fruit (frut), n. the product of a tree 
or plant containing the seed; prod= 
uct; result or profit; offspring: v.i, 
to produce fruit. [French.] 

fruitage (frut'aj), n. fruit collectively \ 
product. 

fruiterer (frut'er-er) , n. one who deals 
in fruit. 

fruitful (frut 'fool), adj. yielding fruit; 
prolific. 

fruitfully (frut'foo-li), adv. abun- 
dantly. 

fruitfulness (frut'f ool-nes) , n. the 
quality of being fruitful. 

fruition (f ru-ish'un) , n. the bearing 
of fruit; realization; enjoyment de- 
rived from use or possession. 

fruity (frut'i) L adj. full-flavored ; rich c 

frumenty (f ru'men-ti) , n. food made 
of wheat and boiled milk. 

frustrate (frus'trat), v.t. to defeat 
or disappoint; thwart; nullify: adj. 
vain; useless; void. 

frustrum (frus'trum), n. [pi. frustra 
(frus'tra)], that part of a solid next 
the base, as a cone, pyramid, &c. t 
which is left after cutting off the 
top. [Latin.] 

fry (frl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fried, p.pr. 
frying], to cook or roast with fat 
in a pan over a fire: v.i. to be cooked 
with fat in a pan; be subjected to 
intense heat: n. a dish of things fried; 
a swarm of young fish. 

fuchsia (fu'shi-a), n. a garden plant 
with handsome pendulous elongated 
flowers. [German.] 

fuddle (fud'l), v.t. to stupefy with 
drink; intoxicate: v.i. to become 
intoxicated. 

fudge (fuj), ft. a made-up story; 
a home-made candy : inter j. nonsense; 
v.t. to make or do in a bungling , 
careless manner. 

fuel (f ii'el) , # n. combustible material 
for supplying a fire; anything that 
serves to inflame or sustain passion 
or excitement. 

fugacious (fu-ga'shus) , adj. fleet- 
ing; volatile; falling off very early . 
[Latin.] 

fugal (fu'gal), adj. pertaining to a 
fugue. 

fugitive (fu'ji-tiv), adj. unstable; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

rule, hut ; think, then. 



FUGITIVELY 



356 



FUNAMBULIST 



volatile; fleeting; not permanent; 
fleeing from danger, pursuit, or 
duty: n. one who flees from danger, 
pursuit, or duty; a runaway or de- 
serter; one who takes shelter with 
another power to escape punish- 
ment. [Latin.] 

fugitively (fu'ji-tiv-li), adv. in a 
fugitive manner. 

fugleman (fti'gl-man), n. [pi. fugle- 
men (fu'gl-men)], a trained soldier 
who stands in front of a line of men 
and leads them by his movements in 
their drill [fugelman should be flugel- 
man from the German Flugelmann) . 

fugue (fug) ^ n. a musical composi- 
tion in which the parts follow each 
other with repetitions at certain 
intervals. [French.] 

fuguist (ftig'ist), n. a composer or per- 
former of fugues. 

fulcrum (fuTkrum), n. [pi. fulcra 
(ful'kra), fulcrums (ful'krumz)], 
that part of a lever on which it rests. 

fulfill (fool-fir), v.t. to complete or 
accomplish; execute; perform or 
carry out, as that which is prom- 
ised, foretold, or anticipated. 

fulfillment (f ool-fiTment) , n. accom- 
plishment; completion; execution. 

fulgency (ful'j en-si), n. brightness; 
splendor. 

fuliginous (f ool-ig'irnus) , adj. sooty; 
dusky; dark brown or black. [Latin.] 

full (fool), adj. filled; having no empty 
space; well supplied ; stored ; satu- 
rated; satiated; copious; rounded 
out; plump; expressing much; clear; 
distinct; sonorous; having the whole 
disk illuminated; said of the moon: 
n. the highest state, extent, or 
measure: v.i. to pucker: v.t. scour 
and thicken, as cloth, in a mill: adv. 
without diminution or qualification; 
directly; quite. [Full is used in 
composition to express full extent or 
degree, % its meaning being generally 
self-evident, as /w7Z-armed, fidl- 
fledged, _&c] 

full age (aj), n. the age of twenty-one 
years, at which time men and women 
in some States receive the franchise. 

full-back (fool'bak), n. in football, 
the player furthest from the goal of 
the opposing side. 

full-butt (fooFbut), adv. meeting di- 
rectly and violently. 



full-dress (fool'dres), n. dress required 
for formal or ceremonial occasions. 

full-drive (fool'driv), adv. with full 
speed or vigor. 

fuller (fool'er), n. one who fulls cloth. 

fuller's- earth (f ool'erz-erth) , n. a 
soft clay used for fulling cloth and 
the removal of grease, being used 
for washing clothes during the 
centuries before soap was made. 

fully (fooFi), adv. completely; abun- 
dantly. 

fulminate (ful'mi-nat) , v.t. to cause 
to explode; send out or utter (a 
threat or denunciation, as a papal 
bull): v.i. to thunder; make a loud, 
sudden noise; detonate: n. a de- 
tonating compound formed of a salt 
of fulminic acid. 

fulminating powder (ful'mi-nat-ing 
pou'der), n. an explosive substance 
which on being struck detonates 
with a loud report. 

fulminic acid (ful-min'ik as'id), n. an 
acid composed of cyanogen and 
oxygen. 

fulsome (ful'sum), adj. offensive; 
gross. 

fulvous (ful'vus), adj. tawny; saf- 
fron-colored. 

fulwa (ful'wa), n. the butter-tree of 
India; the butter obtained from it. 

fumarole (fu'ma-rol), n. & small 
hole from which volcanic smoke 
issues. 

fumble (fum'bl), v.i. to grope or feel 
about; handle or attempt something 
in an awkward manner: v.t. to man- 
age awkwardly. 

fume (fum), n. vapor or exhalation, 
especially of a narcotic or suffocat- 
ing nacure; mental irritation or agi- 
tation: v.i. to emit smoke; pass off 
in gas or vapor; to be in a passion: 
v.t. fill with gas or vapor; exhale. 
[Latin.] 

fumigate (fu 'mi-gat), v.t. smoke; per- 
fume; disinfect by the action of 
smoke or vapor. 

fumitory (fti'mi-to-ri) . n. a plant, the 
leaves of which were formerly used 
as a specific for skin diseases. 

fun (fun), n. mirth; drollery; sport: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. funned, p.pr. fun- 
ning], to indulge in fun. 

funambulist (fu-nam'bu-list) , n a 
rope-walker or -dancer. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FUNCTION 



357 



FUR 



function (fungk'shun), n. the dis- 
charge or performance of any duty, 
office, or business ; faculty ; power ; 
the office of any organ, animal or 
vegetable; public or official cere- 
mony; any mathematical quantity 
considered as formed from another 
quantity, the change in the one af- 
fecting the other correspondingly: 
v.i. to perform a function; act. 

functional (fungk'shun-al), adj. per- 
taining to, or performing, a function; 
official. 

functionary (f ungk'shun-a-ri) , n. [pi. 
functionaries (fungk'shun-a-riz)], one 
who holds an office, or discharges 
some trust; an official. 

fund (fund), n. established stock or 
capital; money set apart for carry- 
ing out some permanent or tempo- 
rary object; a permanent debt due 
by a government on which interest 
is paid at a certain rate per cent.; 
a stock in reserve: v.t. to place in, 
or convert into, a fund: pi. money. 
[Latin.] 

fundament (fun'da-ment) , n. the base 
of the body; anus; foundation. 
[Latin.] 

fundamental (f un-da-ment'al) , adj. 
pertaining to a foundation or basis; 
essential; primary: n. a primary or 
essential principle; basis; the note 
on which a chord is formed [Mus.]. 

fundamental bass (bas), n. that 
part in musical harmony which 
contains the fundamental notes. 

fundamentally (fun-da-ment'a-li) , 
adv. in a fundamental manner. 

funded (fund'ed), p. adj. converted 
into a permanent loan; invested in 
the public funds. 

funded debt (det), n. that part of a 
public debt for the payment of the 
interest of which certain funds are 
appropriated. 

funding (fund'ing), n. the act or proc- 
ess of converting money lent to the 
government into a permanent fund 
bearing a fixed rate of interest; in- 
vestment in government stocks or 
funds. 

fundus (fun'dus), n. the base or 
depth of anything. [Latin.] 

funeral (fu'ner-al), n. the ceremony 
of burying a dead human body and 
the procession of mourners accom- 



panying it: adj. pertaining to, be- 
fitting, or used at, a funeral. [Latin.] 

funereal (f u-ne're-al) , adj. pertaining 
to, or suitable for, a funeral; mourn- 
ful; sad. 

funereally (fu-ne're-a-li) , adv. in a 
funereal manner. 

fungous (fung'gus), adj. pertaining 
to the nacure of fungi; spongy; ex- 
crescent; growing up suddenly. 

fungus (fung'gus), n. [pi. fungi (fun'ji), 
funguses (fung'gus-ez)], a cryptog- 
amous plant not containing chloro- 
phyll, as a mushroom, toadstool, &c. ; 
a spongy excrescence. [Latin.] 

funicle (fu'ni-kl), n. a small cord, 
ligature, or rope. [Latin.] 

funicular (f u-nik'u-iar) , adj. per- 
taining to, composed of, or resem- 
bling, a funicle or funiculus; rope- 
shaped, or, used of something 
worked by a rope or ropes, as "funic- 
ular railway." _ 

funiculus _(fu-nik'u-lus), n. [pi. fu- 
niculi (fu-nik'u-li)], a small cord, 
ligature, or fiber; a little stalk or 
cord-like appendage uniting a seed 
with the placenta. 

funk (fungk), n. cowardice; fright: 
v.i. to be in a state of cowardly 
fear [English]; to kick backwards 
[Scottish]. 

funnel (fun'el), n. a wide-mouthed, 
conical vessel terminating in a 
spout for pouring liquids into close 
vessels; the chimney of a steam- 
ship or steam-engine. 

f unneled (f un'eld) , adj. having, or re- 
sembling, a funnel. 

funning (fun'ing), n. merry jesting. 

funny (fun'i), adj. [comp. funnier, su- 
perl. funniest], comical; droll; pro- 
voking laughter; ludicrous; queer; 
curious; strange: n. a long narrow 
clinker-built pleasure boat rowed 
with sculls. 

funny-bone (fun'i-bon), n. the lower 
part of the elbow over which the 
nerve of the ulna passes, and on 
being struck causes a temporary 
paralysis which passes away in a few 
minutes. 

fur (fer), n. the soft hair of certain 
animals, growing thickly upon the 
skin; morbid matter collected on the 
tongue; the calcareous coating on 
the interior of a boiler, &c: pi. the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



FURBELOW 



358 



FUSTIAN 



dressed skins of fur-bearing animals, 
used for apparel or ornament: adj. 
consisting, lined, or trimmed, with 
fur: v.t. [p.t. furred, p.pr. furring], 
to cover, line, or trim with fur; 
cover with a calcareous deposit or 
morbid matter. 

furbelow (fer'be-lo), n. an ornament 
of feminine attire. 

furbish (fer'bish), v.t. to make bright 
by rubbing, polishing, or burnish- 
ing; renovate. 

furcate (fer'kat), adj. forked. 

furious (fu'ri-us), adj. full of fury; 
frenzied; mad; tempestuous. 

furl (ferl), v.t. to roll up and secure 
to something, as a sail, flag, &c. 

furlong (fer'long), n. 1-8 Ji of a mile. 

furlough (fer'lo), n. leave of absence: 
v*.t. to grant leave of absence to. 

furnace (fer'nas), n. a chamber or ap- 
paratus for producing a violent heat 
to reduce ores, metals, &c. 

furnish (fer'nish), v.t. to supply with 
what is requisite; fit out; equip: 
v.i. to improve in flesh and condi- 
tion: said of a racehorse. 

furnishing (f er'nish-ing) , n. the act 
of providing with furniture. 

furniture (fer'ni-tur), n. the necessary 
equipments of a house, ship, or a 
trade; outfit; equipage; trappings 
of a horse. 

furore (fii'ror, or fu : ro're), n. a great 
outburst of excitement or en- 
thusiasm. [Italian.] 

furrier (fer'i-er), n. one who pre- 
pares or sells furs; fur-dresser. 

furrow (fer'o), n. a trench made in 
the ground by a plow; a groove; 
wrinkle: v.t. to plow; make grooves 
or wrinkles in. 

furry (fer'i), adj. covered with, or 
consisting of, fur. 

further (fer^/ier), adj. more distant; 
additional: adv. to a greater dis- 
tance or degree; moreover; also: 
v.t. to promote; help forward. 

furtherance (f er^/ier-ans) , n. ad- 
vancement. 

furthermore (f er'^er-mor) , adv. more- 
over; besides. 

furthermost (f er'^er-most) , adj. most 
remote. 

furthest (fer'^/iest), adj. most distant 
in time or degree: adv. at, or to, the 
greatest distance. 



furtive (fer'tiv), adj. sly; secret; 
stealthy. [Latin.] 

fury (fu'ri), n. [pi. furies (fu'riz)], 
violent or uncontrollable rage; mad- 
ness; one of the three avenging dei- 
ties of Greek mythology, usually 
called Tisiphone, Alecto, and Me- 
gaera; a termagant woman. [Latin.] 

furze (ferz), n. a hardy spiny shrub, 
belonging to the bean family. 

fuse (fuz), v.t. to liquefy by heat; 
melt: v.i. to become melted by heat; 
blend, as if melted: n. a small tube 
filled with an inflammable material, 
or a cord impregnated with such 
material, used for exploding gun- 
powder, &c. 

fusee (fu-ze'), n. a kind of match, 
used for igniting tobacco; a grooved 
cone in a watch, &c, around which 
the chain is wound. [French.] 

fusel-oil (fu'zel-oil) , n. an oily ooi- 
sonous product produced in rectify- 
ing grape-, potato-, or corn-spirit. 

fusible (fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing fused. 

fusil (fu'zil), n. the old flint-lock 
musket. [French.] 

fusileer (fu-si-ler'), n. the name of sev- 
eral British line regiments, as the 
Royal Irish Fusileers. The name 
denotes that, when fusils were in use, 
those regiments served as infantry. 
Also fusilier. 

fusillade (fu-si-ladO, n. a simulta- 
neous discharge of firearms: v.t. to 
shoot down or kill by a fusillade. 

fusinist (fu'zin-ist) , n. an artist who 
draws with charcoal crayons. [French.] 

fusion (fu'zhun), n. the act or process 
of melting by heat; the state of be- 
ing fused or melted; union by, or 
as by, melting; the union of two 
political parties, or of sections of 
two parties, as in Great Britain, the 
Liberal Union party. 

Fusionist (fu'zhun -ist), n. one who 
has joined a fusion party in politics. 

fuss (fus), n. unnecessary or irritat- 
ing activity, especially in small mat- 
ters; disorderly bustling about; con- 
fusion; stir: v.i. to worry. 

fussy (fus'i), adj. making a fuss. 

fustanelle (fus-ta-nel') , n. the short 
white skirt worn by modern Greeks. 

fustian (fus'chan), n. a kind of coarse 
twilled cotton cloth, as corduroy, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £ften. 



FUSTINESS 



359 



FYKE 



velveteen, &c; an inflated or pre- 
tentious style in writing or speak- 
ing; bombast: adj. made of fustian; 
bombastic. 

fustiness (fus'ti-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being fusty. 

fusty (fus'ti), adj. [comp. fustier, su- 
perl. fustiest], ill : smelling ; moldy; 
meddlesome; officious. 

futile (fu'til), adj. vain; useless. 

f utilely (fu'ti-li) ,adv. in a futile manner. 

futility (f Q-til'i-ti) , n. the quality of 
being futile. 

futtocks (fut'oks), n.pl. the upright 
curved ribs of a ship springing from 
the keel. 

futtock- shrouds (f ut'ok-shrouds) , n. 
pi. che short shrouds which go to 
the shrouds above. 



future (fti'tur), adj. that will be here* 
after: n. time yet to come; a tense 
in grammar; a commodity, &c, sold 
for future delivery. [Latin.] 

futurity (f u-tur'i-ti) , n. [pi. futurities 
(fu-tur'i-tiz)], time to come; future 
events. 

fuzz (fuz), n. fine minute particles 
of down, wool, &c: v.i. to fly off in 
fuzz. 

fuzzy (fuz'i), adj. covered with, or like, 
fuzz : n. a term applied by the British 
troops to the black followers of the 
Mahdi in the Soudan. Usually 
Fuzzy- Wuzzy. 

fy. Same as fie. 

fyce and fice (fis), n. a small cur dog- 
a whelp. 

fyke (fik), n. a kind of fish-trap = 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



Q 



G, the seventh letter in the later 
Roman alphabet and in the al- 
phabet of most Western coun- 
tries since 300 b. c. Until that 
time, this character was used for 
what we now call c (the hard gut- 
tural) and g (the sonant guttural). 
In the old Italic alphabet, the 
seventh letter was Z. Out of C 
there was, for convenience, devel- 
oped a second character G. Both 
sounds indicated by them were 
" hard," — c like c in cat, and g like 
q in get. About the fourth century 
a. d., c before e or i took the soft sound 
ofs,and# the soft sound of g in gin. 

gab (gab), n. idle chatter; loquacity; 
a hook on the eccentric rod of a 
steam-engine; the mouth [Scotch]: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gabbed, p.pr. gab- 
bing], to chatter. 

gabardine (gab-er-den') , n. a coarse 
smock frock formerly prescribed 
for Jews. [Spanish.] 

gabble (gab'l), v.i. to utter rapidly 
without sense: v.i. to chatter inco- 
herently: n. rapid, incoherent talk. 

gabion (ga/bi-un), n. a large cylin- 
drical bottomless basket filled with 
earth: used for purposes of military 
defense, &c. [French.] 

gabionnade (ga-bi-o-nad') , n. a de- 
fensive work formed of gabions. 

gable (ga'bl), n. the triangular end 
of a building. 

gablet (ga/blet), n. a small ornamen- 
tal gable: used for the summit of 
niches, &c. 

gaby (ga/bi), n. a stupid, foolish boy. 

gad (gad), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gadded, 
p.pr. gadding], to roam about in a 
purposeless manner: n. the act of 
roaming about without an object; 
an iron or steel pointed mining 
tool; a gadfly. 

gadfly (gad'fli), n. [pi. gadflies (gad'- 
fliz)], a fly that stings cattle. 



gadolinite (gad'o-li-nlt) , n. a silicate 
of yttrium. 

gadwall (gad'wawl), n. a large fresh- 
water duck, esteemed as game. 

Gael (gal), n. a Scottish Highlander. 

Gaelic (gal'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
belonging to, the Celtic inhabitants 
of the Scottish Highlands, or to their 
language: n. the language of the 
Gaels. Also Gadhelic. 

gaff (gaf), n. a large hook for landing 
salmon, &c; a boom or yard to 
extend the upper edge of a fore-and- 
aft sail; a low-class theater, &c, 
admission to which is a penny: v.t. 
to seize or land with a gaff. 

gaffer (gaf'er), n. an old man, espe- 
cially a countryman. 

gag (gag), n. something placed in the 
mouth to hinder speech: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. gagged, p.pr. gagging], to stop 
the mouth of, with, or as with, a 
gag; silence by force; introduce 
one's own words, &c, into: said of 
an actor, &c. 

gage, gauge (gaj), n. a standard of 
measure; the number of feet a ves- 
sel sinks in the water; position of 
one ship to another and the wind; 
a measuring^ rod; the distance be- 
tween the rails of a railway line: v.t. 
to ascertain the capacity or contents 
of; estimate. 

gageable (gaj'a-bl), adj. that may 
be gaged. 

gager (gaj'er), n< one who gages. 
Also gauger. 

gagger fgag'er), n. one who gags; a T- 
shaped piece of iron used by foun- 
ders. 

gaggle (gag'gl), v.i. to make a noise 
like a goose; cackle. 

gahnite (gan'it), n. a greenish and 
dark-brown mineral; zinc-spinel. 
Also automolite. 

gaiety (ga/e-ti), n. same as gayety. 

gaily (ga'li), adv. same as gayly. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GAIN 



361 



GALLIC 



jain (gan), n. advantage; profit; a 
mortise: v.t. to obtain, as profit or 
advantage; earn; win; arrive at: 
v.i. to improve or make progress; 
increase ;_ advance. [Icelandic] 

gainsay (gan-sa'), v.t. [p.l. & p.p. gain- 
said, p.pr. gainsaying], to contra- 
dict; speak against; oppose. 

gairish, same as garish. 

gait (gat), n. manner of walking; 
way or course. 

gaiter (gat'er), n. a covering of cloth 
for the ankle, fitting over the top 
of the boot' a shoe with a cloth 
top. 

gala (ga/la), n. a festive show; pomp. 

galactic (ga-lak'tik), adj. pertaining 
to the secretion or flow of milk; per- 
taining to the Milky Way. 

galactine (gal-ak'ten), n. a gelatin- 
ous body resembling peptone, con- 
tained in milk and blood. 

galanga (ga-lang'ga) , n. the name for 
various species of Alpinia, from the 
rootstocks of which an aromatic 
medicine, used in China, is obtained. 

galantine (gal-an-ten'), n. a dish com- 
posed of chickens, veal, or other 
white meat, boned, seasoned, tied 
up, boiled, truffled, and served cold 
in its own jelly. [French.] 

galatea (gal-a-te'a) , n. a cotton fabric 
with blue and white stripes. 

Galaxy (gal'aks-i), n. the Milky Way. 

galaxy, n. an assemblage of splendid 
persons or things. 

galbanum (gal'ba-num), n. an odor- 
ous and bitter gum resin used in 
medicine. 

gale (gal), n. a strong wind, less violent 
than a tempest; a quarrel; noisy 
merriment; bog myrtle. 

galeate (ga/le-at), adj. wearing, cov- 
ered with, or shaped like, a helmet. 

galena (ga-le'na), n. sulphide of lead. 

galiot (gal'i-ot), n. a heavily-built 
iwo-masted trading vessel. 

galipot (gai'i-pot), n. a white resinous 
juice which exudes from pine trees. 

gall (gawl), n. the bile; anything 
very bitter; malignant feeling; ran- 
cor; the gall-bladder; the morbid 
excrescence of plants caused by in- 
sects; gall-nut; a wound caused by 
friction; low-lying marshland wich 
rank vegetation: v.t. to break the 
skin of by friction; wear away; 



vex; fret; harass; impregnate with 
an infusion of gall-nuts: v.i. to fret: 
be vexed, &c. 

gallant (gal'ant), adj. brave; high- 
spirited; chivalrous: n. a person of 
sprightly and gay manners; a beau. 

gallant (gal-anf), adj. showing cour- 
tesy and respectful deference to 
women: n. a man who is attentive 
to women (used either in a good 
or bad sense): v.t. to pay court to; 
accompany or escort. 

gallantly (gal'ant-li) , adv. bravely 
(gal-ant'li) , politely. 

gallantry (gal'ant-ri) , n. [pi. gallant- 
ries (gal'ant-riz) ], bravery; heroic 
courage ; polite and deferential atten- 
tion to women; court paid to women 
for immoral purposes; intrigue. 

gallate (gal 'at), n. a salt of gallic acid. 

galiatin (gal'a-tin), n. coal tar oil used 
in the Bethell process for preserving 
timber. 

galleass (gal'e-as), n. a large low-built 
three-masted vessel propelled by 
sails and oars, and carrying twency 
or more guns. 

galleon (gal'e-on), n. a large Spanish 
three-decked vessel, formerly used 
as a warship, or as a merchantman 
for trading to South America. 

galleried (gal'er-id), adj. furnished 
w T ith galleries. 

gallery (gal'er-i), n. [pi. galleries 
(gal'er-iz)], a long apartment serving 
as a means of communication to 
others; corridor; the upper seats of 
a theater, church, assembly-room, 
&c; a building, or room, used for 
the exhibition of works of art, &c; 
a covered passage in a w T ork for de- 
fense, or for communication; a bal- 
cony at the stern of a large ship. 

galley (gal'i), n. [pi. galleys (gal'iz)], 
a low, flat, one-decked vessel pro- 
pelled by oars, and sometimes with 
sails, formerly rowed by slaves or 
convicts; an open boat used by 
British men-of-war, river police, and 
customs officers; the cook-house of 
a ship ; a flat, oblong frame for hold- 
ing composed type. 

Gallic (gal'ik), adj. pertaining to an- 
cient Gaul, or modern France. 

gallic •acid (as'id), n. an organic 
crystalline compound found in gall- 
nuts, tea, &e. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GALLICAN 



362 



GAMBOISED 



Galilean (gal'i-kan), adj. pertaining 
to Gaul, or France, or the Roman 
Caoholic Church in France. 

Gallicism (gal'i-sizm) , n. a French 
idiom. 

Gallicize (gal'i-siz), v.t. to conform 
to the French idiom. 

galling (gawl'ing), p. adj. chafing; 
irritating. 

gallinipper (gal'i-nip-er) , n. a large 
mosquito. 

gallipot (gal'i-pot), n. a small glazed 
earthenware jar. 

gallium (gal'i-um), n. a metallic ele- 
ment. 

gallivant (gal'i-vant), v.i. to flirt; idle 
or gad about with women. 

gallivat (gal'i-vat), # n. a large, two- 
masted, quick-sailing boat, used by 
Malay pirates. 

gallnut (gawl'nut), n. a round ex- 
crescence produced on the oak by 
the puncturing of the leaf -buds by 
an insect, the gall-beetle. The gall 
contains tannin, and is used in the 
manufacture of ink, dyeing, &c. 

gallon (gal'un), n. a liquid measure 
= 4 quarts: a dry measure = l-3th 
of a bushel. 

galloon (gal-oon'), n. a cotton, silk, or 
worsted fabric used for dress trim- 
mings; a. thin tape made of metal 
woven in silk, worsced, &c, used for 
uniforms. 

gallop (gal'up), n. the rapid forward 
springing movement of a horse; the 
act of riding at a gallop: v.i. to run 
with leaps, like a horse; ride a 
horse at a gallop; hasten. 

gallopade (gal-o-pad') , < n. a lively 
dance; music appropriate to it; a 
curvetting or sidelong gallop. 

galloper (gal'up-er), w. one who 
gallops. 

galloway (gal'o-wa), n. a small horse 
bred at Galloway m Scotland. 

gallows (garoz), n. a wooden struc- 
ture consisting of two uprights with 
a cross bar on the top; used for hang- 
ing criminals; execution by hanging. 

gallstone (gawl'ston), n. a concre- 
tion formed in the gall bladder or 
biliary duct. 

galoot (ga-loot') , n. a term in Ameri- 
can slang having various shades of 
meaning, as with the other words, 
"chap," " fellow," "cur," "cuss," 



"bloke," "buffer," &c, not neces- 
sarily denoting dislike but rather a 
lack of respect. 

galore (ga-lor'), adv. in great plenty. 
[Erse.] 

galosh (ga-losh'), n. an overshoe of 
india-rubber. Also golosh. 

galvanic (gal T van'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to galvanism; voltaic; spasmodic. 

galvanic- psych ometer (gal-van 'ik- 
si-kom'e-ter) , n. an electrical device 
for detection of falsehood. 

galvanism (gal'van-izm) , n. that 
branch of electric science which 
treats of currents arising from the 
chemical action of certain bodies 
placed in contact, or an acid on a 
metal. Named from the Italian 
scientist, Luigi Galvani (1737-1798), 
the discoverer of universal elec- 
tricity. 

gal vano graph y (gal-va-nog'ra-fi) , n. 
a method of reproducing by the elec- 
trotype process copies of stone and 
metal objects, so as to resemble 
a copper-plate engraving. 

galvanometer (gal-va-nom'e-ter) , n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
presence, extent, and direction of 
an electric current. 

galvanometry (gal-va-nom'e-tri), n. 
the art, science, or process of measur- 
ing currents of electricity. 

galvanoscope (gal-van'os 7 kop) , n. an 
instrument for measuring delicate 
currents of electricity. 

gambler (gam'ber), n. a vegetable 
extract used medicinally as an as- 
tringent, and for tanning and dyeing. 

gambit (gam'bit), n. an opening in 
chess in which a pawn, or piece, is 
sacrificed to obtain a favorable posi- 
tion for the action of the more im- 
portant pieces. 

gamble (gam'bl), v.i. to practice gam- 
ing; play for money; risk money on 
an event or contingency: v.t. to 
squander in gaming (with away). 

gambler (gam'bler), n. one who 
gambles, ^specially one who gambles 
as a business. 

gamboge (gam-boj'), n. a yellow gum- 
resin obtained from Cambodia, used 
as a pigment, and as a drastic pur- 
gative. 

gamboised (gam'boizd), adj. quilted 
or padded. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GAMBOL 



363 



GARDEN 



gambol (gam'bol), n. a dancing or 
skipping about for joy or sport; 
frolic: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gamboled, 
p.pr. gamboling], to skip about 
sportively; frolic. 

gambrel (gam'brel), n. the hock of a 
horse; a bent stick, resembling a 
horse's leg, used by butchers. 

gambrel-roof (gam-brel-roof ') , n. a 
curved roof. 

game (gam), n. a sport or diversion; 
fun; frolic; a single match at play; 
the advantage required in order to 
win; wild animals pursued and 
killed by shooting or hunting; any 
object of pursuit: pi. athletic con- 
tests: adj. . pertaining to game; 
ready; plucky: v.i. to play at any 
sport or diversion; play for a 
stake. 

game-cock (gam'kok), n. a cock bred 
and trained for fighting. 

game-fowl (gam'foul), n. one of a 
breed of fancy poultry, of a pugna-= 
cious disposition, kept for fighting. 

gamely (gam'li), adv. pluckily. 

gamesome (gam'sum), adj. merry; 
sportive. 

gamey (gam'i), adj. having the flavor 
of game. 

gamin (gam'in), n. a precocious street 
chijd; street Arab. 

gaming (gam/ing), n. the act of play- 
ing games for stakes; gambling. 

gammon (gam'un), v.t. to impose upon 
(a person by inducing him to believe 
improbable stories), hoax; to de- 
feat at the game of backgammon; 
cure by salting and smoking; attach 
or fix a bowsprit to a ship : n. a hoax; 
imposition; the buttock of a hog 
salt 3d and smoked: inter j. nonsense! 

gamut (gam'ut), n. the lines and 
spaces upon which musical notes 
are written or printed: hence entire 
range or extent. 

gander (gan'der), n. a male goose. 

gang (gang), n. persons associated 
for some purpose; a part of a ship's 
crew selected for special duty; a 
lode or course; a discreditable po- 
litical faction; the matrix in which 
an ore is imbedded. 

gangboard (gang'bord), n. a plank 
with pieces of wood fastened on it 
for going on board a vessel. 

ganger (ganger), n. the foreman of a 



gang of workmen, especially of nav- 
vies or platelayers. 

ganglion (gan'gli-on) , n. [pi. ganglia 
(gan'gli-a), ganglions (gan'gli-onz)], 
a healthy and natural enlargement in 
the course of a nerve; an encysted 
tumor on a tendon, a weeping 
sinew. 

ganglionic (gan-gli-on'ik), adj. per- 
taining to a ganglion. 

gangrene (gan'gren), n. the first state 
of mortification: v.t. to mortify: 
v.i. to become mortified. 

gangrenous (gan'gre-nus), adj. mor- 
tifying. 

gangster (gang'ster), n. a desperate 
character, one of a gang, especially 
used of the East Side of New York. 

gangway (gang'wa). n. a passage, way, 
or avenue, into or out of any inclosed 
space; that part of a ship's side, 
within or without, by which persons 
enter or depart; the part of a ves- 
sel on the spar deck, forming a pas- 
sage along each side, from the quar- 
ter deck to the forecastle; more 
properly termed the waist. 

gannet (gan'et), n. a species of sea- 
bird allied to the pelican, and weigh- 
ing about seven pounds. 

gantlet, same as gauntlet. 

gaol, same as jail. 

gap (gap), n. an opening; cleft; 
passage; hiatus; breach: v : t. [p.t. 
& p.p. gapped, p.pr. gapping], to 
make a gap in. 

gape (gap), v.i. to open the mouth 
wide, as from drowsiness, wonder, 
&c; yawn; open as a fissure or 
chasm: n. yawn; the opening be- 
tween the mandibles of birds: pi. 
a disease in poultry. 

garage (ga-razh'), n. a stable or sta- 
tion for automobiles; from the 
French garer to shelter or secure. 

garb (garb), n. sl dress; external 
form: v.t. to clothe. 

garbage (garb'aj), n. offal; refuse. 

garble (gar'bl), v.t. to cleanse by 
sifting; select such parts of as are 
wanted or may serve some particu- 
lar purpose. 

garboard (gar'bord), n. the first plank 
fastened to the keel on the outside. 

garcon (gar-song'), n. a boy; waiter. 
[French.] 

garden (g'ir^dn), n. a piece of ground 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



GARDENER 



364 



GASELIER 



set apart for the cultivation of flow- 
ers, fruit, vegetables, &c.; a place 
specially delightful or fertile: v.t. 
to cultivate as a garden: v.i. to lay 
out and cultivate a garden. 

gardener (gar'dn-er), n. one who 
tends a garden. 

gare (gar), n. coarse wool growing 
on the legs of sheep. 

garfish (gar'fish), n. a marine fish 
with a long body and spear-like 
snout. 

Gargantuan (gar-gan'tu-an) , adj. 
gluttonous ; monstrous ; derived from 
the hero of Rabelais' novel. > 

garget (gar'get), n. a disease in cattle. 

gargle (gar'gl), n. a medicinal liquid 
for washing the throat and mouth: 
v.i. to wash the throat and mouth 
with a gargle. 

gargoyle (gar'goil), n. in Gothic 
architecture, a projecting stone 
waterspout, often in the form of a 
grotesquely-shaped man or animal. 
[Old French.] # 

garibaldi (gar-i-bal'di) , n. a loose 
blouse-shaped - shirt, usually red, 
named after the Italian adventurer, 
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882). 

garish (gar'ish), adj. gaudy; dazzling. 

garland (gar'land), n. a chaplet or 
wreath made of flowers, &c, a col- 
lection of choice extracts, of prose 
or poetry; a netted provision-bag 
used by sailors; in heraldry, a 
wreath of laurel, or oak-leaves and 
acorns: v.t. to deck or adorn with 
a garland. 

garlic (gar'lik), n. a bulbous-rooted 
plant of the lily family, with a 
strong pungent taste and smell that 
is unpleasant to many. 

garment (gar'ment), n. any article of 
clothing: pi. clothing collectively. 

garner (gar'ner), n. a granary: v.t. to 
store for preservation in, or as in, 
a granary; gather up. 

garnet (gar'net), n. a precious stone. 

garnish (gar'nish), v.t. to adorn; em- 
bellish with something laid round a 
dish: n. an ornament or decoration; 
something laid round a dish as an 
embellishment. g 

garnishee (gar-nish-e') , n. the person 
in whose hands the property of an- 
other is attached pending the satis- 
faction of the claims of a third party. 



garnishment (gar'nish-ment), n an 
embellishment; a warning or sum- 
mons; especially a notice to a party 
not to pay money, &c, to a de- 
fendant, but to appear in court. 

garniture (gar'ni-tur) , n. embellish- 
ment. 

garpike (gar'plk), n. the garfish. 

garret (gar'et), n. the uppermost 
room of a house. 

garrison (gar'i-sn), n. a body of troops 
stationed in a fort or fortified place; 
a fortified place with troops, guns, 
&c: v.t. to furnish (a fortified place) 
with troops. 

garrot (gar'ot), n. a kind of tourniquet ; 
a sea-duck. 

garrote (gar-rot'), n. an instrument 
for strangling a criminal: used in 
Spain; strangulation: v.t. to exe- 
cute with a garrote or by stran- 
gling; seize by the throat so as to 
render a person helpless and then 
to rob him. 

garroter (gar-rot'er), n. one who is 
guilty of the crime of garroting. 

garrulity (gar-roo'li-ti), n. incessant 
and inconsequent loquacity. 

garrulous (gar'u-lus), adj. character- 
ized by garrulity; verbose. 

garter (gar'ter), n. an elastic band, 
&c, by which a stocking is held up 
on the leg; the distinctive badge of 
the Order of the Garter, the highest 
order of British knighthood (insti- 
tuted about 1348 by Edward III.) : 
v.t. to bind or fasten with a garter; 
invest with the Order of the Garter. 

garter-fish (gar'ter-fish), n. a long 
thin-bodied fish. 

garter- snake (gar'ter-snak), n. an 
innocuous yellow striped snake, 
common in America. 

garth (garth), n. a fish-weir. 

gas (gas),n. [pi. gases (gas'ez)], mat- 
ter in its most rarefied state: op- 
posed to fluid, and solid; carburet- 
ted hydrogen used for lighting and 
cooking; empty talk: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. gassed, p.pr. gassing], to im- 
pose upon by empty talk: v.i. to 
boast or indulge in empty talk. 

gasconade (gas-kun-ad'), n. boastful 
or blustering talk: v.u to bluster; 
boast. 

gaselier (gas'e-ler), n. a gas-burning 
chandelier. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GASEOUS 



365 



GAUGER 



gaseous (gas'e-us), adj. having the na- 
ture or form of gas. 

gash (gash), n. a deep or gaping 
wound: v.t. to cut deep. 

gasify (gas'i-fi), v.L {p.t. & p.p. gas- 
ified, p.pr. gasifying], to convert 
into gas. 

gasket (gas'ket), n. a flat plaited cord 
by which the sails are furled or tied 
to the yard; hemp, &c, used for 
packing the piston of a steam-engine, 
&c; a thin round piece of rubber, 
metal, &c, placed between two flat 
surfaces to make a water-tight joint. 

gasogene (gas'o-jen), n. an apparatus 
for making aerated beverages. 

gasolier, another form of gaselier. m 

gasoline (gas'o-len), n. a volatile in- 
flammable colorless product of pe- 
troleum: used for heating purposes, 
&c. 

gasometer (gas-om'e-ter) , n. a circu- 
lar hollow reservoir for storing gas, 
open at the bottom and closed at 
the top; an apparatus for measuring 
gases. 

gasometry (gas-om'e-tri), n. the 
science or process of measuring gas. 

gasoscope (gas'o-skop) , n. an instru- 
ment for detecting the presence of 
inflammable gas. 

gasp (gasp), n. a convulsed pain- 
ful effort to catch the breath: v.i. 
to catch the breath with difficulty; 
crave earnestly: v.t. to breathe out 
in gasps (with away). 

gasping (gasp'ing), n. convulsive or 
difficult breathing. 

gassing (gas'ing), n. pretentious talk. 

gassy (gas'i) ,adj. impregnated with gas ; 
given to pretentious talk; inflated. 

gastero, a Greek prefix, meaning the 
stomach: found in various compound 
scientific words, as gasteropod. Also 
gastro. 

Gasteropoda (gas-ter-op'o-da), n.pl. 
a division of univalve mollusks, 
which move by means of a broad 
muscular foot under the belly, in- 
cluding the snails and slugs. Also 
gastropod. 

gasteropodous (gas-ter-op'o-dus), adj. 
pertaining to the gasteropoda. 

gastralgia (gas-tral'ji-a), n. neuralgia 
of the stomach; stomachache. 

gastric (gas'trik), adj. pertaining to 
the stomach. [Greek.] 



gastric juice (jus), n. a thin acid fluid 
secreted in the mucous membrane 
of the stomach; the chief agent in 
digestion. 

gastritis (gas-tri'tis) n. inflammation 
of the stomach. 

gastro- cephalitis (gas-tro-sef-a-ll'tis) , 
n. inflammation of the stomach and 
brain. 

gastro- enteritis (gas-tro-en-te-rl'tis) , 
n. inflammation of the stomach and 
intestines. 

gastronomic (gas-tro-nom'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to gastronomy. Also g as- 
tronomical. 

gastr onomically (gas-tro-nom 'i-ka- 
li), adv. in a gastronomic manner. 

gastronomist (gas-tron'o-mist) , n. an 
epicure. 

gastronomy (gas-tron'o-mi) , n. the 
art of good eating, or the prepara- 
tion of food. 

gatch (_gach), n. plaster. 

gate (gat), n. a frame of wood, iron, 
&c, closing an entrance or passage, 
usually moving on hinges; a large 
entrance to a city, castle, &c; an 
avenue; entrance; power. 

gather (ga£/i'er), v.t. to assemble; 
collect; bring into one' place; pick 
up; glean; pluck; accumulate; puck- 
er or plait; infer: v.i. to congregate ; 
generate pus; increase; ripen: n. 
a plait or pucker in cloth, made by 
drawing thread through the folds. 

gathering (ga^/i'er-ing), n. the act of 
assembling together; an assemblage; 
a charitable contribution; an ab- 
scess or suppurating tumor. 

gatling gun (gat'ling gun), n. a 
cannon with numerous small barrels, 
which are discharged in succession 
by turning a handle. Named from 
Dr. R. J. Gatling, of Indiana, who 
invented it in 1861. 

gaud (gawd), n. finery ; ornament. 

gaudily (gaw'di-li), adv. in a gaudy 
manner. 

gaudiness (gaw'di-nes) , n. the quality 
of being gaudy. 

gaudy (gaw'di), adj. [comp. gaudier, 
superl. gaudiest], showy; vulgarly 
gay or fine. 

gauge (gaj^, same as gage. 

gauger (gaj'er), n. one who gauges; 
an officer of excise who ascertains 
the contents of casks. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, ^en. 



GAUGING 



366 



GEMEL-WINDOW 



gauging (gaj'ing), n. the art or science 
of measuring the contents of ves- 
sels of capacity. 

Gaul (gawl), n. an inhabitant of an- 
cient Gaul or France. 

gaunt (gant), adj. pinched and lean. 

gauntlet (gant'let), n. a military 
or naval punishment, formerly prac- 
ticed, by which the culprit was 
compelled to run between two lines 
of soldiers or sailors, who chastised 
him with rods, ropes, &c; a series 
of unpleasant events; "running the 
gauntlet" was a common torture 
among the American Indians; a 
mailed glove, or one with a long 
wrist-extension. Also gantlet. 

gauntleted* (gant'let-ed), adj. wear- 
ing a gauntlet. 

gaur (gawr), n. a large, fierce, dark- 
colored ox found in Indian jungles; 
Bengal bison. 

Gautama (gou-ta-ma/) , n. a Vedic 
tribe or race from which Buddha de- 
scended. The name is also given 
to Buddha himself. See Buddha. 

gauze (gawz), n. a very thin light 
transparent silk or cotton fabric; 
light open-work material, as wire 
gauze. 

gauzy (gaw'zi), adj. thin and semi- 
transparent, like gauze. 

gave (gav), p.t. of give. 

gavel (gav'el), n. a small mallet; a 
small unbound sheaf; toll or cus- 
tom: v.t_. to bind into sheaves. 

gavial (ga'vi-al), n. a crocodile with a 
long slender snout. 

gavot or gavotte (ga-vof), n. a lively, 
but dignified, dance of the minuet 
class; a dance-tune in common time. 
[French.] 

gawk (gawk), n. a simpleton. 

gawkiness (gaw'ki-nes), n. the state of 
being gawky. 

gawky (gaw'ki), adj. awkward; un- 
gainly: n. a tall awkward person. 

gay(ga), adj. lively; merry; full of 
spirits; cheerful; Sportive; given to 
pleasure; licentious. [French.] 

gayety (ga/e-ti), n. [pi. gayeties (ga'e- 
tiz], the state or quality of being gay; 
merriment; pleasure. 

gayly (ga/li), adv. merrily; finely. 

gaze (gaz), v.i, to look earnestly and 
fixedly: n. a steady, fixed look. 

gazelle (ga-zel'), n. a small, elegant, 



swift-footed antelope, with large, 
soft, black eyes. [Arabic] 

gazette (ga-zef), n. English govern- 
ment bi-weekly newspaper contain- 
ing official announcements; news- 
paper: v.t. to publish in a gazette. 

gazetteer (gaz-e-ter'), n. a diction- 
ary of geographical names. 

gear (ger), n. accoutrements; ap- 
paratus; tackle; harness; dress; the 
moving parts of machinery: v.t. to 
put gearon; harness; dress. 

gearing (ger'ing) , n. a train of toothed 
wheels for transmitting motion; 
ropes and tackle. 

gear-wheel(ger'hwel), n. a cog-wheel. 

gecko (gek'o) , n. the wall-liaard. 

gee (je), v.i. to turn to the off side 
(common to cattle or horses) ; to 
move ; stir. See haw. 

geese (ges), vl. of goose. 

gelatin (jel a-tin),' n. a transparent 
nitrogenous animal substance found 
in bones, hoofs, connective tissue, 
etc., from which it is extracted by 
boiling, etc.; animal jelly. Also gel- 
atine. 

gelatinate (jel-at'i-nat), v.t. to con- 
vert into gelatin or a jelly-like sub- 
stance: v.i. to be converted into gel- 
atin. Also gelatinize. 

gelatinous (jel-at'i-nus), adj. consist- 
ing of or resembling gelatin. 

gelatin process (pro'ses,) n.a method 
of photo-engraving by taking a neg- 
ative on a gelatin film impregnated 
with a bichromate. 

gelation (je-la'shun), n. solidification. 

geld (geld), v.t. to castrate: said of 
horses; deprive of any essential 
part. 

gelding (gel'ding), n. castration; a 
young horse which has been cas- 
trated. 

gelid (jel'id), adj. intensely cold; icy. 

gelidity (jel-id'i-ti),~ n. intense cold; 
iciness. 

gelose (jel'os), n. a vegetable gum- 
my isinglass prepared from seaweed 
and Chinese moss. 

gem (jem), n. a precious stone; leaf- 
bud; any perfect or rare, object; 
jewel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gemmed, p.pr. 
gemming], to adorn with, or as with, 
gems. 

gemel- window ( j em-el- win'do), n. 
a window with two bays. 



ate, 'arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GEMINATE 



367 



GENET 



geminate (jem'i-nat), adj. growing or 
occurring in pairs. 

gemination (jem-i-na'shun), n. dupli- 
cation. 

Gemini (jem'i-nl), n.pl. one of the 
signs in the zodiac (Castor and 
Pollux) ; the Twins. 

gemmule (jem'ul), n. a small bud; an 
ovule; a kind of cell produced by 
certain molds. 

gemmy (jem'i), adj. full of, set with, 
or resembling, a gem; spruce. 

gemot (ge-mot'), n. an assembly; 
the court of the hundred, or local 
court, among the Anglo-Saxons. 

gemsbok (gemz'bok), n. the South 
African antelope. [Dutch.] 

genappe (je-nap'), n. a smooth 
worsted yarn, used for fringes, &c. 

gendarme (zhang-darm'), n. [pi. gen- 
darmes], in France and Belgium, 
an armed policeman. 

gendarmerie (zhang-darm'e-re) , n. 
gendarmes collectively. 

gender (jen'der), n. the grammatical 
distinction of sex, expressed by suf- 
fixes, prefixes, or by a different word : 
v.t. to produce: and engender. 

genealogical (je-ne- or jen-e-a-loj'i- 
kal), adj. pertaining to genealogy; 
exhibiting descent. 

genealogist (jen-e-al'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in tracing pedigrees or 
genealogy. 

genealogize (jen-e-al'o-jlz), v.i. to 
trace family lineage. 

genealogy (jen-e-al'o-ji), n. [j)l. gene- 
alogies (jen-e-al'o-jiz)], family pedi- 
gree ; lineage ; the science that 
treats of tracing pedigrees. 

genera, pi. of genus. 

general (jen'er-al), adj. relating to a 
whole genus, kind, class, order, or 
race ; not special or particular ; 
pertaining to the majority; not re- 
stricted; usual; ordinary; common; 
extensive but not universal; indefi- 
nite; taken as a whole; senior or 
highest, as Postmaster-General: n. 
the whole; the chief part; a general 
principle or statement; the popu- 
lace; the commander of an army di- 
vision or brigade; the highest title 
in the army of the United States ; 
the chief of a religious order; the 
roll of a drum to summon troops 
[usually generate]. [Latin.] 



generalissimo (jen-er-al-is'i-mo), fu 
a commander-in-chief. [Italian.] 

generality (jen-er-al'i-ti), n. [pi. gen* 
eralities (jen-er-al'i-tiz)], the state 
of being general: opposed to specific; 
bulk; majority. 

generalization (jen-er-al-i-za'shun) 9 
n. the act- or result of generalizing; aB 
induction. 

generalize (jen'er-al-iz), v.t. to reduce 
to, or arrange in, a genus or genera; 
infer inductively, as a general prin 
ciple from particular instances. 

generally (jen'er-a-li) , adv. commonly \ 
in the main ; without exact limi- 
tation. 

generalship (jen'er-al-ship), n. the 
office, rank, or military skill of a 
general; skilful tactics or leadership, 

generate (jen'er-at), v.t. to produce; 
procreate; originate; trace out or 
form by motion. 

generation (jen-er-a'shun), n. the act 
or process of generating; a single 
succession in natural descent ; people 
of the same period; progeny. 

generative (jen'er-a-tiv) adj. pertain- 
ing to generation; having the power 
to generate. 

generator (jen'er-a-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, generates ; a machine 
in which steam or gas is produced; 
the principal sound or sounds by 
which other musical sounds are pro- 
duced. 

generic (je-ner'ik), adj. pertaining 
to a genus, kind, or class: opposed 
to specific; comprehensive. Also 
generical. 

generically (je-ner'i-ka-li), adv. with 
respect to a genus or generic charac- 
teristics. 

generosity (jen-er-os'i-ti), n. [pi. gen- 
erosities (jen-er-os'i-tiz)], the qual- 
ity of being generous; liberality; 
magnanimity; munificence. 

generous (jen'er-us), adj. character- 
ized by liberality; munificent; boun- 
tiful ; high-minded ; honorable ; strong ; 
stimulating. 

genesis (jen'e-sis), n. the act or process 
of producing or originating; begin- 
ning. 

genet (jen-et'), n. an animal allied to 
the civet, valued for its fur; the fu? 
of a cat made in imitation of genet s 
Also genette. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book., 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GENET 



368 



GEOGRAPHER 



genet (jen'et), n. a small Spanish 
horse. Also jennet. 

genetic (je-net'ik), adj. pertaining to 
or based on genesis. 

genial (je'ni-al), adj. kindly and sym- 
pathetic in disposition; cordial; con- 
tributing to cheerfulness and life; 
agreeably warm and cheerful. 

geniality (jeVui-al'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being genial; cheerfulness. 

geniculate (je-nik'u-lat), adj. having 
knee-like joints. 

genie, (je'ne), same as jinn. [Arabic] 

genii, pi. of genius. 

genital (jen'i-tal), adj. pertaining to 
generation. 

genitival (jen-i-te'val), adj. pertain- 
ing to the genitive case. 

genitive (jen'i-tiv), n. a grammatical 
case, indicating origin, possession, or 
relation. [Latin.] 

genius (jen'ius), n. innate bent of 
mind or disposition; remarkable 
aptitude or natural endowment for 
some special pursuit, &c; character 
or essential principle; embodiment; 
a person possessed of high mental 
powers or faculties [pi. geniuses 
(jen / ius-ez)],agoodorevil spirit sup- 
posed to preside over the destinies 
of men [pi. genii (jen'e-e)]. 

genoblast (jen'o-blast) , n. the nu- 
cleus of an impregnated ovum. m 

Genoese (jen-o-ez'), adj. pertaining 
to Genoa, or to its inhabitants. 
Also Genovese. 

genre (zhang'r), n. a style of paint- 
ing or sculpture representing some 
scene of common life. 

gens (jenz), n. [pi. gentes (jen'tez)], 
among the ancient Romans, a clan, 
house, or subdivision of a curia. 

genteel (jen-tel'), adj. graceful or ele- 
gant in manners or dress; polite; 
well bred. 

gentian (jen'shian), n. a bitter herb 
with tonic roots. 

Gentile (jen'til), adj. belonging to a 
non- Jewish people: n. one who is 
not a Jew. 

gentility (jen-til'i-ti), n. [pi. gentilities 
(jen-tiri-tiz)], high or gentle birth; 
good breeding; social status and re- 
finement. [Latin-French.] 

gentle (jen'tl), adj. mild and refined in 
manner and disposition; kindly; 
moderate in action; peaceful; docile; 



easy; well born or descended: n. the 
larva of the flesh-fly; a trained fal- 
con. 

gentle-folk (jen'tl-folk) , n.pl persona 
of good birth and breeding. 

gentleman (jen'tl-man), n. [pi. gentle- 
men (jen'tl-men)], one wlio is en- 
titled to bear a coat of arms; a well- 
bred and honorable man; a person 
of independent income; a term of 
politeness, used in addressing an as- 
sembly. 

gentlewoman (jen'tl-woom'an), n. 
[pi. gentlewomen (jen'tl-wim'en)], a 
woman of good birth and breeding; 
a lady. 

gently (jen'tli), adv. in a gentle man- 
ner. 

gentry (jen'tri), n. the upper class of 
society. [French.] 

genuflection (jen-u-flek'shun), n. 
bending of the knee, especially Ui 
worship. Also genuflexion. 

genuine (jen'u-in), adj. real; linaduV 
terated; belonging to, or derived 
from, the original or true stock; 
not hypocritical; open. 

genus (je'nus), n. [pi. genera (jen'- 
er-a)], that which has under it sev- 
eral species or sub-genera, having 
certain common characteristics; in 
logic, a class made up of two or 
more species or subordinate classes. 

geo, a prefix, meaning earth, forming 
the first element of many scientific 
words, as greobotanical, pertaining to 
geographical botany. [Greek.] 

geocentric (je-o-sen'trik) , adj. per- 
taining to the center of the earth; 
having the earth as the center; 
viewed from the earth as a center. 

geode (je'od), n. a rounded nodule of 
stone, usually hollow and lined with 
crystals. 

geodesy (je-od'e-si),*n. the science of 
measuring large portions of the 
earth's surface; the determination 
of the earth's figure and size. 

geodetic ( je-o-det'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, determined by, or carried out by, 
geodesy. Also geodetical. 

geodetically (je-o-det'i-ka-li), adv. by 
geodesy. 

geodetic line (lin), n. the shortest 
line between any two points on the 
earth's surface. 

geographer (je-og'ra-fer), n. one who 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GEOGRAPHICAL 



369 



GESTICULATOR 



is versed in, or a writer on, geog- 
raphy . 

geographical (je-o-graf'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to geography. 

geographically (je-o-graf'i-ka-li), adv. 
with reference to geography. 

geography (je-o 'ra-fi), n. [pi. geog- 
raphies (je-og'ra-fiz)J, the science 
that describes the surface of the 
earth, and its division into conti- 
nents, kingdoms, &c. [Greek.] 

geological (je-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to geology. 

geologically (je-o-loj'i-ka-li), adv. ac- 
cording to_geology. 

geologist (je-ol'o-jist), n. one versed 
in geology. 

geology (je-ol'o-ji), n. the science that 
investigates the structure of the 
earth, the successive physical 
changes it has undergone, and the 
causes which have operated in pro- 
ducing such alterations in the crust 
of the globe. [Greek.] 

geometer (je-om'e-ter), n. a geometri- 
cian. 

geometric (je-o-met'rik), adj. pertain- 
ing to geometry. Also geometri- 
cal. 

geometrician (je-om-e-trish'an), n. 
one who is skilled in geometry. 

geometry (je-om'e-tri), n. that branch 
of mathematics that treats of the 
measurements of lines, angles, sur- 
faces, and solids^ [Greek.] 

geophagism (je-of'a-jizm), n. the 
habit of earth - eating, common 
among some Indian and negro tribes, 
and in South Australia. [Greti:.] 

georgic (jor'jik), adj. pertaining to 
husbandry or rural: n. a poem on 
agriculture. [Greek.] 

geotropism (je-ot'ro-pizm) , n. a ten- 
dency in the roots of certain plants 
to turn in the direction of the earth. 

geranium (je-ra/ni-um) , n. a plant of 
various species, cultivated for its 
handsome scarlet or white flowers. 

germ (jerm), n. the rudimentary form 
of an organism; origin; first prin- 
ciple. [French.] 

German (jer'man), adj. pertaining to 
Germany, its inhabitants, or lan- 
guage [Celtic-Latin] ; of the same 
stock or parentage; germane. 

germander (jer-man'der), n. a wild 
plant of the mint family with a blue 



flower, used sometimes as a substi- 
tute for hops. 

germane (jer-man'), adj. related; 
akin; relevant; appropriate. 

Germanic (jer-man'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to Germany; Teutonic. 

Germanism (jer'man-izm), n. a Ger- 
man idiom, custom, or character- 
istic; love of German institutions. 

germanium (jer-ma/ni-um), n. one of 
the metallic elements. 

Germanize (jer'man-Iz), v.t. to make 
German, in language, customs, &c. 

German- millet (jer'man-mil'et), n. 
an edible grain obtained from a 
grass. 

German-silver (jer'man-sil'ver), n. a 
white alloy of zinc, nickel, and copper. 

German-text (jeVman-tekst'), n. a 
black letter type similar to Old 
English and modern German. 

germicide (jer'mi-sld) , n. a sub- 
stance used to destroy disease 
germs. [Latin.] 

germinal (jeVmi-nal), adj. pertaining 
to a germ or seed-bud. 

Germinal (zher-mi-nar), n. a month 
in the French Revolutionary Calen- 
dar; March 21st to Arpil 19th. 

germinant (jer'mi-nant), adj. sprout- 
ing; gradually developing. 

germinate (jer'mi-nat), v.i. to sprout 
or bud; begin to develop into a 
higher form. 

germination (jer-mi-na/shun), n. the 
first act of growth in a seed, bud, or 
germ. 

germule (jer'mul), n. a small or in- 
cipient germ. 

gerrymander (ger'i-man-der) , v.t. to 
divide, as a state, voting district, 
&c, so as to give an unfair advan- 
tage to a particular political party; 
misrepresent. [American political 
slang.] 

gerund (jer'und), n. the verbal noun 
in Latin. 

gerundive (je-run'div), n. the verbal 
adjective in Latin. 

gestation (jes-ta/shun), n. pregnancy. 

gestatory (jes'ta-to-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to gestation. 

gesticulate (jes-tik'u-lat), v.i. to make 
gestures or motions, as in speaking 
or attracting attention. 

gesticulator (jes-tik'u-la-ter), n. one 
who gesticulates. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
34 hue, hut ; think, then. 



GESTURE 370 GILD 

gesture (jes'tur), n. a movement of giantism (ji'ant-izm), n. that period 

the face, body, or limbs, to express of the world's history when men were 

ideas, emotions, &c. supposed to have been giants; a 

get (get), v.t. [p.t. got, p.p. got, got- rare disease due to dropsical condi- 

ten, p.pr. getting], to obtain; pro- tions, whereby children grow to 

cure; win; gain; acquire; deserve; unusual height. 

meet with; realize; learn; pro- giaour (zhoor) , n. the term applied 

create; prevail upon; to depart by Mohammedans to unbelievers, 

[with qbj. as "get thee hence"]: v.i. especially Christians. [Turkish.] 

to arrive at; become; find time, op- gibber (jib'er), v.i. to speak inco- 

portunity, &c; depart quickly. herently. 

getter (get'er), n. one who gets or ac- gibberish (jib'er-ish), n. rapid inco- 

quires. herent talk: adj. incoherent. 

getting (get 'ing) n. acquisition; profit, gibbet (jib'et), n. a gallows: v.t. to 

get-up (get'up), n. style, as of dress, hang on a gibbet; expose to public 

&c. scorn or ridicule. 

gewgaw (gu'gaw), n. a showy trifle, gibbon (gib'un), n. a long armed 

geyser (gi'ser), n. an intermittent anthropoid ape of Southern Asia, 
not or boiling spring from which gibbosity (gib-os'i-ti) , n. [pi. gibbos- 
water or mud is ejected. Also gey- ities (gib-os'i-tiz)], a round or swell- 
sir, ing prominence. 

ghastliness (gast'li-nes) , n. the gibbous (gib'us), adj. protuberant; ir- 

quality or state of being ghastly. regularly rounded; between full and 

ghastly (gast'li), adj. death-like; pale; half -full: said of the moon; hump- 
haggard; cadaverous; horrible. backed. [Latin.] 

ghaut (gawt), n. in India, a moun- gibe (jib), n. a scoff; taunt; sneering 
tain pass; chain of mountains; a or sarcastic expression: v.t. to sneer 
flight of steps to a river, or to a at; taunt: v.i. to use gibes; cast re- 
temple where persons are burned proaches; sneer; scoff, 
after death ("burning ghaut"); ap- giblet (jib 'let), n. one of the edible 
proach; a wharf. Also ghat. internal parts of a fowl, goose, &c„ 

gherkin (ger'kin), n. a small cucum- gid (gid), n. a disease in sheep. 

ber used for pickling. [Danish.] giddiness (gid'i-nes), n. the state of 

Ghetto (get'q), n. [pi. ghettos (get'- being giddy. 

oz), ghetti (get'i)], the Jews' giddy (gid'i), adj. [comp. giddier, 

quarter. [Italian.] super] . giddiest], having a confused 

ghi or ghee (ge), n. butter clarified un- whirling sensation in the head; friv- 

til it becomes a liquid. [Hindu.] olous; fickle. 

ghittern (git'tern). See gittern. gift (gift), n. something given or be- 

ghost (gost), n. the spirit of a de- stowed; present; donation; offering; 

ceased person; apparition; the soul; benefaction; natural talent, 

breath of life; shadow; remotest gifted (gift'ed), adj. talented, 

likelihood; a false image due to gig (gig), n. a two-wheeled open 

some defect in a lens. chaise drawn by one horse; a rotary 

ghostly (gost 'li), adj. pertaining to the machine for raising nap on cloth; 

soul; spiritual; supernatural. a long ship's boat, rowed by alter- 

ghoul (gool), n. a supposed demon nate oars, and usually reserved for 

who robs graves and feeds on the the commanding officer ; a racing 

flesh of the dead. [Arabic] boat; a whirligig; a fish-gig: v.u 

giant (ji'ant), n. a man of extraor- [p.t. & y.p. gigged, p.pr. gigging], 

dinary bulk or stature; one pos- to fish with a fish-gig. 

sessed of great physical or intellec- gigantic ( ji-gan'tik) , adj. huge; co- 

tual power; one of a race of mon- lossal. 

strous size who, acc@rding to classic giggle (gig'l). #•*-. to laugh in a nerv- 

mythology, assailed the gods: adj. ous, foolish, tittering manner: n. 

like a giant; huge: fern, giantess (ji'- a nervous, silly laugh, 

ant-es). gild (gild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gilded, 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GILDING 



371 



GIRDLE 



gilt, p.pr. gilding], to overlay or 
wash with gold; give a fair external 
appearance to; illuminate: n. an- 
other form of guild. 

gilding (gild'ing), n. the art or process 
of overlaying or covering with gold; 
gold-leaf, powder, &c, applied to a 
surface; a superficial covering de- 
signed to give a fair external ap- 
pearance. 

gill (gil), n. the respiratory organ of 
aquatic animals, especially fishes; 
the wattle of a fowl; a deep, nar- 
row glen through which a rivulet 
flows: pi. the thin spore-bearing 
lamellae, or plates, under a cap of 
certain fungi, as a mushroom. 

gill (jil), n. l-4th of a pint; ground- 
ivy; a wanton girl; sweetheart. 

gilling (gil'ing), n. & salmon of the 
second year. 

gillyflower (jil'i-flou-er), n. one of 
various plants of the mustard fam- 
ily, as the wall-flower, stock, &c. 

gilt (gilt), adj. covered with, or yel- 
low like, gold: n. gilding. 

gimbal (jim'bal), n. one of two brass 
rings moving within each other at 
right angles: used for suspending a 
mariner's compass, chronometer, 
&c. 

gimcrack (jim'krak), adj. showy, but 
of no value; trumpery: n. a pretty, 
useless thing; toy. 

gimlet (gimlet), n. a small boring- 
tool with a pointed screw at the 
end: v.t. to make a hole in with a 
gimlet. 

gimp (gimp), n. kind of interlaced 
silk twist or trimming interwoven 
with wire or cord; used for furni- 
ture, dresses, &c. : v.t. to border with 
gimp. 

gin (jin), n. an aromatic alcoholic 
liquid flavored with juniper berries; 
a trap or snare; a machine for clear- 
ing cotton fibers from the seeds; a 
portable hoisting-machine; a pile- 
driving machine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
ginned, p.pr. ginning], to catch in a 
trap; clear cotton. 

ginger (jin'jer), n. the scraped and 
dried root of a pungent aromatic 
East & West Indian plant. [French.] 

gingerade (jin-jer-ad'), ?i. t an aerated 
beverage flavored with ginger. Also 
ginger-ale. 



ginger-beer (jin-jer-ber'), n. an ef- 
fervescent beverage made from 
ginger, yeast, cream of tartar, and 
sugar. 

gingerbread (jin'.ier-bred), n. sl dark 
colored cake made of flour, ginger, 
molasses, sugar, &c. 

gingerly (jin'jer-li), adv. cautiously; 
daintily. 

gingerol (jin'jer-ol), n. the active 
principle of ginger. 

gingham (ging'am), n. a cotton 
dress-cloth dyed in the yarn before 
weaving ; an umbrella. 

gingival (jin-ji'val), adj. pertaining 
to the gums. _ 

gingko (ging'ko), n. a Japanese tree 
with handsome foliage; the maiden- 
hair tree. [Japanese.] 

gin-mill (jin'mil), a bar-room. [Amer- 
ican slang.] 

gin-palace (jin'pal-as), a brilliantly 
lighted drinking place. [English 
slang.] 

ginseng (jin'seng), n. an herb with 
an aromatic root, much valued in 
China as a tonic. [Chinese.] m m . 

Gipsy (jip'si), n. [pi. Gipsies (jir/siz)], 
one of a wandering, dark-skinned, 
and dark-eyed race, of Eastern, prob- 
ably Hindu, origin; the language of 
the Gipsies (Romany) ; a person of 
dark complexion; a hoydenish girl: 
y.i. [p.t. & p.p. gipsied, p.pr. gipsy- 
ing], to picnic or camp out. in the 
woods. Also Gypsy. 

giraffe (ji-raf), n. the camelopard. 

girandole (jir'an-dol), n. a branch- 
ing chandelier; a kind of rotating 
firework. [French.] 

girasol (jir'a-sol), n. a variety of opal; 
the fire-opal. Also girasole. 

girba (gir'ba), n. a stiff leather water 
vessel, used in Africa. 

gird (gerd), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. girded, 
girt, p.pr. girding], to surround with 
a flexible substance; bind; encircle; 
gibe; taunt. 

girder (gerd'er), n. the main beam in 
a floor. 

girdle (ger'dl), n._ a belt or zone for 
the waist; anything that encompass- 
es like a girdle; a circular band 
round the shaft of a column: v.t. to 
bind with, or as with, a girdle; en- 
close; to make a cut round the bark 
of the trunk of a tree and so kill it. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GIRL 



372 



GLASS 



girl (gerl), n. a female child; young 
unmarried woman. 

girt (gert), p.t. of gird: p.adj. moored 
so taut by two cables as not to 
swing to the wind or tide. 

girth (gerth), n. the band by which 
the saddle is kept secured on a 
horse; the circumference of a tree, 
animal, &c ; anything that binds or 
encircles. 

gist (jist), n. the substance of a mat- 
ter; main point; object. 

gittern (git 'era), n. a cithern, but also 
called ghittern. 

give (giv), v.t. [p.t. gave, p.p. given, 
p.pr. giving], to bestow; confer 
without price or reward; grant; 
yield; deliver; supply; enable; emit: 
v.i. to give gifts; yield to pressure; 
grow moist: n. elasticity. 

gizzard (giz'ard), n. the muscular 
part of the intestinal canal in cer- 
tain birds. 

glabrous (gla/brus), adj. bald; 
smooth. [Latin.] 

glace (gla-sa/) , adj. iced or cooled : n. a 
thin shiny silk. [French.] 

glacial (gla/shi-al) , adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or caused by, ice. 

glaciate (gla/shi-at) , v.t. to cover over 
with, or as with, ice. 

glacier (gla'shi-er), n. avast accumula- 
tion of ice and snow found in the 
valleys and ravines of lofty moun- 
tains which moves slowly down 
the slopes till it melts or breaks off 
into icebergs. [French.] 

glacis (gla/sis), n. a sloping bank of 
earth directly in front of a fortifica- 
tion and designed for its defense; a 
protective slope on an ironclad to 
throw off hostile shot. [French.] 

glacure (gla/sur), n. sl thin glaze on 
tKe finer sorts of pottery. 

glad (glad), adj. [comp. gladder, su- 
perl. gladdest], in a state of hilarity; 
joyous; gay; pleased; cheerful; satis- 
fied. 

gladden (glad'n), v.t. to make glad: 
v.i. to rejoice. 

glade (glad), n. an open space or 
passage in a wood or forest; an 
open space surrounded by ice. 

gladiate (glad'i-at), adj. sword- 
shaped. 

gladiator (glad'i : a-ter) , n. in ancient 
Rome a professional swordsman who 



fought in the arena with other men 
or animals; a combatant. [Latin.] 

gladiatorial (glad-i-a-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to gladiators or their 
combats. 

gladiolus (gla-di'o-lus), n. the sword- 
lily. 

gladsome (glad'sum), adj. joyous; 
gay; pleased; cheerful. 

Gladstone (glad'ston or 'stun), n. a 
four-wheeled two-seated pleasure- 
carriage ; a long narrow traveling bag 
with a wide mouth. 

glair (glar), n. the white of egg, used 
as size or varnish; any sticky or 
glairy matter. 

glairy (glar'i), adj. consisting of glair. 

glaive, same as glave. 

glamour (glam'er), n. sl charm on 
the eyes causing them to see things 
differently from what they are in 
reality; fascination; witchery: v.t. 
to fascinate. Also glamor. 

glance (glans), n. a sudden shoot rf 
light ; quick passing look of the eyo ; 
a quick momentary view; a lustrous 
ore: v.i. to shoot a sudden ray; view 
with a quick movement of the eye: 
v.t. to shoot or dart suddenly or ob- 
liquely; allude to in passing. 

gland (gland), n. a bodily organ by 
which secretion is carried on : small 
secreting organ for sap in plants; 
an acorn; a name for various me- 
chanical contrivances. [Latin.] 

glanders (gland'erz), n.pl. a conta- 
gious disease in horses, in which 
mucus is discharged profusely from 
the nostrils. 

glandular (gland 'u-lar) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, resembling, or having glands; 
covered with hairs tipped with 
glands: said of a plant. 

glandule (gland'ul), n. a small gland. 

glare (glar), n. a bright dazzling 
light; overpowering luster; a fierce 
piercing look: v.i. to shine with a 
dazzling overpowering light; look 
with fierce piercing eyes; be exces- 
sively gaudy in dress or ornamt cita- 
tion : adj. having a smooth slippery 
surface, as ice. 

glaring (glaring), p.adj. emitting or 
reflecting a dazzling light ; gaudy. 

glass (glas), n. a hard, brittle, trans- 
parent substance formed of silica 
and certain metallic oxides; an in- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GLASSWORT 



373 



GLIZADE 



strument or vessel made of glass; 
a drinking glass, or the quantity 
contained in it; a mirror; lens; a 
telescope, or barometer: adj. per- 
taining to, or made of, glass; vitre- 
ous: v.t. to mirror, or reflect in a 
' mirror; glaze. 

grlasswort (glas'wert), n. a plant from 
which a soda is obtained; used in 
glass-making. 

glassy (glas'i), adj. resembling glass. 

o;lauberite (glaw'ber-It), n. a min- 
eral formed of sulphate of lime, and 
sulphate of soda. 

iflauber's-salt (glaw'berz-sawlt), n. 
sulphate of soda, used medicinally 
as a strong purgative. Named from 
Dr. J. R. Glauber, a German phy- 
sician (1604-1663). 

glaucoma (glou-ko'ma), n. a disease 
of the eye which first affects the 
aqueous humor, thus intensifying the 
pressure on the globe, increases 
far-sightedness, dimness of vision 
and at last, blindness. [Greek.] 

glaucous ^ (glaw'kus), adj. sea-green; 
green with a bluish-grey tinge; cov- 
ered with bloom of a bluish-white 
color. [Greek.] 

glave (glav), n. a cutting weapon 
fixed to a pole, somewhat resembling 
a halberd, formerly used by foot sol- 
diers. Also glaive. 

glaze (glaz), v.t. to furnish with 
glass; overlay with a transparent 
substance resembling glass: v.i. to 
become glassy or glazed: n. the 
vitreous or glassy coating on potter's 
ware. 

glazier (gla/zher), n. one whose busi- 
ness is to set glass in windows, &c. 

glazing (gla'zing) , n. a glaze; the 
operation of setting g ass, or apply- 
ing a glaze; window-panes; glass; 
semi-transparent colors passed thinly 
over other colors to tone down their 
effect. 

gleam (glem), n. a stream or shoot 
of light; brightness: v.i. to emit 
brightness; shoot, or dart, as rays 
of light. 

glean (glen), v.t. to gather, as grain 
that the reapers have left; collect 
little by little, or piece by piece; 
infer: v.i. to gather gleanings: n. a 
collection made by gleaning; a col- 
lection, as of herrings. 



gleaning (glen'ing) , n. the act # of 

collecting after reapers ; that which 
is collected laboriously from various 
sources. 

glebe (gleb), n. land belonging to a 
parish church, or ecclesiastical bene- 
fice; in mining, a plot of land con- 
taining_ore. 

glede (gled), n. the kite. 

glee (gle), n. gaiety; mirth; exhila- 
ration; a musical composition for 
voices in_ harmony. 

gleeful (gle'fool), adj. merry, joyous. 

gleet (glet), a thin mucous discharge 
resulting from gonorrheal disease. 

glen (glen), n. a narrow valley; a 
secluded hollow between hills. 

glib (glib), adj. voluble; flippant: n. 
the tongue; smooth talk. 

glide (gild), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. glided, 
p.pr. gliding], flow or move along 
smoothly and noiselessly; to slur 
[Music]: n. the act of gliding; a 
gliding movement; a slur. [Music] 

gliff (glif), n. a glimpse; brief inter- 
val; sudden fear. [Scotch.] 

glim _ (glim) , n. a light or candle. 
[Thieves' slang.] 

glimmer (glim'er), v.i. to shine faintly 
and intermittently: n. a faint inter- 
mittent light; sheen. 

glimpse (glimps), n. a weak, faint 
light; transient view; slight trace: 
v.t. to catch a glimpse of: v.i. to 
glance; appear for the moment. 

glin (glin), n. a haze on the horizon 
at sea, indicative of a storm. 

glint (glint), n. a flash; a gleam. 

glioma (gll-o'ma), n. a tumor m of 
rapid growth on the brain, spinal 
cord, or auditory nerve. [Greek.] 

glissade (gli-sad'). n. the^act of slid- 
ing down a glacier; a glide in danc- 
ing \v.i. to slide, especially down a 
glacier. 

glissando (gli-san'do) , n. in pianoforte 
playing, a run by sliding the fingers 
over the keys; in violin-playing, a 
quick slur. [Italian.] 

glisten (glis'n), v.i. to sparkle with 
light; shine: n. a glitter. 

glitter (glit'er), v.i. to sparkle with 
light; gleam; be showy, attractive, 
or specious: n. brilliancy; specious 
luster. 

glizade (gli-zad'), n. a sliding move- 
ment of the foil in fencing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GLOAM 



374 



GLOSSOGRAPH 



gloam (glom), v.i. to begin to grow 
dark, like twilight; exhibit sullen- 
ness or gloom. 

gloaming (glom'ing), n. twilight: adj. 
pertaining to twilight. 

gloat (glot), v.i. to stare or gaze ear- 
nestly or with admiration, often in a 
bad sense with feelings of lust and 
cruelty. 

global (glo'bal), adj. pertaining to 
a globe; world-wide. 

globate (glo'bafc), adj. globe-shaped. 

globe (glob), n. a spherical body; 
ball; the terraqueous earth [with 
the]; a sphere on which are repre- 
sented the divisions of the earth, 
&c. (terrestrial globe), or the heaven- 
ly bodies (celestial globe). [Latin.] 

globe- fish (glob 'fish), n. & fish capable 
of inflating itself to a globular shape. 

globeflower (glob'flou-er), n. a plant 
of the crowfoot family with globular- 
shaped flowers. 

globe-trotter (glob-trot 'er), n. an ex- 
tensive traveler. 

globi, a prefix in various scientific 
words, meaning a ball, or ball- 
shaped. [Latin.] 

globin (glo'bin), n. a constituent of 
red blood corpuscles. 

globular (glob'u-lar)," adj. globe-like; 
spherical. Also globose. 

globule (glob'ul), n. a small spherical 
particle; a minute homoeopathic 
pill; a blood- or lymph-corpuscle. 

globulin (glob'u-lin), n. an albumi- 
nous proteid substance forming one 
of the constituents of the blood and 
cellular tissue of plants. 

glome (glom), n. a roundish cluster of 
flowers. 

glomerate (glom'er-at), adj. gath- 
ered into a roundish head or mass. 

glonoin (glon'o-in), n. a pure nitro- 
glycerine. _ 

gloom (gloom), n. partial darkness; 
obscurity; melancholy; depression; 
sadness; sullenness: v.i. to be, or 
become, . cloudy or partially dark ; 
present a gloomy aspect: v.t. to 
make gloomy; deject or sadden. 

gloomily (gloom'i-li), adv. in a gloomy 
manner. 

gloominess (gloom'i-nes), n. the state 
of being gloomy. 

gloomy (gloom'i), adj. [comp. gloomier, 
superl. gloomiest], overspread with, 



or enveloped in, darkness; dismal; 
melancholy ; dispirited ; cheerless ; 
morose. 

gloria (gl5'ri-a), n. an ascription of 
praise, especially the Gloria in Ex- 
celsis and Gloria Patri; a musical 
setting of these. [Latin.] 

glorification (glo-ri-fi-ka/shun) , n. the 
act of glorifying ; exaltation to honor 
and dignity; a jollification. 

glorify (glo'ri-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glori- 
fied, p.pr. glorifying], to raise in 
honor and dignity; magnify and 
honor in worship; adore; beautify. 

gloriole (glo'ri-ol), n. a circle of light. 

gloriosa (glo-ri-o'sa), n. a genus of 
plants of the lily family, with bright 
red or yellow flowers. 

glorious (glo'ri-us), adj. full of glory; 
illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; 
exalted. 

glory (glo'ri); n. [pi. glories (glo'riz)], 
splendor ; magnificence ; brightness ; 
praise ascribed in adoration; distinc- 
tion; renown; honor; the Divine 
perfection or presence; the felicity 
of heaven; in art, a circle of rays 
surrounding the head of a saint: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. gloried, p.pr. glorying], 
to rejoice or exult [with in]. [Latin. 1 

gloss (glos), n. luster from a polished 
surface; specious show; an explana- 
tion or comment to elucidate some 
difficulty or obscurity in the text; a 
plausible, specious representation: 
v.t. to explain by notes or com- 
ments; palliate by plausible repre- 
sentation; varnish; make glossy: v.i. 
to annotate. 

glossa (glos'a), n. [pi. glossse. (glos'e)], 
the tongue, especially of insects. 

glossarial (glos-a/ri-al) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, a glossary. 

glossary (glos'a-ri), n. [pi. glossaries 
(glos'a-riz)], a dictionary of obsolete, 
obscure, or technical words. 

glossily (glos'i-li), adv. in a glossy man- 
ner. 

glossiness (glos'i-nes) , n. superficial 
luster. 

glossitis (glos-i'tis) , n. inflammation of 
the tongue. 

glosso, a prefix in scientific words 
meaning tongue, or tongue-like, as 
glossoceie, protrusion of the tongue 
due to inflammation. [Greek.] 

glossograph (glos'o-graf ) , n. an in- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GLOSSOGRAPHER 



375 



GLYPHOGRAPHY 



strument for recording the vibra- 
tions of the tongue in speaking. 

glossographer (glos-og'ra-f er) , n. one 
who collects and makes a study of 
the marginal comments written in 
books or manuscripts. 

giossography (glos-og'ra-fi) , n. an an- 
atomical description of the tongue; 
the science of expounding the glosses 
written in ancient books. 

glossology (glos-oro-ji), n. that branch 
of anthropology which treats of the 
classification of languages; compar- 
ative philology. 

glossonomy (glos-on'o-mi), n. the sci- 
ence of language and the law T s which 
govern it. 

glossy (glos'i), adj. [corny, glossier, 
superl. glossiest], having a lustrous 
smooth surface; smooth and plausi- 
ble. 

glottal (glot'al), adj. pertaining to, 
or produced by, the glottis. 

glottic (glot'ik), adj. pertaining to the 
tongue. 

glottis (glot'is), n. the small elastic 
oblong opening at the top of the 
windpipe. 

glove (gluv), n. a hand-covering with 
a separate sheath for each finger: 
pi. boxing-gloves: v.t. to cover with, 
or as with a glove. 

glover (gluv'er), n. a maker or seller of 
gloves. 

gloving (gluv'mg), n. glove-making. 

glow (glo), v.i. to shine with intense 
heat; radiate heat and light; be in- 
candescent; be red or flushed; be 
animated with passion, love, zeal, 
&c: n. intense or shining heat; in- 
candescence; redness, or brightness 
of color; passion; ardor. 

glower (glou'er), v.i. to stare with a 
threatening or angry countenance; 
frown. 

glow-worm (glo'werm), n. a beetle, 
the wingless female of which emits 
a shining green light at night. 

Gloxinia (gloks-in'i-a) , n. a genus of 
tropical plants with bell-shaped 
flowers. 

gloze (gloz), v.t. to gloss over. 

glucic acid (gloo'sik as'id), n. a col- 
orless honey-like compound obtained 
by the actionof acids from cane-sugar. 

glucinum (gloo-sl'num), n. & metallic 
element resembling magnesium. 



glucose (gloo'kos), n. the particular 
form of sugar existing in many animal 
and vegetable organisms: it is pro- 
duced for commercial use by the ac- 
tion of sulphuric acid on sta^chc 
[Greek.] 

glue (gloo), n. a tenacious viscid ce- 
ment made by boiling some animal 
substance to a jelly: v.t. to unite or 
cement with glue. 

gluey (gloo'i), adj. like glue; sticky, 

glum (glum), adj. gloomy; moody? 
sullen. 

glume (gloom), n. the husk of corn 
or grasses. 

glut (glut), n. a superabundance: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. glutted, p.pr. glutting] 9 
to fill to _repletion ; oversupply. 

gluten (gloo'ten), n. a tough grey al- 
buminous substance obtained from 
wheat and other grains. 

glutinous (gloo'ti-nus), adj. viscid; 
gluey. 

glutton (glut'n), n. one who eats to 
excess; a carnivorous animal; the 
wolverine. [Latin.] 

gluttonize (glut'n-Iz), v.i. to act as a 
glutton. 

gluttonous (glut'n-us), adj. pertaining 
to, or characterized by, gluttony. 

gluttony (glut'n-i), n. [pi. gluttonies 
(glut'n-iz)], the act or habit of eating 
to excess. 

glyceric (glis'er-ik), adj. obtained from 
glycerin. 

glyceride (glis'er-Id), n. an ether of 
glycerin. 

glycerin (glis'er-in), n. a sweet color- 
less viscid liquid obtained from oils, 
fat, etc.; used extensively in various 
manufactures and medicine. Alsc 
glycerine. [Greek. I 

glycerol (glis'er-6l), n. another name 
for glycerin. 

glycogen (giT'ko-jen), n. a white in= 
soluble starch-like substance ob 
tained from the fivers of animals .^ 

glycol (gll'kolor'Ko), n. a viscid liq- 
uid intermediate between glycerin 
and alcohol. 

glyph (glif), n. a perpendicular flut- 
ing. 

glyphic (glif'ik), adj. pertaining to 
carving or sculpture: n. a hiero- 
glyphic. [Greek.] a 

glyphography (glif-og'ra-fi) , n. a 
method of producing engravings in 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GLYPTIC 



376 



GOBLIN 



relief for printing, similar to electro- 
typy, after etching the picture on 
a copperplate covered thinly with 
wax. 

glyptic (glip'tik), adj. pertaining to 
engraving on gems; figured: n.pl. 
the art of engraving designs on pre- 
cious stones, ivory, &c. 

glyptograph (glip'to-graf ) , n. a design 
cut or engraved on a gem. 

gnarl (narl), n. a knot on the trunk 
or branch of a tree. 

gnarled (narl'd) , adj. full of knots ; 
distorted. 

gnash (nash), v.t. to strike together, 
as the teeth: v.i. to grind the teeth 
in anger or agony. 

gnat (nat), n. a small stinging winged 
insect of several species, allied to 
the mosquito. 

gnaw (naw), v.t. to bite off, or eat 
away, by degrees; corrode; bite in 
agony, rage, or despair; fret: v.i. 
to exercise the teeth in biting re- 
peatedly; act as if by continual 
biting. 

gneiss (nis), n. a crystallized rock 
composed of quartz, mica, and feld- 
spar. [German.] 

gnome (nom), n. a fabulous deformed, 
diminutive goblin, supposed to dwell 
in the earth, watching treasure, or 
to be the guardian spirit of miners 
(also called Kobold) ; [German] a 
pithy or sententious saying. [Greek.] 

gnomic (no'mik), adj. dealing in, or 
containing, pithy or sententious say- 
ings; . didactic. Also gnomical. 

gnomide (no 'mid), n. a female gnome, 
supposed to keep guard over dia- 
monds. 

gnomiometrical (no-mi-o-met'ri-kal) , 
adj. employed in the measurement 
of angles. _ 

gnomon (no'mon), n. the style which 
by its shadow on a dial shows the 
time of day; the figures made up of 
the two complements of a parallelo- 
gram, together with either of the 
parallelograms about the diameter. 

gnomonics (no-mon'iks) , n.pl. the 
science of dialing. 

gnosiology (no-si-oro-ji), n. that 
branch of philosophy that treats of 
the principles of cognition. 

gnosis (no'sis), n. higher knowledge 
or insight. See epistemology. 



Gnostic (nos'tik), adj. pertaining to 
the Gnostics or the adherents of 
Gnosticism. 

Gnosticism (nos'ti-sizm), n. a system 
blending religion and Greek and 
Oriental philosophy (1st- 6th cen- 
tury, A. D.) intermediate between 
Christianity and paganism; teach- 
ing that knowledge rather than 
either religion or philosophy was 
the true key to salvation. 

gnu (noo), n. a ruminant horned ani- 
mal with a head resembling a buf- 
falo, of the antelope kind, inhabit- 
ing South Africa. [Hottentot.] 

go (go), v.i. [p.t. went, p.p. gon^, 
p.pr. going], to depart; proceed; 
.move on; pass from one state oj 
place to another; conduce; contrib- 
ute; be habitually used or said; 
pass current ; succeed ; fall out or 
terminate; move by mechanism; 
strike, as a clock; act in harmony 
with; fit or suit; be expended: n. 
the fashion; enterprise or push; 
difficulty or scrape; a drink [Eng- 
lish], as "a go of gin." 

goa (go 'a), n. the Tibetan gazelle. 

goad (god), n. a pointed stick to urge 
on cattle: v.t. to urge on with, or as 
with, a goad; stimulate: v.i. to act 
as a goad. 

goaf (gof), n. [pi. goaves (govz)], 
a place left in tne old workings of a 
coal mine; the coal : waste left there. 

goal (gol), n. the winning post at a 
race or at football: hence, the end 
aimed at. 

goat (got), n. a ruminating horned 
quadruped with long hair. 

goatee (go-te r ), n. a goat-like tuft 
of hair upon the chin; also called an 
imperial, from Napoleon III, who 
wore one. 

gobble (gob'l), v.t. to swallow hasti- 
ly or greedily: v.i. to utter a cry like 
a turkey: n. the noise of a turkey; 
a quick straight stroke in putting at 
golf. 

gobelin (go'be-lin, go'blin, go-be- 
lang'), n. a superior kind of French 
tapestry. 

go-between (go'be-twen) , n. an inter- 
mediary. 

goblet (gob'let) , n. a drinking-vessel 
with a stem and without a handle. 

goblin (gob'lin), n. an evil, mis- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, //ien. 



GOBY 



377 



GOLDF1SP 



chievous spirit; gnome; fairy. 
[French.] 

goby (go'bi), n. [pi. gobies (go'biz)], 
a fish of peculiar shape. 

go-by (go'bi), n. avoidance; evasion. 

»o-cart (go'kart), n. a contrivance for 
teaching children to walk; a child's 
cart; a light village cart. 

God (god), n. the Supreme Deity, 
and self -existent Creator or Up- 
holder of the Universe. [Uncertain 
etymology; not from "good."] 

;od, n. a supernatural being conceived 
of as possessing divine powers or 
attributes; idol; a person or thing 
deified or honored to excess; an oc- 
cupant of the upper gallery of a 
theater. 

godchild (god'child), n. one for whom 
one is sponsor at baptism. 

goddess (god'des), n. a female deity; a 
woman of superior charms or excel- 
lence. 

godfather (god'f a-^er) , n. one who 
acts as sponsor to another at bap- 
tism: v.t. to act as godfather to. 

Godhead (god'hed), n. the Divine es- 
sence, nature, and attributes; the 
Supreme Deity. 

godhood (god'hood), n. divinity. 

godless (god'les), adj. showing no re- 
gard to sacred things; impious. 

godliness (god'li-nes), n. piety; devo- 
tion. 

godly (god'li), adj. devout; pious. 

God-man (god'man), n. the union of 
deity and manhood in Jesus Christ. 

godmother (god'mu^-er), n. a female 
sponsor at_baptjsm. 

godroon (go-droon'), n. fluting or 
beading of olive_ shape. 

God's-acre (godz'a-ker), n. a church- 
yard or burial place. 

godsend (god'send), n. unexpected 
assistance or acquisition. 

Godspeed (god'sped), n. a parting, 
wishing success. 

godwit (_god'wit), n. a curlew-like bird. 

goer (go r er), n. one who, or that 
which, goes. 

goffer (gofer), v.t. to form flutes in; 
crimp. 

goffering (gqf 'er-ing) , n. fluting for 
frills, &c; indented ornamentation 
on the edge of a book. 

goggle (gog'l), v.t. to strain or roll 
the eyes: adj. staring; prominent: 



n. a strained or affected rolling o! 
the eyes: pi. a particular kind of 
spectacles for protecting the eyes 
from dust, excessive light, &c. 

going (go'ing), n. the act of depart- 
ing or moving; state of roads. 

goitre (goi'ter), n. a swelling of the 
glands in the front part and side of 
the neck; prevalent in mountainous 
districts. [French.] 

goitrous (goi'trus), adj. affected with 
goiter. 

Golconda (gol-kon'da) , n. a mine of 
wealth; from the now ruined city 
of Golconda in India, famed in the 
sixteenth century for its great 
wealth, and for the cutting and 
polishing of diamonds carried on 
there. 

gold (gold) , n. a metallic element, soft, 
ductile, and of a bright yellow ^olor 
when pure; money; wealth; pre- 
cious or pure quality ; in archery, the 
bull's-eye. 

gold-beater (gold^be-ter) , n. one whc 
beats gold into thin leaves for gild- 
ing. 

gold-bug (goldt>ug), n. one who advo- 
cates gold as the only money-stand- 
ard. [American slang.] 

gold-carp_(gold'karp), n. the goldfish. 

golden (gold'n), adj. formed of, con- 
sisting of, or resembling, gold; shin- 
ing; lustrous like gold; bright; most 
valuable; excellent. 

Golden Age (aj), n. the fabled prime* 
val age of perfect human happiness 
and innocency. 

golden number (num'ber), n. a 
number which shows the year of the 
moon's cycle. 

golden- pheasant (gold'n-f ez-ant) , n 
a handsome Chinese pheasant. 

golden rod (rod), n. a t^ll plant o* 
the aster family with yellow flowers 

Golden Rule (rool), n. the rule te 
treat others as we ourselves wisb 
to be treated (cf. Matthew vii. 12) 

Goldfields (gold'fsldz), n.pl. aurifer= 
cus deposits and diggings in Au- 
stralia, Alaska, California, Soutt 
Africa, &c. 

goldfinch (gold'finch) , n. a beaut if uj 
singing bird with yellow-streaked 
wings and a red throat. 

goldfish (gold'fish), n. an orange-color- 
ed fresh-water fish of the carp family 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GOLDILOCKS 



378 



GOOSE 



goldilocks (gol'di-loks) , n. a common 
name for various plants with yellow 
flowers, as the buttercup. 

goldsmith (goldsmith), n. a worker 
in gold, or dealer in gold-plate. 

golf (golf), n. a game played with a 
small gutta-percha ball and club- 
headed sticks, the object being to 
drive the ball into a series of small 
holes with the fewest possible 
strokes: v.i. to play golf. 

Golgotha (gol'go-tha), n. (the place 
of a skull) the place where Jesus 
Christ was crucified. [Greek, from 
Hebrew.] 

golgotha, n. a burial place. 

gommer (gom'er), n. milled amel- 
corn (an inferior wheat) : much 
used in parts of Germany as an in- 
gredient in soups. 

gomphiasis (gom-fi'a-sis), n. loose- 
ness of the te_eth. [Greek.] 

gomuti (go-moo 'ti), n. a tough hair- 
like fiber obtained from the sago- 
palm: used for cordage. [Malay.] 

gonad (gon'ad), n. a germ-gland. 

gonagra (go-nag'ra), n. gout in the 
knee. 

gondola (gon'do-la), n. a long nar- 
row Venetian pleasure boat partly 
covered and propelled by one oar; a 
flat-bottomed boat or railway car 
used for carrying coal, &c. 
[Italian.] 

gondolier (gon-do-leV) , n. the rower 
of a gondola. 

gondolino (gon-do-le'no) , n. a racing 
gondola. 

gone (gawn), p. adj. ruined; lost, char- 
acterized by faintness or weakness; 
carried away: said of a spar, &c. 

goneness (gawn'nes), n. & state of 
weakness or collapse. 

goner (gawn'er), n. one who is lost or 
ruined. 

gonfalon (gon'f a-lqn) , n. standard or 
ensign, usually with streamers. 

gong (gong), n. a tambourine-shaped 
instrument of bronze, which is 
struck by a padded stick and emits 
a booming sound. [Malay.] 

goniometer (go-ni-om'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for measuring angles. 

gono, a prefix in many scientific 
words, meaning generation, repro- 
duction, as monoblast, a reproductive 
cell or bud. [Greek.] 



gonophore (gon'o-for), n. the genera- 
tive bud or receptacle of a hydro- 
zoan; in plants, an elongated re- 
ceptacle elevating the pistil and sta- 
mens above the floral envelope. 

gonorrhoea (gon-6-re'a), a venereal dis- 
ease. [Greek.] 

good (good), adj. m [comp. better, su- 
perl. best], having excellent quali- 
ties; proper, fit for, adapted, or con- 
ducive to, any particular object; 
pious; moral; kind, well-disposed; 
favorable ; beneficial ; convenient ; 
useful; unblemished; adequate; ex- 
pedient; reliable; well-informed; full; 
not irritable: n. that which contrib- 
utes to happiness; moral qualities; 
prosperity; benefit: pi. household 
furniture; merchandise: inter j. an 
expression of assent or pleasure. 

good-hye (good-bi'), w. a parting; 
words of farewell: adj. concerned 
with a parting, as "a good-bye 
kiss." Good-bye is contracted from 
God be with yon, like the French adieu. 

Good Friday (fri'da), n. a fast held 
in commemoration of the crucifixion 
of Jesus Christ on the Friday before 
Easter Day. 

goodliness (good'li-nes) , n. grace; 
physical beauty. 

goodly (good'li), adj. [comp. goodlier, 
superl. goodliest], good-looking; no- 
ble; considerable; pleasant. 

goodman (good'man), n. the master 
of a house. 

goodness (good'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being good; benevolence; 
excellence. 

goods and chattels (chat'lz), n. per- 
sonal property. 

goodwife (good'wif), n. [pi. goodwives 
(good'wivz)], the mistress of a house. 

goodwill (good-wil'), n. benevolence- 
kindly feeling; the value a business 
has over and above stock-in-trade, 
&c; the money paid for such value; 
friendly disposition. 

goody (good'i), adj. affectedly or 
weakly pious; namby-pamby: n. 
[pi. goodies (good'iz)], a person af- 
fectedly or weakly pious; a poor old 
rustic woman; a kind of sweetmeat. 

goose (goos), n. [pi. geese m (ges)], a 
web-footed domesticated bird of the 
genus Anser; a tailor's smoothing 
iron (pi. geese) ; a silly person. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GOOSEBERRY 



379 



GOTHIC 



gooseberry (gooz'ber-i), n. [pi. goose- 
berries (gooz'ber-iz)], the fruit of a 
shrub of the genus Ribes; the shrub 
itself: adj. maple of gooseberries. 

goose-flesh (goos'flesh), n. a rough- 
ened condition of the skin like that 
of a plucked goose, caused by cold, 
fear, &c. 

gooseneck (goos'nek), n. a bent iron 
fitted to the extremity of a boom or 
yard. 

goosewing (goos'wing), n. a studding- 
sail; the lower corner of a fore-sail 
or square main-sail when the body 
of the sail is furled. 

gopher (go 'fer), v.i. to mine unsys- 
tematically: n. a North American 
burrowing, rat-like rodent; a wood 
mentioned in the Old Testament 
(Gen. vi. 14). 

Gordian (gor'di-an), adj. pertaining 
' to the Phrygian King Gordius, or to 
the intricate knot tied by him in his 
harness, which Alexander the Great 
cut with his sword as the only way of 
getting loose. 

gore (gor), n. congealed or clotted 
blood; a triangular piece sewn into 
a dress, sail, &c; a narrow or tri- 
angular piece of land: v.t. to pierce 
as with a horn; furnish with gores; 
said of a garment, &c. 

gorge (gorj),n. the throat; gullet; 
that which is gorged or swallowed; 
a meal that fills to repletion; a nar- 
row passage between mountains or 
hills: v.t. to swallow with greediness 
or in large mouthfuls; satiate: v.i. 
to feed greedily. [French.] 

gorged (gorj'd), adj. having a gorge; 
in heraldry, bearing a crown or the 
like about the neck. 

gorgeous (gor'jus), adj. glittering in 
various colors; splendid: showy; in- 
clined to magnificence. [Old French.] 

gorget (gor'jet), n. a protective piece of 
armor for the throat or neck ; a cres- 
cent-shaped breast-plate. [French.] 

Gorgon (gor'gun), n. one of three sis- 
ters (Medusa, Stheno, Euryale) in 
Greek mythology whose aspect was 
so terrible that any one who beheld 
them was turned to stone. 

gorgoneia (gor-go-na'a), n.pl. masks 
in the form of Gorgons' heads; 
architectural ornaments made to 
resemble Medusa's head. 



gorilla (go-ril'a), n. an African an- 
thropoid ape some 5 ft. in height 
with powerful limbs; the largest 
ape known. 

gormand (gor'mand) and gourmand 
(goor'mand), n. a greedy or ravenous 
eater; glutton; a connoisseur in 
table delicacies. [French.] 

gormandize (gor'man-dize) , v.i. to 
eat greedily or voraciously. 

gorse (gors), n. the common furze; 
whim. 

gorsy (gors'i), adj. covered with gorse. 

gory (gor'i), adj. covered or stained 
with gore. 

goshawk (gos'hawk), n. a raptorial 
bird of the hawk family. 

gosling (goz'ling), n. a young goose; 
a catkin. 

Gospel (gos'pel), n. the announce- 
ment of the salvation of mankind by 
Jesus Christ; the history of the life 
and doctrine of Jesus Christ, con- 
tained in the four canonical books 
of SS. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and 
John; a selection from these in the 
Church service; the general doc- 
trines of the New Testament ; some- 
thing received as infallibly true: 
adj. pertaining to the Gospel. 
The word Gospel is Anglo-Saxon, 
wrongly said to mean "God-story." 
Its true significance is "Good-story" 
or "glad tidings," thus translating 
the Latin Evangelium (Greek Evan- 
gelion). 

gospeler (gos'pel-er) , n. an evangelist; 
the priest who reads the Gospel at 
the altar. 

gossamer (gos'a-mer) , n. a very fine 
spider's web which floats in the air; 
a very thin soft filmy strong gauze: 
adj. very thin, like gossamer; flimsy. 

gossip (gos'ip), n. familiar or idle talk; 
scandal; a babbler; formerly a spon- 
sor, neighbor, or friend: v.i. to tell 
idle tales about others; tattle; chat. 

gossoon (gos-soon r ), n. a lad. [Irish 
from French garcon.] 

got, p.t. of get. 

Goth (goth), n. one of an ancient 
Teutonic tribe that overran the Ro- 
man Empire (3rd and 4th centuries 
A.D.) ; an uncivilized person, espe- 
cially one who is destitute of artis- 
tic taste. 

Gothic (goth'ik) , adj. pertaining to the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

htie, hut ; think, then. 



GOUGE 380 GRACKLE 

Goths or their language; denoting governmental (guv-ern-men'tal) , adj. 

the style of architecture, character- pertaining to, connected with, or pro- 

ized by high and pointed arches, ceeding from, the government, 

clustered columns, &c: n. the Ian- governor (guv'ern-er) , n. one who is 

guage of the Goths; the Gothic or invested with high authority; chief 

pointed style of architecture. ruler; tutor; a mechanical device 

gouge (gouj), n. a rounded hollow for regulating the speed of an 

chisel for cutting grooves or holes; engine, &c. 

a swindle: v.t. to scoop out with a gown (goun), n. a woman's outer 

gouge: v.i. force* out the eye with garment, or dress; a long loose robe 

the thumb or finger. [Old French.] worn by university or professional 

gouger (gouj 'er)» n. one who, and that men; a long loose outer covering 

which, gouges; a swindler. or wrapper, as a dressing-gown, &c. 

goulash (goo'lash), n. & highly sea- gowned (gound), adj. attired in a 

soned Hungarian stew. [Magyar.] gown. 

gourami (goo'ra-mi), ft. an Oriental gownsman (gounz'man), ft. one who 

fish, cultivated for food. Also go- wears a gown professionally; a 

ramy . clerical, legal, or university dignitary ; 

gourd (gord), n. a plant and fruit an undergraduate, opposed to towns- 

of various species of the genus Cu- man. 

curbita, the shell of which is used gowt (gout), ft. a sluice in an em- 

for holding liquids; a gourd-shaped bankment for letting out water, 

vessel. [French.] grab (grab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grabbed, 

gourmand (goor-mang') , ft. a glutton, p.pr. grabbing], to seize suddenly 

who regards the quantity of his and forcibly; snatch: n. a sudder 

food. [French.] and forcible seizure; a large East 

gourmet (goor'ma), ft. an epicure who Indian coaster with two or three 

regards the quality of his food. masts. 

[French.] grace (gras), ft. any excellence, char« 

gout (gout), ft. a painful inflamma- acteristic attraction, or endowment, 

tory disease of the joints or extremi- natural or acquired; elegance of 

ties, especially of the great toe; action or language; beauty; embel- 

a clot of blood. [French.] lishment; the unmerited favor and 

gouty (gout/i), adj. pertaining to, or love of God towards man in Christ; 

affected with, gout. divine sanctifying, regenerating, 

govern (guv'ern), v.t. to control by and preserving influence; spiritual 
authority; regulate; direct; man- excellence; virtue; a brief prayer 
age; steer; restrain; require to be before or after meals* a respectful 
in a particular mood, case, &c: v.i. title of address applied to an arch- 
to exercise authority; administer bishop or duke, or a duke s wife; be- 
the law. [Latin.] havior or demeanor; indulgence or 

governance (guv'ern-ans) , ft. govern- privilege; in music, an act, vote, or 

ment; control. decree of the governing body of a 

governante (goo'ver-nant), ft. a gover- university or college: v.t. to adorn 

ness ; duenna. [French.] or embellish ; honor . [Latin.] 

governess (guv'ern-es) , ft. a lady who graceful (gras fool), adj. lull ol grace 
trains and instructs children; an or beauty; easy and elegant m man- 
instructress ; teacher. ner or demeanor. 

governing (guv'ern-ing) , p. adj. ex- gracefully (gras foo-li), ad v. in a grace- 

ercising control; prevalent; ruling. ful manner. 

government (guv'ern-ment) , n. the grace-note (gras not), ft. an orna- 

act of governing; administration of mental note in music, 

public affairs; established state of gracious (gra/shus), adj. showing or 

legal authority; executive power; bestowing grace, kindness, or mer- 

self-control; relation between two cy; affable; polite, 

words by which one determines the grackle (grak'l), ft. a # starlmg-nke 

case or mood of another. bird; a jack-d aw. [Latin.] ^ 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



GRADATE 



381 



GRAMMALOGUE 



gradate (gra/dat), v.t. to produce in 
grades; blend by gradation. 

gradatim (gra-da'tim), adv. by de- 
grees. [Latin.] 

gradation (gra-da/shun) , n. a regu- 
lar advance or progress, step by 
step ; regular arrangement ; _ a grad- 
ual blending of one tint into an- 
other; series; order._ 

gradatory (grad'a-to-ri) , adj. pro- 
ceeding by gradations; suited for 
walking: n.pl. (gradatories) a^ se- 
ries of steps leading from a cloister 
into a church. 

#rade (grad), n. a step or degree in 
rank, dignity, quality, order, &c; 
the rise or descent of a railroad, &c: 
v.t. to level and prepare (ground) 
for laying the rails of a railway; 
arrange in a regular series: v.i. to 
take rank. _ 

gradient (gra'di-ent) , adj. advancing 
by steps; walking or running on 
legs; ascending or descending in a 
certain proportion: n. the incline of 
a railway or road; in meteorology, 
the rate of atmospheric pressure or 
temperature. 

gradine (gra/den), _ n. a sculptor's 
toothed chiselj a tier of seats. 

gradual (grad'ii-al), adj. proceeding 
by degrees; step by step; regular 
and slow: n. a response sung after 
the Epistle; an ancient book of an- 
thems or scripture sentences; so 
called because some were chanted on 
the steps of the pulpit. Also grad- 
uate, grail. 

graduate (grad'u-at), n. one on whom 
an academical degree has been con- 
ferred: v.t. to mark with degrees or a 
scale; temper: v.i. to take or re- 
ceive an academical degree; change 
by degrees: adj. having been gradu- 
ated. 

graduation (grad-u : a/shun) , n. the 
conferring or reception of an academi- 
cal degree; regular progression; a 
marking into degrees or parts. 

graduator (grad'u-a-ter) , n. an instru- 
ment for dividing lines into equal 
minute parts; an electro-magnet for 
making and breaking gradually a 
telegraphic circuit. 

gradus (gra/dus), n. a dictionary of 
Greek and Latin prosody used in 
the English public schools (Gradus 



ad Parnassum, step to Parnassus, 
that is, to learning). 

graffito (graf-fe'to), n. [pi. graffiti 
(graf-fe'te)], rude writing, or pic- 
tures scrawled, on ancient build- 
ings, as at Rome and Pompeii. 

graft (graft), n. a small shoot of a 
tree inserted > into another tree: 
hence something, incorporated with 
a foreign stock: an unlawful or ir- 
regular perquisite; a bribe: v.t. to 
insert as a shoot in another tree; 
join so as to receive support from 
another thing; in surgery, to trans- 
plant (tissue): v.i. to practice graft- 
ing; to accept bribe money. [French.] 

grafter (grafter), n. one who in a posi- 
tion of trust or political office takes 
"graft/' dishonest gain, or unlawful 
perquisites, by use of his position. 

grail (gral), n. a dish or chalice, espe- 
cially the Holy Grail, the cup used 
by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper; 
but according to other legends, the 
sacrificial platter used at our Lord's 
last Passover. 

grain (gran), n. any minute hard 
mass; a single seed of corn; the 
smallest particle or amount; a unit 
of weight = l-20th of a scruple, 
l-24th of a pennyweight; the ar- 
rangement of particles in a body; 
texture; a red dye obtained from 
cochineal insects: pi. the refuse of 
malted barley : v.t. form into grains ; to 
paint in imitation of the grain of wood. 

grainer (gran'er), n. one who imitates 
the grain or texture of wood; a 
graining tool. [Old French.] 

graining (granting), n. painting in 
imitation of the grain or texture of 
wood; a process in dyeing; the peb- 
bling of paper or leather in bookbind- 
ing. 

gram (gram), n. the unit of weight in 
the metric system, 15.43 grains troy. 
Also gramme. 

grama- grass (gra'ma-gras), n. a low 
pasture grass of the West and South- 
west United States. 

gramercy (gram'er-si) , inter j. great 
thanks. [French.] 

graminivorous (gram-i-niv'o-rus) , adj. 
feeding on grasses. [Latin.] 

grammalogue (gram'a-log) , n. in 
phonography, a word represented by 
a single sign. [Greek.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



GRAMMAR 



382 



GRANULAR 



grammar (gram'er), n. the art of 
speaking or writing a language cor* 
rectly; the science that treats of the 
principles that govern the correct 
use of language. 

grammarian (gra-ma/ri-an) , n. one 
who is versed in grammar; a phi- 
lologist. 

grammatical (gra-mat'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to grammar, or its rules. 

grammatically (gra-mat'i-ka-li), adv. 
in a grammatical manner. 

grammaticism (gra-mat'i-sizm), n. a 
point in grammar. 

grammaticize (gra-mat'i-siz), v.t. to 
render grammatical. 

gramma tist (gram'a-tist), n. a petty 
grammarian. 

gramme (gram), n. see gram. 

gr ammo petal ous (gram-6-pet'a-lus) , 
adj. having the petals very narrow. 

gramophone (gram'o-f on) , n. an in- 
strument for recording and repro- 
ducing speech. 

grampus (gram 'pus), n. a large ceta- 
cean, akin to the porpoise; a corpu- 
lent person. [Spanish.] 

granadilla (gran-a-dil'a) , n. the edi- 
ble fruit of a species of passion- 
flower. [Spanish.] 

granary (gran'a-ri), n. [pi. granaries 
(gran'a-riz)], a store-house for grain; 
a country where grain is the chief 
product. [Latin.] 

grand (grand), adj. high in dignity 
or power; illustrious; chief; great; 
magnificent; splendid; sublime; no- 
ble; of striking excellence or im- 
pressive dignity; conceived or ex- 
pressed in dignified language; com- 
prehensive; complete; the second 
degree of parentage or descent: n. 
a grand piano. [Latin.] 

grandam (gran 'dam), n. a grand- 
mother; an old woman. 

grandchild (grand'child) , n. the child 
of one's son or daughter. 

granddaughter (gran'daw-ter) , n. the 
daughter of one's son or daughter. 

grandee (gran-de'), n. sl Spanish no- 
bleman of the highest rank, who 
alone has the privilege of wearing 
his hat in the royal presence. 
Conversely, if the Spanish king asks 
anyone to be covered in his presence, 
the person so honored becomes at 
once a grandee. 



grandeur (gran'jur), n. greatness; 
vastness; sublimity; splendor of ap- 
pearance ; social distinction and dis- 
play; elevation of thought, senti- 
ment, or demeanor. [French.] 

grandfather (grand 'f si-thei) , n. the 
father of one's father or mother. 

grandiloquent (gran-dil'o-kwent) v 
adj. speaking in, or characterized 
by, a lofty or bombastic style. 

grandiose (gran'di-os) , adj. really or 
affectedly grand or impressive. 

grandparent (grand'par-ent), n. thr 
parent of one's parent. 

grandsire (grand'sir) , n. a grandf athei ; 
male ancestor. 

grandson (grand 'sun), n. the son of 
one's son or daughter. 

Grand Vizier (viz'er), n. the chiei 
minister of the Turkish Empire, un- 
der the old regime. m 

grange (granj), n. a farm with its 
dwelling-house, appurtenances, &c; 
a local lodge ol the Patrons of Hus- 
bandry, a powerful agricultural as- 
sociation in_the United States. 

Granger (granj 'er), n. a member ot 
the so-called Granger Party, most 
prominent in 1 892-6 . 

granite (gran'it), n. a -massive crys- 
talline rock composed of quartz, 
feldspar, and mica. [Italian.] 

granitic (gra-nit'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or formed of, granite. 

granitoid (gran'i-toid) , adj. resem- 
bling granite. 

granivorous (gra-niv'o-rus) , adj. eat- 
ing grain; living on seeds. 

granny (gran'i), n. abbreviation of 
grandmother. 

grant (grant), v.t. to give or confer, 
especially in response to a request; 
admit as true (what has not been 
proved); concede; transfer the title 
of, for any good consideration: n. 
the act of granting; a gift; a be- 
stowing; an allowance; the thirty 
conveyed; an admission or conces- 
sion. [Old French.] 

grantee (grant-e'), n. the person to 
whom property is transferred In- 
deed, &c. 

granter (grant 'er), n. one who grants. 

grantor (grant'er), n. one who trans- 
fers property by deed, &c. 

granular (gran'u-lar) , adj. composed 
of, or resembling, grains or granules, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GRANULATE 



383 



GRATUITY 



granulate (gran'u-lat) , v.t. to form' 
into grains or small masses; roughen 
the surface of: v.i. to become granu- 
lar. 

granule (gran'ul), n. a small grain or 
particle. [Latin.] _ 

granulose (gran'u-los) , n. the more 
soluble part of starch-grains in plants, 
capable of being formed into sugar. 

grape (grap), n. the fruit of the grape- 
vine; a vine of the genus Vitis; 
grape-shot. [French.] 

grapery (grap'er-i), n. a vinery. 

grape-shot (grap'shot), n. a cluster 
of small cannon balls arranged in 
tiers of three shots each between 
plates, so as to disperse when fired. 

graphic (graf'ik), m adj. pertaining to 
the art of writing or delineating; 
vividly described; well delineated; 
life-like. Also graphical. [Greek.] 

graphically (graf 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
graphic manner. 

graphite (graf -it), n. a metallic variety 
of carbon. 

graphitic (gra-fit'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or obtained from, graphite. 

grapho, a prefix meaning writing or 
delineation, as graphophone, an in- 
strument resembling the phono- 
graph, but having a rubber cylinder 
instead of one of wax. [Greek.] 

graphology (graf-ol'o-ji), n. the art 
of describing character by the hand- 
writing. 

graphometer (graf-omVter) , n. an 
instrument for measuring the de- 
grees in an angle. 

graphophone (graf'o-f6n),n. see under 
grapho. 

graphotype (graf 'o-tlp) , n. a chemical 
process for producing surface-blocks 
speedily; the chalk process. 

grapnel (grap'nel), n. a kind of small 
anchor usually with flukes; heavy 
tongs used for lifting stone, ice, &c. 

grapple (grap'l), v.t. to lay fast hold 
of: v.i. struggle or contend in close 
fight: n. a close fight ; a seizing; 
close hold, as in wrestling, &c; a 
mechanical device for taking hold 
of anything. 

grasp (grasp), v.t. to seize or catch 
at; hold by clasping or contracting: 
v.i. to endeavor to seize; struggle 
or grapple; lay hold of greedily; 
encroach: n. a seizure of the hand; 



reach of the hand; power of seiz- 
ure; hold; intellectual capacity. 

grasping (grasp'ing), p.adj. avaricious. 
>ass (gras), n. field or hill pasture; 
herbage having hollow-jointed stalks, 
a husky calyx, and the seed single; 
springtime; that which is subject 
to decay: v.t. to cover with grass 
or turf ; bleach, by exposure on grass; 
pasture or graze. 

grasshopper (gras'hop-er), n. a small 
nimble insect of the locust kind. 

grassiness (gras'i-nes), n. the sts/te of 
being grassy. 

grass- widow (gras-wid'o) , n. a wife 
whose husband's whereabouts are 
unknown. 

grassy (gras'i) , adj. abounding in, cov- 
ered with, or like, grass. 

grate (grat), n. a framework of iron 
bars to hold fuel; a set of bars: v.t. 
to rub or wear away by the friction 
of a rough body; produce a sound 
by the friction of rough or hard 
surfaces; grind down; furnish with 
a grate: v.i. make a harsh noise; 
produce mental irritation. 

grateful (grat'fool), adj. thankful; 
pleasurable. 

gratefully (grat'f oo-li) , adv. in a grate- 
ful manner. 

graticulation (gra-tik-u-la/shun) K n. 
the art of dividing a plan, &c, into 
small squares for reduction or en- 
largement. [Latin.] 

gratification (grat-i-fi-ka/shun) , % n, 
the act of gratifying; satisfaction; 
pleasure; reward, or recompense. 

gratify (grat'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grati- 
fied, p.pr. gratifying], to afford 
pleasure to; indulge; delight; hu- 
mor. [Latin.] 

grating (grat'ing), n. an open frame- 
work or _ lattice of bars: p.adj. 
harsh; irritating. 

gratis (gra'tis), adv. gratuitously. 
[Latin.] . 

gratitude (grat/i-tud) , n. the state 
of being grateful; appreciation of 
favors received; thankfulness^ 

grattoir (grat-twar') , n. a chipped 
stone or flint implement. [French.] 

gratuitous (gra-tu'i-tus) , adj. free- 
ly bestowed; voluntary; without 
cause or provocation; granted with- 
out merit or claim. 

gratuity (gra-tu'i-ti) , n. [pi. gratuities 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GRAVAMEN 



384 



GREAVES 



(gra-tu'i-tiz)], a donation or present; 
free gift. 

gravamen (gra-va'men) , n. cause of 
complaint or action. 

grave (grav), adj. serious; solemn; 
thoughtful; sedate; important; in 
grammar, the grave, or long-sound- 
ing accent; plain; slow in move- 
ment; very deep in pitch [Mus.]: 
n. an excavation in the earth for 
the reception of a dead body; place 
of interment: v.t. to shape or carve 
by cutting with a chisel; engrave. 
[Latin.] 

gravel (grav'l), v.t. to cover with 
gravel; run aground on a beach: 
said of a vessel; embarrass; lame 
a horse by gravel under the shoe: 
n. fragments of rock coarser than 
sand, # and m frequently intermixed 
with it; a disease occasioned by the 
presence of calculi or small stones 
in the bladder and kidneys. 

gravelly (grav'e-li), adj. composed of, 
or abounding in, gravel. 

gravely (grav'li) ,adv. in a grave manner. 

graver (grav'er), n. a cutting tool used 
by engravers and sculptors; an en- 
graver, or carver in stone. 

gravestone' (grav'ston), n. a stone 
erected to mark a grave. 

graveyard (grav'yard), n. a burial 
place; a cemetery. 

gravid (grav'id), adj. heavy with 
child. [Latin.] 

gravied (gra/ved), adj. covered, or 
served with, gravy. 

gravimeter (gra-vim'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for measuring the spe- 
cific gravity of liquid or solid bodies. 

gravimetric (grav-i-met'rik), adj. de- 
termined by weight. 

graving (grav'ing), n. the act of en- 
graving or incising; the clearing of 
the bottom of a ship. 

gravitate (grav'i-tat) , v.i. to be acted 
upon or attracted by the force of 
gravity; be naturally attracted. 

gravitation (grav-i-ta'shun), n. the 
force which attracts material bodies 
to each other. [Latin.] 

gravity (grav'i-ti), n. that force which 
tends to draw all bodies towards 
the center of the earth; weight; im- 
portance; seriousness; solemnity; 
weight of guilt; lowness of a tone 
or note [Mus.]. 



gravy (gra/vi), n. [pi. gravies (gra'viz)], 
the fatty juice from roasting flesh. 

gray, another from of grey. 

grayling (gra/ling), n. sl fresh-water 
fish of the salmon family. 

graze (graz), v.t. to furnish pasture 
for; touch or rub lightly: v.i. to eat 
grass; move along while grazing: n. 
a slight rub or touch. 

grazier (gra/zher), n. one who pas- 
tures cattle or breeds them for the 
market. 

grease (gres), n. soft animal fat; 
oily matter; inflammation of the 
hoof and fetlock in horses, with a 
fetid discharge: v.t. to smear or 
rub with grease; cause to move easi- 
ly; bribe. [French.] 

greaser (grez'er), n. one who, or that 
which, greases; a Mexican. [Amer- 
ican slang.] 

greasily (gres'i-li), adv. in a greasy 
manner. 

greasiness (gres'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being greasy. 

greasy (gres'i) , adj. [comp. greasier, su~ 
perl, greasiest], resembling, smeared, 
or spotted with, grease; oily; unctu- 
ous; foggy; muddy. 

great (grat), adj. large; chief; prin- 
cipal ; weighty ; marvelous ; emi- 
nent; illustrious; high in rank or 
position; sublime; noble; able; ac- 
complished ; long-continued ; mag- 
nanimous ; high-minded ; wealthy ; 
sumptuous; proud; swollen; preg- 
nant; intimate; denoting a step of 
ascending or descending consanguin- 
ity: n. the whole, or gross; noble, or 
influential, people. 

Greater Britain (grat'er-brit'n), n. 
the federal colonies of Great Britain. 

Great Father (fa^/ier), n. a name ap- 
plied by American Indians to the 
President of the United States. 

greatness (grat'nes), n. the quality 
of being great. 

great primer (prim'er), n. a size of 
type (see type). 

Great Seal (sel), n. the chief official 
seal of a kingdom, government, state, 
&c. 

Great Spirit (spir'it), n. the title 
applied to the Supreme Being by 
the American Indians. 

greaves (grevz), n.pl. armor to pro- 
tect the legs from the ankle to the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 



GREBE 



385 



GREGARIOUS 



knee; the sediment of melted tal- 
low. 

grebe (greb), n. a four-toed tailless 
diving bird. 

Grecian (gre'shan), adj. pertaining 
to Greece; a native or inhabitant of 
Greece; a Greek scholar. 

Grecian bend (bend), n. a fashion 
prevalent among women in 1868, of 
bending the body forward in walk- 
ing. 

Grecism (gre' izm), n. a Greek idiom 
or Greek manner, acting or behaving. 

Grecize or Graecize (gre'slz), v.t. to 
make Grecian; translate into Greek: 
v.i. to imitate the Greeks in language, 
manner, &c. 

Greco or Graeco- "(gre'ko), as Grseco- 
Roman, Graeco-Italian, &c, a pre- 
fix meaning Greek. 

greed (gred), n. avarice ; greediness. 

greedily (gred'i-li), adv. in a greedy 
manner. 

greediness (gred'i-nes) , n. the quality 
of being greedy. 

greedy (gred'i), adj. [comp. greedier, 
superl. greediest], voracious; glut- 
tonous; eagerly desirous; covetous. 

Greek (grek), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembling, Greece or the Greeks; 
Hellenic: n. a Grecian; a gambler, 
blackleg; the language of ancient 
and modern Greece; something 
unintelligible. 

Greek Church (cherch), n. the East- 
ern or Oriental Church which differs 
from the Roman or Western Church 
in denying the supremacy of the 
Pope, and accepting the rule of 
four Patriarchs — at Constantinople, 
Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem; 
with a Holy Governing Synod for 
the Russian Empire of which it is 
the established church. Its official 
style is The < Holy Oriental Or- 
thodox Catholic, Apostolic Church. 
It separated from the Roman Church 
in the eleventh century. It is in 
communion with the Church of Eng- 
land. 

Greek- cross (grek'kros), n. a cross 
with four equal arms. 

Greek- fire (grek'fir), n. an inflam- 
mable material used by the ancient 
Greeks in warfare : said to have been 
inextinguishable in water. 

Greek orders (or'derz), n.pl. in 



architecture, the Doric, Ionic, and 
Corinthian orders. 

green (gren), adj. having the color 
of growing grass or plants; of a 
color composed of blue and yellow; 
fresh ; flourishing ; unripe ; not salted ; 
immature; inexperienced; raw; pale; 
sickly; not four months old: said of 
a goose: n. the color of growing grass 
or plants; a color composed of blue 
and yellow; a grass plot or common: 
v.t. to make green: v.i. to become 
green. 

greenback (gren'bak), n. paper money 
(U. S. legal : tender note) with a green 
back, first issued in 1862. 

greenfinch (gren'finch) , n. the green 
grosbeak. 

greenfly (gren'fli), n. a green plant- 
louse. 

greengoods (gren'goodz), n.pl. a 
criminal's term for money (see 
greenback), or more often for coun- 
terfeit paper money. 

greengoods man (gren-goodz man'). 
See bunco. 

green-grocer (gren'gro-ser) , n. one 
who sells fresh vegetables. 

greenhorn (gren'horn), n. a simple- 
ton; novice; awkward person. 

greenhouse (gren'hous), n. a conserva- 
tory. 

greenroom (gren'room), n. the actors' 
retiring-room in a theater. 

green sickness (sik'nes), n. chloro- 
sis. 

greensward (gren'sward) , n. a stretch 
of green turf; a lawn. 

greeny (gre-ni), adj. unsophisticated; 
unused to city life: n. a simpleton; 
one who has had no experience. 

greet (gret), v.t. to salute in kind- 
ness or respect; congratulate: v.u 
to exchange greetings. 

greeting (gret'ing), n. salutation; wel- 
come. 

gregale (gra-ga/la), n. a cold dry 
northeast wind prevailing at Malta; 
the euroclydon. [Italian.] 

gregarian (gre-ga/ri-an) , adj. living 
in herds; common. [Latin.] 

gregarina (greg-a-ri'na) , n. a very 
minute parasite belonging to the 
Protozoa. 

gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us) , adj. asso- 
ciating or going together in herds; 
fond of company. 



ate. arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 
25 hue, hut ; think, #/ten. 



GREGE 



386 



GRIMY 



S*eg© (grej), n. raw silk. 
regorian calendar (gre-go'ri-an 
kal'en-der), n. the reformed calendar 
introduced, 1582, by Pope Gregory 
XIII. and observed until 1752, when 
the modern calendar was generally 
adopted, except in Russia and Sweden. 

Gregorian chant (chant), n. the 
mediaeval system of choral music, in- 
troduced by Pope Gregory the 
Great ; plain song. 

gremial (gre'mi-al), n. an ecclesias- 
tical vestment worn by a bishop of 
the Roman Catholic Church. [Latin.] 

grenade (gren-ad'), n. an explosive 
shell fired by a fuse and thrown by 
hand. [Spanish.] 

grenadier (gren-a-der') , n. originally 
a foot soldier who threw grenades: 
now a soldier of the [English] 
Grenadier Guards. [French.] 

grenadine (gra-na-den') , n. a species 
of plum which in France is made 
into a sort of syrup, also called gre- 
nadim, and drunk with water. 

grenadine (gren-a-den') , n. a dress 
fabric of thin gauzy silk or wool; a 
dyestuff. 

gres (gra), n. a fine stoneware made 
in Germany and Belgium. [French.] 

grew (groo), p.t. of grow. 

grey (gra), adj. of a white color with 
a mixture of black; hoary; mature: 
n. the color of white mixed with 
black ; a grey horse. 

greybeard (gra/berd), n. an old man. 

greyhound (gra/hound), n. a slender 
swift hound used for coursing. 

gribble (grib'bl), n. a small crustacean 
living in the water, and boring holes 
through water-logged timber. 

griddle (grid'l), n. a broad shallow 
pan, used for cooking cakes ; a large 
sieve for sifting ore. 

griddle-cake (grid'1-kak) , n. a thin 
butter cake or flannel-cake. See 
flannel-cake, flapjack. 

gride (grid), v.t. to jar harshly. 

gridelin (grid'e-lin) , n. a color mixed 
of white and red, or a grey violet 

gridiron (grid'irn), n. a grated iron 
utensil for broiling meat or fish; a 
contrivance for examining and re- 
pairing the hulls of ships; the foot- 
ball field; the name is often given to 
sandy bars which somewhat re- 
semble the gridiron. 



grief (gref), n. mental pain on ac* 
count of present or past trouble; 
that which causes sorrow or sad- 
ness; physical pain. [French.] 

grievance (grevans), n. a sense of 
wrong or oppression; just or sup- 
posed ground of complaint; an in- 
justice; cause of annoyance. 

grieve (grev), v.t. to cause to experi- 
ence grief; afflict mentally: v.i. to 
be in sorrow; lament. 

grievous (grev'us), adj. causing grief 
or sorrow; hard to be borne; painful; 
oppressive; pitiable; atrocious; vex- 
atious. 

griffin (grif'in), n. a fabulous animal 
with the body and legs of a Hon, 
the wings and beak of an eagle, and 
with listening ears; a watchful 
chaperon. Also griffon and gryphon. 

grig (grig), n. a grasshopper; cricket; 
the sand-eel ; from its skipping arises 
the familiar saying: "as merry as a 
grig." 

grill (gril), v.t. to broil; torment, as if 
by grilling: v.i. to be broiled: n. a 
gridiron; grilled meat. [French.] 

grillade (gril-ad'), n. the act of grill- 
ing; grilled meat. 

grillage (gril'aj), n. an arrangement of 
sleepers and crossbeams forming a 
foundation in loose or marshy soil 
for erections. 

grille (gre-la/), n. lace with a back- 
ground of parallel bars. 

grille (gril), n. an open grating or 
screen of wrought metal; a kind of 
frame for hatching fish. [French.] 

grim (grim), adj. [comp. grimmer, 
superl. grimmest], of a forbidding 
aspect; stern and surly; hideous; 
frightful; cruel; unyielding. 

grimace (gri-maV), n, % a distortion of 
the countenance; smirk: v.i. to make- 
grimaces. 

grimalkin (gri-m'awl'kin) , n. an oldi 
she-cat; a name sometimes given to 
an old woman [Middle -English: 
literally "gray-moll"]. 

grime (grim), n. foul matter; dirt 
deeply ingrained: v.t. to make dirty 
or grimy. 

grimily (grim'i-li), adv. in a grimy 
manner. 

griminess (grim'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being grimy. 

grimy (grim'i) , adj. full of grime. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book! 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



GRIN 



387 



GROGGY 



grin (grin), n. the act of closing the 
teeth and showing them, or of with- 
drawing the lips and showing the 
teeth: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. grinned, p.pr. 
grinning], to set the teeth together 
and open the lips, or to open the 
mouth and withdraw the lips from 
the teeth so as to show them, as in 
laughter or scorn. 

grind (grind), v.t. [p.t & p.p. ground, 
p.pr. grinding], to pulverize or re- 
duce to powder by friction; sharpen 
or smooth by friction; grate; oppress; 
harass; prepare for examination; 
study hard: v.i. to perform the act 
of grinding; be rubbed together; 
turn a mill: n. the act of grind- 
ing; hard study for an examina- 
tion; laborious and tedious work. 
In college slang, a practical 
joke. 

grinder (grind 'er), n. one who, or that 
which, grinds; a molar tooth; one 
who coaches pupils for an examina- 
tion. 

grindstone (grind 'ston) , n. a flat, cir- 
cular stone for sharpening tools, &c. 

grinningly (grin'ing-li) , adv. with a 
grin. 

grip (grip), n. a grasp with the hand; 
a holding fast; that by which any- 
thing is held firmly; a particular 
mode of grasping » the hand, as 
among Freemasons; grasping pow- 
er; a small ditch or trench: v.t. to 
grasp, or seize: v.i. to take fast hold. 
See grippe. 

gripe (grip), n. a clasping with the 
hand or arms ; a squeeze ; pressure ; 
pinching distress: pi. colic: v.t. to 
hold with closed fingers; grasp; 
hold tightly; seize; clutch; oppress; 
pinch: v.i. to take firm hold. 

griping (grip'ing), adj. distressful; 
avaricious. 

grippe (grip, or grep),n. a peculiarly 
exhausting form of influenza. Also 
grip. [French.] 

gripper (grip'er), n. one who, or that 
which, grips; a mechanical device 
for seizing and holding. 

grisaille (gri-zaT or gri-za'ya), n. a 
method of painting in grey tints, so 
as to represent a solid body in bas- 
relief. [French.] 

grisette (gre-zet'), n. a Parisian shop- 
girl; a French girl of the operative 



class who dresses coquettishly (see 
cocotte) ; a moth. 

griskin (gris'kin), n. a hog's spine. 

grisly '(griz'li), adj. terrible; savage- 
looking. See grizzly. 

grison (gri'sun), n. a carnivorous 
mammal of South America resem- 
bling a weasel. 

grist (grist), n. grain for grinding; 
ground corn; provision or supply. 

gristle (gris'l), n. cartilage. _ 

gristly (gris'li), adj. cartilaginous^ 

grit (grit), n. rough, hard particles, 
as sand, &c. ; a hard sandstone com- 
posed of sharp silicious grains; the 
coarse part of meal; firmness of 
character; courage: pi. oats hulled 
and coarsely ground. 

grittiness (grit'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being gritty. 

gritty (grit'i), adj. composed of, con- 
taining, or resembling, grit; cour- 
ageous. 

grizzly (griz'li), adj. somewhat grey: 
n. the grizzly bear, a large, fierce 
bear whose habitat is the western 
part of North America. 

groan (gron), n. a low, deep sound 
uttered in pain or sorrow; a deep, 
rumbling sound expressive of dis- 
approbation or ridicule; a low, dis- 
mal sound, as of the wind: v.i. to 
utter a groan; lament; be burdened: 
v.t. to express disapproval of by 
groans. _ 

groat (grot), n. formerly a silver coin 
current in England, value 4d, or 
in U. S. money, eight cents; a trifling 
sum: pi. hulled oats. 

grocer (gro'ser), n. one who sells 
groceries. _[01d # French.] 

grocery (gro'ser-i), n. [pi. groceries 
(gro'ser-iz)], tea, coffee, sugar, 
spices, &c. (usually pi.) ; a grocer's 
shop; a grog-shop. 

grog (grog), n. a mixture of .spirits 
and water; spirituous Hquor: v.t. to 
make into grog by the addition of 
water. 

groggery (grog'er-i), n. a low drinking 
place; a grog-shop. 

grogginess (grog'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being groggy^ [Pugilists' slang.] 

grogging (grog'ing), n. the extraction 
of spirits from empty casks by hot 
water. 

groggy (grog'i), adj. tipsy; moving 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



*l 



* 



GROG-SHOP 



388 



GROW 



with an unsteady gait: said of 
horses ; staggering as if dazed : said 
of a pugilist. 

grog-shop (grog'-shop). See grog- 
gery. 

groin (groin), n. the depressed part 
of the human body between the 
thigh and the belly; the angular 
curve made by the intersection of 
two arches: v.t. to build or form into 
groins. 

grommet (grom'et), n. a ring formed 
of a strand of rope laid round; an 
eyelet of metal; a cannon-wad made 
of rope, and rammed between the 
powder and the ball. 

groom (groom), n. a man or boy who 
has charge of horses; a bridegroom; 
the title of several officers of the 
royal household: v.t. to feed and 
take care of, as a groom does a 
horse; to curry and brush. 

groomsman (groomz'man), n. one 
who attends a bridegroom ; a best man. 

groove (groov), n. a channel or fur- 
row, especially as cut by a tool; set- 
tled habit or routine: v.t. to form 
or cut a groove in. 

grope (grop), v.i. to feel one's way 
with the hands, as in the dark; seek 
blindly: v.t. to search out, as in 
the dark, by feeling with the hands. 

gros (gro), n. a heavy silk fabric. 

grosbeak (gros'bek), n. the name of 
various warblers with a large stout 
beak, allied to the finches. 

grosgrain (gro 'gran), n. a stout 
double-corded silk. [French.] 

gross (gros) , adj. bulky ; thick ; coarse ; 
rude ; indelicate ; flagrant ; dull ; heavy ; 
corpulent; dense; whole: n. 12 dozen; 
main body; mass; entire amount. m 

grossuline (gros'u-lin) , n. a prin- 
ciple obtained from certain acid 
fruits, as gooseberries. Also grossa- 
line. 

grot (grot), n. a grotto [Poet.]. 

grotesque (gro-tesk'), adj. fantas- 
tically or oddly formed; extrava- 
gant; < whimsical; ridiculous: n. 
whimsical ornamentation, figures, or 
scenery; or the uncouth in art. 

grotto (grot'o), n. a natural or arti- 
ficial cavern in the earth or in rocks. 
[Italian.] 

grotto- work (grot'6-werk) , n. orna- 
mental work in imitation of grottos. 



grouch (grouch), n. a fit of bad tern* 
per-, sulkiness. Same as grudge. 

grouchy (grouch'i) , adj . bad temperedo 

ground (ground), n. the earth or 
soil; surface of a floor or pave- 
ment; land; territory; country; es- 
tate; foundation; cause or reason; 
origin; original principle; a funda- 
mental or preparatory part in va- 
rious arts; plain song: pi. dregs 
or sediment: v.t. to place or set on/ 
or in, the ground; settle in first 
principles; base; run aground: v.i. 
to take the ground ; place dependence 
on: adj. fundamental: p.t. & p.p. of 
grind. 

ground-hog (ground'hog) , n. the 
woodchuck; the aardvark. 

groundless (ground'les) , adj. without 
foundation ; unreasonable. 

ground-rent (ground'rent) , n. the 
rent paid by a tenant for the use of 
land, generally for a long term of 
years, often ninety-nine. 

groundsel (ground'sel) , n. a weed of 
the aster family with yellow flowers. 

ground-swell (ground'swel) , n. a 
broad, deep, heavy, rolling sea, 
caused by a distant storm or earth- 
, quake. 

group (groop), n. a small crowd or 
assemblage; a cluster; an assem- 
blage of figures or objects forming 
an artistic whole; a division of 
organisms with certain characteris- 
tics ; the chief division of a geological 
system: v.t. to form into a group. 

grouse (grous), n. red and black 
heath-game ; partridge ; pheasant ; 
prairie-hen. 

grout (grout), n. mortar or cement 
mixed with gravel, used for founda- 
tions and joints of masonry; a fine 
plaster for ceilings; coarse meal: v.t. 
to surround or fill in with grout. 

grouty (grout'i),. cross; sulky; dreg-| 

gy. 
grove (grov), n. a small wood; a 

row of trees shading an avenue. 
grovel (grov'el), v.i. to lie prone; 

move with the body prostrate on the 

ground; be mean or debased. 
groveler (grov'el-er) , n. one who 

grovels. 
groveling (grov'el-ing) , p. adj. lying 

prostrate; mean; undignified. 
grow (gro), v.t. [p.t. grew, p.p. grown, 



ate, arm, at, awl 



me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
hue, hut ; think, then. 



GROWL 



389 



GUARD 



p.pr. growing], to cultivate: v.i. to 
increase in stature or size by nat- 
ural organic development; be pro- 
duced by vegetation; increase; flour- 
ish; thrive; become; advance; be- 
come fixed or attached. 

growl (groul), n. a deep angry snarl 
or murmur: v.i. to snarl or murmur 
like a dog; grumble. 

growler (groul'er), n. one who, and 
that which, growls; a North Amer- 
ican perch; a four-wheeled cab; 
pitcher or pail of beer. Those who 
carry it to and fro are said "to 
work the_ growler." . 

grown (gron), p.p. of grow. 

growth (groth), n. the progressive 
increase of animal or vegetable bod- 
ies; advancement; increase; prog- 
ress; result; effect. 

grub (grub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grubbed, 
p.pr. grubbing], to dig up; root 
out of the ground; provide with 
food: v.i. to drudge or toil; per- 
form dirty work: n. the larva of a 
beetle, moth or other insect; food. 

grubber (grub'er), n. one who, or that 
which, grubs. 

grub-stake (grub'stak), n. the money 
or other assistance given to 
a miner to help him continue his 
exploration: v.t. to give aid to a 
miner who is not in luck. 

grudge (gruj), v.t. to regard with 
envy or discontent ; give or take 
with reluctance: n. secret malice or 
ill-will; an old dislike or quarrel. 

gruel (groo'el), n. a light semi-liquid 
food made of oatmeal, &c, for in- 
valids. 

gruelling (groo'el-ling) , n. a severe 
beating, or chastisement. 

gruesome (groo'sum), adj. horrible 
of aspect; inspiring gloom or hor- 
ror. 

gruff (gruf), adj. rough or surly in 
voice or mannerj harsh; hoarse. 

gru-gru (groo'groo), n. the larva of 
a South American weevil, cooked for 
food as a delicacy. 

grumble (grum'bl), v.i. to murmur 
discontentedly; find fault. 

grumbling (grum'bling) , n. the act of 
murmuring discontentedly. 

grume (grum),_n. a clot. 

grumous (groo'mus), adj. consisting 
of clustered grains; thick or clotted. 



grumpily (grump'i-li), adv. in a 
grumpy manner. 

grumpiness (grump'i-nes) , n. the state 
of being grumpy. 

grumpy (grump'i), adj. surly; cross; 
low-spirited. 

grunt (grunt), n. the guttural noise 
of a hog; an edible marine Ameri- 
can fish: v.i. to make a noise like a 
hog. 

Gruyere (groo-yar'), n. a Swiss 01 
French cheese made from skim-milk. 

gryposis (gri-po'sis), n. an ingrow- 
ing of the nails. [Greek.] 

grysbok (gris'bok), n. a South Afri- 
can antelope. [Dutch.] 

guaco (gwa'ko), n. tropical Ameri- 
can plant, used as a specific for 
snake-bites and resembling the Vir- 
ginian snakeroot (Aristolochia Ser- 
pentina) . 

Guaiacum (gwi'a-kum), n. a genus 
of tropical American and West In- 
dian shrubs and trees from which a 
resin, extensively used in medicine, 
is obtained. [Spanish.] 

guan (gwan), n. sl gallinaceous bird 
of South America. 

guanaco (gwa-na'ko), n. the wild 
llama of the Andes. [S. American.] 

guaniferous (gwa-nif'er-us),ad;. yield- 
ing guano. 

guanine (gwa'nin), n. a principle 
found in guano, pancreatic juice, &c. 

guano (gwa'no), n. the dung of sea- 
birds found in thick layers in West- 
ern South America (especially Peru) 
and Africa, yielding a valuable 
manure. [Peruvian.] There is also 
made for commerce an artificial 
guano, from various animal products, 
as fish-guano, &c. 

guarantee (gar-an-te') , n. an en- 
gagement made by a third person 
to secure the fulfillment of an agree- 
ment; one who becomes surety for 
the performance of another's acts: 
v.t. to undertake that another shall 
perform a certain stipulation; war- 
rant; be responsible for. Also guar- 
anty. 

guarantor (gar'an-tor) , n. one who 
guarantees, or makes, a guaranty. 

guaranty (gar'an-ti), n. the legal form 
of guarantee. 

guard (gard), v.t. to watch over or 
protect; preserve by caution; shield 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GUARDED 



390 



GUILTY 



. 



or defend: v.i. be cautious (with found in the clefts and cavities of 

against) : n. security or defense rocks. 

against injury or attack; a state guib (gwib), n. a West African ante- 

of vigilance or caution; attention; lope. 

any contrivance or device for se- guidable (gid'a-bl), adj. that may be 

curity; a brakeman or gateman on a guided. 

train; a man or body of men em- guidance (gid'ans), n. direction; 

ployed for defense or control. leading. 

guarded (gard'ed), p. adj. defended; guide (gid), n. one who leads or di- 



careful; cautious; circumspect. 

guardian (gard'i-an), n. one who has 
the care of the person or property 
of another; a warden: adj. protect- 
ing; tutelary. 

guard-ship (gard'ship), n. a warship 



rects; conductor; director; a soldier 
or other person who obtains infor- 
mation for an army; that by which 
one directs his course; a guide-book: 
v.t. to lead or direct ; influence ; regu- 
late; govern by counsel. [French.] 



stationed at a port or harbor for its guide-book (gld'bqok), n. a hand- 



book for the direction of travelers. 
guidon (gi'dn), [French, ge-dong'], n. 
the forked flag of a troop of light 
cavalry or mounted artillery; the 
officer who carries it; the flag of 
' a guild or confraternity. 
guild (gild), n. a fraternity; corpora- 
tion; association. Also gild, 
pertaining to a governor or to his guilder (gild'er), n. the Dutch florin, 
office. [Latin.] value about 40.2 cents. 

gudgeon (guj'un), n. a small edible guile (gil), n. deceit; cunning; du- 
fresh-water fish; a person who is plicity. 

easily imposed upon; an iron pin guileful (girfool), adj. full of guile. 
or shaft on which a wheel revolves, guileless (gil'les), adj. free from guilt 



protection or for other services 

guardsman (gardz'man), n. [pi. 

guardsmen (gardz'men)], an officer 

or soldier of the British Guards. 

guava (gwa'va), # a tree of tropical 

America yielding a pear-shaped 

fruit, from which a jelly is made. 

gubernatorial (gu-ber-na-to'ri-al) ,adj, 



guerdon (ger'dun), n. a reward. 
Guernsey (gern'zi), n. a breed of dairy 

cattle from the island of Guernsey. 
guernsey (gern'zi), n. a close-fitting 

knitted woolen shirt. 



or wrong; sinless; sound and right 
in respect to anything charged 
against him. 
guillemot (gil'e-mot), n. a species of 
auk. 



guerrilla (ger-il'ya), n % one of an ir- guilloche (gil-losh'), n. a series of in- 



regular force engaged in harassing an 
enemy in small bands; petty warfare : 
adj. belonging to, or consisting of , 
guerrillas; pertaining to irregular 
warfare. [Spanish.] 

guess (ges), n. a conjecture; the act 
of guessing: v.t. to hit upon at ran- 
dom; believe or think: v.i. to con- 
jecture. 

guess-work (ges'werk), n. random 
conjecture; work performed by 
guess. 

guest (gest), n. one who is enter 



terwoven or twisted ornaments. 

guillotine (gil'o-ten), n. an apparatus 
for beheading a criminal by means 
of a heavy knife sliding in two up- 
right grooves: it was named after 
Dr. J. I. Guillotin, a French phy- 
sician who invented it: v.i. (gil-o- 
ten'), to behead with the guillotine. 

guilt (gilt), n. the state of one who 
is liable to a penalty; sin; crim- 
inality. 

guiltily (gilt'i-li), adv. in a guilty 



manner. 

tained at the house or table of an- guiltiness (gilt'i-nes) , n. the state of 

other. being guilty. 

guff (guf), n. folly, nonsense. [Vul- guiltless (ghVles), adj. free from 

gar.] guilt; innocent. 

guffaw (guf -f aw'), n. a rude boister- guilty (gilt'i), adj. [comp. guiltier, 

ous laugh. superl. guiltiest], justly chargeable 

guffer (guf'er), n. the eel-pout. with a crime; wicked; criminal; not 

guhr (goor), n. a loose earthy deposit innocent. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



GUIMPE 



391 



GUNNY 



guimpe (gamp), n. a chemisette worn 
with a low-necked gown. [French.] 

guinea (gin'e), n. a gold coin, for- 
merly current in England, value 
21s. or about $5. (Named from 
Guinea, in Africa, whence the gold 
was supposed to have come.) 

Guinea (gin'e), n. in American slang, 
a term applied to_ Italians. 

guinea-fowl (gin'e-f oul) , n. a grey- 
ish-blue gallinaceous bird.with white 
spots s originally from Guinea. 

guinea-pig (gin'e-pig), n. m a small do- 
mesticated South American rodent, 
allied to the cavy. 

guipure (gwe-pur'), n. a kind of lace 
or gimp. [French.] 

guise (giz), n. external appearance; 
dress; mien. [French.] 

guitar (gi-tar'), n. a six-stringed in- 
strument, on the principle of the 
violin,_ played with the fingers. 

gula (gu'la), n. [pi. guise (gu'le)], the 
gullet; throat. [Latin.] # 

gular (gti'lar), adj. pertaining to the 
gula. 

gulch (gulch), n. a rocky or rough 
narrow valley. 

gules (gulz), n. the tincture red; in- 
dicated in a blazon without color 
by perpendicular lines. [French.] 

gulf (gulf), n. an arm of the sea ex- 
tending into the land, iatermediate 
in size between a bay and sea; a deep 
place in the earth; an abyss; whirl- 
pool; something insatiable. 

Gulf stream (strem), n. a vast and 
important warm ocean-current flow- 
ing out from the Gulf of Mexico, 
and then to the north, where it 
raises the temperature on the coast 
near which it approaches. 

gull (gul) , n. a web-footed sea-fowl 
with long wings; one who is easily 
cheated: v.t. to cheat; deceive; im- 
pose upon. 

gullet (gul'et), n. the throat; oesopha- 
gus. 

gullible (gul'i-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing easily deceived. 

gully (gul'i), n. [pi. gullies (gul'iz)], a 
channel or hollow worn by water; 
narrow ravine; a metal tram-rail or 
-plate. 

gulp (gulp), v.t. to swallow down 
eagerly or in large draughts: n. the 
act of gulping; swallowing. 



gum (gum), n. the soft fleshy part 
of the jaws by which the teeth are 
surrounded; a semi-transparent vis- 
cid vegetable substance that exudes 
from certain trees and shrubs and 
hardens on the surface: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. gummed, p.pr. gumming], to 
smear or unite with gum. [French.] 

gum arable (ar'a-bik), n. a gum ob- 
tained from various species of 
acacia. 

gumbo (gum'bo), n. a dish or soup 
made from the gummy pods of the 
okra; a Creole patois; prairie mud. 

gum- game (gum-gam), n. in Ameri- 
can slang a trick or piece of mischief. 

gum m in ess (gum'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being gummy. 

gummy (gum'i), adj. like gum. # 

gumption (gump 'shun), n. quickness 
of perception; common sense. 

gun (gun), n. an instrument for dis- 
charging shot, by the force of an ex- 
plosive; the term is also applied to 
a cannon, and, per contra, to a 
pistol: v.i. to shoot with a gun. 

gunboat (gun'bot), n. & warship of 
light draught, next in size to a 
cruiser, carrying several guns. 

guncotton (gun'kot-n), n. a highly 
explosive substance formed by the 
action of nitric and sulphuric acid 
upon cotton, or some other vegetable 
fibre. 

gun-fire (gun'fir), n. the hour at which 
the morning and evening gun is 
fired. 

gunjah (gun'ja), n. the hemp plant of 
India, whose dried leaves and roots 
are smoked. Gunjah is the same as 
bhang, hashish, and Indian hemp. 

gunman (gun'man), n. a criminal char- 
acter ready to kill with firearms for 
hire. 

gun- metal (gun'met-al) , n. an alloy 
of copper and tin. 

gunnel, same as gunwale. 

gunner (gun'er), n. one who works a 
gun; an artilleryman; a warrant- 
officer in the navy who has charge 
of the ordnance of a war-vessel and 
or dnance-st ores . # 

gunnery (gun'er-i), n. the science of 
artillery. 

gunning (gun'ing) , n. the shooting of 
game with a gun. 

gunny (gun'i), n. [pi. gunnies (gun'iz)], 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



GUNPOWDER 392 GYMNASIUM 

a coarse heavy sackcloth of jute or gust (gust), n. a sudden squall; a 
hemp. [Bengali.] sudden and violent outburst of pas- 
gunpowder (gun'pou-der) , n. an ex- sion. 
plosive substance composed of sul- gustatory (gus'ta-to-ri) , adj. pertain- 
phur, nitre and charcoal (see smoke- ing to the taste. 
less powder) ; a fine kind of green tea. gustf ul (gust 'fool) , adj. full of gusto. 
gun-shy (gun'shi), adj. fearing the gusto (gus'tq), n. zest; relish. 

sight or report of a gun; timid? gusty (gust'i), adj. characterized by 

Gunter's chain (gun'terz^ chan), n. gusts. 

a surveyor's chain used in measur- gut (gut), n. the intestinal canal; an 

ing land, 66 ft. long, and divided in intestine; catgut; a narrow channel 

100 links of 7.92 in. each. Named or strait: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gutted, 

from Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), p.pr. gutting], to extract the en- 

an English mathematician. trails of; eviscerate; to plunder, or 

Counter's scale (skal), n. a large plane empty entirely, 

scale, with various lines of numbers gutta-percha (gut-a-per'cha), n. a 

engraved upon it, by means of which reddish-brown horn-like substance; 

surveyors' and navigators' calcu- the inspissated juice of the gutta- 

lations are determined. percha tree (Isonandra gutta) of the 

gunwale (gun'l), n. the upper edge Malay Archipelago. 

of the side of a ship. gutter (gut'er), n. a channel for carry- 
gurgitation (ger-ji-ta/shun), n. a ing away water: v.t. to cut into 
state of boiling, or whirling round. small channels ; furnish with gut- 
gurgle (ger'gl), v.i. to flow or run ters: v.i. to run in drops. 

with a purling bubbling sound: n. guttering (gut'er-ing) , n. a making 
a purling, bubbling noise. into hollows ; the act of falling in 
gurglet (ger'glet), n. a porous earthen drops; material for making gutters, 
vessel for cooling water, much used guttural (gut'er-al), adj. pertaining 
in India. _ m to, or produced in, the throat: n. a 
Gurkha (gur'ka), n. a British Hindu sound produced in the throat, in or 
soldier from Nepal (employed in near the palate. In English, k, c 
European War, in 1914-1916). and g (hard), q, ng, h, and some- 
gurnet (ger'net), n. an edible sea-fish times ch, are gutturals. 

with a large angular head and rough gutturally (gut'er-a-li), adv. in a gut- 
bony skin. Also gurnard. tural manner. 
giirrah (gur'a), n. a plain coarse guy (gi), n. a rope, chain, &c, to 
Indian muslin. [Hindu.] swing and keep steady a heavy body; 
gurry (gur'i), n. in India, a small na- an effigy, especially of Guy Fawkes 
tive fort ; crude oil from fish livers. [English] ; a person oddly or dowdily 
guru (gur-6o r ), n. in India a name dressed: v.t. to steady or guide with 

given to a teacher. [Hindu.] _ a guy; ridicule; delude. 

gush (gush), n. a sudden and violent guzzle (guz'l), v.i. to drink greedily 

flow of a liquid from an inclosed and immoderately: n. intoxicating 

space; outburst; an extravagant liquor; a drunken debauch, 

display of sentiment: v.i. to issue guzzler (guz'ler), n. an immoderate 

with violence and rapidity; flow drinker. 

copiously; be extravagantly senti- guzzy (guz'i), n. an East Indian cotton 
mental. cloth. 
gusher (gush'er), n. one who or that gwiniad (gwin'i-ad), n. a Welsh 
which, gushes; an oil well that dis- trout; the powan. Also guiniad. 
charges its contents without the aid gymn, a Greek prefix meaning naked, 
of machinery. The original Gusher destitute of, occurring in many corn- 
Well in Pennsylvania yielded oil pound words. Also gymno. 
at the rate of 60,000 barrels a day. gymnanthous ( jim-nan'thus) , adj. 
gusset (gus'et), n. a small triangular without calyx or corolla. 

piece of cloth inserted in a garment gymnasium (jim-na'zi-um), n. [pi. 

to strengthen or enlarge a part. gymnasia (jim-na/zi-a)], a building 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then* 



GYMNAST 



393 



GYROSTAT 



where gymnastic exercises are prac- 
ticed ; a school for the higher branch- 
es of literature and art; in ancient 
Greece, a place for athletic exer- 
cises, provided with baths, &c, also, 
in connection with it, apartments in 
which philosophic discussions were 
carried on. 

gymnast Cjim'nast), # n. one who prac- 
tices, or is expert in, gymnastics. 

gymnastic (jim-nas'tik), adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, 
gymnastics. 

gymnastics (jim-nas'tiks), n.pl. ath- 
letic exercises; the art of developing 
the physical powers by exercise. 

gymnogens (jim'no-jens), n.pl. plants 
having naked seeds, or not inclosed 
in an ovary. 

gymnotus (jim-n6'tus), # n. the elec- 
tric eel of South America. 

gyne, a Greek prefix meaning woman, 
female. Also gyneco. 

gynecocracy (ji-ne-kok'ra-si) , n. fe- 
male rule or supremacy. Also gyne- 
ocracy. 

gynecology (ji-ne-kol'o-ji) , n. that 
branch of medical science which 
treats of the functions and diseases 
of women. [Greek.] 

gyneolatry (ji-ne-ol'a-tri) , n. excessive 
homage paid to women. 



gynethics (jl-neth'iks) , n. the study 
of woman's relation to ethics and 
also the ethics of woman. [Greek.] 

gypsum (jip'sum), n. sulphate of 
lime; plaster of paris. 

Gypsy, same as Gipsy. 

gyrate (jl'rat), v.i. to revolve round a 
central point; rotate; wheel. 

gyratory (jl'ra-to-ri), adj. revolving 
in a circle. 

gyre (jir), n. a fetter for the legs: 
v.t. to fetter. 

gyro, a Greek prefix in various scien- 
tific words meaning a circle, round. 

gyro-car (jl'ro-kar), n. the car used 
on a gyroscope railway. 

gyropter (ji-rop'ter), n. a flying ma- 
chine raised by a gyroscopic rotary 
lifter. 

gyroscope (ji'ro-skop), n. an instru- 
ment for demonstrating the laws of 
rotation; used to steady torpedo 
boats and other vessels; to give 
steadiness to flying machines. 

gyroscope-railway (ji'ro-skop-ral'wa) , 
n. a single-rail railway, the cars to be 
kept upright by the rotation in 
opposite directions of two powerful 
gyroscopes. 

gyrostat ( jl'ro-stat) , n. an instrument 
for demonstrating the dynamics of 
rotating rigid bodies. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



H 



H, the eighth letter in the English 
alphabet. Its form is derived direct- 
ly through the Latin from Greek 
and Phoenician. It was long a 
"silent letter," but is be oming less 
so every day. As a chemical sym- 
bol it stands for Hydrogen. 

ha (hii) , inter j. an expression of 
wonder, joy, hesitation, (fee, its 
meaning being dependent on the 
tone in which it is uttered: v.i. to 
expre s wonder, &c; hesi ate. 

haaf (haf), n. a deep-sea fishing-bank 
off s the Shet lands ._ 

habeas corpus (ha'be-as kor'pus, in 
Latin, "have the body"), a writ to 
produce a p isoner at a stat d time 
and place to declare the cause of his 
detention. 

haberdasher (ha 'er-dash-er) 5< n. a 
dealer in small wares, as ribbons, 
lace, tapes, needles, &c. 

haberdashery (hab-er-dash'er-i) , the 
wares sold by a haberdasher; a 
haberdasher's shop. 

habergeon (hab'er-jun), n. a coat of 
mail covering th') neck and breast. 

habiliment (ha-biri-ment), n. an 
article of clothing: pi. d.ess. 

habilitate (ha-biri-tat) , v.i. ■ o be- 
come qualified. 

habit (hab'it), n. ordinary course of 
conduct; general condition or ten- 
dency; disposition; established cus- 
tom; dress; a woman's riding-dress 
the distinctive dress worn by mem- 
bers of a religious order: v.t. to 
dress; furnish with a habit. 

habitable (hab'it-a-bl), adj. fit to be 
dwelt in. 

habitant (ab'it-ang), n. a dweller: 
permanent resident; a farmer of 
French descent, in Canada and 
Louisiana. [French.] 

habitat (hab'i-tat), n. the natural lo- 
cality of animals, plants, &c, in 
their wild state; geographical range. 



habitation (hab-i-ta'shun) , n. resi- 
dence or place of abode; natural 
locality; a Primrose League lodge. 

habited (hab'i-ted), p.adj. wearing a 
habit or dress. 

habitual (ha-bit'u-al), adj. formed 
or acquired by us.; customary; in- 
veterate. 

habitually (ha-bit'u-a-li), adv. by 
habit. 

habituate (ha-bit'u-at), v.t. to make 
familiar by use or custom; familiar- 
ize. 

habitude (hab'i-tud), n. habit; cus- 
tomary manner or mode; familiar- 
ity. 

habitue (ha-bit'u-a), n. one who 
habitually frequents a place of 
amusement, &c. [French.] 

hacienda (a-the-en'da, or has-i-en'- 
da), n. in Spanish America, a large 
plantation on which the owner is 
resident; an isolated farm; an es- 
tablishment for raising stock, farm 
produce, &c. [Sprrish.] 

hack (hak), v.t. to cut irregularly 
and into small pieces; injure by 
cutting; notch; kick (the shins of 
another) at football; let out for 
hire: n. a notch; hollow irregular 
cut; a horse let out for hire; a kick 
on the shins at football; a carriage 
let out for hire; a hackney-coach; 
a literary drudge; a drying frame 
for fish; a place where green bricks 
are dried; a feeding rack. 

hackberry (bak'ber-ri), n. a large 
North American forest-tree, with an 
edible fruit. 

hackbut (hak'but), n. an arquebus or 
old-fashioned fire-arm. [Dutch.] 

hacking (hak'ing), adj. notching; ir- 
ritating and wearing: said of a 
cough: n. the stacking of bricks for 
drying; a particular method of mas- 
sage; a process in gem cutting. 

hackle (hak'l), v.t. to dress or comb e 



i£te, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HACKMAN 



395 



HALATION 



as flax or hemp; tear into pieces; 
mangle in cutting: n. an implement 
with sharp spikes for cleansing flax 
or hemp; unspun fiber; a long nar- 
row feather in the neck of a cock, 
used for making artificial flies for 
angling; a feather fly for angling. 

hackman ■ (hak'man) , n. a man who 
drives a hack (hackney coach). 

hackmatack (hak'ma-tak) , n. the red 
American larch, or tamarack. 

hackney (hak'ni), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
hackneyed, p.pr. hackneying], to 
wear out by constant use; make 
commonplace: adj. let out for hire; 
common or trite: n. a hackney- 
coach; a horse kept for hire; a nag. 
See hack. 

hackney-coach (hak'ni-koch) , n. a li- 
censed carriage that plies for hire. 

hackneyed (hak'nid), p. adj. worn out; 
commonplace. 

had, p.t. of have. 

haddock (had'ok), n. sl sea-fish of the 
cod family. 

Hadean (ha-de'an), adj. pertaining to 
Hades or the world of the dead. 
[Greek.] 

Hades (ha/dez), n. the abode and state 
of the dead. See Sheol, Purgatory, 
Hell. 

hading (had'ing), n. the deviation 
from the vertical of a vein or stra- 
tum; underlay. 

hadji (had'ji), n. a Mohammedan 
who has made his pilgrimage to 
Mecca and is thereafter regarded by 
his people as a very holy man. (Also 
hajj, and howadji.) 

haema, a Greek prefix meaning blood, 
occurring in many scientific words. 
Also hsem, hsemat, hsenH^ hemo. 

haemachrome (hem'a-krom) , n. the 
coloring matter of the blood. 

h aemadr omomet er (hem-a-dro-mom'- 
e-ter),n. an instrument for determin- 
ing the velocity of the flow of blood. 

haemal (he'mal) , adj. pertaining to the 
blood. 

haemalopia (hem-a-lo'pi-a) , n. dis- 
ease 01 the eye in which objects ap- 
pear red. 

haematemesis (hem-a-tem'e-sis) , n. 
vomiting of blood from the stomach. 

haematic (he-mat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the blood: n.pl. that branch of 
physiology that treats of the blood. 



haematoid (hem'a-toid) , adj. blood- 
like. 

haemoglobin (hem-6-glo'bin) , n. same 
as hemoglobin. 

haemoptysis (he-mop 'ti-sis), n. same 
as hemoptysis. 

haemorrhage (hem'o-raj), n. same as 
hemorrhage. 

haemorrhoids (hem'o-roids) , n.pl, 
same as hemorrhoids. 

haft (haft), n. a handle of a tool or 
knife: v.t. to furnish with a haft or 
handle. 

hag (hag), n. a witch; an ugly old 
woman; a cartilaginous fish, para- 
sitic in the bodies of other fish. 

haggard (hag'ard) , adj. worn and anx- 
ious in appearance ; lean and hollow- 
eyed. 

haggle (hag'l), v.i. to higgle. 

hah a (ha/ha), n. a sunken hedge, 
[English.] 

Hahnemanian (ha-ne-man'yan), n. a 
homceopathist. 

Hahnemanism, n. the medical sys- 
tem known as homoeopathy, founded 
by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843). 

haik (ha/ik), n. an outer woolen gar- 
ment with colored stripes worn by 
the Arabs. [Arabic.^ 

hail (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a call 
or salutation: v.i. to pour down hail: 
v.t. to pour down or out like hail; 
call to or salute. 

hair (har), n. one of the small horny 
fibrous tubes with a bulbous root 
growing out of the skin of a mam- 
mal; the mass of such horny fibrous 
tubes; minute hair-like filaments on 
the surface of plants. 

hairdresser (har'dres-ser), n. a bar- 
ber; a coiffeur. 

hairsplitting (har'split-ing) , adj. mak- 
ing over sub tie or very minute dis- 
tinctions, in reasoning or statement. 

hairspring (har'spring) , n. a very fine 
spring to regulate the balance wheel 
of a watch. 

hair-trigger (har'trig-er) , n. a sec- 
ondary trigger of a gun, or pistol. 

hairy (har'i), adj. covered with, 
abounding in, or resembling, hair. 

hajj (haj), n. See hadji. 

hake (hak), n. an edible sea-fish cog- 
nate with the cod. 

halation (ha-la'shun) , n. a halo on a 
photographic plate. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



*k 



HALBERD 



396 



HAME 



halberd (hal'berd), n. a mediaeval 
weapon consisting of a long staff to 
which an axe was affixed with a 
spear -like point. [Old French.] 

halcyon (hal'si-un), adj. pertaining to 
the kingfisher; peaceful; happy; 
calm: n. the kingfisher, from the 
fable that its hatching season was in 
calm weather . [Greek . ] 

hale (hal), adj. sound bodily; healthy; 
hearty: v.t. to drag or draw by vio- 
lence. 

half (haf), n. [pi. halves (havz)], one 
of two equal parts; a school term; 
in football, a half-back: adv. equally; 
partly: adj. consisting of a half; ap- 
proximating. 

half-and-half, n. a mixture of ale and 
porter, or of old and new ale. 

half-blood (haf'blud), n. one whose 
parents are of different races; rela- 
tionship between persons who have 
one parent in common. 

half-breed (haf 'bred), n. a person of 
mixed blood; as, an Indian half- 
breed. 

half-caste (haf'kast), n. a person of an 
East Indian parent on one side and 
of a European on the other. See Eu- 
rasian. 

halibut (hal'i-but), n. a large edible 
flatfish. 

halicore (hal'i-kor), n. the dugong. 

hall (hawl), n. a large room for the 
transaction of public business, en- 
tertainments, &c; a court of jus- 
tice; the first large room of a house; 
a manor-house; a college dining- 
room; the dinner served there; the 
public room of a corporation or 
guild; at Oxford and Cambridge a 
minor college. 

hallelujah (hal-e-loo'ya,), n. (Hebrew, 
Praise ye Jehovah) an ascription of 
praise to God; a musical composition 
having as its theme such an ascrip- 
tion of praise: adj. singing, or con- 
taining, hallelujah. Also alleluiah. 

hallelujah lad (lad), n. a youth who 
becomes a member of the Salvation 
Army. 

hallelujah lass (las), n. a female 
member of the Salvation Army. 

halliard, same as halyard. 

hall-mark (hawl'mark), n. the official 
mark of the Goldsmiths' Company 
and other English assay offices, at- 



testing the quality of the gold and 
silver articles on which it is im- 
pressed: hence a mark or proof of 
genuineness. 

halloo (hal-loo') and hullo (hul-lo'), 
inter j. an exclamation to call atten- 
tion to or cheer one; a shout to at- 
tract attention, or to cheer or urge 
on: v.t. to shout out; incite or cheer 
on, as dogs: v.i. to cry out loudly. 
Also holloa. 

hallow (hal'6), v.t. to consecrate; de- 
vote to sacred purposes ; revere. 

Halloween (hal-o-en'), n. the Eve of 
All Saints or All Hallows,_Oct 31. 

hallucination (hal-loo-si-na'shun) , n. 
belief in something imaginary; de- 
lusion; error. [Latin.] 

halo (ha'lo), n. a ring or circle of light 
round the sun or moon, caused by 
refraction; a ring of light. [Latin.] 

halogen (hal'o-jen), n. an element as 
chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluo- 
rine, which forms saline compounds 
by combining with other elements. 
[Greek.] 

haloid (haroid), adj. resembling salt; 
a halogenetic salt. 

halt (hawlt), n. the act of limping; a 
stop in marching: adj. crippled or 
lame: v.i. to be lame; limp; be du- 
bious or hesitate; to stop in march- 
ing. 

halter (hawl'ter), n. one w r ho halts; a 
rope for hanging criminals ; a rope for 
leading or holding a horse: v.t. to put 
on, or secure with, a halter. 

halve (hav), v.t. to divide into two 
equal parts; fasten together, as tim- 
bers. 

halves, pi. of half. 

halyard (hal'vard) , n. a rope or tackle 
for hoisting a sail, flag, &c. Also 
halliard. 

ham (ham), n. the hinder part of the 
thigh; a thigh of an animal, espe- 
cially a pig, salted and smoked; a 
house; village: in place — names of 
Anglo-Saxon origin, as Tottenham. 

Hamamelis (ham-a-me'lis) , n. an or- 
der of shrubs, to which the witch- 
hazel belongs, and from which a 
medicinal extract is obtained. 

Hamburg (ham'berg), n. a rich kind of 
black grape; a breed of black do- 
mestic fowl; a large and fierce rat. 

hame (ham), n. one of the curved 



fcte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HAMERKOP 



397 



HANG 



bars on the collar to which the traces 
of a draught horse are fastened. 

hamerkop (ham'er-kop), n. an Afri- 
can bird with hammer-shaped feath- 
ers on its head. [Dutch.] 

hamfatter (ham'fat-er), n. a term of 
derision applied in cheap theaters to 
actors who fail to please the specta- 
tors. [American slang.] 

hamiform (ham'i-form),. adj. hook- 
shaped. [Latin.] 

hamlet (ham 'let), n. a small village. 

hammer (ham'er), n. an instrument 
with a handle and iron head for driv- 
ing nails, beating metals, &c.; any- 
thing resembling a hammer in its ac- 
tion or shape: v.t. to beat with, or as 
with, a hammer; forge; beat; work 
in the mind: v.i. to work hard. 

hammer -beam (ham'er-bem) , n. % a 
horizontal piece of timber projecting 
from the inside of a walk 

hammer- cloth (ham'er-kloth), n. the 
cloth which covers a coach-box. 

hammock (ham'ok), n. a swinging bed 
usually of network or canvas. > 

hamper (ham 'per), n. a large wicker- 
work basket for carrying food, &c; 
the rigging of a ship: v.t. to put 
into, or inclose in, a hamper; em- 
barrass; perplex; impede. 

hamshackle (ham'shak-1) , v.t. fasten 
the head of an animal to one of its 
forelegs, as a horse. 

hamster (ham'ster), n. a species of 
grain-storing rat with two cheek- 
pouches and a short tail. 

hamstring (ham'string), v.t. \p.t. & 
p.p. hamstrung, p.pr. hamstringing], 
to lame by cutting the tendons of the 
ham: n.pl. the strong sinews at the 
back of the knee. 

hand (hand), n. the divided and ter- 
minal extremity of the human arm 
connected withthe wrist, a similar 
organ terminating the fore-limb of 
certain animals; something resem- 
bling a hand in appearance or use 
a measure of 4 in.; dexterity in 
manipulation or performance; pos- 
session; style of writing; an employe 
who labors with his hands; cards 
held; a game; pledge of betrothal; 
nearness; gain; advantage; agency 
of ; index of any kind ; turn of m a 
player to serve the ball at tennis, 
&c; a large piece of plug tobacco: 



v.t. to give or transmit with, or aa 
with, the hand; assist or lead with 
the hand: adj. pertaining to, or used 
by, the hand. 

handicraft (hand'i-kraft) , n. the work 
or skill of an artificer; manual skill, 
or labor: adj. pertaining to manual 
labor. 

handily (han'di-li), adv. in a handy 
manner. 

handiness (han'di-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being handy. 

handiwork (han'di-werk) , n. work 
done, or produced by, the hands. 

handkerchief (hang'ker-chif ) , n. a 
piece of linen, silk or cotton cloth 
for wiping the face or nose; a pocket- 
handkerchief. 

handle (hand'l), n. that part of a 
tool, vessel, &c, grasped by the 
hand; an instrument or occasion: 
v.t. to touch or feel with the hand; 
manage; manipulate; discourse on; 
act toward or treat; buy, sell, or in- 
vest in: v.i. to work with the hands. 

handmaid (hand'mad), n. a female 
servant or attendant. Also hand- 
maiden. 

handscrew (hand'skroo) , n. a lift- 
ing-jack. 

handsel (hand'sel), n. an earnest given 
to make good a contract; the act of 
using anything for the first time; a 
gift, especially at the time of the 
Xew Year: v.t. to give a handsel to; 
use or do for the first time. [English.] 

handsome (hand'sum), adj. pleasing 
to look upon; well-formed; graceful; 
liberal; generous; ample. 

handy (hand'i), adj. [comp. handier, 
superl. handiest], dexterous; skilful; 
convenient; close at hand; manage- 
able. 

handcuff (hand'kuf), n. a manacle 
that may be locked around the wrist. 

handicap (han'di-kap), n. a condition 
imposed to equalize chances in a 
race or contest. 

handyman (han'di-man) , n. a facto- 
tum; a jack of all trades; one who 
can turn his hand to anything. 

hang (hang), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hung, 
hanged, p.pr. hanging], to suspend; 
to fasten to something so as to be 
movable; suspend by the neck; 
display; attach or fasten; furnish 
with ornaments or drapery suspended 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HANGAR 



398 



HARASSING 



or fastened to the walls, &c: v.i. 
to be suspended; bend forward; 
be dependent upon; dangle; cling; 
be in a deadlock: n. method of hang- 
ing; manner of doing or using; gen- 
eral tendency ; slope. 

hangar (hang'gahr), n. a shed or 
shelter for housing balloons and 
aeroplanes. 

hangdog (hang'dog), adj. of degraded 
or sneaking appearance. 

hanger (hang'er), n. one who hangs; 
that by which something is hung or 
suspended; a kind of cutlass once 
carried by sailors when in action. 

hanging (hanging) ,j).adj. suspended or 
dangling; suggesting or involving 
death by hanging: n. the act of put- 
ting to death by the punishment of 
the halter: pi. drapery for a room. 

hangman (hang'man), n. [pi. hang- 
men (hang'men)], a public execu- 
tioner. 

hangnail (hang'nal), n. a small piece 
of skin hanging from the root of a 
finger-nail; an agnail. 

hanif (ha-nef), n. an orthodox Mo- 
hammedan; a monotheistic Arab, 
before the time of Mohammed. 

hank (hangk), n. two or more skeins 
of thread, silk, wool, &c, fastened 
together; one of the wooden rings to 
which a fore-and-aft sail is bent ; a 
withy or rope for fastening a gate: 
v.t. to form into hanks. 

hanker (hang'ker), v.i. to desire 
eagerly (with after). 

hanky-panky (hang'ki-pang'ki) , n. 
jugglery: adj. tricky; cheating. 

hansard (han'sard), n. the officially 
printed proceedings t of the parlia- 
ment of Great Britain, said to have 
been first published by Luke Han- 
sard (1800). 

Hanse (hans), n. a confederacy of 
merchants or commercial towns. 
/ [Old French.] 

Hanseatic (han-se-at'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to the Hanse towns (Liibeck, 
Bremen, and Hamburg), or their 
confederacy. 

Hanseatic League (han-se-at'ik-leg) , 
aleague of the important commercial 
cities in Germany, chiefly from the 
twelfth to the fourteenth century, 
when they numbered eighty-five 
cities and towns. After 1669 their 



league gradually dissolved, and in 
1889 it was ended, the cities having 
merged in the German Empire. 

Hanse town (hans'toun), n. & town 
confederated with another for mutual 
trade and protection. 

hansom (han'sum), n. a two-wheeled 
cab. 

Hanuman (ha/nu-man), n. the mon- 
key god well known in India; also 
an old grey ape. 

hap (hap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. happed, 
p.pr. happing], to happen; befall 
casually: v.t. cover or wrap [Scotch]: 
n. chance; a casual event; a cloak 
or wrapper [Scottish]. 

haphazard (hap'haz-ard), n. chance; 
accident: adv. by chance. 

hapless (hap'les), adj. unfortunate; 
unlucky; unhappy. 

haply (hap'li) , adv. by chance ; perhaps. 

happen (hap'n), v.i. to chance; occur. 

happify (hap'i-fl), v.t. to make cheer- 
ful and happy. 

happily (hap'i-li), adv. successfully; 
by good fortune; felicitously. 

happiness (hap'i-nes), n. the state of 
being happy; good fortune; felici- 
tousness. 

happy (hap'i), adj. [comp. happier, 
superl. happiest], enjoying pleasure 
or good; successful; prosperous; 
lucky; living in concord; satisfied; 
propitious; felicitous. 

happy- go- lncky (hap'i-go : luk'i), adj. 
easygoing, careless, taking every- 
thing as it comes. 

haptic (hap'tik), adj. relating to the 
sense of touch. 

harakiri (ha'ra-ke'ri), w. formerly, in 
Japan, a method of suicide by rip- 
ping open the bowels, permitted to 
nobles and military officers so as to 
escape the indignity of a public exe- 
cution or official disgrace. Called also 
"happy despatch" : hari-kari (wrong- 
ly). Harakiri means "belly cut/ ' 

harangue (ha-rang'), n. a public ad- 
dress or oration, especially extem- 
pore: v.i. to deliver a harangue: v.t. 
to address by 'a harangue. 

harass (har'as), v.t. to annoy or vex; 
fatigue or weary with labor or im- 
portunity; to tire out and annoy an 
enemy by incessant petty attacks. 

harassing (har'as-ing) , p. adj. fatigu- 
ing; annoying. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tf/ien. 



HARBINGER 



399 



HARMONICA 



harbinger (har'bin-jer), n. a pre- 
cursor; forerunner: v.t. announce; 
foretell; usher in. 

harbor (har'ber), n. a port or haven 
for ships; any place of refuge or 
safety; formerly an inn or lodging: 
v.t. to shelter or protect; cherish. 

harborage (har'ber-aj), n. a port or 
anchorage for ships. 

hard (hard), adj. compact and solid; 
firm; not easy to be pierced or 
broken; unyielding; .difficult °f ac " 
complishment ; laborious ; oppres- 
sive; severe; keen; austere; inflex- 
ible; unfeeling; exacting; not easily 
granted ; rough ; unprosperous ; ut- 
tered gutturally; stiff or formal: 
adv. forcibly; laboriously; diligently; 
tempestuously; closely; roughly; to 
the utmost extent ; so as to become 
hard; with vexation, trouble, or 
sorrow: n. a roadway of hard ma- 
terial by the sea; a pier or landing- 
place: pi. the refuse of flax or 
wool; alum and salt mixed together, 
used for giving a white color to 
bread. 

hard-by (hard-by'), adv. near; ad- 
jacent. 

harden (hard'n), v.t. to make hard or 
harder; confirm in impudence or 
wickedness; toughen; inure: v.i. to 
become hard or harder. 

hardihood (hard'i-hood) , n. effront- 
ery; boldness; physical endurance. 

hardily (hard'i-li), adv. with hardi- 
hood. 

hard-labor (hard-la ^Der) , n. work im- 
posed as an additional punishment 
to a term of imprisonment. 

hardly (hard'li), adv. with difficulty; 
scarcely; vigorously; severely; with- 
out delicacy; coarsely; unfavorably. 

hardness (hard'nes), n. the quality of 
being hard. 

hard-pan (hard'pan), n. in mining, a 
stratum of gravel or sand; a solid 
foundation. 

hardship (hard 'ship), n. oppression: 
severe labor or want; injustice. 

hard- tack (hard'tak), n. large hard 
cracker or biscuit baked for army 
and navy use. 

hardware m (hard'war), n. manufac- 
tured articles of metal. 

hare (har), n. a rodent, with long ears 
and a short tail, larger than a rab- 



bit, characterized by its great 
timidity. _ 

harebell (har'bel), n. a species of cam- 
panula, the bluebell of Scotland. 

harebrained (har 'brand), adj. vola- 
tile; wild. _ 

harefoot (har 'foot), n. a long narrow 
foot; a fast runner. 

harehound (har'hound), n. a harrier. 

harelip (har'lip), n. a malformation of 
the upper lip, which is divided in the 
middle. 

harem (ha/rem or ha-rem'), n. the 
apartments of the women and chil- 
dren in a Mohammedan house; the 
wives and concubines of a Moham- 
medan. Also hareem, har am. 

hare's-foot (harz'foot), n. a species of 
fern; a kind of clover; the foot of a 
hare used by actors in their make- 
up. 

hare's- tail (harz'tal), n. a species of 
cotton-grass allied to the bulrushes. 

haricot (har'i-ko), n. a kind of stew of 
meat and vegetables; the kidney- 
bean. [French.] 

hark (hark), v.i. to listen. Also harkem 

harlequin (har'le-kwin), n. the per- 
former in a pantomime who wears 
parti-colored garments and carries 
a talismanic wand: adj. fantastic 
or full of trickery; parti-colored. 
[Italian.] 

harlequinade (har-le-kwin-ad'), n. 
that part of a pantomime in which 
the harlequin appears; an extrava- 
ganza. 

harlot (har'lot), n.& prostitute. 

harlotry (haVlot-ri) , n. the trade or 
practice of prostitution. 

harm (harm), n. injury; hurt; dam- 
age; moral evil or wrong-doing: v.L 
to inflict hurt, damage, or injury 
upon. 

harmel (har'mel), n. an herb of the rue 
family used in the East as a vermi- 
fuge and disinfectant. 

harmful (harm'fool), adj. hurtful; in- 
jurious. 

harmfully (harm'f oo-li) , adv. injuri- 
ously. 

harmonic (har-mon'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or producing, harmony; mu- 
sical; concordant; harmonious; also 
harmonica!: n.pl. the science of mu- 
sical sounds. [Latin.] 

harmonica (har-mon'i-ka) , n. a mu- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



*tf 



HARMONICALLY 



400 



HARVEST-MOON 



sical instrument the tones of which 
are produced by friction from a num- 
ber of musical glasses filled to vari- 
ous heights with water; a mouth- 
organ ; an oblong musical instrument 
consisting of a number of glass slips 
which are struck by a mallet. Also 
harmonicon. 

harmonically (har-mon'i-ka-li), adv. 
in a harmonic manner. 

harmonic triad (tri'ad), n. the com- 
mon chord, consisting of its third 
and perfect fifth. 

harmonious (har-mo'ni-us), adj. con- 
cordant; musical; symmetrical. 

harmoniphon (har-mon'i-f on) , n. a 
musical wind instrument with reeds 
and a keyboard. 

harmonist (har'mo-nist), n. one who 
is skilled in harmony; an expounder 
of the harmony of the Scriptures, 
especially of the Gospels. 

harmonium (har-mo'ni-um), n. a 
reed-organ. 

harmonize (har'mo-nlz), v.t. to render 
harmonious; cause to agree; recon- 
cile: v.i.^ to agree; be in peace and 
friendship; correspond. 

harmony (har'mo-ni), n. [pi. harmo- 
nies (har'mo-niz)], the quality of be- 
ing pleasing to the ear; unison; just 
adaptation of parts to one another, 
so as to form a connected whole ; ac- 
cord in feeling, sentiment, &c; a lit- 
erary work showing the agreement 
between parallel or similar histories 
or passages. 

harness (har'nes), n. the working gear 
of a horse; the accoutrement and 
armor of a knight; any arrangement, 
as of straps, &c, for performing some 
mechanical operation: v.t. to put 
harness upon; equip, as a knight. 

harp (harp), n. & musical stringed in- 
strument of triangular shape, played 
with the fingers: v.i. to play on the 
harp; dwell tediously or persistently 
on some particular subject (with on 
or upon). 

harping (harp'ing), n. the act of play- 
ing upon a harp: pi. the breadth of a 
ship at the bow. 

harpoon (har-poon'), n. a long barb- 
headed spear having a line attached 
to the staff, for striking and killing 
whales: v.t. to strike with a harpoon. 

harpsichord (harp'si-kord), n. a 



stringed instrument with a keyboard, 
the precursor of the pianoforte. 

harpy (har'pi), n. [pi. harpies (har'- 
piz)], in classical mythology, one 
of two winged monsters, usually 
called Aello and Ocypete, the daugh- 
ters of Neptune and Terra, with a 
woman's face, and the body and 
sharp claws of a vulture, exceedingly 
rapacious and filthy: hence, an ex- 
tortioner. 

harquebus (har'kwe-bus) , n. an an- 
cient form of fire-arm used in the 
fifteenth century and fired by a sort 
of taper. It resembles a musket 
without a butt. Also arquebus, 
later, hackbut. [French.] 

harridan (har'i-dan), n. an ugly ill- 
tempered old woman. [French.] 

harrier (har'i-er), n. a variety of dog 
used for hunting hares; a species of 
hawk. 

harrow (har'o), n. an agricultural in- 
strument for breaking up clods and 
casting earth upon sown land: v.t. 
to break up, tear, or draw over with 
a harrow; lacerate or torment. 

harry (har'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. harried, 
p.pr. harrying], to plunder, lay 
waste; annoy or vex; tease; harass: 
v.i. to make predatory raids. 

harsh (harsh), adj. discordant; jar- 
ring; rough to the ear, taste, or 
touch; austere. 

hart (hart), n. the male of the red 
deer. 

hartbeest (hart'best), n. a large Afri- 
can antelope. [Dutch.] 

hartshorn (hartz'horn), n. the antler 
of a hart; a volatile preparation of 
ammonia. 

hart's- tongue (hartz'tung), n. a Brit- 
ish fern. 

harum- scarum (har 'um-skar 'urn) , 
adj. giddy; wild; reckless. 

haruspex (ha-rus'peks) , n. [pi. ha- 
ruspices (ha-rus'pi-sez)], an ancient 
Roman diviner or soothsayer who 
foretold events by inspecting the en- 
trails of sacrificial victims. Also 
aruspex. 

harvest (har'vest), n. the season of 
reaping and gathering in the har- 
vest: v.t. to gather in, as corn; reap. 

harvest- home (har'vest-hom) , n. a 
harvest festival. 

harvest-moon (har 'vest-moon) , n. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HARVEST-MOUSE 



401 



HAUNCH 



the full moon which falls near the 
time of the autumnal equinox, about 
Sept. 23. 

harvest- mouse (har'vest-mous) , n. a 
small field mouse which builds a 
round nest in the stalks of corn. 

Harveyize (har'vi-izj, v.t. to harden the 
face of a steel plate (particularly ar- 
mor plate) by the process invented 
by H. A. Harvey. 

hash (hash), n. a dish of meat chopped 
fine and cooked with potatoes ; a mix- 
ture: v.t. to chop small and mix; to 
beat brutally as if into pieces. 

hashish (hash'esh), n. an intoxicant 
made from Indian hemp, bhang 
(medical name, cannabis Indica). 

haslet (has'let), n. the liver, heart 
and lungs of a sheep. 

hasp (hasp), n. a clasp folded over a 
staple and secured with a padlock: 
v.t. to shut or secure with a hasp. 

hassock (has'ok), n. a padded mat or 
cushion for kneeling upon in church, 
&c. ; a kneeler. 

hast, 2nd per., sing.,pres.t. of have. 

haste (hast), n. quickness of move- 
ment; celerity; urgency; precipi- 
tancy; vehemence: v.t. to hasten. 

hasten (ha/sn), v.t. to cause to make 
haste; hurry; urge forward: v.i. to 
move with speed; be quick. 

hasty (has'ti), adj. [comp. hastier, 
superl. hastiest], precipitate; quick; 
speedy; eager; vehement; rash. 

hasty- pudding (has'ti-pud'ing) , n. a 
pudding of flour or Indian meal and 
water or milk stirred together and 
boiled. 

hat (hat), n. a covering for the head, 
with a crown and brim; when of 
scarlet and an especial pattern, a 
cardinal's rank and dignity. 

hatband (hat'band), n. a band worn 
round the hat; a black cloth band 
worn as a token of mourning. 

hatch (hach), v.t. to produce (young) 
from eggs; plot or contrive; shade 
by narrow lines; close with, or as 
with, a hatch: n. the number of 
young produced from eggs at a sit- 
ting; brood; plot; a narrow line in 
engraving, or drawing; a door with 
an opening over it; a half -door: pi. 
doors or openings by which a de- 
scent is made from one deck of a 
ship to another. 



hatch-boat (hach'bot), n. a half- 
decked fishing-vessel with a well for 
holding fish. 

hatchery (hach'er-i), n. a place where 
eggs are artificially hatched, espe- 
cially those of fish. 

hatchet (hach'et), n. a, small axe. 

hatching (hach'ing), n. a kind of draw- 
ing or engraving by narrow parallel 
or crossed fines. 

hatchment (hach'ment), n. the es- 
cutcheon or armorial bearings of a 
deceased person, placed before his 
house, on a tomb, or in a church. 

hatchway (hach'wa), n. a rectangular 
opening in the deck of a vessel for 
passage below. 

hate (hat), v.t. to dislike intensely; 
abhor; detest: n. hatred. 

hateful (hat/fool), adj. causing hate. 

hathamite (hath'a-mit) , n. an ex- 
plosive powder of great power. 

hatrack (hat'rak), or hat- tree (hat'- 
tre). A rack with hooks, usually 
standing just within the entrance of 
a house, to receive hats, wraps, 
overcoats, &c. 

hatred (hat 'red), n. bitter aversion; 
continued hostility of feeling; detes- 
tation. 

hatted (hat'ed), adj. wearing a hat. 

hatter (hat'er), n. a maker of hats. 

haubergeon (haw'ber-jun), n. a short 
hauberk. [French.] 

hauberk (hawl)erk), n. a coat of 
armor formed of steel rings, reaching 
below the knees. 

haughtily (haw'ti-li) , adv. in a haugh- 
ty manner. 

haughty (haw'ti), adj. [comp. haugh- 
tier, superl. haughtiest], proud and 
disdainful; arrogant; contemptu- 
ous. 

haul (hawl), v.t. to pull or draw 
with force; transport by drawing: 
v.i. to change the course of a ship; 
shift; said of the wind: n. a strong 
pull; draught of a net; quantity 
caught at one time; distance over 
which anything is drawn. 

haulage (hawl'aj), n. the act or pro- 
cess of hauling; charges for hauling. 

hauler (hawl'er), n. one who, or that 
which, hauls. 

haulm (hawm), n. the stalks or 
stems of grain, beans, &c. ; stubble. 

haunch (hanch), n. the fleshy part 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 
26 hue, hut ; think, then. 




HAUNT 



402 



HAZE 



of the hip and buttock; a joint of 
venison or mutton; shoulder of an 
arch. 

haunt (hant), n. a place of accus- 
tomed resort: v.t. to visit frequently 
or habitually; trouble with frequent 
visits, as an apparition. 

hautboy (ho'boi), n. a wind instru- 
ment of the flute class: the oboe. 

hauteur (o-ter'), n. haughty bear- 
ing or spirit. [French.] 

Havana (ha-van'a), n. a cigar made 
of Cuban tobacco. 

have (hav), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. had, p.pr. 
having], to possess; take; hold or 
bear; enjoy; desire; be obliged; 
bring forth; cheat; obtain the ad- 
vantage of. 

havelock (hav'e-lok), n. a piece of 
white washable cloth which covers 
a military cap and falls over the 
wearer 's neck to protect him from 
the sun. Named from Sir Henry 
Havelock (d. 1857), an English 
general in the Indian Mutiny. 

haven (ha'vn), n. sl sheltered anchor- 
age for ships; harbor; place of shel- 
ter and safety. 

haversack (hav'er-sak) , n. a strong 
coarse linen bag in which soldiers 
carry their rations when marching. 

Haversian canals (ha-ver'si-an ka- 
nalz'), n.pl. small longitudinal canals 
in the bones for capillary blood- 
vessels. Named from Dr. Clopton 
Havers, an English anatomist in 
the seventeenth century. 

havildar (hav'il-dar) , n % a native ser- 
geant of an Indian infantry regi- 
ment. [Hindu.] 

having (hav'ing) , n. the act or state of 
possession. 

havoc (hav'ok), n. wide and general 
destruction; devastation. 

haw (haw), n. the fruit of various 
species of hawthorn; an excrescence 
under the third eyelid of a horse; a 
hedge or inclosure; a hesitation in 
speech. 

Hawaiian (ha-wi'van), adj. pertain- 
ing to Hawaii, its inhabitants, or 
language. 

hawfinch (haw'finch), n. the common 
grosbeak. 

hawk (hawk), n. a name for various 
species of raptorial birds allied to 
the eagles and falcons; a forcible ef- 



fort to clear the throat of phlegm; a 
square board, with a short handle, 
for holding mortar: v.t. to cry, or 
carry about, for sale: v.i. to make a 
forcible effort to cough up phlegm; 
to fly trained hawks at birds on the 
wing. 

hawkbill (hawk'bil), n. a marine 
turtle that furnishes tortoiseshell: so 
named from its curved upper jaw. i 

hawker (hawk'er), n. one who cries 
and sells goods in the streets; ped- 
dler; falconer. 

hawkeye (hawk'I), n. a native of the 
State of Iowa, which is popularly 
called the Hawkeye State. 

hawk-eyed (hawk'ld), adj. keen sight- 
ed like a hawk. 

hawkmoth (hawk'moth), n. a large 
moth whose flight somewhat re- 
sembles that of a hawk. 

hawkweed (hawk'wed), n. a plant of 
the aster family with yellow flowers. 

hawok (ha/wok), n. the shell money 
of the aborigines of California. 
See wampum. 

hawse (hawz), n. that part of a ship/s 
bows where the hawse-holes are sit- 
uated. 

hawser (hawz'er), n. a thick rope or 
cable. 

hawthorn (haw'thorn), n. a prickly 
shrub or tree of the rose family. 

hay (ha), n. grass, clover, &c, cut 
and dried for fodder. 

haycock (ha/kok), a conical pile of 
hay. 

hay-fever (ha-fe'ver), n. a catarrh, ac- 
companied by itching, sneezing, 
slight fever, and pains in the head. 

haymow (ha/inow), n. a mass of hay 
laid up in a barn. 

Haytian (ha/ti-an or ha'shun), adj. 
pertaining to Hayti or its inhabi- 
tants. Also, and preferably, Hai- 
tian. 

hazard (haz'ard), ' n. chance; acci- 
dent; risk; danger; a dice game 
(called "chicken hazard"); a stroke 
at billiards: v.t. to % run the risk of; 
chance; put in peril. 

hazardous (haz'ard-us) , adj. risky; 
perilous. 

haze (haz), n. % a slight fog or mist; 
dimness of sight or knowledge: v.i. 
to be foggy or misty: v.t. pursue or 
harass by overwork or unpleasant 



ate arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HAZEL 



403 



HEART 



tasks; play practical jokes upon, 
especially of a severe kind. 

hazel (haz'l), n. a, shrub or tree of the 
genus Corylus, bearing an edible nut. 

haziness (haz'i-nes), n. the state of be- 
ing hazy. 

hazing (haz'ing), adj. practice of an- 
noying or roughly handling mem- 
bers of an organization by their 
fellows. 

hazy (haz'i), adj. misty; obscure. 

he (he), pr. [pi. they (tha)], the 
masculine pronoun of the third per- 
son: n. a male. 

hea (he'a), n. a tree of the Pacific 
Islands bearing a fruit from which 
a red stain is obtained. 

head (hed), n. the uppermost part of 
the body of an animal that contains 
the face, brain, &c; chief or princi- 
pal part of anything; an individual; 
leader or commander ; place of honor 
or authority; top; fore-part; the 
understanding or intellect; origin or 
source; pitch; crisis or height; static 
or latent force; froth, a feeling of 
vanity and egotism; a pain or swell- 
ing, after drinking ardent spirits : 
adj. principal or chief; acting with 
the front : v.t. to lead or direct ; take 
the first place in; get in front of; 
direct the course of; oppose; strain: 
v.i. to go forward; come to, or 
form, a head. 

headed (hed'ed), odj. having a head; 
denoting understanding or intellect 
(much used in composition, as clear- 
headed, wrong-headed, light-headed, 
&c). 

header (hed'er), n. a plunge or fall 
foremost; one who puts heads on, as 
in pin-making; a machine, &c, for 
making or removing heads; a brick 
or stone with its short face in front. 

headfast (hed 'fast), n. a rope at the 
bow of a ship to secure to a wharf, 
&c. 

heading (hed'ing). n. a title: material 
from which casks' heads a~e made; 
the strip on a piece of embroidery, 
for s wing on to a garment: the 
entrance to a mine. 

headland (hed'land). n. a promontory. 

headless (hed'less), adj. lacking a 
head, deprived of a head. 

headline (hed'lin), n. a line of type dis- 
played conspicuously at the top of a 



page, chapter, column of a newspa- 
per, &c. : pi. the ropes at the head of 
a sail by which it is secured to the 
yard. 

headlong (hed 'long), adv. head fore- 
most; rashly; precipitously: adj. 
rash; precipitate; violent; thought- 
less. 

headsman (hedz'man), n. an exe- 
cutioner. 

headstrong (hed'strong) , adj. un- 
governable; self-willed. 

headwind (hed 'wind), n. a contrary * 
wind. 

heady (hed'i), adj. precipitate; in- 
toxicating. 

heal (hel), v.t. to restore to health; 
cure; make sound; reconcile: v.i. to 
become well or sound. 

healer (heTer), n. one who heals dis- 
eases of the mind or body. 

healing (hel'ing), p. adj. curative. 

health (helth), n. freedom from bod- 
ily pain or disease; vigor of mind; 
moral purity; righteousness; heal- 
ing power ; a toast or pledge. 

healthful (helth'fool) ,. adj. promoting 
health; salubrious. 

healthfully (helth'foo-li), adv~ in a 
healthful manner. 

healthiness (helth'i-nes) , n. the state 
of being healthy. 

healthy (helth'i), adj. [comp. healthier, 
super}, healthiest], noting a sound 
condition of body; enjoying, or con- 
tributing to, health. 

heap (hep), n. a pile or collection . of 
things thrown together; a quantity; 
accumulation; crowd: v.t. to form 
into a heap; pile up; aggregate; 
amass. 

hear (her), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. heard 
(herd), p.pr. hearing], to perceive 
by the ear; attend or listen to; give 
heed to; obey; accede to the wishes 
of; attend judicially: v.i. to have the! 
sense of hearing; be told of. 

hearing (her'ing), n. _ the sense by 
which sound is perceived; audience; 
judicial investigation. 

hearken, same as harken. 

hearsay (her'sa), n. rumor or report: 
adj. second hand. 

hearse (hers), n. a vehicle for the con- 
veyance of dead bodies to the grave. 

heart (hart), n. the organ in animals 
by the muscular contraction and di- 



ite, arm, at. awl; me. merjre, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut , think, then. 



HEARTACHE 



404 



HEAVY 



lation of which the blood is circu- 
lated through the arteries, &c; the 
vital, inner, or chief part of any- 
thing; the seat of the affections and 
passions; emotion; tenderness; af- 
fection; courage; will; spirit; en- 
ergy; power; resolution; secret 
thoughts; conscience; one of a suit 
of cards marked with one or more 
red hearts; a variety of cherry: pi. 
a card game. 

heartache (hart'ak), n. sorrow; pang; 
grief. 

heart-broken (hart'bro-ken), adj. 
overwhelmingly grieved. 

heartburn (hart'bern), n. a burning 
affection of the esophagus, caused by 
acidity of the stomach, and usually 
relieved by an alkali such as bi- 
carbonate of soda (cooking soda). 

hearted (hart'ed), adj. having a heart 
(used in compounds, denoting gen- 
erally affections, qualities, &c, as 
good-hearted, &c). 

hearten (hart'n), v.t. to give courage 
to; inspirit. 

hearth (harth) , n. that part of a room 
where the fire is made; hence the 
family circle. 

heartily (hart'i-li), adv. cordially: 
energetically. 

heartiness (hart'i-nes), n. cordiality; 
vigor. 

heartless (hart'les), adj. without feel- 
ing; cold; unsympathetic. 

heartlessly (hart'les-li) , adv. in an un- 
feeling manner, cruelly. 

heartsease (hartz'ez), n. the pansy. 

heartseed (hart'sed), n. a climbing 
plant with seeds marked with a 
heart-shaped scar. 

heart-whole (hart 'hoi), n. disengaged 
in one's affections; fancy-free; still 
unbound in the emotions. 

hearty (hart'i), adj. [comp. heartier, 
superl. heartiest], cordial; sincere; 
open ; warm ; strong ; vigorous ; good- 
natured; kind; healthy; having a 
keen appetite. 

heat (het), n. the sensation produced 
by a hot body ; caloric ; the state of 
being hot; effervescence; agitation 
of sudden or violent passion; ardor; 
vehemence; redness or flush of the 
face (see prickly-heat) ; a course at a 
race; hot weather: v.t. to make hot; 



warm; excite with passion or desire; 
make feverish; animate: v.i. to be- 
come hot or warm. 

heater (het'er), n. one who, or that 
which, heats, as various mechanical 
contrivances. 

heath (heth), n. a small evergreen 
flowering shrub, with rose-colored 
flowers, growing on moorlands, &c; 
heather; moorland, especially with 
heath growing upon it. 

heathen (he'thn), n. one who is ig- 
norant of the true God; a pagan; 
idolater; a rude, irreligious, uncul- 
tured person. 

heathendom (he'tfm-dom), n. the 
state or condition of being a heathen ; 
that part of the world inhabited by 
heathens. 

heathenish (he'tfm-ish), adj. per- 
taining to heathens; rude; ignorant, 
or uncultured. 

heathenism (he'^n-izm), n. igno- 
rance of the true God; paganism; 
idolatry. 

heathenize (he'Z/m-Iz), v-.t. to render 
heathen. 

heather (het'er), same as heath. 

heathy (heth'i), adj. pertaining to, 
resembling, or abounding in, heath. 

heave (hev), v.t. to hoist or lift up; 
force from the breast, as a sigh; 
cause to swell; throw: v.i. to be 
lifted up; swell; rise and fall alter- 
nately; struggle or toil; pant; vomit: 
n. an effort or exertion upwards; lift; 
the act of throwing; swell or rising; 
haul; struggle, effort to vomit. 

heaven (hev'n), n. the abode of God 
and the blessed; the firmament or 
sky; a state or condition of bliss. 

Heaven, n. the Supreme Being. 

heavenliness (hev'n-li-nes) , n. su- 
preme excellence. 

heavenly (hev'n-li) , adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, heaven; celestial; di* 
vine ; supremely excellent. 

heaver (hev'er), n. one who, or that 
which, lifts or heaves, especially one 
who loads or unloads goods, coal, &c. 

heaviness (hev'i-nes), n. the quality 
of being heavy; dejection; grief. 

heavy (hev'i), adj. [comp. heavier, su- 
perl. heaviest], ponderous; weighty; 
oppressive; grievous; laborious; ob- 
structive ; gravid ; dull ; dense ; pow- 



ttte, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HEAVY-SPAR 



405 



HEEDFULLY 



erf ul; loud; indigestible; dayey: adv. 
heavily [Poet,]. 

heavy-spar (hev'i-spar), n. sulphate 
of barium. 

hebdomadal (heb-dom a-dal), adj. 
composed of seven days; occurring 
every seven days L [Latin.] 

hebetude (heb'e-tud), n. stupidity; 
lethargy. . . 

Hebraic (he-bra/ik), adj. pertaining to 
the Hebrews, the Jewish language 
or literature. The word Hebrew 
comes from the Hebrew form of 
Heber, who was regarded as the an- 
cestor of the race. 

Hebraicize (he-bra'i-siz) , v.t. to con- 
vert into the Hebrew idiom: v.i. to 
speak Hebrew, or adopt Hebrew cus- 
toms. Also Hebraize. 

Hebraist (he-bra/ist), n. one who is 
learned in the Hebrew language and 
literature. 

Hebrew (he'broo), adj. pertaining to 
the Hebrews, a Semitic race; Jew- 
ish: n. the Hebrew language; a Jew. 
[French Ebreu, from Latin Hebraeus.] 

Hecate (hek'a-te), n. an ancient three- 
fold Grecian deity possessing power 
over heaven, earth, and the under- 
world: hence identified with the 
three goddesses, Juno, Diana, and 
Proserpina. 

hecate, n. a witch; a hag. From the 
baleful figure, Hecate, in classical 
mythology, who was identified with 
the horrors of the lower world. 

hecato, a Greek prefix meaning a 
hundred. Also hecaton, hect, hecto. 

hecatomb (hek'a-tom), n. a sacri- 
fice of a hundred oxen ; any large sac- 
rifice or slaughter. 

heck (hek), n. a rack for fodder; lat- 
ticework; a latticework grating for 
catching or hanging fish upon; a 
bend in a stream. 

heckle (hek'l), v.t. to attend political 
meetings in order to disturb the 
speakers by asking them questions. 
[English and Scotch.] 

hectare (hek'tar), n. in the metric sys- 
tem, a French land measure = 100 
ares, of 2.47 acres. 

hectic (hek'tik), adj. constitutional; 
slow, but of long continuance; per- 
taining to hectic fever; feverish: n. 
a remittent fever accompanying con- 



sumption, characterized by a bright 
pink spot or flush on the cheeks. 

hectogram (hek'to-gram), n. in the 
metric system a French weight = 
100 grams or 3.53 ounces. 

hectograph (hek'to-graf ) , n. an appa- 
ratus for multiplying copies of a let- 
ter or drawing, &c. 

hectoliter (hek'to-le-tr) , n. in the met- 
ric system, a French liquid measure 
= 100 liters, or 26.42 gallons. 

hectometer (hek'to-me-tr) , n. in the 
metric system, a French measure of 
length = 100 meters, or 328 feet 1 
inch. 

hector (hek'ter), v.t. to bully or blus- 
ter: from Hector, _the Trojan hero. 

hectostere (hek'to-ster), n. in the 
metric system, a French cubic meas- 
ure = 100 cubic meters. 

heddles (hed'dlz), n.pl. in a loom, 
the harness for guiding the warp 
threads. 

hedge (hej), n. a fence of bushes or 
shrubs: v.t. to inclose with a hedge; 
encircle; invest: v.i. to bet on both 
sides, sothat the possibility of loss 
will be diminished; skulk: adj. mean; 
contemptible; of the lowest class. 

hedgehog (hej 'hog), n. an insectivor- 
ous mammal covered on the back 
with spines or prickles. 

hedge-priest (hej'prest), n. an im- 
postor who pretends to be a priest 
and acts as one, but who has never 
received holy orders. 

hedonic (he-don'ik), adj. pertaining 
to hedonism. 

hedonism (he'do-nizm), n. the doc- 
trine that pleasure is the chief end 
of life. [Greek.] 

hedonist (he'do-nist) , n. one who 
teaches the doctrine that pleasure is 
the chief end of life. _ The hedonistic 
philosophy began with Hegasias of 
Cyrene in North Africa, who found- 
ed the so-called Cyrenaic or Hedo- 
nistic School. 

heed (hed), v.t. to regard with care; 
take notice of; mind; attend; re- 
gard: n. careful attention; regard; 
caution. 

heedful (hed'fool), adj. cautious; at- 
tentive. 
needfully (hed'f oo-li) , adv. cautiously; 
attentively. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HEEHAW 



406 



HELIOSIS 



heehaw (he'haw), v.i. to bray like an 
ass: n. the bray of an ass. 

heel (hel), n. the hinder part of the 
foot; the hinder part of a boot, shoe, 
or stocking; anything shaped like a 
heel: v.t. to furnish with a heel: 
v.i. lean on one side, as a ship. 

heel-ball (heTbawl), n. a black waxy 
composition used for blacking the 
heels of shoes, &c, and for obtain- 
ing rubbings of brasses, &c. 

heeled (held) , adj. well-armed or well- 
provided with money. 

heeler (heTer), n. a political hanger- 
on. 

heeling (hel'ing), n. the degree of in- 
clination of a vessel from the per- 
pendicular. 

heel-tap (heTtap), n. a small thick- 
ness of leather for a shoe-heel: pi. 
the dregs or lees at the bottom of a 
wine-glass or beer-mug, after it 
has been drunk from. 

heft (heft), n. a handle; an effort; 
weight; the greater part or bulk: 
v.t. to try the weight of by lifting 
or holding in the hand. 

Hegira (he-ji'ra), n. the flight of 
Mohammed from Mecca to Medina 
(662 A.D.). Also Hejira. From 
this date Mohammedans begin their 
system of chronology and reckoning 
years. 

hegleek (heg'lek), n. an African 
tree yielding an edible fruit, from 
which an intoxicating drink is made 
by the natives. 

heifer (hef'er), n. a young cow. 

heigh-ho (hi'ho), inter j. an expres- 
sion of languor or uneasiness. 

height (hit), n. altitude; elevation; 
highest state or degree ; an eminence 
or hill; summit; stature. 

heighten (hit 'en), v.t. to make high or 
higher; elevate; intensify; set off; 
increase; aggravate; improve. 

heinous (ha'nus), adj. atrocious; ex- 
tremely wicked; flagrant. 

heir (ar), n. one who succeeds an- 
other in the possession of property, 
title, office, mental gifts, &c. 

heir-apparent (ar-ap-p a/rent) , n. one 
whose right to succeed is indefeasi- 
ble at law if he outlives his ancestor. 

heiress (ar'es), n. a female heir. 

heirloom (ar'loom), n. any movable 
or personal chattel, which by its 



connection with an estate descends 
to the heir. 

heir- presumptive (ar-pr e-zump 'tiv) , 
n. one who will succeed as heir if his 
right is not barred by the birth of 
one nearer in succession than himself. 

hejira, same as hegira. 

held (held), pi. of hold. 

heliac (he'li-ak), adj. pertaining to 
the sun; emerging from, or passing!' 
into, the light of the sun. ALso heli- 
acal. 

Helianthus (he-li-an'thus) , n. a ge^ 
nus of plants to which the sunflower 
belongs. 

helic, a Greek prefix meaning spiral. 
Also helico. 

helical (hel'i-kal), adj. spiral-shaped. 

helicoid (hel'i-koid), adj. coiled like 
the shell of a snail: n. a spirally- 
curved geometrical figure. 

helicopter (hel-i-kop'ter), n. a direct 
lift flying machine ; one with pro- 
pellers designed to raise it vertically 
in the air. 

helio, a Greek prefix meaning sun, 
caused by, or like, the sun or sunlight, 
as Aerograph, an instrument for 
taking a photograph of the sun, or 
for signaling by reflecting sunlight 
from one mirror to another. 

heliocentric (he-li-o-sen'trik) , adj. 
having the sun as the center. 

heliochromotype (he-H-o-kro'mo-tip) , 
n. a photograph reproducing the 
color of the subject. 

heliochromy (he-li-ok'ro-mi) , n. the 
art or process of obtaining photo- 
graphs in natural colors. 

heliograph (he'li-o-graf ) , see under 
helio. 

heliogravure (he-li-o-grav'ur) , n. pho- 
to-engraving or -etching. 

heliolatry (he-li-ol'a-tri) , n. worship 
of the sun. 

heliometer (he-li-om'e-ter) , n. a, 
micrometer for measuring small 
angles in the heavens. 

heliophag (he'li-o-f ag) , n. that part of 
an animal that absorbs sunlight. 

helioscene (he'li-o-sen) , n. a kind of 
sun-blind. 

helioscope (he'li-o-skop) , n. a form of 
refracting telescope for observing 
the sun. 

heliosis (he-li-o'sis) , n. the produc- 
tion of spots on leaves by the con- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HELIOSTAT 



407 



HELPFUL 



tinued action of the sun's rays; sun- 
stroke. 

heliostat (he'li-6-stat) , n. an instru- 
ment by which signaling is carried 
on by means of a mirror, moved by 
clockwork. 

heliotrope (he'li-o-trop), n. a plant 
whose flowers follow the course of 
the sun; a green-colored variety of 
chalcedony with small red spots; 
bloodstone; the color of the flowers 
of heliotrope^ bluish-pink. 

heliotropic (he-li-o-trop'ik), adj. char- 
acterized by heliotropism. Also he- 
liotropical. 

heliotropism (he-li-ot'ro-pizm) , n. 
the movements of flowers or leaves 
towards the_ sun. 

heliotype (he'li-o-tip) , n. an impres- 
sion from a photograph taken on a 
gelatine plate hardened with alum. 

helium (he'li : urn) , n. an element first 
discovered in the spectrum of the 
sun and supposed to be peculiar to 
that body. It has recently been 
discovered on the earth, and a gas 
arising from radium has been ob- 
served to change into this element. 

helix (he'liks), n. [pi. helices (he'li- 
sez)], a spiral line, as of a line coiled 
round ; a circumvolution ; the margin 
of the external ear; a small volute; 
a genus of molluscs, containing the 
shell snails. 

hell (hel), n. the place of the dead or 
of departed souls (more correctly 
Sheol or Hades) ; the place of punish- 
ment for the wicked after death: 
hence any place or condition of 
extreme misery or evil; a gambling- 
house. 

Hellas (hel'as), n. the name by which 
the Greeks spoke of their own coun- 
try. 

hellebore (hel'e-bor), n. the Christmas 
rose. In past centuries a medicine 
was distilled from it for the attempt- 
ed cure of madness. 

Hellene (hel-en'), n. a Greek. 

Hellenic (he-len'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the ancient 
Hellenes or Greeks, or to Grecian 
art and literature. [Greek.] 

Hellenism (hel'en-izm) , n. a Greek 
idiom; Grecian culture and the love 
of the beautiful in art, &c. 

Hellenist (hel'en-ist), n. a Jew who 



spoke and wrote Greek; one learnjd 
in Greek. 

Hellenistic (hel-le-nist'-ic) , adj. des- 
cribing the later Greek as written 
by Hebrews; as the Greek of the 
New Testament. 

Hellenize (hel'en-iz), v.t. to cause to 
conform to Greek standards or 
usages; make Hellenic. 

hell-hound (hel'hound), n. a fear- 
ful creature imagined by some to 
exist, having the shape of a huge dog 
breathing fire. 

hello (hero) and hullo (hul'o), 
familiar terms of greeting among 
friends, and especially boys and 
men. Also largely used in making 
telephone calls. 

hello-girl (hel'o-gerl), n. a term 
familiarly applied to a telephone 
operator. [Vulgar.] 

hell-to-breakfast (hel-to-brek'f ast) , 
an advbl. phrase, an expression used 
in popular speech to denote distance 
covered at a reckless pace, as "he 
rode hell-to-breakfast." 

helm (helm), pi. the apparatus for 
steering a ship; tiller; the place of 
its direction and government; a hel- 
met [Poet.]: v.t. to guide or con- 
duct. 

helmet (hel'met), n. metal or leather 
armor for the head; the hooded 
upper lip of a flower. 

helminthology (hel-min-thol'o-ji), n. 
that branch of zoology that treats 
of worms. [Greek.] 

helo, a Greek prefix meaning nail, oc- 
curring in various scientific words, 
as helodont, having nail-like teeth: 
heloderm, a Mexican poisonous lizara 
with nail-like scales. 

helot (he'lot), n. a slave in ancient 
Sparta; slave or serf. [Greek.] 

helotry (he'lot-ri), n. the condition 
of a helot; body of helots. Also 
helot age. 

help (help), v.t. to give assistance to; 
aid; support; sustain; succor; re- 
lieve; avoid; prevent; distribute 
food to at table; remedy; cure: v.i. 
to lend aid; be available or useful: 
n. assistance; aid; support; succor; 
relief; that which forwards or pro- 
motes; a portion of food served at a 
meal; a hired servant. 

helpful (help 'fool), adj. affording help. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HELPLESS 



408 



HEPATOGASTRIC 



helpless (help 'less), adj. without help; 
unprotected. 

helter-skelter (hel'ter-skel'ter) , adv. 
in hurry and confusion. 

helve (helv), n. the handle of an 
axe, &c. 

Helvetian (hel-ve'shan) , adj. per- 
taining to Switzerland: n. a Swiss. 
Also Helvetic. 

hem (hem), n. the edge of a garment 
doubled and sewn; an ejaculatory 
sound: v.t % [p.t. & p.p. hemmed, p. 
pr. hemming], to form a hem on; 
to shut in; environ: v.i. utter the 
ejaculation hem. 

hema, a Greek prefix meaning blood, 
occurring in many scientific words. 
Also hem, hemato, haema, haem, 
haemato. 

hematin (hem'a-tin), n. the red col- 
oring matter in the blood. Also 
haematin. 

hemi, a Greek prefix meaning half, 
as Ziewi-sphere, half a sphere or 
globe. 

henii crania (hem-i-kra'ni-a) , n. a 
pain on one side of the head. 

hemihedral (hem-i-he'dral) , adj. hav- 
ing only half the normal number of 
planes or faces: said of crystals. 

hemiopia (hem-i-o'pi-a), n. a defect in 
vision in which only the half of an 
object is seen. 

hemiplegia (hem-i-ple'ji-a), n. paral- 
ysis of one side of the body. 

hemisphere (hem'i-sfer) , see under 
hemi. 

hemistich (hem'i-stik) , n. in poetry, 
an incomplete line, or the half of a 
line. 

hemlock (hem'lok), n. a wild poison- 
ous plant of the parsley family : hem- 
lock spruce, an evergreen tree of the 
pine family: the lumber made from 
the hemlock tree. 

hemmer (hem'er), n. one who, or that 
which, hems; an attachment to a 
sewing machine for hemming. 

hemming (hem'ing), n. the action of 
the verb to hem; hems collectively. 

hemo. See haema. 

hemoglobin (hem-o-glo'bin), n. an 
albuminoid substance in the blood 
forming the chief constituent of the 
red corpuscles. 

hemoptysis (hem-op'ti-sis), n. spit- 
ting of blood. 



hemorrhage (hem'o-raj), n. bleeding 
from the lungs, arteries, veins, 
&c. 

hemorrhoids (hem'o-roidz), n.pl. 
bleeding piles. 

hemp (hemp), n. a plant of the net- 
tle family, the tough fiber of which 
is used for cordage and various 
kinds of coarse linen; in the East, 
a narcotic and intoxicant, hashish, 
is obtained from Indian hemp. 

hempen, (hemp'en), adj. pertaining 
to, or made of, hemp. 

hemstitch (hem'stich), n. a particular 
kind of ornamental stitching. 

hen (hen), n. the female of a bird, 
especially the domestic fowl. 

henbane (hen'ban), n. a poisonous 
coarse hairy wild herb of the night- 
shade family deadly to fowls. 

hence (hens), adv. from this place, 
source, or time; in consequence of 
this: inter j. away! begone! 

henchman (hench'man) , n. [pi. hench- 
men (hench'men)], formerly, a male 
attendant or servant; groom; one 
who serves in a political campaign 
under another for pecuniary consid- 
erations. See heeler. 

hendeca, a Greek prefix meaning 
eleven, as hendecahedron, a solid 
figure having eleven plane faces. 

hendecagon (hen-dek'a-gon) , n. a 
plane figure having eleven sides and 
eleven angles. 

hendecasyllable (hen-dek-a-sil'a-bl) , 
n. a metrical line or verse of eleven 
syllables. 

henna (hen 'a), n. a tropical shrub from 
the powdered leaves of which a cos- 
metic paste is made: used in the 
East to dye the nails, hair, &c, a 
reddish-orange color. 

henpecked (hen'pekt), adj. governed 
by one's wife. 

hepar (he 'par), n. sulphide of cal- 
cium. 

hepat, a Greek prefix meaning the 
liver. Also hepato, as hepatocele, 
hernia of the liver. 

hepatic (he-pat'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the liver. 

hepatite (hep'a-tit), n. foetid sul- 
phate of barium. 

hepatocele (hep'a-to-sel), see under 
hepat. 

hepatogastric (he-pat-o-gas'trik), adj. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, ^en. 



HEPT 



409 



HERESY 



pertaining to the liver and the 
stomach. 

hept, a Greek prefix meaning seven. 
Also hepta, as heptachord, a series of 
seven notes; a seven-stringed musi- 
cal instrument. 

heptad (hep'tad), n. sl chemical atom 
or element that has the equivalence 
of seven atoms of hydrogen. 

heptaglot (hep'ta-glot), adj. written 
in seven languages. 

heptagon (hep'ta-gon), n. a plane fig- 
ure having seven sides and seven 
angles. 

heptagonal (hep-tag'o-nal) , adj. hav- 
ing seven sides or seven angles. 

heptahedron (hep-ta-he'dron), n. a 
solid figure with seven sides. 

h ep tan exah edr a 1 (hep-t a-heks-a-he '- 
dral), adj. having seven ranges of 
faces one above the other, each 
range containing six faces. 

heptarchy (hep'tar-ki), n. [pi. hep- 
tarchies (hep'tar-kiz)], a government 
by seven rulers, especially the seven 
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established 
in England. 

her (her), pron. the objective and 
possessive case of the personal pro- 
noun she. 

herakla (he-rak'la), n. an antelope of 
equatorial Africa. 

herald (her'ald), n. formerly an offi- 
cial who proclaimed peace and war, 
bore messages from a sovereign to 
a commander, superintended coro- 
nations and other public ceremonial 
functions, &c. ; an official whose duty 
it is to grant, record, and blazon arms, 
trace pedigrees, &c. ; a precursor: v.t. 
to introduce; proclaim. [Old French.] 

heraldic (he-rardik), adj. pertaining 
to heralds or heraldry. 

heraldically (he-rardi-ka-li) , adv. ac- 
cording to the rules of heraldry. 

heraldry (her'ald-ri) , n. the science 
that treats of armorial bearings, and 
of determining pedigrees, &c. 

herh (erb, or herb), n. a plant with a 
soft and succulent stem that, after 
flowering, withers away. 

herbaceous (her-ba'shus), adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, or 
feeding upon, herbs. 

herbage (her'baj), n. herbs collec- 
tively; grass; pasturage; the right of 
pasture on the lands of another. 



herbal (her'bal), adj. pertaining to 
herbs: n. a book descriptive of 
plants. 

herbarium (her-ba/ri-um), n. [pi. her- 
baria (her-ba/ri-a)], a systematic col- 
lection of dried plants for purposes 
of study; a building where such a 
collection is kept. 

herbiferous (her-bif 'e-rus) , adj pro- 
ducing herbs. 

herbivora (her-biv'o-ra) , n.pl. mam- 
mals that feed on herbs or vegeta- 
bles. 

herbivorous (her-biv'o-rus) , adj. feed- 
ing on herbs. 

Herculean (her-ku'le-an) , adj. per- 
taining to Hercules, the hero of 
classical mythology, possessed of 
superhuman strength: hence of ex- 
ceeding strength and power; huge; 
vast; very difficult. 

herd (herd), n. a collection of beasts 
or cattle feeding or driven together; 
crowd; a keeper of cattle: v.i. to 
unite or associate, as beasts; crowd 
together. - 

here (her), adv : in, or to, this place; at 
this point ; in the present life or 
state; onjbhis occasion. 

hereby (her-bi'), adv. by virtue of 
this; near. 

hereditable (he-red 'it-a-bl), adj. that 
may be inherited. Also herita- 
ble. 

hereditably (he-red 'it-a-bli), adv. by 
way of inheritance. 

hereditament (her-e-dit'a-ment), n. 
property inherited. 

hereditarily (he-red 'i-ta-ri-li) , adj. by 
way of inheritance. 

hereditary (he-red'i-ta-ri) , adj. pass- 
ing from an ancestor to a descen- 
dant ; transmitted from parent to 
offspring. 

heredity (he-red'j-ti), n. the trans- 
mission of physical or mental char- 
acteristics or qualities from parent 
to offspring; the tendency of an 
organism to reproduce the charac- 
teristics _of the progenitor. 

herein (her-in'), adv. in this. 

hereinafter (her-in-af 'ter) , adv. in this 
(deed, book, &c.) after or subse- 
quently. 

heresy (her'e-si), n. [pi. heresies 
(her'e-siz)], an opinion or doctrine 
at variance with fundamental truths 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HERETIC 



410 



HERSCHEL 



commonly received as orthodox, es- 
pecially if leading to division. 

heretic (her'e-tik) , n. one who holds, 
or maintains, heretical opinions. 

heretical (he-ret'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
to, or having the character of, 
heresy; subversive of, or contrary 
to, orthodox belief. 

heretically (he-ret'i-ka-li), adv. in a 
heretical manner. 

heretofore (her-too-f or') , adv. pre- 
viously; hitherto. 

heritable (her'i-ta-bl), same as heredit- 
ably 

heritage (her'i-taj), n. an estate that 
passes from an ancestor to a de- 
scendant; a birthright or inherit- 
ance; the people of God. 

hermaphrodite (her-maf 'ro-dit) , adj. 
having the sexual characteristics of 
both male and female in the same 
individual: n. an animal with both 
the male and female sexual organs; 
a plant having stamens and pistils 
in the same floral envelope; a brig 
square-rigged forward and schooner- 
rigged aft. [Greek.] 

hermaphroditic (her-maf -ro-dit'ik) , 
adj. pertaining to, or of the nature 
of, a hermaphrodite. 

hermeneutics (her-men-u'tiks) , n. 
the gift of expounding difficult sub- 
jects, and especially the Bible and 
the classics. 

hermetic (her-met'ik), adj. perfect- 
ly closed and air-tight. Also her- 
metical. 

hermetically (her-met'i-ka-li), adv. in 
an m air-tight manner, by means of 
fusion. 

hermit (her'mit), n. one who retires 
from society and lives in solitude, 
especially for devotional contempla- 
tion; an anchorite. 

hermitage (her'mi-taj), n. the abode 
of a hermit; a variety of red and 
white French wine. 

hermit-crab (heVmit-krab), n. one of 
a genus of crabs that live in the 
empty shells of univalve mollusks. 

hern (hern), n. the heron Also 
hernshaw. 

hernani (her-na/ni) , n. a woolen or 
silk dress fabric. 

hernia (her'ni-a), n. a protrusion of 
some part of the intestine, or of 
some other internal organ; rupture. 



hernial (her'ni-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, hernia. 

herniotomy (her-ni-ot'o-mi) , n. the 
operation of cutting for strangulated 
hernia. [Greek.] 

hernshaw (hern'shaw), see hern. 

hero (he'ro), n. [pi. heroes (he'roz)], 
a demigod; a man of distinguished 
courage, moral or physical; the chief 
character in a play, novel, poem, 
&c. 

heroic (he-ro'ik), adj. having the 
qualities of a hero; producing he- 
roes; larger than life; venturesome; 
drastic. Also heroical: n.pl. ex- 
travagant or boastful language. 

Heroic Age (aj), n. the age in which 
the demigods or heroes of Greek 
antiquity are fabled to have lived. 

heroically (he-ro'i-ka-li), adv. like a 
hero. 

heroic verse (vers), n. epic poetry; 
the hexameter verse in Greek and 
Latin poetry; in English, an iambic 
measure of ten syllables. See in 
the Introduction the section on 
Versification. 

heroine (her'6-in), ji. the principal 
female character in a play, opera, 
novel, &c. 

heroism (her'o-izm), n. qualities of a 
hero. 

heron (her'un), n. a wading bird with 
a long neck and long legs. [Greek.] 

heronry (her'on-ri), n. a place where 
herons breed. 

hero-worship (he'ro-wer'ship) , n. ex- 
cessive admiration of distinguished 
men, such as was Carlyle's in his 
essay called "Hero Worship." 

herperto, a Greek prefix meaning 
lizard. 

herpes (her'pez), n. a skin disease, 
characterized by small clusters of 
vesicles on inflamed surfaces. 

herpetology (herrpe-toro-ji), n. that 
branch of zoology that treats of rep- 
tiles and amphibians. [Greek.] 

Herr (her) , n. mister, or sir. [German.] 

herring (her'ing) , n. an edible sea-fish 
moving in shoals. # 

herring-bone (her'ing-bon) , n. a kind 
of cross-stitch: v.t. & v.i. to work 
in such a stitch. 

Herschel (her'shel), n. the planet 
Uranus, first named after the English 
astronomer, Sir John Herschel. 



ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HERSE 



411 



HIBERNAL 



herse (hers), n. a portcullis, in the 
form of a harrow set with spikes. 

hesitancy (hes'i-tan-si) , n. hesita- 
tion; suspense ._ 

hesitate (hes'i-tat) ; v.i. to be in sus- 
pense or uncertainty; pause; vacil- 
late; stammer. 

Hesper (hes'per), n. the evening star, 
especially Venus. Also Hesperus. _ 

Hesperides (hes-per'i-dez), n.pl. in 
Grecian mythology, the four daugh- 
ters of Nox (Xight) and grand- 
daughters of Hesperus, who guarded 
the golden apples given by Gaia to 
Hera on her "marriage with Zeus 
(Jupiter) ; the garden containing the 
golden apples protected by an en- 
chanted dragon. 

Hesperus (hes'per-us) , same as Hes- 
per. 

Hessian (hesh'an), adj. pertaining to 
Hesse in Germany or its inhabit- 
ants; a venal politician: pi. top- 
boots with tassels in front (now 
obsolete) . 

Hessian- fly (hesh'an-fli) , n. a small 
fly, the larvae of which are very 
destructive to corn crops. They ap- 
peared in Pennsylvania soon after 
the Hessian (British) mercenary 
troops in the Revolutionary War: 
hence the name. 

hest (hest), n. _a behest; command. 

hetserism (he-te'rizm), n. open con- 
cubinage in ancient Greece; a sys- 
tem of communal marriage among 
certain tribes. 

hetero, a Greek prefix meaning 
another, abnormal, different, unequal. 
Also heter, as heterocercal, having the 
upper lobe of the # tail longer than 
the lower lobe: said of certain fish. 

heterodox (het'er-o-doks), adj. devi- 
ating from an accepted doctrine or 
standard of faith, &c; heretical: 
opposed to orthodox. 

heterodoxy (het'er-o-dok-si) , n. [pi. 
heterodoxies (het'er-o-dok-siz)], an 
unorthodox doctrine or opinion; 
heresy. 

heterogeneity (het-er-o-je-ne'i-ti), n. 
difference in kind ; dissimilarity. 

heterogeneous (het-er-o-je'ne-us), adj. 
opposite or dissimilar in character, 
quality, structure, &c, not homo- 
geneous. 

heterogenesis (het-er-o-jen'e-sis), n. 



the doctrine that certain organisms 
can produce offspring differing in 
structure and habit from the parent, 
but reverting in subsequent genera- 
tions to the original type. 

heterologous (het-er-ol'o-gus) , adj. ab- 
normal in type or structure; con- 
sisting of different elements, or of 
the same elements in varying pro- 
portions. 

heter omorphism (het-er-o-mor'fizm) , 
n. a deviation from the natural form 
or structure. 

heteronymous (het-er-on'o-mus) , adj. 
differing from_the normal type. _ 

heulandite (hu'land-it), n. a vitre- 
ous transparent brittle mineral, a 
silicate of alumina and lime. Named 
after H. Heuland, an English min- 
eralogist. 

hew (hu), v.t. [pi. hewed, p.p. hewn, 
hewed, p.pr. hewing], to cut or shape, 
as with an axe or other sharp instru- 
ment; hack; chop; form laboriously. 

hexa, a Greek prefix meaning six. 
Also hex, # as hexachord, a six-stringed 
musical instrument. 

hexad (heks'ad), n. a chemical ele- 
ment, atom, or radical that can be 
combined with, or replaced by, six 
atoms of hydrogen. 

hexagon (heks'a-gon), n. a plane 
figure having six angles and six 
sides. 

hexagonal (heks-ag'o-nal) , adj. six- 
sided. 

hexahedron (heks-a-he'dron) , n. [pi. 
hexahedra (heks-a-he'dra)], a solid 
bounded by six plane faces. 

hexameter (heks-am'e-ter), n. a line 
consisting of six feet. In Greek and 
Latin verse the feet depend on the 
length of the syllables, i.e. quantity, 
in English verse, on the accent of 
the syllables, i.e. rhythm. 

hexapod (heks'a-pod) , n. an animal 
with six legs, as insects. 

hexiology (heks-i-oro-ji) , n. the science 
of habits and environment. 

hiatus (hl-a/tus), n. a break; vacan- 
cy; gap; the concurrence of two 
vowels in two successive _ syllables. 

hihernaculum (hi-ber-nak'u-lum) , n. 
[p/.hibernacula (hi-ber-nak / u-la)],the 
winter quarters of a hibernating an- 
imal; the bud-scales of a winter bud. 

hibernal (hi-ber'nal) , adj. wintry. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HIBERNATE 412 HIGH-FLOWN 

hibernate (hi'ber-nat), v.i. to pass hierarchic (hi-er-ark'ik) , adj. pertain- 

the winter in a state of torpor, as ing to a hierarch, or a hierarchy. 

certain animals; to winter. [Latin.] Also hierarchical. 

Hibernia (hi-ber'ni-a) , n. Ireland as hierarchism (hfer-ark-izm), n. church 
named by the Romans and now government by a hierarchy, 
used as a poetical term. The hierarchy (hi'er-ark-i), n. [pi. hier- 
Greeks called the island Ierne, so archies (hi'er-ark-iz)], the higher 
that finally it had a number of and lower clergy of a church; priest- 
names — Hibernia, Ibernia, Ierne, hood; rank of holy beings, as angels; 
and Iernia. m in biology, a series of systematic 

Hibernian (hi-ber'ni-an) , adj. per- groups. 

taining to, or characteristic of, hieratic (hi-e-rat'ik), adj. pertaining 

Hibernia or Ireland. to priests; sacred; consecrated. Also 

Hibernianism (hl-ber'ni-an-izm) , n. hieratical. 

an Irish idiom. Also Hibernicism. hiero, a Greek prefix meaning sacred, 

Hiberno- Celtic (hi-ber'no-sel'tik) , as /lierophant, a priest who, in 

adj. pertaining to the Kelts of Ire- ancient Greece, initiated novices 

land or their language : n. native into the sacred mysteries. 

Irish. Also Hiberno-Keltic. hieroglyphic (hi-er-6-glif 'ik) , n. a 

Hibiscus (hi-bis'kus) , n. a genus of sacred character or symbol: pi. the 

plants, shrubs, &c, of the mallow picture writings of the t ancient 

family. Egyptians, &c: adj. pertaining to 

hiccatee (hik-a-te'), n. an American hieroglyphics; emblematic. 

fresh water tortoise. hieroglyphically (hi-er-o-glif 'i-ka-li) , 

hiccough (hik'up), n. a short con- adv. by hieroglyphics. 

vulsive cough: v.i. to utter a short hierology (hi-er-ol'o-ji), n. the science 

convulsive cough. Also hiccup. of hieroglyphics. 

hickory (hik'o-ri), n. [pi. hickories higgle (hig'l), v.i. to carry provi- 

(hik'o-riz)], an American nut-bear- sions about for sale; chaffer; dis- 

ing tree of the genus Carya. pute about trifles. 

hid, p. adj. concealed; not known; se- higglety-pigglety (hig'1-ti-pig'l-ti), 

cret. Also hidden. adv. in confusion; topsy-turvy. 

hidalgo (hi-dal'go), n. in Spain, a high (hi), adj. % elevated in place; 

nobleman of the lowest rank: fem. lofty; exalted in degree or quality; 

hidalga. See fidalgo . chief ; head ; honorable ; noble ; strong ; 

hide (hid), v.t. [p.t. hid, p.p. hidden, powerful; intense; tempestuous; 

p.pr. hiding], to conceal; secrete; full or complete; near to the wind; 

not to confess; disguise; whip: v.i. tainted; shrill; acute: n. an ele- 

to lie concealed: n. an animal's skin vated place: adv. aloft; profoundly; 

raw or dressed; formerly a measure eminently; aloud; luxurious, 

of land. high-church (hi-cherch 7 ) , adj. attach- 

hidebound (hid'bound), adj. having ing great importance to the prerog- 

the skin close or contracted; preju- ative and authority of the Church, 

diced; bigoted. its sacraments, its theory of the 

hideous (hid'e-us), adj. offensive to Apostolic Succession, and its priest- 

the sight, ear, or taste; shocking; hood, 

dreadful; horrible. high-colored (hi-kuFerd), adj. having 

hiding (hid'ing), n. concealment; a a strong, deep, or glaring color; 

beating. flushed; vivid; exaggerated. # 

hie (hi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hied, p.pr. highest (hi'est), adj. most high, 
hieing], to excite; speed: v.i. to highfalutin (hi-f a-lu'tin) , adj. bom- 
hasten, bastic: n. bombastic speech. 

hierarch (hi'er-ark), n. the chief ruler high-farming m (hi'f arm-ing) , adj. 

of an ecclesiastical body ; the leader using fertilizing manures exten- 

of an angelic host; in ancient sively. 

Greece, an officer who had charge high-flown (hi'flon), adj. elevated; 

of votive offerings. proud; extravagant; inflated. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HIGH-FLYER 



413 



HINNY 



high-flyer (hl'fll-er), n. an extrava- 
gant, somewhat dissipated person. 

hiirn- handed (hl-hand'ed) , adj. vio- 
lent; arbitrary. 

high- jinks (hi'jingks), n. sportive 
jollification usually among men of 
mature age, and high station. 

highland (hi'land), n. a mountainous 
region: pi. the mountainous districts 
of Scotland. 

high life (llf), n. fashionable society; 
its manner of living. 

highlows (hi'loz), n.pl. laced shoes 
reaching to the ankle. [English.] 

highly (hl'li), adv. in a high manner; 
in a great degree ; with high esteem 
or opinion; proudly; arrogantly. 

high mass (mas), n. a mass, usually 
at the high altar, at which a dea- 
con and a subdeacon assist the cele- 
brant. 

highness (hi'nes),n.the state or qual- 
ity of being high; a title of honor 
applied to persons of princely rank 
(with a possessive pronoun). 

high priest (prest), n. a chief priest, 
especially; the principal priest of the 
Jewish hierarchy. 

highroad (hi'rod), n. a chief road; 
highway; an easy course or method. 

high-roller (hi-rqrer), n. a person 
who lives expensively and recklessly. 
[American.] 

high-sign (ni-sin'), n. a jocular ex- 
pression for a signal among friends, 
denoting anything in general, but 
usually an invitation to drink. 

highstrung (hi'strung) , adj. strung to 
a high pitch; extremely sensitive. 

hight (hit), p. adj. called. 

high-toned _ (hi'tond), adj. high 
pitched; high principled; fashion- 
able. [Vulgar.] 

high water (m'waw-ter) , adj. pertain- 
ing to high tide, or its height or 
time. 

highway (hi'wa), n. a public road; a 
^course or path. 

highwayman (hi'wa-man), n. [pi. 
highwaymen (hl'wa-men)], one who 
robs on the public road. 

high wine (win), n. a distillage of 
wine; brandy containing a large 
percentage of alcohol. 

hike (hik), v.i. to stride over long 
distances of country on a tramp 
or march. 



hiker (hi'ker), n_. one who hikes. 

hilarious (hi-la'ri-us) , adj. merry: 
exhilarated. 

hilarity (hi-lar'i-ti) , n. [pi. hilarities 
(hi-lar'i-tiz)], noisy merriment; ex- 
hilaration. 

hill (hil), n. an elevation less than a 
mountain; a small mound or heap: 
v.t. to draw earth about. 

Hillelism (hh"el-izm), n. a doctrine 
based upon the teaching of Hillel, 
the Babylonian Jew (112 B.C.), viz., 
"What is hated to thee, do not unto 
thy fellow-men.' ' 

hilly (hil'i), adj. abounding with, or 
characterized by, hills; rugged. 

hilt (hilt), n. a handle, especially of 
a sword. 

him (him), pron. the objective case 
of he. 

hind (hind), n. the female of the 
stag or red deer ; a farm servant ; 
peasant: adj. backward; hinder. 

hinder (hlnd'er), adj. belonging to, 
or constituting, the back or rear of 
anything. 

hinder (hin'der), v.t. to obstruct or 
impede: v.i. to impose obstructions 
or impediments. 

hindermost (hmd'er-most), adj. same 
as hindmost. 

hindmost (hmd'most), adj. farthest 
from the front; in the extreme rear. 

Hindoo, preferable spelling is Hindu. 

hindrance (hin'drans), n. obstruc- 
tion. 

Hindu (hin'doo), n. a native of Hin- 
dustan belonging to the Aryan race; 
Brahman: adj. pertaining to the 
Hindus or to Hinduism. Also Hin- 
doo. 

Hinduism (hin'doo-izm) , n. Brah- 
rrianism, more or less modified from 
the original cult. 

Hindustani (hin-doo-sta'ne) , n. the 
official and common language oi 
India; Urdu. Also Hindustanee. 

hinge (hinj), n. the joint or hook 
on which a door, &c, turn or swing; 
the joint of a bivalve shell; that on 
which anything depends or turns: 
v.t. to furnish with a hinge: v.i. to 
stand, turn, or depend, as on a hinge. 

hinny (hin'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. hin- 
niea, p.pr : hinnying], to neigh: n. 
the offspring of a horse and a she 
ass. Also whinny. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HINT 



414 



HITCH 



hint (hint), v.t. to suggest; mention 
casually: n. a suggestion; distant 
allusion. 

hip (hip), n. the upper fleshy part 
of the thigh; haunch; the coxa of 
an insect; the rafter at the junction 
of two sloping roofs; the fruit of 
the briar or dog-rose; melancholy: 
inter j. an huzzah: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
hipped, p.pr. hipping], to sprain or 
fracture the hip of; affect with mel- 
ancholy ; build with a hip ; throw by 
a cross-buttock in wrestling. 

hipp, a Greek prefix meaning horse. 
Also hippo, as ftippophagy, the prac- 
tice of eating horse-flesh. 

Hippocampus (hip-o-kam'pus) , n. [pi. 
Hippocampi (h:p-6-kam'pI)], a genus 
of small osseous fishes, having the 
head and shoulders somewhat re- 
sembling that of a horse. 

hippocampus, a sea-horse; the name 
of two eminences on the lateral 
ventricles of the brain (hippocam- 
pus major and hippocampus mi- 
nor). 

hippodrome (hip'o-drom), n. an an- 
cient Greek race-course for eques- 
trian games and chariots; a circus; 
a fraudulent contest or race, the 
result of which has been previously 
arranged: v.t. to arrange such a 
fraudulent contest. [Greek.] 

hippo griff (hip'o-grif), n. a fabulous 
winged monster, half horse, half 
griffin. 

hippology (hip-ol'o-ji), n. the study 
of the horse, its structure, habits, 
&c. 

hippophagy (hip-pof'a-ji), n. the 
practice of eating horse-flesh, as in 
France. 

hippopotamus (hip-o-pot'a-mus), n. 
[pi. hippopotami (hip-o-pot'a-mi) , 
hippopotamuses (hip-o-pot'a-mus- 
ez)], a large pachydermatous aquatic 
animal of Africa; the river-horse. 

hircine (her'sin), adj. resembling a 
goat; smelling like a goat: n. an 
oily product with a foetid smell 
found in the fat of goats and sheep. 
[Latin.] 

hire (hir), v.t. to engage for temporary 
service at a certain price; bribe; let 
or lease: n. recompense or considera- 
tion paid for the use of anything; 
wages; bribe. 



hireling (hir'ling), n. one who serves 
for hire: adj. mercenary. 

hirsute (her'sut), adj. hairy; shaggy. 

his (hiz), pron. poss. case of he. 

Hispanic (his-pan'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to Hispania or Spain. 

Hispanicism (his-pan'i-sizm) , n. a 
Spanish idiom. 

hispid (his'pid), adj. bristly. 

hiss (his), n. a noise, made by forc- 
ing the breath between the tongue 
and upper teeth, resembling that of 
a serpent or goose: v.i. to utter such 
a sound, especially as expressing dis- 
approbation or contempt. 

hist (hist), inter j. silence! hark! 

histo, a Greek prefix meaning tissue, 
as Atsfography, a description of or- 
ganic tissues. 

histology (his-tol'o-ji) , n. the science 
of animal tissues; microscopic anat- 
omy. 

historian (his-to'ri-an), a writer or 
deep student of history. 

historic (his-tor'ik) , adj. pertaining to, 
contained in, or celebrated in, his- 
tory: relating to the past. Also his- 
torical. 

historiographer (his-to-ri-og'ra-f er) , 
n. a writer of history, especially an 
official historian. 

historiography (his-to-ri-og'ra-fi) , n. 
the writing of history, or of the 
history of history. 

history (his'to-ri), n. [pi. histories 
(his'to-riz)], a narration of faets and 
events arranged chronologically or 
otherwise with their causes and 
effects; knowledge of facts. 

histrionic (his-tri-on'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to actors or the stage ; theatri- 
cal; also histrionical : n.pl. the art 
of theatrical representation. [Greek.] 

histrionically (his-tri-on'i-ka-li) , adv. 
theatrically. 

histricnicism (his-tri-on'i-sizm) , stage 
effect; affectation. 

hit (hit), v.t. [p.t. & .p.p. hit, p.pr. 
hitting], to strike; give a blow to; 
touch (the mark); attain to; suit: 
v.i. to clash or collide; succeed: n. 
a stroke or blow; a lucky event; 
felicitous remark. 

hitch (hich), n. a catch; that which 
acts like a catch; impediment; a 
pulling or jerking upwards: v.i. to 
become entangled or caught; move 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HITCHING 



415 



HOG 



by jerks; strike the feet together, 
as horses: v.t. to fasten or tie; pull 
up with a jerk. 

hitching (hich'ing), n. a fastening in 
harness. 

hither (hith'er), adv. to this place: 
adj. on the side nearest to the 
speaker. 

hive (hiv), n. [pi. hives (hivz)], an 
artificial receptacle or house for 
bees; a swarm of bees inhabiting 
a hive; a busy assemblage or society: 
v.t. to gather or put into a hive; 
harbor: v.i. to live or take shelter 
together. 

hives (hivz), n.pl. nettle-rash; croup. 

hive-syrup (hiv-sir'up) , n. the com- 
pound syrup of squills used as a 
remedy for croup. See squills. 

ho (h6),_ inter j. stop! hold! . # 

hoar (hor), adj. white; grey with age; 
ancient. 

hoard (hord), n. a store or treasure 
laid up secretly; an accumulation 
of things: v.t. to collect and lay up: 
v.i. to lay up store. 

hoarding (hording), n. the act of stor- 
ing up; a fence of rough boards in- 
closing a building site. [English.] 

hoar-frost (hor'frost), n. white par- 
ticles of frozen dew or moisture. 

hoarhound (hor'hound), n. a white 
woolly aromatic herb ; a sweet 
lozenge made with an infusion of 
hoarhound, and used as a popular 
remedy for sore throat. 

hoarse (hors), adj. rough and harsh 
in sound, as the voice when affected 
by a cold. 

hoarsely (hors'li), adv. in a hoarse 
manner. 

hoarseness (hors'nes), n. the state of 
being hoarse. 

hoax (hoks), n. a sportive deceptive 
trick; practical joke: v.t. to take in, 
or delude, by a hoax. 

hob (hob), n. the flat part of a grate 
on which things are placed to be 
kept warm; a sprite or demon, as 
"to raise hob." 

hobble (hob'l), v.i. to walk with a limp 
or awkward step: v.t. embarrass or 
perplex; shackle: n. limping or awk- 
ward step. 

hobble-skirt (hob'l-skert), n. a close- 
fitting skirt shaped to the figure of 
the wearer; drawn in by bands be- 



tween the knees and ankles, render* 
ing walking difficult and awkward. 

hobbly (hob'li), adj. rough or uneven. 

hobby (hob'i), n. [pi. hobbies ('iz)] t 
a favorite pursuit or object; an 
ambling nag; a kind of falcon. 

hobby-horse (hob'i-hors), n. a stick 
with a horse's head, across which 
children sit; a wooden or rocking- 
horse. 

hobgoblin (hob-gob 'lin), n. a goblin, 
sprite, or elf, especially one of fright- 
ful appearance: hence an alarming 
apparition. 

hobnail (hob'nal), n. a short thick nail 
with a large head: used for protect- 
ing the soles of heavy boots. 

hobnob (hob'nob), v.i. to drink famil- 
iarly with; associate intimately to- 
gether. 

hobo (ho'bo), n. an idle itinerant 
workman; a tramp. m 

hock (hok), n. the joint between the 
knee and the fetlock; the back part 
of the human knee-joint; any white 
Rhine wine (from Hochheimer) : 
v.t. to pawn. 

hockey (hok'i), n. an outdoor game 
played with a ball and clubs curved 
at one _end. 

hocus (ho'kus), v.t. [pi. & p.p. ho- 
cused, p.pr. hocusing], to cheat or 
trick; to stupefy or render insensi- 
ble by means of drugged liquor in 
order to cheat or rob : n. a trick or 
juggle: drugged_ liquor. 

hocus-pocus (ho'kus-po'kus), n. a 
juggler's formula; words repeated 
before a trick. [Mediaeval.] 

hod (hod), n. a wooden trough, af- 
fixed to a long handle, for carrying 
mortar or bricks; a coal-scuttle; a 
male ferret. 

hod-carrier (hod'kar-i-er), n. a man 
who carries a hod; hodman. 

hodge-podge (hoj'poj), n. a medley oi 
ingredients, as in a hodge-podge 
pudding. 

hodman (hod'man), n. a bricklayer's 
laborer; a hod-carrier. 

hoe (ho), n. an agricultural tool for 
cutting weeds, &c: v.t. to cut, or 
till, with a hoe; clear from weeds. 

hog (hog), n. a swine; a kind of 
rough broom used for scrubbing a 
ship's bottom under water; a grasp- 
ing, gluttonous person: v.t. [p.U 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HOGSHEAD 



416 



HOLY ORDERS 



& p.p. hogged, p.pr. hogging], to 
crub (a ship's bottom) under water; 
to cut (the hair) short: v.i. to droop 
at both ends: said of a ship. 

hogshead (hogz'hed), n. a measure of 
capacity = 52^6 imperial gals, or 63 
wine gals.; a large barrel or cask. 

hoiden. See hoyden. 

hoist (hoist), v.t. to lift or raise with 
tackle; heave: n. an apparatus for 
lifting goods from a lower to a 
higher floor, &c; a lift. 

hoity-toity (hoi'ti-toi'ti) , inter j. an 
exclamation of surprise, rebuke, &c. 

hold (ho'ki), n_. a New Zealand fish. 

hoky-poky (ho'ki-po'ki), n. a com- 
mon kind of ice-cream sold in slabs. 

hold (hold), v.t. [v.t. held, p.p. held, 
hoiden, p.pr. holding], to grasp and 
keep in the hand; clutch; retain; 
keep; possess; connect; judge or 
consider; entertain; contain; cele- 
brate; use: v.i. to cling; adhere; 
stand good; continue; proceed; re- 
frain; maintain an opinion: n. the 
act of holding; a grasp or clutch; 
an embrace; support; a fortified 
place; that part of a vessel where 
the cargo is stored. 

holdfast (hold'fast), n. a hook or sup- 
port: adj. tenacious. 

holding (hold'ing), n. anything held 
tenure or right of possession; a 
farm held of a superior. 

hold-up (hold'up), n. the act of a high- 
way robber halting wayfarers to 
rob them; the blocking of a railway 
train by a band of criminals: v.t. 
to perform any of the above acts; 
also to prevent the passage of a bill 
in a legislative body, usually by 
corrupt means; to suppress; check; 
interfere with. 

hole (hoi), n. a cavity; hollow place; 
pit; perforation; the burrow of an 
animal; mean habitation; a difficulty 
or dilemma. 

holiday (hol'i-da), n. a day of gaiety 
and joy in celebration of some event, 
&c; a day of freedom from labor: 
adj. pertaining to a festival; joyous; 
gay. 

holiness (ho'li-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being holy; freedom from 
6in; moral and spiritual purity; 
sacredness; a title of the Pope. 

holland (hol'and), n. fine unbleached 



linen, glazed or unglazed: pi. a kind 
of gin 

holloa (ho.-o ,, v.i. to shout to one at 
a distance: n. a shout. Also hullo. 

hollow (horo), adj. having a void 
space within: .opposed to solid; 
sunken; superficial; unreal: n. a 
cavity; pit; groove; space between 
hills or elevations; insincere; deep; 
low: v.t. to make hollow: adv. 
completely ; thoroughly. 

hollow- ware (horo- war), n. cast-iron 
kitchen utensils, earthenware, &c. 

holly (hol'li), n. a shrub or tree of the 
genus Ilex, with glossy, prickly 
leaves and red berries. 

hollyhock (hori-hok), n. a tall bien- 
nial plant of the mallow family with 
large flowers. 

holm (hom), n. an evergreen oak; 
low flat land by the side of a river; 
a small river island. 

holo, a Greek prefix meaning whole, en- 
tire, as /zofocryptic, undecipherable. 

holoblastic (hol-6-blas'tik), adj. 
wholly germinal. 

holocaust (hol'6-kawst), n. a sacrifice 
wholly consumed by fire. 

holocryptic (hol-o-krip'tik),see under 
holo. 

holograph (horo-graf ) , n. a document 
entirely in the handwriting of the 
author, as "a holograph will." 

holographic (holo-graf'ik), adj. per* 
taining to a holograph. 

holster (hol'ster), n. a leather pistol- 
case usually carried at the saddle- 
bow. _ 

holt (holt), n. a wooded hill; a burrow 
or hiding place. 

holy (ho'li), adj. \comp. holier, su- 
perl. holiest], pure; morally and 
spiritually perfect; sinless; preemi- 
nently good; pious; sacred; conse- 
crated. 

holy day (da), a religious festival. 

Holy Ghost (gost), the same as Holy 
Spirit. 

Holy Land (land), n. Palestine. 

Holy of Holies (ho'li 9V ho'lez), n. 
the innermost room in the taber- 
nacle and temple, where the Ark 
of the Covenant was kept. Only 
the high-priest ever entered it, and 
then upon the Day of Atonement 
alone. 

holy orders (ho'li-6r-derz), n. the 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HOLY ROOD 



417 



HOMOGRAPH 



state of being a member of the 
priesthood; little used outside the 
Catholic, and the various branches 
of the Anglican, Churches. 

Holy Rood (rood), n. a cross or 
crucifix, especially one over the en- 
trance to the chancel in a church. 

Holy Spirit (spir'it), n. God; the third 
person of the Trinity. 

holystone (ho'li-ston), n. a large flat 
piece of stone used for scouring the 
snip's decks': v.t. to scrub (a deck) 
with a holystone. 

homage (om'aj), n. respect paid by 
external action; deference; rever- 
ence ; the ceremony _ by which a 
tenant or vassal promised fealty and 
service to his feudal lord. [Archaic] 

homalo, a Greek prefix, meaning even, 
plane, as homaloid&l, flat; plane. 

home (horn), n. one's abode or resi- 
dence; dwelling-place of a man and 
his family ; fatherland ; habitat ; a 
benevolent or charitable institution: 
adj. pertaining to one's abode or 
country; domestic: to the point de- 
signed; near; effective: adv. to or at 
home; to the_ uttermost; closely. 

homeliness (hom'li-nes), n. the state 
of being homely; plainness; rudeness. 

homely (hom'li), adj. plain-featured; 
uncultured; rude. In England, be- 
nevolent, kindly, homelike. 

home-made (hom'mad), adj. of 
household or domestic manufacture, 
as home-made bread. 

homeopathic (ho-nie-o-path'ik) , adj 
of or pertaining to homeopathy; ex- 
tremely small in quantity. Also 
homoeopathic . 

homeopathist (ho-me-op'a-thist), n. 
one who practices or believes in 
homeopathy. 

homeopathy (ho-me-op'a-thi), n. the 
medical system introduced by 
Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843). 
which seeks to cure diseases by the 
administration of medicines in mi- 
nute quantities to produce in the 
patient symptoms similar to those 
the same medicine would produce 
in a healthy person. Also homoe- 
opathy. 

Homeridae (ho-mer'i-de), n.pl. the po- 
etical descendants of Homer; the 
rhapsodists who recited the Homeric 
poems. 



home rule (horn rool'),n. local self- 
government, especially that form of 
government for Ireland advocated 
by Mr. Gladstone and the Irish 
party. 

homesick (hom'sik), adj. ill because 
of absence from home; nostalgic. 

homesickness (hcm'sik-nes), n. state 
of being homesick; nostalgia. 

homespun (hom'spun), n. a heavy, 
woolen cloth, woven to imitate 
that which was formerly spun a* 
home. 

homestead (hom'sted), n. a dwellings 
house with the adjacent land; orig- 
inal abode. 

homicidal (hoin'i-sl-dal), adj. per- 
taining to, or having a tendency to, 
homicide. 

homicide (hom'i-sld), n. the killing 
of a human being; one who kills 
another. 

homiletic (hom-i-let'ik), adj. per- 
taining to homiletics. Also homi- 
letical. 

homiletics (hom-i-let'iks), n.pl. that 
branch of theology which treats of 
sermons and their composition. 

homilist (hom'i-list), n. a preacher. 

homily (hom'i-li), n. [pi. homilies 
(hom'i-liz)], a plain religious dis- 
course or sermon. 

homing (hom'ing), adj. returning 
home: said of carrier pigeons. 

hominy (horn'i-ni), n. Indian-corn 
soaked so as to remove the hull, and 
then coarsely ground. 

homo, a Greek prefix meaning like, 
sapie, similar, as homocercal, lobed 
alike, as the tail of a mackerel. 

homocentric (ho-mo-sen'trik) , same 
as concentric. 

homoeopathy, same as homeopathy. 

homogeneity (ho-mo-je-ne'i-ti), n. 
similar it j". 

homogeneous (ho-mo-je'ne-us), adj. 
uniform; composed of similar parts 
or elements. 

homogenesis (ho-mo-jen'e-sis) , n. a 
mode of reproduction in which the 
offspring of a higher organism passes 
through the same cycle of existence 
as the parent. 

homogenous (ho-moj'e-nus), adj. of 
the same origin. Also homogenetic. 

homograph (ho'mo-graf), n. a word 
spelled the same way as another 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
37 hue, hut ; think, then. 



HOMOLOGOUS 



418 



HOOF 



word, but haying a different mean- 
ing, and derived from a different 
root, as grave = a tomb, grave = seri- 

. ous. 

homologous (ho-mol'o-gus), adj. iden- 
tical. 

homologue (ho 'mo-log), n. the same 
organ or part in different animals, 
but varying in form and functions, 
as a hand, fin, &c. 

homology (hd-mol'o-ji), n. affinity 
of structure. 

homomorph (ho'mo-morf), n. a sim- 
ilar character or mark. 

homonym (ho'mo-nim), n. a word 
alike in sound, but differing in 
meaning, as pair, pare, pear. 

homophone (ho'mo-fon) , n. a letter 
representing the same sound as an- 
other. 

homophonous (ho-mof ; o-nus) , adj. 
alike in sound, but differing in mean- 
ing. 

homotype (ho'mq-tip), n. that part of 
an animal which corresponds to 
another part. 

hone (hon), n. a kind of fine whet- 
stone: v.t. to sharpen on a hone. 

honest (on'est), adj. upright; just; 
sincere; honorable; equitable; fair; 
righteous; chaste; frank or open. 

honesty (on'es-ti), n. the quality of 
being honest. 

honey (hun'i), n. a sweet, viscid, 
syrupy substance collected by bees 
from flowers; sweetness; darling or 
sweet one : adj. _ resembling honey : 
v.t. to talk to in an endearing or 
flattering manner. 

honey-bee (hun'i-be), n the common 
hive-bee. 

honey-boy (hun'i-boi), n. a term of 
endearment. [Vulgar.] 

honeycomb (hun'i-kom), n. the waxen 
hexagonal cells made by bees to con- 
tain their honey, eggs, &c; any 
structure resembling a honeycomb: 
v.t. to fill with holes, &c, so as to 
leave only thin partitions. 

honeydew (hun'i-du), a saccharine 
secretion from the leaves of cer- 
tain plants; a sweet substance se- 
creted by aphids; a variety of to- 
bacco. 

honey-locust (hun'i-lo-kust), n. a 
large American tree of the bean 
family. 



honeymoon (hun'i-moon), n. the first 
month after marriage. 

honeysuckle (hun'i-suk'l) , n„ a climb- 
ing plant with fragrant flowers 

honiton (hon'i-tun), n. sl kind of lace 
called after Honiton in Devonshire, 
where it was first made by refugees 
from France (1793-1800). 

honk (honk), inter j. the cry of the Ca- 
nadian mid-goose in flight. 

honor (on'er), n. respectful regard; 
esteem; worship; reputation; ex- 
alted rank; fame; magnanimity; 
scorn of meanness; self-respect; 
chastity; an outward mark of high 
esteem; glory; a title used in ad- 
dressing certain officials; one of the 
four highest trump cards in whist: 
pi. in a university examination, the 
highest class: v.t. to treat with re- 
spect, deference, or civility; revere 
or worship ; bestow marks of honoi 
upon (with with)\ dignity; ac- 
knowledge; accept and pay when 
due. 

honorable (on'er-a-bl), adj. worthy of, 
or conferring, honor; distinguished 
in rank ; high-minded ; illustrious ; 
upright; indicating honor; a title 
of distinction. 

honorably (on'er-a-bli), adv. in an 
honorable manner. 

honorarium (on-o-ra/ri-um) , n. a fee 
paid to a professional man. 

honorary (on'er-a-ri), adj. done, or 
conferred, as an honor. 

hood (hood), n. a soft wrapper or 
covering for the head; a monk's, 
woman's, or falcon's hood; a fold- 
ing cover for a carriage; an orna- 
mental fold hanging down the back 
denoting a university degree; some- 
thing resembling a hood; a cowl: 
v.t. to cover or furnish with, or as 
with, a hood: suffix = state, con- 
dition, or quality, as man/wod 
hardihood. 

hoodlum (hood'lum), n. originally a 
Calif ornian rough or bully; a rowdy. 
Also hooligan. 

hoodoo (hoo'doo), n. a person or 
thing that causes ill-luck : v t to 
ban. m . 

hoodwink (hood'wingk), v.t. to de- 
ceive; blindfold. 

hoof (hoof), n. [pi. hoofs, also hooves 
(hoovz)], the horny substance cover- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book t 

hue, hut ; thinks then. 



^ 



HOOK 



419 



HORIZONTAL 



ing the feet of certain mammals, as 
horses, &c; an animal with hoofs. 

hook (hook), n. a curved piece of 
metal, bone, &c; to hold or catch 
something; a fish-hook; sickle; a 
trap; an instrument for lopping or 
cutting; a cape or headland: v.t. to 
catch with, or as with, a hook; to 
gore or attack with the horns. 

hookah (hook'ah), n. a pipe with a 
long flexible tube which draws the 
smoke through a vase containing 
perfumed water. Also hooka and 
huqa. [Arabic] 

hooked (hookt), p.adj. curved like a 
hook. 

hooker (hook'er), n. one who, or 
that wnich, hooks; a fishing-smack; 
a small Dutch vessel; any clumsy, 
ill-fitted, old craft. 

hook-worm (hook Verm), n. a par- 
asite which invades the human body 
by the feet and produces inanition 
by sucking the blood. 

hooligan (hoo'li-gan), n. a rowdy; a 
noisy, coarse young man who 
haunts the streets at night and begs 
or steals for a livelihood. The 
name originated in Australia, but is 
now used all over the English speak- 
ing world. 

hoop (hoop, or hoop), n. a metal or 
wooden band to hold together the 
staves of a cask, &c; the band of 
a finger-ring ; a kind of crinoline ; 
a large circular ring of metal or 
wood used by children for trun- 
dling; anything curved like a hoop; 
a whoop; the noise made in whoop- 
ing-cough: v.t. to bind or secure 
with a hoop; encircle. 

hooper (hoop'er), n. sl cooper; the wild 
swan. 

hooping (hoop'ing), n. material for 
making hoops; hoops collectively. 

hooping-cough, same as whooping- 
cough. 

hoopoe (hoo'po), n. a bird with an 
erect crest and handsome plumage. 

hoot (hoot), n. a contemptuous shout: 
v.t . to jeer or drive with contemptuous 
shouts: v.i. to utter a hoot. 

hoove (hoov), n. a disease in cattle, 
in which the abdomen is distended. 

hop (hop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hopped, 
p.pr. hopping], to leap over; im- 
pregnate with hops: v.i. to proceed 



by short leaps on one leg; skip with 
both legs; limp; to pick hops: n. a 
jump on one leg; a dance; a twin- 
ing plant the ripened cones m of 
which are used in brewing to im- 
part a bitter taste to malt liquors: 
adj. pertaining to hops. 

hope (hop), n. the desire of good 
accompanied by expectation; antici- 
pation; confidence; the object of 
hope: v.t. to expect with confidence 
or desire: v.i. to cherish a desire 
for good; trust confidently. 

hopeful (hop 'fool), adj. full of hope; 
promising success. 

hopefully (hop'foo-li), adv. in a hopeful 
manner. 

hopeless (hop'les), adj. without hope ; 
devoid of cheerfulness ; despairing. 

hoplite (hop lit), n. an ancient Greek 
heavy-armed foot -soldier. 

hopper (hop'cr), n. one who, or that 
which, hops; a name for various 
leaping insects; a wooden trough or 
unnel through which grain passes 
into a mill ; mechanism in a piano 
for lifting the hammer; a seed-bas- 
ket used in sowing grain; a hop- 
picker; the basin of a water-closet. 

hoppet (hop'et), n. a hand-basket; a 
dish for measuring ore. 

hopple (hop'l), v.t. to hobble. 

hoppy (hop'i), adj. full of, or tasting 
like, hops. 

hops, see under hop. 

hopscotch (hop'skoch), n. a children's 
game, in which a flat stone is driven 
from one numbered compartment 
to another by the player while he 
hops. 

horal (ho'ral), adj. pertaining to, or 
lasting, an hour; hourly. Also 
horary. [Latin.] 

horde (hord), n. a nomadic tribe or 
clan dwelling in tents or wagons; a 
vast multitude: v.i. to live, or act' 
together, in hordes. [Turkish.] 

hordeine (hor'de-in), n. a starch-like 
substance obtained from barley. 

horehound, same as hoar hound. 

horizon (ho-ri'zun), n. the circular 
line where the sky and earth, or 
sea, appear to meet: hence the 
limit of one's mental vision. 

horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), adj. paral- 
lel to, or situated near, the horizon; 
level: opposed to vertical. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HORIZONTALLY 



420 



HORSE-PISTOL 



horizontally (hor-i-zon'ta-li), adv. in 
a horizontal direction. 

horn (horn), n. a hard projecting, 
usually curved, protuberance on the 
head of certain mammals, especially- 
hoofed animals; a thickened form of 
tissue; anything made of horn, or 
like horn; a wind instrument; one 
of the extremities of the moon when 
in crescent form. 

hornbeak (horn'bek), n. the garfish. 

hornbeam (horn'bem), n. a small tree 
yielding a tough wood: used for 
cogwheels, &c. 

hornbill (horn'bil), n. a bird with a 
• large horn-crested bill, allied to the 
kingfishers. 

hornblende (horn'blend) , n. a dark- 
green or black-colored mineral with 
a horn-like cleavage. 

horn-book (horn'book), n. a primer 
consisting of a printed sheet con- 
taining the first nine numerals, the 
alphabet, and the Lord's Prayer. 
It was framed like a slate and faced 
over with a thin, transparent sheet 
of horn, to preserve the printing. 
The horn-book ceased to be used not 
long after the time of Queen Eliza- 
beth, but the name was long ap- 
plied to any primer. 

horned (hornd), adj. having horns; 
horn-shaped. 

hornet (hor'net), n. a small wasp 
which inflicts a severe sting; hence 
a waspish, disagreeable person. 

horning (horn'ing), n. the appear- 
ance of the moon at her first and 
last quarter. 

hornpipe (horn 'pip), n. a lively 
dance, especially by sailors; an ob- 
solete wind instrument. 

hornwrack (horn'rak), n. sea-mat. 

horny (horn'iX adj. like horn. 

horologe (hor'o-loj), n. a mechanism, 
as a clock, &c, for marking the 
hours. 

horology (ho-rol'o-ji), n. the art of 
measuring time, or of constructing 
timepieces. 

horometer (ho-rom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring time. 

horoscope (hor'o-skopj , n. a repre- 
sentation of the heavens at any 
time, especially at one's birth. 

horoscopy (ho-ros'ko-pi) , n. the art 
of casting horoscopes and determin- 



ing the destiny of persons from 
them; a horoscope. [Greek.] 

horrent (hor'ent), adj. erect; bristling. 

horrible (hor'i-bl) , adj. terrible ; dread- 
ful. [Latin.] 

horribleness (hor'i-bl-nes), n. the 
state of being horrible. 

horribly (hor'i-bli), adv. terribly; 
dreadfully. 

horrid (hor'id), adj. dreadful; terrible; 
hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. 

horrific (hor-if 'ik) , adj. causing horror. 

horrify (hor'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. horri- 
fied], to fill or strike with horror. 

horripilation (hor-ip-i-la/shun), n. a 
shuddering sensation as of the hair 
standing on end, or goose-flesh. 

horror (hor'er), n. excessive fear ac- 
companied with shuddering; ex- 
treme dread; great disgust: pi. ex- 
treme depression; delirium tremens 
(with the). 

hors de combat (or de cong'ba), 
prep. phr. out of the fight; disabled. 
[French.] 

hors-d'ceuvre (or-doovr'), n. a side 
dish. [French.] 

horse (hors), n. a solid-hoofed ani- 
mal, used for riding or drawing 
burdens; a male of the species; cav- 
alry; a framework or machine for 
the support of anything; a foot- 
rope to support the foot of a sailor 
under a yard or the bowsprit; work 
charged for before it is executed: 
v.t. to mount on, or furnish with, 
a horse; carry on horseback; place 
astride: y.i. to get on horseback: 
adj. noting something coarse or 
large. 

horse-billiards (hors'bil-yerdz) , n. a 
name given to the game of shuffle- 
board when played at sea, on ships. 
horse-chestnut (hors'ches-nut), n. a 
very tall chestnut tree bearing a 
non-edible fruit resembling chest- 
nuts — first imported from the Old 
World but now indigenous to Amer- 
ica. 
horse-fly (hors'fli), n. a large fly that 

stings horses. 
horse-laugh (hors'laf), n. a coarse, 

noisy laugh. 
horsemanship (hors 'man-ship), n. the 
act of riding, and of training and 
managing horses. 

horse-pistol (hors'pis-tol), n. an old- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HORSE-PLAY 



421 



HOT-POT 



fashioned pistol generally canned 
in the bow of a rider, rather than in 
a holster. 

horse-play (hors'pla), n. rough, noisy 
conduct, usually observed among yo- 
kels and ill-bred, half -grown youths. 

horse-power (hors'pou-er) , n. the 
theoretical unit of work of a steam- 
engine =33,000 lb. raised 1 ft. in 1 
minute. 

horseradish (hors'rad-ish), n. a plant 
with a long root having an acrid pun- 
gent taste and used as a condiment. 

horseshoe (hors'shoo), n. a U-shaped 
metal shoe to protect the hoof of a 
horse; anything U-shaped: the king 
crab. 

horseweed (hors'wed), n. the fleabane. 

horsey (hors'i), adj. pertaining to 
horses. 

hortative (hor'ta-tiv), adj.- inciting; 
giving exhortation. Also hortatory. 

hortensial (hor-ten'shal) , adj. per- 
taining to, or fitted for, a garden. 

horticultural (hor-ti-kul'tu-ral) , adj. 
pertaining to horticulture. 

horticulture (hor-ti-kul'tur) , n. the 
art of cultivating gardens,. 

horticulturist (hor-ti-kul'tur-ist) , n. 
one who is_ skilled in horticulture. 

hosanna (ho-zan'a), n. an exclama- 
tion of praise and glory to God. 
The literal meaning is "Save, I 
pray!" [Hebrew.] 

hose (hoz), n. [pi. hose], coverings for 
the legs; stockings; flexible tub- 
ing for conveying water, &c. 

hosier (ho'zher), n. one who deals in 
hosiery. 

hosiery (ho'zher-i), stockings, under- 
clothing, &c; a manufactory for 
such goods. 

hospice (hos'pis), n. an Alpine con- 
vent for the reception and enter- 
tainment of travelers. [French.] 

hospitable (hos'pit-a-bl), adj. receiv- 
ing and entertaining friends or 
strangers. 

hospital (hos'pi-tal) , n. an institution 
for the medical treatment and care 
of the sick. [French.] 

hospitality (hos-pi-tal'i-ti) , n. [pi. 
hospitalities (hos-pi-tal'i-tiz)], the 
practice of entertaining friends and 
strangers with kindness and liber- 
ality. 

host (host), n. a crowd; multitude; 



army; one who entertains another 
in public or. private; a landlord of 
an hotel or inn; an organism on 
which another is parasitic; the con- 
secrated bread or wafer of the 
Eucharist, in the Greek, Roman 
Catholic, Episcopalian and Lu- 
theran Church. [Latin.] 

hostage (hos'taj), n. a person who 
remains in the hands of another as 
a pledge for the fulfilment of cer- 
tain conditions; a pledge. 

hostel (hos'tel), n. a hostelry; at Ox- 
ford and Cambridge, a small un- 
endowed college. 

hostelry (hos'tl-ri), n. an inn or lodg- 
ing-house_. 

hostess (host'es), n. a female host. 

hostile (hos'til), adj. showing ani- 
mosity; inimical; adverse; repug- 
nant: n. a hostile Indian. 

hostility (hos-til'i-ti) , n. [pi. hos- 
tilities (hos-til'i-tiz)] the state of 
being hostile; antagonism; enmity; 
animosity: pi. acts of warfare. 

hostler (hosier), n. one who takes 
charge of horses at an inn. Also 
ostler. 

hot (hot), adj. [comp. hotter, superL 
hottest], having much heat; burn- 
ing; fiery; passionate; lustful; ar- 
dent; furious; pungent; acrid; unen- 
durable; near to the object sought 
for. 

hotbed (hot 'bed), n. a bed of earth 
covered with glass and made warm 
by the fermentation of manure, for 
rearing plants. 

hotchpotch (hoch'poch), n. a mix- 
ture of various ingredients; a thick 
broth of meat _ and vegetables 
[Scotch]; a commixture of property 
for division; a mess. Also hodge- 
podge. 

hot-dog (hot-dog'), n. a name given 
humorously in the U. S. to a Frank- 
furter sausage when served hot. 

hotel (ho-tel'), n. a superior inn or 
lodging-house. 

hothead (hot'hed), n. one who is 
given to anger; a high-tempered 
person. 

hothouse (hot'hous), n. a glazed 
building artificially heated for rear- 
ing tender plants. 

hot-pot (hot'pot), n. a dish prepared 
by stewing mutton chops over 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HOTPRESS 422 HUB 

sliced and fried tomatoes, highly house-maid (hous'mad), n. a domes* 

seasoned. tic employed in the lighter duties, 

hotpress (hot'pres), v.t. to gloss paper such as caring for the rooms, an- 

or linen by passing it between heated swering bells, and waiting at table. 

rollers. • housing (houz'ing), n. a saddle 

hotspur (hot'sper), n. a man of cloth: pi. ornamental trappings of 

hasty and precipitate valor: adj. sl horse. 

hot-headed. hovel (hov'l), n. a mean habitation; 

Hottentot (hot 'en-tot) , n. one of an hut or cabin: v.t. to shelter in s 

aboriginal South African race in hovel. 

Cape Colony; the language spoken hover (huv'er), vA. to flutter over 

by the Hottentots, characterized by or about; stand in suspense or ex- 

a peculiar click so as often to be pectation; move about in a neigh* 

called "the click language." See borhood. 

click. how (hou), adv. in what manner; to 

fhoudah, same as howdah. what degree or extent; for what 

hough, same as hock. reason. 

hound (hound), n. a particular breed howadji (hou-wad'ji). Same as 

of hunting dog; a despicable, mean hadji. 

fellow: v.t. to chase with, or as howbeit (hou-be'it), adv. nevertheless. 

with, hounds; incite; set upon. howdah (hou'da), n. a protected 

houndfish (hound'fish) , n. a kind of seat for riding on an elephant or 

shark. camel. Also houdah. [Hindu.] 

hour (our), n. the l-24th part of a howel (hou'el), n. a cooper's smoothing 

day; 60 minutes; a particular time: plane. 

pi. life; in the Roman Catholic however (hou-ev'er), adv. in whatever 

Church, nrayers repeated at stated manner or degree; at all events: 

times during the day; the book con- conj. notwithstanding; yet. 

taming such devotional exercises howitzer (hou'itz-er), n. a short can- 
Hour (our), n. one of the Horse, non, formerly used for throwing 

anciently regarded as goddesses of shells. 

the hours and seasons. [Latin.] m howl (houl), n. the prolonged cry of 

hour-glass (our'glas), n. a device a dog or wolf ; the cry of one in pain 

for measuring time by running sand or distress: v.i. to cry like a dog or 

through the narrow neck of a glass wolf; utter a prolonged cry of pain 

vessel. or distress; roar, like the wind; cry 

hour! (hoo'ri), n. [pi. houris (hoo'riz)], down by clamor: v.t. to utter in a 

one of the dark-eyed nymphs of the loud wailing tone. 

Mohammedan paradise. [Persian.] howler (houTer), n. one who howls; a 

house (hous), n. a building for resi- coward; one who yields too readily 

dence; place of abode; household af- (see squealer); a South American 

fairs; manner of living; family or monkey of the genus Mycetes. 

race, especially of high rank; one of howling (houTing), p. adj. filled with 

the divisions of a legislative or ec- howls or howling; dreary; dismal; 

clesiastical body; a quorum of the extreme. 

members of such a body ; a mercan- howsoever (hou-so-ev'er) , adv. in what 

tile firm; in astrology, the station manner soever; although. 

of a planet in the heavens, or the hoy (hoi), n. a heavy one-masted 

12th part of the heavens; a square coasting-vessel: inter j. ho! 

on a chess-board ; (houz) v.t. to hoyden (hoi'den),n. a tomboy; a romp; 

place in a house ; shelter or lodge : a girl given to noisy play and prac- 

v.i. to take shelter. tical jokes. 

house-boat (hous'bot), n. a covered hub (hub), n. the nave of a wheel: 

boat fitted up as a river residence. the peg at which quoits are thrown; 
household (hous'hold), n. a family a kind of steel punch used in coin- 
living together: adj. domestic; per- ing, &c; a hilt; a jutting obstruct 

taining to a family or home. tion. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HUBBUB 



423 



HUMANITY 



hubbub (hub 'bub), n. uproar. 

huccatoon (huk-ka-toon') , n. a kind 
of cotton cloth. 

buck (huk), n. a German trout. 

buckaback (huk'a-bak), n. a rough 
kind of linen or cotton cloth: used 
for toweling. 

buckle (huk'l), n. the hip; a haunch. 

hucklebacked (huk'1-bakt) , adj. 
round-shouldered. 

huckleberry (huk'1-ber-i) , n. [pi. 
huckleberries (huk'1-ber-iz)], the edi- 
ble berry of any species of Gaylus- 
sacia; the whortleberry; said fa- 
miliarly to an acquaintance, as 
" You're my huckleberry." 

huckster (huk'ster), n. one who re- 
tails small articles ; a mean, tricky 
fellow. 

huddle (hud'l), v.t. to crowd together 
in a disorderly manner; collect 
closely; place or perform in haste 
or disorder: v.i. to come in a crowd 
or haste (with on, up, over) : n. 
confusion; crowd. 

hue (hu), n. color tint; a shouting 
clamor. 

hue and cry (hu and krl'), n. in law, 
the common process of pursuing a 
felon, that is, by shouting after him, 
this being the duty of good citizens. 

huff (huf), v.t. to puff or blow up; 
treat with insolence; bully; remove 
(a piece at checkers) when one's 
opponent fails to take with it: n. fit 
of petulance; sudden offense taken. 

hug (hug), n. a close embrace; a par- 
ticular grip in wrestling: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. hugged, p.pr. hugging], to 
embrace closely; fondle; hold fast; 
keep close to. 

huge (huj), adj. vast; very large. 

hugely (htij'li), adv. immensely; ex- 
ceedingly. 

hugeness (hiij'nes), n. vastness; enor- 
mous bulk. 

hugger-mugger (hug'er-mug'er) , adj. 
to act secretly; to confuse: adv. 
slovenly; confusedly. 

Huguenot (hfi'ge-not or -no), n. a 
name applied to French Protestants 
of the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries. [Origin doubtful.] 

hulk (hulk), n. the body of a ship, 
especially if old or dismantled: pi. 
old dismasted ships formerly used 
as convict prisons (with the). 



hulking (hulk'ing), adj. unwieldy^ 
bulky. 

hull (hul), n. outer covering, especially 
of grain or nuts; the body or frame 
of a vessel: v.t. to peel off the hull or 
husk of; strike or pierce (the huD 
of a vessel) with a shot or shell: v.i. 
to drift to and fro upon the sea, like 
a ship without sails. _ 

hullabaloo (hul'a-ba-loo) , n. uproar; 
noisy contention. [A folk-word, 
probably Irish, and suggesting 
"hullo" and "hurly-burly."] 

hum (hum), n. the noise of bees and 
other insects in flight: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. hummed, p.pr. humming], to 
make such a noise: v.t. to sing in a 
low undertone; set or keep going in 
an energetic manner: inter j. a sound 
with a pause implying hesitation or 
consideration. 

human (hu'man), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, man or man- 
kind ; having the qualities of a man ; 
not divine. 

humane (hu-man'), adj. having the 
feelings proper to man; benevolent t 
kind; compassionate; elevating. 

humanely (hu-man'li), adv. in a hu- 
mane manner. 

humaniculture (hu'ma-ni-kul-tur),rie 
humanism. 

humanism (hu'man-izm) , n. culture 
derived from classical training, liter- 
ature and art ; human nature. 

humanist (hii'man-ist), n. a student 
of the humanities; one versed in the 
knowledge of human nature. 

humanistic (hu-man-is'tik) ^ adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, the 
humanities. 

humanitarian (hu-man-i-ta'ri-an) , n. 
a philanthropist; an anti Trinitar- 
ian who rejects the doctrine of 
Christ's divinity; one who believes 
that the duty of man consists of 
acting rightly to others ; a perfection- 
ist: adj. philanthropic. 

humanity (hu-man'i-ti) , n. [pi. hu- 
manities (hu-man'i-tiz)], mankind; 
the state or quality of being human 
or humane; philanthropy; kindness; 
benevolence: pi. classical learning 
and literature, and the insight into* 
human thought and feeling through- 
out the centuries since Greece and 
Rome evolved the greatest monu- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book % 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HUMANIZE 



424 



HUN 



merits of intellectual and spiritual 
greatness. It is therefore impossi- 
ble for one acquainted only with the 
literature and art of recent centuries 
to be a humanist. 

humanize (hu'man-iz), v.t. to render 
human; soften._ 

humankind (hu 'man-kind) , n. hu- 
man species. 

humanly (hu'man-li), adv. after the 
manner of men. 

humble (hum'bl), adj. having a low 
estimate of one's self; modest; 
meek; submissive; lowly; mean; ob- 
scure: v.t. to make submissive; sub- 
due; bring low; mortify; humiliate. 

humble-bee (hum'bl-be) , n. a bumble- 
bee. Also bumble-bee. 

humble-pie (hum'bl-pi), n. a pie 
made of the humbles, or entrails, of 
a deer. Figuratively, when a per- 
son humiliates himself and retracts 
from fun, he is said "to eat humble 
pie." See crow. 

humbles (hum'blz), n.pl. entrails, es- 
pecially of a deer. 

humboldtine (hum'bol-tin) , n. a yel- 
lowish crystalline mineral; natural 
ferrous oxalate. 

humbug (hum'bug), n. a fraud or 
imposition under fair pretenses; 
sham; a plausible deceiver; a spirit 
of trickery or deception: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. humbugged, p.pr. humbug- 
ging], to cheat or impose upon; 
hoax. 

humbugger (hum'bug-er) , n. one 
who humbugs. 

humbuggery (hum'bug-er-i) , n. [pi. 
humbuggeries (hum'bug-er-iz)], im- 
position. 

humdrum (hum'drum), adj. dull; 
monotonous; commonplace. 

humeral (hu'mer-al), adj. pertaining 
to the shoulder. 

humero, a Latin prefix meaning 
shoulder. 

humerus (hu-mer-us), n. [pi. humeri 
(hti'mer-ri)], the arm from the 
shoulder to the fore-arm; the cylin- 
drical bone of that part. 

humid (hu'mid), adj. damp; 
moist. 

humidity (hu-mid'i-ti) , n. dampness; 
moisture. 

humidor (hu'mid-or), n. a receptacle 
for keeping tobacco moist. 



humiliate (hu-nnTi-at) , v.t. to put to 
shame; humble; abase. 

humiliation (hu-mil-i-a/shun) , n. the 
act of humiliating ; the state of being 
humiliated ;mortification ; abasement. 

humility (hu-miL'i-ti) , n. [pi. humili- 
ties m (hu-mil'i-tiz)], the state or 
quality of being humble; modesty; 
self-abasement. 

humite (hu'mlt), n. a variety of 
chondrocyte. 

hummer (hum'er), n. a familiar word, 
used of one who is immensely ener- 
getic, full of life and of a rather 
vulgar activity. 

humming-bird (hum'ing-berd) , n. a 
very small bird of the family Tro- 
chilidse, with brilliant metallic plu- 
mage. 

hummock (hum'ok), n. a large mass 
of floating ice; a hillock or mound. 

hummum (hum'um) and hammam 
(ham'am), n. a Turkish bath. 
[Turkish.] 

humor (hu'mer), n. wit; merri- 
ment ; the tendency to look at things 
from the mirthful or incongruous 
side; caprice; proud conceit; tem- 
per; petulance; peevishness; mois- 
ture of the body and eye; disease: 
v.t. to indulge; yield to a particular 
desire of. 

humorist (hii'mer-ist) , n. one who 
gratifies his own humor; a droll per- 
son; one whose writing or conversa- 
tion is characterized by humor. 

humorous (hu'mer-us), adj. full of, 
or characterized by, humor ; comical ; 
diverting. 

humorsome (hu'mer-sum) , adj. char- 
acterized by humor; laughable; 
capricious. 

hump (hump), n. a protuberance on 
the back: v.t. to vex or annoy; ex- 
ert (one's self) . 

humpty-dumpty, (hump'ti-dump'ti) , 
adj. characterized by short limbs 
and a round body; a nursery hero, 
Humpty Dumpty. 

humulin (hu'mu-lin), n. the bitter 
narcotic principle in hops. 

humulus (hu'mu-lus), n. a genus of 
twining plants, containing the hops. 

humus (hu'mus), n. vegetable mold. 

Hun (hun), n. one of an ancient Tar- 
tar race, which in the ninth century, 
A.D., overran and devastated Eu- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HUNCH 



425 



HURRY-SCURRY 



rope. Their representatives to-day 
are found in Russia, Hungary, Fin- 
land, and Poland, being commonly 
styled Turanians. 

hunch (hunch), n. a hump; lump; a 
thrust with the fist or elbow: v.t. to 
push with the fist or elbow; push 
with a sudden jerk; a popular 
superstition makes a hunch the 
source of luck; so "I've a hunch on 
so-and-so" means that the speaker 
thinks that he knows all about it, or 
that he is sure to get gain from it. 

hunchback (hunch'bak), n. a person 
with deformed neck and shoulders. 
As indicated above, popular super- 
stition makes him a source of luck, so 
that before a heavy game of cards, 
gamblers will touch the hump with a 
piece of money "for luck." 

hundred (hun'dred), adj. 10 times 
10: n. the number of 10 times 10; 
the symbol (C, or 100) denoting it; 
a division of an English county. 

hundredth (hun'dredth) , adj. the 
ordinal of 100: n. one of 100 equal 
parts. 

hundredweight (hun'dred- wat) , n. 
the l-20th part of a ton. 

hung, p.t. of hang. 

Hungarian (hung-ga/ri-an) , adj. per- 
taining to Hungary, its inhabitants, 
or language. The Hungarian name 
is Magyar (ma/yar). 

hunger (hung'ger), n. keenness of 
appetite; pain or uneasiness caused 
by want of food; strong desire: v.i. 
to feel the pain of hunger; to have 
a longing or earnest desire. 

hunger-strike (hung'ger-strik) : n. the 
effort to enforce release from impris- 
onment by refusing to take food, es- 
pecially of suffragettes. 

hungrily (hung'gri-li) , adj. in a hun- 
gry manner. 

hungry (hung'gri), adj. [comp. m hun- 
grier, superl. hungriest], having a 
keen appetite; feeling pain or un- 
easiness for want of food: # emaciated ; 
eagerly desirous; unfertile: said of 
land. 

hunk (hungk), n. a lump or large 
piece. 

hunky (hunk'i), adj. well done; in 
good trim. Also hunky-dory. [Slang.] 

hunt (hunt), v.t. to pursue/ or chase, 
as game or wild animals; follow 



closely; search after: v.i. to follow 
the chase: n. pursuit of game or 
wild animals; pack of hounds; an 
association of huntsmen; district 
hunted over by hounds; a search. 

hunter (hunt'er), n. a huntsman; a 
horse or hound trained for hunting; 
a hunting-watch. 

hunting (hunt'ing), n. the act or 
practice of one who hunts; pursuit; 
search. 

hunting- Dox(hunt'ing-boks), n. tem- 
porary residence while hunting. 
[English]. 

hunting- watch (hunt'ing-woch) , n. 
a watch having its face protected 
with a metal cover. 

huntress (hunt'res), n. a female 
hunter. 

huntsman (huntz'man), n. [pi. 
huntsmen (hunt z 'men)], a hunter; 
one who has the management of a 
pack of hounds. 

hurdle (her'dl), n. a movable fence 
of osiers or branches; a fence to be 
leaped over in steeplechasing; a 
rude frame on which criminals were 
formerly dragged to execution: v.t. 
to cover or inclose with hurdles. 

hurdy-gurdy (her'di-ger'di), n. a 
stringed instrument somewhat re- 
sembling a violin, played by a wheel ; 
a barrel organ; a miner's camp. 

hurl (herl), v.t. to throw with vio- 
lence; drive forcibly; utter with ve- 
hemence: n. the act of throwing. 

hurly-burly (her'li-ber'li) , n. tumult; 
great commotion. 

hurrah (hoo-ra/), inter j. a shout of 
joy, triumph, applause, &c. : v.i. to 
utter such a shout in applause, &c. 
[Originally Russian.] 

hurricane (hur'i-kan), n. a gale of 
extreme violence characterized by 
fitful changes of the wind. 

hurricane- deck (hur'i-kan-dek) , n. 
the bridge-deck of a steamship; the 
upper deck of a river steamer. 

hurried (hur'id), p. adj. exhibiting, or 
characterized by, haste; hasty. 

hurry (hur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurried, 
p.pr. hurrying], to impel to greater 
speed; hasten on; accelerate: v.i. to 
act or move with haste: n. haste; 
urgency; precipitation; confusion. 

hurry-scurry (hur'i-skur'i) , n. con- 
fused bustle. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
30 hue, hut ; think, then. 



HURT 426 HYDRA 

hurt (hert), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurt, hut (hut), n. a small house or cabin; 
p.pr. hurting], to cause or inflict a temporary erection for lodging 
pain in; wound; grieve; injure; im- troops. 

pair or damage: n. a wound; in- hutch (huch), n. a bin, box, or chest; 
jury; damage or loss. a coop or pen; a mining trough for 

hurtful (hert 'fool), adj. injurious; washing ore: v.t. to store; to wash 
harmful. (ore) in a hutch. 

hurtfully (hert'foo-li) , adv. so as to huzzah (huz-ah'), same as hurrah, 
hurt. •• hyacinth (hl'a-sinth) , n. a handsome 

hurtle (hert'l), v.t. to move violent- bulbous flowering plant of the genus 
ly; impel forcibly: v.i. to clash; dash Hyacinthus bearing spiky flowers, 
in collision. white, pink, or red, and either single 

hurtleberry (hert'1-ber-i), same as or double; a variety of zircon, used 
whortleberry, and huckleberry. as a jewel. [Greek.] 

husband (huz'band), n. a married hyacinthine (hi-a-sinth'in) , adj. per- 
man: v.t. to manage or use with taining to the hyacinth; like Hya- 
economy. cinthus, the handsome youth killed 

husbandman (huz 'band-man), n. [pi. by Apollo and transformed into 
husbandmen (huz 'band-men)], a til- the hyacinth: hence handsome; 
ler of the soil ; farmer. m beautiful. 

husbandry (huz'band-ri), n. agricul- Hyades (hi'a-dez), n.pl. the five stars 
ture; frugality. m m in the face of the constellation Tau- 

hush (hush), inter j. be still! silence! rus, supposed by the ancients to 
adj. quiet; silent: n. quietness; si- bring rain when they rose with the 
lence: v.t. to make silent; soothe. sun. Also Hyads. [Greek, from 

husk (husk), n. the dry outer cover- the verb to rain.] 

ing of certain fruits or seeds: v.t. hyaena (hi-e'na), n. sane as hyena, 
to remove husks from. hyal, a Greek prefix meaning glass, 

huskily (hus'ki-li), adj. hoarsely. as hyaline, like glass: also hyalo: 

huskiness (hus'ki-nes) , n. the state hyalogr&phy, the art of writing or 
of being husky. m # engraving upon glass. 

husking-bee (hus 'king-be) , n. asocial hyaline (hi'a-lin), adj. glassy; trans- 
gathering to assist in husking corn. parent. 

husky (hus'ki), adj. [comp. huskier, hyalography (hl-a-log'ra-fi) , n. the 
superl. huskiest], consisting of, or art of engraving on glass, 
like, husks; worthless; rough or hybrid (hl'brid), n. a mongrel; an 
hoarse: said of the voice; physically animal or plant produced by inter- 
strong: n. an American Indian breeding different species or varie- 
sledge-dog. ties ; a compound word the elements 

hussar (huz-ar'), n. a light-armed of which are derived from different 
cavalry soldier. languages. [Greek.] 

hussy (huz'i), n. [pi. hussies (huz'iz)], hybridize (hi'brid-iz) , v.t. to cause to 
a fast girl; worthless woman. interbreed and thus produce hybrids. 

hustings (hust'ings), n.pl. in England hydatoid (hl'da-toid) , adj. watery: n. 
a court held in the Guildhall before the membrane around the aqueous 
the Lord Mayor, Recorder and humor of the eye; the aqueous hu- 
sheriffs of London; formerly the mor itself. 

stand from which Parliamentary hydr and hydro, a Greek prefix mean- 
candidates, when nominated, ad- ing water, also the presence of hydro- 
dressed the electors. gen. 

hustle (hus'l), v.t. to push roughly; Hydra (hi'dra), n. in classical my- 
jostle; mob; shake together in con- thology, the water serpent with nine 
fusion: v.i. exhibit energy and alac- heads slain by Hercules; each of 
rity. these on being cut off became two; 

hustler (hus'ler), n. one who works an evil which grappled with, appears 
hard, but with more noise and fuss to intensify; a genus of fresh-water 
than are necessary. polyps which multiply on division. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



HYDRACID 



427 



HYENA 



hydracid (hl-dras'id) , n. an acid con- 
taining hydrogen but no oxygen. 

Hydrangea (hi-dran'je-a), n. a genus 
of shrubs of the saxifrage family 
with showy flowers. 

hydrant (hl'drant), n. a plug with a 
valve connected with a water main 
for extinguishing fires. 

hydrate (hl'drat), n. a chemical com- 
pound containing a definite quantity 
of water: v.t. to combine with water 
to form a hydrate. 

hydraulic (hi-draw'lik), adj. pertain- 
ing to fluids in motion: n.pl. the 
science of liquids in motion and the 
application of the forces which in- 
fluence the motions of water for 
practical purposes. 

hydric (hi'drik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, hydrogen in combina- 
tion; pertaining to water. 

hydride (hi'drld), n. a chemical com- 
bination of hydrogen with another 
element. 

hydriodic (hil-dri-od'ik) , adj. com- 
posed of hydrogen and iodine. 

hydro. See hydr. 

hydro- aeroplane (hi'dro-a'er-o-plan) , 
n. a flying machine for use both on 
water and in air. 

hydrocarbons (hl-dro-kar'bonz), n.pl. 
a general name for bitumens, mineral 
resins, and fats which are composed 
of hydrogen and carbon. 

hydrocele (hi'dro-sel), n. dropsy of 
the scrotum. 

hydrocephalus (hi-dro-sef 'a-lus) , n. 
dropsy of the brain. _ 

hydrochlorate (hi-dro-klo'rat), n. a 
salt of hydrochloric acid_. 

hydrochloric (hl-dro-klo'rik) , adj. 
composed of hydrogen and chlorine. 

hydrocyanic (hl-dro-si-an'ik), adj. 
composed of hydrogen and cyano- 
gen. 

hydrocyanic acid (as'id), n. prussic 
acid. It has a taste by which its 
presence is easily recognized, re- 
sembling that of bitter almonds. 
As a poison, it is very deadly, caus- 
ing instantaneous death. 

hydrodynamic (hi - dro - di - nam'ik) , 
adj. pertaining to, or derived from, 
the pressure of water: n.pl. the 
science that treats of w_ater pressure. 

hydrofluoric (hl-dro-flu-or'ik) , adj. 
composed of hydrogen and fluorine. 



hydrofluoric acid (as'id), n. a volatile 
fuming acid used in etching glass. 

hydrogen (hl'dro-jen), n. & colorless 
gaseous, inflammable substance, 
which liquefies under great pressure, 
and is the lightest element yet 
known, being 14J times fighter than 
air: when combined with oxygen 
it produces water. Hydrogen is the 
standard unit for the estimation of 
atomic weights and volumes. 

hydrography (hi-drog'ra-fi) , n. the 
art of measuring and mapping the 
water surf ace of the earth, as oceans, 
lakes, coast-lines, &c, with relative 
data as to their depth, tides, beds, 
&c. 

hydrokinetics (hl-dro-ki-net'iks) , n.pl. 
that branch of physics which treats 
of fluids in motion. 

hydrology (hl-drol'o-ji), n. the science 
of water, its property, laws, phe- 
nomena, &c. 

hydrometer (hi-drom'e^-ter), n. an in- 
strument for determining the specific 
gravity, strength, &c., of fluids. 

hydropathic (hl-dro-path'ik), adj. 
pertaining to hydropathy: n. an es- 
tablishment where patients reside 
while under hydropathic treatment. 

hydropathy (hl-drop'a-thi^n. the cure 
of disease by water treatment. 

hydrophobia (hi-dro-fo'bi-a), n. a 
disease caused by the virus from the 
saliva of a mad dog, resulting in 
convulsions, an unnatural dread of 
water, and final death. 

hydrophyte (hl'dro-flt), n. a water 
plant. 

hydroplane (hi'dro-plan), n. an at- 
tachment for a boat to lessen fric- 
tion when the boat is speeded. 

hydrostat (hl'dro-stat), n. an ap- 
paratus for the prevention of boiler 
explosions; an electrical contrivance 
for indicating the leakage or over- 
flow of water. 

hydrostatic (hl-dro-stat'ik), adj. per- 
taining to hydrostatics: n.pl. that 
branch of physics that treats of the 
pressure and equilibrium of fluids. 

hydrotherapy (hl-dro-ther'a-pi), n. 
treatment of disease by water; 
water-cure. 

hydro thermal (hi-dro-ther'mal), adj. 
pertaining to the action of hot water. 

hyena (hi-e'na), n. a bristly-maned 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



HYETAL 



428 



HYPOBLAST 



wolf -like carnivorous quadruped. 
Also hyaena. 

byetal (hi'et-al), adj. pertaining to 
rain, or rainfall. 

hyetograph (hi-et'o-graf), n. a chart 
showing the rainfall over various 
areas. 

hyetology (hi-et-ol'o-ji), n. that branch 
of meteorology treating of rainfall, 
its distribution, representation on 
charts, &c. 

Hygeian (hi-je'an), adj. pertaining to 
Hygeia, the goddess of health. 
[Greek.] 

hygeian, adj. pertaining to health, or 
hygiene. 

hygiene (hl-jen'), n. the science of 
health, its preservation, and the 
laws of sanitation. 

hygienic (hi-ji-en'ik), adi. pertaining 
to hygiene. 

hygiology (hi-ji-ol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
ence of hygiene; a treatise on hy- 
giene. 

hygro, a Greek prefix meaning moist, 
wet, as hygrometer, an instrument for 
measuring the amount of moisture 
contained in the atmosphere. 

hygrometer (hl-grom'e-ter) . See un- 
der hygro. 

hygrometry (hi-grom'e-tri) , n. that 
branch of physics that treats of the 
moisture of the atmosphere. 

hygroscope (hi'gro-skop) , n. an ap- 
paratus for indicating atmospheric 
moisture. 

hylozoism (hi-lo-zo'ism) the doctrine 
that life and matter can not be 
separated. This belief is very old 
and was taught by the Stoics in 
Greece. 

hymen (hi'men), n. marriage, from 
Hymen, the Grecian god of mar- 
riage; the virginal membrane. 

hymeneal (hi-men-e'al) , p. adj. per- 
taining to marriage ; nuptial. 

hymn (him), n. a sacred ode expres- 
sive of praise or adoration: y.t. to 
sing hymns to; adore or praise by 
hymns. [Greek.] 

hymnal (him'nal), n. a collection of 
hymns for public worship. 

hymnology (him-nol'o-ji), n. the 
study of hymns, their origin, use, 
lore, &c. 

hyocephalus (hi-o-sef Vlus) , adj. pig- 
headed; dumb. [Greek.] 



hyoid (hi'oid), adj. shaped like the 
Greek letter T, v ; n. a U-shaped 
bone supporting the tongue. 

hyoscyamus (hi-o-sl'a-mus) , n. liter- 
ally (in Greek) "hog's bean," but 
generally known in English as hen- 
bane. A plant of the _ nightshade 
family (Solanacece) . It is very poi- 
sonous. From it is compounded 
the hypnotic, hyoscine, which must 
be taken in very small doses (fo gr.). 
It is used as a sedative in cases of 
acute delirium tremens. 

hyper, a Greek prefix meaning over, be- 
yond, excess, and in chemistry highest. 

hyperbola (hy-per-bo'la), n. a curve 
formed by the section of a cone 
when the cutting plane makes a 
greater angle with the base than the 
side of the cone ma_kes. 

hyperbole (hi-per'bo-le) , n. a figure 
of speech which expresses more or 
less than the truth. 

hyperbolic (hi-per-bpl'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or containing, hyperbole; 
exaggerated ; pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, a hyperbola._ 

hyperborean (hi-per-bo're-an), adj. 
arctic. 

hyperdulia (hi-per-doo'li-a) , n. an 
excessive veneration of the Virgin 
Mary, and the images of the Saints. 

hyphen (hi'fen), n. a mark (-) joining 
two words or syllables: v.t. to join 
by such a mark. 

hypnal (hip'nal), n. a coal-tar product 
in the form of a white insoluble 
powder, used as a hypnotic. 

hypno, a Greek prefix meaning sleep, as 
hypnosis, sl hypnotic state or trance. 

hypnogogic (hip - no - gqj'ik) , adj. 
bringing on sleep; somniferous. 

hypnosis (hip-no'sis) , n. pertaining 
to, or producing hypnotism. 

hypnotic (hip-not'ik) , adj. producing 
sleep: n. any . drug or medical 
treatment that produces sleep. 

hypnotism (hip'no-tizm), n. a meth- 
od of inducing a trance-like sleep: 
a method of medical treatment by 
hypnotism. 

hypnotize (hip'no-tiz), v.t. to produce, 
or subject to, hypnotism. 

hypo, hyp, a Greek prefix meaning 
under, beneath. 

hypoblast (hi'po-blast), n. the under 
layer of the blastoderm. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



"VS 



HYPOCHONDRIA 



429 



HYSTEROTOMY 



hypochondria (hip-o-kon'dri-a) , n. 
a disease attended with extreme 
melancholy, and anxiety respecting 
one's state of health. Also hypo- 
chondriasis. 

hypochondriac (hip-o-kon'dri-ak) , n. 
one who is affected with hypochon- 
dria: adj. pertaining to, or affected 
with, hypochondria. 

hypocrisy (hi-pok'ri-si) , n. a feigning 
to be what one is not; dissimulation; 
false profession. 

hypocrite (hip'6-krit), n. one who 
practices hypocrisy; a dissimulator. 

hypodermic (hl-po-der'mik) , adj, n- 
serted under the skin: n. sl medi ae 
thus injected. 

hypogastric (hl-po-gas'trik) , adj. per- 
taining to the hypogastrium. 

hypogastrium (hi-po-gas'tri-um) , n. 
[pi. hypogastria (hi-po-gas'tri-a) ], 
the middle part of the lower region 
of the abdomen. 

hypopyon (hip-o'pi-on) , n. extrava- 
sation of blood around the eye; a 
black eye. 

hyporcheme (hip'or-kim), n. a Greek 
choral ode sung to the hypor- 
chesis dance. 

hyporchesis (hipor-ke'sis) , a Greek 
cnoral dance. 

hypostasis (hi-pos'ta-sis) , n. a basis; 
groundwork; postulate or funda- 
mental principle. 

hypostoma (hip-os'to-ma) , n. an or- 
gan or part below the mouth. 

hypostrophe (hip-os'tro-f e) , n. a turn- 
ing about ; a return. 

hypostyle (hip'6-stil), n. a roof sup- 
ported by columns; a covered colon- 
nade; pillared hall or court. 

hypotaxis (hip-o-taks'is) , n. in syntax, 
the subordination of one sentence to 
another, the first then becoming a 
clause. Opposed to parataxis. 

hypotenuse (hi-pot'e-nus) , n. the side 
of a right-angled triangle opposite 
the right angle. Also hypothenuse. 



hypothesis (hl-poth'e-sis) , n. [pi. by= 
potheses (hi-poth'e-sez) ], something 
assumed for the purpose of argument ; 
a theory to explain some fact which 
may or may not prove to be true; 
supposition ; con j ect ur e . 

hypothetic (hi-po-thet'ik), adj. based 
on hypothesis; conjectural. Also 
hypothetical. 

hypothetically (hl-po-thet'i-ka-li), 
adv. by hypothesis. 

hypsi, a Greek prejix meaning high, 
exceptionally high, _ as hypsibr&chy- 
cephalic: adj. having a high broad 
skull, as certain races. Also hypso. 

hypsometer (hip-som'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for measuring altitudes 
by atmospheric pressure. 

hypsometry (hip-som'e-tri) , n. the art 
of determining altitudes by atmos- 
pheric pressure. 

hypsosis (hip-so'sis), n. the elevation 
of the Host or of the Cross. 

hypural (hip-u'ral), a. below the tail. 

hyrax (hi'raks), n. a small hare-like 
mammal, the coney of the Bible. 

hyson (hl'son), n. a Chinese green 
tea. 

hyssop (his'up), n. an aromatic plant 
with blue flowers; an unidentified 
plant mentioned in the Bible. 

hysteria (his-te'ri-a) , n. a nervous af- 
fection, mainly of women, character- 
ized by choking sensations, parox- 
ysms of laughter or weeping, and 
frequently simulating other dis- 
eases. 

hysterical (his-ter'i-kal) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or affected by, hysterics; vio- 
lently emotional. 

hysterically (his-ter'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
hysterical manner. 

hysterics (his-ter'iks) , n.pl. hysteria. 

hysteroid (his'ter-oid) , adj. resem- 
bling hysteria. m 

hysterotomy (his-ter-ot'o-mi), n. the 
operation of cutting out, or into, the 
womb. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, Dot ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



' 



I 



I. The ninth letter in the alphabet of 
Western Europe. In the early- 
Greek it was in form a very narrow- 
upright Z. Later it was straightened 
into its present form. The dot was 
not placed over the minuscule or 
small i before the fourteenth cen- 
tury. 

I (I), pron. [pi. we (we)], nom. case, 
sing, of the pronoun of the first per- 
son; the word by which the speaker 
or writer denotes himself : n. in meta- 
physics, the object of consciousness; 
the ego. 

Iambic (i-am'bik), adj. consisting of, 
or employing, iambics: n. an iam- 
bus, a satirical poem in iambic verse. 

iambus (i-am'bus), n. a metrical foot 
consisting of two syllables, of which 
the first is short and the second is 
long (*-), or, in accentual versi- 
fication, a foot of two syllables, in 
which the stress accent falls on the 
second syllable ( v * ) . Unrhymed 
iambic lines of five feet each are 
called blank verse; if rhymed, heroic 
verse. 

ibex (I'beks), n. a genus of wild goats, 
having very large recurved horns, 
the best known species of which is 
the Alpine steinbok or bouquetin. 

Ibis (I 'bis), n. a genus of large wad- 
ing birds, having a long, curved 
beak, of which the most notable spe- 
cies is the sacred Ibis of the ancient 
Egyptians. 

ice (Is), n. frozen water or other fluid; 
a frozen confection, as ice-cream : 
v.t. to convert into ice; freeze; pre- 
serve in ice, cover with concreted 
sugar; frost. 

Ice Age (aj), n. the glacial epoch when 
a great part of the earth was covered 
with ice which shifted in great masses, 
rocks and other drift from one part 
of the world to another. Thus, in 
this, the Quaternary Age, the State 



of Maine was covered to a depth of 
3,000 feet by ice; and rocks from the 
St. Lawrence river were carried as 
far west as the Rocky Mountains. 

iceberg (Is'berg), n. a large mass of 
ice detached from a glacier, and 
floating in the sea. 

ice boat (bot), n. a strong steamboat 
used to break a channel through 
ice ; a boat mounted on runners and 
propelled by sails on ice. 

ice-cream (Is-krem'), n. cream, fla- 
vored and sweetened, after which it 
is beaten in an ice-cream freezer until 
frozen. 

ice-field (Is'feld), n. an extensive sheet 
of floating ice. 

ice-floe (Is'flo), n. a smaller sheet of 
floating ice. 

ice-pack (Is'pak), n. a field of broken 
and drifting ice, consisting of great 
masses packed together. 

ichneumon (ik-nu'mun), n. an ani- 
mal of the weasel kind, found in 
Egypt, where it was anciently wor- 
shipped; it tracks out and devours 
the eggs of the crocodile. 

ichneumon-fly (ik-nu'rnun-fli) , n. an 
insect which lays its eggs in the 
bodies of other insects. 

ichnolite (ik'no-lit), n. a stone im- 
pressed with a fo_ssil footprint. 

ichnology (ik-nol'o-ji), n. that branch 
of science which treats of fossil foot- 
prints. 

ichor (I'kor), n. in classical mythol- 
ogy, the ethereal fluid which ran, in- 
stead of blood, in the veins of the 
gods; modern] a thin, watery, acrid 
serum from an ulcer or wound. 

ichthyic (ik'thi-ik), adj. fish-like. 

ichthyo, a Greek prefix meaning a 
fish, as ichthyolite, a fossil fish ; the 
impression of a fossil fish. Also 
ichthy. 

ichthyography (ik-thi-og'ra-fi) , n. a 
treatise on fishes. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ICHTHYOLITE 



431 



IDEOGRAPHIC 



lehthyolite (ik'thi-o-llt), see under 
ichthyo. 

Ichthyology (ik-thi-ol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of zoology which treats of 
fishes, their structure, classification 
&c. 

Ichthyosaurus (ik'thi-o-saw'rus), n. 
an extinct genus of huge fossil fish- 
lizards. 

ichthyosis (ik-thi-6'sis) , n. a disease in 
which the skin presents the form of 
hard dry scales and plates as in a 
fish. 

icicle (I'si-kl), n. a pendent cone of 
ice formed by the freezing of drip- 
ping water. 

icily (I'si-li), adv. in an icy manner; 
coldly. 

iciness (I'si-nes), n. the state of being 
icy; coldness. 

icing (I'sing), n. a coating of concrete 
sugar. 

icon (I'kon), n. [pi. icons (I'konz), 
icones (I'kon-ez)], in the Greek 
Church, a sacred image or picture. 
Also eikon, ikon. 

icono, a Greek prefix meaning image, 
as iconoclasm, image breaking. 

iconoclast (I-kon'6-klast), n. an im- 
age breaker; one who attacks super- 
stitions or shams. 

icos, a Greek prefix meaning twenty, as 
zcosahedral, having twenty plane 
faces. 

icosahedron (I-kos-a-he'dron) , n. a 
solid bounded by twenty plane 
faces. 

ictus (ik'tus), n. a blow or stroke; in 
prosody and music, rhythmical or 
metrical accent or stress. [Latin.] 

icy (I'si), adj. [comp. icier, superl. 
iciest], pertaining to, or resembling, 
or abounding in, ice; cold; chilling; 
indifferent. 

idea (I-de'a), n. a mental image or 
picture; a conception of what ought 
to be; an abstract principle; opin- 
ion; belief; plan. 

ideal (I-de'al), adj. existing in imagi- 
nation only; visionary; conforming 
to a standard of perfection; per- 
fect: n. a mental conception, or an 
individual regarded as the standard 
of perfection. 

idealize (I-de'al-iz), v.t. to make ideal; 
embody in an ideal form; represent 
(natural objects) so as to show 



their most important characteristics 
only: v.i. to form ideals. 

idealism (I-de'al-izm) , n. m art, the 
effort to realize, by elimination and 
combination, the highest type of any 
natural object; the doctrine that all 
our knowledge of objects is a knowl- 
edge of ideas. 

idealist (I-de'al-ist), n. one who pur- 
sues the ideal; one who holds the doc- 
trine of idealism ; a visionary. 

idealistic (I-de-al-is'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to an ideal; relating to idealism 
or idealists^ 

ideality (I-de-al'i-ti) , n. the quality of 
being ideal; the faculty to form 
ideals.. 

ideally (I-de'a-li), adv. according to an 
ideal; mentally. 

ideation (I-de-a/shun) , n. the shaping 
of ideas. 

idem (I'dem), p. the same; and as a 
prefix used in expressing ideas of 
sameness. (Pronounced in Latin, 
id' em.) 

identate (i-den'tate), n. to cause what- 
ever has been seen objectively, as in 
pictures or books, to return subjec- 
tively as one or more ideas. 

identical (I-den'ti-kal) , adj. express- 
ing sameness; differing in no essen- 
tial point. 

identically (I-den'ti-ka-li), adv. in an 
identical manner. 

identical note (not), n. a note in 
terms agreed upon by two or more 
powers, intended to influence an- 
other power. 

identifiable (I-den'ti-fi-a-bl) , adj. that 
may be identified. 

identify (I-den'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
identified, p.pr. identifying], to make, 
prove to be, or consider as, the 
same. 

identism (I-dent'ism), n. The doc- 
trine that subject and object are 
the same. This is Schelling's theory. 

identity (I-den'ti-ti), n. essential or 
practical sameness. 

ideograph (I'ue-o-graf ) , n. a symbol, 
figure, or hieroglyph, not naming 
but suggesting the idea of an object. 
Also ideogram. 

ideographic (I-de-o-graf 'ik) , adj. rep- 
resenting ideas by symbols inde- 
pendently of sounds. Also ideo- 
graphical. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book J 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IDEOGRAPHY 



432 



IGNITE 



Ideography (I-de-og'ra-fi) , n. the di- 
rect representation of ideas by sym- 
bols. 

Ideologist (I-de-ol'o-jist), n. one oc- 
cupied with ideas or ideals; a theo- 
rist. 

ideology (I-de-ol'o-ji), n. the science of 
ideas ; the system of philosophy origi- 
nated by Condillac, which derives 
ideas exclusively from sensation. 

tdeomotion (I-de-o-mo'shun), n. un- 
conscious muscular motion arising 
from a dominant idea. 

Ideomotor (I-de-o-mo'ter), adj. caus- 
ing unconsciously by an idea. 

Jues (Idz), n.pl. in the ancient Roman 
calendar, the 15th of March, May, 
July, October, and the 13th of the 
other months. 

idio, a Greek prefix meaning one's own, 
peculiar, as Olograph, a private or 
trade mark. 

idiocy (id'i : o : si), n. the state of be- 
ing an idiot; mental imbecility. 
Also idiotcy. 

idiograph (id'i-o-graf ) , see under idio. 

idiom (id'i-um), n. a turn of expression 
peculiar to a language; the distinc- 
tive characteristics of a language 

idiomatic (id'i-o-mat'ik), adj. pecu- 
liar to a language; given to, or 
marked by, the use of idioms Also 
idiomatical. 

idiomatically (id-i-o-mat'i-ka-li) , adv. 
according to the idiom. 

idiopathic (id-i-o-path'ik) , adj. charac- 
terizing a disease not produced by 
another. 

idiopathy (id-i-op'a-thi) , n. an in- 
dividual or personal affection; a 
primary disease not arising from 
another. 

idiosyncrasy (id-i-o-sin'kra-si) , n. [pi. 
idiosyncrasies (id-i-o-sin'kra-siz)], pe- 
culiarity of constitution or tempera- 
ment ; a characteristic peculiar to an 
individual. 

idiot (id'i-ot), n. one of weak intellect; 
a foolish person. 

idiotic (id-i-ot'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, an idiot; foolish, fatuous. 

idiotically (id-i-ot'i-ka-li) , adv. in an 
idiotic manner. 

idle (I'dl), adj. empty; unoccupied; 
unemployed; unused; useless; vain; 
of no importance; irrelevant; averse 
to labor; futile; lazy: v.i. to be in- 



active or without employment: v.t 
to spend in idleness; waste (time): 
usually with away. 

idler (I'dler), n. one who idles; a lazy 
person; one who has constant day 
duty on board ship, and does not 
keep night watch. 

Ido (e'do), n. a universal language 
claimed to have the virtues of Vola- 
piik and Esperanto without their 
faults. 

idol (I'dol), n. an image of a divinity, 
employed as an object of worship ; a 
person or thing loved to excess. 

idolater (I-dol'a-ter) , n. an idol-wor- 
shipper ; one who pays divine honors 
to images, &c; one who loves a per- 
son or thing to excess. 

idolatress (I-dol'a-tres) , n. a female 
idolater. 

idolatrous (l-dol'a-trus) , adj. per- 
taining to, or practicing, idolatry; 
marked by undue reverence oi 
affection. 

idolatry (I-dol'a-tri) , n. [pi. idolatries 
(I-dol'a-triz)], the paying of Divine 
honors to idols, images, or any creat- 
ed object; the ascription of Divine 
power to natural agencies; excessive 
admiration, veneration, or love for 
any person or thing. [Greek.] 

idolize (I'dol-Iz), v.t. to make an idol 
of; love or admire to excess. 

idyl (I'dil), n. a short, highly-wrought 
pastoral poem; applied also to de- 
scriptive and narrative poems of 
greater length; a description of sim- 
ple, rural, pastoral scenes. Also 
idyll. [Greek.] 

idylist (I'dil-ist), n. a pastoral poet, 
or painter. 

idyllic (I-dil'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, an idyl; pas- 
toral. 

if (if), conj. on the condition; sup- 
posing that; whether; although. 

igneous (ig'ne-us), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or resembling fire, or 
produced by fire. 

ignis fatuus (ig'nis fat'u : us), n. a me- 
teoric light seen to flit above the 
ground in marshy places, &c; a mis- 
leading influence. Popularly known 
as Will-o'-the-wisp, Jack-o'-Lantern, 
Corpse-candle. 

ignite (ig-nit'). v.t. to set on fire; to 
make incandescent with heat; sub- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IGNITER 



433 



ILLUMINATE 



ject to the action of intense heat: 
v.i. to take fire; glow with heat. 

igniter (ig-nit'er), n. one who, or that 
which, ignites; a time exploder for 
igniting the powder of a torpedo. 

ignitible (ig-ni'ti-bl), adj. capable of 
being ignited ; easily kindled. 

ignition (ig-nish'un) , n. the act of ig- 
niting; the state of being ignited. 

ignoble (ig-no'bl), adj. of low birth or 
station; of mean character or qual- 
ity; of little value. 

ignobly (ig-no'bli), adv. in an ignoble 
manner; basely. 

ignominious # (ig-no-min'i-us) , adj. 
marked with ignominy or public dis- 
grace ; shameful ; deserving disgrace ; 
despicable. 

ignominy (ig'no-min-i), n. [pi. igno- 
minies (ig'no-min-iz)], loss of one's 
good name; public disgrace or dis- 
honor ; cause or_source of disgrace. 

ignoramus (ig-no-ra'mus), n. an ig- 
norant person, especially an igno- 
rant pretender to knowledge. [Latin, 
"We do not know."] 

ignorance (ig'no-rans) , n. the state of 
being ignorant; want of knowledge. 

ignorant (ig'no-rant), adj. destitute of 
knowledge ;_ uninstructed ; illiterate. 

ignore (ig-nor'), v.t. to be ignorant 
of; treat as unknown; disregard; 
throw out as false or unsupported 
by sufficient evidence: said of a 
grand jury rejecting a bill. [Latin.] 

iguana (i-gwa'na), n. a large trop- 
ical and edible American lizard, 
having a dew-lap under the throat. 

ihlang-i-lang. See ylang-ylang. 

il, a Latin prefix, another form of in 
when followed by Z, meaning not, as 
z71iterate, illegible. 

ileum (il'e-um), n. the lower part of 
the small intestine. 

Ilex (I'leks), n. a genus of evergreen 
trees and shrubs represented by the 
holly. 

iliac (il'i-ak), adj. pertaining to the 
ileum, or to the ilium, or flank bone. 

ilium (il'i-um), n. the dorsal or up- 
per part of the hip-bone. 

ill (il), adj. [comp. worse, superl. 
worst], bad or evil; contrary to 
good ; causing or attended by evil or 
suffering in a bad or disordered state 
physically or morally; sick; -dis- 
eased; unfriendly; not proper; un- 



skilful; vicious: n. evil; misfortune; 
disease; harm; mischief: adv. not 
well; not easily. 

illapse (fl-lapsf), n. a gliding in or 
into, especially a divine influx; in- 
spiration. [Latin.] 

illation (il-la'shun), n. an inference, 
deduction, or conclusion. 

illegal (il-le'gal), adj. not according 
to law; unlawful. 

illegality (u-le-gaTi-ti), n. the state 
of being illegal; unlawfulness. 

illegible (il-lej 'i-bl) , adj. difficult to 
read or decipher. 

illegibility (il-lej-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state 
of being dirficult to be read or de- 
ciphered. 

illegitimacy; (il-le-jit'i-ma-si), n. the 
state of being illegitimate; specifical- 
ly, the state of having been born out 
of wedlock. 

illegitimate (il-le-jit'i-mat), v.t. to 
render, prove or declare illegiti- 
mate; to bastardize: adj. born out 
of wedlock. 

illiberal (il-lib'er-al), adj. not gener- 
ous; niggardly; narrow minded. 

illicit (il-lis'it), adj. not authorized or 
allowed; unlicensed; unlawful. 

Illicium (il-lis'i-um), n. a genus of 
shrubs of the magnolia family, con- 
taining the Japanese incense plant. 

illimitable (il-lirn'it-a-bl), adj. im- 
measurable; vast; infinite. 

illimitableness (il-lim'i-ta-bl-nes) , n. 
the state or quality of being illimit- 
able. 

illision (il-lizh'un) , n. the act of strik- 
ing into or against. _ 

illiteracy (il-lit'er-a-si) , n. ignorance 
of letters. 

illness (il'nes), n. the condition of be- 
ing ill; disease; sickness. 

illogical (il-loj'i-kal), adj. contrary to 
the rules_of logic. 

illude (il-lud'), v.t. to mock; deceive; 
delude. 

illuminant (il-lu'mi-nant), adj. per- 
taining to illumination: n. anything 
which illuminates or affords light. 

illuminate (il-lu'mi-nat) , v.t. to give 
light to ; decorate with lights, in token 
of rejoicing; enlighten^ thiow light 
upon ; make plain ; elucidate ; adorn, 
as a manuscript, with miniature 
pictures in colors and gold: v.i. to 
display lights in token of rejoicing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
28 hue, hut ; think, then. 



ILLUMINATION 



434 



IMBRICATE 



Illumination (il-lu-mi-na/shun) , n. 
supply of light; the act of illuminat- 
ing, or state of being illuminated, 
especially the festive decoration of 
houses or cities with lights; the art 
of illumining books or manuscripts; 
a design in an illuminated work; 
intellectual light; inspiration. 

Illuminator (il-lu'mi-na-ter) , n. one 
who, or that which, gives light; one 
who illuminates books, manuscripts, 
&c; a condenser or reflector; an il- 
luminant. 

Illumine (il-lu'min), v.t. to illuminate. 

Illusion (il-lu'zhun), n. deceptive ap- 
pearance; false show; hallucination. 

illusionist (il-lu'zhun-ist), n. one sub- 
ject to illusion; a sleight-of-hand 
performer. 

illusive (il-lQ'siv), adj. deceiving by il- 
lusion; deceptive; illusory. 

illusively (il-lu'siv-li), adv. in an il- 
lusive manner. 

Ulusiveness (il-lii'siv-nes) , n. decep- 
tion; false show. 

illusory (il-lu'so-ri) , adj. causing illu- 
sion; fallacious; deceptive. 

illustrate (il-lus'trat and il'lus-trat), 
v.t. to make clear or intelligible; ex- 
plain by examples; elucidate by 
means of pictures L &c. [Latin.] 

illustrated (il-lus'trat-ed) , p. adj. hav- 
ing illustrations. 

illustration (il-lus-tra'shun), n. the 
act of illustrating; the state of being 
illustrated; that which illustrates; 
a comparison or example which ex- 
plains or corroborates; a picture 
designed to elucidate the text. 

illustrative (il-lus'tra-tiv), adj. tend- 
ing to illustrate, elucidate, or exem- 
plify. 

illustratively (il-lus'tra-tiv-li), adv. 
by way of illustration. 

illustrator (il'lus-tra-ter) , n. one who 
illustrates; one who exemplifies 
something in his own person; one 
who draws pictorial representations. 

illustrious (il-lus'tri-us), adj. distin- 
guished by greatness; eminent; re- 
nowned; glorious; famous; honored. 

im, a Latin prefix representing in when 
followed by b, m, or p. 

image (im'aj), n. an imitation of any 
person or thing; a statue, effigy, or 
bust; an idol; a counterpart; like- 
ness; a mental picture, conception, 



or idea; an extended metaphor; th^ 
figure of an object formed by rayb, 
of light: v.t. to form, or reflect, an. 
image of; represent to the mental 
vision; imagine. 

imaged (im'ajd), adj. decorated with 
human figures, as porcelain. 

imagery (im'aj-ri), n. [pi. imageries 
(im'aj-riz)], representation by im- 
ages; images collectively; figures in 
discourse; forms of the fancy. 

imaginable (im-aj'i-na-bl), adj. that 
may be imagined or conceived. 

imaginably (im-aj'i-na-bli), adv. in a 
conceivable manner; possibly. 

imaginary (im-aj'i-na-ri), adj. exist- 
ing only in imagination; unreal; Uto- 
pian. 

imagination (im-aj-i-na'shun), n. the 
image-forming power of the mind, or 
the power of the mind which modi- 
fies the conceptions, especially the 
higher forms of this power exercised 
in art and poetry, usually termed 
the plastic or creative power ; a con- 
ception or idea; fancy; invention. 

imaginative (im-aj'i-na-tiv), adj. pro- 
ceeding from, exhibiting, or en- 
dowed with, imagination; inventive; 
fanciful. 

imaginatively (im-aj'i-na-tiv-li), adv. 
in an imaginative manner. 

imaginativeness (im-aj 'i-na-tiv-nes) , 
n. the quality of being imaginative. 

imagine (im-aj 'in), v.t. to form a men- 
tal picture of ; produce by the imagi- 
nation; conceive; conjecture; think; 
suppose : v.i. to form a mental image; 
fancy; to surmise. 

imam (i-mawm'), n. a Mohammedan 
priest who leads the people in their 
devotions when they assemble in 
mosques. In Turkey he also per- 
forms the rite of circumcision. 

imbecile (im'be-sil) , adj. without 
strength, especially of mind; feeble- 
minded; idiotic: n. one of feeble 
mind. 

imbecility (im-be-sil'i-ti) , n. [pi. imbe- 
cilities (im-be-siri-tiz)], mental or 
physical weakness. 

imbibe (im-bib'), v.t. to drink in; ab- 
sorb, as if by drinking; receive or 
absorb into the mind: v.i. to drink; 
absorb moisture. 

imbricate (im'bri-kat) , v.t. to lay in 
order, one lapping over another, like 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IMBROGLIO 



435 



IMMENSE 



tiles or shingles: v.i. to overlap seri- 
ally: adj. bent and hollowed like a 
gutter tile or pantile; overlapping 
like tiles, as the scales of fishes, or 
the leaf -buds of plants; decorated 
with a pattern resembling lapping 
tiles or scales. 

imbroglio (im-bro'lyo), n. a confused 
mass of things; intricate and per- 
plexing state of affairs; misunder- 
standing; entanglement; strife; per- 
plexity^ complicated plot. [Italian.] 

imbrue (im-broo'), v.t. to wet or moist- 
en; soak; drench, especially in blood. 

imbrutalize (im-broo'tal-Iz), v.t. to 
turn into a brute; to make brutish. 

imbue (im-bu') v.t. to cause to absorb; 
tinge deeply ; dye ; to tincture deeply, 
as the mind with certain principles. 

imitable (im'i-ta-bl), adj. capable of, 
or worthy of, imitation. 

imitate (im'i-tat), v.t. to produce a 
semblance of, in form, color, quali- 
ties, conduct, and the like; use as a 
model or pattern; to take example 
by; to counterfeit; copy. 

Imitation (im-i-ta/shun) , n. the act of 
imitating^ that which is produced 
by imitating; the repetition of the 
same melodic theme or phrase, either 
in g a different key, or in another 
voice or part: adj. made in imita- 
tion; not genuine. # 

imitative (im'i-fcartiv), adj. inclined to, 
or aiming at, imitation; formed after 
a model. 

imitatiyely (im'i-ta-tiv-li), adv. in an 
imitative manner. 

imitator (im'i-ta-ter) , n. one who imi- 
tates. 

immaculate (im - mak'fi - lat) , adj. 
without blemish; unspotted; unde- 
fined; pure. 

Immaculate Conception (kon-sep'- 
shun), n. a dogma of the Catholic 
Church to the effect that the Virgin 
Mary was born immaculate and with 
no trace of original sin. This doc- 
trine was not necessary to faith 
from the twelfth to the nineteenth 
century, then it was formally pro- 
nounced by Pope Leo IX. ex 
cathedra (Dec. 8, 1854) ._ 

immaculately (im-mak'u-lat-li), adv. 
in an immaculate manner ._ 

immaculateness (im-mak'u-lat-nes) , 
n. spotless purity. 



immanency (im'ma-nen-si) , n. the 
state of being immanent or near to 
anything. 

Immanuel (im-man'u-el) , n. a name 
given in prophecy of the coming 
Messiah and applied to Christ as 
the fulfilment of this prophecy. 
[Hebrew, "God is with us."] 

immaterial (im-ma-te'ri-al) , adj. not 
consisting of matter; spiritual; dis- 
embodied; unimportant. 

immaterialism (im-ma-te'ri-al-izm) , 
n. idealism; spiritualism. 

immaterially (im-ma-te'ri-a-li) , adv. 
without matter; in an unimportant 
manner or degree. 

immature (im-ma-tuT') , adj. not ripe; 
not fully grown or developed; not 
finished or perfected ;_ crude. 

immatured (im-ma-turd') , adj. not 
matured; not ripened. 

immaturely (im-ma-tur'li) , adv. 
crudely. 

immatureness (im-ma-tur'nes) , n. 
immaturity. 

immaturity (im-ma-tur'i-ti) , n. un- 
ripeness ; incompleteness. 

immeasurable (im-mezh'ur-a-bl) , adj. 
not to be measured; immense; limit- 
less; vast. 

immeasurability (im-mezh-ur-a-bil'- 
i-ti) , n. the quality of not being meas- 
urable. 

immeasurableness (im-mezh'ur-a-bl- 
nes), n. boundless extent. 

immeasurably (im-mezh'ur-a-bli) , 
adv. to an indefinite extent or de- 
gree. 

immediate (im-me'di-at), adj. di- 
rectly related without an intervene 
.ing medium; next; direct; approxi- 
mate; instant. 

immediately (im-me'di-at-li), adv. di- 
rectly; proximately; instantly. 

immediateness (im-me'di-at-nes), n. 
the quality of being immediate; 
promptness. 

immemorial (im-me-mo'ri-al), adj. 
extending beyond the reach of mem- 
ory, record, or tradition: as imme- 
morial usage or custom. 

immemorially (im-me-mo'ri-a-li) , 
adv. from time out of mind. 

immense (im-mens'), adj. immeasur- 
able; boundless; vast; very great or 
large; very good or fine: n. infinite 
space; immensity. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not : boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IMMENSELY 



436 



IMMUTABLE 



Immensely (im-mens'li) , adv. to an 
immense degree; exceedingly. 

Immenseness (im-mens'nes) , n. the 
state of being immense; immensity. 

Immensity (im-men'si-ti) , n. [pi. im- 
mensities (im-men'si-tiz)l, the char- 
acter of being immense ; immeasure- 
ableness; infinite space; vastness in 
extent or bulk. 

Immerge (im-merj'), v.t. to plunge 
into or under anything, especially 
a fluid; immerse: v.i. to disappear 
by entering into any medium, as 
the moon into the shadow of the 
earth. 

Immerse (im-mers'), v.t. to plunge into 
or m under anything, especially a 
fluid; sink; dip; plunge into, as an 
occupation; baptize by immersion. 

Immersed (im-merst'), p. adj. deeply 
plunged into anything, especially a 
fluid; deeply occupied, engrossed, or 
involved; growing wholly under 
water: said of a plant. 

Immersion (im-mer'shun), n. the act 
of immersing; the state of being 
immersed; baptism by dipping the 
whole person into water. 

Immigrant m (im'i-grant) , adj. pass- 
ing or coming into, as a new habitat 
or place of residence: n. one who, or 
that which, immigrates. 

Immigrate (im'i-grat), v.i. to come 
into a new place of residence, es- 
pecially to a country to settle 
there. 

Imminence (im'i-nens), n. the condi- 
tion of being imminent; nearness; 
impending evil or danger. 

Imminent (im'i-nent), adj. threaten- 
ing or about to fall or occur imme- 
diately: said especially of misfor- 
tune or peril. 

Immobility (im-mo-bil'i-ti) , n. fixed- 
ness in place or state. 

Immoderate (im-mod'er-at) , adj. not 
moderate; not confined to custom- 
ary or just or reasonable limits; 
extravagant; intemperate. 

Immoderately (im-mod'er-at-li), adv. 
excessively; unreasonably. 

Immoderateness (im-mod'er-at-nes) , 
Ki. want of moderation; excess. 

Immodest (im-mod'est) , adj. forward; 
arrogant; wanting in the restraint 
required by decency; indelicate; un- 
chaste. 



immodesty (im-mod'es-ti) , n. want of 
modesty, delicacy, or proper re- 
serve; arrogance; unchastity. 

immolate (im'q-lat), v.t. to kill as a 
sacrificial victim; offer in sacrifice; 
make a sacrifice of. 

immoral (im-mor'al), adj. contrary 
to the moral law, or to the public 
good; vicious; dissolute; dishonest; 
unprincipled. 

immorality (im-mo-ral'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being immoral; an im- 
moral act or practice. 

immorally (im-mor'a-li) , adv. in an 
immoral manner. 

immortal (im-mor'tal) , adj. not mor- 
tal or subject to death; imperishable; 
ever-living: n. one who is immor- 
tal: pi. the gods of classical my- 
thology. 

immortality (im-mor-tal'i-ti) , n. ex- 
emption from death or oblivion; un- 
ending existence. 

immortalize (im-mor'tal-iz) , v.t. \o 
render immortal; bestow lasth^g 
fame upon. 

immortally (im-mor'ta-li) , adv. eter^ 
nally. 

immortelle ( jm-mor-tel') , n. [ph 
immortelles (im-mor-telz')], a plant 
whose flowers may be dried without 
losing their form or color; an ever- 
lasting. 

immovability (im-moov-a-bil'i-ti) , n< 
fixedness. 

immovable (im-mo5v'a-bl) , adj. in* 
capable of being moved ; fixed ; stead- 
fast; unchanging; unfeeling: n.ph 
land, or things fixed to, or running 
with, land, as trees, buildings. 

immune (im-mun'), adj. exempt, as 
from a disease: n. one who is ex- 
empt from any^ particular disease 
by reason of having had it. 

immunity (im-mun'i-ti) , n. [pi. im- 
munities (im-mun'i-tiz)], exemption 
from any duty, office, or tax; free- 
dom from natural or usual liability ; 
special privilege (usually in pi.). 

immunize (im-mun'Iz), v.t. to render 
immune. 

immure (im-mur'), v.t. to enclose 
within walls; shut up in prisbn; con- 
fine. 

immutability (im-mut-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
unchangeableness . 

immutable (im-mtit'a-bl) , adj, un* 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IMP 



437 



IMPEDITIVE 



changeable ; invariable ; unaltera- 
ble; permanent. 

Imp (imp), n. an offshoot or graft from 
a tree; a young, little, or inferior 
devil; a hobgoblin; sprite; a pert or 
mischievous child. 

impact (im'pakt), n. collision. 

impair (im-par'), v.t. to make worse; 
lessen in quantity, value, excellence, 
or strength: v.i. to become worse; 
deteriorate. 

impairment (im-par'ment) , n. di- 
minution; injury. 

impale (im-pal'),^. to fix on a stake; 
put to death by transfixing on a 
sharp upright stake; surround with, 
or as with, a paling or palisade; in 
heraldry, to join (two coats of 
arms) on one shield, pale wise. 

impalpable (im-pal'pa-bl), adj. not 
to be perceived by the touch; not 
material; incorporeal; not (readily) 
apprehensible by the mind; intangi- 
ble; unreal. 

Jmpanel (im-pan'el) , v.t. to enter the 
names of (jurors) on a piece of 
parchment called a panel; summon 
to serve on a jury; draw from the 
panel and swear in. [Latin.] 

imparity (im-par'i-ti), n. inequality; 
disproportion; difference of degree, 
rank, excellence, number, quantity, 
&c; want of correspondence. 

impart (im-part/), v.t. to bestow a 
share or portion of; give; to com- 
municate knowledge of; make 
known: v.i. to give a share. 

impartial (im-par'shal) , adj. free from 
partiality; equitable; fair; just; 
unprejudiced. 

impartiality (im-par-shi-al'i-ti) , n. 
freedom from bias; fairness. 

impartially (im-par'sha-li), adv. just- 
ly; fairly; without prejudice. 

impartialness (im-par'shal-nes) , n. 
impartiality. 

impartible (im-par'ti-bl) , adj. can- 
able of being imparted or communi- 
cated; indivisible. 

impassable (im-pas'a-bl), adj. not to 
be passed; not admitting passage; 
impervious. 

impassableness (im-pas'a-bl-nes), n. 
the state of being impassable. 

impassably (im-pas'a-bli), adv. in 
an impassable manner; in a man- 
ner incarable of suffering from ex- 



ternal causes; exempt from harm or 
pain; not to be moved to passion s 
sympathy, or any sign of emotion. 

impassioned (im-pash'und), p. adj. 
moved to strong feeling; animated; 
excited. 

impassive (im-pas'iv), adj. apathetic; 
unmoved. 

impassively (im-pas'iv-li) , adv. in an 
impassive manner. 

impassiveness (im-pas'iv-nes), n. real 
or apparent insensibility. 

impassivity (im-pas-siv'i-ti) , n. the 
state m or _ condition of being tem- 
porarily inactive. 

impatience (im-pa/shens) , n. the state 
of being impatient. 

impatient (im : pa/shent), adj.^ in- 
tolerant of pain, delay, opposition, 
control, or circumstances; exhibit- 
ing or expressing impatience (with 
at) ; eager (with for) . 

impawn (im-pawn'), v.t. to put in 
pawn; deposit_ as security; pledge. 

impeach (im-pech'), v.t. to call in 
question; accuse before a tribunal 
of official misconduct; challenge the 
credibility or validity of: as a wit- 
ness or a document. 

impeachment (im-pech'ment) , n. the 
arraignment of a public officer for 
malfeasance in office; a discrediting 
or calling in question. 

impeccability (im-pek-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
exemption from sin, error, or wrong- 
doing. 

impeccable (im-pek'a-bl) , adj. not 
liable to sin; faultless. 

impecuniosity (im-pe-ku-ni-os'i-ti) , 
n. want of money; poverty. 

impecunious (im-pe-ku'ni-us) , adj 
without money; poor. 

impede (im-ped'), v.t. to obstruct; hin- 
der. 

impediment (im-ped'i-ment), n. that 
which impedes progress or activity; 
obstruction; obstacle; hindrance. 

impedimenta (im-ped-i^men'ta) , n.pl. 
encumbrances; traveling equipage; 
baggage, especially military bag- 
gage; military supplies. 

impedimental (im-ped-i-men'tal), 
adj. of the nature of an impediment? 
impeding. 

impeditive (im-ped'i-tiv) , adj. causing 
long hindrance or delay in struct* 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IMPEL 



438 



IMPERSONALITY 



Impel (im-pcl')., v.t. \p.t. & p.p. im- 
pelled, p.pr. impelling], to drive or 
urge forward or on; constrain to 
any kind of motion or action. 

Impellent (im-perent), adj. having 
the quality of impelling: n. a motive 
or impelling power. 

Impend (im-pend'), v.i. to hang over; 
be ready to fall; be at hand. 

Impendent (im-pend'ent) , adj. im- 
pending. 

Impending (im-pend'ing) , p. adj. over- 
hanging ; suspended so as to menace ; 
close at hand. 

Impenetrability (im-pen-e-tra-biri-ti) 
n. incapability of being penetrated ; 
that property of matter in virtue of 
which no two bodies can occupy the 
same space at the same time. 

Impenetrable (im-pen'e-tra-bl) , adj. 
not penetrable; not admitting en- 
trance; having the property of being 
impenetrable ; impervious. 

Impenitence (im-pen'i-tens) , n. the 
state of being impenitent; hardness 
of heart; stubborn wickedness. Also 
impenitency. 

Impenitent (im-pen'i-tent) , adj. not 
contrite; finally negligent of the 
duty of repentance; obdurate: n. 
one who finally neglects the duty of 
repentance; a hardened sinner. 

Imperative (im-per'a-tiv) , adj. ex- 
pressing command; peremptory; ob- 
ligatory : n. that mood of a verb that 
expresses command, entreaty, or 
exhortation. 

Imperatively (im-per'a-tiv-li), adv. 
peremptorily. 

Imperceptibility (im-per-sep-ti-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being im- 
perceptible. 

Imperceptible (im-per-sep'ti-bl), adj. 
that cannot be immediately per- 
ceived by the senses, or easily ap- 
prehended by the mind. 

Imperceptibly (im-per-sep'ti-bli), adv. 
so as not to be readily perceived. 

Imperfect (im-per'f ekt) , adj. wanting 
in completeness, correctness, or ex- 
cellence; wanting in some organ es- 
sential to normal activity; incom- 
plete; defective; faulty. 

Imperfection (im-per-f ek'shun) , n. 
incompleteness; faultiness; a defect 
or blemish, physical, mental, or 
moral; failing. 



imperforate (im-per'f o-rat) , adj. hav« 
ing no perforations or pores. 

imperial (im-pe'ri-al) , adj. pertaining 
to an empire or emperor; nt or suit- 
able for one who wields supreme au- 
thority; of superior size or excel- 
lence; royal; sovereign: n. a size of 
paper, 30 in. x 22 in.; a tuft of 
hair left unshaven on the lower lip 
and chin (so called from Napoleon 
III., who set this fashion). See 
goatee. 

imperialism (im-pe'ri-al-izm) , n. the 
system of imperial government; the 
policy of imperial federation; policy 
of territorial expansion. 

imperialist (im-pe'ri-al-ist) , n. one 
who favors or upholds imperialism. 

imperialistic (im-pe-ri-al-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to, or favoring, imperial- 
ism. 

imperialization (im-pe-ri-al-i-za/- 
shun), n. the establishment or ex- 
tension of imperial power. 

imperialize (im-pe'ri-al-iz), v.t. to in- 
vest with imperial character, style, 
or power; bring to the form of an em- 
pire. 

imperially (im-pe'ri-a-li), adv. in an 
imperial manner. 

imperil (im-per'il), v.t. to put in peril; 
endanger; jeopardize. 

imperious (im-pe'ri-us), adj. domi- 
neering, dictatorial, overbearing; ur- 
gent; imperative. 

imperishable (im-per'ish-a-bl) , adj. 
indestructible; not subject to decay; 
permanently enduring. 

impermeability (im-per-me-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the property of being imper- 
meable. 

impermeable (im-per'me-a-bl) , adj. 
not permitting passage, as of a fluid, 
through its substance; impervious; 
impenetrable. 

impermeably (im-per'me-a-bli) , adv. 
so as to be impermeable. 

impermeator (im-per'me-a-ter) , n. a 
contrivance for uniformly supplying 
oil to the cylinder of a steam- 
engine. 

impersonal (im-per'sun-al) , adj. want- 
ing personality or conscious indi- 
viduality; not referring to a particu- 
lar person: n. an impersonal verb. 

impersonality (im-per-sun-al'i-ti) , n. 
absence of personality. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IMPERSONALLY 



439 



IMPLY 



impersonally ( im-per 'sun-a-li) , adv. 
in an impersonal manner. 

impersonal verb (verb), n. a verb 
used without a personal subject, or 
(in English) with only the imper- 
sonal it. 

impersonate ( im-per 'sun-at), v.t. to 
invest with personality ; embody as a 
person; represent as a personality; 
to represent the person or character 
of, especially on the stage. 

impersonator (im-per'sun-a-ter), n. 
one who impersonates; an actor. 

impertinence (im-per 'tin-ens) , n. that 
which is impertinent or irrelevant, 
as in speech or manners; a thing of 
no value ; a trifle; forwardness; 
rudeness; in law, matter which is 
immaterial in substance. 

impertinent (im-per 'tin-ent), adj. 
not pertinent ; of no relation to the 
matter in hand; not to the point; 
inapposite; inapplicable; rude; un- 
civil, or offensive in behavior: n. one 
who interferes in things which do 
not concern him; a forward, ill- 
mannered person. 

imperturbability _ (im-per-ter-ba-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being imper- 
turbable. 

imperturbable (im-per-ter'ba-bl), adj. 
not easily disturbed, agitated, or 
disconcerted; self-contained, cool, 
calm. 

impervious (im-per'vi-us) , adj. not to 
be passed through or penetrated; im- 
penetrable; not permitting passage, 
as of a fluid, through its substance. 

impetigo (im-pe-ti'go), n. running tet- 
ter; a skin disease due to a sort of 
fungus which propagates it. [Latin.] 

impetrative (im-pet'ra-tiv), adj. using 
prayer for one's own personal good, 
without any thought for that of 
others. [Latin.] 

impetuosity (im-pet-u-os'i-ti), n. ve- 
hemence; violence; force. [Latin.] 

impetuous (im-pet'u-us), adj. rush- 
ing with force and violence; vehe- 
ment in feeling; acting with sudden 
energy; precipitate. 

impetus (im'pe-tus), n. the force with 
which any body is driven or im- 
pelled; impulse; impulsion; mo- 
mentum. [Latin.] 

impiety m (im-pl'i-ti) , n. [pi. impieties 
(im-pi'i-tiz) ], want of piety; disre- 



gard of the Supreme Being; ungodli- 
ness; an act of irreverence or wicked- 
ness; violation of natural duty tow- 
ards others, as disobedience to 
parents. < [Latin.] 

impinge (im-pinf), v.i. strike or dash; 
clash; come in collision (with on, 
upon, or against). 

impious (im'pi-us), adj. irreligious; 
wicked; profane. 

impish (imp'ish), adj. having the mis- 
chievous character of an imp. # 

implacability (im-pla-ka-bil'i-ti) , n. a 
state of irreconcilable enmity or un- 
appeasable anger. Also implacable- 
ness. 

implacable (im-pla'ka-bl) , adj. not to 
be pacified or appeased; constant 
in anger or enmity; relentless. 

implacably (im-pla'ka-bli) , adv. with 
unappeasable resentment. 

implant (im-plant'), v.t. to infix for 
growth; cause to take root; ingraft. 

implead (im-pled'), v.t. to sue or pros- 
ecute; accuse; impeach. 

impleadable (im-pled'a-bl), adj. not 
admitting of any plea or evasion. 

implement (im'ple-ment), # n. that 
which supplies a want, or is a requi- 
site to an end, especially an instru- 
ment, tool, or utensil. [Latin.] 

implement al (im-ple-men'tal), adj. 
pertaining to, or characterized by, 
the use of implements. 

implicate (im'pli-kat), v.t. to infold; 
involve, entangle; bring into con- 
nection with. [Latin.] 

implication (im-pli-ka'shun), n. en- 
tanglement; that which is implied; 
an inference not expressed but un- 
derstood; deduction. 

implicit (im-plis'it) : adj. implied; rest- 
ing on implication or inference; 
trusting in the word or authority of 
another; submissive; blind; tacit; 
unreserved. 

implore (im-plor'), v.t to entreat (a 
person or for a thing) earnestly, 
numbly and importunately: v.i. to 
beg; cry; supplicate. 

imploring (im-plor'ing) , p. adj. sup- 
plicating 

imply (im-pli/) v.t. [p.t. & p.p. im- 
plied, p.pr. implying], to contain by 
implication; mean or signify by fair 
inference; express indirectly; in- 
sinuate; tactless. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 



J 



IMPOLICY 



440 



IMPOTENT 



impolicy (im-pol'i-si) , n. the quality of 
being impolitic; want of policy; in- 
expediency. 

impolite (im-po-llf) , > adj . wanting in 
good manners; boorish; coarse. 

impolitely (im-po-lit'li) , adv. ill-man- 
neredly; discourteously. 

impoliteness (im-po-llt'nes) , n. inci- 
vility; rudeness. # 

impolitic (im-pol'i-tik) , adj. contrary 
to good policy; unwise; injudicious; 
indiscreet. 

imponderability (im-pon-der-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of having no 
weight. 

imponderable (im-pon'der-a-bl) , adj. 
not capable of being weighed; hav- 
ing no (sensible) weight: n. a term 
applied to the hypothetical universal 
medium, ether. [Latin.] 

imporosity (im-po-ros'i-ti), n. absence 
of pores; compactness. 

imporous (im-po'rus), adj. without 
pores; solid. 

import (im-porf), v.t. to bring int© a 
country from abroad: opposed to ex- 
port; bring in from without, as ir- 
relevant matter into a discussion; 
bear in meaning; imply; signify; 
betoken; be of interest or conse- 
quence to; concern: v.i. to be of 
moment: n. (im'port) merchandise 
brought into a country from abroad 
(usually in pl.)\ meaning; purport; 
significance; importance. 

importance (im-por'tans) , n. the 
quality of being important; high 
place in public estimation; high self- 
esteem. 

important (im-ppr'tant), adj. of much 
import or significance; momentous; 
bearing weight or consequence; of 
high standing; pompous. 

importation (im-por-ta r shun) , n. the 
act or practice of bringing mer- 
chandise into a country from abroad ; 
that which is imported; one who, or 
that which, is recently introduced. 

importunate (im-por'tu-nat) , adj. 
persistent; unreasonable or trouble- 
some in solicitation; not to be re- 
pulsed; urgent. > 

importunately (im-por'tu-nat-li), adv. 
with persistent solicitation. 

importunateness (im-por'tu-nat-nes) , 
n. importunity. 

importune (im-por-tun') , v.t. to ha- 



rass with perpetual petitions or de- 
mands: v.i. to beg persistently or 
urgently. 

importunity (im-por-tu'ni-ti) , n. [pi. 
importunities (im-por-tu'ni-tiz)], per- 
sistent solicitation or demand ; inces- 
sant insistence; urgency. 

impose (im-poz'), v.t. to place upon: 
as, to impose the hands in confirma- 
tion or ordination; lay upon, as a 
burden, punishment, or charge; to 
palm off; lay (pages of type) on 
an imposing-stone or the bed of a 
press, and secure them in a chase: 
v.i. to place a burden or tax; prac- 
tice deception (with upon). 

imposing (im-poz'ing), p. adj. adapted 
to impress; commanding; stately; 
grand; impressive: n. in printing, 
the arrangement of pages or columns 
into forms. 

imposition (im-po-zish'un), n. a lay- 
ing upon, especially of hands in or- 
dination or confirmation; the fixing 
of a meaning upon the terms of a 
proposition; that which is imposed, 
levied, or enjoined; a trick, fraud, or 
deception; a duty formerly imposed 
at the pleasure of the British king 
on imports and exports without con- 
sent of Parliament. See impost. 

impossibility (im-pos-i-biTi-ti), n. 
character of being impossible; that 
which cannot be, or be supposed to 
be, done. 

impossible (im-pos'i-bl) , > adj. that 
cannot be done; inconceivable. 

impost (im'post), n. that which is im- 
posed or levied; a tax, tribute, or 
duty, especially a customs-duty lev- 
ied by government on imports; the 
top member of a pillar on which the 
arch rests. 

impostor (im-pos'ter), n. one who im- 
poses upon others by an assumed 
character or false pretensions. 

imposture (im-pos'tur) , n. deception, 
especially that which is practiced 
under an assumed character or by 
false pretensions. 

impotence (im'po-tens) , n. the state 
of being impotent in body or mind; 
feebleness; want of capacity; de- 
ficiency of means to achieve an end. 

impotent (im'po-tent), adj. wanting 
in physical, intellectual, or moral 
power; weak; deficient in capacity; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IMPOUND 



441 



IMPRIMIS 



unable to beget; lacking self-re- 
straint. 

Impound (lm-pouncT), v.t. to shut up 
in a pound or pen, as stray cattle; 
confine; hold in the custody of a 
court. 

impoverish (im-pov'er-ish), v.t. to 
make poor; reduce to poverty; 
cause to deteriorate in quality or 
productiveness. 

Impoverishment (im-pov'er-ish- 
ment), n. the act of impoverishing; 
the state of being impoverished; in- 
digence; deterioration. 

impracticability ; (im-prak-ti-ka-bil'- 
i-ti) , n. the quality of being imprac- 
ticable. 

Impracticable (im-prak'ti-ka-bl) , adj. 
not to be effected by the means em- 
ployed, or at command; not easily 
dealt with; unmanageable; impossi- 
ble; intractable. 

Jmprecate (im'pre-kat) , v.t. to invoke, 
especially an evil or curse, upon; 
curse; wish evil to. [Latin.] 

Imprecatory (im'pre-ka-to-ri) , adj. 
invoking evil or a curse. 

Impregnability (im-preg-na-bil 'i-ti) ,n. 
the quality of being unconquerable; 
the condition of being immune to 
pregnancy. 

impregnable (im-preg'na-bl) , adj. not 
to be captured, as a fortress; not to 
be overcome, as virtue. 

impregnably (im-preg'na-bli), adv. so 
as to defy attack. 

impregnate (im-preg'nat), v.t. to 
make pregnant; fecundate; fertilize; 
infuse an active principle, or the par- 
ticles of another substance, into; 
imbue; saturate. 

impresario (im-pra-sa/re-o) , n. the 
manager of an opera or concert 
company; one who engages singers 
and brings them before the public. 

imprescriptible (im-pre-skrip'ti-bl) , 
adj. not founded on prescription; 
not to be alienated or lost by lapse 
of time; independent of external 
authority; inalienable; self -evidenc- 
ing. 

impress (im-pres'), v.t. to mark, 
stamp, or print by pressure; to af- 
fect forcibly, or stamp deeply on, 
the mind; to imprint; inculcate; 
compel to enter the public service as 
soldiers or sailors, especially to 



carry off forcibly to serve in the navy ; 
seize for the public service, as money 
or provisions: n. (im'pres) a mark 
made by pressure; an image or fig- 
ure; a mark of distinction; char- 
acteristic; stamp; an impression or 
image fixed in the mind. [Latin.] 

impressibility (im-pres-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being impressible. 

impressible (im-pres'i-bl) , adj. capable 
of being impressed; susceptible of 
impressions. 

impression (im-presh'un) , n. the mark 
made by a stamp or mold; style or 
character formed by external force 
or influence; an image in the mind 
caused by something external to it; 
the immediate effect produced upon 
the mind by a sensation, passion, 
or emotion; an indistinct or vague 
notion, remembrance, or belief; 4 a 
copy taken by pressure from type; 
number of copies printed at once; 
an edition. 

impressionable (im-presh'un-a-bl) , 
adj. capable of receiving impressions; 
susceptible. 

impr essional (im-presh'un-al) , adj. 
pertaining to impressions. 

impressionism (im-presh'un-izm), n. 
the doctrine that natural objects 
should be painted — in literature des- 
cribed — so as to reproduce only their 
larger and more immediate effect or 
impression, without selection or 
elaboration of details. 

impressionist (im-presh'un-ist), n. 
one who, in art or in literature, ad- 
heres to the theory of impressionism, 

impressionistic (im-presh-un-is'tik) , 
adj. pertaining to, or characterized 
by, impressionism. 

impressive (im-pres'iv) , adj. capable 
of making impression. 

impressively (im-pres'iv-li), adv. in an 
impressive, affecting, or touching 
manner. 

impressiveness ^ (im-pres'iv-nes) , n 
the quality of being impressive. 

impressment (im-pres'ment) , n. the 
act of seizing for public use, or of 
compelling to enter the public serv- 
ice. 

imprimatur (im-pri-ma/ter) , n. li- 
cense to print; hence, license or ap- 
proval in general; sanction. [Latin. j 

imprimis (im-prl'mis), adv. in the 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, hook; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IMPRINT 



442 



IMPULSIVE 



first place: a word introducing the 
first of a series of particulars in 
an enumeration. [Latin.] 

Imprint (im-print'), v.t. to mark by- 
pressure; to stamp, as letters and 
words on paper, by means of inked 
types; print; impress deeply, as on 
the mind or memory: n. (im'print) 
an impression, impress, or mark left 
by something; the publisher's or 
printer's name, usually with time 
and place of issue, on the title-page 
or at the end of a book or other pub- 
lication. [Old French.] 

Imprison (im-priz'n), v.t. to put into 
a prison; detain in custody; re- 
strain or confine in any way; in- 
carcerate. 

Imprisonment (im-priz'n-ment), n. 
state of being shut in, or as in, prison; 
confinement. 

Improbability (im-prob-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
[pi. improbabilities (im-prob-a-biri- 
tiz)], unlikelihood; an improbable 
event. 

Improbable (im-prob'a-bl) , adj. un- 
likely ; not to be expected. 

Improbably (im-prob'a-bli) , adv. in an 
improbable manner. 

improbity (im-pro'bi-ti), n. want of 
probity or rectitude; dishonesty. 

impromptu (im-promp'tu), adv. with- 
out preparation; offhand; extem- 
pore : adj. extemporaneous ; thrown 
off on the spur of the moment: n. 
an extemporaneous speech. [Latin.] 

improper (im-prop'er), adj. not well 
adapted or suited to the purpose; 
not according to nature, usage, &c; 
erroneous ; unseemly. 

Improper fraction (frak'shun), n. 
a fraction whose numerator is equal 
to, or greater than, its denominator. 

Impropriety (im-pro-pn'e-ti), n. [pi. 
improprieties (im-pro-pri'e-tiz)], the 
quality of being improper ; unsuitable- 
ness; that which is improper in act, 
expression, &c. 

Improvable (im-proov'a-bl) , adj. capa- 
ble of being improved. 

improve (im-proov'),£>.£. to make bet- 
ter; turn to account; intensify: v.i. 
to grow better. 

improvement (im-proov'ment) , n. 
advancement of anything from good 
to better; profitable use or applica- 
tion of anything; that by which the 



value of anything, especially prop- 
erty, is advanced: pi. betterments. 

improver (im-proov er) , n. one who, 
or that which, improves; usually 
said of a device for improving a 
woman's dress, hair, or complexion. 

improvidence (im-prov'i-dens), want 
of foresight or thrift. 

Improvident (im-prov'i-dent), adj. 
lacking foresight or thrift; wanting 
care to provide for the future; care- 
less. 

Improvisation (im-prov-i-sa'shun) , n. 
the act of improvising; the act of 
composing poetry or music extem- 
poraneously; an impromptu. 

improvisator (im-proy'i-sa-ter) , n. 
an improviser. Also improvisatore. 

Improvise (im-pro-viz'), v.t. to com- 
pose extemporaneously, especially 
verse or music; bring about on a 
sudden, or without previous prepa- 
ration; devise on the spur of the 
moment, or for a special occasion: 
v.i. to compose extemporaneously; 
do a thing in an offhand way. 

imprudence (im-proo'dens), n. want 
of prudence; carelessness of conse- 
quences; inattention to one's in- 
terest. [Latin.] 

imprudent (im-proo'dent), adj. want- 
ing prudence; not attentive to con- 
sequences or interest; indiscreet; in- 
judicious. 

impudence (im'pu-dens), n. want of 
modesty ; shamelessness ; rudeness ; 
forwardness. [Latin.] 

impudent (im'pu-dent) , adj. shame- 
less; immodest; offensively forward; 
intentionally disrespectful. 

Impugn (im-pun'), v.t. to attack by 
arguments; contradict; gainsay. 

impugnable (im-pun'a-bl) , adj. that 
may be impugned or gainsaid. 

impulse (im'puls), n. force communi- 
cated suddenly; the result of an im- 
pelling force ; a mental force directly 
urging to action; a sudden deter- 
mination not arising from reflection. 

impulsion (im-pul'shun) , n. the act of 
impelling; the state of being im- 
pelled; instigation. 

impulsive (im-pul/siv) , adj. having the 
power of impelling; actuated by, or 
resulting from, impulse ; passion- 
ate; acting by momentary impulse, 
not continuously. 



ate, ar^n, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IMPULSIVELY 



443 



INAUGURATOR 



Impulsively (im-pul'siv-li) , adv. by 
impulse. 

Impulsiveness (im-pul'siv-nes) , n. the 
quality of being_ impulsive. 

Impunity (im-pun'i-ti) , n. freedom 
from punishment, injury, or loss. 

impure (im-pur'), adj> mixed with ex- 
traneous matter; unchaste; unclean; 
dirty; not accurate or idiomatic: 
said of a language or style. 

Impurely (im-pur'li), adv. in an im- 
pure manner. 

impurity (im-pur'i-ti) , n. [pi. impuri- 
ties (im-pur'i-tiz)], uncleanness; a 
physical or moral blemish. 

imputable (im-put'a-bl), adj. that 
may be imputed, charged, or as- 
cribed. 

imputation (im-pu-ta'shun), n. the 
act of imputing or charging; any- 
thing imputed or charged, especially 
in the way of discredit ; censure ; re- 
proach; insinuation; the doctrine 
that the sin of Adam is attributed to 
his posterity, and the righteousness 
of Christ to the believer. 

impute (im-put'), v.t. to charge, at- 
tribute, or ascribe, especially a fault ; 
attribute (sin or righteousness) as 
derived from another. 

in, a Latin prefix meaning in, within, 
inside, not. 

In (in), prep, or adv. in, within; after 
verbs of motion, into. 

inability (in-a-bil'i-ti), n. want of 
power; incapacity. 

inaccessible (in-ak-ses'i-bl), adj. not 
to be obtained or approached. 

inaccurate (in-ak'u-rat), adj. sloven- 
ly-minded; unsure; failing in pre- 
cision. 

Inaction (in-ak'shun) , n. sluggishness; 
failure to perform an act; slowness. 
Inadequate (in-ad'e-kwat), adj. un- 
fit; incapable; insufficient. 

inadmissible (in-ad-mis'si-bl), adj. 
not to be allowed; not permissible. 

inadvertence (in-ad-ver'tens), n. want 
of attention; oversight; mistake. 
Also inadvertency. 

inadvertent (in-ad-ver'tent), adj. in- 
attentive; heedless; careless; uncon- 
scious. 

inalienability (in-al-yen-a-biri-ti), n. 
the quality of being inalienable. 

Inalienable (in-al'yen-a-bl) , adj. that 
cannot, or should not, be alienated, 



surrendered, or transferred to an- 
other. 

inalienably (in-aTyen-a-bli) , adv. so as 
to be inalienable. _ 

inamorata (in-a-mo-ra/ta), n. sl wom- 
an with whom one is in love; sweet- 
heart; mistress. [Italian.] 

inamorato (in-a-mo-ra'to) , n. a man 
who is in love; a lover. [Italian. J 

inane (iman'), adj. empty; void; 
senseless; silly; pointless; frivolous: 
n. infinite void; space. [Latin.] 

inanimate (in-an'i-mat), adj. not ani- 
mate, or animated; dead; spiritless; 
lifeless. 

inanition (in-a-nish'un) , n. empti- 
ness; exhaustion from lack of nour- 
ishment^ 

inanity (in-an'i-ti), n. [pi. inanities 
(in-an'i : tiz)], emptiness; mental vac- 
uity; frivolity: pi. vanities. 

inappreciable (in-a-pre'shi-a-bl) , adj. 
not to be appreciated or estimated; 
of no consequence. 

inarch (in-arch'), v.t. to graft by 
uniting (a scion) to a stock without 
separating the scion from its parent 
tree. 

inarticulate (in-ar-tik'u-lat), adj. not 
uttered with intelligible distinct- 
ness; incapable of speech; not ar- 
ticulated; not jointed, segmented, 
or valved. 

inarticulately (in-ar-tik'u-lat-li), adv, 
in an inarticulate manner. 

inartistic (in-ar-tis'tik), adj. contrary 
to the laws or principles of art; un- 
able to appreciate works of art. 

inasmuch (in-jaz-much') , adv. in a like 
degree; seeing that (with as) ; be- 
cause. 

inattentive (in-at-ten'tiv), adj. not 
giving due heed; careless. 

inaugural (in-aw'gu-ral) , # adj. per- 
il aining to an inauguration: n. an 
inaugural address. 

inaugurate (in-aw'gu-rat) , v.t. to in- 
duct into office with appropriate 
ceremonies; invest with office in a 
formal manner; consecrate; make a 
formal beginning of; initiate, as a new 
policy ; celebrate the first public use 
of by an opening ceremony. [Latin.] 

inauguration (in-aw-gu-ra'shun) , n* 
the act of inaugurating. 

inaugurator (in-aw'gu-rat-er) , n. one 
who inaugurates, or initiates. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book J 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



lNAUGUliATORY 



444 



INCENTIVE 



inauguratory (in-aw'gu-r a-to-ri) , adj. 
pertaining to inauguration. 

inauspicious (in-aw-spish'us) , adj. ill- 
omened; unlucky* unfavorable; un- 
fortunate. 

inbeing (in'be-ing), n. inherent exist- 
ence; inherence; inseparableness. 

inboard (in'bord), adv. and adj. with- 
in the ship; not projecting over the 
bulwarks. 

inbond (in'bond), adj. a term applied 
to a brick or stone laid lengthwise 
across a wall. 

inbreed (in-bred'), v.t. to breed or de- 
velop within; breed from animals 
closely related. 

Xnca (ing'ka), n. the Peruvian chief 
or a member of the royal race in 
Peru (which claimed descent from 
the sun) previous to the Spanish 
conquest under Pizarro, in 1531; any 
one of the aboriginal Peruvian race, 
whose language, called Quichua, is 
still spoken in the Sierras. [Spanish.] 

incalculable (in-karku-la-bl) , adj. be- 
yond calculation. 

incalculably (in-kal'ku-la-bti) , adv. 
immeasurably. [Latin.] 

incalescence (in-kal-es'ens), n. the 
state of growing warm. Also incales- 
cency. 

incalescent (in-kal-es'ent), adj. in- 
creasing in heat. [Latin.] 

incandesce (in-kan-des'), v.t. to cause 
to glow with heat: v.i. to glow with 
heat. 

incandescence (in-kan-des 'ens), n. 
white heat. Also incandescency. 

incandescent (in-kan-des'ent) , _ adj. 
glowing; white with heat. [Latin.] 

incandescent lamp (lamp) , n. a lamp 
in which the light is produced by a 
thin strip of non-conducting material 
contained in a vacuum, and heated to 
incandescence by an electric current. 

incantation (in-kan-ta/shun) , n. a 
magical charm said or sung; en- 
chantment. 

incantatory (in-kan't a-to-ri)^ adj. 
dealing by enchantment ;_magical. 

incapacitate (in-ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. to 
deprive of capacity or natural pow- 
er; render incapable or unfit; dis- 
qualify; disable. [Latin.] 

incapacity (in-ka-pas'i-ti) , n. lack of 
power, physical or mental; legal dis- 
qualification. 



incarcerate (in-kar'ser-at) , v.t. to im- 
prison; confine. [Latin.] 

incarceration (in r kar-ser-a'shun) , n. 
imprisonment ; confinement ; con- 
striction, as of a hernia. 

incarcerator (in-kar'ser-a-ter) , n. one 
who incarcerates. 

incarnate (in-kar'nat) , v.t. to clothe 
with flesh; embody in flesh: v.adj, 
embodied in flesh; flesh-colored. 

incarnation (in-kar-na'shun) , n. the 
act of clothing with, or of assuming , ( 
flesh; embodiment inhuman form; 
a striking exemplification or personi- 
fication; the assumption of human 
nature by the Son of God; the pro- 
cess by which a wound heals by 
being filled with new flesh. [Latin.] 

incase (in-kas'). v.t. to enclose in A 
case. Also encase. 

incast (in'kast), n. something thrown 
in for "good measure' ' after a pur- 
chase or bargain [Scotch]. In 
Louisiana, an incast is called lag- 
niappe (la-ni-yap'). 

incastellate (in-kas'te-lat), v.t. to con* 
fine in a castle; to imprison. 

incastellation (in-kas-te-la'shun), n. 
imprisonment in a castle. 

incautious (in-kaw'shus), adj. want- 
ing in caution ; unwary. 

incavo (in-ka'vo) , the hollowed part in 
an intaglio or an engraved work. 
[Italian.] 

incendiarism (in-sen'di-a-rizm) , the 
act of an incendiary; burning; ar- 
son. 

incendiary (in-sen'di-a-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to arson or the malicious 
burning of property; tending to 
excite passion or violence; inflam- 
matory; seditious: n. one guilty of 
arson; one who excites passion or 
violence; a seditious agitator. 

incense (in-sens'), v.t. to fire; in-* 
flame with anger; provoke; irritate; 
(in'sens), perfume with incense: n. 
any aromatic material which ex- 
hales perfume when burned, especial- 
ly olibanum, the frankincense of the 
Jews, and also of the ancient Greeks 
and Romans; any gratifying odor, 
as of flowers; homage; odor of 
spices and gums burned in religious 
rites. [Latin.] 

incentive (in-sen'tiv) , adj. inciting; 
encouraging: n. incitement; en- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INCEPTION 



445 



INCLINED 



couragement ; motive; spur; stimu- 
lus. 

Inception (in-sep'shun), n. reception; 
beginning; the formal qualification 
of a master of arts, previous to tak- 
ing his degree. [Latin.] 

Inceptive (in-sep'tiv), adj. beginning; 
noting beginning: n. an inceptive 
word or phrase. 

incertitude (in-ser'ti-tud) , n. as want- 
ing in sureness; doubtfully. 

incessant (in-ses'ant) , adj. unceasing; 
ceaseless; continuous. 

incest (in'sest), n. sexual commerce 
between persons related within the 
prohibited degrees_of marriage. 

incestuous (in-ses'tu-us) , adj. guilty 
of, or involving, incest. 

inch (inch), n. l-12th of a foot; a 
small quantity or degree; a critical 
moment: v.t. to driye by small de- 
grees; deal out sparingly: v.i. move 
slowly. 

inchoate (in'ko-at), adj. just begun; 
incipient; elementary; incomplete. 

inchoately (in'ko-at-li) , adv. rudimen- 
tarily. 

inchoative (in-ko'a-tiv), adj. incip- 
ient; rudimentary: n. an incep- 
tive. 

incidence (in'si-dens) , n. the direc- 
tion in which a ray of light or heat 
falls upon a surface. 

incident (in'si-dent) , adj, falling upon, 
as a ray of light on a reflecting sur- 
face; apt to occur; appertaining; 
occurring accidentally; casual; sub- 
ordinate: n. occurrence; that which 
happens beside the main design; 
casualty; episode; event; accident. 

incidental (in-si-den'tal) , adj. casual; 
subordinate: n. something casual or 
subordinate: pZ. minor expenses. 

incidentally (in - si - den'ta - li) , adv. 
casually. 

incinerate (in-sin'er-at) , v.t. to burn 
to ashes. 

incineration (in-sin-er-a'shun) , n. cre- 
mation. 

incinerator (in-sin'er-a-ter) , n. a fur- 
nace or retort for reducing substances 
to ashes. [Latin.] 

incipience (in-sip'i-ens), n. incipient 
state; beginning; commencement. 
Also incipiency. 

incipient (in-sip'i-ent), adj. beginning 
to be or to appear; initial. 



incise (in-siz'), v.t. to cut into; to cut 
or gash; to engrave. 

incision (in-sizh'un), n. a cut made 
with a sharp instrument; notch. 

incisive (in-sl'siv), adj. having the 
quality of cutting into; sharp; 
trenchant; pertaining to the incisor 
teeth; incisorial: n. the incisive 
edge or tooth of the mandible of a 
beetle. [Latin.] ^ 

incisively (in-si'siv-li), adv. with in- 
cision. 

incisiveness (in-si'siy-nes), n. the 
quality of being incisive. 

incisor (in-si'ser), n. a cutting tooth; 
one of the teeth in front of the ca- 
nines in both jaws. 

incisorial (in-si-so'ri-al) , adj. per- 
taining to, or having the character 
of, an incisor tooth. 

incisory (in-si'so-ri), adj. cutting. 

incitation (in-sl-ta'shun) , n. the act 
of impelling to action ; an attempt to 
urge, encourage, or move. 

incite (in-sif). v.t. to move to action; 
stir up; spur on; encourage; im- 
pel. [Latin.] 

incitement (in-sit'ment), n._ an in- 
citing cause; incentive; impulse; 
encouragement. 

incitive (in-si'tiv) , adj. likely to incite 
to action. 

incivility (in-si-viri-ti) , n. [pi. inci- 
vilities (in-si-viri-tiz)], lack of civil- 
ity or courtesy; impoliteness. 

inclemency (in-klem'en-si) , n. [pi. in- 
clemencies (in-klem'en-siz)], want of 
clemency ; severity of temper; stormi- 
ness; adversity. 

inclement (in-klem'ent) , adj. not 
clement ; unmerciful ; tempestuous. 

inclination (in-cli-na/shun) , n. a lean- 
ing; deviation from usual direc- 
tion or position; tendency of the 
mind; disposition; a slope or de- 
clivity; slant; propensity. 

incline (m-khn'), v.i. % to deviate from 
the normal direction or position; 
lean; bow; have a mental bent or 
tendency; be disposed: v.t. to cause 
to lean; direct; bow (as in rever- 
ence or civility); give a tendency 
to; turn; dispose: n. a slope; an in- 
clined plane; gradient. 

inclined (m-kllnd'), p. adj. having a 
tendency; sloping; disposed; bent 
into a convex curve. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; hoon, book: 

hue, hut ; think, £7?en. 



INCLINED PLANE 



446 



INCOMPATIBLE 



Inclined plane (plan) , n. a plane 
that makes an angle with the plane 
of the horizon; one of the mechan- 
ical powers. 

inclinometer (in-kli-nom'e-ter) , n, an 
apparatus for determining the mag- 
netic inclination or dip; a dipping 
needle; clinometer. 

inclose (in-kloz'), v.t. to shut in; en- 
compass; surround; put into an 
envelope; put into the same envel- 
ope (with another letter); sepa- 
rate from common lands by a fence. 

Inclosure (in-klo'zhur), n. the act of 
inclosing, or state of being inclosed, 
especially the act of separating 
land from a common by a fence ; that 
which is inclosed; that which in- 
closes, as a fence ; something in- 
closed with a letter in an envelope, 
as a bill, check, &c. [Latin.] 

include (in-klood') ; v.t. to inclose; 
hold as in an inclosure; confine 
within something; comprise or com- 
prehend, as a genus the species. 

included (in-kloo'ded) , p. adj. in- 
closed; contained; not projecting 
beyond the mouth of the corolla of 
a flower. 

inclusion (in-kloo'zhun) , n. the act 
of including; the state of being in- 
cluded; that which is included. 

inclusive (in-kloo'siv), adj. inclosing; 
including; comprehending the ex- 
tremes in the sum, as from Monday 
to Saturday inclusive, i.e., taking in 
both Monday and Saturday. 

inclusively (in-kloo'siv-li), adv. so as 
to include. 

incognito (in-kog'ni-to) , adj. un- 
known or disguised: adv. in dis- 
guise; under an assumed name: n. 
a great personage who travels under 
an assumed style; the assumption of 
a character or title to avoid recog- 
nition; state of being unrecognized. 
Fern. adj. The adv. is often famil- 
iarly abbreviated to incog, and then 
used like an indeclinable adj. for both 
sexes. 

incoherence (in-ko-he'rens) , n. want 
of cohesion; looseness; want of con- 
nection; incongruity; inconsequence 
Incoherency. 

incoherent (in-ko-he'rent) , adj. with- 
out cohesion; incongruous; incon- 
secutive. 



incohesion (in-ko-he'zhun) , n. want 
of cohesion. 

incombustible (in-kom-bus'ti-bl) , adj. 
that cannot be consumed by fire: n. 
an incombustible substance. 

income (in'kum), n. the gain which 
proceeds from labor, business, prop- 
• erty , or capital ; annual receipts of 
a person or corporation. 

incomer (in'kum-er), n. one who 
comes in; one who succeeds another 
as a tenant. 

incoming (in'kum-ing), p. adj. coming 
in; accruing: n. the act of coming 
in; that which comes in; income. 

incommensurability (in-kom-men- 
su-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality or state 
of being incommensurable. Also in- 
commensur ableness . 

incommensurable (in-kom-men'su- 
ra-bl), adj. having no common mea- 
sure; having no common divisor 
except unity : n. one of two (or more) 
quantities that have no common 
measure. 

incommensurate (in - kom - men'su- 
rat), adj. not admitting of a common 
measure; incommensurable; not suf- 
ficient in measure; inadequate. 

incommensurately (in-kom-men'su- 
rat-li), adv. not in equal or due 
measure. 

incommiscible (in-kom-mis'i-bl), adj. 
not capable of mixture. 

incommode (in-kom-od'), v.t. to give 
inconvenience or trouble to; dis* 
turb. 

incommodious (in-kom-mo 'di-us) , 
adj. tending to incommode; trouble- 
some; inconvenient. 

incommunicable (in-kom-mu'ni-ka- 
bl), adj. that cannot be communi- 
cated or told. 

incomparable (in-kom'pa-ra-bl), adj. 
not admitting of comparison; un- 
equaled; transcendent; peerless. 

incomparably (in-kom'pa-ra-bli), adv. 
beyond comparison. 

incompatibility (in-kom-pat-i-bil 'i- 
ti), n. irreconcilableness. Also in- 
compatibleness. 

incompatible (in-kom-pat'i-bl) , adj. 
incapable of harmonious subsistence 
or combination; inconsistent; incon- 
gruous: n.pl. persons or things ir- 
reconcilably disagreeing with each 
other. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INCOMPATIBLY 



447 



INCONTROVERTIBLE 



incompatibly (in-kom-pat'i-bli), adv. 
in an incompatible manner. 

incompetence (in-kom'pe-tens) , n. 
inability, a physical, intellectual, or 
moral ; insufficiency ; inadequacy ; 
lack of qualification or jurisdiction. 
Also incompetency. 

incompetent (in-kom'pe-tenu) , adj. 
wanting ability; inadequate; want- 
ing qualification or fitness; incapaci- 
tated; inadmissible. 

incomplete (in-kom-plet') , adj. not 
fully finished or developed; not hav- 
ing all its parts; imperfect; defec- 
tive. 

incompletely (in-kom-plet'li) , adv. im- 
perfectly. 

incompleteness (in-kom-plet 'nes) , n. 
imperfection. 

incomprehensible (in-kom-pre-hen'- 
si-bl), adj. illimitable; not to be un- 
derstood or grasped by the mind; in- 
conceivable. 

incompressible (in T kom-pres'i-bl) , 
adj. incapable of being reduced in 
volume by pressure; resisting pres- 
sure. 

inconceivability (in-kon-sev-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being incon- 
ceivable. 

inconceivable (in-kon-sev'a-bl) , adj. 
incapable of being conceived or im- 
agined; incredible. 

inconceivably (in-kon-sev'a-bli) , adv. 
beyond the power of conception. 

inconcinnity (in-kon-sin'i-ti) , n. lack 
of harmony; failure to agree. 

inconclusive (in-kon-kloq'siv) , # adj. 
leading to no conclusion in evidence 
or argument; unconvincing; reach- 
ing no definite result in action; inef- 
fective; inefficient^ 

inconclusively (in-kon-kloo'siv-li) , 
adv. in an inconclusive manner. 

incondensible (in-kon-den'si-bl) , adj. 
incapable of being made more dense 
or compact, or of being reduced to 
liquid form. 

incongruity (in-kon-gr6o'i-ti)_, n. [pi. 
incongruities (in-kon-groo'i-tiz)], 
want of mutual fitness; unsuitable- 
ness of one thing to another. 

incongruous (in-kong'groo-us) # , adj. 
reciprocally disagreeing; unsuited to 
one another; inharmonious; inap- 
propriate. 

inconnu (ang-kon-nu') , adj. unknown: 



n. an unknown person. Feminine 
inconnue. [French.] 

inconsequence (in-kon'se-kwens) , n. 
the quality of being inconsequent ; 
want of logical sequence ; inconclu- 
siveness. 

inconsequent (in-kon'se-kwent) , adj. 
not following from the premises; 
illogical; out of proper relation; irrel- 
evant. 

inconsiderable (in-kon-sid'er-a-bl) , 
adj. not deserving consideration; 
unimportant. 

inconsiderably (in-kon-sid'er-a-bli) , 
adv. very little : 

inconsiderate (in-kon-sid'er-at), adj. 
without consideration; thoughtless. 

inconsiderately (in-kon-sid'er-at-li) , 
adv. thoughtlessly. 

inconsistency (in-kon-sis'ten-si) , n. 
[pi. inconsistencies (in-kqn-sis'ten- 
siz)], the quality of being inconsist- 
ent; incongruity. 

inconsistent (in-kon-sis'tent), adj. 
lacking coherence or agreement; dis- 
crepant; lacking uniformity; self- 
contradicting ; incongruous. 

inconsolable (in-kon-so'la-bl), adj. 
not to be consoled or comforted. 

inconsolably (in-kon-so'la-bli), adv. 
in an inconsolable manner or de- 
gree. 

inconspicuous (in-kon-spik'u-us) , 
adj. not easily perceived ; so small as 
to escape notice; hardly discernible. 

inconstancy (in-kon's tan-si), n. 
changeableness. 

inconstant (in-kon'stant) , adj. ^ sub- 
ject to change; unstable; variable; 
fickle; capricious. 

incontestable (in-kon-test'a-bl) , adj. 
not admitting of question or dispute; 
incontrovertible. 

incontestably (in-kon-test'a-bli) , adv. 
indisputably. 

incontinence (in-kon'ti-nens) , n. lack 
of restraint, especially undue in- 
dulgence of the sexual passions; li- 
centiousness; involuntary discharge. 
Also incontinency. [Latin.] 

incontinent (in-kon'ti-nent) , adj. un- 
restrained; unchaste: n. an unchaste 
person. 

incontrovertibility (in-kon-tro-ver- 
ti-bil'i^ti), n. the state or quality of 
being incontrovertible. 

incontrovertible (in-kon-tro-ver'ti- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INCONTROVERTIBLY 



448 



INCRUST 



bl), adj. not admitting of contro- 
versy; indisputable. 

incontrovertibly (in-kon-tro-ver'ti- 
bli), adv. indisputably. 

inconvenience (in-kon-ve'niens), n. 
want of convenience; unfitness; 
troublesomeness ; that which incom- 
modes; disadvantage. Also incon- 
veniency: v.t. to put to inconveni- 
ence; incommode; annoy; molest. 

inconvenient (in-kon-ve'nient), adj. 
disadvantageous; inopportune; un- 
fit; inexpedient. 

inconvertibility (in-kon-ver-ti-bil'i- 
ti) , n. the quality of being inconver- 
tible. 

inconvertible (in-kon-veVti-bl) , adj. 
incapable of being converted into, 
or exchanged for, something else. 

incorporate (in-kor'po-rat) , v.t. to 
combine into one body; give a body 
to ; embody ; unite ; associate ; unite 
intimately; assimilate; blend; form 
into a corporation recognized by 
law: v.i. to unite with another body 
so as to form a part of it; be mixed 
or blended with: v.adj. incorpo- 
rated; united in one body. 

incorporation (in-kor-po-ra'shun) , n. 
combination; assimilation; mixture; 
formation of a body corporate; a 
corporation. 

incorporator (in-kor-po-ra-ter) , n. one 
who incorporates; an original mem- 
ber of an incorporated society. 

incorporeal (in-kor-po're-al), adj. not 
corporeal; immaterial; intangible, 
and existing only in contemplation of 
the law. 

incorporealist (in-kor-por're-al-ist) , 
n. one who believes that the 
spirit may exist separate from the 
body. 

incorporeality (in-kor-por-e-al'i-ti) , 
n. the lack of material substance; 
absence of body. 

incorporeally (in-kor-por'e-a-li) , adv. 
immaterially. 

incorrect (in-kor-ekf) , adj. not ac- 
cording to model or rule; faulty; 
not according to fact; inaccurate; 
not in accordance with morality or 
good manners; improper. [Latin.] 

incorrigible (in-kor'ri-ji-bl), adj. bad; 
beyond correction or amendment; 
irreclaimable. 

incorrigibleness (in-kor'ri-ji-bl-nes) , 



n. the quality of being incorrigible. 
Also incorrigibility. 

incorrigibly (in-kor'ri-ji-bli), adv. ir- 
reclaimably. 

incorrodible (in-kor-rod'i-bl) , adj. in- 
capable of being corroded. 

incorrupt (in-kor-upf), adj. free from 
physical or moral taint; unim- 
paired, upright ; especially above the 
influence of corruption or bribery; 
honest. [Latin.] 

incorruptibility (in-kor-upt-ti-bil'i- 
ti), n. incapability of corruption. 

incorruptible (in-kor-upt'ti-bl) , adj. 
incapable of physical corruption, de- 
cay, or dissolution; not liable to 
moral perversion or contamination; 
especially incapable of being bribed. 

incorruptibly (in-kor-upt'i-bli), adv. 
in an incorruptible manner. 

incorruption (in-kor-up'shun), n. ex- 
emption from corruption. 

incrassation (in-kras-sa'shun), n. a 
swelling or increase of bulk caused 
by fat. [Latin.] 

increase (in-kres'), v.i. to become 
greater in any respect; augment; 
multiply; grow; wax, as the moon: 
v.t. to make greater in any respect; 
enhance; aggravate; enlarge: n. 
(in'kres), a growing larger; that 
which is added to the original stock; 
increment; produce; profit; issue; 
offspring; a waxing, as of the moon. 

incredibility (in-kred-i-biri-ti) , n. the 
quality of being incredible. Also in- 
credibleness. 

incredible (in-kred'i-bl) , adj. surpass- 
ing belief; hard to believe; unimagin- 
able; inconceivable. 

incredibly (in-kred'i-bli) , adv. in an 
incredible manner. 

incredulity (in-kre-du'li-ti) , n. the 
quality of being incredulous; scep- 
ticism; disbelief. . 

incredulous (in-kred'u-lus) , adj. hard 
of belief; sceptical; unbelieving. 

increment (in'kre-ment) , n. increase; 
augmentation; produce. 

increscent m (in-kres'ent) , p.adj. in- 
creasing; in heraldry, denoting the 
new moon, with the horns towards 
the dexter side. 

incriminate (in-krim'i-nat) , v.t. to 
charge with a crime; criminate; ac- 
cuse. 

incrust (in-krusf), v.t. to cover with, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INCRUSTATE 



449 



INDEFENSIBLE 



or as with, a crust; coat; overlay; 
to inlay, as mosaic, so as to form 
a decorative covering. Also encrust. 

incrustate (in-krus'tat) , adj. covered 
with earthy matter; growing firmly 
to. the pericarp: said of seeds. 

incrustation # (in-krus-t a 'shun) , n. % a 
crust; covering; an incrusted or in- 
laid object or substance; a covering 
or inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c, 
attached to the masonry. [Latin.] 

incubate (in'ku-bat), v.t. to sit upon 
(eggs) to hatch them; hatch out: 
v.i. to brood; in medicine, to go 
through the stage_ of incubation. 

incubator (in'ku-ba-ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, incubates; especially 
an apparatus for hatching eggs arti- 
ficially. 

incubus (in'ku-bus), n. [pi. incubuses 
(in'ku-bus-ez), incubi (in'ku-bi)], the 
nightmare; in the superstition of the 
Middle Ages, a demon believed to 
cause nightmare, and the birth of de- 
formed children; a heavy weight or 
burden. See succubus. [Latin.] 

inculcate (in : kurkat), v.t. to impress 
upon the mind by frequent admoni- 
tions. 

inculpate (in-kul'pat), v.t. to charge 
with wrong-doing; to censure. 

incumbency (in r kum'ben-si), n. [pi. 
incumbencies (in : kum'ben-siz)], the 
act or state of being incumbent ; full 
possession and exercise of any office ; 
state of holding a benefice. 

incumbent (in-kum'bent) , adj. lying 
upon; imposed as a duty: n. the 
holder of an office; a clergyman in 
possession of a benefice. 

incur (in-ker'), ^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- 
curred, p.pr. incurring], to become 
liable to, by one's own action; con- 
tract, as a debt._ 

incurability (in-kur-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
state of being_ incurable. 

incurable (in-kur'a-bl) , adj. incapable 
of being cured ; beyond the power of 
skill or medicine; irremediable; in- 
corrigible: n. a person diseased be- 
yond cure. [Latin.] 

incurably (in-kur'a-bli) , adv. without 
remedy. 

incursion (in-ker 'shun), n. an in- 
road; raid; invasion. 

incurvate (in-ker'vat) , p. adj. bent in- 
ward; curved. 



indebted (in-det'ed), p. adj. being in 
debt; lying under an obligation. 

indebtedness (in-det'ed-nes), n. debt; 
the state of obligating. [Latin.] 

indecency (in-de_'sen-si), n. [pi. in- 
decencies (in-de'sen-siz)], want of 
decency, modesty, or good manners; 
that which is indecent, grossly 
vulgar, or obscene; in law, the public 
exhibition of something indecent. 

indecent (in-de'sent) , adj. violating 
propriety in language, behavior, &c. ; 
indelicate; obscene. [Latin.] 

indecision (in-de-sizh'un) , n. want of 
decision; a wavering of the mind; 
irresolution. 

indecisive (in-de-si'siv) , adj. not bring- 
ing to a decision or final issue; in- 
conclusive. 

indecisively (in-de-si'siv-li) , adv. in 
an indecisive manner. 

indeclinable (in-de-kli'na-bl) , adj. 
that cannot be declined, or varied by 
declension: n. a word that cannot 
be declined. 

indeclinably (in-de-kli'na-bli) , adv. 
without declension. 

indecorous (in-dek'o-rus) , adj. vio- 
lating decorum, or any accepted rule 
of conduct. [Latin.] 

indecorum (in-de-ko'rum) , n. vio- 
lation of decorum or propriety; 
breach of etiquette or civility. 

indeed (in-ded'), adv. in fact, in 
truth. 

indef atigability (in-de-f at-i-ga-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being indefati- 
gable. 

indefatigable (in-de-f at'i-ga-bl) , adj. 
not to be wearied out; not yielding 
to fatigue; unremitting in labor or 
effort. [Latin.] 

indef atigably (in-de-f at 'i-ga-bli) , adv. 
without yielding to fatigue; per- 
sistently. 

indef easibility (in : de-f e-zi-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the quality of being indefeasible. 

indefeasible (in-de-f e'zi-bl) , adj. not 
to be defeated or made void, as a 
title. [Latin.] 

indef easibly (in-de-f e'zi-bli) , adv. so 
as not to be set aside or made void. 

indefectible (in-de-f ek'ti-bl) , adj. sub- 
ject to no defect, failure, or decay. 

indefensible (in-de-f en'si-bl) , adj. that 
cannot be defended, maintained, or 
justified. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
29 hue, hut ; think, then. 



INDEFENSIBLY 



450 



INDIAN 



Indefensibly (in-de-fen'si-bli), adv. 
so as. to admit of no defense. 

indefinable (in-de-fi'na-bl), adj. that 
cannot be defined. [Latin.] 

indefinably (in-de-fm'a-bli) , adv. in 
an indefinable manner. 

indefinite (in-def 'i-nit) , adj. not de- 
fined; not precise; vague; having 
no particular limit ; large beyond the 
comprehension of man, though not 
absolutely infinite; too numerous or 
variable to be easily counted. 

indefinitely (in-def 'i-nit-li) , adv. to 
an indefinite degree ; without de- 
terminate limitation. 

indelibility (in-del-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being indelible. 

Indelible (in-deri-bl) , adj. not to be 
blotted out, effaced, or obliterated. 

indelibly (in-deri-bli) , adv. so as to be 
indelible. 

Indelicacy (in-del'i-ka-si) , n. [pi. in- 
delicacies (in-del'i-ka-siz)], want of 
delicacy; that which is offensive 
to refined taste. [Latin.] 

indelicate (in-del'i-kat), adj. offensive 
to modesty or propriety; coarse; in- 
decent. 

indelicately (in-del'i-kat-li) , adv. in 
an indelicate manner. 

indemnification (in-dem-ni-fi-ka/- 
shun), n. the act of securing against 
loss; reimbursement of loss. 

indemnify (in-dem'ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. indemnified, p.pr. indemnify- 
ing], to secure or insure against loss 
or damage; reimburse. [Latin.] 

Indemnity (in-dem'ni-ti) , n. [pi. in- 
demnities (in-dem'ni-tiz)], security 
against loss, damage, or punish- 
ment; compensation for loss. 

indent (in-dent'),. v.t. to make a dent 
or depression in; dent; cut into 
points like teeth; notch; bind out 
by indenture, as an apprentice: n. 
a notch in the margin; a covenant. 

Indentation (in-den-ta'shun) , n. a 
small hollow or depression, as from 
a blow; a dent or dint; a notch or 
recess in a margin. 

indented (in-den'ted) , p. adj. notched 
in the margin like a row of teeth; 
ziz-zag; in heraldry, notched or ser- 
rated. 

Indenture (in-den'tur) , n. a covenant 
or deed, formerly in duplicate, with 
the edges notched so as to corre- 



spond: v.t. to bind by indenture, as 
an apprentice. 

independence (in-de-pend'ens) , n. 
freedom from support or governance 
by others; a competency; self-re- 
liance. [Latin.] 

Independence Day (da) July 4th, 
the anniversary of the Declaration 
of Independence, observed as a na- 
tional holiday in the United States 
and its dependencies. 

independent (in-de-pen'dent) , adj. 
not dependent, supported by, or 
governed by, another; having a 
competency; not subject to bias or 
influence; free; irrespective: n. one 
who supports measures or men in- 
dependently of any organized party. 

indescribable (in-de-skrib'a-bl), adj. 
that cannot be described. 

indestructible (in-de-struk'ti-bl) , adj. 
not to be destroyed. 

indestructibly (in-de-struk'ti-bli), 
adv. so as to be indestructible. 

indeterminate (in-de-ter'min-at), adj. 
not determinate, settled, or fixea; 
indefinite; not precise; having an 
indefinite number of values or solu- 
tions. 

indeterminately (in-de-ter'min-at-li) , 
adv. indefinitely. 

index (in'deks), n. [pi. indexes (in'- 
deks-ez), indices (in'di-sez)], that 
which points out or indicates; an al- 
phabetical table of the contents of a 
book; the figure or letter which 
shows the power or root of a quan- 
tity; the exponent: v.i. provide with 
an index. 

index-finger (in'deks-fing'ger) , n. the 
fore-finger. 

Indiaman (in'di-a-man), n. [pi. India- 
men (in'di-a-men)], a large vessel 
formerly employed in the India 
trade. 

Indian (in'di-an), adj. pertaining to 
the Indies, to the West Indies or to 
the American Indians; made of 
maize or Indian corn: n. an East In- 
dian, West Indian or Anglo-In- 
dian; one of the aborigines of Amer- 
ica, or a Red Indian. [Because 
Columbus believed that in his first 
voyage to America he had reached 
India, he called the country India, 
hence the confusion between the 
West Indies and the East Indies. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INDIAN CORN 



451 



INDIRECT 



The name India ultimately comes 
from the Sanskrit, sindhu (river), 
but both the Greeks and Romans 
knew Hindustan as India] > 

Indian corn (korn), n. a native Amer- 
ican plant, known as maize. 

Indian- file (in'di-an-f II) , n. single file. 

Indian red (red), n. a silicate of iron, 
imported from the Persian Gulf. 

Indian Summer (sum'er), n. sum- 
mer-like weather, with calm and ab- 
sence of rain, occurring in autumn. 

Indian yellow (yel'o), n. a bright 
yellow pigment. 

india-rubber (in'di-a-rub'er) , n. a 
gummy substance imported from 
Brazil and the Congo State and 
hardened by chemical processes ; the 
product of the rubber tree; caout- 
chouc. 

indican (in'di-kan), n. a substance 
obtained from the various indigo- 
producing plants, decomposing, by 
the action of acids, into sugar, in- 
digo-blue, indigo-red, and indiglucin. 

indicant (in'di-kant) , adj. indicating: 
n. that which points out a remedy 
for a disease. 

indicate (in'di-kat), v.t. to point out ; 
show; suggest; hint; point out, as 
a remedy. 

indication (in-di-ka'shun) , n. the act 
of indicating; that which indicates; 
information; token; evidence; sign; 
symptom. > 

indicative (in-dik'a-tiv), adj. pointing 
out; bringing to notice; noting that 
mood of the verb which indicates, 
predicates, or affirms: n. the indica- 
tive mood. 

indicatively (in-dik'a-tiv-li) , adv. so 
as to indicate. 

indicator (in'di-ka-ter) , n. one who, or 
that which, indicates; the part of 
an instrument by which an effect is 
indicated, especially an apparatus 
for ascertaining and recording the 
variations of pressure or vacuum in 
the cylinder of a steam engine. 

indicatory (in'di-ka-to-ri), adj. serv- 
ing to indicate. 

indict (in-dlf), v.t. to charge with a 
crime, by the presentment of a grand 
jury. 

indictable (m-dit'a-bl) , adj. liable to 
be indicted ; punishable. 

indictment (in-dlt'ment), n. a writ- 



ten accusation against a prisoner 
presented by a grand jury to a court. 

indifference (in-dif 'er-ens) , n. the 
state of being indifferent; impartial- 
ity; absence of preference or in- 
terest ; unconcernedness ; unimpor- 
tance; condition of being indifferent 
in character or quality; mediocrity. 

indifferent (in-dif 'er-ent) , adj. uncon- 
cerned; unimportant; mediocre; re- 
gardless. 

indigence (in'di-jens), n. the state of 
being indigent ; poverty ; want. Also 
indigency. 

indigene (in'di-jen), n. a native; 
aborigine. 

indigenous (in-dij'e-nus), adj. born or 
produced in a country; not exotic; 
not imported; innate; inherent; 
native. 

indigent (in'di-jent), adj. destitute; 
needy. 

indigested (in-di-jest'ed), adj. undi- 
gested, as food; crude; not softened 
by heat. 

indigestibility (in-di-jest-i-bil'i-ti), Ti- 
the quality of being indigestible. 

indigestible (in-di-jest'i-bl), adj. not 
digestible, physically or mentally. 

indigestibly (in-di-jest'i-bli), adv. so 
as not to be digested. 

indigestion (in : di-jes'chun), n. diffi- 
culty in digesting food; dyspepsia. 

indignant (in-dig'nant) , adj. affected 
with indignation; inflamed with 
mingled anger and disdain. 

indignation (in-dig-na/shun) , n. anger 
at what is unworthy, unjust, dishon- 
orable, or base; anger mingled with 
contempt or disgust. 

indignity (in-dig'ni-ti) , n. [pi. indig- 
nities (in-dig'ni-tiz) ], an action in- 
tended to lower the dignity of an- 
other; insult. [Latin.] 

indigo (in'di-go), n. a blue dye-stuff 
obtained from the indigo plant by 
decomposition of the glucoside in- 
dican. In 1880, the German chemist, 
Adolf Baeyer, produced it by syn- 
thesis from coal tar. [Spanish, but 
ultimately Greek.] 

indirect (in-di-rekf), adj. not straight 
or rectilinear; not directly m result- 
ing from a cause; not reaching the 
end aimed at by the most direct 
method; not straightforward or 
fair. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INDISCREET 



452 



INDORSE 



Indiscreet (in-dis-kref), adj. wanting 
in discretion; imprudent. 

indiscretion (in-dis-kresh'un), n. want 
of discretion; imprudence; an im- 
prudent act. 

indiscriminate t (in-dis-krim'i-nat), 
adj. undistinguishing; promiscuous. 

indiscriminately (in-dis-krim'i-nat- 
li), adv. without distinction. 

indiscriminative (dis-krim'in-a-tiv) , 
adj. making no distinction. 

^dispensability (in-dis-pen-sa-bil'i- 
ti) , n. incapability of being dispensed 
with. 

indispensable (in-dis-pen'sa-bl) , adj. 
that cannot be dispensed with; ab- 
solutely necessary. [Latin.] 

indispensably (in-dis-pen'sa-bli) , adv. 
unavoidably. 

indispose (in-dis-poz'), v.t. to disin- 
cline; unfit. [Latin.] 

indisposed (in-dis-pozd') , adj. slight- 
ly ill in health; disinclined. 

indisposition (in 7 dis : po-zish'un) , n. 
slight illness; disinclination. 

indisputability (in-dis-pu-ta-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quality of being_ indisputable. 

indisputable (in-dis-pu'ta-bl) , adj. 
too evident to admit of dispute; un- 
questionable. [Latin.] 

indisputably (in-dis-pu'ta-bli) , adv. 
unquestionably^ 

indissolubility (in-dis-o-lu-bil'i-ti) , n. 
incapability of being dissolved or 
liquefied; perpetuity of obligation. 

indissoluble (in-dis'o-lu-bl) adj. not 
dissoluble or dissolvable. [Latin.] 

indistinct (in-dis-tingkt'), adj. not 
distinct to the senses or the mind; 
undefined; indefinite; confused. 

indistinguishable (in-dis-ting'gwish- 
a-bl), adj. incapable of being distin- 
guished, discriminated, or perceived. 

indistinguishably (in-dis-ting'gwish- 
a-bli), adv. so as not to be dis- 
tinguished. 

indite (in-dit'), v.t. to compose; write. 

indium (in'di-um), n. a rare metallic 
element found in zinc-blende. 

individual (in-di-vij 'u T al), adj. exist- 
ing as a single indivisible entity; 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, a 
single person, or thing: n. a single 
person, animator thing. [Latin.] 

individualism (in-di-vij 'u-al-izm), n. 
the quality of being individual; a 
social system in which each indi- 



vidual works for himself alone; the 
theory of government which dis- 
countenances the interference of the 
State in the affairs of the individual. 

individualist (in-di-vij 'u-al-ist ) , n. 
one who holds the theory of indi- 
vidualism: adj. individualistic. 

individualistic (in-di-vij -u-al-is'tik) , 
adj. pertaining to individualism or 
to individualists. 

individuality (in-di-vij -u-al'i-ti) , n. 
the condition of being individual; 
separate or distinct existence; dis- 
tinctive character. 

individualize (in-di-vij'u-al-iz), v.t. to 
invest with individuality ; distinguish. 

individually (in-di-vij 'u-a-U), adv. sep- 
arately; personally. 

individuate (in-di-vij 'u-at), v.t. to 
mark as distinct. 

indivisibility (in-di-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the property of being indivisible. 

indivisible (in-di-viz'i-bl), not separ- 
able .into parts: n. that which is 
indivisible; an element, infinitely 
small, assumed to admit of no 
further division. 

Indo, a prefix meaning conneeted 
with^ India, as /ndo-Chinese, per- 
taining to Indo-China. 

indocile (in-dos'il), adj. unteach- 
able; intractable. 

indocility (m : do-sil'i-ti) , n. the qual- 
ity of being indocile. 

indoctrinate (in-dok'tri-nat) , v.t. to 
imbue with learning, principles, or 
doctrines. 

Indo-European (in-do-u-ro-pe'an) , 
adj. pertaining to the family of Aryan 
(or Caucasian) languages extending 
from India over Europe but excepting 
the Turkish, Hungarian, Bohemian, 
Finnish, Polish, and Russian, which 
were called " Turanian" or Ural- 
Altaic and also by other names. 

indolence (in'do-lens) , n. love of 
ease; indisposition to labor; lazi- 
ness; supineness. 

indolent (in'dq-lent) , adj. indulging 
in ease; avoiding labor; lazy. 

indomitable (in-dom'i-ta-bl) , adj. un- 
tamable ; irrepressible ; invincible. m 

indoor (in'dor), adj. performed within 
doors. 

indorse (in-dors'), v.t. to write on the 
back of, as a check, &c; sanction: 
approve. Also endorse. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INDORSEE 



453 



INEBRIETY 



indorsee (in-dors-e') , n. & person to 
whom a check, &c, is indorsed or 
assigned. 

indorsement (in-dors'ment), n. the 
act of writing on the back of a check, 
&c; that which is so written; ap- 
proval; sanction. 

indorser (in-dors'er), n. one who in- 
dorses. Also indorsor. 

Indra (in'dra), n. in India the supreme 
goddess of rain and of the firmament. 

indubitable (in-du'bi-ta-bl) , adj. too 
evident to be doubted; unqestion- 
able. 

indubitably (in-du-bi-ta-bli), adv. be- 
yond doubt. 

induce (in-dus'), v.t. to lead on; in- 
fluence; prevail upon; bring on; ef- 
fect; cause; to infer by induction; 
produce by magnetic or electric in- 
duction. [Latin.] 

induced (in-dusf), p. adj. caused by 
induction. 

inducement (in-dus'ment), n. that 
which induces; motive; in pleading, 
an introductory statement. 

inducible (in-dus'i-bl) , adj. capable of 
being induced, caused or inferred. 

ir»duct (in-dukf), v.t. to introduce; 
install into an office; put into pos- 
session of a benefice. 

inductance (in-duk'tans) , n. the 
capacity for induction possessed by 
an active electric circuit on itself, 
or on neighboring circuits. 

induction (in-duk'shun) , n. the act of 
inducting; the introduction of a 
person into an office; the introduc- 
tion of a clergyman into a benefice; 
the process of discovering and prov- 
ing general propositions from par- 
ticular cases; a conclusion drawn 
from a process of induction; elec- 
trical or magnetic influence without 
direct contact. [Latin.] 

inductional (in-duk'shun-al) , adj. per- 
taining to 7 or produced by, induc- 
tion; inductive. 

inductive (in-duk'tiv) , adj. proceed- 
ing by induction; producing induc- 
tion; operating by induction; sus- 
ceptible of being acted on by 
induction. 

inductive philosophy (fil-os'o-fi) , 
11. the name given by Bacon to ex- 
perimental science, or science found- 
ed on induction, by which one rea- 



sons from a number of facts to a 
great central fact. See deduction. 

inductive science (si'ens), n. any 
branch of science which admits of, 
and employs, the inductive method. 
See deduction. 

inductivity (in-duk-tiy 'i-ti) , n. spe- 
cific inductive capacity. 

inductometer (in-duk-tom'e-ter) , n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
degree or rate of electric induction. 

inductor (in-duk'ter) , n. one who in- 
ducts; that part of _ an electric ap- 
paratus which acts inductively. 

indue (in-du'), v.t. to clothe or invest; 
furnish; supply; endow. [Latin.] 

indulge (in-dulj'), v.t. to be kind or 
complaisant to; humor; give free 
course to: v.i. to gratify one's self. 

indulgence (in-dul'jens), n. forbear- 
ance from restraint or control ; per- 
mission; license; excess; forbearance 
of present payment; toleration. 

indulgent (in-dul'jent), adj. disposed 
to indulge ; complaint ; showing favor; 
kind. 

indulgently (in-durjent-li), adv. with 
indulgence. 

induline (in'du-lin), n. a coal-tar dve- 
stuff of a dark blue color. Also in- 
dulin. 

indurate (in'du-rat), v.i. to grow 
hard: v.t. to make hard; render un- 
feeling or obdurate. # 

industrial (in-dus' tri-al) # , adj. per- 
taining to productive industry. 

industrialism (in-dus'tri-al-izm), n. 
a state of society marked by the pre- 
dominance of industrial pursuits. 

industrially (in-dus'tri-a-li), adv. with 
reference to industry or industrial- 
ism. 

industrious (in-dus 'tri-us), adj. char- 
acterized by diligence or industry; 
hard working. 

industry (in'dus-tri) , n. [pi. indus- 
tries (in'dus-triz)], steady applica- 
tion to business or labor; productive 
labor ; an industrial art ; a particular 
branch of work or trade. 

inebriate _ (in-e/bri-at), v.t. to make 
drunk; intoxicate; intoxicate men- 
tally or emotionally: n. an habitual 
drunkard. [Latin.] 

inebriation (in-e-bri-a'shun) , n. in- 
toxication. 

inebriety (in-e-brl'e-ti) , n. intoxica- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INEFFABLE 



454 



INEXPERT 



tion, especially habitual drunken- 
ness. 

Ineffable (in-ef'a-bl), adj. unspeak- 
ble; inexpressible; too sacred for 
utterance. [Latin.] 

ineffably (in-ef'a-bli), adv. unspeak- 
ably. 

ineffaceable (in-ef-fas'a-bl), adj. that 
cannot be rubbed out. 

ineffective (in-ef-ekt'iv), adj. not 
producing the desired effect; in- 
effectual. [Latin.] 

ineffectively ( in-e-f ek'tiv-li), adv. 
without effect. 

ineffectual (in-e-f ek'tu-al) , adj. not 
producing the desired effect; un- 
availing. 

Ineffectually (in-e-f ek'tu-a-li), adv. in 
vain. 

inefficacy (in-ef 'i-ka-si) , n. lack of 
efficacy. 

inefficiency (in-e-fish'en-si) , n. in- 
competency. 

inefficient (in-e-fish'ent) , adj. not 
producing, or not capable of produc- 
ing, the desired effect; incapable. 

inelastic (in-e-las'tik), adj. lacking or 
deficient in elasticity. 

inelegance (in-ere-gans) , n. [pi. inele- 
gances (in-el'e-gan-sez)], want of any 
quality required by good taste. 

inelegant (in-ere-gant) , adj. offensive 
to good taste. 

ineligible (in-el'i-ji-bl), adj. unworthy 
of choice; unsuitable; legally dis- 
qualified for choice or election. 

iueligibly (in-eri-ji-bli), adv. in an 
ineligible manner. 

ineptly (in-ept'li), adv. unsuitably; 
foolishly. 

inequality (in-e-kwal'i-ti) , n. m [pi. 
inequalities (in-e-kwal'i-tiz)], differ- 
ence, especially of rank or station; 
unevenness ; # changeableness ; inade- 
quacy; deviation of a planet or 
satellite from its uniform mean 
motion. [Latin.] 

inequitable (in-ek'wi-ta-bl) , adj. not 
according to equity; unjust. 

inequitably (in-ek'wi-ta-bli) , adv. un- 
justly; unfairly. 

inequity < (in-ek'wi-ti) , n. lack of 
equity; injustice. 

inert (in-ert'), adj. having no power 
of motion or action; lifeless; slug- 
gish. [Latin.] m 

inertia (in-er'shi-a), n. lack of activ- 



ity; inertness; sluggishness; that 
property of matter by virtue of 
which it tends to remain at rest, if 
resting, or to more uniformly in a 
straight line, if moving (vis inertia) . 

inestimable (in-es'ti-ma-bl) , adj. not 
to be estimated; beyond measure or 
price; incalculable; invaluable. 

inestimably (in-es'ti-ma-bli), adv. 
above estimation. 

inevitability (in-ev-i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. im- 
possibility of being avoided. Also 
inevitableness. 

inevitable (in-ev'i-ta-bl) , adj. not to 
be evaded; unavoidable. 

inevitably (in-ev'i-ta-bli) , adv. un- 
avoidably. 

inexact (in-egz-akt'), adj. not precise, 
correct, accurate, or punctual. 

inexactness (in-egz-akt 'nes) , n. want 
of precision. 

inexcusable (nv-eks-ku'za-bl) , adj. 
incapable of being excused; unpar- 
donable. 

inexcusably (in-eks-kii'za-bli) , adv. 
without excuse. 

inexhaustible (in-egs-awst'i-bl), adj. 
not to be exhausted or spent; un- 
failing; unwearied. [Latin.] 

inexhaustibly (in-egs-awst'i-bli) , adv. 
in an inexhaustible manner or 
degree. 

inexorability (in-eks-o-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. 
incapability of being moved by 
prayers. Also inexorableness. 

inexorable (in-eks'6-ra-bl), adj. not 
to be moved by prayers; unyielding; 
unrelenting. [Latin.] 

inexorably (in-eks'o-ra-bli) , adv. in- 
flexibly. 

inexpediency (in-eks-pe'di-en-si) , n. 
unsuitableness ; inadvisability. Also 
inexpedient. 

inexpedient (in-eks-pe'di-ent) , adj. 
unsuitable to circumstances; in- 
advisable. [Latin.] 

inexpensive (in-eks-pen'siv) , adj. 
cheap. 

inexperience (in-eks-pe'ri-ens) , n. 
want of experience, or of the knowl- 
edge that comes by experience. 

inexperienced (in-eks-pe'ri-enst) , adj. 
lacking experience; unpracticed; un- 
skilled; unversed. 

inexpert (in-eks-perf), adj. unskilled; 
lacking the knowledge or dexterity 
derived from practice. 



ate,, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit-; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INEXPIABLE 



455 



INFER 



Inexpiable (in-eks'pi-a-bl) , adj. that 
cannot be expiated, atoned for, or 
satisfied. 

Inexplicable (in-eks'pli-ka-bl) , adj. 
not to be explained, made plain, or 
intelligible; not to be interpreted or 
accounted for. 

inexplicably (in-eks'pli-ka-bli), adv. 
so as not to be explained. 

inexplosive (in-eks-plo'siv), adj. not 
liable to explode. 

inexpressible (in-eks-pres'i-bl), adj. 
incapable of being expressed, uttered 
or described. 

inexpressibly (in-eks-pres'i-bli) , adv. 
unspeakably. 

inexpressive (in-eks-pres'iv) , adj. 
lacking expression or distinct sig- 
nificance. 

inextensibility (in-eks-ten-si-biTi-ti) , 
n. the quality of being inextensible. 

inextensible (in-eks-ten'si-bl), adj. 
that cannot be extended or stretched. 

inextinguishable (in-eks-ting'gwish- 
a-bl), adj. unquenchable. 

inextinguishably (in-eks-ting'gwish-a- 
bli), adv. so as not to be extinguished. 

inextricable (in-eks'tri-ka-bl), adj. 
not extricable; not permitting ex- 
trication; not to be freed from intri- 
cacy or perplexity. 

inextricably (in-eks'tri-ca-bli), adv. 
beyond disentanglement. 

infallibility (in-fal-i-bU'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being infallible^ 

infallible (in-f al'i-bl) , adj. incapable 
of erring; unerring; certain; un- 
failing. [Latin.] 

infallibly (in-f al'i-bli) , adv. without 
error or failure. 

infamous (in'fa-mus), adj. having a 
notoriously bad reputation; odious; 
scandalous. 

Infamously (in'f a-mus-li) , adv. shame- 
fully; wickedly. 

Infamy (in'fa-mi), n. infamous char- 
acter; public disgrace; ignominy. 
[Latin.] > 

Infancy (in'fan-si), n. the state of be- 
ing an infant; early childhood; the 
first age of anything; in law, the 
period of life from birth to the age 
of twenty-one. [Latin.] 

Infant (in'f ant), n. a young child; 
popularly a child under two years; 
in law, a person who has not attained 
his legal majority, or the age of 



twenty-one: adj. pertaining to in* 
fancy, or to the legal period of in- 
fancy; infantile; incipient. 

Infanta (in-f an'ta), n. a royal prin- 
cess of the house of Spain. The 
titles of Infanta and Infante were 
also used in Portugal before that 
country became a republic, in 
1910. 

Infante (in-f an' ta), n. the male heir 
to^ the Spanish throne; a Spanish 
prince of the royal house. 

inf anticidal (in-f an'ti-si-dal) , adj. per- 
taining to infanticide. 

infanticide (in-f an'ti-sid) , n. the 
murder of an infant born alive ; one 
who kills an infant. [Latin.] 

infantile (in'f an-til) , adj. pertaining 
to infants or infancy; child-like; 
childish. m 

infantry (in'f an-tri) , n. foot soldiers, 
except engineers and men of the 
army service corps. [French.] 

infatuate (in-fat'u-at), v.t. to make 
extravagantly foolish; to inspire 
with fatuous passiom [Latin.] 

infatuation (in-f at-ii-a 'shun), n. ex- 
travagant folly; fatuous passion. 

infect (in-fekt'), v.t. to communicate 
some (especially bad)^ quality to; 
taint, especially with disease, physi- 
cal or moral. [Latin.] 

infection (in-f ek'shun) , n. the act of 
infecting; that which infects; con- 
taminating; taint; communication 
of disease from the sick to the 
healthy; an infectious disease. 

infectious (in : f ek'shus) , adj. com- 
municable by infection; sympathetic; 
communicating infection; demoral- 
izing. 

infecundity (in-f e-kun'di-ti) , n. bar- 
renness. [Latin.] 

infelicitous (in-f e-lis'i-tus) , adj. m un- 
fortunate; unhappy; inappropriate; 
ill-timed. [Latin.] 

infelicity (in-fe-lis'i-ti), n. # [pi. in- 
felicities (in-fe-lis'i-tiz)], misfortune; 
unhappiness ; inappropriateness ; an 
infelicitous act or expression. 

infelt (in'felt), adj. felt within; heart- 
felt. . 

infer (in-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inferred, 
p.pr. inferring], to derive by induc- 
tion or deduction; accept as a fact 
or consequence; imply: v.i. to con- 
clude . [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INFERABLE 



456 



INFLAMMABILITY 



inferable (in-f er'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being inferred. 

Inference (in'f er-ens) , n. the act of 
inferring; the conclusion; deduction; 
induction. 

Inferential (in-f er-en'shal) , adj. hav- 
ing the nature of an inference; de- 
duced by inference. 

Inf erentially (in-f er-en'sha-li) , adv. 
by way of inference. 

inferior (in-f e'ri-er) , adj. lower in 
place, rank, or quality; secondary; 
subordinate; between the earth and 
the sun; below the horizon; growing 
below another organ: n. one who 
ranks below another; a subordinate. 

inferiority (in-f e-ri-or'i-ti) , n. lower 
state or quality. 

Infernal (in-f ei 'nal) , adj. pertaining 
to the Tartarus of the ancients, the 
lower regions, or regions of the 
dead; pertaining to or resembling 
hell; hellish; diabolical; fiendish. 

infernally (in-f er-na-li) , adv. in an 
infernal manner. 

infernal machine (ma-shen'), n. an 
apparatus maliciously designed to 
explode to the destruction of life or 
property. 

Inferno (in-fer'no), n. [pi. inferni 
(in-fer'ne) ], a place or position of 
torment. [Italian.] 

Infest (in-f est'), v.t. to attack; haunt; 
overrun. [Latin.] 

Infidel (in'fi-del), adj. rejecting all re- 
ligion; rejecting a religion which 
claims to be divinely revealed, espe- 
cially the Christian religion; mani- 
festing unbelief: n. one who rejects 
Christianity as a divine revelation; 
formerly applied to a Mohammedan, 
Jew, or heathen. [Latin.] 

infidelity (in-fi-del'i-ti) , n. [pi. in- 
fidelities (in-fi-deri-tiz) ], disbelief 
in all religion, especially disbelief 
in Christianity; breach of trust; 
violation of the marriage contract 
by adultery. 

infield (in'f eld), n. in baseball, the 
space within the base line, 30 yds. 
x 30 yds. 

infiltration (in-fil-tra/shun) , i n. ^ the 
act of infiltrating; that which infil- 
trates; morbid condition of an organ 
due to accumulation of substances 
introduced from without. [French.] 

infinite (in'fi-nit), adj. indefinitely 



extensive; immeasurable: n. the 
Infinite Being ; the Absolute ; the 
Unconditioned; a quantity greater 
or less than any assignable quan- 
tity of the same kind; an inde- 
terminate. [Latin.] 

infinitely (in'fi-nit-li) , adv. beyond 
any conceivable degree; vastly. 

infinitesimal (in-fin-i-tes'i-mal) , adj. 
infinitely small: n. a quantity less 
than any assignable quant it v. 

infinitesimally (in-fin-i : tes'i-ma-li) , 
adv. by infinitesimals; in infinitely 
small quantities; in an infinitesimal 
degree. 

infinitive (in-fin'i-tiv) , adj. the term 
applied to that verb-form which sim- 
ply expresses the general sense of 
the verb without limitation to person 
or number: n. the infinitive mood; 
a verb in the infinitive mood. 

infinitude (in-fin'i-tud) , n. the state 
of being infinite; unlimited extent; 
infinity. # 

infinity (in-fin'i-ti) , n. [pi. infinities 
(in-fin'i-tiz) ], the state of being 
infinite; unlimited extent of time, 
space, or quantity; absolute per- 
fection; an infinite quantity. 

infirm (in-ferm'), adj. feeble in body 
or health; weak-minded; vacillat- 
ing; insecure; debilitated; irreso- 
lute; precarious. [Latin.] 

infirmary (in-fer'ma-ri) , n. [pi. in- 
firmaries (in-fer'ma-riz)], a hospital 
for the sick and injured. 

infirmity (in-f er'mi-ti) , n. [pi. in- 
firmities m (in-fer'mi-tiz) ], the state 
of being infirm; debility; imbecility; 
weakness of body or of mind; mal- 
ady; failing; foible. 

infix (in-fiks/), v.t. to fix or fasten in; 
implant; insert: (in'fiks) n. some- 
thing infixed; an element equivalent 
to a prefix or suffix inserted in the 
body of a word. [Latin.] 

inflame (m-flam/),'t^. to set on fire; 
fire with passion; excite; provoke; 
irritate; put into a state of inflam- 
mation: v.i. to become inflamed. 

inflamed (in-flamdO, p. adj. heated; 
exasperated; in heraldry, repre- 
sented as burning, or decorated 
with tongues of flame. 

inflammability (in-flam-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the quality or state of being inflam- 
mable. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, ^en. 



^ 



INFLAMMABLE 



457 



INFREQUENCE 



inflammable (in-flam'a-bl), adj. easily 
set on flame; combustible ; easily 
excited; excitable. 

inflammably (in-flam'a-bli), adv. in 
an inflammable manner. 

Inflammation (in-fla-ma'shun), n. a 
morbid process, characterized, when 
external, by pain, redness, heat, and 
swelling. [Latin.] 

Inflammatory (in-flam'a-to-ri) , adj. 
tending to excite passion, tumult, 
or sedition; tending to produce, 
accompanied by, or indicative of, 
inflammation. 

inflatable (in-flat'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being inflated. [Latin.] 

Inflate (in-flat/), v.t. to swell, or dis- 
tend, with air or gas; puff up; elate; 
expand or raise artificially, as prices. 

inflationist (in-fia'shun-ist), n. one in 
favor of an increased issue of paper 
money. 

inflator (in-fla'ter), n. a mechanical 
appliance for producing inflation. 

inflatus (in-fla'tus), n inspiration; 
afflatus. 

inflect (in-flekf). v.t. bend; turn from 
a direct line ; modulate ; vary the 
terminations of; decline; conjugate: 
v.i. to undergo grammatical change 
of termination. 

inflected (in-flek'ted), -p. adj. bent or 
turned fron a direct line or course ; 
having inflections ; bent or turned in- 
ward or downward. 

Inflection (in-flek shun) , n. a bend or 
bending; modulation of the voice; 
variation of nouns, verbs, &c., by 
declension and conjugations; diffrac- 
tion of light or heat. Also inflexion. 

Inflectional (in-flek'shun-al) , adj. ex- 
hibiting grammatical inflections. 
Also inflexional. 

Inflective (in-flek'tiv), adj. capable of 
bending. 

Inflexibility (in-fleks-i-biri-ti),n. in- 
capability of being bent; stiffness; 
obstinacy. 

Inflexible (in-fleks'i-bl), adj. not to be 
bent; rigid; stiff; not to be moved by 
prayers ; inexorable ; not to be varied 
or changed; unalterable; stubborn. 

Inflexibly (in-fleks'i-bli), adv. rigidly; 
inexorably. 

Inflict (in-flikt'), v.t. to cause by, or as 
if by, striking; cause to be suffered; 
impose as a punishment. [Latin.] 



inflorescence (in-flo-res'ens) , n. the 
mode or principle of floral arrange- 
ment exhibited by any species of 
plant; a group of flowers rising 
upon a common main axis. [Latin.) 

influence (in'flu-ens), n. energy or 
potency tending to produce effects 
insensibly and invisibly; power aris- 
ing from character or station; elec- 
trical induction: v.t. to exercise in- 
fluence on, physically or morally. 

influential (in-flu-en'shal) , adj. hav- 
ing or exerting influence. 

influentialiy (in-flu-en'sha-li) , adv. so 
as to influence. 

influenza (infiu-en'za) , n. an epidemic 
catarrh accompanied by fever, pains, 
and nervous prostration. [It ah an.] 

influx (in'fluks), n. an inflow; infusion; 
continuous importation; the point 
at which a stream flows into another 
or into the sea. [Latin.] 

inform (in-form'), v.t. to animate; 
mold; instruct; apprise: v.i. to give 
information. 

informal (in-f or'mal) , adj. not accord 
ing to form, custom, or rule; irreg- 
ular; unceremonious; deficient in 
legal form. See form. 

informality (in-for-mal'i-ti) , n. [pi. 
informalities (in-f6r-mal'i-tiz)], want 
of regular, customary, or legal 
form. 

informally (in-f or'ma-li) , adv. in an 
informal manner. 

informant (in-for'mant), n. one who 
gives information. 

information (in-f or-ma'shun) , n. com- 
municated knowledge or intelligence; 
a suit instituted on behalf of the 
government; a declaration made be- 
fore a magistrate to induce him to 
issue a summons or warrant. 

informer (in-form'er), n. one who in- 
forms a magistrate of a violation of 
the law, or sues for a penalty under 
some statute. 

infra, a Latin prefix, meaning below, fur- 
ther en, as m/ra-axillary, situated 
below the axil. 

infraction (in-frak'shun) , n. a viola- 
tion, or breach, especially of law; 
infringement. [Latin.] 

infrangible (in-f ran 'ji-bl), adj. that 
cannot be broken, separated, or vio- 
lated; inviolable. 

infrequence (in-f re'k wens) , n. the 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INFREQUENT 



458 



INIMICALLY 



state of being infrequent; rareness. 
Also infrequency. 

infrequent (in-fre'kwent), a dj. seldom 
occurring. 

infringe (in-frinj'), v.t. to violate or 
break, as a law: v.i. to encroach: 
followed by on or upon. [Latin.] 

infringement (in-frinj 'ment), n. vio- 
lation or breach, as of a law, patent, 
trademark, &_c. 

infuriate (in-f u'ri-at) , v.t. to enrage; 
madden. 

infuse m (in-f uz')., v.t. to introduce, as by 
pouring; instil; make an infusion of. 

infusible (in-fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of 
being infused. 

infusion (in-f u'zhun) , n. pouring in, 
or something poured in or mingled; 
instillation, as of good principles; a 
liquid extract obtained by steeping 
a vegetable substance in hot or cold 
water without boiling. [Latin.] 

Infusoria (in-fu-so'ri-a), n.pl. the name 
of several classes of active Protozoa. 

ingate (in'gat), n. the aperture in a 
mold through which the melted met- 
al enters. 

ingenious (in-je'nius), adj. having in- 
genuity or inventive skill; clever. 

ingenue (ang-zha-nu r ), n. an artless 
girl or young woman; an actress 
who acts such a character in a play. 

ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. clever- 
ness in contriving or inventing; skill. 

ingenuous (in-jen'u-us), adj. frank; 
open; sincere; artless; candid. 

inglorious (in-glo'ri-us), adj. without 
glory; disgraceful; shameful. 

ingot (in'got), n. a cast mass of metal. 

ingraft (in-graff), v.t. to graft into 
another; to fix deeply. 

ingrain (in-gran'), v.t. to dye with 
grain or kermes; dye with any deep, 
lasting color; impregnate deeply: 
adj. (in'gran), dyed prior to being 
manufactured. 

ingratiate (in-gra/shi-at) , v.t. to in- 
sinuate (one's self) into the favor of 
another; secure favorable reception 
for (with into) . 

ingratitude (in-grat'i-tud), # n. ab- 
sence of gratitude; insensibility to 
kindness. 

ingredient (in-gre'di-ent) , n. a com- 
ponent part of a compound body; 
part. [Latin.] 

Ingress (in'gres), n. entrance. 



ingulf, same as engulf. 

inhabit (in-hab'it), v.t. to dwell in; 
occupy as a place of residence: v.i. 
to reside; remain. [Latin.] 

inhabitable (in-hab'it-a-bl), adj. fit 
for habitation. 

inhabitant (in-hab'i-tant), n. one 
who, or that which, inhabits; a 
permanent resident. 

inhabitation (in-hab-i-ta/shun) , n. 
the act of inhabiting; continued 
residence. 

inhalant (in-ha/lant) , n. an apparatus 
for inhaling; that which is inhaled. 

inhalation (in-ha-la'shun) , n. the act 
of inhalingj inspiration. 

inhale (in-hal'), v.t. to draw into the 
lungs. [Latin.] 

inharmonious (in-har-mo'ni-us), adj. 
inmusical; discordant. 

inhere (in-her'), v.i. to be fixed or exist 
in something else; be an essential 
part of. 

inherence (in-her'ens) , n. the state of 
being inherent. Also inherency. 

inherent (in-her'ent) , adj. existing 
inseparably in something else; in- 
nate. 

inherit (in-her'it), v.t. to possess from 
an ancestor by right of succession; 
receive by nature from one's ances- 
tors; become divinely endowed with: 
v.i. to come into possession of prop- 
erty as the heir. [Latin.] 

inheritance (in-her'i-tans) , n. the 
ac + of inheriting ; that which is 
inherited; a possession. 

inhibit (in-hib'it), v.t. to restrain; pro- 
hibit; interdict; prohibit (a priest) 
from exercising his spiritual func- 
tions. [Latin.] 

inhibit! ve (in-hlb'i-tiv), adj. restrain- 
ing; preventing the commission . of 
an act. 

inhospitable (in-hos'pi-ta-bl), adj. not 
hospitable; affording no shelter; 
barren; cheerless. 

inhuman (in-hu'man), adj. cruel; un- 
feeling. [Latin.] 

inhumanity (in-hu-man'i-ti), n. [vl. 
inhumanities (in-hu-man'i-tiz)], the 
quality of being inhuman; cruelty. 

inhume (in-hum'), v.t. to bury; inter. 

inimical (in-im'i-kal) , adj. hostile ; ad- 
verse. [Latin.] 

inimically (in-im'i-ka-li), adv. as an 
enemy; adversely. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INIMITABLE 



459 



INNOCENCE 



inimitable (in-im'i-ta-bl) , adj. match- 
j less. [Latin.] 

i inimitably (in-im'i-ta-bli) , adv. in an 
inimitable manner. # 

iniquitous (in-ik'kwi-tus) , adj. wick- 
ed; unjust. [Latin.] 

iniquity (in-ik'kwi-ti), n. [pi. iniqui- 
ties (in-ik'kwi-tiz)], wickedness; in- 
justice; crime; evil. 

initial (in-ish'al), adj. placed at the 
beginning; incipient: n. sl letter 
placed at the beginning of a word, 
&c: pi. the first letters of a per- 
son's name placed separately: v.t. to 
mark with an initial. [Latin.] 

initiate (in-ish'i^at), v.t. \o instruct in 
the first principles of anything; set 
on foot; bring in; acquaint with mys- 
teries or secrets. m 

initiation (in-ish-i-a'shun) , n. the act 
of initiating; formal admission. 

initiative (in-ish'i-a-tiv) , adj. intro- 
ductory: n. an introductory or first 
step; power of commencing, espe- 
cially legislative_ projects. 

initiator (in-ish'i-a-ter), n. one who 
initiates. 

initiatory (in-ish'i-a-to-ri) , adj. intro- 
ductory. 

inject (in-jekf), v.t. to throw or cast 
in; introduce, as a liquid, by me- 
chanical means. [Latin.] 

injection (in-jek'shun), n. the act of 
injecting; that which is injected; an 
enema. 

injector (in-jek'ter), n. one yvho, or 
that which, injects, especially an 
apparatus _ for filling the boilers of 
steam-engines with water. 

injudicious ^ (in- ju-dish 'us), adj. not 
judicious; indiscreet; unwise. 

injunction (in-jungk'shun) , n. the 
act of enjoining; that which is en- 
joined; command, order, or precept; 
a writ of equity _ or prohibition 
to restrain certain proceedings. 
[Latin.] 

injure (in'jur), v.t. to hurt; harm; 
damage, physically or morally. 

injurious (in-joo'ri-us), adj. hurtful, 
physically or morally; unjust; detri- 
mental. 

injury _ (in'joo-ri), n. # [pi. injuries 
(in'joo-riz)], that which occasions 
harm morally or physically; detri- 
ment; loss; damage. [Latin.] 

injustice (in-jus'tis), n. the quality of 



being unjust; violation of another's 
rights; injury; wrong. 

ink (ingk), n. a fluid or viscous ma- 
terial used for writing, printing, &c: 
v.t. to spread ink upon; color or 
blacken with ink. [Old French.] 

inkiness (ingk'i-nes) , n. the state of 
being inky. 

inkling (ingk'ling), n. an intimation; 
hint. 

ink-pools (ingk'poqlz), _ n. shallow 
basins filled with ink into which a 
boy or man is made to gaze steadily 
in order that he may be hypnotized 
and thus read the present and the 
future. The custom is prevalent 
among occultists and mystics in 
India. 

inky (ing'ki) , adj. consisting of, or like, 
ink; discolored with ink; black. 

inland (inland), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated in, the interior of a 
country; remote from the sea; not 
foreign: adj. towards the interior. 

inlay (in-la/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inlaid, 
p.pr. inlaying], to ornament (a sur- 
face) by laying in pieces of ivory, 
wood, metal, &c: n. materials for 
inlaying. 

inlet (in-let'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inlet, 
p.pr. inlet ting], to inlay; insert: n. 
(in'let), an entrance; a small bay 
or creek. 

inly (in'li), adv. inwardly; secretly. 

inmate (in 'mat), n. one who lodges 
in the same house with another, ap- 
plied to hospitals, prisons, &c. 

inmost (in'most), adj. deepest within. 
Also innermost. 

inn (in) , n. a house for the reception 
and entertainment of travelers; tav- 
ern; in England, a college of com- 
mon law professors and students. 

innate (in-naf), adj. inborn; native. 

inner (in'er), adj. internal; interior; 
esoteric: n. that part of a target 
which is between the outer and the 
bull's-eye. 

innervate (in'er- vat), v.t. to supply 
with force or nervous energy. 

Innings (in'ings), n.pl. in base-ball, the 
turn of a side or player to bat ; lands 
reclaimed from the sea. 

innocence (in'o-sens), n. freedom 
from guilt; purity; simplicity of 
heart; harmlessness; mental imbe- 
cility. Also innocency. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



J 



INNOCENT 



460 



INSECTA 



Innocent (in'o-sent), adj. free from 
guilt or wrong-doing; blameless; 
pure in heart and life; weak in in- 
tellect. 

innocuous (in-nok'u-us) , adj. harm- 
less. 

innovate (in'o-vat), v.i. to make alter- 
ations or changes in something al- 
ready established; introduce new 
things. 

innovator (in'o-va-ter) , n. one who 
Introduces, or seeks to introduce, 
new things. 

innoxious (in-nok'shus) , n. harmless. 

innuendo (in-u-en'do) , n. [pi. innuen- 
dos, -does (in-u-en'doz)], an oblique 
hint or insinuation. [Latin.] 

innumerability (in-nu-mer-a-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the state of being innumerable. 
Also innumerableness. 

innumerable (in-nu'mer-a-bl) , adj. 
that cannot be counted: very nu- 
merous. [Latin.] 

innumerably (in-nu'mer-a-bli) , adv. 
without number._ 

innutrition (in-nu-trish'un) , n. the 
condition of having no capacity 
for digesting and assimilating food. 

innutritious (in-nu-trish'us) , adj. not 
affording nutrition or nourishment. 

inoculate (in-ok'u-lat) , v.t. to commu- 
nicate a disease to by the insertion 
of infectious matter into the system: 
v.i. to practice inoculation; graft by 
the insertion of buds. [Latin.] 

inodorous (in-o'do-rus), adj. lacking 
odor; having no smell. 

inoffensive (in-of-f en'siv) , adj. not 
objectionable; not unpleasant; giv- 
ing no offense. 

inogen (in'o-jen), n. a nitrogenous 
compound supposed by some physi- 
ologists to decompose between the 
muscles when they are in action, and 
to be renewed as soon as action 
ceases. 

inoil (in-oil'), v.t. an old English 
expression for unction; to anoint. 

inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), adj. not 
in action; having no effect. 

inopportune (in-op-por-tun'), adj. 
unseasonable; inappropriate. 

inordinate (in-or'di-nat) , adj. im- 
moderate; excessive. 

inordinately (in-6r'di-nat-li) , adv. im- 
moderately. 

inorganic (in-or-gan'ik), adj. desti- 



tute of organs; not produced by 
living organisms. [Grseco-Latin.] 

inquest (in'kwest), n. a coroner's in- 
quiry with a jury into the cause of 
a sudden -death from any cause; a 
judicial inquiry. [Latin.] 

inquietude (in-kwi'e-tud), n. dis- 
turbance of body or mind; unrest. 

inquire (in-kwlr'), v.i. to seek for or 
after by questions; make inquiry 
(with for, into, after, about) . [Latin.] 

inquiry (in-kwir'i), n. [pi. inquiries 
(in-kwir'iz)], the act of inquiring; 
search by question; investigation; 
question; research. 

inquisition (in-kwi-zish'un) , n. in- 
quiry ; examination ; a judicial in- 
quiry in criminal matters. 

inquisitive (in-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. given 
to asking questions; prying; curious. 

inquisitor (in-kwiz'i-ter), n. one who 
makes inquiries or investigates. 

inquisitorial (in-kwiz-i-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to an inquisitor or to his 
office; prying. 

inroad (in'rod), n. a hostile incursion. 

insalubrious (in-sa-lu'bri-us), adj. not 
healthful; unwholesome. 

insane (in-san'), adj. mentally de- 
ranged; mad; irrational; very fool- 
ish. [Latin.] 

insanity (in-san'i-ti) , n. derangement 
of mind or intellect; lunacy; mad- 
ness. 

insatiable (in-sa'shi-a-bl), adj. that 
cannot be satisfied or appeased. 

inscribe (in-skruV), v.t. to write or 
engrave upon; address in a formal 
dedication; draw (one figure within 
another). [Latin.] 

inscription (in-skrip'shun), n. the 
act of inscribing on wood, stone, 
silver, gold; that which is inscribed; 
a dedicatory address; entry in a roll 
or register. 

inscriptive (in-skrip'tiv), adj. in- 
scribed. 

inscrutability (in-skroo-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the quality of being inscrutable. 

inscrutable (in-skroo'ta-bl) , adj. not 
to be penetrated by inquiry or 
reason; incomprehensible. [Latin.] 

insect (in'sekt), n. one of a numerous 
class of articulate animals, the In- 
sect a; anything very minute or con- 
temptible. [Latin.] 

Insecta (in-sek'ta), n.pl. a class of ar- 



ttte, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INSECURE 



461 



INSPIRE 



oiculate animals having three pairs of 
legs, two pairs of wings, and the body 
divided into three segments — head, 
thorax, and abdomen. 

insecure (in-se-kur'), adj. apprehen- 
sive of, or exposed to, danger or loss. 

insensate (in-sen'sat) , adj. destitute 
of sense or mental perception; soul- 
less; mad; brutish. 

insensibility (in-sen-si-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being insensible; apathy. 

insensible (in-sen'si-bl), adj. that 
cannot be felt or perceived mentally 
or physically ; heedless ; callous ; sense- 
less. 

insert (in-serf), v.t. to place in or 
among; introduce into. 

insertion (in-ser'shun), n. the act of 
inserting; that which is inserted, as. 
lace or embroidery in a garment, 
words in writing, &c. 

inset (in'set), n. a leaf or leaves in- 
serted in a newspaper, magazine, 
&c: v.t. (in-set') to set in; im- 
plant. 

inshore (in'shor) , adv. near or towards 
the shore. 

inside (in'sid), adj. interior ; being 
within: adv. & prep, within; in less 
time or space: n. that which is with- 
in; inner part; contents; entrails; 
an inside passenger; the place of 
influence because of intimacy. 

insidious (in-sid'i-us) , adj. treacher- 
ous; deceitful; operating secretly. 

insight (in'sit), penetration; intui- 
tion. 

insignia (m-sig'ni-a) , n.pl. badges of 
honor or office. [Latin.] 

insignificance (in-sig-nif 'i-kans) , n. 
unimportance. 

insignificant (in-sig-nif'i-kant), adj. 
without importance, force, influence, 
or meaning; trivial; contemptible. 

insincere (in-sin-seV), adj. deceitful; 
dissembling; not to be trusted; un- 
sound. 

insinuate (in : sin'u-at), v.t. to in- 
gratiate, as into the confidence or 
affections of; suggest or hint in- 
directly; introduce as by a winding 
motion; worm in: v.i. work one's 
self into the confidence or affection 
of another. [Latin.] 

insinuation (in-sin-u-a/shun) , n. the 
act of insinuating; an indirect or sly 
hint. 



insipid (in-sip'id), adj. without flavor; 
tasteless. # [ Latin. ] 

insipidity (in-siypid'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being insipid. 

insist (in-sisf), v.i. to urge or press, 
as a wish or command; be persistent 
or peremptory. 

insistence (in-sist 'ens), n. the act of 
insisting. .Also insistency. 

insistent (in-sist 'ent), adj. urgent; 
conspicuous; entirely on the ground, 
as the hind toe of a bird; supported 
by something else. 

insobriety (in-so-bri'i-ti) , n. intem- 
perance. 

insolence (in'so-lens) , n. contemptu- 
ous or overbearing language or 
manner; offensive impertinence; in- 
sulting behavior. 

insolent (in'so-lent), adj. overbearing 
or contemptuously offensive to oth- 
ers; insulting; grossly rude. [Latin.] 

insolubility (in-soL-u-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being insoluble. 

insoluble (in-sol'u-bl) , adj. that can- 
not be dissolved; not soluble; in- 
explicable. 

insolvency (in-sol'ven-si) , n. [pi. in- 
solvencies (in-sol'ven-siz)], the state 
of being insolvent. 

insolvent (in-sol'vent) , adj. unable to 
pay all debts; bankrupt: n. one who 
cannot pay all his debts; a bankrupt. 

insomnia (in-som'ni-a) , n. sleepless- 
ness. [Latin.] 

inspect (in-spekf), v.t. to examine 
critically; test officially; superin- 
tend. [Latin.] 

inspection (in-spek'shun), n. the act 
of inspecting; careful or critical 
scrutiny. 

inspector (in-spek'ter), n. one who 
inspects or oversees; an official who 
superintends some matter of public 
interest; a police officer ranking next 
below a superintendent. 

inspiration (in-spi-ra'shun) , n. the 
act of drawing air into the lungs; 
creative influence of genius; elevat- 
ing influence derived from associa- 
tion with great minds, scenery, &c; 
the supernatural influence of the 
Holy Spirit on sacred teachers. 

inspiratory (in-splr'a-to-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to inspiration. 

inspire (in-spir'), v.t. to draw (air) 
into the lungs; breathe into; imbue 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INSPIRIT 



462 



INSTRUMENT 



with ideas; exhilarate or enliven; 
communicate officially: v.i. to inhale 
air or any other influence. [Latin.] 

inspirit (in-spir'it), v.t. to infuse spirit 
into; animate; exhilarate; cheer. 

inspissate (in-spis'at), v.t. to thicken 
by boiling or evaporation. 

1-spy (I-spi'), phrase used by children 
when the one known as " It " detects 
the hiding-place of another child. 

instability (in-sta-bil'i-ti) , n. want of 
stability or firmness; inconstancy; 
fickleness. 

install (in-stawl'), v.t. to set in a seat; 
give a place to; place in an office or 
rank. 

installation (in-stawl-a'shun), n. the 
act of installing; induction of one 
into an office or rank; the whole of 
a system of machinery when set up 
and arranged for practical workng. 
[Latin.] 

installment (in-stawl'ment), n. the 
act of installing; payment of part of a 
sum of money due; one of a number 
of parts of anything produced. 

instance (in'stans), v.t. to refer to, 
or offer as an example: n. something 
offered as an illustration or exam- 
ple; earnest solicitation. 

instant (in'stant), adj. urgent; imme- 
diate; passing; current: n. a par- 
ticular moment of time; point of 
duration. [Latin.] 

instantaneous (in-stan-ta/ne-us), adj. 
acting or occurring in a moment; 
position at a particular moment. 

instanter (in-stan'ter), adv.. imme- 
diately. [Latin.] 

instantly (in'stant-li) , adv. at once. 

instate (in-staf), v.t. to put in office 
or rank. 

instead (in-sted'), adv. in room or 
place: followed by of. 

instep dn'step), n. the arched fore- 
part of the upper side of the human 
foot; that part of a horse's hind-leg 
which reaches from the ham to the 
pas tern- joint. 

instigate (in'sti-gat) , v.t. to provoke 
or urge on (in a bad sense) ; incite. 

instigator (in'sti-ga-ter) , n. one who 
instigates. 

instill (in-stil'), [v. t. p.t. & p.p. in- 
stilled, p.pr. instilling], to infuse 
slowly; pour in by drops; hence, to 
impart gradually/ 



instinct (in'stingkt), adj. animated; 
stimulated from within: n. natural 
impulse in animals. [Latin.] 

instinctive (in-stingk'tiv), adj. acting 
or prompted by instinct; spontane- 
ous. 

institute (in'sti-tut) , v.t. to establish; 
set up; fix; originate; set in opera- 
tion; ordain; invest with the spir- 
itual part of a benefice: n. estab- 
lished law; a maxim or principle: 
pi. a book of laws or principles, 
especially Roman laws such as the 
so-called Institutes of Justinian; a 
society for the promotion of some 
special interest, either artistic or 
scientific, as the Institute of France 
in Paris, Cooper Institute in New 
York; the American Institute of 
Arts and Letters; the Hispanic 
Society in New York, the Historical 
Society in Philadelphia, &c. 

institution (in-sti-tu'shun), n. the 
act of instituting; that which is 
instituted or established; a corporate 
bodjr or society for promoting a 
particular object ; the building where 
such a society meets. [Latin.] 

institutional (in-sti-tu'shun-al) , adj. 
pertaining to institutions; elemen- 
tary. 

insti tutionalism (in-s ti- tu'shun-al- 
izm), n. a belief in the management of 
affairs by rules and set precepts. 
Opposed therefore to individualism. 

institutionalist ■ (in-sti-tu'shun-al-ist ) , 
n. one opposed to individual action, 
and prefers the rule of institutive. 

institutor (in'sti-tu-ter), n. a founder; 
a cleric appointed by the bishop to 
institute a clergyman into a spir- 
itual benefice. 

instruct (in-strukt')., v.t. to teach; 
educate; furnish with orders or di- 
rections. [Latin.] 

instruction (in-struk'shun) , n. the act 
of instructing; education; an order, 
&c. 

instructional (in-struk'shun-al) , adj. 
pertaining to instruction. 

instructive (in-struk'tiv), adj. tending 
to instruct; conveying instruction. 

instructor (in-struk'ter), n. one who 
instructs. 

instrument (in'stroo-ment), n. that 
by which anything is effected; a tool 
or implement; a mechanical con- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, irit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut : think, then. 






INSTRUMENTAL 



463 



INTELLECT 



trivance for producing musical 
sounds; agent; a writing containing 
the terms of a contract, as a deed. 

instrumental (in-stroo-men'tal) , adj. 
pertaining to, or done by, an instru- 
ment ; conducive to some end ; helpful. 

instrumentality (in-s t roo-men- tal'i- 
ti), n. [pi. instrumentalities (in-stroo- 
men-tari-tiz)], a subordinate or 
auxiliary agency; means. _ . 

instrumentation (in-stroo-men-ta/- 
shun), n. the arrangement of music 
for a combination of instruments; 
music thus arranged; use or method 
of using an instrument. 

Insubordinate (in-sub-6r'di-nat), adj. 
not submitting to authority ; mutin- 
ous. 

insubordination (in-sub-6r-di-na'- 
shun), n. the state of being insub- 
ordinate. 

insufferable (in-suf 'er-a-bl) , adj. in- 
tolerable. 

insufferably (in-suf 'er-a-bli) , adv. in- 
tolerably. 

Insufflation (in-suf -fla'shun) , n. in 
past years, the blowing upon or into 
the face of a layman, either to drive 
out a supposed demon, or to breathe 
in the Holy Spirit. [Latin.] 

insular (in'su-lar), adj. pertaining to 
an island, or to the inhabitants of 
an island, their customs, &c; iso- 
lated; narrow. [Latin.] 

insularity (in-su-lar'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being insular ; narrowness of 
opinions, &c; same as insularism. 

insulate (in'sti-lat), v.t. to place alone, 
or in a detached situation; separate 
by a non-conductor from other con- 
ducting bodies. 

insulation m (in-su-la/shun) , n. the act 
of insulating; the state of being in- 
sulated. 

insulator (in'su-la-ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, insulates; a non- 
conductor of electricity, heat, or 
sound. 

insult (in 'suit), n. an affront or in- 
dignity; gross abuse in word or ac- 
tion: v.t. (in-sulf) to treat with 
gross indignity, contempt, or abuse, 
by word or act. 

insuperable (in-su'per-a-bl) , adj. not 
to be overcome; invincible. [Latin.] 

insupportable (m-sup-port'a-bl), adj. 
not to be endured; unbearable. 



insurable (in-shur'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being insured against loss, dam- 
age, &c. ; proper to' be insured. 

insurance (in-shur'ans), n. the act or 
system of insuring against loss or 
damage; a contract entered into to 
secure against loss by fire, &c, by 
the payment of a specified sum; 
premium paid. [Old French.] 

insure (in-shur'), v.t. to contract on 
certain conditions to secure against 
loss or damage by fire, &c; make 
sure or secure. 

insurgent (in-seVjent), adj.^ rising 
against constituted authority: n, 
a rebel. [Latin.] 

insurrection (in-ser-rek'shun), n. ac- 
tive or open hostility to constituted 
authority ; rebellion. 

insurrectionary # (in-ser-rek'shun-a- 
ri), adj. pertaining to, or engaged 
in, insurrection; seditious. 

intact (in-takt'), adj. entire; unin- 
jured. [Latin.] 

intaglio (en-ta'lyo), n. [pi. intaglii, 
-glios (en-ta'lye, en-ta/lyoz)], a gem 
or stone having a design cut in the 
surface; incised carving. m [Italian.] 

intake (in'tak), n. that which is taken 
in as profit on a farm (opposed to 
outgo) ; said of a channel which 
takes in water at a certain point 
(opposed to outlet) ; the drawing in 
of the breath of man or beast. 

integer (in'te-jer), n. the whole; a 
whole number: opposed to fraction. 

integral (in'te-gral), adj. constitut- 
ing a whole; complete; pertaining 
to an integer: n. the whole made 
up of parts. 

integrant (in'te-grant) , adj. making 
part of a whole; necessary to con- 
stitute an entire thing. 

integrate (in'te-grat), v.t. to bring 
together the parts of; give the sum 
total of: v.i. to pass from a complex 
and unstable state to one relatively 
simple and stable. m 

integrity (in-teg'ri-ti), n. uprightness; 
virtue; honesty; soundness; unim- 
paired or unbroken state of any- 
thing. 

integument (in-teg'u-ment) , n. an 
external covering or skin. 

intellect (in'tel-ekt) , n. the .mind or 
understanding ; superior intelli- 
gence; acquired knowledge. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then 



INTELLECTUAL 



464 



INTERJECTION 



Intellectual (in-tel-ek'tu-al), adj. per- 
taining to, or apprehended by, the 
intellect; mental; ideal. 

in telleetualism (in-tel-ek'tu-al-izm) , 
n. intellectual power or quality; 
the doctrine thao all knowledge is 
derived from Dure reason 

intellectuality (in-tel-ek-tu-al'i-ti) , n. 
the quality or state of being intel- 
lectual. 

Intellectually (in-tel-ek'tu-a-li), adv. 
by means of the intellect. 

Intelligence (in-teri-jens), n. in- 
tellectual capacity; understanding; 
mind; acquired knowledge; notifi- 
cation; news. 

Intelligent (in-tel'i-jent), adj. en- 
dowed with intelligence or under- 
standing; exhibiting knowledge; 
clever; acute; discerning. 

Intelligible (in-tel'i-ji-bl), adj. ca- 
pable of being understood; clear. 

Intelligibly (in-tel'i-ji-bli), acfo. clearly. 

intemperance (in-tem'per-ans) , m n. 
want of moderation or self restraint; 
excess, especially in the use of al- 
coholic liquors. [Latin.] 

Intemperate (in-tem'per-at), adj. 
characterized by want of modera- 
tion or self restraint; excessive; 
addicted to alcoholic liquors. [Latin.] 

Intend (in-tend'), v.t. to purpose; 
mean. 

Intendant (in-tend'ant) , n. a superin- 
tendent; an administrator. [French.] 

Intended (in-tend'ed) , n. an affianced 
lover. 

Intense (in-tens'), adj. increased to 
excess; strained; forced; ardent; 
vehement^ [Latin.] 

Intensify (in-ten'si-fi), y.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. intensified, > p.pr. intensifying], 
to render more intense; heighten. 

Intensity (in-ten'si-ti), n. [pi. inten- 
sities (in-ten'si-tiz)], the state < or 
quality of being intense; density, 
as of a negative plate; the force or 
energy of any physical agent. # 

Intensive (in-ten'siv), adj. serving to 
intensify ; giving force or emphasis to. 

Intent (in-tent'). adj. having the 
mind strained or closely fixed on a 
subject; anxiously diligent; con- 
stantly or assiduously directed (with 
on) : n. purpose; aim. 

Intention (in-ten'shun), n. purpose; 
fixed design; end or aim; project. 



intentioned (in-ten'shund) , adj. hav= 
ing intentions. 

inter (in-teV), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- 
terred, p.pr. interring], to oury. 

inter, a Latin prefix meaning between, 
among, and very frequent in English. 

intercalate (in-ter'ka-lat), v.t. to in- 
sert between or among. 

intercede (in-ter-sed'), v.i. to mediate 
as a friend between persons at vari- 
ance; plead for another; interpose. 

intercept (in-ter-sepf) , v.t. to stop 
and seize in the way; cut off; ob- 
struct; include between two points 
of a line. 

intercession (in-ter-sesh'un) , n. the 
act of interceding; mediation; a 
prayer for persons of different 
conditions. 

intercessor (in-ter-ses'er) , n. a medi- 
ator. 

interchange (in-ter-chanj'), v.t. to 
exchange: v.i. to succeed alternately; 
n. exchange^ 

intercourse (in'ter-kors), n. connec- 
tion, correspondence, or communica- 
tion between individuals, nations, 
&c; mutual exchange; fellowship, 

interdict (in-ter-dikt'), v.t. to restrain 
or forbid; cut off from the spiritual 
services of the Church. 

interest (in'ter-est), v.t. to engage the 
attention; awaken concern in; cause 
to take a share in: n. advantage; 
influence; personal concern: benefit; 
profit; premium paid for the use of 
money. 

interesting (in'ter-est-ing), p. adj. en- 
gaging the attention or curiosity; 
exciting the feelings or emotions. 

interfere (in-ter-fer') , v.i. to interpose 
or meddle in the affairs of others; 
oppose; come into collision; act 
reciprocally so as to modify the 
result; injure the fetlock by striking 
it with the opposite hoof. 

interference (in-ter-f er'ens) , n. the 
act of interfering. 

interim (in'ter-im), n. intervening 
time or period: adv. in the mean- 
while. [Latin.] 

interior (in-te'ri-er), adj. not ex- 
terior; inner; internal; remote from 
the coast or frontier: n. the inside; 
the inland; home department of a 
government. 

interjection (in-ter-jek'shun), n. an 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INTERLARD 



465 



INTERROGATORY 



^ 



exclamation; a word thrown in to 
express sudden emotion, feeling, &c. 

interlard (in-ter-lard') , v.t. to mix 
fat and lean meat together for 
variety; hence, to introduce jokes 
or saw T s in talk. 

interleave (in-ter-lev') , v.t. to insert 
a leaf in: as to interleave a book with 
blank leaves or illustrations. 

interline (in-ter-lln') , v.t. to draw a 
line under; in writing, to underscore 
words, usually for emphasis; to 
write between the lines of a manu- 
script or book. 

interlinear (in-ter-lin'e-ar) , adj. writ- 
ten or printed between other lines, 
as a translation: n. a translation 
which has the English words, for 
instance, WTitten under the foreign 
words above. This way of teaching 
languages has been called the Lan- 
castrian System, because it _was 
earnestly advocated by Joseph Lan- 
caster (about 1800) . 

interlocutory (in-ter-lok'u-to-ri), adj. 
conversational; intermediate; not 
final. 

interloper (in'ter-lo-per), n. an in- 
truder. 

interlucent (in-ter-hVsent) , adj. shin- 
ing between or among various ob- 
jects. 

interlude (in'ter-lud) , n. a short en- 
tertainment given between acts of 
a play, &c; a short instrumental 
passage played between the stanzas 
of a hymn, acts of an opera, &c. 

intermediary (in-ter-me'di-a-ri), adj. 
intervening: n. an agent; go-between; 
medium. 

intermediate # (in-ter-me'di-at),^ adj. 
existing or lying in the middle; inter- 
vening. 

intermembral (in-ter-mem'bral) , adj. 
lying or existing between the mem- 
bers of thebody. 

interment (in-ter'ment), n. burial. 

intermezzo (in-ter-met'zo) , n. an 
interlude of a musical character, 
performed between the acts of an 
opera. [Italian.] 

interminable (in-ter'min-a-bl), adj. 
without end or limit; boundless. 

intermission (in-ter-mish'un) , n. in- 
terruption; pause; temporary ces- 
sation between paroxysms of a 
disease. 



intermit (in-ter-mit'). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
intermitted, p.pr. intermitting], to 
cause to cease for a time; interrupt; 
suspend. 

intermix (in-ter-miks'), v.t. to mix 
together. Same as intermingle. 

intern (in-tern'), v.t. to confine within: 
place under arrest ; confine in a neu- 
tral country vessels or combatants 
of a belligerent power: n. a junior 
physician resident in a hospital. 
[French.] # 

internal (in-ter'nal) « m adj. pertaining 
to the center; interior; inward; not 
foreign; domestic. 

international (in-ter-nash'un-al), adj* 
pertaining to two or more nations 
in common. 

internecine (in-ter-ne'sin), adj. mu- 
tually destructive; deadly. 

interpellate (in-ter-pel'at) , v.t. to 
question. 

interpleader (in-ter-pled'er) , n. the 
discussion m of a point incidentally 
occurring in law. 

interpolate (in-ter'po-lat) , v.t. to in- 
sert in a book or writing new or 
spurious matter, 

interpolater (in-ter'po-la-ter), n. one 
who interpolates. 

interpose (in-ter-poz') , . v.t. to place 
between; thrust in; interrupt: v.i. 
to intercede; come between. 

interpret (in-ter'pret) , v.t. to explain 
the meaning of; expound; construe. 

interpretation (in-ter-pre-ta'shun) , n. 
the act of interpreting; explanation. 

interregnum (m-ter-reg'num), n. the 
period between two reigns, govern- 
ments, or ministries; time of abey- 
ance. 

interrogate (in-ter'6-gat) , v.t. to ques- 
tion: v.i. to ask questions. 

interrogation (in-ter-o-ga'shun)^ n. 
the act of interrogating; a question; 
inquiry ; a mark ( ?) denoting a ques- 
tion. 

interrogative (in-ter-rog'a-tiv) , adj. 
denoting or containing a question or 
inquiry: n. a word used in asking a 
question. 

interrogatively (in-ter-rog'a-tiv-li) , 
adv. by questions. 

interrogator (in-ter'o-ga-ter) , n. one 
who interrogates. 

interrogatory (in-ter-rog'a-to-ri) , adj. 
pertaining to, or expressing, a ques- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
30 hue, hut ; think, then. 



INTERRUPT 



46b 



INTRACELLULAR 



tion: n. a question in writing put 
to a party to a suit. 

interrupt (in-ter-rupt'), v.t. to stop or 
hinder by breaking in upon; break 
the continuity of ; cause to be de- 
layed; end suddenly. 

interruption (in-ter-rup'shun), n. the 
act of interrupting; hindrance; ob- 
struction; intervention; sudden ces- 
sation. 

intersect (in-ter-sekf), v.t. to cut or 
divide mutually: v.i. to cross each 
other. 

intersection (in-ter-sek'shun) , n. the 
act or state of intersecting; place of 
crossing; the point or line in which 
two lines or two planes cut each 
other. 

intersperse (in-ter-spers'), v.t. to set 
or scatter here and there. 

interstellar (in-ter-stel'ar) , adj. per- 
taining to, cr situated in, space be- 
tween the stars. 

interstice (in-ter'stis), n. a narrow 
space between things closely set; 
crevice. 

interstitial (in-ter-stish'al), adj. per- 
taining to, containing, or existing in 
interstices. 

intertidal (in-ter-ti'dal) , adj. living 
between high- and low-water mark. 

interurban (in-ter-er'ban) , adj. unit- 
ing or belonging to two cities: n. 
something, such as a car-line, tube, 
or ferry-boat that unites two closely 
related cities. 

interval (in'ter-val) , n. time or space 
between ; distance between two 
given musical sounds. 

intervale (in'ter-val), n. a tract of 
low ground situated between hills, 
or by the banks of a river. 

intervene (in-ter-ven') , v.i. to come, 
or be situated, between; interpose; 
interfere. 

intervention (in-ter-ven'shun) , n. the 
act of intervening; interposition; 
mediation. 

interview (in'ter-vu), v.t. to visit, as 
a notable personage, to obtain par- 
ticulars respecting himself or his 
opinions: n. a personal conference 
or meeting. [French.] 

intestacy (in-tes'ta-si), n. the state of 
dying without a will. 

intestate (in-tes'tat) , adj. dying with- 
out having made a valid will; n. one 



who dies without having made a 
will. 

intestinal (in-tes'ti-nal), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or found in, the intestines. 

intestine (in-tes'tin) , adj. internal; 
not foreign: n.pl. the bowels; en- 
trails. 

intimacy (in'ti-ma-si) , n. [pi. intima- 
cies (in'ti-ma-siz)], close or con- 
fidential friendship. 

intimate (in'ti-mat), adj. close in 
friendship; well acquainted; famil- 
iar; confidential; complete: v.t. (in'* 
ti-mat) to indicate; make known. 

intimately (in'ti-mat-li), adv. in an 
intimate manner. 

intimation (in-ti-ma'shun), n. an 
indirect suggestion or hint ; announce- 
ment. 

intimidate (in-tim'i-dat), v.t. to make 
afraid. 

intinction (in-tingk'shun), n. a knowl- 
edge of _dyeing. 

into (in'too), prep, noting passage^ in- 
wards; inclusion or comprehension. 

intolerable (in-tol'er-a-bl) , adj. un- 
bearable. 

intolerably (in-tol'er-a-bli) , adv. in an 
intolerable manner. 

intolerance (in-tol'er-ans) , n. want of 
toleration of the opinions or prac- 
tices of others; inability to bear or 
endure. 

intolerant (in-tol'er-ant) , adj. bigoted \ 
unable to bear_ or _ endure (with of). 

intonation (in-to-na'shun), n. the act 
or manner of sounding musical 
notes; modulation of the voice; act 
of intoning. 

intone (in-ton'), v.t. to recite in mono- 
tone. 

in toto (in to'to), adv. wholly; on the 
whole. [Latin.] 

intoxicant (in-toks'i-kant), n. that 
which intoxicates. [Grseco-Latin.] 

intoxicate (in-toks'i-kat), v.t. to make 
drunk by spirituous liquors; excite 
unduly. 

intoxication (in T toks-i-ka'shun), n. 
the act of intoxicating; extreme ex- 
citement. 

intra, a Latin prefix meaning within, as 
m^ramural, within the walls of a 
city or the precincts of a university, 

intracellular (in-tra-sel'u-lar) , adj. 
within and around the walls of a 
cell. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

We, hut ; think, then 



INTRACTABILITY 



467 



INVALIDATE 



Intractability (in-trak-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the quality or state of being intrac- 
table. 

intractable (in-trak'ta-bl) , adj. un- 
manageable. 

Intractile (in-trak'til) , adj. incapable 
of being drawn out; not extensible. 

Intrados (in-tra/dos) , n. the interior 
and lower line or curve of an arch. 

Intramural (in-tra-mu'ral) , see under 
intra. 

Intransigent (in-tran-se'zha-ant) , 
and intransigent (in-tran'si-jent), 
n. one who is politically or socially 
irreconcilable to the existing order. 
[French and Spanish.] 

Intransitive (in-tran'si-tiv) , adj. not 
passing over to or requiring an 
object: said of certain verbs. 

Intransitively (in-tran'si-tiv-li) , adv. 
in an intransitive manner. 

Intrench (in-trench'), v.t. to fortify 
with a wall and ditch. 

Intrepid (in-trep'id), adj. bold; fear- 
less. 

intrepidity (in-tre-pid'i-ti) , n. fear- 
lessness. 

Intricacy (in'tri-ka-si), n. [pi. intrica- 
cies (in'tri-ka-siz)], the quality of 
being intricate; perplexity. 

Intricate (in'tri-kat), adj. entangled 
or involved. 

intrigant (in-tri-gang'), fem. intri- 
gante (in-tri-ganf), n. a person 
given to intrigue, secret affairs, or 
plot that is not creditable. The 
words are spelled in French intri- 
guant and intriguante. 

Intrigue (in-treg') , v.i. to carry on 
a secret plot ; engage in clandestine 
love affairs: n. a secret plot; clandes- 
tine love affair. 

Intrinsic (in-trin'sik), adj. pertaining 
to that which is inherent; real; 
genuine. 

Intrinsically (in-trin'si-ka-li), adv. in- 
herently. 

Intro, a Latin prefix meaning within, 
into, as introcession, a depression or 
sinking of parts inwards. 

Introduce (in-tro-dus'), v.t. to con- 
duct or bring in; bring into use or 
notice; bring into acquaintance; in- 
sert. 

introduction (in-tro-duk'shun) , n. the 
act of introducing; presentation; a 
preface. 



introductory (in-tro-duk'to-ri) , adj> 
serving to introduce. Also unpro- 
ductive. 

introflexed (in-tro-flekst'), adj. bent 
inwards. 

introit (in-tro'it), n. Latin "he en- 
ters;" an anthem, psalm, or other 
religious formula which is sung or 
intoned when the priest enters the 
chancel, or when the Communion 
begins. 

intromission (in-tro-mish'un) , n. in- 
sertion: introduction. 

intromit (in-tro-mit') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
intromit ted, p.pr. intromitting], to 
admit; insert. 

introspection (in-tro-spek'shun) , n. 
looking into one's self; self-examina- 
tion, as to one's thoughts and acts 
and motions. The keen vision of 
one's own personality. 

introspective (in-tro-spek'tiv) , adj. 
prone to introspection. 

intrude (in-trud'), v.i. to thrust one's 
self in without invitation or wel- 
come: v.t. force in. 

intrusion (in-tru'zhun) , n. the act of 
intruding ; encroachment ; unlawful 
entry into vacant lands or tene- 
ments. 

intrust (in-trust'), v.t. to deliver in 
trust; confide to the care of. 

intuition (in-tu-ish'un) , n. instinctive 
knowledge or feeling; immediate 
perception. 

intuitive (in-tu'i-tiv) , adj. perceived 
immediately by the mind. 

intuitively (in-tu'i-tiv-li) , adv. with- 
out reasoning. 

inundate (in-un'dat), v.t. to fill with 
an overflowing abundance; flood. 

inundation (in-un-da/shun) , n. over- 
flow; flood. 

inure (in-ur'). v.t. to habituate, or ac- 
custom, toughen ._ 

in vacuo (in vak'u-o), in a vacuum. 
[Latin.] 

invade (in-vad'), v.t. to enter (a coun- 
try) with a hostile army; infringe 
upon; violate. 

invalid (in-val'id), adj. of no force or 
authority; null and void: n. (in'va- 
lid), one who is weak or infirm in 
health; a disabled soldier or sailor: 
v.t. to register as an invalid; affect 
with disease. 

invalidate (in-val'i-dat) , v.t. to weak- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hii<\ hut ; think, then. 



INVALIDITY 



468 



INVIOLABLE 



en or destroy the force or validity 
of. 

Invalidity (in-va-lid'i-ti) , n. want of 
legal force or argument. 

invaluable (in-varu-a-bl) , adj. price- 
less. 

Invariable (in-var'i-a-bl) , adj. con- 
stant. 

Invariably (in-var'i-a-bli) , adv. con- 
stantly. 

Invasion (in-va'zhun) , n. the act of in- 
vading; hostile incursion; encroach- 
ment. 

invective (in-vek'tiv) , n. a violent ut- 
terance of censure, sarcasm, or 
abuse: adj. abusive. 

inveigh (in-va'), v.i. to rail against 
persons or things with vehemence ; 
utter censure or reproach; declaim. 

inveigle (in-ve'gl), v.t. to entice; se- 
duce. 

invent (in-vent'), v.t. to find out by 
original study or contrivance; devise 
or contrive; originate. [Latin.] 

invention (in-ven'shun) , n. the act of 
inventing; the thing invented; dis- 
covery; creative faculty; concoc- 
tion; fabrication. 

inventive (in-ven'tiv) , adj. able to 
invent; quick at contriving; ready 
in expedients. 

inventively (in-ven'tiy-li) , adv. by 
the faculty of invention. 

inventiveness (in-ven'tiv-nes), n. the 
inventive faculty. 

inventor (in-ven'ter) , n. one who 
invents. 

inventory (in'ven-to-ri) , n. [pi. in- 
ventories (in'ven-to-riz)], a cata- 
logue or list of goods, furniture, &c. ; 
account: v.t. to draw up an inventory 
or catalogue of. 

inverisimilitude (in-ver-i-si-miri- 
tud), n. lack of plausibility; having 
no resemblance to truth; incredu- 
lity. [Latin.] 

inverse (in- vers'), adj. contrary in 
tendency, direction, or effect; recip- 
rocal; inverted. 

inversely (in-vers'li), adv. in an in- 
verse order or ratio. 

inversion (in-ver'shun) , n. the act of 
inverting; the state of being in- 
verted; contrary change of order or 
position. 

inversive (in-ver'siv) , adj. pertaining 
to, or causing, inversion. 



Inversive Magi (in-ver'siv ma'ji) or 
Brethren, teachers who are adept 
and learned priests from Tibet, 
where they have acquired deep 
knowledge of the Buddhistic doc- 
trines: masters of occultism. 

invert (in- vert'), v.U to turn upside 
down. [Latin.] 

Invertebrata (in-ver-te-bra'ta) , n.pl. 
one of the sub-divisions of the ani- 
mal kingdom, including those ani- 
mals which have no vertebrae or 
spinal column. 

invertebrate (in-ver'te-brat) , n. one of 
the Invertebrata: adj. having no 
backbone; having no force of char- 
acter; weak. 

invest (in- vest'), v.t. to place or lay 
out, as money; clothe, as with office, 
authority, or dignity; surround: v.i. 
to make an investment. 

investigate (in-ves'ti-gat), v.t. to 
ascertain by careful inquiry; search; 
examine. [Latin.] 

investigation (in-ves-ti : ga'shun), n. 
the act of investigating; inquiry; 
search. 

investigator (in-ves'ti-ga-ter), n. one 
. who investigates. 

investiture (in : ves'ti-tur) , n. the act 
or right of giving legal possession; 
the ceremony of inducting a bishop 
into his office. 

investment (in-vest'ment) , n. the 
act of laying out money produc- 
tively; money so invested; the act 
of besieging or blockading. 

investor (in-ves'ter), n. one who in- 
vests. 

inveteracy (in-vet'er-a-si) , n. the state 
of being inveterate. [Latin.] 

inveterate (in-vet'er-at), adj. deep- 
rooted; habitual. 

invidious (in-vid'i-us) , adj. likely to 
provoke ill-will or envy; unpleas- 
ant. [Latin.] 

invigorate (in-vig'o-rat) , v.t. to give 
vigor to; strengthen; animate. 
[Latin.] 

invincibility (in-vin-si-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being invincible. 

invincible (in-vin'si-bl), adj. uncon- 
querable. [Latin.] 

inviolability (in-vT : o-la-biri-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being in- 
violable. 

inviolable (in-vi'o-la-bl), adj. that 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



INVISIBILITY 



469 



IRADE 



cannot be profaned or injured* un- 
broken. Inviolate. [Latin.] 

invisibility (in T viz-i-biri-ti), n. the 
state of being invisible. 

invisible (in-viz'i-bl), adj. that can- 
not be seen. [Latin.] 

invitation (in-vi-ta'shun) , n. the act 
of inviting; polite solicitation; the 
words or document by which one 
is invited. # [Latin.] 

invitatory (in-vi'ta-to-ri), adj. con- 
taining, or using, invitation. 

invite (in-vif), v.t. to ask, solicit, or 
summon; request the presence of; 
persuade; allure. 

inviting (in-vlt'ing), p.adj. tempting; 
seductive. 

invocation (in-vo-ka'shun) , n. the 
act or form of invoking. 

invoice ^ (in' vois) , n. a document an- 
nouncing the despatch of goods with 
their prices, &c. : v.t. to state or in- 
sert in an invoice. [French.] 

invoke (in-vok'), .v.t. to address in 
prayer or supplication ; solicit (aid 
or protection). [Latin.] 

involuntarily (in-vol'un-ta-ri-li) , adv. 
not willingly. 

involuntary (in-vol'un-ta-ri), adj. 
without will or choice; not spon- 
taneous. 

involute (in'vo-lut), adj. folded or 
rolled inwards, as certain leaves and 
flowers; coiled spirally: n. a par- 
ticular kind of curve turned inward 
at the margin. 

involution (in-vo-lu'shun), n. the act 
of involving or infolding; complica- 
tion; return of an organ or tissue to 
its normal size after distention; the 
process of raising an arithmetical or 
algebraical quantity to a given 
power, as 3 4 = 81. 

involve (in-volv'), v.t. to complicate; 
entangle; surround; embroil; re- 
sult as a logical consequence; mul- 
tiply a quantity into itself any given 
number of times. [Latin.] 

invulnerability (in-vul- ner : a-biri-ti) , 
n the quality of being invulnera- 
ble. 

invulnerable (in-vul'ner-a-bl) , adj. 
that cannot be wounded or injured; 
without any weak point. [Latin.] 

inwall (in-wawr), v.t. m to enclose 
within walls. Same as immure. 

inward (in'ward), adj. situated with- 



in; in the mind: adv. interior; to- 
wards the center. Also inwards. 

inwardly (in'ward-li) , adv. in an in- 
ward manner; secretly. 

inwrought (in-rawt'), p.adj. worked 
in; adorned with figures or pat- 
erns. 

io (I'o), n. the peacock butterfly. 

iod, a Greek prefix, indicating the pres- 
ence of iodine. Also iodq. > 

iodic (I-od'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, iodine. 

iodide (I'o-dld), n. a compound of 
iodine. 

iodine (I'o-din), n. a non-metallic 
element, which, when heated,, gives 
off a rich violet vapor. 

iodize (I'o-diz), v.t. to treat with 
iodine. 

iodizm (I'o-dizm), n. a morbid con- 
dition caused by overdoses of 
iodine. 

iodoform (1-0 'do-form), n. a crystal- 
line compound formed by the action 
of iodine on alcohol and potash. A 
valuable antiseptic. 

iodol (I'o-dol), n. an antiseptic spe- 
cific used for wounds and cutaneous 
diseases. 

ion (I'on), n. the name given by 
Faraday to a substance resulting 
from the decomposition of a body by 
electrolysis. 

Ionian (i-q'ni : an), adj. pertaining to 
Ionia, or its inhabitants. Also Ionic. 

Ionic order (I-on'ik or'der), n. an 
order of classic architecture, char- 
acterized by the volute, or ram's- 
horn scroll, of its capital which is 
suggestive of Assyrian influence in 
Greek art. 

ionization (I-on-i-za'shun) , n. the 
act of ionizing or rendering gas 
capable of conveying an electric 
current. 

iota (I-o'ta), n. the Greek letter (0, 
which from its being used under the 
vowels a, t), u) {iota subscriptum) t 
denotes anything small or insignifi- 
cant ; the same as jot. 

ipecac (ip'e-kak), n. ipecacuanha. 

ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a) , n. the 
root of a South American plant: 
used in me_dicine. [Portuguese.] 

irade (i-ra'de), n. an imperial decree 
when Turkey was a despotism. 
[Turkish]. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IRAN 



IRRITABLE 



Iran (I'ran), n. the political na 
the modern Kingdom of Persia. 

Iranian (I-ra'ni-an), n. a Persian. 

Iranian Languages (lang'gwej-ez), n. 
the whole g:oup of languages com- 
prising that of the cuneiform inscrip- 
tions (time of Darius), Zend (as Old 
Bactrian), Palatine and modern 
Persian. Seethe Prefatory Sections 
in this book under Etymology. 

irascibility (I-ras-i-biTi-ti), n. qual- 
ity of being i /ascible. 

irascible (I-ras'i-bl) , n. easily excited 
to anger. [Latin.] 

irascibly (I-ras'i-bli), adv. in an iras- 
cible manner. 

irate (I-rat'), adj. angry; enraged. 

ire (Ir), n. anger; wrath. [Latin.] 

iridescence (ir-i-des'ens), n. the ex- 
hibition of colors like those of the 
rainbow. [Latin.] 

iridescent (ir-i-des'ent), adj. exhibit- 
ing iridescence. 

Iridium (I-rii'i-um), n. a metallic 
element of the platinum group, hard, 
silvery, and formed with other 
elements like it. 

iris (I'ris), n. [pi. irises, irides (I'ris-ez, 
fri-dez)], the pupil of the eye; the 
rainbow. [Greek.] 

iriscope (I'ri-skop), n. an apparatus 
for showing the prismatic colors. 

irk (erk), v.t. to weary: v.i. to be- 
come tired. 

irksome (erk'sum) , adj. tedious ; weari- 
some. 

iron (I'ern), n. the most common and 
useful of the metals; an instrument 
made of iron; anything especially 
hard or durable: pi. fetters: adj. 
pertaining to, resembling, or made 
of iron: v.t. to smooth with an iron; 
implement; furnish with iron; fetter. 

Iron Age (aj), n. the last prehistoric 
age, characterized by the use of 
iron for weapons, &c; the last of 
the four ages of classic mythology. 

ironclad (I'ern-klad) , n.a warship pro- 
tected wholly or partially with iron 
or steel plates: adj. covered or pro- 
tected with iron armor. 

ironical (I-ron'i-kal) , adj. express- 
ing one thing and meaning another. 

ironwood (I'ern-wood), n. a name for 
the timber of trees of exceptional 
hardness and durability. 

irony (I'ron-i), n. subtle sarcasm; a 



mode of speech conveying the op« 
posite of what is meant. [Greek.] 

irradiance (ir-ra/di-ans) , n. the act 
of sending forth luminous rays; 
luster. Irradiancy. [Latin.] 

irradiate (ir-ra/di-at), v.t. to shed 
light upon; illuminate; brighten: 
v.i. emit rays of light. 

irradicate (ir-rad'i-kat) , v.t. to root 
deeply. 

irrational (ir-rasrTun-al), adj. desti- 
tute of reason; absurd. 

irreclaimable (ir-re-klam'a-bl), adj. 
that cannot be reclaimed; practi- 
cally lost. 

irredeemable (ir-re-derr/a-bl), adj. 
not to be replaced Ly an equiva- 
lent. 

Irredentist (ir-re-den'tirt), n. one of 
an Italian party fo: n cd about 1877 
with the purpose of le covering from 
Austria all provinces that were 
largely composed of Italians. Italia 
Irredenta, or "Italy Unredeemed. " 

irregular (ir-reg'u-lar), adj. not ac-= 
cording to rule; variable; vicious. 

irrelevant (ir-rel'e-vant), adj. not con- 
nected with the subject in hand. 

irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), adj. not 
to be rectified or repaired. 

irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), adj. not 
to be restrained. 

irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), adj. 
free from blame; innocent. 

irresistible (ir-re-sist'i-bl), adj. not 
to be opposed successfully. 

irresolute (ir-res'o-lut), adj. infirm of 
purpose. 

irrespective (ir-re-spek'tiv), adj. re- 
gardless (with of). 

irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), adj. 
not answerable or amenable. 

irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), adj. lacking 
in reverence or respect. 

irrevocable (ir-rev'o 7 ka-bl) , adj. that 
cannot be recalled;' not alterable. 

irrigable (ir'ri-ga-bl), adj. capable of 
being irrigated. 

irrigate (ir'i-gat), v.t. to moisten 
(land) by # causing water to flow over 
by artificial means. [Latin.] 

irritability (ir-i-ta-bil'i-ti) , m n. the 
quality or state of being irritablee 
Irritableness. 

irritable (ir'i-ta-bl) , adj. easily pro- 
voked to anger; easily stimulated 
to perform some physical function. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



IRRITANT 



471 



IT 



irritant (ir'i-tant), n. anything which 
causes irritation. [Latin.] 

irritate (ir'i-tat), v.t. to make angry; 
excite heat and redness in. 

irritation (ir-i-ta/shun) , n. the act of 
irritating; the state of being irri- 
tated; exasperation; vexation. 

irruption (ir-rup'shun), n. a bursting 
or rushing in; sudden invasion. 

is (iz), 3rd p., sing., pres., indie, of be. 

is, Greek prefix meaning equal. Also 
iso: as isanthous, having equal 
flowers; isothermal, having the same 
mean summer temperature. 

isagon (I'sa-gon), n. & figure with 
equal angles. [Greek.] 

Ishmaelite (ish'ma-el-it) , n. a de- 
scendant of Ishmael: hence a social 
outcast. 

isinglass (I'zin-glas) , n. a white 
semi-transparent substance prepared 
from the sounds or air-bladders of 
the sturgeon, cod, &c. The name is 
often given to mica from their simi- 
larity of appearance; but it means 
"sturgeon-bladder." [Middle Dutch.] 

Islam (is'lam), n. the Mohammedan 
religion; the whole body of Moham- 
medans and the countries where the 
religion of Mohammed is professed. 
[The word Islam means " submis- 
sion/ ' i. e. submission to God and 
the practice of Mohammedanism.] 

island (I'land), n. a tract of land 
surrounded by water; anything re- 
sembling an island. 

isle (II), n. an island [Poet.]. 

islet (I'let), n. a small island. 

Ism (izm), n. a system or theory. 

£so, Greek prefix. See is. 

isobar (I'so-bar), n. a line which con- 
nects places on the earth's surface 
having the same atmospheric pres- 
sure at the sea level. 

isobaric (I-so-bar'ik) , adj. of equal 
barometric pressure; pertaining to, 
or showing, isobars. Also isobaro- 
metric. 

iso chromatic (I-so-kro-mat'ik), adj. 
having the same color. 

isochronous (I-sok'ro-nus) , adj. oc- 
curring in equal times. 

isoclinal (I-so-kll'nal) , adj. having 
the same dip or inclination. 

isodynamic (I-so-di-nam'ik) , adj. hav- 
ing equal force. 

isogeothermal (I - so - je - 6-ther'mal) , 



adj. noting imaginary lines con- 
necting places on the earth's sur- 
face which have the same mean 
annual temperature. 

isolate (is'o-lat), v.t. to place alone; 
place in a detached situation; insu- 
late; obtain in an uncombined form. 

isolation (is-o-la'shun) , n. the state of 
being isolated. 

isomeric (I-so-mer'ik) , adj. having the 
same elements in the same propor- 
tions, but with different physical 
characteristics. 

isometric (I-so-met'rik), adj. having 
equality of measure. 

isomorphism (I-so-mor'fizm) , n. the 
quality of having the same crystal- 
line form, but formed of different 
elements. 

isonomy (i-son'5-nii, v n. equality of 
social and political rights. 

isosceles (I-sos'e-lez) , adj. having equa/ 
sides. 

isotherm (I'so-therm) , n. an ima^ 
inary line connecting those places 
on the earth's surface which hav« 
the same mean temperature. 

isothermal (I-so-ther'mal) , see undei 
is. 

Israel (iz'ra-el), n. the patriarch Jacob; 
the twelve tribes of Israel ; at present 
the whole body of the Jewish people. 
[Hebrew, literally "Fighter for God."] 

Israelite (iz'ra-el-it), n. a descendant 
of Israel; a Jew. 

issue (ish'u), n. the act )i passing 
or flowing out; egress; that which 
flows or passes out; discharge; flux; 
publication; offspring; lineal de- 
scendants: produce of the earth; 
profits of land, &c; essential pomta 
in pleading or debate; result: v.t. 
to send out; publish; put into cir- 
culation: v.i. to come or pass out; 
arise, as from a source; flow; pro- 
ceed; be descended; end. 

isthmian (ist'mi-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to an isthmus. 

isthmus (ist'mus), n. a neck of land 
connecting two larger portions. 

It (it), pers.pron. y 3d person. It is used 
half-derisively of a person who thinks 
himself the most important of all 
about < him; in children's games, 
" It " is often one of the players who 
tries to catch the others or avoid 
being caught by any of them. If 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; ooon, boot 

*n~ie, hnt : think, then 



ITALIAN 



472 



IZZARD 



he catches another, that one be- 
comes "It" in turn. 

Italian (i-tal'yan), adj. pertaining 
to Italy, its inhabitants, or lan- 
guage. 

Italic (i-tal'ik), adj. pertaining to 
Italy; noting a slender, sloping kind 
of type {italic) : used for emphasis, 
&c: n.pl. italic type, first made in 
Italy about the year 1500. 

Italicize (i-tal'i-siz) , v.t. to write or 
print in italics. 

Italiote (i-tal'i-ot), n. a Greek inhabi- 
tant of Italy or an Italian inhabi- 
tant of Greece. Also Grseco-Ital- 
ian. 

Italy (it'a-li), n. a long peninsula in 
the south of Europe extending into 
the Mediterranean. The name Italy 
was given to it by Greeks and 
Romans because of its fine grazing 
land. [Latin, (v)itulus, "a calf."] 

ita-palm (I'ta-pam), n. a tall South 
American palm, supplying the na- 
tives along the Orinoco and Amazon 
with food, drink and rope and ham- 
mock materials. 

Itch (ich) , n. a parasitic cutaneous 
disease causing great irritation; a 
constant and teasing desire for some- 
thing: v.i. to feel a particular un- 
easiness in the skin, causing a de- 
sire to scratch the part affected; 
have a constant and teasing desire 
for. 

item (I'tem), n. a separate article or 
particular; a newspaper paragraph: 
adv. also. [Latin.] 

itemize (I'tem-ize), v.t. to give the 
items or details of an account. 

iterate (it'er-at), v.t. to repeat. [Latin.] 

iteration (it-er-a/shun) , repetition. 

iterative (it'er-a-tiv) , adj. repeating. 



itineracy (i-tin'er-a-si) , n. the prac- 
tice of itinerating. 

itinerancy (I-tin'er-an-si) , n. a passing 
from place to place, especially in 
the discharge of some official func- 
tion, as by a judge on circuit, a 
preacher, &c. 

itinerant (I-tin'er-ant) , adj. passing 
from place to place: n. one who 
itinerates. 

itinerary (I-tin'er-a-ri) , adj. pertaining 
to, or done on, a journey; traveling 
from place to place: n. a traveler's 
guide or route-book; a diary of a 
journey; plan of a projected ex- 
cursion. 

itinerate (I-tin'er-at) , v.i. to travel 
from place to place. 

ivoride (I'vo-rid), n. a variety of arti- 
ficial ivory. 

ivory (I'vo-ri), n. the hard, bony, 
white dentine which forms the tusks 
of the elephant, walrus, &c: adj. 
made of, or like, ivory. [Old French.] 

ivory palm (pam), n. the palm 
from which the ivory nuts used in 
turning as an imitation for ivory 
are obtained. 

ivorytype (I'vo-ri-tlp) , n. & particular 
kind of photographic picture with 
an ivory-like surface. 

ivy (I'vi), n. a clinging evergreen 
plant of the genus Hedera. 

Izar (iz'ar) , n. the yellow star Bootes; a 
Mohammedan woman's outer veil- 
like garment. [Arabic] 

izard (iz'ard), n. another name for 
the ibex. 

izzard (iz'ard), n. a very ancient 
name for the letter z. Hence "From 
a to izzard" means from beginning 
to end. [Greek zeta, Old French 
ezed.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £/ien. 



J 



J, the tenth letter of the English al- 
phabet and the latest to be added to 
it. Before the tenth century, J was 
merely an ornamental form of I. 
Later it was used as a semi-vowel, 
but until the seventeenth century 
this distinction was not strictly en- 
forced by English teachers. 

jabber (jab'er), v.i. to talk rapidly and 
indistinctly; chatter. 

jacinth (ja'sinth), n. hyacinth; a red 
variety of zircon. 

jack (jak), n. a pike; in bowls, a small 
ball serving as a mark to be aimed 
at; the male of some animals; tim- 
ber cut short of its usual length; 
a flag used for signaling; the knave 
in cards; a leathern coat of mail; a 
name applied to various kinds of 
levers or mechanical labor-saying 
appliances, as & jack-screw, roasting- 
jack, &c: v.t. to lift with a jack. 

Jack-a-dandy _ (jak-a-dan'di), n. a 
trifling, conceited fellow. 

jackal (jak'al), n.a dog-like carniv- 
orous animal which hunts in packs; 
one who does base work for an- 
other. [Arabic] 

jackanapes (jak'a-naps), n. a con- 
ceited or upstart fellow. 

jackass (jak'as), n. the male ass; don- 
key. 

jackboots (jak'bootz), n.pl. large 
boots reaching above the knee. 

jackdaw (jack'daw), n. a glossy 
species of crow. 

jacket (jak'et), n. a short tailless coat: 
a covering to prevent radiation of 
heat: v.t. to clothe with a jacket; 
beat. 

Jack-in-the-green (jak-in-the-gren') , 
n. a youth carrying green boughs 
through a valley at May-time. [Eng- 
lish.] 

Jack Ketch Oak-ketch'), n. the hang- 
man or public executioner. From 
John Ketch, a public executioner un- 



der James II., who incurred much 
odium. He died in 1686. 

jack-knife (jak'nif), n. a large, 
cheap, pocket-knife for common use. 

Jack- o'- dreams (jak-o-dremz'), n. a 
dreamy, irresponsible fellow. 

jack-snipe (jak'srrip), n. a small 
snipe, m and also sandpiper. The 
snipe in England and America are 
not alike, but they receive the same 
name. 

jackstays (jak'staz), n.pl. ropes 
stretched along the yard of a ship 
to fasten the sails to. 

Jacobite (jak'o-blt), n. an adherent of 
James II. .of England and his de- 
scendants. 

jaconet (jak'6-net), n. a fine soft white 
cotton material somewhat resem- 
bling cambric ; nainsook. Alsojacco- 
net. 

jacqueminot (zhak'mi-no) , n. a deep 
red perpetual rose named after the 
French general, J. F. Jacqueminot 
(1787-1852). 

jade (jad), n. m a tired or worn-out 
horse; a vicious woman; a young 
woman (contemptuously or humor- 
ously) ; a silicate of magnesia and 
lime of green color: much used for 
ornaments, &c: v.t. to tire by long- 
continued labor; harass. 

jag (jag), n.a notch; projecting point; 
denticulation ; a small load; a condi- 
tion of partial intoxication: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. jagged, p.pr. jagging], 
to cut into notches or teeth. 

jaguar (jag'gwar, Spanish ha-gwar'), n. 
a fierce animal of South America, re- 
sembling the leopard; the American 
tiger. [Brazilian.] 

jail (jal), n. a prison; a lock-up. 

jalap (jal'ap), n. the root of Ipomoea 
purga: used medicinally as a purga- 
tive. 

jam (jam), n. a conserve of fruit 
boiled with sugar; a squeeze; block; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
33 Me, hut; think, then. 



JAMB 



474 



JEAN 



crush: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jammed, p.pr; 
jamming], to squeeze or crush; 
press in tightly ; block up by crowd- 
ing. 

jamb (jam), n. one of the upright 
sides of a doorway, window-opening, 
or fireplace. 

jamboree (jam-bo-re'), n. a carouse; a 
spree. [Slang.] 

janapa (jan'a-pa), n. an East Indian 
hemp, from which gunny bags, &c, 
are made. [Hindu.] 

jangle (jang'gl), v.i. to quarrel or 
wrangle; sound discordantly: n. a 
discordant sound; wrangle; alterca- 
tion; chatter. 

janissary (jan'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. janis- 
saries (jan'i-sa-riz)], formerly the 
foot-guard of the Turkish sultans. 
[French from Turkish.] 

janitor (jan'i-ter), n. a door-keeper. 

Jansenism (jan'sen-izm), n. the doc- 
trine set forth by Bishop Cornelius 
Jansen of Louvain in opposition to 
the Jesuits. This teaching was ac- 
cepted by many Catholics, but was 
interdicted in 1642. It was pro- 
fessedly based on the writings of St. 
Augustine and taught natural de- 
pravity, to be removable by good 
works. 

January (jan'u-a-ri), n. the first month 
of the year; named from the Latin 
god, Janus. 

Japan (ja-pan'), n. an empire consist- 
ing of the original Japanese islands 
north-east of China, of Corea, part 
of Manchuria on the mainland, and 
Formosa, another island. The 
name means "sunrise," and their 
national flag displays the rising sun ; 
but Japan is itself < a Chinese word, 
the native name being Nippon. 

japan (ja-pan'), n. work varnished 
and lacquered after the Japanese 
style of ornamentation; a kind of 
varnish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. japanned, 
p.pr. japanning], to cover, varnish, 
or lacquer, with japan; make black 
and glossy. 

Japanese (jap-a-nez'), adj. pertain- 
ing to Japan, its inhabitants, or lan- 
guage. 

japonica (ja-pon'i-ka), n. the name of 
various species of Japanese plants. 

Jar (jar), n. an earthenware pot or 
vessel; a shake produced by a sud- 



den shock; jolt; harsh sound; con- 
flict of opinion or interest: v.t. [p.t, 
& p.p. jarred, p.pr. jarring], to cause 
to shake by a sudden shock; jolt: 
v.i. to interfere or clash; emit a 
harsh sound. 

jardiniere (zhar-din-yar'),ri. an orna- 
mental flower-stand of porcelain or 
terra-cotta or silver. 

jargon (jar'gon), n. confused, unin- 
telligible talk; a mixture of two or 
more languages ; the peculiar phrase- 
ology of a party, sect, &c. 

jashawk (jas'hawk), n. a young hawk 
bred in the nest. 

jasmine (jas'min), n. a plant of the 
genus Jasminum with fragrant flow- 
ers. 

jasper (jas'per), n. an opaque, many- 
shaded variety of quartz: when pol- 
ished it is made into a variety of 
ornamental articles. 

jaundice (jan'dis), n. a disease char- 
acterized by yellowness of the eye- 
balls, skin, &c, caused by biliary 
derangement : hence a mental condi- 
tion likely to be gloomy or depressed. 
It is seldom dangerous and is more 
a symptom than a disease. 

jaunt (jant), n. a short excursion or 
ramble: v.i. to roam or ramble; take 
a short excursion. 

jauntily (jant'i-li), adv. in a jaunty 
manner. 

jaunty (jant'i), adj. airy; gay; showy. 

Java (ja'va), n. the most important of 
the Dutch East Indies. [Sanskrit.] 

Javanese (jay'a-nez), adj. pertaining 
to Java, its inhabitants, or language. 

javelin (jav'e-lin), n. a light spear. 

jaw (jaw), n. the bones of the mouth 
in which the teeth are placed; 
mouth ; a mechanical contrivance for 
holding the inner end of a vessel's 
boom. 

jay (ja), n. a crow-like, chattering 
bird with handsome plumage; a\ 
greenhorn; a block-head; a poor 
actor. [American slang.] 

jealous (jel'us), adj. full of, or char- 
acterized by, jealousy; anxiously- 
suspicious or watchful. 

jealousy (jel'us-i), n. suspicious fear or 
watchfulness, especially the fear of 
being supplanted by a rival. 

jean (jen), n. twilled undressed cot- 
ton cloth. [Old French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



JEER 



475 



JEWEL 



jeer (jer), v.t. to scoff at; ridicule; 
v.i. to speak in a derisive or sarcas- 
tic manner: n. a scoff; derision: pi. 
tackle by which the lower yards of a 
vessel are hoisted or lowered. 

Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Lord; God of 
the Hebrews ; now often written and 
pronounced Yahweh. 

jehu (je'hu), n. one fond of driving, 
especially fast driving (2 Kings, ix. 
20) ; a coachman. 

jejune (je-jun'), adj. empty; void of 
interest. 

jejunum (je-ju'num), # n. [pi. jejuna 
O'e-ju'na)], that portion of the small 
intestines between the duodenum 
and ileum. [Latin.] 

Jelly (jel'i), n. [pi. jellies (jel'iz)], the 
stiffened gelatinous juice of fruit, 
meat, &c, after boiling; any semi- 
transparent soft gluey substance: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jellied, p.pr. jelly- 
ing], to turn to, or become, jelly. 

jemmy (jem'i), n. [pi. jemmies (jem'- 
iz)], a short crowbar used by burg- 
lars. Also, in this country, jimmy. 

jennet (jen'et), n. a small Spanish 
horse. Also genet. 

jenny (jen'i), n. a machine for spin- 
ning ; used in composition for female, 
as jenny-wren, jenny-ass, &c. 

jeopard (jep'ard), v.t. to expose to 
loss or injury; hazard. Also jeop- 
ardize. 

jeopardy (jep'ar-di), n. hazard; peril. 

jerboa (jer-bq'a), n. the leaping mouse 
of Africa, with long hind legs. 

jereed (jer-ed'), n. a javelin, used in 
Turkey and Persia in mock battles; 
a game played with jereeds. Also 
jerid. [Arabic and Turkish.] 

jeremiad (jer-e-ml'ad), n. lamenta- 
tion, especially over modern degener- 
acy: from the Book of Lamentations 
of Jeremiah. 

Jerk (jerk), v.t. to give a sudden pull, 
twist, or push to; throw with a 
sudden quick movement; cut into 
long strips and dry in the sun, as 
beef: n. a sudden quick pull, twist 
or push; spasmodic movement; 
jerked beef; charqui. [Chilean.] 

jerkin (jer'kin), n. a short coat or jack- 
et; close waistcoat; young salmon. 

Jerry (jer'i), adj. constructed hastily, 
and of bad materials, as a jerry- 
built house. 



jerry-builder (jer'i-bil-der), n. a con* 
tractor who builds with cheap ma- 
terials and so is responsible for 
houses that are unsafe to live in. 

Jersey (jer'zi), adj. pertaining to the 
Isle of Jersey in the English Channel, 
or to its breed of cattle: n. a close- 
fitting thick woolen shirt; fine yarn 
wool; of or pertaining to New Jersey. 

jess (jes), n. a leathern strap fastened 
to the leg of a hawk, to which the 
leash is attached. 

jesse (jes'e), n. sl large branched can- 
dlestick used in churches; symboliz- 
ing the genealogical tree of Jesse 
and of Jesus Christ. 

jest (jest), n. a joke; humorous pleas- 
antry; fun; a laughing-stock: v.i. to 
joke ; make merriment ; make game of. 

Jesuit (jez'u-it), n. a member of the 
Catholic Society of Jesus, founded 
by Ignatius Loyola, 1534. 

Jesuitism (jez'fi-it-izm), n. the princi- 
ples, system, or practices charged 
against the Jesuits by their enemies; 
the Jesuits: hence, subtle duplicity; 
disingenuousness. Also Jesuitry. 

Jesuit's bark (bark), n. cinchona. 

jet (jet), n. a stream of water sud- 
denly emitted; a deep black vari- 
ety of lignite, black amber; a gas 
branch; tube for running molten 
metal into a mold: v.t. [p.t. & p.p, 
•jetted, p.pr. jetting], to spout out; 
v.i. to shoot or jut out. [French.] 

jetsam (jet'sam), n. that part of a 
ship's cargo which is thrown into 
the sea to lighten the vessel in case 
of peril: opposed to flotsam. Also 
jetsom, jetson. 

jettison (jet'i-sun), n. the act of throw- 
ing goods overboard to lighten a ves- 
sel in case of peril: v.t. to throw 
overboard to lighten a vessel. 

jetty (jet'i), n. [pi. jetties (jet'iz)], a 
structure extending into the water, 
used as a pier, mole, or wall, to re- 
strain or direct currents; projection 
of a building: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jettied, 
p.pr 1 jetting], to jut out or project. 

Jew (joo) , n. an Israelite ; Hebrew. Fern, 
Jewess. [Hebr. Yehilddh, Judah.] 

jewel (joo'el), n. a valuable ornament; 
gem; precious stone; anything of 
great value or dear to one: v.t. to 
adorn with, or as with, jewels; fur- 
nish with jewels. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, hook ; 

hue, hut ; think, f//en. 



JEWELER 



476 



JOCKEY 



jeweler (joo'el-er), n. one who makes 

or deals in jewels. 
jewelry (joo'el-ri), n. jewels collective- 
ly; the art or trade of a jeweler. 

Jewish (joo'ish), adj. pertaining to the 
Jews, their language, customs, &c. 

Jewry (joo'ri), n. Judaea; a district in 
a city inhabited by Jews; ghetto. 

jew's-harp (jooz'harp), n. a small lyre- 
shaped^ musical instrument with a 
thin metal tongue which, when 
placed between the teeth and vi- 

^ brated, emits a twanging sound. 

jib (jib), n. a large triangular sail 
projecting beyond the bowsprit; the 
projecting arm or beam of a crane; 
a jibbing horsey pd. [p.t. & p.p. 
jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], to move rest- 
lessly backwards or sideways: said 

#- of a horse. [Old French.] 

jib-boom (jib 'boom), n. a spar be- 
yond the bowsprit, on which the jib 
is set. 

jibe, another form of gibe. 

jiffy (jif'i), n. an instant. 

jig (jig), n. a quick lively dance, or 
music for such a dance; a particular 
kind of fish-hook: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
jigged, p.pr. jigging], to dance a jig: 
v.t. jerk up and down. 

jigger (jig'er), n. one who jigs; a name 
for various mechanical contrivances 
and appliances; another form of 
chigoe, an African insect » which 
lays poisonous eggs under the 
toenails of the white traveller. 

jig- jog (jig'jog), n. a jolting motion. 

Jill (jil), n. a young woman; sweet- 
heart, the feminine of Jack; the 
female of a ferret. 

jilt (jilt), n. a coquette or flirt: v.t. 
to encourage (a lover) and then dis- 
card him: v.i. to play the jilt; prac- 
tice deception in love. 

jimmy (jim'i), n. a burglar's tool. 
See jemmy. 

jimson-weed (jim'sun-wed) , n. stra- 
monium. 

jingal (jing'gl), n. a clumsy and very 
heavy musket, mounted upon a 
swivel-rest. It is used mainly in 
China, India, and Burma. [Hindu.] 

jingle (jing'gl), n. a sharp tinkling 
metallic sound; a little bell or rat- 
tle; meaningless rhyme; a covered 
two-wheeled Irish car: v.i. to sound 
with a jingle. 



jingo (jmg'go), n. [pi. jingoes (jing'- 
goz)], one of a party of Englishmen, 
mainly Conservatives, who, at the 
time of the Russo-Turkish War of 
1877-78, wished Great Britain to go 
to war with Russia: named from a 
popular song of the day which con- 
tained the mild oath "by jingo!" 

Jingoism (jing'go-izm), n. the jingo 

military spirit. 
jinrikishaw (jin-rik'i-shaw) n. a small 
Japanese two-wheeled carriage, 
drawn by one or more men. Also 
jinnksha and 'rickshaw. {Japanese, 
meaning "strongman carriage."] 

jitney (jit'-ne), n. colloquial for five- 
cent piece. [Western U. S.] 

jitney-bus (jit'-ne-bus), n. a vehicle, 
usually a second-hand automobile, 
charging a five-cent fare, in competi- 
tion with regular transportation 
companies. 

jiu-jitsu (ju-jit'soo), n. an ancient 
Japanese system of wrestling. It 
means "muscle-breaking." 

jo (jo), n. a sweetheart. [Scotch.] 

job (job), n. a piece of work, espe- 
cially of a temporary or chance na- 
ture; any scheme for making money 
or securing private advantage at the 
public expense ; any event or circum- 
stance; a sudden stroke or thrust 
with a pointed instrument: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. jobbed, p.pr. jobbing], to let 
out for hire; buy up (goods) and 
retail them; punch suddenly with a 
sharp instrument: v.i. buy and sell, 
as a stock-broker; perform job 
work; let out or hire horses; work 
for one's own advantage under the 
guise of public zeal. 

jobber (job'er), n. a middleman, es- 
pecially one who acts as agent be- 
tween a stock-broker and the public ; 
one who transacts public busi- 
ness for his own private inter- 
ests. 

jobbery (job'er-i), n. [pi. jobberies 
(job'er-iz)], low intriguing for private 
advantage or political ends. 

job-lot (job-lot'), n. a miscellaneous 
collection of articles offered for sale 
in one batch. 

joekey (jok'i), n. [pi. jokeys (jok'iz)], 
one who rides a horse in a race; 
groom; a dealer in horses; cheat: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jockeyed, p.pr. jock^ 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



JOCOSE 



477 



JOLLY 



eying], to cheat or deceive; jostle 
against by riding unfairly. 

jocose (jo-kos'), adj. sportive; hu- 
morous. 

jocosity (jo-kos'i-ti), n. the quality of 
being jocose. 

jocular (jok'ti-lar), adj. making jokes. 

jocularity (jok-u-lar i-ti), n. merri- 
ment. 

jocund (jok'und), adv. jovial; sport- 
ive; gay. 

jocundity (jo-kun'di-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being jocund. 

jodel (yo'del). See yodel. 

jog (jog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jogged, p.pr. 
jogging], to push or shake slightly, 
usually with the elbow or hand, by 
way of reminder; stimulate: v.i. to 
travel along with a slow trotting 
motion: n. a slight push or shake; 
slow trot; stimulant. 

John Bull (jon-bool'), n. a name 
typifying the bluff, hearty, preju- 
diced but 103-al Englishman. John 
Bull is said to have been the organ- 
ist to King James I, and to have 
composed "God Save the King." 

John Chinaman (jon-chi'na : man), n. 
a popular name for any Chinese. 

John Company (jon-kum'pa-ni), n. 
a name formerly used in England of 
the now extinct East India Com- 
pany. 

John Doe (jon-do'),^. a fictitious name 
used in legal forms, when the actual 
name has not yet been discovered. 
In case the individual is a woman, she 
is styled Jane Doe. So a second 
unknown plaintiff or defendant may 
be styled Richard Roe. 

johnny-cake (jon'i-kak), n. a flat 
cake, mixed with Indian meal, milk 
or water, and quickly prepared at 
an ordinary fire. 

Johnny Crapaud (jon'i kra'po), n. 
a name given derisively by the 
English to the French. " Johnny 
Toad" is the meaning, and came 
from the alleged fondness of the 
French for frogs. 

Johnny Raw (jon-i-raw'), n. a new- 
comer, freshly arrived from England 
to the bush. [Australian.] 

Johnny Reb (jon-i-reb')» n. a nick- 
name given to the Confederate 
troops by the Federals in the Civil 
War, See Yank. 



join (join), v.t. to unite; connect; 
associate; add or annex; to unite in 
marriage: v.i. to adhere; be in con- 
tact; be associated or in unity with: 
n. a joint or union. 

joinder (join'der), n. in law, the 
coupling of two or more causes of 
action into the same declaration. 

joiner (join'er), n. one who, or that 
which, joins, especially an artisan 
who finishes the woodwork for 
houses, &c. , 

joinery (join'er-1), n. joiner's work. 

joint (joint), n. the place where two 
or more things join; articulation of 
limbs; node or internode; hinge; a 
fissure dividing rock masses into 
blocks; one of the larger pieces into 
which a carcass is cut up; a place of 
low resort; as, an opium joint: adj. 
produced by the action of two or 
more; united in or sharing: v.t. 
cut or divide into joints, as meat. 

joint- stock company (joint 'stok 
kum'pa-ni), n. a company the stock 
or capital of which is divided into 
transferable shares. 

jointure (joint'ur), n. landed estate or 
tenements settled on a woman in 
consideration of her marriage, to be 
enjoyed by her after the death of 
her husband: v.t. to settle a jointure 
upon. 

joist (joist), n. a horizontal timber to 
which the boards of a floor or laths 
of a ceiling are fastened: v.t. to fur- 
nish with joists. 

joke (jok), n. something said or done 
to excite mirth; jest; sport: v.i. to 
make jokes: v.t. to cast jokes at; 
rally. [Latin.] 

joker (jok'er), # n. a jester; an extra 
card, the highest trump card at 
euchre. 

jokesmith (jok'smith),7i. a professional 
joker; one who jokes consciously, 
and because he feels that he must. 

jollification (jol-i-fi-ka/shun), n. mer- 
ry-making. 

jollity (jol'i-ti), n. the state of being 
jolly. 

jolly (jol'i), adj. [comparative jollier, sit- 
perlative j oiliest ], # full of life and 
mirth; gay; inspiring mirth; excel- 
lent; most remarkable; companion- 
able: adv. exceedingly^ v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. jollied, p.pr. jollying], to joke 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



JOLLY-BOAT 



478 



JUDGE 



or rally; to treat well for the pur- 
pose of obtaining some advantage. 

jolly-boat (jol'i-bot), n. a ship's small 
boat._ 

jolt (jolt), v.t. to shake by sudden 
jerks: v.i. to have a jerky motion: 
n. a sudden jerk, an unpleasant sur- 
prise. 

Jonah (jo'na), n. a person who is sup- 
posed to bring bad luck, especially 
on shipboard. Tennyson uses the 
word " a Jonah " in his poem " The 
Wreck," stanza 7. 

jonquil (jon'kwil), n. a bulbous plant 
with fragrant flowers. Also jon- 
quille. 

jorum (jo'rum), n. a large drinking 
bowl. 

josh (josh), v.t. to make good-natured 
sport of any one; to flatter. See 
jolly, at the end. 

joss (jos), n. a Chinese god or idol. 

jostle (jos'l), v.t. to push against; el- 
bow. 

jot (jot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jotted, p.pr. 
jottingl, to make a memorandum of 
(with down) : n. a tittle. See iota. 

joule (joul), n. the unit of electrical 
force in the centimeter-gram-second 
system. [French.] 

journal (jer'nal), n. a record of news 
or events; diary; a book in which 
particular transactions are entered 
from the day-book; a ship's log- 
book; the bearing part of the shaft 
of a machine. [French.] 

journalese (jer-nal-ez'), n. sa'd ironi- 
cally of newspaper writing as though 
it were in a new kind of language. 

journalism (jer'nal-izm), n. a news- 

§aper or periodical literature: the in- 
uence exercised by such literature ; 
the profession of a journalist. 

journalist (jer'nal-ist), n. an editor, or 
contributor to a journal or newspa- 
per; one who keeps a journal. 

journalistic (jer-nal-is'tik), adj. per- 
taining to journals, journalists, or 
journalism. 

journey (jer'ni), n. passage from one 
place to another; a day's work or 
travel: v.i. to travel from one place 
to another. [French.] 

journeyman (jer'ni-man), n. [pi. jour- 
neymen (jer'ni-men)], a mechanic 
who has served his apprentice- 
ship. 



joust (joost), n, a mediaeval mock 
combat with blunted lances between 
two mounted knights: v.i. to engage 
in such a combat. 

jovial (jov'i-al), adj. convivial; merry. 

joviality (jo-vi-al'i-ti), n. conviviality; 
mirth. 

jovially (jo'vi-a-li), adv. with jovial- 
ity. 

Jovian (jo'vi-an), adj. resembling or 
relating to the God Jove or Jupiter; 
majestic, awe-inspiring. 

jowl (joul), the jaw or cheek; head 
of a fish. 

joy (joi), n. exhilaration of spirits; 
gaiety; gladness: v.i to rejoice or 
be glad. [French.] 

joyful (joi'fool), adj. full of joy. 

joyless (joi'les), adj. without joy; 
destitute of gladness. 

joy-ride (joi'rid), n. a wild, reckless, 
automobile ride; usually indulged in 
without authorization, by the chauf- 
feur or others; frequently ending in 
disaster. 

jubilant (jqo'bi-lant), adj. express- 
ing exultation; triumphant. 

jubilate (joo'bi-lat), v.i. to express ex- 
ultation. 

jubilation (joo-bi-la'shun), n. a shout- 
ing for joy; declaration of tri- 
umph. 

jubilee (joo'bi-le), n. a Jewish festival 
celebrated every 50th year, to com- 
memorate the del'verance of the Is- 
raelites from Egyptian bondage; the 
50th anniversary of any event; a 
year of special indulgence granted 
by the Pope every 25th year. [French 
from Hebrew.] 

Judaean joo-de'an), adj. pertaining to 
Judaea. 

Judaism (joo'da-izm), n. the religious 
rites and doctrines of the Jews; con- 
formity to Jewish rites and doc- 
trines. 

judge (juj), n. the presiding official 
in a court of law, having authority 
to hear and determine civil and 
criminal causes; arbitrator; connois- 
seur; one of the chief rulers of the 
Israelites from the death of Joshua 
to the kingship of Saul: v.t. to ex- 
examine and pass sentence upon ; dis- 
tinguish; consider: v.t. to come to a 
conclusion by comparison and con- 
sideration; hear and determine a 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



JUDGMENT 



479 



JUNCTURE 



case, and pass sentence. [French 
from Latin.] 

judgment (juj'ment), n. the act of 
judging; a judicial decision; mental 
faculty of deciding correctly by the 
comparison of facts and ideas; pen- 
etration ; intelligence ; criticism ; opin- 
ion; punishment inflicted by God; 
the final trial of mankind by God 
(with the) ; judgment-day. 

judicature (joo'di-ka-tur), ft. a court 
of justice; power of dispensing jus- 
tice by legal trial and judgment. 

judicial (joo-dish'al), adj. pertaining 
to courts of justice or to the admin- 
istration of justice; proceeding from, 
or inflicted by, a court of justice; im- 
partial. 

judicially (joo-dish'a-li), adv. in a ju- 
dicial manner. 

judiciary (joo-dish'i-a-ri), adj. per- 
taining to courts of justice; passing 
judgment: n. judges collectively; 
that branch of a government con- 
cerned with the administration of 
civil and criminal law. 

judicious (joo-dish'us), adj. prudent; 
discreet. 

Judy (joo'di), n. the wife of Punch in 
" Punch and Judy " ; in English dia- 
lect, a wife; in China, a courtesan, 
the word being so applied by for- 
eigners of all nationalities, but prob- 
ably imported by English sailors. 

jug, v.t. to put into a jug; to cook in 
a jug; to imprison: v.i. to imitate 
the cry of a nightingale; to nestle 
together as birds: n. an earthenware 
vessel with a handle, used to carry 
liquids; a jail or prison. 

Juggernaut (jug'er-nawt) , n. a title 
of Krishna or Vishnu, "the lord of 
the world," as he is worshipped at 
JPuri in 120 temples, while the land 
for twenty miles around is sacred to 
him. The name is used of any thing 
to which men give a devotion which 
destroys them ; for his believers for- 
merly threw themselves under the 
huge car of Juggernaut and sought 
to be crushed by it. [Hindu.] 

juggle (jug'l), v.t. to cheat by arti- 
fice: v.i. to conjure: n. a trick by 
sleight of hand; imposture. 

jugglery { jug'ler-i) , n. [pi. juggleries 
(jug'ler-iz) ], legerdemain; impost- 
ure. 



jugular (jug'u-lar), adj. pertaining to 
the neck or throat or jugular vein: 
n. a jugular vein. 

juice (joos), n. sap; the fluid parts 
of animal bodies. 

juicy (joo'si), _adj. full of juice. 

jujube (joo'joob), ft. a kind of lozenge; 
the edible fruit of a shrub ; the shrub 
itself, which grows densely in parts 
of India. [Greek.] 

julep (joo'lep), n. a drink composed of 
brandy or < whisky sweetened and 
flavored with mint; a mixture of 
sugar and water as a vehicle for ad- 
ministering medicine. [French.] 

Julian (jSo'lian), adj. pertaining to 
Julius Caesar, or to the Julian cal- 
endar as adjusted by Julius Caesar 
46 B.C.: replaced by the Gregorian 
year (New Style) in England, 1752. 

julienne (zhoo-li-en') , n. a clear meat 
soup with chopped carrots, &c. 

July (joo-ll'), ft. the seventh month of 
the year, named from Julius Caesar, 
who was born in it. 

jumble (jum'bl), n. a confused mass ; 
a kind of thin cake: v.t. to mix in a 
confused mass ; throw together with- 
out order: v.i. to mix or unite con- 
fusedly. 

jumbo (jum'bo), n. a huge person or 
animal, an expression derived from 
a once famous elephant named 
Jumbo: adj. larger than usual, as " a 
jumbo squab." 

jump (jump), ft. a spring or bound; 
the space dumped; in mining, a 
fault: v.t. to cause to spring or 
bound; leap over; to take possession 
of (a mining claim) during the ab- 
sence of its owner: v.i. to spring 
upward or forward. 

jumper (jump'er), ft. one who, or that 
which, jumps; a name applied to 
certain religious sects who practice 
dancing under religious excitement; 
a hooded Arctic fur jacket; a long, 
loose workman's jacket; a one-piece 
frock, with low neck and short 
sleeves, worn over a chemisette. 

junction (jungk'shun) , ft. the act of 
being joined; union; a point or place 
of union. 

juncture (jungk'tur), n. the point or 
line at which two bodies are joined; 
joint; articulation; particular or 
critical occasion. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, t/ien. 



JUNE 



480 



JUVENESCENCE 



June (joon), n.- the sixth month, 
named from Juno, the wife of Jove. 

jungle (jung'gl), n. a dense -tropical 
thicket of forest trees, brushwood, 
tall grasses, reeds, and creepers. 

junior (joon'yer), adj. younger; of 
lower standing; pertaining to youth: 
n. the younger of two; one of lower 
standing. The abbreviation Jr. is 
written after the name of a mem- 
ber of a family who has an older 
relative of the same name still living. 
Thus John Brown, Jr., may be the 
son, the grandson, or the nephew of 
John Brown, Si*, (senior). 

juniority (joon-yor'i-ti), n. junior 
state. 

juniper (joo'ni-per), n. a shrub, the 
berries of which are used in flavor- 
ing gin. 

junk (jungk), n. short pieces of old 
cable, rope, &c, used for making 
mats, oakum, &c; hard salt ship 
beef; a Chinese flat-bottomed vessel 
with a square bow and high stern, 
having the mast in one piece. [Span- 
ish.] 

junket (jung'ket), n. a preparation 
of curds and cream; a variety of 
sweetmeat; excursion; picnic; vi. to 
participate in an excursion or pic- 
nic. 

junta (jun'ta), n. a legislative assem- 
bly or council. [Spanish.] 

junto (jun'to), n. [pi. juntos ('toz)] f a 
secret council of state; faction; ca- 
bal. [Spanish.] 

jupon (zhoo-pong') , n. a petticoat. 
Also jupe (zhoop). [French.] 

juridical (joo-rid'i-kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to law, judicial proceedings, or 
jurisprudence. 

jurisconsult (joo-ris-kon'sult), n. a 
jurist. [Latin.] 

jurisdiction (joo-r is-dik 'shun), n. le- 
gal authority ; extent of power ; dis- 
trict over which any authority ex- 
tends. 

jurisprudence (joo-ris-proo'dens), n. 
legal science; system of laws of a 
country. 

jurist (joo'rist), n. one skilled in legal 
science. 

juror (joo'rer), n. a juryman. 

jury (joo'ri), n. a body of men, usually 
twelve, selected according to law and 
sworn to inquire into or decide on 



the evidence before them ; a commit- 
tee of experts selected to award 
prizes, &c, at a public exhibition, 
&c. 

jury-mast (joo'ri-mast), n. a tem- 
porary mast. 

jus (jus), n. a right that may be le- 
gally enforced. [Latin.] 

just (just), adj. comformable to di- 
vine or human laws; upright; im- 
partial; faithful; exact; regular; 
fair: adv. exactly; barely; nearly; 
almost; perfectly. [Latin.] 

juste- au- corps (zhust-o-cor'), n. a 
seventeenth century female gar- 
ment; an eighteenth century long- 
skirted, close-fitting man's coat. 
[French.] 

justice (jus'tis), n. the quality of be- 
ing just; rectitude in dealing with 
others; impartiality; a judge or 
magistrate. 

justiciary (jus-tish'i-a-ri), n. [pi. jus- 
ticiaries (jus-tish'i-a-riz)], a judge. 

justifiable (jus-ti-fl'a-bl) , adj. defensi- 
ble. 

justifiably (jus-ti-fi'a-bli), adv. so as 
to be justifiable. 

justification (jus-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of justifying; vindication or de- 
fense ; the act of acceptance of a man 
by God as justified by the merits of 
Jesus Christ. [Latin.] 

justify (jus'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p. v. justi- 
fied, p.pr. justifying], to show or 
prove to be just or right; vindicate; 
pardon, accept and treat as just on 
the ground of faith and repentance: 
v.i. to conform to each other by 
proper spacing, as lines of type. 

jut (jut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jutted, p.pr. 
jutting], project beyond the main 
body. 

Jute (joot), n. a member of one of the 
low German tribes that with Saxons 
and Anglos invaded Britain in the 
fifth and sixth centuries A.D., and 
after which Jutland was named. 

jute (joot), n. the fiber of an East 
Indian plant used for ropes, bag- 
ging, mats, &c. [Bengali.] 

Juvenalia (joo-ve-na/li-a) , n.pl. sa- 
tirical writings after the manner of 
the great Roman satirist Juvenal 
(first century, A.D.). 

juvenescence (joo-ve-nes'ens), n. a 
growing young. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 



JUVENESCENT 



481 



JUZAIL 



juvenescent (joo-ve-nes'ent), adj. be- 
coming young. 

juvenile (joq've-nil), adj. youthful ; 
characteristic of, or suitable to, 
youth: n. a young person. 

Juvenilia (joo-ve-nil'i-a), n.pl. youth- 
ful writings, such as those published 
by Tennyson, Dickens, Poe, Willis, 
and others, and often suppressed in 
later years. [Latin.] 



juvenility (joo-ve-ruTi-ti), n. youth- 

fulness. 
juxta, a prefix meaning near, 

[Latin.] 
juxtabasal (jux-ta-ba/sal), a. next 

to the basal or lowest part. 
juxtaposition (juks-ta-po-zish'un), n« 

nearness, closeness. 
juzail (ju'zel), n. a heavy Afghan 

rifle. [Afghan.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, boek i 
31 hue, hut; think, then. 



K 



JSL, Tne eleventh letter of the English 
alphabet. As a capital letter, it 
appears to have been formed out of 
the Egyptian hierarchic pictograph 
representing a bowl. In both early 
Greek and Latin the character 
represented a "hard" sound, as it 
does in our language to-day, op- 
posed to S. But K was in Greek 
at one time a letter called Koppa 
o, apparently Q. Q was finally lost 
except as a numeral in Greek, and 
as part of a diphthongal combina- 
tion, qu, in Latin. 

Kaaba (ka'ba), n. the shrine at Mec- 
ca towards which all Mohammedans 
turn when praying, because it is 
believed by them to have been 
built by Abraham to enclose a 
ruby sent to him from heaven. 

Kaffir (kaf'er or, better, ka-fer'), n. 
any member of one of the Bantu 
tribes of South Africa; cognate with 
the Zulus ; the Kaffir language ; one 
of a non-Mohammedan race of 
Northern Afghanistan; an infidel. 
Also Kafir. The Kaffirs have no such 
name for themselves, but are so 
called by Mohammedans, this word 
meaning "unbeliever." # [Arabic] 

kaftan (kaftan), n. a kind of vest 
worn in Oriental countries. Also 
caftan. [Arabic] 

kago (kag'o),_n. a Japanese palanquin. 

kailyard (kal'yard), n. a cabbage 
garden. [Scotch.] Hence recent 
popular novelists who write of 
homely life have been grouped to- 
gether as the Kailyard School of 
English Literature. 

Kaiser (kl'zer), n. the title of the em- 
perors of Germany, Austria and 
Bulgaria. The Russian title, Czar, 
is in reality the same, since all three 
come from the Ccesar of Roman im- 
perialism (properly pronounced kl'- 
sar). 



kaki (ka/ke), n. the Japanese date- 
plum. 

kale (kal), n. a cabbage with open 
curled leaves; sea-kale. Also kail. 

kaleidoscope (ka-ll'do-skop) , n. an 
optical instrument which by an ar- 
rangement of mirrors causes objects 
viewed through it to appear in a 
variety of symmetrical and beautiful 
patterns. 

kalendar, kalends, see calendar. 

kali (ka/le), n. a species of glass- 
wort, the ashes of which are used in 
glass manufacture; caustic potash 
[Arabic]; a Persian carpet [Per- 
sian]. 

Kali (ka/le), n. in Hindu mythology, 
the wife of Siva, and thus the god- 
dess of destruction. Also called 
Durga. [Sanskrit, "black."] 

kalif, same as caliph. 

Kalmuck (kal'muk), n. one of a tribe 
of people extending loosely from 
Western China to the Volga. They 
are probably descended from the 
ancient Scythians ; adj. pertaining to 
the Kalmucks or their language. 

kalmuck, n. a rough hairy kind of 
cloth. 

Kama (ka/ma), n. in Persian poetry 
the god of sensual love. 

kami (ka/mi), n. a Japanese title 
equivalent to English Lord. 

kamis (ka-mes'), n. a long shirt worn 
by Mohammedans. [Arabic] The 
word has been Europeanized so as to 
give us chemise. 

Kanaka (ka-na/ka), n. a native 
Hawaian of low ca°t? I 

kangaroo (kang-ga-roo'), n. a her- 
bivorous marsupial mammal pecu- 
liar to Australia, having short fore- 
legs and long powerful hind legs, 
with which it leaps. 

kaolin (ka'o-lin), n. china or porce- 
lain clay. [Chinese.] 

karat, same as carat. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



KARYO 



463 



KER.N EL 



karyo, a Greek -prefix meaning nucleus, 
occurring in various scientific words. 

katakana (kat-a-ka'na), n. the square 
style of writing of the Japanese. 

kava (ka'va), a plant indigenous to 
the Hawaiians; a beverage, sooth- 
ing and slightly narcotic, made from 
this plant. [Hawaiian.] 

kavass (ka-vas'), n. a courier or in- 
ferior officer in the Turkish military 
or diplomatic service. [Turkish.] 

kayak (ka/yak), n. an Eskimo seal- 
skin canoe. Also kaiak, kajak. 

kazoo (ka-zoo A ), w. a small instrument 
for making noise. < It consists of a 
wooden pipe in which a bit of cat-gut 
is inserted. % When one blows through 
the mouthpiece a harsh and hideous 
noise is made. 

kea (ke'a), n. a New Zealand parrot, 
which feeds on carrion and attacks 
sheep. 

keckle (kek'l), v.t. to preserve (a 
rope, &c.) from chafing by a cover- 
ing of canvas, &c. 

kedge (kej), n. a light anchor used in 
warping: v.t. to warp. 

keel (kel), n. the chief and lowest 
timber of a vessel extending from 
stem to stern and supporting the 
whole frame: hence a ship; a low, 
flat-bottomed coal-barge; the lowest 
petals of the corolla of a papiliona- 
ceous flower; carina: v.t. to furnish 
with a keel: v.i. turn up the keel; 
give up. 

keel-boat (keTbot), n. a large covered 
freight boat. 

keelhaul (kel'hawl), v.t. to drag under 
water beneath the bottom of a ship 
from one side to the other; formerly 
a naval punishment; reprimand 
sternly. 

keelson (kel'sun), n. a beam or timber 
laid on the middle of the floor tim- 
bers over the keel of a vessel to 
strengthen it. Also kelson. 

keen (ken), adj. sharp; eager; pierc- 
ing; bitter; acute [Anglo-Saxon]: n. 
a shrill bitter wail of lamentation 
for the dead. [Erse.] 

keening (ke'ning), n. the act of keen- 
ing or wailing for the dead. 

keep (kep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kept, p. 
pr. keeping], to have the care of; 
guard; preserve; maintain; do; ob- 
serve; fulfil; supply with the neces- 



saries of life; detain; confine: v.i, 
to remain in any state or condition: 
n. subsistence; the stronghold or 
dorijon of a mediaeval castle. 

keeping (kep'ing), n. care; custody; 
charge; subsistence; harmony: con- 
gruity. 

keepsake (kep'sak), n. something kept 
as a souvenir of the giver. 

keeve (kev), n. a large vat or tub. 

keg (keg), n. a small barrel. 

kelp (kelp), n. the calcined ashes of 
sea-weeds, from which iodine is ob- 
tained; a large coarse seaweed or 
wrack. 

kelpie (kel'pi), n. a malevolent water- 
sprite, supposed to take the form of 
horse. [Celtic] 

Kelt, same as Celt. 

kemp (kemp), n. coarse rough hair 
or wool; refuse of fur. 

ken (ken), n. view; knowledge^ v.t, 
[p.t. & p.p. kenned, p.pr. kenning], 
to know; descry. [Scotch.] 

kendal (ken'dal), n. a coarse green 
cloth, first made near Kendal Green, 
in Westmoreland, England. 

kennel (ken'el), n. a house for a dog or 
pack of hounds; lair of a fox; street 
gutter; vile lodging: v.L to confine 
in a kennel: v.i. to live in a kennel. 
[Old French.] 

keno (ke'no), n. a game of chance 
played with numbered balls, cards, 
and buttons 1 [French.] 

kenosis (ken-o'sis), n. literally empty- 
ing. In theological language, the 
self-imitation of Christ in becoming 
man. 

kepi (ka/pe), n. a military cap with 
a straight vizor. [French.] 

keratin (kerVtin), n. the principal 
constituent of hair, nails, and horn. 

kerite (ke'rit), n. an insulating ma- 
terial made of vulcanized rubber. m 

kermes (ker'mez), n. the dried bodies 
of a cochineal insect (Coccus ilicis), 
furnishing a scarlet dye; an oxysul- 
phide of antimony of a deep cherry 
color. [Arabic] 

kermess (ker'mes), n. an open-air 
festival. [Dutch.] 

kern (kern), n. the overhanging part 
of a type. 

kernel (ker'nel), n. a grain or seed; the 
edible substance of a nut or fruit 
stone; essence. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



KEROSENE 



484 



KINDRED 



kerosene (ker'o-sen), n. refined petro- 
leum. [Greek.] 

Kerry (ker'i), n. an Irish breed of 
cattle. 

kersey (ker'zi), n. a coarse smooth- 
faced cloth. 

kerseymere (ker'zi-mer) ., n. cassimere. 

kestrel (kes'trel), n. a kind of Euro- 
pean hawk. 

ketch (kech), n. a stoutly-built, two- 
masted, fore-and-aft rigged vessel, 
now almost obsolete. 

ketchup (kech'up), n. a sauce pre- 
pared from tomatoes, mushrooms, 
&c. Also catsup and catchup. 

kettle (ket'l), n. a metallic vessel for 
boiling liquids. 

kettledrum (ket'1-drum), n. a hemi- 
spherical copper .drum; afternoon 
tea party. 

key (ke), n. a portable metal instru- 
ment for operating a lock; an in- 
strument by which something is 
turned, secured, or operated upon; 
fundamental tone or note of a musi- 
cal composition; solution; literal 
translation; v.t. fasten or connect 
with a key. 

key (ka), n. a quay, or place for land- 
ing. [French.] 

key (ka), n. a low narrow island usually 
containing coral. [Spanish.] 

keynote (ke'not), n. the fundamental 
note; ruling principle. 

keystone (ke'ston), n. central stone of 
an arch. 

khaki (ka'ki), n. a light drab-colored 
cloth much used for undress uni- 
form since the Boer War of 1899. 
[Anglo-Indian.] 

khan (kan), n. an Asiatic prince, chief, 
or governor ; in India, a title given to 
a caravanserai. [Persian.] 

khanate (kan'at), n. the jurisdiction of 
a khan. 

khedeviate (ke-de'vi-at) , n. the juris- 
diction of the khedive. 

khedive (ke-dev'), n. the official title 
of the Viceroy of Egypt, first be- 
stowed upon him by the Sultan of 
Turkey in 1868. [Turkish.] 

kick (kik), n. a blow with the foot; 
a recoil: v.t. to strike with the foot: 
v.i. recoil; resist. 

kickshaw (kik'shaw), n. something 
fanciful or out of the way; a deli- 
cacy. [French, quelquechose.] 



kid (kid), n. the young of the goat, or 
its soft skin used for gloves, &c. ; a 
child; a small wooden tub: adj. 
made of kid: v.i. [v.t. & p.p. kidded, 
p.pr. kidding], to bring forth a kid: 
v.t. to furnish or cover with kid; 
humbug. 

kiddle (kid'l), n. a wicker fish-weir. 

kidnap (kid'nap), v.t. to get forcible 
and illegal possession of (human be- 
ings, especially children). 

kidney (kid'ni), n. [pi. kidneys (kid'- 
niz)], one of two oblong flattened 
organs which separate the urine from 
the blood; anything resembling a 
kidney ; sort or kind. 

kilerg (kil'erg), n. a unit of energy 
= 1,000 ergs. 

kill (kil), v.t. to deprive of life; de- 
stroy; slay. 

kiln (kil), n. a furnace, oven, or pile 
for burning, drying, or hardening. 

kilogram (kil'o-gram), n. 1,000 grams 
= 2.2046 lbs. 

kiloliter (kil'o-le-tr) , n. 1,000 liters = 
220 imperial gals, (about). 

kilometer (kil'o-me-tr) , n. 1,000 me- 
ters = 3,280.8 feet. 

kilt (kilt), n. a short petticoat or 
philibeg of the Scottish Highland- 
ers: v.t. to form into broad, flat 
plaits; tuck up. [Gaelic] 

kimono (kim'o-no), n. the loose outer 
robe of the Japanese. [Japanese.] 

kin (kin), n. consanguinity; relation- 
ship; kindred; a Chinese lute. 

kind (kind), adj. benevolent; indul- 
gent; affectionate; sympathetic: n. 
genus or species; quality; variety; 
sort. 

kindergarten (kin'der-gar-ten) , n. a 
school for young children in which 
they are taught by diverting object 
lessons, &c. [German.] 

kindle (kind'l), v.t. to set fire to; in- 
flame. 

kindliness (klnd'li-nes) , n. kindly dis- 
position. 

kindly (kind'li), adj. [comp, kindlier, 
superl. kindliest], benevolent; sym- 
pathetic; beneficial; natural: adv. 
in a kindly manner. 

kindness (kmd'nes), n. the state 
or quality of being kind; a kind 
act. 

kindred (kin'dred), adj. of like na- 
ture or character; cognate: n. rela- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



KIXEMACOLOR 



485 



KNAPWEED 



tionship by birth or marriage; con- 
sanguinity. 

kmemacolor (km-e-ma-kul'er) , n. a 
colored moving picture, approximat- 
ing the natural colors of objects. 

kinematics (kin-e-mat/iks), n. the 
science of pure motion. 

kinesthesia (kin-es-the'si-a), n. the 
sense of muscular effort. 

kinetic (kin-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or imparting, motion; active: n.pl. 
that branch of dynamics # which 
treats of the action of forces in caus- 
ing or influencing motion. 

kinetograph (kin-et'to-graf ) , n. an ap- 
paratus for taking series of photo- 
graphs of moving objects such as can 
afterwards be reproduced on a screen, 
as if in actual motion. 

kinetophonograph (kin-et'to-fo'no- 
graf), n. an apparatus combining the 
phonograph and the kinetograph. 

kinetoscope (kin-et'o-skop), n. an ap- 
paratus for exhibiting moving pic- 
tures. 

king (king)^ n. a male sovereign or 
ruler; a piece or card representing 
a king in a game; one who is spe- 
cially distinguished in the same 
class or kind. 

kingdom (kmg'dum), n. the territory 
ruled by a king cr queen; royal au- 
thority; any sphere of influence. 

kingfisher (king'fish-er) , n. a fish-eat- 
ing bird with bright blue and green 
or slate-blue and white plumage. 

kingwood (king'wood), n. a hard vio- 
let-tinted wood imported from Bra- 
zil: used in cabinet-making. 

kink (kingk), n. a twist in a, rope or 
thread when doubled; whim: v.t. & 
v.i. to form kinks. 

kinkajou (king'ka-joo), n. a South 
American carnivorous mammal with 
a long prehensile tail. 

kinnikinick (km-i-ki-nik'), n. the 
leaves of the sumac, willow, &c, as 
smoked by the American Indians. 

kino (kl'no), n. an astringent gum, 
used in medicine, tanning, &c. 

kinsfolk (kins'fok), n. relatives. 

kiosque (ki-osk'), n. a Turkish open 
pavilion or summer house; small 
booths used for newsoaper stands, 
&c. 

kip (kip), n. the untanned skin of a 
calf or small cattle. 



kipper (kip'er), n. a salmon after 
spawning; a salmon, herring, &c, 
cut open, salted, and smoke-dried; 
a salmon that has remained too long 
in fresh water: v.t. to cure, as a 
salmon. [Gaelic] 

kirk (kerk), n. a church; the Church 
of Scotland (with the). [Gaelic] 

kirtle (ker'tl), n. an upper garment; 
petticoat: v.t. to array in a kirtle. 

kismet (kis'met) , n. fate. [Arabic] 

kiss (kis), n. a salute or caress with 
the lips; a slight touch: v.t. to sa- 
lute with the lips; touch slightly: 
v.i. to caress mutually with the lips. 

kit (kit), ri. a small wooden tub; a 
small violin; traveling necessaries, 
outfit, &c; set; a large bottle; a 
family or brood. 

kitcat (kit'kat), n. a portrait 28 x 36 
in., showing half the length. The 
name was derived from the Kit- 
Cat Club in London, every member 
of which was painted in a panel of 
that size by Sir Geoffrey Kneller 
between 1700-1720. 

kitchen (kich'en), n. a room set 
apart for cooking; ship's galley: adj. 
pertaining to the kitchen. 

kitchenette (kich-en-et'), n. sl very 
small kitchen, especially in a studio- 
apartment. 

kite (kit), n. sl rapacious bird of 
prey; a light frame of wood cov- 
ered with paper or linen for flying 
in the air; a fight lofty sail; an ac- 
commodation bill. 

kith (kith), n. acquaintance. 

kitten (kit'n), n. a young cat. 

kittiwake (kit'i-wak), n. a gull 

kiwi (ke'wi), n. a New Zealand bird 
with a long bill. 

kleptomania (klep-to-ma/ni-a), n. a 
form of insanity manifesting itself 
in an irresistible propensity to steaL 

kleptomaniac (klep-to-ma/ni-ak) , n. 
one who is under the influence of 
kleptomania. [Greek.] 

knack (nak), n. adroitness; dex- 
terity. 

knacker (nak'er), n. a horse-slaugh- 
terer; dealer in worn-out horses. 

knapsack (nap'sak), n. a leather or 
cloth traveling-case carried on the 
back. 

knapweed (nap 'wed), n. a purple-flow- 
ered plant; bachelor's button. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mat; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



KNAVE 



486 



KNOT 



knave (nav), n. a dishon-^t or de- 
ceitful person; a court-card with the 
figure of a soldier or servant. 

knavery (nav'er-i), n. [pi. knaveries 
(nav'er-iz)], dishonesty; fraud; de- 
ceit. 

knavish (nav'ish) , adj. dishonest ; mis- 
chievous. 

knead (ned), v.t. to work into a mass, 
as dough; operate upon in massage; 
mold. 
.knee (ne), n. the articulation # of the 
leg and thigh bones; anything re- 
sembling a knee: v.t. to connect or 
strengthen with knees. 

knee-breeches (ne'brich-ez), n.pl. 
breeches reaching just below the 
knee. 

knee-cap (ne'kap),n. a flattened oval 
bone on the forepart of the knee- 
joint; patella. Also kneepan. 

kneel (nel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. knelt, 
p.pr. kneeling], to bend, or fall 
upon, the knees. 

knell (nel), n. the sound of a bell 
when struck, especially a funeral 
bell; an ill omen: v.t. & v.i. to sound 
or toll, as a funeral bell. 

Knickerbocker (nik'er-bok-er) , n. a 
person descended from one of the 
early Dutch residents of Man- 
hattan or Albany. 

knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz) , n. 
pi. wide breeches gathered in below 
the knee. 

knick-knack (nik'nak) , n. a little orna- 
mental trifle; kickshaw. 

knife (nif)^ n. [pi. knives (nivz)], 
a cutting instrument with a sharp- 
edged blade set in a handle: v.t. to 
stab with a knife. 

knight (nit) , n . one who holds non- 
hereditary rank, next below a baro- 
net, but entitling him to the prefix 
Sir; in mediaeval times, one of gentle 
birth, who, after serving as an es- 
quire, was admitted by certain cere- 
monies to military rank; a cham- 
pion; lover; one of the pieces in 
chess: v.t. to confer the honor of 
knighthood upon. 

knightage (nit'aj), n. knights collec- 
tively. 

knight- bachelor (nit-bach'e-ler), n. 
one who has received knighthood di- 
rectly from the hands of the sov- 
ereign by accolade; differing thus 



from the knight who gets his rank 
through membership in an order, ae 
in the Order of the Bath, the Order 
of the Indian Empire, &c. 

knight-errant (nit-er'ant) , n. [pi. 
knights-errant], in the Middle Ages, 
a knight who went in quest of ad- 
venture, to* show his prowess, chiv- 
alry, &c. 

knight-errantry (nit-er'ant-tri) , n. 
the practices or customs of knights- 
errant. 

knighthood (nlt'hood), n. the charac- 
ter, rank, or dignity, of a knight. 

Knight Templar (nit-tem'plar), n. 
[pi. knights templar], one of a great 
military order founded in the twelfth 
century to defend the Temple at 
Jerusalem and the future of the 
Latin Kings there. The Templars 
were suppressed in 1312 by Philip 
IV of France. 

knit (nit)", v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knitted, 
p.pr. knitting], to tie, unite, or draw 
together; weave together by nee- 
dles; contract. 

knitting (nit'ing), n. the work of a 
knitter; the netted fabric thus wo- 
ven; union. 

knob (nob), n. the rounded handle of 
a door, &c; round protuberance; 
knoll. 

knobby (nob'i), adj. full of knobs. 

knock (nok), n. a blow or stroke 
with something hard or heavy; rap; 
severe criticism; mockery: v.t. to 
give a blow to; drive or strike 
against: v.i. to strike a blow with 
something hard or heavy; to criti- 
cise severely; to mock. 

knock-out (nok'out), n. a mechanical 
device for throwing out finished 
work; a knock-down blow ending a 
fight. 

knock-out drops (nok'out-dropz), n, 
a narcotic, usually chloral, acfminis- 
tered by thieves to their victims so 
as to stupefy them prior to robbery. 

knoll (not), n. a rounded hillock; 
hilltop. 

knop (nop), n. an architectural or- 
nament of clustered leaves and flow- 
ers; button. 

knot (not), n. an interweaving or 
tying of thread or cord, &c; any- 
thing resembling a knot; entangle- 
ment; difficulty; a hard part in a 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: l»«v»n, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, th^n. 



KNOTTING 



487 



KRYPTON 



piece of wood; part of a tree where 
the branches shoot out; a division 
of a log-line (each 47.42 ft.); a 
nautical mile = 2,025 yds.; bond 
of union; group; the red-breasted 
sand-piper: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knotted, 
p.pr. knotting], to tie in a knot; 
unite firmly or closely : v.i. form knots 
or joints; make knots for fringe. 

knotting (noting), n. a kind of lace 
work; a paint of red lead, &c, for 
protecting metal. 

knotty (not'i), adj. [comp. knottier, 
superl. knottiest], full of knots; 
rugged; difficult. 

knout (nout), n. a leathern whip 
consisting of leather thongs mingled 
with wires; formerly used as^ a 
punishment in Russia: v.t. to punish 
with the knout. [Russian.] 

know (no), v.t. [p.t. knew, p.p. known, 
p.pr. knowing], to perceive with the 
mind; understand clearly; have 
knowledge of; distinguish: v.i. to 
be informed. 

knowing (no'ing), p. adj. having knowl- 
edge; intelligent; shrewd; cunning; 
stylish. 

knowledge (nol'ej), n. clear percep- 
tion of a truth or fact; erudition; 
skill from practice; acquaintance; 
information. 

knuckle (nuk'l), n. the projecting 
joint of the fingers; the knee-joint 
of a calf or pig: v.i. to bend the 
fingers; yield or submit. 

knur (ner), n. a hard knot or pro- 
tuberance. Also knurl. 

koa (ko'a), n. a Hawaiian tree of 
the Acacia genus yielding a valuable 
timber. 

kobold (ko'bold), n. a dwarf goblin 
or sprite frequenting houses, mines, 
and caves, where he guards great 
treasures of gold and silver. This 
myth is found nearly all over the 
world. [German.] 

kodak (ko'dak), n. a portable camera 
for taking instantaneous m photo- 
graphs^ v.t. to take an instanta- 
neous picture of. [Coined word.] 

koff (kof), n. a Dutch fishing-vessel. 

kohl (kol), n. powdered antimony, 
used in the East for imparting lus- 
ter to the eyes. [Arabic] 

kohlrabi (kol'ra-bi), n. & variety of 
cabbage. [German.] 



kokra-wood (kok'ra-wood), n. the 
wood of an Indian tree, used for 
making flutes, &c.,_and in turnery. 

koniscope (kon'i-skop), n. an appa- 
ratus for determining the amount of 
dust contained in the air. [Greek.] 

kopi (ko'pi),_n. an African peasant. 

kopje (kop'ye), n. a hillock. _ [Dutch.] 

Koran (ko-ran', Arabic koo-ran'), n. 
"the Book"; the sacred writings of 
all the Mohammedan peoples. It 
is divided into 114 surahs or chap- 
ters. 

kosher (ko'sher), adj. pure, clean, ac- 
cording to Jewish ordinances: said 
of meat. 

koto (ko'to), n. a Japanese musical 
instrument, somewhat resembling 
the zither. 

koumiss (koo'mis), n. a spirituous 
beverage made by the Tartars from 
fermented mare's milk. A like drink 
is made in Western countries from 
cow's milk, sugar and yeast. Also 
kumiss. Prussian.] 

kowtow (kq-tou'), n. a Chinese form 
of salutation from an inferior to a 
superior by touching the ground 
with the forehead: v.i. salute by the 
kowtow. Also kotow. 

kraal (krawl), n. an African village 
consisting of a group of huts sur- 
rounded by a palisade; a single 
hut; a cattle-pen. [Dutch.] 

kraken (kra'ken), n. a sea-monster 
said to have been seen off the Nor- 
wegian coast. 

Kremlin (krem'lin), n. a Russian 
citadel, especially that of Mos- 
cow. 

kreutzer (kroit'ser), n. an Austrian 
copper coin = Y^ of a cent; former- 
ly a German coin = 2-3 of a cent. 

kriegspiel (kreg'spel), n. a military 
game with blocks to represent the 
various sections of an army as if in 
actual warfare. 

Kriss Kringle (kris'kring-gl), n. the 
saint of Christmas time, St. Nicholas ; 
the Christ-child. [German.] 

krone (kro'na), n. [pi. kroner 
(kro'ner)], a coin (crown) current in 
Teutonic and Scandinavian coun- 
tries = 27 cents. 

krypton (krip'ton), n. a recently 
discovered gaseous chemical ele- 
ment. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, nrt ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



KSHATRIYA 



488 



KYMOGRAPH 



kshatriya (ksha-tre'ya), n. the warrior 
caste of such Hindus as were Aryan. 

Ku-Klux-Klan (koo-kluks-klan') , n. 
a secret society formed after the 
American Civil War, to prevent 
violence to person and property 
from either blacks or whites of low 
character. After a time the Klan 
itself abused its influence, and it 
was finally put down by Federal 
troops. 

Kurd (koord), n. one of the Kurdish 
tribe; a native of Kurdistan. 
\ Kurdistan (koor-dis-tan') , n. a ter- 
ritory of some 50,000 sq. miles, oor- 



dering on Armenia, and the Persian 
possessions. Its people are of the 
Iranic branch of the Indo-European 
stock, and are governed indifferent Is 
and loosely by Turks and Per- 
sians. 

kutch (kuch), n. the packet of vel- 
lum leaves in which gold is placed 
to be beaten. [French.] 

kyanize (ki'an-iz), v.t. to impreg- 
nate (wood) for preservation with a 
solution of corrosive sublimate. 

kymograph (ki'mo-graf ) , n. an ap- 
paratus for determining the pres- 
sure of blood. [Greek.] 






ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

bue, hut; think, then. 



L 



L, the letter L in English is a sound 
(el) and not a name. In this re- 
spect it differs from the Egyptian 
hieratic character, which was the 
picture of a lioness. The Phoeni- 
cians called it lamed, " an ox-goose " ; 
the Greeks lamda, " a head." But 
the Latin here broke away from pic- 
ture-writing and used a simple char- 
acter, differing in this even from the 
Anglo-Saxons, who called the letter, 
lagu, " a lake." L is one of the 
most melodious sounds that any 
language knows, being, like R, a pure 
liquid. R, in fact, often changes to 
I, not only in English, but in many 
languages by the phonetic process 
called lallation. As an abbreviation, 
L. (pronounced el) is used in some 
American cities to denote "eZevated 
railway." In the country, people 
speak of the wing of a house as an 
L (el). 

la (la), n. the sixth note of the scale 
[Mus.]. 

laager (la'ger), n. an extemporized 
camp for defense, formed with wag- 
ons, &c: v.t. to protect by a laager. 
[South African Dutch.] 

Labarum (lab'a-rum), n. a Roman 
standard bearing upon it the sym- 
bols of Christ, adopted in token of 
gratitude, by the emperor Constan- 
tine, who won a great victory oyer 
Licinius, the first after his conversion 
to Christianity, 323 A.D. 

label (la'bel), n. a small slip of paper, 
&c, attached to anything to indi- 
cate its destination, ownership, &c; 
codicil; a projecting molding: v.t. to 
mark with, or affix, a label; classify. 

labial (la'bi-al), adj. formed by the 
lips: n. a letter representing a sound 
so formed. 

labiate (la'bi-at), adj. lipped. 

labiodental (la-bi-o-den'tal), adj. 
formed by the lips and teeth. 



labionasal (la-bi-o-na/zal), adj. a 
sound formed by the lips and nose. 

labium (la/bi-um), n. [pi. labia (la'- 
bi-a)], a lip or lir>-like organ. 

labor (la/ber), n. toil or exertion, phys- 
ical or mental; effort; difficulty; 
pain; parturition: v.t. to cause to 
toil; fabricate: v.i. to exert muscu- 
lar strength; use mental efforts; be 
hard pressed; take pains; move 
slowly; pitch and roll heavily; suf- 
fer the pains of childbirth. [Latin.] 

laboratory (lab'or-a-to-ri) , n. [pi. lab- 
oratories (lab'or-a-tcnriz)], a place 
where scientific experiments and op- 
erations are carried on. 

Labor Day (da), n. a holiday ob- 
served in nearly every State and 
Territory in the United States, for 
the recognition of Labor as a dis- 
tinct function of a numerous class. 
The holiday usually falls on the first 
Monday in September. 

laborious (la-bo 'ri-us), adj. difficult; 
toilsome. 

labradorite (lab'ra-dor-it) , n. a feld- 
spar displaying an iridescent play of 
colors. 

labrum (la'brum), n. [pi. labra (la/- 
bra)], the lip-like shield of an in- 
sect's mouth. [Latin.] 

labrus (la'brus), adj. thick lipped. 

laburnum (la-ber'num), n. an orna- 
mental tree with pendent yellow 
flowers. 

labyrinth Qab'i-rinth), n> a ser i es f 
intricate winding passages: from the 
structure said to have been made in 
Crete by Dsedalus; a maze; inex- 
plicable difficulty; the winding cavi- 
ties of the internal ear; a series of 
troughs through which ore slime is 
passed and the metallic particles de- 
posited. [Greek.] 

lac (lak), n. a resinous substance 
formed on certain trees by an in- 
sect (Carteria lacca)', the inspis- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
34 hue, hut ; think, then. 



LACE 



490 



LAG 



sated sap of various trees [Persian]; 
the sum of 100,000 rupees = $50,- 
000 (about). 
lace (las), n. an ornamental fabric 
of fine linen, cotton thread, gold or 
silver, &c, curiously woven; a cord 
used for binding or fastening: v.t. 
to fasten with a lace; adorn with 
lace; beat. 

lacerate (las'er-at), v.t. to rend; 
wound. 

laceration (las-er-a'shun) , n. the act 
of rending; a harrowing of the feel- 
ings; a rent. 

Lachesis (lak'e-sis), n. the second of 
the three Fates in ancient mythol- 
ogy- Clotho spins the thread of 
destiny, Lachesis measures its prop- 
er length, and Atropos cuts it. In 
homeopathic pharmacy, lachesis is 
the name given to the dried poison of 
the lance-headed viper. [Greek.] 

lachrymal (lak'ri-mal), adj. pertain- 
ing to tears. 

lachrymose (lak'ri-mos) , adj. tearful; 
sad. 

lack (lak), v.t. to be destitute of: v.i. 
to be in need; to be deficient; come 
short: n. want; failure. 

lackadaisical (lak-a-da/zi^kal), adj. 
affectedly pensive or sentimental. 

lackey (lak'i), n. a menial attendant; 
footman: v.t. to wait upon, as a 
lackey: v.i. act servilely. 

laconic m (la-kon'ik), adj. expressing 
much in few words. Also laconical. 

laconically (la-kon'i-ka-li) , adv. briefly. 

lacquer (lak'er), n. a varnish consist- 
ing of shellac dissolved in alcohol 
and variously colored: v.t. to var- 
nish with lacquer. 

lacrosse (la~kr6s')i n. a Canadian 
game resembling football, but played 
with a netted bat (crosse). 

lact, a Latin prefix meaning milk, as 
lactic, adj. pertaining to milk. Also 
lacti, lacto. 

lactarine (lak'ta-rin) , n. a prepara- 
tion of casein or milk curds: used 
extensively in calico printing. 

lactation (lak-t a/shun) , n. secretion 
of milk ; the act or period of suckling. 

lacteal (lak'te-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, milk; conveying chyle: n.pl. 
the lymphatic vessels which convey 
chyle from the intestines to the tho- 
racic-duct. 



lactic. See under lact. 

lactic acid (lak'tik as'id), n. sl bittes 
acid contained in sour milk. 

lactometer (lak-tom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for ascertaining the spe- 
cific gravity of milk. 

lacuna (la-ku'na), n. [pi. lacunae 
(la-ku'ne)], a blank space; hiatus; 
small pit or hollow. [Latin.] 

lacustrine (la-kus'trin) , adj. pertain* 
ing to a lake. 

lad (lad), n. a boy or youth; com-* 
rade. 

ladder (lad'er), n. a framework con- 
sisting of two parallel side pieces 
connected by bars, &c, forming 
steps at suitable distances; any- 
thing by which one climbs or as^ 
cends. 

laddie (lad'i), n. a lad. [Scotch.] 

lade (lad), v.t. [p.t. laded, v.p. laded, 
laden, p.pr. lading], to load; bur- 
den; heave or throw out. 

lading (lading), n. the act of loading; 
freight. 

Ladino (la-de'no), n. the court lan- 
guage of the noblest Castilians in 
Spain. The word means Latin and 
shows how the patriciate of Spain 
looks back to its proud ancestry 
among the Romans who conquered 
their country. 

ladle (lad'l), n. a deep spoon for serv- 
ing out liquids: v.t. to dip up with a 
a ladle. 

ladrone (la-dron'), n. a robber; ban- 
dit; guerrilla. [Spanish.] 

lady (la'di), n. [pi. ladies (la/diz)], a 
well-bred woman; the title of the 
wife of a knight or a superior in 
rank to him ; the daughter < of a 
duke, marquis, or earl; the mistress 
of a house. 

ladybird (lfi'di-berd) , n. a red coleop^ 
terous insect marked with black 
spots. 

lady-fish (la/di-fish), n. a small fish 

resembling a herring, found chiefly in 

the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of 

Mexico. 

ladyship (la'di-ship) , n. the rank or 

title of a lady (with her or your). 
Laetare (la-ta're), n. Mid-Lent Sun- 
day, so called because the introit for 
that day begins with the joyous cry 
Laetare. 
lag (lag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lagged, p.pr. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, mer^e, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



LAGER BEER 



491 



LAjMP 



lagging], to move slowly; loiter; 
stay behind: v.t. cause to be ar- 
rested or punished: adj. long de- 
layed; last: n. retardation of me- 
chanical movement. 

lager beer (la'ger ber), n. a German 
beer suitable for storing. 

laggard (lag'erd), n. a slow person; 
loiterer: adj. backward; slow. 

lagniappe (la-ni-ap'), n. something 
over as good measure, in making a 
purchase or exchange. A word 
used mainly in Louisiana (New Or- 
leans) . 

lagoon (la-goon'), n. a shallow lake 
formed at the mouth of a river or 
near the sea; marsh or fen. 

Lagthing (lag'ting), n. the Norwe- 
gian Upper House of Parliament. 

laic (la/ik), adj. pertaining to the laity. 

laid (lad), p.t. & p.p. of lay; marked 
with fine parallel ribbed lines: said 
of paper. 

lain (Ian), p.p. of lie. 

lair (lar), n. the covert of a wild beast. 

laity (la/i-ti), n. the people, as dis- 
tinguished from the clergy. 

lake (lak), n. & large body of water 
surrounded by land; a pigment. 

lallation (lal-la/shun), n. an uncon- 
scious preference for I in place of r. 
The Chinese language affords the 
most striking instances of this as 
an actual working principle in lan- 
guage. 

lama (la'ma), n. a Tibetan Buddhist 
priest, monk, or nun, who causes 
an especial form of Buddhism to 
be known as Lamaism. 

Lamar ckism (la-mark'izm) , n. a phil- 
osophical theory propounded by the 
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829), 
who taught that species may be al- 
tered or even evolved by the strong 
effort in an organism to adapt it- 
self to new conditions; and that the 
succession of these efforts may in 
time bring about hereditary changes 
contrary to the views of Darwin and 
Weismann. 

lamasery (la-mas 'er-i), n. the convent 
or abbey devoted to Lamaistic Bud- 
dhists, and occupied by them. 

lamb (lam), n. the young of a sheep; 
one who is gentle or innocent; an 
inexperienced speculator: v.i. to 
bring forth lambs. 



lambent (lam'bent), adj. playing 
about; flickering; touching lightly. 

lambkin (lam'kin), n. a little lamb. 

lambrequin (lam'bre-kin) , n. a fes- 
tooned drapery, hanging from the 
upper part of a window, doorway, 
&c. [French.] 

lambskin (lam'skin), n. the skin of a 
lamb dressed with the fleece on and 
frequently colored. 

lambs wool (lamz'wool), n. the wool of 
lambs; a beverage composed of ale 
with nutmeg, sugar, and the pu]p 
of roasted apples. - # 

lame (lam), adj. crippled or disabled 
in the limbs; not sound or efficient: 
v.t. to cripple or disable. 

lamella (la-mel'a), n. [pi. lamellae 
(la-mere)], a thin scale or plate. 

lamellar (lam'e-lar), adj. composed 
of lamellae. 

lamely (lam'li), adv. in a lame man- 
ner; inadequately. 

lameness (lam'nes), n. state of being 
lame. 

lament (la-menf), v.t. to mourn for: 
v.i. to express sorrow: n. an expres- 
sion of sorrow; lamentation. 

lamentable (lam'en-ta-bl) , adj. to be 
lamented; mournful; pitiable. 

lamentably (lam'en-ta-bli), adv. in a 
lamentable manner. 

lamentation (lam-en-ta/shun) , n. 
grief audibly expressed; outcry. 

Lamia (lam'i-a), n. in Greek mythol- 
ogy, a beautiful woman who was 
in reality a vampire, enticing young 
men to t her cavern and there 
revelling in their flesh and blood. 

lamina (lam'i-na), n. [pi. laminae 
(lam'i-ne)], a thin plate or scale; a 
coat or layer lying over another; 
blade of a leaf or petal. [Latin.] 

laminar (lam'i-nar), adj. composed 
of thin plates. Also laminary. 

laminate (lam'i-nat) , adj. composed 
of, or arranged in, laminae. 

lamination (lam-i-na'shun) , n. divisi- 
bility or division into thin plates. 

Lammas and Lammas Day (lam 'as 
da) , a feast of the Catholic Church 
held on August first, to celebrate 
the imprisonment of St. Peter; also 
when > quarter day fell on August 
first in Scotland and England, it 
was so called even by Protestants. 

lamp (lamp), n. a vessel for burning 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LAMPBLACK 492 LAP 

oil, &c, with a wick; any device for landscape (land'skap), n. the generai 

producing artificial light. aspect of a country, or a picture 

lampblack (lamp'blak), n. finely representing it. 

divided charcoal or soot: v.t. to Landsthing (lans'ting), n. the Up- 

apply lampblack to. per House of the Danish Parliament 

lampoon (lam-poon'), n. personal (Rigsdag). 

written satire designed to bring the Landsturm (lant'sturm) , n. the last 

subject of it into contempt: v.t. to reserve of the German army, onh 

satirize by a lampoon. called out in time of war. [German J 

lamprey (lam'pre), n. an eel-like fish. Landtag (lant'takh), n. the Parlia- 

lanate (la'nat), adj. woolly. ment of Prussia, as apart from a 

lance (lans), n. a long shaft of wood State of the German Empire. A 
with a spear head; a thrust with a local parliament. [German.] 
lancet: v.t. to pierce with a lance; Landwehr (lant'var), n. the first re- 
cut open with a lancet. serve or militia of the German army, 

lancelet (lans'let), n. the amphioxus. [German.] 

lanceolate (lan'se-o-lat) , adj. taper- lane (Ian), n. a narrow path, as be- 
ing to a point at either end, as cer- tween hedges, walls, &c; narrow 
tain leaves. street. 

lancer (lan'ser), n. a cavalry soldier language (lang'gwej), n. human 

armed with a lance: pi. a kind of speech; the speech of one nation or 

quadrille. race as distinguished from that of 

lancet (lan'set), n. a surgeon's knife; a another; style or expression peculiar 

lancet-shaped or pointed window. to an individual. [French.] 

lancewood (lans'wood), n. a tough languid (lan'gwid), adj. wanting ener- 

elastic wood used in coachbuilding, gy; weak. 

&c. > languish (lan'gwish), v.i. to become 

lanciform (lan'si-f orm) , adj. lance- weak or spiritless; pine away; look 

shaped. with tenderness or wistfulness. 

land (land), n. the solid portion of languor (lang'gwer), n. the state of 

the surface of the globe; the earth; being languid; dulness; listlessness 

a country or district; real estate: lank (langk), adj. lean; slender. 

v.t. to set on shore; capture and lanky (langk'i), adj. tall and thin, 

bring on shore; win: v.i. to come or lanner (lan'er), n. a species of hawk 

go on shore; disembark. lanolin (lan'o-lin), n. an unctuous 

landau (lan'do), n. a kind of carriage. substance obtained from the wool 

landaulet (lan-do-lef), n. a small of sheep, &c. 

one-seated landau; also an automo- lantern (lan'tern), n. a transparent 

bile of landaulet type. [French.] case for holding or carrying a light; 

landgrabber (land'grab-er) , n. one the light-room of a lighthouse; a 

who gets possession of public land small tower on the roof of a building 

by means of fraud. to admit light and air. 

landgrave (land'grav), n. a count or lanthanum (lan'tha-num) , n. a rare 

graf who had privileges superior metallic element. Also lanthanium. 

to other counts and grafs, es- lanyard (lan'yaxd), n. a piece of rope, 

pecially as to land, rents, &c. cord, &c, for seizing or fastening 

Fern, landgravine. [German.] the tackle of a ship. Also laniard. 

landlord (landlord), n. one who has Laocoon (la-ok'o-on) , n. a remarkable 

tenants holding under him; the marble group found in 1506 and now 

keeper of a hotel or inn. preserved at the palace of the 

landlordism (land'lord-izm) , n. the Vatican. It represents the story 

action of landlords collectively, es- told in Vergil (ii) where the priest, 

pecially with respect to their landed Laocoon, is attacked and with his 

interests. two sons is crushed by serpents. 

landlubber^ (land'lub-er) , n. one not a lap (lap), n. the loose part of a gar- 
sailor, ment which may be doubled at pleas- 
landrail (land'ral), n. the corncrake. ure ; part of the body or clothes from 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 






LAPDOG 



493 



LASHING 



the waist to the knees of a person 
seated; a name for various pieces 
of mechanism; one length of a 
course which has to be passed over 
more than once in a race; the act of 
lapping: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lapped, 
p.pr. la ping], to bend and spread 
over; lick up: v.i. to lie partially on 
something else. 

lapdog (lap 'dog), n. a small pet dog. 

lapel (la-pel'), n. part of a coat which 
laps over. 

lapid, a Latin prefix meaning stone. 

lapidary (lap'i-da-ri), n. [pi. lapi- 
daries (lap'i-da-riz)], an artificer who 
cuts and sets precious stones; a 
connoisseur or dealerin gems. 

lapis lazuli (la/pis laz'u-li), n. a rich 
blue stone from which ultramarine 
was originally obtained. [Lat. Arab.] 

Lapp (lap), n. a Laplander; the lan- 
guage of the Lapps. 

lappet (lap'et), n. a little loose flap. 

lapsable (laps'a-bl), adj. capable of 
lapsing. 

lapse (laps), v.i. to glide or slip 
slowly away; fall by degrees; com- 
mit a slight fault or fail in duty; 
pass to another proprietor by negli- 
gence or death; slide or fall anew 
into sin: n. a gliding or passing 
away slowly; slight fault or mis- 
take; omission to present to a bene- 
fice within a certain time. 

lapsus (lap'sus), n. a slip or mistake. 

lapwing (lap'wing), n. a plover-like 
bird. 

larboard (lar'bord), n. the term used 
formerly for the port or left-hand 
side of a ship. 

larcenous (lar'se-nus) , adj. thievish. 

larceny (lar'se-ni), n. theft. 

larch (larch), n. a coniferous tree. 

lard (lard), n. the fat of swine melted 
down: v.t. to cover with lard; insert 
strips of bacon in before roasting: 
hence to mix. 

lardaceous (lar-da/shus) , adj. per- 
taining to, or resembling, lard. Also 
lardy. 

larder (lar'der), n. a pantry; house- 
hold provisions. 

large (larj), adj. great in size; bulky; 
wide; extensive; comprehensive. 

largely (larj'li), adv. to a large extent; 
boastfully; before the wind: said of 
a vessel. 



largeness (larj'nes), n. the state of 
being large. 

largess (lar'jes), n. a gift or bounty. 

lariat (lar'i-at), n. a rope or lasso, 
especially of horsehair used by cattle- 
herders and plainsmen, in North and 
South America. [Spanish.] 

lark (lark), n. a noted song-bird of 
the genus Alauda; a frolic. 

larking > (lark'ing), p.adj. catching 
larks; indulging in a frolic. 

larkspur (lark'sper), n. a plant with 
showy blue spurred flowers. 

larmier (lar'mi-er), n. a corona or 
dripstone. 

larrup (lar'up), v.t. to beat or flog. 

larva (lar'va), n. [pi. larvae (lar've)], 
an insect in the first stage of its 
metamorphosis after leaving the 
egg. 

larval (lar'val), adj. pertaining to a 
larva. 

larviparous (lar-vip'a-rus), adj. pro- 
ducing young in the state of larvae. 

laryngeal (lar-in-je'al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or situated near, the larynx. 

laryngectomy (lar-in-jek'to-mi), n, 
the operation of cutting away a part 
of the larynx. 

laryngismus (lar-in-jis'mus), n. a 
spasmodic affection of the glottis. 

laryngitis (lar-in-jl'tis) , n. inflamma- 
tion of the larynx. 

laryngo, a Greek prefix meaning 
larynx, as laryngoscope, an instru- 
ment furnished with mirrors for in- 
specting the larynx. 

laryngotomy (lar-in-got'6-mi), n. the 
surgical operation of cutting into the 
windpipe. 

larynx (lar'ingks), n. the upper part 
of the trachea or windpipe. [Greek.] 

lascar (las-kar'), n. an East Indian 
sailor employed on a European ves- 
sel. [Hindu.] 

lascivious (las-siv'i-us) , adj. lustful; 
wanton; exciting lust. [Latin.] 

lash (lash), v.t. to strike with a sound- 
ing blow; whip; scourge with satire; 
fasten or bind with a cord or rope: 
v.i. to apply the whip; flog: n. the 
thong of a whip; a scourge; stroke 
with anything pliant; sarcasm or 
satire. [Latin.] 

lasher (lash'er), n. one who lashes; a 
weir. 

lashing (lash'ing), n. a cord, rope, &c 3 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LASS 



494 



LAUGHING-STOCK 



to secure or bind anything; a whip- 
ping. 

lass (las), n. a young woman; girl. 

lassie (las'i), n. a lass. [Scottish.] 

lassitude (las'i-ttid) , n. weariness; lan- 
guor. 

lasso (las'o), n. a rope, usually of hide, 
with a noose, used for catching wild 
horses and cattle: v.t. to catch with 
a lasso. 

last (last), adj. coming after all oth- 
ers in time, place, or order; lowest; 
utmost; least likely: adv. on the last 
time or occasion; finally: v.i. to re- 
main in existence or operation; en- 
dure: n. a wooden implement for 
shaping boots and shoes. 

lasting (lasting), adj. durable; perma- 
nent: n. a twilled fabric used for 
making women's shoes. 

lastly (last'li), adv. in the last place. 

latch (lach), n. a door catch: v.t. to 
secure or fasten with a latch. 

latchet (lach'et), n. a shoe string. 

late (lat), adj. [comp. later, superl. 
latest], coming after the usual time; 
tardy; long delayed; far in the day 
or night; recent; recently deceased: 
adv. after delay; recently. 

lateen (la-ten 7 ), n. a triangular sail 
used on boats on the Mediterranean 
Sea, and the Swiss lakes. 

lately (lat'li), adv. not long ago. 

latency (la/ten-si), n. the state of be- 
ing latent. 

latent (la'tent), adj. concealed; in- 
visible. 

lateral (lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, 
proceeding from, or acting upon, 
the side. 

Lateran (lat'er-an), n. the Papal pal- 
ace, and the church of St. John 
Lateran at Rome, the cathedral of 
the Pope. [Latin.] 

lath (lath), n. a strip of wood. 

lathe (l&th), n. & machine for turn- 
ing and polishing articles of wood, 
metal, &c. 

lather (la^'er), n. froth made by 
moistened soap; profuse sweating: 
v.t. to coyer with lather. m 

Latin (lat'in), adj. nertaining to, writ- 
ten, or expressed in, Latin; pertain- 
ing to Latium, ancient Rome, its in- 
habitants or language, or the races 
and languages derived from Rome; 
Roman; Roman Catholic: n. an an- 



cient Roman; the language of an- 
cient Rome and its literature. 

Latin Cross (kros), n. a cross having 
the lowest limb longer than the two 
sides and top. 

Latinism (lat'in-izm) , n. a Latin idiom. 

Latinist (lat'in-ist), n. a Latin scho'ar. 

Latinity (la-tin'i-ti) , n. purity of Lat- 
in style or idiom. 

Latinize (lat'in-iz), v.t. to give Latin 
terminations, or characteristics, to; 
translate into Latin. 

latitude (lat'i-tud) , n. distance on the 
earth's surface as measured by de- 
grees north or south from the equa- 
tor; breadth; extent; freedom from 
rules; laxity; range or scope. 

latitudinal (lat-i-tu'di-nal) , adj. per- 
taining to latitude; in the direction 
of latitude. 

latitudinarian (lat-i-tu-di-na/ri-an) , 
adj. wide in range or scope ; tolerant 
in speculative religious opinions: n. 
one who holds latitudinarian views. 

latrine (la-tren'), n. sl urinal or place 
of easement. [French.] 

latten (lat'en), n. metal in thin 
sheets. 

latter (lat'er), cdj. the second of two 
things previously mentioned; re- 
cent; modern. 

lattice (lat'is), n. crossed open work 
of metal or wood: v.t. to furnish or 
cross with a lattice. 

laud (lawd), yX. to praise highly; 
extol: n. praise; worship or hymn of 
praise. 

laudable (lawd'a-bl), adj. commend- 
able. 

laudanum (lawd'a-num) , n. a prepa- 
ration of opium, weaker than mor- 
phine. 

laudator (lawd'a-ter) , n. one who 
praises. 

laudatory (lawd'a-to-ri) , adj. expres- 
sing praise. 

laugh (laf), n. a convulsive sound 
caused by^ merriment: v.i. to ex- 
press merriment, &c, by a laugh; 
appear gay, pleasant, &c; jeer 
(with at) : v.t. to express or utter 
with laughter. 

laughing-gas (laf 'ing-gas) , n nitrous 
oxide used as a temporary anes- 
thetic. 

laughing-stock (laf 'ing-stok) , n. ob- 
ject of laughter. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LAUGHTER 



495 



LAZILY 



laughter (laf'ter), n. convulsive mer- 
riment . 

launch (lanch), v.t. to move or cause 
to slid? into the water, as a vessel; 
hurl; dart; send forth: v.i. to put 
to sea; expatiate in language; 
plunge; enter on a new career: n. 
the act of launching a vessel; 
plunge; the largest boat of a man- 
of-war; a large open pleasure-boat 
usually propelled by steam, gas, or 
electricity. 

laundress (lawn'dres), n. a washer- 
woman. 

laundry (lawn'dri), n. [pi. laundries 
(lawn'driz)], a place where clothes 
are washed and ironed. 

laureate (law're-at). adj. decked or 
invested with laurel: n. one crowned 
with laurel ; poet-laureate. In Eng- 
land, originally expected to write for 
the diversion or laudatism of the 
court, but now doing so at his pleas- 
ure only, or on the occasion of 
some great national event, as a 
battle (Tennyson's "Balaklava") 
or the death of a monarch (Austin's 
Elegy on Queen Victoria) . 

laurel (law'rel), n. an evergreen shrub; 
crown or wreath of laurel: hence 
honor; distinction. 

laureled (law'reld), adj. crowned with 
laurel. 

lava (la/va), n. molten volcanic mat- 
ter. [Italian.] 

lavatory _(lav'a-to-ri) , n, [pi. lavatories 
(lay'a-to-riz)], a place for washing; 
retiring-room. [Latin.] 

lave (lav), v.t. & v.i. to bathe or wash. 

lavender (lav'en-der) , m an aromatic 
plant gruwn for its oil and for the 
delicate perfume which is in its oil. 

laver (la/ver), n. a large vessel for 
^ashing in, especially the brazen 
laver of the Jewish tabernacle and 
temple used by the priests. 

lavish (lav'ish), adj. profuse; extrav- 
agant: v.t. expend or bestow with 
profusion; squander; waste. 

law (law), n. a rule of action estab- 
lished by authority; edict, statute, 
or custom; act or enactment of a 
legislative body; jurisprudence; ju- 
dicial process; rule or axiom of 
science or art; the Mosaic code. 

lawful (law'fool), adj. agreeable or 
comformable to law; just; legal. 



lawfully (law'f oo-li) , adv. legally, 
justly. 

lawless (law'les), adj. not obedient to 
or controlled by law; not according 
to law; ungoverned; unruly. 

lawn (lawn), n. a plot of grass kept 
closely mown; fine cambric used for 
the sleeves of a bishop's gown: hence 
the office of a bishop. t 

lawn- tennis (lawn-ten'is) , n. an out- 
door game played with rackets, balls, 
and a net. 

lawsuit (law'sut), n. an action at 
law. 

lawyer (law'yer), n. one skilled in 
legal knowledge; one, especially a 
solicitor, who practices in the law- 
courts; a skilled exponent of the 
Mosaic law. 

lax (laks), adj. loose; vague; weak. 

laxative (laks'a-tiv), adj. loosening; 
purgative. 

laxity (laks'i-ti), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being lax. Also laxness. 

lay (la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. laid, p.pr. lay- 
ing], to put or place; spreaa over; 
cause to lie down; settle; calm; bring 
forward; wager; deposit; exercise; 
set or place secretly; impose; im- 
pute: v.i. to produce eggs: n. rela- 
tive arrangement; particular busi- 
ness; share of profits; a simple song- 
adj. pertaining to the people, as dis- 
tinguished from the clergy; non- 
professional. 

layer (la/er), n. a stratum, row, or 
bed; runner of a plant fastened 
down and covered with earth for 
propagation. 

layette (la-et')» n.. the preparations for 
the comfort and care of an ex- 
pected infant. [French.] 

lay- figure (la-fig'ur), n. an artist's 
jointed model for hanging drapery 
upon; a mere puppet. 

laying (la'ing), n. a sitting of eggs; 
the first coat of plaster. 

layman (la/man), n. [pi. laymen 
(la/men)], one of the people, as dis- 
tinguished from a clergyman; a non- 
professional man. 

lazaretto (laz-a-ret'o), n. a hospital 
for persons suffering with infectious 
diseases; a ship's store-room. Also 
lazaret. [Italian.] 

lazily (la/zi-li), adv. in a lazy man- 
ner. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LAZINESS 



496 



LEAVE 



laziness (la/zi-nes), n. indolence; slug- 
gishness. 

lazulite (laz'u-llt), n. an azure blue 
mineral. 

lazy (la/zi), adj. [comp. lazier, superl. 
laziest], idle; indolent; slothful. 

lazzarone (laz-a-ro'ne) , n. [pi. laz- 
zaroni (laz-a-ro'ni)], a Neapolitan 
loafer who seldom works. [Italian.] 

lea (le), n. a meadow. 

leach (lech), v.t. to pass water through 
(ashes) to form lye. 

lead .(led), n. a soft heavy ductile 
bluish-grey metal; a plummet for 
sounding depths at sea; a thin strip 
of type-metal for separating lines; 
a stick of graphite; a sheet of lead: 
adj. consisting, wholly or partially, 
of lead: v.i. to furnish with lead. 

lead (led), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. led, p.pr. 
leading], to conduct with the hand; 
guide or conduct; precede; allure; 
induce; spend or use: v.i. to take 
precedence; act as a, leader; play the 
first card or domino: n. guidance; 
precedence; the right to play first. 

leaded (led'ed), p. adj. separated by 
leads; set in, or covered with, lead. 

leaden (led'en) , adj. made of, or colored 
like, lead; heavy; sluggish. 

leader (led'er), n. one who leads; the 
chief editorial article of a news- 
paper; tendon; the foremost horse 
in a string. 

leaderette (led-er-ef) , n. a short 
newspaper leader, 

leaf (lef), n. [pi. leaves (levz)], one 
of the thin flat parts of a plant; 
anything thinly beaten; something 
resembling a leaf; part of a book 
containing two pages; a valved part 
of a table, shutter, &c. 

leafage (lef'aj), n. leaves collectively. 

leaflet (lef'let), n. a small leaf; a tract 
or folding circular. 

leafy (lef 'i) , adj. [comp. leafier, superl. 
leafiest], full of leaves. 

league (leg), n. an alliance for mu- 
tual interests as in the Land League 
in Ireland; the Golden Circle be- 
fore our Civil War, &c. ; confederacy; 
three geographical miles: v.t. to com- 
bine for mutual interests: v.i. to con- 
federate. 

leak (lek), n. a hole which lets in 
water: v.i. to let water in or out 
through a hole, &c. 



leakage (lek'aj), n. the state of a ves- 
sel that leaks; allowance for loss 
by leakage. 

leal (lei), adj. true-hearted. [Scotch.] 

lean (len), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. leaned, 
leant, p.pr. leaning], to incline or 
deviate from an upright position: 
v.t. to cause to lean; rest: adj. thin; 
sterile. 

lean-to (len'too), n. a building whose 
rafters rest on another building; 
penthouse. 

leap (lep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. leaped, 
leapt, p.pr. leaping], to pass over by 
leaping; jump or spring over: v.i. to 
jump; vault: n. the act of leaping; 
jump; spring; the space passed in 
leaping. 

Leap Year (yer), n. a year of 366 
days, when February has 29 days 
every year divisible by 4, except 
those divisible by 100 but not by 
400. 

learn (lern), v.t. [p.t. t & p.p. learned, 
learnt, p.pr. learning], to acquire 
knowledge of; fix in the mind: v.i. 
to gain or receive knowledge or skill. 

learned (lern'ed), p. adj. erudite; skilled. 

learning (lern'ing), n. skill in litera- 
ture, languages, or science; knowl- 
edge acquired. 

lease (les), n. a written contract for 
the letting of land or tenements for 
a specified number of years; period: 
v.t. to let by; a written contract; 
take a lease oi._ 

leasehold (les'hold), n. property held 
by lease: adj. held on lease. 

leash (lesh), n. a thong by which a 
hawk or hound is held; a brace and 
a half; three; a band by which 
anything is held: v.t. to tie or bind 
by a leash. 

least (lest), adj. smallest in degree, 
size, value, importance, &c: adv. in 
the lowest or smallest degree. 

leather (le^/er), n. the tanned and 
curried skin of an animal; anything 
made of, or resembling, leather. 

leatherback (lei/i'er-bak), n. the soft- 
shelled turtle. 

leatherette (\eth-er- et') , n. imitation 
leather. 

leathern (let'em)., adj. made of, or 
resembling, leather. 

leave (lev), n. permission granted; 
departure; farewell: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 



lite, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LEAVEN 



497 



LEGGINGS 



left, p.pr. leaving], to depart from; 
forsake, abandon; bequeath; desist 
from; refer for decision: v.i. to de- 
part; go away. 

leaven (lev'n), v.L to produce fer- 
mentation in; taint; imbue: n. fer- 
ment mixed with a body to render it 
light; any influence working silently 
and strongly that causes changes in 
things or opinions. 

lecher (lecb'er), n. a lewd man. 

lecherous (lech'er-us) , adj. lustful. 

lechery (lech'er-i), n. lustfulness; 
lewdness. 

lectern (lek'tern), n. the reading 
desk of a church. 

lection (lek'shun), n. leading; a por- 
tion of the Scriptures to be read in 
the church service. 

lectionary (lek'shun-a-ri) , n. a table 
of lessons. 

lector (lek'ter), n. one of the minor 
orders of the Roman Catholic 
Church; a reader. 

lecture (lek'tur) , n. a formal discourse 
on any subject; reprimand: v.i. to 
deliver a lecture: v.t. to reprimand. 

ledge (lej), n. a shelf; ridge; layer; 
edge. 

ledger (lej'er), n. the principal account 
book of a mercantile house. 

ledger-line (lej'er-lln), n. the line 
either above or below the staff 
[Mus.]. 

lee (le), n. the side # or quarter to- 
wards which the wind blows; calm 
or sheltered side. 

leech (lech), n. an aquatic worm fur- 
nished with a sucker, used in medi- 
cine for bleeding: formerly the name 
for a physician: v.t. to bleed with 
leeches. 

leek (lek), n. a biennial plant of the 
onion family with a bulbous root. 

leer (ler), n. ^ a sly, sidelong look 
indicative of malice, triumph, or 
lasciviousness : v.i. to look with a leer. 

lees (lez), n.pl. dregs of liquor. 

leeward (le'werd and loo'ard), n. in 
the direction towards which the wind 
blows: n. lee side. 

leeway (le'wa); n. the lateral drift of 
a vessel to leeward of her course; 
arrears. 

left (left), adj. opposite to right: n. 
the side opposite to right: p.t."& p.p. 
of leave. 



left-handed (lef t-han'ded) , adj. using 
the left hand with greater strength 
or dexterity than the right; awk- 
ward; malicious; irregular. 

leg (leg), n. one of the limbs by 
which men and animals walk, espe- 
cially in man between the knee and 
the ankle; anything resembling a 
leg, especially if used as a support; 
a covering for the leg; one of the 
fielders in cricket. 

legacy (leg'a-si), n. [pi. legacies (leg'a- 
siz)], a gift by will of money or 
property; bequest. 

legal (le'gal), adj. pertaining to law; 
permitted or authorized by law; 
legitimate. 

legalism (le'gal-izm) , n. close adher- 
ence or conformity to law; the 
observance of the strict letter or the 
law rather than its spirit. 

legality (le-gal'i-ti) , n. conformity to 
law. 

legalize (le'gal-iz), v.t. to make lawful; 
sanction. 

legally (le'ga-li), adv. lawfully. 

legal-tender (le-gaMen'der) , n. money 
issued by legislative act and whose 
acceptance in payment of debts is 
obligatory^ 

legate (leg'at), n. a papal ambassa- 
dor; envoy. 

legatee (leg-a-te'), n. a person to whom 
a legacy is bequeathed. 

legatine (leg-a-tenO , adj. pertaining to 
a legate. 

legation (le-ga'shun) , n.an embassy; 
ambassador; the official residence 
of an ambassador. 

legato (le-ga'to)^ adv. a term or direc- 
tion in music indicated by a curve, 
and meaning "smoothly," i.e., that 
the transition of one note to one on 
another s-ale should be done glid- 
ingly. [Italian.] 

legend (lefend), n. a romantic or 
non-historical story; myth; fable; 
inscription, as on a coin, coat of 
arms, &c. [Latin.] 

legendary (lej'end-a-ri), adj. fabulous; 
mythical. 

legerdemain (lej 'er-de-man') , n. sleight 
of hand ; nimbleness of touch and 
movement as in juggling. [French.] 

legged (legd or leg'ed), adj. having 
legs. 

leggings (leg'ingz), n.pl. long gaiters. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
32 hue, hut ; think, then. 



•LEGHOKlN 



498 



LENS 



Leghorn (leg'horn), n. a bonnet or 
hat made of finely plaited Leghorn 
straw ; a variety of domestic fowl. 

legibility (lej-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state 
of being legible. Also legibleness. 

legible (leg'i-bl), adj. capable of being 
read; clear; distinct; apparent. 

legibly (lej'i-bh), adz;. clearly; distinctly. 

legion (le'jun), n. a division of the 
ancient Roman army, numbering 
under the Republic about 4000 
men, and later 6000 men. The 
name is also given to other military 
or semi-military bodies, either under 
the control of the State as the 
Legion of Honor in France, or other- 
wise, as the Loyal Legion in this 
country; a great number; host. 
[Latin.] 

legionary (le'jun-a-ri) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, legions; in- 
numerable: n. a soldier of a Roman 
legion. [Latin.] 

legislate (lej'is-lat), v.i. to make or 
enact a law: v.t. to effect by legis- 
lation. [Latin.] 

legislation (lej-is-la'shun), n. the act 
of making a law or laws. 

legislative (lej'is-la-tiv), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or enacted by, legislation; 
having the power to legislate: n. 
the legislature. 

legislator (lej'is-la-ter), n. a lawgiver; 
a member of a legislative assembly. 

Legislature (lej'is^-la-tur), n. that 
body in a state which is invested with 
the power of enacting and repealing 
laws; the legislative body of a state 
or territory. [Latin.] 

legitimacy m (le-jit'i-ma-si), n. the 
state of being legitimate; lawfulness 
of birth. 

legitimate (le-jit'i-mat), adj. lawful; 
born in wedlock; real; logically cor- 
rect: v.t. to make, or sanction as, 
lawful; render legitimate. Also le- 
gitimize. 

legitimately (le-jit'i-mat-li), adv. in a 
legitimate n 



leipoa (ll-po'a), n. the native pheas- 
ant of Australia. 

leisure (le'zhur), n. spare time: adj. 
free frombusiness ; unoccupied. 

leisured (le'zhurd), adj. having lei- 
sure. 

leisurely (le'zhur-li) , adj. done at lei* 
sure; deliberate: adv. at leisure. 

lemma (lem'ma), originally the 
theme of a lyric song ; in mathe- 
matics a minor proposition subor- 
dinate to the principal one, and 
solved by like principles. [Greek.] 

lemon (lem'un), n. the acid fruit of 
Citrus Limonurn\ m the color of a 
lemon: adj. pertaining to, or of the 
color of, a lemon. 

lemonade (lem-un-ad') , n. a beverage 
of sweetened or aerated water fla- 
vored with lemon. 

lemur (le'mer), n. a small nocturnal 
animal allied to the monkeys; in 
Roman mythology, the ghosts of 
those who had no burial, and who 
appeared as mischief-makers to the 
farmers. The feast of the Lemuralia, 
on May 9th, 11th, and 13th, was 
held for the purpose of pacifying 
the Lemures. 

lend (lend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lent, p. pr, 
lending], to grant to another for 
temporary use; accommodate: v.i, 
to make a loan. 

lene (le'ne), adj. unaspirated. 

length (length), n. the measure of 
anything from end to end; extent; 
duration; reach; forty-two lines of 
an actor's part. 

lengthen (lengthen), v.t. to make long 
or longer: v.i. to grow longer. 

lengthily (length'i-li) , adv. at great 
length. 

lengthwise ( length 'wiz) , adv. in the 
direction of the length. 

lengthy (length'i), adj. long and 
tiresome. _ 

leniency (le'ni-en-si) , n. clemency. 

lenient (le'ni-ent) , adj. mild; merci- 
ful. 



legitimation (le-jit-i-ma'shun), n. the lenitive (len'i-tiv), adj. assuaging; 



act of making legitimate or lawful. 
legume (le-guna'), n. a two-valved 

seed-vessel having its seeds attached 

to one side only, as a pea-pod. 

[French.] 
legumin (le-gu r min), n. vegetable 

casein. 



emollient. 

lenity (len'i-ti), n. mildness; human- 
ity. 

leno (le'no), n. a kind of cotton gauze. 

len 5 ? (lenz), n. a convex, or concave, 
glass adapted for changing the di- 
rection of rays of light and thus 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LEXT 



499 



LEUCORRHCEA 



magnifying or diminishing the ap- 
parent size of objects; the crystal- 
line humor of the eye. 

Lent (lent), n. a fast of 40 days (ex- 
cluding Sundays), Ash Wednesday 
to Easter eve. 

Lenten (lent'en), adj. pertaining to 
Lent. 

lenticular (len-tik'u-lar) , adj. dou- 
bly convex. 

lentil (len'til), n. a leguminous plant: 
pi. its orbicular seeds, used for food. 

Leonid (le'o-nid), n. one of the me- 
teors that fall in showers during 
November of certain years, their 
chief point being in the constellation 
Leo. 

leonine (le'o-nln), adj. like a lion; 
powerful; kingly = 

leopard (lep'ard)^ n. sl large cat-like 
beast of prey, with a beautiful spot- 
ted skin. 

leper (lep'er), n. one affected with lep- 
rosy. 

leprosy (lep'ro-si), n. m [pl. t leprosies 
(lep'ro-siz)], a chronic skin disease 
characterized by ulcers and white 
scaly scabs. 

leprous (lep'rus), adj. infected with 
leprosy; covered with white scales; 
unclean. 

lepto, a Greek prefix meaning small, 
slender, delicate, occurring in various 
scientific words, as leptocephsily, 
smallness and narrowness of the 
skull, as in certain races. Also lept. 

lese-majeste (las-ma-zhes-ta'), n. a 
crime against royalty or the sover- 
eign power; treason^ [French.] 

lesion (le'zhun), n. injury; morbid 
change in a function or organism. 

less (les), adj. (used as comparative 
of little), not so much; smaller: 
adv. in a smaller or lower degree: n. 
a smaller quantity: suffix meaning 
absence of a quality, without, as 
soulZess, worthZess, &c. 

lessee (les-e')i n. a person to whom a 
lease is granted 

lessen (les 'en), v.t. to make less; re- 
duce. 

lesser (les'er), adj. a double compara- 
tive of less. 

lesson (les'n), ??. that which a pupil 
learns, or repeats, or does for a tutor; 
instruction # or lecture given at one 
time; exercise; precept; a portion of 



Scripture read at divine service, a,<u 
monition. [French.] 

lessor (les'er), n. the grantor of a lease 

lest (lest), conj. that not; for feai 
that, 

let (let), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. let, p.pr, let- 
ting], to permit; grant to a tenant 
lease; give out on contract: v.i. to 
be hired or leased; suffer something 
to be _ done (let in the imperative 
mood is used to denote entreaty, per- 
mission or command) : n. an obsta- 
cle. 

lethal (le'thal), adj. deadly; fatal. 

lethargic (le-thar'jik), adj. affected 
by lethargy; sluggish; drowsy; dulh 

lethargically (le-thar'ji-ka-li), adv. in 
a lethargic manner. 

lethargy (leth'ar-ji), n. morbid drowsi- 
ness; unnatural prolonged slumber; 
apathy L 

Lethe (le'the), n. in classic mythol- 
ogy, the stream of forgetfulness of 
the under world, whose waters, when 
drunk, produced loss of memory: 
hence oblivion, forgetfulness. [Greek.] 

Leto (le'to), in classical mythology, the 
mother of Apollo and Diana. Also 
(in Latin) Latona. 

letter (let'er), n. a mark or character 
used to represent a sound ; written 
or printed communication; a print- 
ing type; literal meaning; a docu- 
ment certifying certain privileges, 
authority, &c: pi. literature; eru- 
dition: v.t. to impress or inscribe 
letters upon. 

lettered (let'erd), adj. educated in 
literature; inscribed or marked with 
letters. 

lettergram (let'er-gram), n. fifty or 
more words sent by telegraph at 
night at reduced rates. 

letters patent (let'erz pat'ent), n. a 
written document under seal of the 
Government, authorizing a person to 
do some act or enjoy some privi- 
lege. 

leuco, a Greek prefix meaning white, 
as leucocyte, a minute mass of pro- 
toplasm found in white blood cor- 
puscles which preys upon bacteria 
in the blood. _ 

leucoma (lu-ko'ma), n. a white opac- 
ity of the cornea of the eye. [Greek.] 

leucorrhoea (lu-ko-re'a) , n. vagina? 
catarrh. [French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, r7ien. 



LEVANT 



500 



LIBERALITY 



Levant (le-vanf), n. the eastern 
coasts of the Mediterranean. 

levant (le-vant'), v.i. to make a hasty 
escape to any place whence there is 
no extradition law. To-day, Tangier 
is such a place, as Texas was eighty 
years ago. 

levator (le-va/ter), n. a muscle that 
serves to raise some part. 

levee (lev-e'), n. a morning reception 
held by a sovereign or personage of 
high rank; properly, one attended 
by gentlemen only; a river embank- 
ment: v.t. to embank. [French.] 

level (lev'el), n. a horizontal plane or 
line; surface without inequalities; 
state of equality; standard; line of 
direction; an instrument for indi- 
cating a horizontal line or plane; 
section of a canal from one lock to 
another: adj. even; horizontal; 
smooth; equal to something else in 
importance: v.t. to make even; free 
from inequalities; bring to the same 
level; point in taking aim. 

lever (lev'er or le'ver), n. a bar of 
metal, &c, turning on a support 
(fulcrum) for raising a weight. 

leverage (lev'er-aj), n. the mechanical 
power gained by using a lever ; lever 
action. 

leveret (lev'er-et), n. a young hare. 

leviable (lev'i-a-bl) , adj. that may be 
levied upon or seized; assessable. 

leviathan (le-vi'a-than), n. a large 
unidentified aquatic animal (Job 
xli. 1); anything huge as a whale. 
[Hebrew, "aquatic monster."] 

levigate (lev'i-gat), v.t. to reduce to 
a fine, impalpable powder. 

levitation (lev-i-ta'shun), n. light- 
ness; buoyancy. 

levity (lev'i-ti), n. lightness of dis- 
position, conduct, &c; inconsisten- 
cy f trifling gaiety ; lightness of weight. 

levulose (lev'u-los), n. fruit-sugar. 

levy (lev'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. levied, p.pr. 
levying], to raise or collect, as an 
army or tax; seize in execution: v.i. 
to make a levy: n. the act of raising 
money or men; amount or number 
raised. 

levy (lev'j), n. a small coin, originally 
a Spanish rial and worth 12J^ cents 
in money of the United States. 

lewd (lud), adj. licentious; libidinous. 

lexicographer (leks-i-kog'ra-f er) , n. 



the editor or compiler of a dictionary 
or lexicon. [Greek.] 

lexicography (leks : i-kog'ra-fi), n. the 
art or occupation of compiling 
dictionaries or lexicons. 

lexicology (leks-i-kol'o-ji), n. the 
science of the derivation and correct 
meaning of words and their correct 
application. 

lexicon (leksl-kon), n. a vocabulary; 
a word-book; a dictionary, especially 
of a foreign language, as Latin, Greek 
or Hebrew. 

Ley den jar (li'dn jar), n. a glass jar, 
coated outside and inside with tin 
foil, for accumulating electricity. 

liability (li-a-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. liabili- 
ties (ll-a-bil'i-tiz ) ] , the state of being 
liable: pi. debts. 

liable (li'a-bl), adj. exposed to dam- 
age, danger, expense, &c; contin- 
gently subject. 

liaison (le-a-zong'), n. illicit or se- 
cret intimacy between a man and a 
woman. [French.] 

liar (li'ar), n. one addicted to lying. 

libation (ll-ba/shun) , n. the act of 
pouring wine or oil on the ground, 
as a sacrifice to some deity; the 
liquid so poured out. [Latin.] 

libel (li'bel), n. defamation of charac- 
ter or reputation ; any writing, 
print, publication, or picture calcu- 
lated to injure the reputation or 
character of anyone and bring him 
into public contempt: v.t. to publish 
a libel against ; defame the character 
of; exhibit a charge against in a 
court of law. 

libelous (ll'bel-us), adj. containing, or 
of the nature of, a libel. 

liber (li'ber), n. the fibrous innermost 
layer of the bark of exogenous 
plants. [Latin.] 

liberal (lib'er-al), adj. generous; mu- 
nificent ; plentiful ; free from narrow- 
ness in ideas or doctrines: n. an 
opponent of conservatism; one who 
advocates extension of freedom in 
political institutions. [Latin.] 

liberalism (lib'er-al-izm), n. the prin- 
ciples of a liberal in politics or 
religion. 

liberality (lib-er-ari-ti) , n. [pi. liber- 
alities (lib-er-al'i-tiz)], the quality 
of being liberal; generosity; magna- 
nimity ; mental breadth ; catholicity. 






ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LIBERALIZE 



501 



LIGAMENT 



liberalize (lib'er-al-iz), v.t. to free 
from narrowness or prejudice. 

liberate (lib'er-at), v.t. to set free. 

liberator (lib'er-a-ter), n. one who 
liberates. 

liberticide (li-ber'ti-sld), n. the ex- 
tinction of liberty. 

libertine (lib'er-tin), n. a debauchee: 
adj. unrestrained, morally or social- 
ly; licentious. 

libertinism (iib'er-tin-izm), n. de- 
bauchery; extreme freedom in re- 
ligious opinions. 

liberty (lib'er-ti), n. [pi. liberties 
(lib'er-tiz)], freedom ; special privilege 
or exemption ; immunity ; permission ; 
ungranted or undue freedom; priv- 
ileged district. 

liberty-pole (lib'er-ti-pol), n. a pole 
surmounted by a Phrygian cap of 
liberty. Many of these were erected 
by the American colonists after the 
Declaration of Independence, and 
again after the outbreak of the 
Civil War. 

libidinous (li-bid'i-nus) , adj. lustful. 

librarian (li-bra'ri-an), n. the custo- 
dian of a library. [Latin.] 

library (li'bra-ri), n. [pi. libraries 
(li'bra-riz)], an arranged collection 
of books; the building where such a 
collection is kept. 

libration (li-bra'shun), n. the act of 
balancing; equipoise; an apparent 
irregularity in the moon's motion. 

libratory (H'bra-to-ri) , adj. oscillat- 
ing. 

librettist (li-bret'ist) , n. the writer 
of a libretto. 

libretto (li-bret'o), n. a book con- 
taining the words of an opera, 
oratorio, &c; the text itself. [Ital- 
ian.] 

lice (lis), pi. of louse. 

license (ll'sens), n. permission; leave; 
unrestrained liberty; legal permit to 
do something otherwise unlawful: 
v.t. to authorize by a legal permit. 

licentiate (li-sen'shi-at) , n. one li- 
censed to preach or practice a pro- 
fession. 

licentious (ll-sen'shus) , adj. unre- 
strained morally or legally; las- 
civious; dissolute. 

lichen (li'ken or lich'en), n. one of 
an order of cellular flowerless plants 
(Cryptogamia) of fungoid nature 



growing parasitic on stones, algae, 
&c; a kind of skin eruption. 

licit (lis'it), adj. lawful. 

lick (lik), v.t. to pass the tongue over; 
caress with the tongue; lap up; van- 
quish; chastise (the last two are vul- 
gar) : v.i. to make a licking move- 
ment: n. the act of licking; quick or 
careless stroke; superficial saline 
deposit. 

lickspittle (lik'spit-1), n. a gross flat- 
^ terer; a contemptible sycophant. 

licorice (lik'o^ris), n. the root or in- 
spissated juice of the licorice-plant 
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) . 

lictor (lik'ter), n. a Roman official who 
attended the chief magistrates and 
bore the fasces. 

lid (lid), n. a movable cover closing 
an aperture; top; eyelid. 

lie (li), v.i. [p.t. lay, p.p. lain, p.pr. 
lying], to rest in a recumbent posi- 
tion; lean or press; rest or remain; 
be situated or placed; be maintain- 
able at law. 

lie (li), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lied, p.pr. ly- 
ing], to utter a falsehood; represent 
falsely: n. a falsehood; wilful mis- 
statement. 

lief (lef), adv. willingly; rather. 

liege (lej), adj. bound by feudal serv- 
ice or tenure: n. a vassal; liege lord, 
or sovereign. 

lien (le'en or len), n. a, legal claim upon 
property; security for payment. 

lieu (lu), n. pla_ce; stead. 

lieutenancy (lu-ten'an-si or lef-ten'an- 
si), n. the office or commission of a 
lieutenant. 

lieutenant (lu-ten'ant or lef-ten'ant). 
n. an officer who supplies the place of 
a superior in his absence; an officer 
ranking next below a captain in the 
army and a commander in the navy. 
[French, "holding-place."] 

life (fif), n. animate existence; vi- 
tality; union of soul and body^ 
period between birth and death. 

lifeguard (M'gard), n. a bodyguard. 

lift (lift), v.t. to raise from the ground; 
elevate; support in the air; steal: 
v.i. to exert strength in raising; 
dissipate in the air: n. the act of 
lifting; elevation; promotion; a ma= 
chine for raising or lifting. 

ligament (lig'a-ment) , n. a strong 
elastic tissue connecting the ^xtrem* 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LIGATURE 



502 



LIMERICK 



l-ties of movable bones; bond or 
tie. 

ligature (lig'a-tur), n. a narrow 
bandage or tie; two or more letters 
cast on one shank (fi, oz)\ a slur, or 
notes joined by a slur. 

light (lit), n. the imponderable agent 
b 7 which objects are rendered visible 
by its action on the retina; day; an 
illuminating or enlightening agent: 
aspect; a window; that which emits 
light: adj. clear; bright; not heavy 
or burdensome; unencumbered; g9y; 
trifling; unimportant; nimble; short 
in weight ; well leavened and raised ; 
graceful; undignified; dizzy; un- 
chaste: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lighted, lit, 
p.pr. lighting], ' to set fire to; in- 
flame; illuminate; furnish with, or 
guide by, a light: v.i. to receive or 
reflect; rest or settle; fall upon by 
chance; happen. 

lighten (lit'en), v.t. to make light; il- 
luminate; flash out; render less 
heavy: v.i. to brighten; shine out. 

lighter (lit'er), n. a large open bark 
for loading and unloading vessels. 

lighterage (llt'er-aj), n. the unloading 
of a cargo by lighters; charge made. 

lighthouse (lit'hous), n. a structure 
furnished with a brilliant light to in- 
dicate points of danger to mariners 
at night. 

lightning (lit'ning), n. a sudden flash 
of electricity, usually accompanied 
by thunder. 

light-room (Ht'room), n. a < small 
chamber near to the magazine of 
a ship of war from which, for safety, 
it is separated by thick sheets of 
glass. 

ligneous (lig'ne-us), adj. woody. 

lignin (lig'nin), n. woody fiber. 

lignite (lig'nit), n. wood converted 
into an imperfect kind of coal. 

lignum- vitse (lig'num-vi'te), n. the 
very heavy hard wood of a South 
American tree (Guaicum officinale) 
or of similar West Indian and Aus- 
tralasian trees. [Latin, "wood of 
life."] 

like (Ilk), adj. similar; resembling; 
equal or nearly equal; disposed: 
adv. in the same manner as; prob- 
ably: v.t. have a taste for; enjoy: 
n. a counterpart. 

likely (llk'li), adj. [comp. likelier, su- 



perl. likeliest], probable; suitable*. 
adv. probably. 

liken (lik'n), v.t. to compare. 

likeness (llk'nes), n. similarity; por 
trait. 

liking (lik'ing) , n. preference ; fondness 

lilac (li'lak), n. a shrub of the genu? 
Syringa, with pale pinkish purple 
flowers; a color. 

Lilith (lil'ith), n. according to Hebrew 
tradition, a beautiful woman, but 
with traits like those of a vampire. 
She was the first woman or feminine 
creature whom Adam knew. When 
Eve was created, Lilith fled away 
from Paradise. [Hebrew.] 

Lilliput (hTi-put), n. the country 
of dwarfs imagined by Swift in his 
"Gulliver's Travels." See Brobding- 
nag. 

Lilliputian (lil-i-pu'shun) , adj. very 
diminutive, from Swift's "Gulliver's 
Trayels." Also Liliputian. 

lilt (lilt), n. a cadenced movement 
in a song that is blithe and full of 
animation. 

lily (hTi), n. a plant of the genus 
Lilium, with bulbous roots and hand- 
some flowers: adj. unsullied; lily- 
white. 

limb (lim), n. a jointed or articulated 
part of an animal body ; branch of a 
tree; edge or border; roguish child; 
leg: v.t. to dismember. 

limber (lim'ber), n. the detachable 
forepart of a gun-carriage: adj. 
pliant: v.t. to attach a limber to (a 
gun-carriage) ; make pliant. 

limbus (lim 'bus), n. in the Roman 
Catholic Church, the place inter- 
mediate between heaven and hell; 
the abode of departed souls prior 
to the judgment; prison; resembling 
purgatory. Also limbo. [Latin.] 

lime (lim), n. a calcareous earth ob- 
tained by the action of heat upon 
limestone; bird-lime; a tree of the 
orange kind yielding an edible juicy 
fruit; the linden tree: v.t. to apply 
lime to. 

limelight (lim'lit), n. a brilliant light 
produced by the action of lighted 
hydrogen and oxygen upon lime. 

limerick (lim'er-ik), n. a stanza five 
lines long, the fifth left blank, to be 
supplied by competitors. It must 
rhyme with the first two lines. 



ate, arm. at. awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LIMESTONE 



503 



LINSEY-WOOLSEY 



limestone (llm'ston), n. a rock having 
carbonate of lime as its basis. 

limit (lim'it), n. a border or bound- 
ary; utmost extent: v.t. to confine 
within bounds; restrict. [Latin.] 

limitation (lim-i-ta'shun), n.. restric- 
tion. 

limousine (lim-oo-zene'), n. the body 
of a closed automobile. [French.] 

limp (limp), adj. flexible; flaccid: n. 
a nalt in walking: v.i. to walk with 
a halt. 

limy (llm'i), adj. containing, or like, 
lime. 

lin (lin), n. the American linden. 
Also linn. 

linchpin (linch'pin), n. the pin which 
goes through the end of the axle of a 
wheel, and keeps it in its place. 

linden (lin'den), n. a tree with heart- 
shaped leaves, and small clusters of 
cream-colored flowers. There are 
several species, European and Amer- 
ican, 

line (lin), n. length without breadth; 
a slender string or cord; fishing- 
line; extended row; l-12th of an 
inch; short letter; occupation; mark 
in the hand or face; outline; verse; 
extent; direction; regular infantry; 
equator; particular class of goods; 
descent: v.t. to draw lines upon; 
place along side by side; cover on 
the inside; strengthen by inner 
works . [Latin-French . ] 

lineage (lin'e-aj), n. ancestral line of 
descent from a common projenitor; 
family. 

lineal (lin'e-al), adj. composed of 
^ lines ; in direct line from an ancestor. 

lineally (lin'e-a-li) , adv. by direct 
^ descent. 

lineament (lin'e-a-ment), n. feature; 
outline. 

linear (lin'e-ar), adj. pertaining to, or 
composed of, lines ; having a straight 
direction. 

lineate (lin'e-at), adj. marked with^/ 
lines. 

linen (lin'en), n. a cloth made of flax; 
articles made of linen; undercloth- 
ing: adj. made of, or resembling, 
linen. 

line of beauty (bu'ti), n. a curved 
line ; especially on the point of 
flexion if marked. 

liner (li'ner), n. a line-of -battle ship; 



a steamship belonging to a trans- 
atlantic company; a person who 
makes linings. 

ling (ling), n. an edible cod-like fish; 
heather. 

linger (ling'ger), v.i. to delay; loiter; 
remain long in. any state. 

lingerie (lang-zhe-re'), n. undercloth- 
ing. 

lingo (ling'go), n. language; dialecto 

lingual (ling'gwal), adj. pertaining to, 
or formed by, the tongue: n. a letter 
or sound, so articulated, as s, th, 
&c. 

linguist (ling'gwist), n. one skilled 
in languages. 

linguistic (ling-gwis'tik) , adj. per- 
taining to linguistics. 

linguistics (ling-gwis'tiks), n.pl. com- 
parative philo_logy. 

lingula (ling'gu-la), n. a genus of 
brachiopodous mollusks with a 
tongue-like # valve. 

Ungulate (ling'gu-lat), adj. tongue- 
shaped. 

liniment (lin'i-ment) , n. a medicated 
liquid for rubbing into the skin. < 

lining (lin'ing), n. an inside covering; 
contents. 

link (lingk), n. a single ring or di- 
vision of a chain; anything doubled 
like a link; single part of a con- 
nected series; a land measure 7.92 
inches; connection; torch made of 
pitch and tow: pi. flat sandy soil; 
golfing grounds: v.t. to connect by s 
or as by, a link: v.i. to be connected. 

linksman (lingks'man) and linksboy 
(lingks'boi), n. persons who carried 
torches (links) at night for the con- 
venience of those _ who were over- 
taken by a fog or intense darkness. 
The practice was most common in 
London and the cities of Great 
Britain about two hundred years 
ago. 

linnet (lin'et), n. a British finch. 

linoleum (li-no'le-um) , n. a floor 
cloth composed of ground cork, lin- 
seed oi 1 and chloride of sulphur. 

linotype (lhVo-tip), n. a machine for 
composing and casting stereotyped 
words or lines for printing. 

linseed (lin'sed), n. the seed of flax, 
from which linseed oil is expressed. 

linsey-woolsey (lin'zi-wool'zi) , n. a 
cloth of mixed linen and wool. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LINT 



504 



LITERATURE 



lint (lint), n. scraped linen used for 
dressing wounds. 

lintel (iin'tel), n. the horizontal top 
piece of a door or window. 

Hon (ll'un), n. a large powerful car- 
nivorous mammal of the genus 
Felis, found in Africa and Southern 
Asia: p\ noted persons or places: 
adj. (in composition) noble; majestic; 
courageous. Feminine lioness. 

lionize (li'un-iz), v.t. to treat as an ob- 
ject of peculiar interest. 

lion's share (li'unz-shar) , n. the ma- 
jor part. 

lip (lip), w- one of the two borders of 
the mouth ; edge of anything ; mouth ; 
lip-like organ; speech: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. lipped, p.pr. lipping], to touch 
with the lips; kiss; utter. 

lipped (lipf). adj. having lips or 
rounded edges; labiate. 

lippy (lip'i), adj. impertinent; talka- 
tive. [Vulgar.] 

liquation (h-kwa'shun) , n. the act 
or process of melting. 

liquef acient (lik-we-f a/shi-ent) , adj. 
serving to liquefy. 

liquef action (lik-we-f ak'shun) , n. the 
process of liquefying; state of being 
melted. 

liquefy (lik'we-fi), v.t. to melt or 
make liquid: v.i. to become liquid. 

liquescent (li-kwes'ent) , adj. be- 
coming liquid. 

liqueur (li-ker'), n. an alcoholic aro- 
matic cordial. 

liquid (lik'wid), adj. clear; tearful; 
not solid; readily flowing: n. liquid 
substance; one of the consonants I, 
ra, n, r. 

liquidate (lik'wi-dat) , v.t. to pay off, 
as a debt; arrange, as the affairs of 
a bankrupt. 

liquidation (lik-wi-da'shun) , n. the 
act of liquidating or paying off; the 
settlement of the affairs of a bank- 
rupt's estate. 

liquidator (lik'wi-da-ter) , n. an offi- 
cial who winds up a bankrupt's 
estate. _ 

liquor (lik'er), n. an alcoholic bever- 
age; a liquid: v.t. to treat with a 
solution: v.i. to take intoxicating 
drinks [Slang]. 

liquorice, same as licorice. 

lira (le'ra),n. [pi. lire (le're)], an 
Italian coin, the unit of monetary 



value = 18 cents; the Turkish lira 
= $4.40. 

lisle (lil), n. a fine thread or lace. 

lisp (lisp), v.i. to pronounce s and z 
nearly like th; speak: v.t. to utter 
imperfectly or affectedly: n. the im- 
perfect utterance of s and z. 

lissom (lis'um), n. supple; lithesome. 

list (list), n. a catalogue, roll, or reg- 
ister; the edge or selvage of cloth; 
strip of cloth; inclination to one 
side; small square molding: pi. an 
enclosing for a tournament: v.t. to 
catalogue, register, or enrol; cover 
with strips of cloth; sew together; 
cause to tilt over to one side; listen 
to: v.i. to enlist; choose; careen; 
hearken. 

listen (lis'n), v.i. to attend to closely, 
so as to hear; hearken; obey. 

listerine (lis-ter-en') , n. a soothing 
lotion which allays inflammation 
and has an antiseptic property. 

Listerism (list'er-izm) , n. the anti- 
septic method of operating and 
dressing, introduced by Lord Lister. 

listing (Bst'ing), n. the act of making 
a schedule. 

listless (list'les), adj. indifferent; lan- 
guid. 

lit, p.t. & p.p.oi light. 

litany (lit a-ni), n. a solemn respon- 
sive form of supplication. 

litchi (le'che), n. a tree producing a 
fruit (lichi) much esteemed in China. 

liter (le'ter), n. in the metric system, a 
measure of capacity, = 61.026 cubic 
inches, or a little more than 1 quart. 

literacy (lit'er-a-si), n. the state of 
being able to read and write. 

literal (lit'er-al), adj. consisting of, or 
expressed by, letters; following the 
exact words; exact; plain. 

literally (lit'er-a-li) , adv. in a literal 
sense. 

literary (lit'er-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, 
or appropriate to, literature or men 
of letters; versed in, or engaged in, 
literature. 

literate (lit'er-at), adj. instructed; 
learned: n. & literary man; a candi- 
date for holy orders who has not 
taken a university degree; the 
Italian word, litterati, is often used 
in the same way. 

literatim (lit-er-a/tim) , adv. literally. 

literature (lit'er-a-tur) , n. the writ- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LITHARGE 



505 



LIVID 



ten or printed literary productions 
of a country or period ; literary work ; 
learning. 

litharge (lith'arj), n. oxide of lead. 

lithe (Hth), adj. supple; pliant. 

lithesome (hV/i'sum), adj. nimble; lis- 
som. 

lithia (lith'i-a), n. oxide of lithium. 

lithic (lith'ik), adj. pertaining to 
stone. 

lithium (lith'i-um), n. a metallic ele- 
ment. 

lithochromatics (lith-o-kro-mat'iks) , 
n.pl. the art or process of painting 
in oil upon stone and then transfer- 
ring it upon canvas. 

lithograph (lith'o-graf ) , n. a print 
reproduced from a drawing on stone : 
v.t. to draw, or engrave on stone, 
and transfer to paper. 

lithographic (lith-o-graf 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to lithography. Also litho- 
graphical. 

lithographically (lith-o-graf 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. by lithography. 

lithography (Hthyog'ra-n) , n. the art 
of making a design on stone so that 
ink-impressions can be taken from it. 

lithoid (lith'oid), adj. stone-like; of 
stone structure. 

lithotint (lith'o-tint) , n. a lithograph 
from a drawing executed with a 
camel's-hair pencil. 

lithotomy (lith-ot'o-mi) , n. the opera- 
tion of cutting into the bladder to 
remove stone. 

lithotrity (lith-ot'ri-ti), n. the surgi- 
cal operation of crushing stone in the 
bladder. 

litigant (lit'i-gant) , n. one who con- 
tends in law: adj. engaged in, or in- 
clined to, litigation. 

litigate (lit'i-gat), v.t. to contest in a 
court of law: v.i. to engage in a law- 
suit. 

litigation (lit-i-ga'shun) , n. the act or 
process of carrying on a lawsuit; 
judicial contest. 

litigious (li-tij'us), < adj. given to 
carrying on lawsuits; quarrelsome. 

litmus (lit'mus), n. a purple dye, ob- 
tained from certain lichens. 

litter (lifer), n. straw, hay, &c, used 
for horses' bedding: a frame -work 
with a bed, for carrying a person in 
a recumbent position; state of con- 
fusion or untidiness; number of 



young produced at one birth, as pigs, 
&c: v.t. supply with litter; cover 
with straw; scatter about carelessly: 
v.i. bring forth a Utter of young. 

litterateur (lit-er-a-ter'), n. a literary 
man. [French.] 

little (lit'l), adj. Comparative less, 
superlative least], small in size, 
quantity, duration, or importance; 
insignificant; young; mean: adv. in 
a small degree; not much: n. small 
shore of a sea, lake, &c. 

littoral (lit'o-ral), adj. pertaining to, 
near, or living on the shore: situa- 
ted between high- and low-water 
mark: n. country lying near the 
shore of a sea, lake, &c. [Latin.] 

liturgic (li-ter'jik), adj. pertaining 
to a liturgy. # Also liturgical. 

liturgically (li-ter'gi-ka-li) , adv. by a 
liturgy. 

liturgies (li-ter'jiks), n.pl. the science 
of liturgies. 

liturgy (lit'er-ji), n. [pi. liturgies 
(lit'er-jiz)], the prescribed forms or 
ritual for public worship. 

live (liv), v.i. to exist or have life; 
pass m or enjoy life; reside; endure; 
subsist: adj. (liv) having life; quick; 
effective; ignited; kept for use; 
energetic. 

livelihood (hVli-hood) , n. means of 
living. 

liveliness (hVli-nes), n. briskness. \ 

lively (llv'li), adj. active; brisk; ani- 
mated; sprightly; vivid; forcible. 

live-oak (liv'ok), # n. an American oak 
valuable for shipbuilding. 

liver (hVer), n. one who lives; a 
glandular organ secreting bile. 

liveried (hVer-id), adj. clothed in 
livery. 

liverwort (hVer-wert) , n. name for 
any cryptogamous plant of the class 
hepaticse. 

livery (hVer-i), n. [pi. liveries (liv'er- 
iz)], a particular costume worn by 
servants; the state of being kept and 
fed at a stipulated rate, as horses. 

liveryman (liv/er-i-man), n. [pi. livery- 
men (hVer-i-men)], the keeper of a 
livery-stable. 

livery-stahle (hVer-i-sta/bl) , n. a 
stable where horses are kept and let 
out for hire. 

livid (hVid), adj. black and blue; dis- 
colored as by a blow; ashy pale. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
35 hue, hut ; think, then. 



LIVING 



506 



LOCH 



living (liv'ing), p. adj. having life; 
flowing; vigorous; active; quicken- 
ing: n. livelihood; a church benefice; 
mode of life. 

livre (le'ver), n. an old French money 
of account, value 183^ cents. 

lixiviate (liks-iv'i-at) , v.t. to dissolve 
out the saline matter from (wood- 
ashes) ; form into lye. 

lizard (liz'ard), n. a lacertilian reptile 
having a scaly body, and four well- 
developed limbs, each with five toes. 

llama (la/ma), n. & South American 
quadruped, somewhat resembling a 
camel. [Spanish.] 

ilanero (lya-na/ro), n. a herdsman of 
the South American llanos. 

llanos (lya/noz or la'noz), n.pl. the 
extensive level grassy plains, or 
steppes of South America. 

lo (16), inter j. behold! see! 

loach (loch), n. a small edible fresh- 
water fish; a simpleton. 

load (lod), v.t. to put on as much as 
can be carried ; burden ; weigh down ; 
embarrass; freight; charge, as a gun: 
n. a burden; weight; freight; en- 
cumbrance; pressure; a weight of 
hay, straw, or ore. 

loaded (lod'ed), p. adj. laden; drunk. 
[Vulgar.] 

loadline (lod'lin), n. the line to which 
a vessel sinks when loaded with her 
full cargo. 

loadstar (lod'star),_n. the pole-star. 

loadstone (lod'ston), n. magnetic 
oxide of iron; magnet. Also lode- 
stone. 

loaf (lof), v.i. to idle away time: n. 
[pi. loaves (lovz)], a large cake o" 
bread. 

loafer (lof'er), n. an idler; tramp. 

loam (lorn), n. rich vegetable mold, 
with clay and sand: v.t. to cover 
with loam. 

loan (Ion), n. a sum of money lent 
for a period, repayable with inter- 
est; something granted for tempo- 
rary use: v.i. to lend money. 

loath (loth), adj. unwilling; reluc- 
tant. 

loathe (loth), v.t. to regard with ab- 
horrence or disgust; detest: v.i. to 
feel nausea. 

loathing (losing), n. disgust; nausea. 

loathsome (lo^'sum), adi. exciting 
loathing. 



lob (lob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lobbed, v.pr. 
lobbing], to toss gently: v.i. to bowl 
lobs: n. a large worm, used for fish- 

. ing, the lugworm; a slow ball bowled 
underhand. 

lobate (lo'bat), adj. lobe-like. 

lobby (lob'i), n. [pi. lobbies (lob'iz)], 
a small hall or waiting room; pas- 
sage opening before an apartment; 
that part of the hall of a legislative 
chamber to which the public have 
access: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lobbied, p.pr. 
lobbying], to solicit the votes of 
members of a legislature to carry a 
particular measure. 

lobbyist (lob'i-ist), n. a person, not a 
member, who tries to influence the 
votes of members of a legislative 
body._ 

lobe (lob), n. any rounded and pro- 
jecting part; a subdivision of an 
organ. 

lobelet (lob 'let), n. a small lobe. 

Lobelia (lo-be'lia), n. an extensive 
genus of plants with handsome flow 
ers, including the Indian tobacco 
plant, &c. 

lobster (lob'ster), n. an edible marine 
decapod crustacean. 

lobule (lob'ul), n. a small lobe. 

lobworm (lob Verm), same as lug- 
worm. 

local (lo'kal), adj. pertaining to 
place; restricted to a particular 
place: n. a newspaper paragraph of 
local interest ; a suburban train. 

localism (lo'kal-izm) , n. a word, idiom, 
or custom restricted to a particular 
locality. 

locality (lo-kal'i-ti) , n. [pi. localities 
(lo-kal'i-tiz)], existence in or limita- 
tion to a place; position. 

localize (lo'kal-iz), v.t. to limit to a 
particular place. 

locally (lo'ka-li), adv. with respect 
to place. 

local option (op'shun), n. the re- 
striction of the sale of intoxicating 
liquors by the majority of the voters 
of a district. 

locate (lo'kat), v.t. to place; estab- 
lish; mark out and determine the 
position of: v.i. to settle. 

location (lo-ka'shun), n. place; plot 
of ground marked out by boundaries. 

locative (lok'a-tiv), adj. noting place. 

loch (lokh), n. a lake. [Scotch.] 



ate, arm. at. awl; me, merge, met; rrlrp. mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think. /7?pn. 



LOCK 



507 



LOGARITHMIC 



lock (lok), n. a mechanical device 
furnished with a spring and bolt for 
fastening a door, &c, by means of a 
key; anything that fastens; enclos- 
ure between lock-gates for raising 
and lowering the water within 
them; mechanism for firing a gun; 
hug in wrestling; a tuft of hair or 
wool; ringlet; tress: v.t. to fasten 
or secure with a lock; shut up; con- 
fine: v.i. to become fast by a lock; 
entwine. 

lockage (lok'aj), ft. difference of level 
of the water between canal locks; 
dues paid for passage through a 
lock. 

locker (lok'er), n. a receptacle se- 
cured by a lock. 

locket (lok'et), n. a small gold or silver 
case attached to a necklace or chain. 

lockjaw (lok'jaw), n. a spasmodic dis- 
ease by which the lower jaw is 
drawn up and becomes fixed; teta- 
nus. 

lockman (lok'man), ft. an under- 
sheriff in the Isle of Man. 

lockout (lok'out), n. the exclusion of 
workmen from a factory by an em- 
ployer to compel them to accept his 
terms: v.t. to close a factory against. 

lockup (lok'up), n. a temporary 
prison; calaboose: jail. 

loco (lo'ko), n. a name for various 
poisonous American plants, causing 
disease to animals eating them ; 
also the disease so caused. The 
word is Spanish and means " crazy." 

locofoco (lo-ko-fo'ko), ft. a name 
given to the first sulphur match that 
could be ignited by friction: ft. the 
name of a political faction in the 
United States, organized as the 
Equal Rights party. At a meeting 
held in Tammany Hall, in 1835, 
someone extinguished the candles, 
and the conference did not end until 
matches (locofocos) were brought 
and the candles relit. From this 
time, the party got this popular 
name of Locofocos. 

locomotion (lo-ko-mo'shun), ft. the 
act or power of moving from place 
to place. 

locomotive (lo-ko-mo'tiv), adj. per- 
taining to locomotion; not sta- 
tionary: ft. a steam engine for draw- 
ing railway cars. 



locomotor (lo-ko-mo'ter), adj. per- 
taining to locomotion: n. a motor. 

locomotor ataxy (a-tak'si), ft. want 
of co-ordination of the movements of 
the legs. 

locust (lo'kust), # ft. a migratory and 
destructive winged insect resem- 
bling the grasshopper ; a tree of the 
bean family. 

locution (lo-ku'shun) , n. speech, 
phrase. 

lode (lod), ft. a vein containing metal- 
lic ore. 

lodestar, lodestone. See loadstar, &c, 

lodge (loj), v.t. to furnish with a 
temporary dwelling: v.i. to reside 
for a time; be deposited or fixed: ft. 
a small house in a park; gate-keep- 
er's cottage; wild beast's den; hut of 
an American Indian; place where 
members of an association meet, es- 
pecially Freemasons; the members 
themselves. 

lodger (loj'er), ft. onf who resides in 
lodgings. 

lodging (loj'ing), ft. a place of tem- 
porary residence: pi. a room or 
rooms hired in the house of another. 

lodgment (loj'ment), ft. the act of 
lodging; the state of being lodged; 
accumulation of something deposit- 
ed; occupation of a military posi- 
tion. 

loft (16ft), ft. a room directly beneath 
a roof. 

loftily (loft'i-li) , adv. in a lofty 
manner. 

loftiness (loft'i-nes), ft. the state of be- 
ing lofty. 

lofty (16ft 'i), adj. [comp. loftier, svr 
perl, loftiest], very high; proud; 
stately; sublime. 

log (log), ft. an undressed piece of 
timber; a log-book; a heavy dull 
fellow; an instrument for ascertain- 
ing the rate of progress of a ship: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. logged, p.pr. log- 
ging], to enter in a log-book: v.i, 
to hew down and get out trees. 

logarithm (log'a-rithm) . ft. the expo- 
nent of the power to which a fixed 
number (the base) must be raised 
in order to produce a given number . 
[Greek.] 

logarithmic (log-a-rith'mik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting of, loga- 
rithms. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LOG-BOOK 



508 



LONGITUDE 



log-book (log'book), n. a ship's diary, 
or journal, recording the progress of 
a vessel, daily occurrences, &c. 

logger (log'er), n. one whose occupa- 
tion is logging. 

loggerhead (log'er-hed) , n. a block- 
head; dolt; species of sea-turtle. 
" At loggerheads," unable to agree. 

loggia (lozh'i-a), n. a partly covered 
gallery or portico; an open balcony 
in a theater. [Italian.] 

logging (log'ing), n. the business of 
cutting down timber. 

Logi (lo'gi). See Loki. 

logic (loj'ik), n. the science of correct 
reasoning, especially of inference. 

logical (loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
or used in, logic; according to the 
rules of logic. 

logically (log'i-ka-li) , adv. by the 
rules of logic. 

logician (lo-jish'un), n. one skilled 
in logic. 

logistics (lo-jis'tiks), n.pl. sexagesi- 
mal arithmetic; the military science 
of moving and supplying armies. 

logo, a Greek prefix meaning speech, 
word, ratio, as logotype, a type con- 
taining two or more letters, as ff. 

logogram (log'o-gram) v n. a letter 
or sign standing for a word, as d 
for pence, &c; a word-puzzle in 
verse. 

logograph (log'o-graf ) , n. a written 
word. 

logography (log-og'ra-fi) , n. a meth- 
od of printing in which a type rep- 
resents a word instead of a letter. 

logomachy (log-om'a-ki) , n. violent 
discussion or argument. Literally 
"word fight." [Greek.] 

logotype (log'o-tip). See under logo. 

logroll (log'rol), v.i. to engage in 
logrolling. 

logrolling (log'rol-ing) , n. the act of 
rolling logs ; united action in carrying 
legislative schemes for mutual bene- 
fit; mutual praise by authors of 
each other's books. 

logwood (log'wood), n. a wood of a 
deep-red color, used in dyeing. 

loin (loin), n. the lower part of the 
back of a quadruped or man: pi. 
the reins. 

loiter (loi'ter), v.t. to idle (with 
away): v.i. to spend time idly; de- 
lay; linger. 



Loka (lo'ka), n. in Hindu philosophy 
and religion one of the three divisions 
of the universe, which they separate 
into heaven, earth and hell. They 
subdivide still further, however, so 
that in all they recognize fourteen 
lokas. 

Loki (lo'ki), one of two Norse giants, 
both being evil, but one attractive 
while the other is repulsive. They 
are not to be confused with Logi : the 
fire-god who opposes them. 

loll (lol), v.i. to lounge at ease; hang 
out the tongue. 

Lollard (lol'lard), n. one of a large 
number of persons who in the 
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in- 
sisted on reading the Scriptures in 
Wiclif's translation. The termBible- 
man was also given to a Lollard. 

Londonese (lun-dun-ez'), n. the cock- 
ney dialect as heard in London. 

lone (Ion), adj. solitary; retired; by 
one's self; unmarried or in widow- 
hood. 

loneliness (lon'li-nes) , n. the state of 
being lonely. 

lonely (lon'li), adj. [comp. lonelier, su- 
perl. loneliest], deserted; solitary; 
unfrequented. 

lonesome (lon'sum) , adj. secluded from 
society ; depressed ; unfrequented ; 
drearily solitary. 

long (long), adj. not short; extended 
in time, or length; drawn out; 
slow; tedious; tall; lingering; far- 
seeing: adv. to a great length or 
period; far distant; for a length of 
time: n. anything that is long: v.i. 
to desire eagerly (with for or after) . 

longboat (long'bot), n. the largest and 
strongest boat of a ship. 

longbow (long'bo), n, a long powerful 
bow formerly used by English arch- 
ers. 

longcloth (lqng'kloth), n. a superior 
cotton fabric. 

long-dozen (long-duz'n), n. thirteen. 

longevity (lon-jev'i-ti), n. extended 
age. 

longhand (long'hand), n. ordinary 
handwriting, as distinguished from 
shorthand. 

longi, a Latin prefix meaning long, as 
longicom: adj. long-horned. 

longing (long'ing), n. earnest desire. 

longitude (lonj'i-tud), n. distance 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



LONGITUDINAL 



509 



LORGNETTE 



east and west on the earth's surface 
measured from a meridian or place, 
estimated in degrees; on the ecliptic, 
distance in degrees from the vernal 
equinox. 

longitudinal (lonj-i-ttid'i-nal), adj. 
pertaining to longitude, or length. 

longitudinally (lonj-i-tii'di-na-li), adv. 
lengthwise. 

long-primer (long-prim'er) , n. a size 
of type between small pica and bour- 
geois. See type. 

longshoreman (long'shor-man) , n. 
a wharf laborer. A stevedore, who 
loads and unloads vessels. 

long-sighted (16ng'slt-ed), n. able to 
see distant objects better than those 
near; presbyopia. 

loo (loo), n. a card game, once very 
fashionable and played somewhat 
after the manner of whist. Any 
number of persons could play at one 
time. The highest card was called 
pam. 

looby (loo'bi), n. an awkward fellow. 

loof (loof), n. the fullest part of a 
ship's bow. 

look (look), v.i. to direct the eye to 
anything, in order to view it; direct 
the mind or attention to; examine; 
front or face; expect; watch; ap- 
pear: v.t. to search or seek for; 
turn the eyes upon: n. the act of 
looking; mien; aspect: interj.seel 

lool (lool), n. a vessel for receiving 
the washings of ore. 

loom (loom), n. a frame or machine 
for weaving cloth; an oar handle: 
v.i. to rise gradually and appeal- 
larger than in reality. 

loon (loon), n. the great northern 
diver. 

loony (loon'i) , adj. crazed ; because the 
name suggests lunacy and lunatic. 

loop (loop), n. a folding or doubling 
of string, rope, &c; noose through 
which a cord may be run: anything 
resembling a loop: v.t. to form into, 
furnish with, or secure with, loops. 

loophole (loop 'hoi), n. a narrow aper- 
ture for observation or defense; 
means of evasion. 

loopline (loop'lm), n. a railway line 
running out of and rejoining the 
main line. 

loose (loos), adj. not fast; unbound; 
not fixed; not tight; not crowded 



together; vague; unconnected; lax 
in principles or morals: n. the state 
of being loose: v.t. to set free; un- 
bind; disengage; relax. 

loosen (loos'n), v.t. to free from 
tightness, restraint, or tension; free 
from costiveness. 

loot (loot), v.t. to pillage or plunder, 
especially a captured city: n. booty 
thus taken. 

lop (lop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lopped, p. 
pr. lopping], to cut off (a part of 
anything), especially branches of a 
tree; cut off partially; trim; let 
fall: v.i. to hang down: n. sl hanging 
down; that which is lopped, as 
branches. 

loppy (lop'i), adj. not holding one- 
self erect; shambling. 

lopsided (lop'sl-ded), n. heavier on 
one side. 

loquacious (lo-kwa'shus) , adj. talk- 
ative. 

loquacity (lo-kwas'i-ti) , n. talkative- 
ness. 

lord (lord), n. a ruler or governor; 
master; one possessed of supreme 
power; the owner of a manor; a 
baron in the British peerage; the 
son of a duke or marquis; eldest 
son of an earl; title of honor given 
to certain officials: v.t. to invest with 
authority; preside over: v.i. to dom- 
ineer, to command. 

lordless (lord'les), adj. without a lord, 
chief, master or patron. 

lordliness (lord'li-nes) , n. lordly de- 
gree or rank; pride; haughtiness. 

lordling (lord 'ling), n. a little or 
would-be lord. 

lordship (lord'ship), n. the state, 
quality, or jurisdiction of a lord; 
title of address (with his or your) 
given to noblemen and judges, and 
in England to such bishops as are 
peers. 

Lord's Supper (lordz' sup'er), n. the 
Holy Communion or Eucharist. 

lore (lor), n. learning; instruction; 
space between the eye and bill of a 
bird. 

lorette (lo-ref), n. a woman of the 
demi-monde. [French.] 

lorgnette (lor-nyef), n. a long-han- 
dled opera glass; a pair of eye- 
glasses fixed to a long handle into 
which they shut. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LORIKEET 510 LOVELINESS 

lorikeet (lor-i-kef) , n. a straight- most belonged to the oldest legends 

billed_ parrot, of North Africa, India and China. 

loris (lo'ris), n, a nocturnal lemur. louchettes (loo-shets'), n.pl. col- 
lorn (lorn), adj. forsaken; forlorn. ored spectacles for direct vision in 

lorry (lor'i), n. [pi. lorries (lor'iz)], a strabismus. 

long four-wheeled wagon without loud (loud), adj. high- or full-sound- 
sides ;_ a miner's hand-cart. _ ing; noisy; ostentatious in dress or 

lory (lo'ri), n. [pi. lories (lo'riz)], a manner; showy; having an unpleas- 

species of parrot with brilliant ant odor: adv. loudly, 

plumage. loudly (loud'li), adv. in a loud manner; 

lose (looz), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lost, p.pr. ostentatiously. 

losing], to be deprived of; cease to lough (lokh),_n. a lake. [Irish.] 

have in possession; mislay; forfeit; louisd'or (loo'i dor'), n. an old French 

waste; squander: v.i. to fail of sue- coin, of varying value. It was 

cess; yield; be defeated. # first named from the many kings 

loss (16s), n. detriment; injury; pri- who were called Louis, and after- 

vation; failure; defeat; that which ward was known as a napoleon. It 

is lost. is a piece of 20 francs, approximately 

lost (lost), p. adj. missing; forfeited; valued at $4. 

destroyed; perplexed. lounge (lounj), v.i. to saunter about 

lot (lot), n. fortune; destiny; por- in a lazy manner; loll; live indo- 
tion or parcel; anything used to lently: n. the act of lounging; a 
determine chances; great quantity: low-backed couch. _ 
v.t. to separate into lots; assign; louse (lous), n. [pi. lice (lis)], a para- 
catalogue, sitic insect of various species, espe- 

Lothario (lo-tha/ri-o) , n. a gay de- cially those of the genus Pediculus, 

ceiver or libertine, from Rowe's The parasitic on man. 

Fair Penitent. lousy (lou'zi), adj. infested with lice. 

lotion (lo'shun), n. a medicated fluid lout (lout), n. an awkward fellow, 

for outward application. louver (loo'ver), n. an open turret 

lottery (lot'er-i), n. [pi. lotteries or lantern on the roof of a build- 

(lot'er-iz)], a distribution of prizes by ing. 

chance; drawing of lots. loyability (luv-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the qual- 

lotto (lot'o), n. a parlor game played ity that attracts love. 

with 24 cards and wooden discs lovable (luv'a-bl), adj. worthy of 

numbered 1 to 100. It resembles love. 

keno. love (luv), n. a strong feeling of af- 

Lotus (lo'tus), n. a genus of the fection, especially to one of the op- 
water-lily family, especially the sa- posite sex; courtship; devoted af- 
cred lotus of the ancient Nile ; a fection for or attachment to ; pa- 
name for various trees or shrubs, rental care; a sweetheart: v.t. to 
the fruit of which was fabled to regard with strong affection; feel 
cause forgetfulness of care and in- devotion towards; delight in: v.i. to 
duce a state of dreamy indolence; be in love; have strong affection, 
the common blue or white water- love-apple (luv'-ap-l), n. the tomato, 
lily that is found to-day is not the love-bird (luv'berd),7i. a small bird 
ancient lotus which is now extinct of the parrot family, 
but which played an important part love- feast (luv'fest), n. among the 
in the history of decorative art. early Christians a religious feast, 
Thus the lotus formed a conventional terminating in the eucharist, from 
ornament for the capital of the which it was separated in 391. A 
great Egyptian columns ; in India, somewhat similar observation among • 
the flower was taken to represent the the Methodists, Moravians, &c. 
Wheel of Buddha, since the petals love-lies-bleeding (luv'liz-bled ing), 
were straightened out as if they were n. a species of amaranth, 
spokes; and in a hundred ways the loveliness (luVli-nes) , n. the quality 
ancient lotus was the flower which of being lovely. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LOVELY 



511 



LUCRATIVE 



fovely (luv'li), adj. [comp. lovelier, su- 
perl. loveliest], exciting love or ad- 
miration; amiable; beautiful; pret- 
ty; inviting; delightful: adv. so as 
to inspire love or admiration. 

lover (luv'er), n. one who loves; one in 
love: said of a man; one deeply at- 
tached 

loving (luVing), p.adj. devoted; affec- 
tionate. 

loving-cup (luv'ing-kup) , n. a wine- 
cup, usually with several handles, 
passed round from g^iest to guest. 

low (15), adj. not high; depressed; 
shallow; not noisy; subdued; near 
the horizon; cheap; moderate; fee- 
ble or weak; of less than the normal 
height; vulgar; abject: n. the bellow 
of cattle: adv. not on high; deeply; 
softly; quietly; meaningly; at a low 
price; in humble rank: v.i. to bel- 
low like cattle. 

low-church (lo'cherch), adj. not con- 
sidering of great importance ec- 
clesiastical ceremonies or forms; said 
usually of Episcopalians, and opposed 
to high-church. 

Low Countries (lo'kun-triz), n. a 
name "formerly given to Flanders, 
but now to the Netherlands and Bel- 
gium. 

lower (lo'er), v.t. to lessen or bring 
down; reduce in price or value; 
weaken; humble; change to a lower 
pitch: v.i. to become lower; sink; 
fall; (lou'er) to appear dark, gloomy, 
or threatening. 

lower case (kas), n. that part of a com- 
positor's case which contains the 
small printing tvpes. 

lowering (lou'er-ing), p.adj. over- 
cast with clouds; threaten mg a 
storm; gloomy. 

lowermost (lo'er-most), adj. lowest. 

lowing (lo'ing), n. the bellow of cat- 
tle. 

lowland (lo'land), adj. pertaining to 
a lov or level country: n.pl. a level 
country. 

lowlands (lo'lands), n. Belgium and 
Holland; the southern part of Scot- 
land. 

Low Latin (lat'in), n. the Latin of 
the Middle Ages. 

lowliness (lo'li-nes), n. the state of 
being lowly. 

lowly (lo'li), adj. [comp. lowlier, su- 



perl. lowliest], low in rank or size, 
humble; modest: adv. modestly. 

low mass (mas), n. mass said with- 
out musical accompaniment and 
by one priest. 

loxia (loks'i-a), n. wryneck. [Greek.] 

loyal (loi'al), adj. faithful in allegi- 
ance to one's sovereign or country; 
true to plighted faith or duty. 

loyalist (loi'al-ist) , n. one who ad- 
heres to and supports the authority 
of his sovereign or country. 

loyally (loi'a-li), adv. in a loyal man- 
ner. 

lozenge (loz'enj), n. an oblique-an- 
gled parallelogram; a rhomb; dia- 
mond-shaped figure used in herald- 
ry ; a sweetmeat. 

lubber (lub'er), n. an awkward, 
clumsy fellow; a raw sailor. 

lubricant (lu'bri-kant), n. a sub- 
stance for lubricating. [Latin.] 

lubricate (lu'bri-kat) , v.t. to make 
smooth or slippery. 

lubricator (Ki'bri-ka-ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, lubricates, especially 
a device for oiling machinery. 

lubricity (loo-bris'i-ti), n. immoralitv; 
sensuality. 

lucern (lu-sern'), n. a clover-like plant 
cultivated for fodder; alfalfa. 

lucernal (lu-ser'nal), adj. pertaining 
to a lamp, or to artificial light. 

Lucianism (lu'shan-izm) , n. a doctrine 
taught by Lucian (second century 
A. D.) that after death we shall 
rise neither as body nor soul, but as 
something quite distinct from either. 

lucid (lu'sid), adj. clear; readily un- 
derstood; shining; transparent. 

lucidity (lu-sid'i-ti) , n. the state of 
being lucid. # 

Lucifer (lu'si-fer), n. Venus, as the 
morning star: Satan, as the brilliant 
ambitious angel. 

lucifer, n. a match ignited by fric- 
tion. 

luck (luk), n. casual event or acci- 
dent; fortune, either good or bad; 
success. 

luckily (luk'i-li), adv. in a lucky man- 
ner. 

lucky (luk'i), adj. [comp. luckier, su- 
perl, luckiest], having good luck or 
fortune; successful; auspicious. 

lucrative (UVkra-tiv), adj. profita- 
ble. 



ate, arm, at, awl 



me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 
hue, hut ; think, then. 



LUCRATIVELY 



512 



LUNG 



lucratively (lu'kra-tiv-li) , adv. profit- 
ably. 

lucubration (lu-ku-bra/shun) , n. a 
literary composition produced as the 
result of protracted study. 

luculi (lu'ku-li), n.pl. bright spots on 
the sun's_surface. [Latin, luculus.] 

luculite (lii-ku'llt), n. a variety of 
black marble, cut and polished for 
ornament al_ purposes. 

ludicrous (lu'di-krus) , adj. exciting 
mirth; comical; droll. [Latin.] 

luff (luf), n. the weather-gauge, or 
that part of a ship towards the 
wind; the act of sailing close to 
the wind; luff-tackle: v.i. to steer 
nearer to the wind. Also loof. 

luff- tackle {luf-tak'l), n. a large 
tackle consisting of a double and a 
single block. 

lug (lug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lugged, 
p.pr. lugging], to pull or draw 
along: v.i. to drag; move heavily; 
pull laboriously: n. the act or effort 
of lugging; something difficult to 
move; a projecting part; the ear; 
a lug-sail; handle of a vessel: pi. 
conceited airs. 

luggage (lug'aj), n. effects of a trav- 
eler; baggage. 

lugger (lug'er), n. a small vessel with 
2 or 3 masts with a running sprit 
and lug-sails ._ 

lug-sail (lug'sal), n. a square sail, 
without boom or lower yard, bent 
to a yard that hangs nearly at right 
angles to the mast. # 

lugubrious (lu-gu'bri-us) , adj. mourn- 
ful. 

lug worm (lug'werm) , n. a sand worm. 

lukewarm (luk'warm) , adj. moderate- 
ly warm. 

lull (lul), v.t. to soothe to sleep; 
quiet: v.i. to become calm: n. abate- 
ment; temporary calm. 

lullaby (lul'a-bi), n. [pi. lullabies 
(lul'a-biz)], a cradle-song. 

lumbago (lum-ba/go), n. rheumatism 
of the muscles of the loins. 

lumbar (luin'bar), adj. pertaining to 
the loins. 

lumber (lum'ber), n. rubbish; forest 
timber sawed for market: v.t. to fill 
with lumber or rubbish; heap to- 
gether in disorder: v.i. to cut down 
timber and prepare it for market. 

lumberer (lum'ber-er) , n. one who 



cuts forest timber and shapes it for 
market. 

lumberman (lum'ber-man), n. one 
who is engaged in the lumber trade; 
a foreman of lumberers; a vessel 
regularly engaged in carrying lum- 
ber 

luminary (lu'mi-na-ri), n. [pi. lumi- 
naries (lu'mi-na-riz)], a body emit- 
ting light, especially a heavenly 
body; one who enlightens or in- 
structs. [Latin .J 

luminescence (lu-mi-nes'ens) , n. a 
power of emitting light possessed 
by certain bodies that have been 
exposed to light or radiant energy. 

luminif erous (lu-mi-nif 'er-us) , adj. 
emitting, or transmitting, light. 

luminous (lu'mi-nus) , adj. emitting or 
radiating light; bright; clear; per- 
spicuous. 

lummox (lum'oks), n. a clumsy, 
heavy, stupid person. [Rustic] 

lump (lump), n. a small shapeless 
mass; aggregate; gross; a swelling: 
v.t. to throw or unite in the gross; 
heap indiscriminately; put up with. 

lumper (lump'er), n. a docker; militia- 
man. 

lumpfish (lump 'fish), n. a thick 
marine fish with horny spines. 

lumpy (lump'i), adj. full of lumps. 

lunacy (lu'na-si), n. mental unsound- 
ness: adj. pertaining to lunacy, or 
to lunatics. 

lunar (KYnar), adj. pertaining to, 
measured by, or influenced by, the 
moon: n. lunar distance. [Latin.] 

lunar month (munth), n. a month 
measured by the complete revolu- 
tion of the moon = 29 H days. 

lunar year (yer), n. a year of twelve 
lunar months = 354 1-3 days. 

lunate (lu'nat), adj. crescent-shaped. 

lunatic (lu'na-tik), adj. affected with, 
or characteristic of, lunacy: n. one 
who is insane. 

lunation (lu-na'shun) , n. a complete 
revolution of the moon. 

lunch (lunch), n. a light meal be- 
tween breakfast and dinner. Also 
luncheon: v.i. to take lunch. 

lunette (lu-net r ), n. anything shaped 
like a half-moon, as an embrasure 
in fortification, &c; a flattened 
watch-glass. [French.] 

lung (lung), n. one of two organs of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



LUNGE 



513 



LYCANTHROPY 



respiration in air-breathing verte- 
brates. 

lunge (lunj), n. sl sudden thrust or 
pass with the sword; sudden lurch: 
v.i. to make a lunge. 

lungless (lung'les), adj. without lungs. 

lungwort (iung'wert), n. a plant with 
dark-colored leaves spotted with 
white; a lichen growing on trees. 

luni, a Latin prefix meaning moon, as 
Zimisolar: ddj* produced by the 
united attraction" of the moon and 
the sun. 

lunula _(lu'nu-la), n. [pi. lunulse 
(lu'nu-le)], the white crescent-shaped 
part of the nail near the root. m 

lupine (lu'pin), adj. resembling or 
pertaining to a wolf, or even a fox 
or dog in technical language; wolf- 
like. [Latin.] 

lupine (lu'pin) , n. any one of the 
plants belonging to the genus 
Lupinus. _ 

lupinin (lu'pi-nin), n. a bitter glu- 
cosid, extracted from the buds of 
the yellow lupine, and used for 
medicinal purposes. 

lupus (lu'pus), n. a chronic tubercu- 
lous disease which eats into the 
skin, especially of the face. 

lurch (lerch), n. a sudden roll to one 
side, as of a ship; tendency; a dif- 
ficult or forlorn position; a losing 
position in cribbage: v.i. to roll 
suddenly to one side. 

lure (lur), v.t. to allure: n. any- 
thing used as an enticement; bait; 
a long carved trumpet used in 
Scandinavia. 

lurid (liir'id), adj. greyish-orange; wan; 
ghastly; pale; gloomy. 

lurk (lerk), v.i. to he in wait; be 
concealed. 

luscious (lush 'us), adj. sweet to ex- 
cess; delightful to the taste or 
sense; fulsome. 

lush (lush), adj. rich and juicy: n. 
intoxicating drink. 

lust (lust), n. strong desire to pos- 
sess or enjoy; concupiscence: v.i. 
to desire strongly; have inordinate 
desires (with after). 

luster (lus'ter), n. brightness; splen- 
dor; brilhancy of redected Light; re- 
nown; a lustrous dress-cloth; the 
quality and intensity of light re- 
flected from the surface of minerals. 



lustful (lust'fool), adj. sensual; robust. 

lustfully (lust'foo-li), adv. in a lustful 
manner. 

lustily (lust'i-li), adv. in a lusty man- 
ner. 

lustiness (lust'i-nes), n. the state of 
being lusty. 

lustral (lus'tral), adj. pertaining to 
or used in, purification. 

lustration (lus-tra/shun), n. purifica- 
tion. 

lustrous (lus'trus), adj. having a lus- 
ter. 

lustwort (lust Vert), n. the plant sun- 
dew. 

lusty (lust'i), adj. [comp. lustier, 
superl. lustiest], robust; vigorous; 
healthy. 

lute (hit), n. a stringed musical in- 
strument of the guitar family; a 
composition of clay, &c, used for 
making the joints of vessels air- 
tight, or protecting them from the 
action of fire. 

Lutheran (hYther-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to Luther, the German reformer, 
or to the Lutheran Church and its 
doctrines: n. a member of the Lu- 
theran Church L 

Lutheranism (lu'ther-an-izm), n. the 
doctrines of Luther and the Lutheran 
Church. 

lux (luks), n. [pi. luces (lu'sez)], the 
unit of intensity of electrical il- 
lumination. [Latin.] 

luxuriance (luk-zhu'ri-ans) , n. exu- 
berant in growth. Also luxuriancy. 

luxuriant (luk-zhu'ri-ant), adj. char- 
acterized by luxuriance; superabun- 
dant; superfluous. 

luxuriate (luk-zhu'ri-at) , v.i. to grow 
exuberantly; five luxuriously; in- 
dulge unrestrainedly. 

luxurious (luk-zhu'ri-us), adj. pertain- 
ing to luxury; indulging in, or ad- 
ministering to, luxury. 

luxury (luk'shu-ri), n. [pi. luxuries 
(luk r shu-riz)], extravagant indulgence 
in the pleasures of the senses, dress, 
&c; a dainty; anything productive 
of enjoyment. 

ly, a suffix meaning like, or pertain- 
ing to, as womanZ?/, &c. 

lycanthropy (li-kan'thro-pi) , n. the 
old superstition which believes that 
men can turn into wolves, and then 
resume their human form. [Greek.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
33 hue, hut ; think, then. 



LYCEUM 



514 



LYRIST 



Lyceum (li-se'um), n. [pi. Lyceums, 
Lycea (li-se'umz, H-se'a)], originally 
the grove at Athens where Aristotle 
taught. 

lyceum, n. a literary seminary; an 
academy; a literary association; an 
intermediate classical school. 

Lycurgan (li-ker'gan) , adj. pertaining 
to Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, 
noted for the severity of his code of 
laws: hence, relentlessly severe. 

iyddite (lid'It), n. a powerful explo- 
sive, consisting chiefly of picric 
acid. 

Lydian (lid'i-an), adj. pertaining to 
ancient Lydia in Asia Minor, noted 
for its luxury, music, and purple 
dyes; effeminate; voluptuous. 

lye (li), n. an alkaline solution. 

lying (li'ing), p. adj. addicted to false- 
hood; the state or act of being re- 
cumbent: n. untruthfulness. 

lying-in (iring-in), adj. pertaining to 
childbirth : n. parturition. 

lymph (limf), n. a colorless alkaline 
nutritive fluid in animal bodies. 
[Latin.] 

lymphad (limf'ad), n. an oar-pro- 
pelled galley with one mast. 

lymphatic (lim-f at'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, conveying, or containing 



lymph; sluggish: pi. the minute 
ducts which convey lymph. 

lynch (linch), v.t. to judge and pun- 
ish by lynch-law. 

lynch-law (linch'law), n. summary 
punishment by private individuals 
without the usual legal formalities. 
The name is said to come from 
Thomas Lynch, a stern upholder 
of justice, and who in Virginia 
during the Revolution kept order 
by his personal influence and sum- 
mary though justifiable methods. 

lynx (links), n. a fierce cat-like ani- 
mal, proverbial for its keenness of 
sight. 

lyrate (li'rat), adj. lyre-shaped. 

lyre (lir), n. a musical instrument of 
the harp kind: used by the ancients 
to accompany the voice. [Latin.] 

lyre-bird (llr'berd), n. an Australian 
bird having a tail shaped like a 
lyre. 

lyric (lir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
adapted to singing to, a lyre: n. a 
lyric composition. 

lyric -poetry (po'et-ri), n. poetry 
expressive of the emotion of the 
poet, and adapted to be sung. 

lyrist (hVist), n. a performer on the 
lyre; a lyric poet. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



M 



M, the thirteenth letter of the English 
alphabet, and probably derived di- 
rectly from the Phoenician, Hebrew, 
Greek and Latin, for the character and 
name show but little change. Thus 
Phoenician mu gives the Greeks their 
mu; and the Hebrews their mem; the 
Latins had em, and thus the letter 
and sound have been transmitted. 
In the Runic "furstark," the char- 
acter is called mann and stands 
in the twentieth place. The sig- 
nificance of the Phoenician mu was 
" water," and likewise of the Greek 
mu so long as people used it with a 
common understanding. 

ma (ma), n. contraction of mamma. 

macaco (ma-ka/ko), n. a name for 
the ruffled lemur, and the ring- 
tailed lemur. 

macadamite (mak-ad'am-it) , n. & 
composite metal having strength of 
steel with specific gravity approxi- 
mating aluminum. 

macadamize (mak-ad'am-Iz), v.t. to 
cover (a road) with small broken 
stone, so as to form a smooth hard 
rounded surface. Named from John 
L. Macadam, a Scottish engineer (d. 
1836). 

macaroni (mak-a-ro'ni) , n. a paste 
composed chiefly of fine flour and 
made into long thin tubes [Italian]; 
a dandy of the eighteenth and early 
nineteenth centuries. 

macaronic (mak-a-ron'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or like, macaroni, or to a 
burlesque composition consisting of 
a jumble of incongruous words: n. 
macaronic verse. 

macaroon (mak-a-roon') , n. a small 
cake made of flour, eggs, almonds, 
and sugar. [French.] 

macaw (ma-kaw'), n. a large and 
handsome species of parrot with 
strong hooked bill. 

mace (mas), n. a massive staff usual- 



ly surmounted with a crown; a 
heavy billiard cue; the second cov- 
ering of the nutmeg. [French.] 

macerate (mas'er-at), v.t. to soften 
or separate the parts of by steeping 
in a fluid; mortify or harass. 

machete (ma-cha/ta), n. a large 
heavy knife used by the inhabitants 
of South America for cutting through 
forests, &c. [Spanish- American.] 

Machiavellian (mak-i-a-vel'i-an) , adj. 
pertaining to Machiavelli, the Flor- 
entine statesman (d. 1527), or to his 
principles of political duplicity: 
hence crafty ; cfouble-dealing: n. a 
cunning, unprincipled politician. 

Machiavellianism (mak-i-a-vel'i-an- 
izm), n. the principles of Machiavelli. 

machination (mak-i-na/shun) , n. a 
plot; artifice. [Latin.] 

machine _(ma-shen'), n. any contriv- 
ance to increase and regulate motive 
power ; an engine ; a light carriage 
or vehicle; one who acts mechani- 
cally or at the bidding of another. 

machinery (ma-shen'er-i) , n. ma- 
chines collectively; parts of a ma- 
chine; any combination by which 
something is kept in action or the 
result desired is obtained. 

machinist (ma-shen'ist) , n. a con- 
structor of machines; one skilled in 
the principles of machinery ; one who 
works, or attends to, a machine. 

mackerel (mak'er-el), n. an edible 
marine fish, mottled with green and 
blue. [Old French.] 

mackintosh (mak'in-tosh), n. an 
india-rubber water-p^oof overcoat. 

mackle (mak'l), v.t. to blot or blur, so 
as to produce the impression of 
double printing. 

made (mak'l), n. a twin-crystal. 

macled (mak'ld), adj. spotted. 

macro, a Greek prefix meaning large, 
long, as macrocephalous, adj. long- 
headed. 



ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; notp. north, not; boon, book; 

hfT\ hnr : think. f7?on. 



MACROCOSM 



516 



MAGISTRACY 



macrocosm (mak'ro-kozm) , n. the 
universe. 

macrometer (ma-krom'e-ter) , n. an 
optical instrument for determining 
the distance or size of inaccessible 
objects. 

macron (mak'ron), n. a mark (-) 
over a vowel to indicate that it is 
long, as came. 

mad (mad), adj. [comp. madder, su- 
perl. maddest], mentally disordered 
or distracted; insane; infatuated; 
furious with rage or terror; in- 
flamed with anger. 

madam (mad'am), n. [pi. mesdames 
(ma-dam 7 )], a complimentary title, 
or form of courteous address to a 
married lady. 

madarosis (mad-a-ro'sis), n. loss of the 
hair, especially that of the eye- 
lashes. [Greek.] 

madcap (mad'kap), n. a wild, thought- 
less, eccentric person. 

madden (mad'n), v.t. to make mad or 
furious: v.i. to become mad or furi- 
ous. 

madder (mad'er), n. a plant of the ge- 
nus Rubia, from the root of which 
a red dye and pigment is extracted. 

made (mad), adj. artificially pro- 
duced or formed: p.t. & p.p. of make. 

Madeira (ma-de'ra), n. a rich wine 
once made in the island of Madeira. 

mademoiselle (mad-mwa-zel')., n. in 
France, a title of courtesy given to 
a young lady. 

madonna (ma-don'na), n. [pi. ma- 
donnas (ma-don'naz)], a picture of 
the Virgin Mary, usually with the 
infant Christ. [Italian.] 

madras (ma-dras'), n. a printed, cot- 
ton fabric usedfor shirting. 

madrigal (mad'ri-gal) , n. a light amor- 
ous song; a part song unaccompanied 
by music. [French.] 

maelstrom (mal'strum) , n. a cele- 
brated whirlpool on the Norwegian 
coast. 

Mafia (ma'fi-a), n. a secret society in 
Sicily, at first formed for political 
purposes but finally for carrying out 
schemes of crime. Partly broken 
up by the Italian Government in 
1875, many of them came to the 
United States, where they have be- 
come more and more dangerous, 
though largely molesting their own 



countrymen, by arson, kidnapping, 
and various other crimes. They are 
associated with other criminals from 
Italy, forming a secret body known 
as the Black Hand (Mano Nera). 
[Sicilian.] 

magazine (mag-a-zen') , n. a ware- 
house; receptacle for military stores, 
as ammunition, &c; chamber in a 
gun; a periodical literary or scien- 
tific publication. [French.] 

Magdalen (mag'da-len), n. a reformed 
prostitute, from Mary Magdalene 
(Luke vii. 36-50). 

magenta (ma-jen'ta), n. a red ani- 
line dye named after Marshal Mac- 
Mahon who won the battle of Ma- 
genta for the French in 1859. 

maggot (mag'ot), n. the footless lar- 
va of a fly; grub; whim. [Welsh.] 

maggoty (mag'ot-i), adj. full of mag- 
gots; whimsical. 

Magi (ma/jl), n.pl. among the Akka- 
dians and ancient Persians, the 
sacerdotal and learned class; the 
wise men of the East. [Persian.] 

Magian (ma'ji-an), adj. pertaining to 
the Magi: n. one of the Magi, though 
the usual form in the singular is 
Magus. 

magic (maj'ik), n. the pretended art 
of working by the power or assist- 
ance of supernatural beings; sor- 
cery; witchcraft; enchantment: adj. 
pertaining to, produced by, or ex- 
ercising, magic; enchanted; necro- 
mantic. When practiced for kindly 
purposes, it is called White Magic. 
Also magical. [Latin.] 

magically (maj'i-ka-li), adv. as by 
magic. 

magician (ma-jish'an), n. one skilled 
in magic. 

magic lantern (Ian 'tern), n. an op- 
tical instrument for producing mag- 
nified objects on a screen. 

magic square "(skwar), n. a series 
of numbers in parallel or equal 
rows so arranged that the perpen- 
dicular, horizontal, and diagonal 
columns shall give the same sum. 

magilp (ma-gilpO, n. a mixture of 
linseed-oil and mastic varnish. 

magisterial (maj-is : te'ri-al) , adj. per- 
taining to, or suitable to, a mas- 
ter or magistrate; authoritative. 

magistracy (maj'is-tra-si), n. [pL 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MAGISTRATE 



517 



MAHARAJAH 



magistracies (maj'is-tra-siz)], the 
office or dignity of a magistrate; 
magistrates collectively. 

magistrate (maj'is-trat), n, a civil 
officer invested with certain judicial 
and executive powers. 

Magna Charta (mag'na kar'ta), n. 
the Great Charter, forming the basis 
of civil liberty, granted by King 
John of England to the Barons, 1215 
(dated June loth, but actually de- 
livered June 19th). Also the Great 
Charter granted by Henry III. and 
confirmed by Edward I. [Latin.] 

magnanimity (mag-na-nim'i-ti) , n. 
greatness of mind; elevation of 
soul; nobility. [Latin.] 

magnanimous (mag-nan 'i-mus) , adj. 
great of mind; elevated in soul or 
sentiment ; generous ; courageous ; 
heroic. 

magnate (mag'nat), n. a person of 
rank or distinction; nobleman. 

magnesia (mag-ne'shi-a) , n. a white 
tasteless earthy powder, the oxide 
of magnesium. [Greek.] 

magnesium (mag-ne'shi-um) , n. a 
metallic element, the base of mag- 
nesia. 

magnesium light (lit), n. a power- 
ful and brilliant fight produced by 
the combustion of metallic magne- 
sium. 

magnet (mag'net), n. the loadstone; a 
magnetized steel bar. [Greek.] 

magnetic (mag-net 'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, exhibiting, or produced by, 
the magnet or magnetism. 

magnetic poles (polz), n.pl. the two 
points in the north and south polar 
regions where the magnetic needle 
is vertical. 

magnetics (mag-net 'iks) , n. the science 
of magnetism. 

magnetism (mag'ne-tizm) , n. that 
property possessed by various bodies, 
as iron or steel, of attracting or re- 
pelling each other according to cer- 
tain physical laws; the science that 
treats of such magnetic phenomena 
and laws. 

magnetize (mag'ne-tiz) , v.t. to com- 
municate magnetic properties to. 

magneto, a Greek prefix meaning per- 
taining to, or caused by, magnetism, 
as magneto-electricity, electric phe- 
nomena produced by magnetism. 



magnetograph (mag-net '6-graf), n. 
an instrument for registering auto- 
matically terrestrial magnetism. 

magnetometer (mag-ne-tom'e-ter) , n, 
an instrument for measuring the 
intensity of magnetic force. 

magnificable (mag-nif' i-ka-bl) , adj. 
capable of being magnified or ex- 
tolled. 

Magnificat (mag-nif 'i-kat) , n. a chant 
or hymn taken from the Latin 
version of Luke i, 46-55, which 
begins with this word. It has been, 
sung in the services of the Greek 
Church and the Church of Rome 
since a very early time. In the 
Anglican services it may be sung at 
vespers. 

magnificence (mag-nif 'i-sens) , n. 
grandeur of appearance; splendor; 
pomp; also used as a title at the 
German universities — "Your Mag- 
nificence. " [Latin.] 

magnificent (mag-nif 'i-sent) , adj. 
grand in appearance; splendid; 
pompous; sublime. 

magnifico (mag-nif 'i-ko) , n. formerly 
a^ courtesy title of the noblemen of 
Venice. [Italian.] 

magnifier (mag'ni-fi-er), n. one who, 
or that which, magnifies. 

magnify (mag'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
magnified, p.pr. magnifying], to 
make great or greater; increase the 
apparent dimensions of; glorify or 
extol. [Latin.] 

magniloquent (mag-nil'o-kwent) , adj. 
pompous in style or speech; bom- 
bastic. [Latin.] 

magnitude (mag'ni-tud) , n. compara- 
tive size or bulk; extent of dimen- 
sions (length, breadth, and thick- 
ness); importance. [Latin.] 

magnolia (mag-no 'li-a), n. % a hand- 
some sweet-scented flowering shrub. 

magnum (mag'num), n. a large wine 
bottle. [Latin.] 

magpie (mag'pi), n. a chattering bird 
of the crow genus. 

maguey (mag'wa or ma-ga/e), n. the 
century plant, a species of agave or 
American aloe. [Mexican.] m 

Magyar (ma/yar), adj. pertaining to 
the Hungarian race or language. 
[Hungarian.] 

Maharajah (ma-ha^ra'ja), n. the title 
of many Hindu princes, the chief one 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MAHARMAH 



518 



MAJOLICA 



being probably the Gaikwar of 
Baroda. [Sanskrit, "great prince//] 

maharmah (ma-har'ma), n. a muslin 
wrap worn by Turkish women over 
the head and across the mouth and 
chin when out of doors. [Turkish.] 

mahatma (ma-hat'ma), n. a priest 
of the inner cult of Buddhism; a 
theosophist. _ [Sanskrit.] 

Mahdi (ma'de), n. a title given to 
certain Mohammedan spiritual lead- 
ers: applied especially to the last 
great millennial, spiritual or tem- 
poral leader (imam) of the Faithful, 
whose forces were blotted out and 
he himself shot by personal order 
of Lord Kitchener at Khartoum. 
[Arabic] 

Mahdism (ma'dizm), n. the doctrine 
of the coming of the Mahdi. 

Mahdist (ma'dist), n. one who enter- 
tains the belief that the Mahdi has 
appeared. 

mahl-stick, same as maul-stick. 

mahogany (ma-hog'a-ni), n. a tree of 
tropical America yielding a reddish- 
brown wood used in the manufacture 
of furniture; a dining table. [S. 
American.] 

Mahomedan or Mahometan. See 
Mohammedan. 

Mahori (ma'ho-re), adj. pertaining to 
the Eastern Polynesian race. 

mahout (ma-hoot'), n. an elephant 
driver or keeper. [Arabic] 

Mahratta (ma-rat 'a), adj. pertaining 
to the Mahrattas, a people inhabit- 
ing part of West and Central India, 
or to their language. [Hindu.] 

Mahratti (ma-rat'e), n. the lan- 
guage of the Mahrattas, spoken 
in the Deccan. 

maid (mad), n. a young unrrarried 
woman; girl; virgin; a female serv- 
ant. 

maiden (madden), t n. an unmarried 
woman; virgin; girl; a washing ma- 
chine; a kind of guillotine formerly 
used in Scotland; in cricket, an over 
in which no runs are scored: adj. 
pertaining to, or like, a maiden; 
pure; innocent; unsullied; unused. 

maidenhair (mad'en-har), n. a 
species of fern having very slender, 
graceful stalks. 

maidenhead (mad'en-hed), n. virgin- 
ity. 

site, arm, at. awl 



maidenhood (mad 'en-hood), n, the 
state of being a maiden. 

maidenliness (mad'en-li-nes) , n. the 
quality of being maidenly; modesty. 

maidenly (mad'en-li), adj. like, or 
suitable to, a maiden; modest; 
gentle: adv. in a maidenlike manner, 

maid- of- honor (mad-ov-on'er), n. a 
female attendant upon a lady of 
royal blood. 

mail (mal), n. defensive body-armor 
of steel, net, or plate-work; govern- 
ment system for conveying letters, 
&c; a receptacle for the conveyance 
of letters, &c; letters, &c, carried 
by post; tribute formerly levied by 
freebooters: v.t. to clothe with, or 
as with, mail; post, or send by post. 

mailable (mal'a-bl), adj. admissible 
by post. _ 

mailed (maid), adj. clad in, or cov- 
ered by, mail; spotted; speckled; 
posted. 

maim (mam), v.t. to deprive of the 
use of a limb; cripple or mutilate: 
n. an injury to the body by crippling 
or mutilation. 

main (man), adj. chief; principal; 
leading; direct: n. the ocean. 

mainmast (man'mast), n. the prin- 
cipal mast of a vessel. 

mainsail (man'sal), n. the principal 
sail. 

mainsheet (man'shet), n. # one of the 
ropes by which the mainsail is ex- 
tended and fastened. 

mainstay (man'sta), n. the stay ex- 
tending from the foot of the fore- 
mast to the main-top. 

maintain (man-tan'), v.t. to support; 
sustain; defend; vindicate; affirm; 
continue. 

maintenance (man'te-nans), n. sus- 
tenance; support; vindication; cham- 
perty. 

maize (maz), n. Indian corn. [Span- 
ish.] 

majestic (ma-jes'tik), adj. having 
dignity of person or mien; stately; 
noble; sublime. 

majestically _ (ma-jes'ti-ka-li) , adv. 
in a majestic manner. 

majesty (maj'es-ti), n. [pi. majesties 
(maj'es-tiz)T, sovereignty; grandeur; 
nobility; sublimity. [French.] 

majolica (ma-jol'i-ka), n. a fine soft 
enameled kind of pottery. It was 



me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book * 
hue, hut ; think, then. 



MAJOR 



519 



MALICE 



first imported from Majorca, one 
of the Balearic Isles, into Italy. 
This ancient majolica was covered 
with a white opaque enamel on 
which decorative figures in color 
were displayed. Modern majolica 
is enamelled in color. It is also 
called faience. [Named from Ma- 
jorca.] 

major (ma/jer), adj. greater in num- 
ber, extent, or quality; greater by 
a semitone [Mus.]: n. a military 
officer next in rank above a cap- 
tain; the first proposition of a reg- 
ular syllogism in which the major 
term is contained. [French.] 

major-domo (ma-jer-do'mo), n. the 
steward of a household. 

major-general (ma-jer-jen'er-al), n. 
an officer next' in rank below a 
lieutenant-general. 

majority (ma-jor'i-ti), n. [pi. ma- 
jorities (ma-jor'i-tiz)], the state of 
being greater; greater number; more 
than half; full legal age (21); rank, 
&c, of a major. 

major term (term), n. that term of a 
syllogism which forms the predicate 
of the conclusion. 

make(mak), v.t. to create; fashion; 
fabricate; compose; produce or ef- 
fect; prepare for use; acquire; in- 
cur; force; raise to rank or dig- 
nity ; score ; keep or hold ; arrive 
near or in sight of: v.i. to tend or 
move; have effect; contribute; be 
active; rise or flow: n. shape; con- 
struction. 

makeshift (mak'shift), n. a tempo- 
rary expedient. 

make-up (mak'up), n.^ the general 
composition of anything; artificial 
preparation. 

makeweight (mak'wat), n. anything 
which is added to make up weight. 

mal, a French prefix meaning ill, evil. 
Also male, as maladroit, clumsy; 
malevolent, malicious, spiteful, &c. 

malachite (mal'a-kit) , n. native car- 
bonate of copper, of a blue or green 
color. 

maladroit (mal-a-droif), see under 
mal. 

malady (mal'a-di), n. [pi. maladies 
(mal'a-diz)], a" disease, especially a 
deep-seated or lingering disorder, 
mental or physical. [French.] 



Malaga (mal'a-ga), n. a variety of 
sweet Spanish wine containing rai- 
sins. 

Malagasy '(mal'a-gas-i) , n. a native of 
Madagascar, also called Hova; the 
language of Madagascar. 

malaise (mal-az'), n. a vague feeling 
of uneasiness, often as the precursor 
of an attack of illness. [French.] 

malapert (mal'a-pert) , adj. pert: 
saucy. 

malapropism (mal'a-prop-izm) , n. 
a grotesque misuse of fine words: 
from Mrs. Malaprop, in Sheridan's 
The Rivals. 

malapropos (mal-ap-ro-po'), adv. un- 
seasonably. [French.] 

malar (malar), adj. pertaining to 
the cheek or cheek-bone. [Latin.] 

malaria (ma-la/ri-a) , n. noxious ex- 
halations from marshy land, pro- 
ducing fevers, &c.; disease produced 
by such exhalations or by the bite 
of malaria-infected mosquitoes; chills 
and fever; ague. 

malarial (ma-la/ri-al) , adj. pertaining 
to, producing, or infected by, ma- 
laria. 

malarious (ma-la/ri-us), adj. full of, or 
causing, malaria. 

Malay (ma-la'), adj. pertaining to the 
inhabitants of Malacca and the 
Eastern Archipelago, or to their 
language, which they call Malayu. 

malcontent (mal'kon-tent) , adj. dis- 
contented, especially with estab- 
lished authority.- 

male (mal), adj. pertaining to the sex 
that begets young ; not female ; bear- 
ing stamens; suitable to the male sex: 
n. one of the male sex. 

malediction (mal-e-dik'shun) , n. de- 
nunciation of evil ; execration ; curse. 

malefactor (mar e-fak-ter), n. an evil 
doer; criminal. 

malevolence (ma-lev'o-lens) , n. spite- 
fulness; ill-will. 

malevolent (ma-lev'o-lent) , see under 
mal. 

malfeasance (mal-fe'zans), n. an il- 
legal act or deed. 

malformation (mal-f 6r-ma/shun) , n. 
faulty or abnormal structure of an 
organism 

malic (ma'lik) , adj. derived from fruit, 
especially from the apple. [Latin.] 

malice (maris), n. evil intention to 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MALICIOUS 



520 



MAMMOTH 



injure others; deliberate mischief; 
spite. 

malicious (ma-lish'us), adj. bearing 
ill-will or spite ; prompted by hatred. 

malign (ma-Hn'), v.t. to speak evil of; 
slander: adj. hurtful; pestilential. 

malignancy (ma-lig'nan-si) , n. the 
state of being malignant; virulence. 

malignant (ma-lig'nant), adj. mali- 
cious; pernicious; intending or ef- 
fecting evil; virulent. 

maligner (ma-lln'er), n. one who ma- 
ligns. 

malignity (ma-lig'ni-ti) , n. the state 
of oeing malignant; malice; viru- 
lence. 

malinger (ma-lmg'ger) , v.i. to feign 
illness in order to evade duty. 

malison (mari-zn), n. a curse; execra- 
tion. 

Malist (mal'ist), n. one who believes 
that the world is bad but not the 
worst possible; Schopenhauer was a 
malist, therefore, and not the ab- 
solute pessimist that he has been 
described. 

iLiall (mawl) , n. a large heavy wooden 
mallet or beetle; a public walk 
shaded by trees, originally a place 
where the game of pall-mall was 
played. [Old French; Latin.] 

mallard (mal'ard), n. a wild duck. 

malleability (mal-e-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being malleable. 

malleable (mare-a-bl), adj. capable~of 
being extended by hammering or 
rolling. In ancient times, glass was 
made so as to be malleable, but this 
is now one of the lost arts. 

malleolar (mal'e-o-lar), adj. pertain- 
ing to the ankle. 

mallet (mal'et), n. a wooden hammer. 

malleus (mal'e-us), n. one of the three 
small auditory bones of the ear. 

mallow (maro), n. a plant of the genus 
Malva. Also mallows. 

malmsey (mam-zi), n. a rich variety 
of grape; a strong, full-flavored 
sweet wine. 

mal-nutrition (mal-nu-trish'un), n. 
debilitated state in which the patient 
fails to digest and properly assimilate 
his food. Hence the nutrition is 
imperfect and the body is weakened 

malpractice (mal-prak'tis) , n. evil 
practice; illegal or immoral profes- 
sional conduct especially in medicine. 



malt (mawlt), n. barley or other grain 
steeped in water, fermented, and 
kiln dried for brewing: adj. made 
with malt: v.t. to make into malt: 
v.i. to be converted into malt. 

Maltese (mawl-teV), adj. pertaining 
to Malta, or to its inhabitants. 

Malthusian (mal-thu'si-an) , adj. per- 
taining to Malthus, the political 
economist, or his theory that over- 
population should be checked by 
moral self-control. 

maltine (mawlt'in), n. the fermenta- 
tive principle of malt; a medicinal 
preparation in which malt forms 
the chief ingredient. 

malt-liquor (mawlt'lik-er) , n. an alco- 
holic liquor made_from malt, as beer, 
ale, stout. 

maltose (mawlt'os), n. sugar obtained 
from starch by the action of diastase 
or malt. 

maltreat (mal-tref), v.t. to treat ill 
or roughly. 

malversation (mal-ver-sa/shun) , n. 
fraudulent practices, especially those 
committed in an office of trust. 

Mamaluke (mam'a-luk), n. one of a 
body of cavalry constituting the mil- 
itary force of Egypt: destroyed by 
Mehemet Ali (1811). Also Mame- 
luke. [Arabic, "slave."] 

mamma (ma-ma' or ma'ma), n. a fa- 
miliar name for mother, found in 
nearly all the languages of Europe 
and going back to the Greek, Latin, 
and Hebrew. 

mammae (mam'e), n.pl. the breasts. 

mammal (mam'al), n. one of the 
Mammalia. 

Mammalia (mam-a/li-a) , n.pl. the 
highest class of the Vertebrata, con- 
taining those animals which suckle 
their young. 

mammalian (mam-a'li-an) , adj. per- 
taining to the Mammalia. 

mammary (mam'a-ri), adj. pertaining 
to the breasts. 

mammillary (mam'il-a-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to, or resembling, the breast 
or nipples. 

mammodis (mam'o-dis), n. coarse 
plain Indian muslins. 

mammon (mam'un) ,n.wealth ; worldly 
gain: from Mammon, the Syrian god 
of riches. 

mammoth (mam'oth), n. an ex- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MAN 



521 



MANGO 



tinct species of huge fossil elephants: 
adj. gigantic. 

man (man), n. [pi. men (men)], a hu- 
man being; an adult male of the hu- 
man species ; mankind ; male servant ; 
vassal ; one possessed of manly attri- 
butes; a husband; one of the pieces 
in chess or draughts: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
manned, p.pr. manning], to furnish 
with men; guard. 

manacle (man'a-kl), n. a handcuff: 
v.t. to place handcuffs upon; shackle. 

manage (man'aj), v.t. to conduct or 
carry on; govern; render docile or 
tractable; use cautiously; wield: v.i. 
to conduct affairs. _ 

manageable (man'aj-a-bl), adj. easy 
to be managed; docile. 

management (man'aj-ment), n. the 
act or art of managing ; control ; skill 
in direction; administration. 

manager (man'a-jer), n. one who di- 
rects or conducts anything; a skilful 
economist. 

managerial (man-a-je'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to a manager or to manage- 
ment. (In business language.) 

manakin (man'a-kin). See manikin. 

manatee (man-a-te'), n. the sea-cow. 
Also manati. 

manbote (man'bot), n. among the 
Anglo-Saxons, the fine paid for kill- 
ing a man. 

mandamus (man-da' mus) > (Latin, 
"We command"), n. a writ issued 
by a superior court directing the 
person or inferior court to whom it is 
issued to perform some specified act. 

mandarin (man-da-ren'), n. in China, 
an official or magistrate, of whom 
there are nine classes, each being dis- 
tinguished by a particular kind of 
button worn on the cap ; a variety of 
orange: v.t. to dye (silk, &c), an 
orange color produced by the action 
of dilute nitric acid on the fiber; a 
small orange whose skin is loose and 
easily removed from its fruit. 

mandarinate (man-da-ren'at) , n. 
mandarins collectively. 

mandarin duck (duk), n. an Asiat- 
ic duck with handsome plumage. 

mandatary (man'da-ta-ri) , n. a per- 
son to whom a mandate is given ; one 
to whom the Pope has, by his pre- 
rogative, given a mandate or order 
for his benefice. Also mandatory. 



mandate (man'dat), n. an order; com- 
mand; Papal rescript._ 

mandatory (man'da-to-ri), adj. con- 
taining a mandate ; directory. 

mandible (man'di-bl), n. the jaw; in 
vertebrates, the under jaw; in birds, 
both jaws: in insects and crusta- 
ceans, the anterior pair. 

mandolin (man'do-lin) , n. a musical 
instrument of the guitar kind. 

mandrake (man'drak), n. sl plant of 
the nightshade family, with narcotic 
properties. 

mandrel (man'drel), n. the shank of a 
lathe on which the work to be turned 
is placed; the revolving arbor of a 
circular saw. Also mandril. 

mandrill (man'dril), n. the blue-faced 
baboon of Africa. Also mandril. 

mane (man), n. the long hair on the 
neck of certain quadrupeds, as the 
horse. 

manege (ma-nazh'), n. # the art of 
horsemanship ; the training of horses; 
a school for horsemanship. 

manes (ma/nez), n.pl. the shades of 
the departed; the deities of the in- 
fernal regions. [Latin.] 

maneuver, manoeuvre (ma-noo'ver), 
n. adroit management or operation 
in military or naval affairs ; skilful or 
dexterous management; stratagem: 
v.i. to perform maneuvers with 
troops or war vessels; manage with 
adroitness or address. 

manful (man'fool), adj. courageous; 
resolute. 

manfully (man'f oo-li) , adv. bravely; 
resolutely. 

manganate # (mang'ga-nat) , n. a salt 
of manganic acid. 

manganese (mang'ga-nez) , n. a grey- 
colored, hard and brittle metallic 
element. 

mange (manj), n. a cutaneous dis- 
ease of dogs, cattle, &c. 

manger (manner), n. a feeding trough 
for horses or cattle. 

manginess (man'ji-nes) , the state of 
being mangy. 

mangle (mang'gl), v.t. to lacerate; 
mutilate; hack; to smooth with a 
mangle: n. a machine for smoothing 
linen. 

mangier (mang'gler), n. a meat-chop- 
ping machine; one who mangles. 

mango (mang'go), n. [pi. mangoes 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
36 hue, hut ; think, then. 



MANGO-FISH 



522 



MANOMETER 



unang'goz)], the fruit of the mango 
tree. 

mango-fish (mang'go-fish), n. a, hand- 
some yellow-colored edible fish of the 
Ganges. 

mangosteen (mang'go-sten), n. a deli- 
cious fruit of the size of an orange 
growing in Java and the Moluccas. 
Also mangostan. 

mangrove (mang'grov), n. an East 
and West Indian tree yielding < an 
edible fruit : its bark is used in tanning. 

mangy (man'ji), adj. affected with the 
mange; unkept. 

man-handle (man'han-dl), v.t. to 
m.iwl; bruise, mistreat. 

manhood (man'hood), n. human na- 
ture; manliness. 

mania (ma/ni-a), n. violent insanity; 
intense excitement; excessive or un- 
reasonable desire. 

maniac (ma'ni-ak), adj. affected with 
mania: n. a madman. 

manicure (man'i-kur), n. the care of 
the hands, nails, &c; also one who 
engages in manicuring. 

manifest (man'i-fe^t), adj. clear; plain; 
apparent: v.t. to make manifest; 
place beyond doubt: n. the invoice 
of a cargo to be exhibited to the cus- 
tom-house officials. 

manifesto (man-i-fes'to) , n. [pl. m mani- 
festoes (man- i-fes'toz)], a public dec- 
laration concerning political meas- 
ures or intentions. 

manifold (man'i-fold) , adj. various in 
kind or quality; numerous; multi- 
plied; complicated: adv. many times: 
v.t. to reduplicate by means of a 
manifold- writer. 

manifold- writer (ri'ter), n. an ap- 
paratus for reduplicating a writing 
by means of thin tracing paper. 

manikin (man'i-kin), n. a dwarf; a 
model of the human body for ana- 
tomical study. Also mannikin. 

manila, manilla (ma-nil'a), n. a kind 
of cheroot manufactured at Manila 
in the Philippine Islands; a hemp 
used for ropes, matting, &c, made 
from the fibers of Musa textilis, allied 
to the banana. 

manioc (man'i-ok), n. a tropical plant 
from the roots of which tapioca, cas- 
sava and manioca are prepared. 

maniple (man'i-pl), n. a kind of scarf 
worn on the left arm by a priest at 



mass; a company in an ancient Ro- 
man legion. 

manipulate (ma-nip 'ii-lat ),?;.£. to op- 
erate or work by means of the hands; 
treat ; control the action of, by man- 
agement; falsify: v.i. % to use the 
hands, especially in scientific opera- 
tions, or mechanical processes. 

manipulation (ma-nip-u-la/shun) , n. 
the act or process of manipulating; 
manual dexterity ; falsification. 

manipulative (ma-nip 'u-la-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to, or performed by. 
manipulation. 

manipulator (ma-nip 'u-la-ter), n. one 
who manipulates. 

manis (ma/nis),n. the scaly ant-eater. 

Manitou (man'i-too), n. the Great 
Spirit of the North American Indi- 
ans. 

manliness (man'li-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being manly. 

manly (man'li), adj. having the ehar- 
acteiistics of a man; courageous, 
noble; dignified; resolute: adv. like 
a man. 

manna (man'a), n. a name given by 
the Israelites to the food miracu- 
lously supplied in the wilderness (Ex. 
xvi. 15) ; the sweet laxative juice 
exuded from certain species of ash of 
Southern Europe. 

manner (man'er), n. method; mode of 
action; habit; custom; sort; mien; 
aspect; style; fashion: pi. deport- 
ment; morals; behavior. 

mannerism (man'er-izm), n. a pecu- 
liarity of style, action, or bearing, 
especially if constrained 01 affected. 

mannerist (man'er-ist), n .one who 
carries characteristic peculiarities to 
excess. 

mannerly (man'er-li), adj. polite; 
complaisant; respectful: adv. po- 
litely; respectfully. 

mannish (man'ish), adj. masculine. 

manoeuvre (ma-noo'ver), see maneu- 
ver. 

Man- of- blood (man-ov-blud), n. the 
Puritan designation for King Charles 
I. of England. 

man-of-war (man-ov-wawr'), n. [pi. 
men-of-war], a large ship of war. 

manometer (ma-nom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for determining the den- 
sity of the air or other gas from its 
elastic force. 



ite, arm, at, awl 



me, mcrgr*s met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
hue, hut; think, then. 



MANOR 



523 



MARA CD 



manor (man'er), n. the district over 
which a Lutial lord held authority, 
and subject to the jurisdiction of his 
court-baron; the land belonging to a 
lord, or so much as he formerly re- 
served for his own use ; a tract of 
land occupied by tenants who pay a 
fee-farm rent to the owner. 

manorial (ma-no 'ri-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to a manor. 

mansard roof (man'sard roof), n. 
a roof which has on all sides two 
slopes, the lower being steeper than 
the upper. The mansard roof gets 
its name from the French architect 
Mansard, and was once largely 
built in France. 

manse (mans), n. the residence of 
a Presbyterian parochial minister. 
[Scotch.] 

mansion (man'shun), n. a large 
and handsome dwelling house. 

manslaughter (man'slaw-ter), n. the 
unlawful killing ^ of a human being, 
but without malice or premeditation. 

mantel (man'tel), n. & narrow orna- 
mental slab above a fireplace. Also 
mantelpiece. 

mantelet (man-tel-et'), n. a kind of 
movable parapet for the protection 
of the pioneers; a small mantel; a 
besieging party. Also mantlet. 

mantilla (man-til'a) , n. a lady's light 
cloak or hood. [Spanish.] 

mantle (man'tl), n. & loose cloak or 
cape; the external fold of the skin 
of the body of mollusks; a conical 
Qet-work that becomes incandescent 
when heated: used over a gas jet, 
&c, to increase the brilliancy of the 
light: v.t. to cover with, or as with, 
a mantle; conceal: v.i. expand or 
spread out. 

mantua-maker (man'tu-a-ma'ker) , 
n. a dress-maker. 

manual (man'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or performed by, the hands: n. a 
handy compendium; the service book 
of the Roman Catholic Church; the 
keyboard of an organ or harmo- 
nium. 

manufactory (man-u-fak'to-ri), n. 
[pi. manufactories (man-u-fak'to- 
riz)], the place where goods are 
manufactured. 

manufacture (man-u-f ak'tur) , v.t. to 
make or fabricate from raw mate- 



rials; produce artificially: v.i. to ha 
occupied in manufactures: n. the 
conversion of raw materials into 
articles for use.' the thing manu- 
factured. 

manufacturing (man-u-fak'tur-ing), 
adj. pertaining to. or used in, manu- 
facture. 

manumission (man-u-mish'un) , n. 
the act of liberating from slavery; 
emancipation. 

manumit (man-u-nnV), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. manumitted, p.pr. manumit- 
ting], to set free from slavery. 

manure (ma-nur'). n. any_ fertilizing 
substance used _ for enriching the 
soil: v.t. to enrich with fertilizing 
substances. 

rnanus (ma'nus), n. the hand. 

manuscript (man'u-skript), adj. writ- 
ten: n. a book or paper written by 
hand. 

Manx (mangks), adj. pertaining to 
the Isle of Man, to its inhabitants, 
or to the old language of the island. 
See key. 

many (men'i), adj. [co?np. more, 
superl. most], numerous; consisting 
of a great number: n. & great num- 
ber; multitude; people. 

Maori (ma'o-ri, or mou'ri), adj. per- 
taining to the Mao: is, or aborigines 
of New Zealand, or to their lan- 
guage. 

map (map), n. a representation of 
the earth or some portion of it on 
a plane surface ; a representation of 
the heavens: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mapped, 
p.pr. mapping], to delineate or lay 
down in a map; describe clearly; 
sketch or plan. [Latin.] 

maple (ma 'pi), n. a tree of several 
species of the genus Acer, from one 
of which the rock-maple sugar is 
extracted. 

mar (mar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. marred, 
p.pr. marring], to disfigure: injure; 
damage: n. a blemish or disfigure- 
ment; injury. 

marabou (mar'a-boo), n. a large Af- 
rican stork, with handsome feathers. 

marabout (mar'a-boot), n. a Mo- 
hammedan saint, who professes to 
cure diseases by supernatural power. 

marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. atrophy. 

maraud (ma-rawd'), v.i. to rove in 
search of plunder. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MARBLE 



524 



MARLINE-SPIKE 



marble (mar'bl), n. a, hard lime- 
stone of various colors capable of 
taking a fine polish; anything re- 
sembling marble; a small ball of 
marble or stone: adj. made of, or 
like, marble; cold; hard; unfeeling: 
v.t. to stain or vein like marble. 

March (march), n. the third month 
of the year, named from Mars, the 
Roman god of war. 

march (march), n. a regular, meas- 
ured walk, especially of soldiers; 
steady onward movement ; a musical 
composition for the accompaniment 
of troops; frontier; borderland: v.t. 
to cause to move in a regular meas- 
ured walk, as troops: v.i. to move 
with regular, steps, or in military 
form. 

marchioness (mar'shun-es) , n. the 
wife or widow of a marquis. 

marconigram (mar-ko'ni-gram) , n. 
a message sent by Marconi's system 
of wireless telegraphy. 

Mardi Gras (mar'de gra), n. Shrove 
Tuesday, the last day of Carnival. 

mare (mar), n. the female of the 
horse. 

mare's-nest (marz'nest), n. some 
fancied discovery which proves to 
be a hoax. 

mare's- tail (marz'tal), n. an aquatic 
plant of the genus Hippuris; a cir- 
rhus cloud. 

margarine (mar'ga-rin) , n. artificial 
butter. Also oleomargarine. 

margin (mar'jin), n. border; the part 
of a page at the edge not printed 
upon ; reserved amount ; latitude : 
v.t. to furnish with a margin; enter 
on the margin of a page. 

marginal (mar'gi-nal) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or placed on, a margin. 

marginalia (mar-ji-na/li-a), n.pl. mar- 
ginal notes. 

marginate (mar'jin-at), adj. having a 
margin. Also marginated. 

margosa (mar-go'sa), n. an East In- 
dian tree yielding a valuable oil 
and tonic bark. 

margot (mar'got), n. a variety of 
perch. 

mar gra vat e (mar 'gra- vat ) , n. the do- 
main or jurisdiction of a margrave. 

margrave (mar 'gra v), n. a German 
title of nobility. Fern, margravine. 

marigold (mar'i-gold) , n. a plant 



with showy yellow flowers of various 
genera. 

marine (ma-ren'), adj. pertaining to, 
living in, or formed by, the sea; 
naval; near to the sea; used at sea: 
n. a soldier who serves on a war- 
ship; the navy of a nation; naval 
affairs; collective shipping of a 
country. [Latin.] 

mariner (mar'i-ner), n. a sailor. 

marionette (mar-i-o-nef) , n. a pup- 
pet moved by strings. 

marital (mar'i-tal), adj. pertaining to 
marriage. 

maritime (mar'i-tim), adj. pertaining 
to, connected with, or bordering 
upon, the sea; naval. 

marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. a genus 
of aromatic plants, containing the 
sweet marjoram. 

mark (mark), n. a visible sign by 
which anything is known; impres- 
sion; evidence; target; a character 
made as a substitute for writing; 
an old Scotch coin = 273^ cents; a 
current German coin and monetary 
unit = 24 M cents; a former Euro- 
pean unit of weight = about 8 
ounces: v.t. to make a mark upon; 
notify by, or as by, a sign; distin- 
guish; take notice of; single out: 
v.i. to observe critically; take note. 

markedly (mark'ed-li) , adv. distinctly; 
publicly. 

marker (mark'er), n. one who, or that 
which, marks; a counter in card- 
playing; one who registers the score 
at billiards. 

market (mar'ket), n. a public place 
for the sale or purchase of commodi- 
ties; market place; rate or price: 
v.i. to deal in a market; buy or sell. 

marking (marking), adj. having the 
quality to produce a mark: n. the 
mark made; arrangement of marks 
or coloring. 

marksman (marks'man), n. [pi. 
marksmen (marks 'men)], one skilful 
in shooting. 

marl (marl), n. calcareous earth min- 
gled with clay and carbonate of lime : 
used as a manure: v.t. to manure 
with marl; to wind with marlines. 

marline (mar'lin), n. a two-stranded 
cord used for winding round ropes, 
splicing, &c. 

marline-spike (mar'lin-splk) , n. a 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MARLING 



525 



MARTINGALE 



pointed piece of iron used for open- 
ing the strands of a rope in splicing. 
Also marling-spike. 

marling (marking), n. the act of 
winding with marlines. m 

marly (mar'li), adj. containing, or like, 
marl. 

marmalade (mar'ma-lad) , n. a con- 
fection made of oranges or other 
fruit. 

marmose (mar'mos), n. a species of 
small opossum. 

marmoset (mar'mo-zet) , n. a species 
of small American monkey. 

marmot (mar'mot), n. the Alpine 
rat; prairie dog. 

maroon (ma-roon'), n. formerly a fu- 
gitive slave in the West Indies; one 
who is marooned: v.t. to place and 
abandon on a desert island: adj. of a 
brownish-crimson color. 

marplot (mar'plot), n. one who frus- 
trates some plan by his officious in- 
terference. 

marque (mark), n. a license granted 
by a state to a private vessel to 
make reprisals at sea on the ships of 
another nation. Hence this license 
is called "a letter of marque and 
reprisal." 

marquetry (mar'ket-ri) , n. inlaid 
work. 

marquis (mar'kwis), n. a nobleman 
ranking next below a duke. [French.] 
Fern, marchioness. [Latin and Old 
High German.] 

marquisate (mar'kwis-at) , n. the 
dignity, or lordship of a marquis. 

marriage (mar'aj), n. the act of le- 
gally uniting a man and woman in 
wedlock; marriage ceremony. 

marriageability (mar-aj-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state of being marriageable. 

marriageable (mar'aj-a-bl), adj. fit, 
or of an age, to be married. 

married (mar'id), p.adj. united in wed- 
lock; conjugal. 

marrow (mar'o), n. the medulla or 
oily tissue which fills the cavities of 
bones; the essence of anything; a 
vegetable marrow. 

marrow-bone (mar'6-bon), n. a bone 
containing marrow: pi. the knees. 

marrow-fat (mar'o-iat), n. a late 
variety of pea. 

marry (mar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. married, 
p.pr. marrying], to unite as husband 



and wife; wed: v.i. to enter into the 
state of wedlock: inter j. By Mary! 
forsooth! 

Mars (marz), n. one of the planets: 
from the Roman god of war. 

Marseillaise # (mar-sa-yaz'), n. the 
French national anthem, composed 
by Rouget de l'lsle, 1792, at the time 
of first French Revolution. Under 
Napoleon III. (1852-1870) it was 
suppressed but restored at the open- 
ing of the Franco-Prussian War. 

marseilles (mar-salz'), n. a double 
cloth fabric, quilted in the loom. 

marsh (marsh), n. a swampy tract of 
land. 

marshal (mar'shal), n. an official of 
high rank who superintends and 
regulates state ceremonials; a pur- 
suivant ; in the French army, the 
highest military officer; _ a sheriff: 
v.t. to arrange or dispose in order. 

marshiness (mar'shi-nes) , n. the state 
of being marshy. 

marshy (mar'shi) , adj. swampy ; grow- 
ing in marshes. 

marsupial (mar-su'pi-al) , adj. per- 
taining to the Marsupialia: n. one of 
the Marsupialia. 

Marsupialia (mar-su-pi-a/li-a) , n.pL a 
sub-class of mammals that carry 
their young in a marsupium or ex- 
ternal pouch, as the opossum and 
kangaroo. 

mart (mart), n. a market; purchase 
and sale. 

martagon (mar'ta-gon), n. a variety 
of lily with purple-red flowers; the 
Turk's cap. 

marten (mar'ten), n. a small carniv- 
orous animal of the weasel kind. 

martial (mar'shal) , adj. pertaining to, 
or adapted for, war; military. 

martial law (law T ), n. a code of reg- 
ulations enforced by the military 
power and applicable to civilians in^ 
time of w T ar, insurrection, or when 
the habeas corpus act is suspended. 

martially (rnar'sna-li), adv. in a mar- 
tial manner. m 

martin (mar 'tin) , n. one of several spe- 
cies of birds allied to the swallow. m 

martinet (mar-ti-net') , n. a strict dis- 
ciplinarian: pi. small fines fastened 
to the leech of a sail. 

martingale (mar'tin-gal) , n. a broad 
strap passing from the nose-band to 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; b66n, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MARTYR 



526 



MASTER 



the girth of a horse, between its fore 
legs, to keep its head down; a lower 
stay for the jib-boom or flying jib- 
boom. 

martyr (mar'ter), n. one who testifies 
by his death to his faith or principles ; 
one who suffers acutely: v.t. to put 
to death for adherence to some be- 
lief, especially Christianity ; perse- 
cute; torture; destroy. 

martyrdom (mar'ter-dum) , n. the 
death or sufferings of a martyr. 

martyr olo gist (mar-ter-ol'o-jist), n. a 
writer of martyrology. 

martyrology (mar-ter-ol'o-ji), n. a 
register or history of martyrs. 

marvel (mar'vel), n. something extra- 
ordinary and" astonishing ; a prodigy : 
v.i. to be struck with astonishment; 
wonder. 

marvelous (mar'vel-us), adj. exciting 
wonder; incredible. 

Marxism (marks'izm), n. the doctrines 
of Karl Marx (1818-1883); another 
name for State Socialism, which 
would have all capital concentrated 
in the hands of the government 
which would distribute it equably 
among the people. 

mascle (mas'kl), n. a lozenge-shaped 
scale of a coat of armor; in her- 
aldry, a lozenge perforated. 

mascot (mas'kot), n. sl person or thing 
that brings good fortune. Feminine 
mascotte. [French.] 

masculine (mas'ku-lin), adj. pertain- 
ing to, having the qualities of, or 
suitable for, a man; manly; power- 
ful; robust; coarse; noting the male 
gender in grammar. 

mash (mash), n. a soft or pulpy mass; 
a mixture of bran and water for 
horses; bruised malt, &c, steeped 
in hot water for making wort: v.t. 
to mix with hot water (as malt) in 
brewing; convert into a mash or 
soft pulpy state; to inspire love in. 

masher (mash'er), n. one who imperti- 
nently m endeavors to make himself 
attractive to, or engage the attention 
of, women. [Slang.] 

mask (mask), n. a cover or partial 
cover to conceal the face; pretext or 
subterfuge; a masquerade: v.t. to 
conceal with, or as with, a mask 
cover or hold in check: v.i. to take 
part in a masquerade ; be disguised. 



mason (ma'sn), n. a builder in stone; 
a Freemason. 

Masonic (ma-son'ik), adj. pertaining 
to Freemasons or to their craft. 

masonry (ma'sn-ri), n. the art or occu- 
pation of a mason; materials used 
by masons; Freemasonry. 

masque (mask), n. a masquerade. 

masquerade (mas-ker-ad'), n. a ball 
or festive gathering where masks are 
worn; a disguise: v.t. to cover with 
a mask or disguise: v.i. to take part 
in a masquerade. 

mass (mas), n. a large quantity; 
lump; body of things collectively; 
the celebration of the Eucharist in 
the Roman Catholic Church; a mu- 
sical setting for certain parts of such 
a celebration: pi. common people 
(with the) : v.t. & v.i. to collect into a 
mass or body 

massacre (mas'a-ker), n. indiscrimi- 

• nate slaughter with unnecessary cruel- 
ty: v.t. to slaughter indiscriminately 
with unnecessary cruelty. 

massage (ma-sazh'), n. a method of 
medical treatment by rubbing or 
kneading the body. 

masse (ma-sa/), n. in billiards, a sharp 
stroke made with the cue perpen- 
dicular or nearly so. 

masseter (mas'e-ter), n. the short 
thick muscle that raises the lower 
jaw. 

masseur (ma-ser'), n. one who per- 
forms the operation of massage. 
Feminine masseuse 'ma-sez'). 
[French.] 

massicot (mas'i-kot), n. yellow oxide 
of lead. 

massive (mas'iv), adj. weighty; heavy; 
bulky; imperfectly and irregularly 
crystallized. 

massively (mas'iv-li), adv. in a mass. 

massiveness (mas'iv-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being massive. 

massy (mas'i), adj. massive. 

mast (mast), n. a long round piece of 
timber or iron tube, either entire, or 
formed of parts, raised vertically on 
the keel of a vessel to support the 
sails; acorns and beech-nuts. 

masthead (mast'hed), n. the top part 
of a mast: v.t. to send to the mast- 
head as a nautical punishment. 

master (mas'ter), n. one who rules or 
commands others; director; em- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MASTERLESS 



527 



MATHEMATICAL 



ployer; owner; head of a household, 
college, school, &c; an expert; com- 
mander of a merchant-vessel; a uni- 
versity degree; appellation given to 
boys; a legal title: adj. pertaining 
to a master; chief: v.t. to subdue or 
overcome: v.i. excel. 

masterless (mas'ter-les), adj. without 
a master or guardian. 

inastery (mas'ter-i), n. dominion; pre- 
eminence ; eminent skill. m 

mastic (mas'tik), n. a resin obtained 
from the mastic tree; used as a var- 
nish. 

masticable (mas'ti-ka-bl) , adj. ca- 
pable of being masticated. 

masticate (mas'ti-kat), v.t. to grind 
with the teeth; chew._ 

mastication # (mas-ti-ka'shun) , n. the 
act of masticating; chewing. 

masticator (mas'ti-ka-ter), m n. one 
who, or that which, masticates; a 
machine for mincing meat or cutting 
leather, &c, into small pieces. 

masticatory (mas'ti-ka-to-ri), adj. 
adapted for chewing. 

mastiff (mas'tif), n. a variety of large 
dog. 

mastodon (mas y to-don) , n. an extinct 
genus of mammals, allied to the ele- 
phant. 

mastoid (mas'toid) , adj. breast-like. 

masturbation (mas-ter-ba'shun) , n. 
self-pollution. 

mat (mat), n.^ a texture of various 
fibrous materials, used for cleansing 
the feet, &c; a web of rope^yard; 
an ornamental article on which to 
place things at table: v.t.^ [p.t. & 
p.p. matted, p.pr. matting], to 
cover with mats ; entangle or inter- 
weave. 

matador (ma-ta-dor') , n. the man 
who kills the bull in a bull-fight ; one 
of the three principal cards at omber 
and quadrille. [Spanish.] 

match (niach), n. anything that read- 
ily ignites; a lucifer; anything which 
agrees with or suits another thing; 
an equal; game or contest; mar- 
riage; one to be gained in marriage: 
v.t. to be equal to; set against or 
oppose as an equal: v.t. to harmonize 
with; to equal. 

matchboard (mach'bord), n. sl thin 
plank used for wainscoting, &c. 

matchlock (mach'lok), n. an old kind 



of musket fired by applying burning 
tow to the fire-pan. 

matchmaker (mach'mak-er) , n. one 
who seeks to arrange marriages. 

mate (mat), n. a companion or asso- 
ciate; an equal; the male and female 
of animals associated for propaga- 
tion; an officer in the merchant ser- 
vice ranking below the captain; 
checkmate: v.t. to match; be equal 
to; marry. 

mate (ma'ta), n. a tea made of the 
dried leaves of Brazilian holly; used 
largely in South America. 

matelote (mat'e-lot), n. a dish com- 
posed of_various kinds of fish. 

mater (ma/ter), n. (Latin, a mother) 
one of the two membranes (dura 
mater, pia mater) covering the brain. 

materfamilias (ma'ter-fa-mil'i-as), n. 
the mistress of a family or house- 
hold. 

material (ma-te'ri-al) , adj. consisting 
of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; 
essential: n. the substance of which 
anything is made. 

materialism (ma-te'ri-al-izm), n. the 
doctrine that all spiritual phenomena 
are the result of organized matter. 

materialist (ma-te'ri-al-ist), n. one 
who holds the doctrine of material- 
ism. 

materialistic (ma-te-ri-al-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to materialism. 

materiality (ma-te-ri-al'i-ti) , n. ma- 
terial existence. 

materialize (ma-te'ri-al-iz), v.t. to 
invest with material characteristics. 

materially (ma-te'ri-a-li), adv. es- 
sentially. 

materia medica (ma-te'ri-a med'i- 
ka), a name for the various sub- 
stances employed in medicine. 

materiel (ma-tanrihel') . n. the baggage, 
munitions, provisions of an army, 
&c. [French.] 

maternal (ma-ter'nal) , adj. motherly. 

maternally (ma-ter'na-li), adv. like 
a mother. 

maternity (ma-ter'ni-ti), n. the char- 
acter or relationship of a mother. 

math (math), n. a mowing; mathe- 
matics. 

mathematical (math-e-mat'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to, or performed by, 
mathematics ; theoretically precise. 
Also mathematics. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, tlien. 



MATHEMATICALLY 



528 



MAUL-STICK 



mathematically (math-e-mat'i-ka-li) , 
adv. by mathematics. 

mathematician (math-e-ma-tish'an) , 
n. one who is skilled in mathematics. 

mathematics (math-e-mat'iks), n. 
the science of number and space. 

matico (ma-te'ko), n. a Peruvian 
plant, whose leaves are used as a 
powerful styptic to stop blood. 

matin (mat 'in), adj. pertaining to the 
morning or to matins: n.pl. morning 
prayer; in the Roman Catholic 
Church the first canonical hour. 

matinee (mat-i-na/), n. a reception 
or musical or dramatic perform- 
ance held in the daytime. [French.] 

matriarch (ma'tri-ark) , n. a mother 
who in one period of ancient his- 
tory ruled the family, and also the 
tribe. At this time, men were not 
husbands, but were merely chosen 
by any woman according to her 
fancy. See polyandry. 

matriarchate (ma-tri-ark'at) , n. the 
position and rank of a matriarch or 
a woman ruler. See patriarchate. 

matricidal (mat'ri-si-dal) , adj. per- 
taining to matricide. [Latin.] 

matricide (mat'ri-sid), n. the murder 
of a mother by a son or daughter; 
one who murders one's mother. 

matriculate (ma-trik'u-lat), v.t. to 
admit to the membership of a college 
or university by entering one's name 
in a register: v.i. to be admitted as 
a member or student of a college, &c. 

matriculation (ma-trik-u-la/shun) , n. 
the act of registering and admitting 
as a matriculated student. # [Latin.] _ 

matrimonial (mat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. 
pertaining to marriage; nuptial; 
connubial. 

matrimonially (mat-ri-mo'ni-a-li), 
adv. in a matrimonial relation. 

matrimony (mat'ri-mo-ni) , n. mar- 
riage. [Latin.] 

matrix (ma/triks), n. [pi. matrices 
(mat'ri-sez)], the womb; the cavity 
in which anything is formed or cast; 
a mold ; the rock in which a fossil or 
mineral is embedded; the five col- 
ors (black, white, blue, red, yellow) 
from which all others are formed in 
dyeing. [Latin.] 

matron (ma'tron), n. a married 
woman, especially one who has 
borne children; the lady superin- 



tendent of a hospital or institu- 
tion. 

matronage (ma'tron-aj), n. matrons 
collectively. 

matronly (ma'tron-li) , adv. matron- 
like; elderly; sedately. 

matronymic (mat-ro-nim'ik) , n. a 
man's or woman's name derived 
from that of a mother. 

matte (mat), n. metal imperfectly 
reduced. [French.] 

matted (mat'ed), adj. covered with a 
mat; closely tangled together. 

matter (mat'er), n.^ that which oc- 
cupies space, and is perceptible by 
the senses; body; substance; thing of 
importance; business; event; indefi- 
nite amount; pus; set-up type: v.i. 
to signify; be of importance. 

matties (mat'iz), n.pl. Scotch herrings 
of moderate size with small milts 
and roes. 

matting (mat'ing), n. mats collective- 
ly; material for mats; ornamental 
matwork. 

mattock (mat'ok), n. sl pickaxe hav- 
ing one of its ends flat. 

mattress (mat'res), n. a quilted hair- 
or straw-stuffed bed; a spring mat- 
tress ; a mat made of trees or shrubs. 

maturation _ (ma-tu-ra'shun) , n. the 
process of ripening or coming to ma- 
turity. 

mature (ma-tur'), adj. [comparative 
maturer, superlative maturest], ripe; 
full-grown; ready for application or 
use: v.t. to bring or hasten to ma- 
turity: v.i. to become ripe. 

maturely (ma-tur'li), adv. in a mature 
manner. 

maturity (ma-tur'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being mature; ripeness; 
full development. 

matutinal (ma-tu'ti-nal) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the morning ; early . [Latin.] 

maudlin (maud'lin), adj. easily moved 
to tears; excessively sentimental; 
tipsy. 

mauger (maw'ger), prep, in spite of; 
notwithstanding. Also maugre. 
[Old French.] 

maul (mawl), n. a large wooden ham- 
mer: v.t. to wound or bruise in a 
rough manner. See mell, 

maul- stick (mawl'stik), n. a stick 
used by painters as a rest for the 
hand. Also mahl-stick. [German.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



MAUSOLEUM 



529 



MEANTIME 



mausoleum (maw-so-le'um) , n. a 
stately tomb or. monument. 

mauve (mov) , n. a soft lilac or pur- 
ple color, the first of aniline dye- 
stuffs discovered by Sir W. H. Per- 
kin. 

mavis (ma/vis), n. the song-thrush. 

maw (maw), n. the stomach of ani- 
mals; the craw of a bird. 

mawkish (mawk'ish), adj. loathsome; 
affectedly sentimental. 

maxilla (maks-il'a) , n. [pi. maxillae 
(maks-il'e)], the upper jawbone. 

maxillary (maks'il-a-ri) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the jaw or jawbone. 

maxillif orm (maks-il'i-f orm) , adj. 
shaped like the cheek or jawbone. 

maxim (maks'im), n. an established 
principle or truth; proverb; aphor- 
ism. [Latin.] 

maximite (maks'im-it), n. a power- 
ful explosive invented by Sir Hiram 
Maxim. 

maximum (maks'i-mum), n. and adj. 
the greatest possible out of any 
class of things. See minimum. 

maxixe (maks-isch') , n. a dance of 
Brazilian origin, with complex steps 
and turns, enjoying popularity in the 
United States in 1912-1914. 

May (ma), n. the fifth month of the 
year. Its name is from the Latin 
Maia, the mother of Mercury, who 
was the goddess of growth. 

may, n. the English hawthorn. 

may, v. aux. [p.t. might (mlt)], to 
be able; be allowed. 

Maya (ma/ya), n. the name of a tribe 
in Central America, whose members 
show signs of once having had a 
much higher civilization, like the 
Aztecs in Mexico. 

Maya (ma/ya) » w. in the Buddhist 
philosophy the illusion of the per- 
sonified will of the Creator. 

May-apple (ma/ap-1), n. the yellowish 
fruit of a North American plant, the 
mandrake, also known as hog-apple. 

May-fly jma'fli), n. an insect which 
may exist for a long while in the 
larval condition; but on attaining 
adult life, it merely propagates its 
kind and then dies. 

mayhem (ma/hem), n. the crime 
of attacking another so as to pre- 
vent his defense, and especially by 
mutilating him; as, for example, 



biting or tearing off an ear or a nose. 
The word is the same as maim. 

mayor (ma/er), n. the chief magis- 
trate of a city or borough. 

mayoralty (ma/er-al-ti) , n. the office, 
or term of office, of a mayor. 

Maypole (nia/pol), n. a pole around 
which May festivities are held. 

maze (maz), n. bewilderment; a laby- 
rinth: v.t. to bewilder. 

mazuma (ma-zoo'ma), n. money. 
[Slang.] 

mazurka (ma-zerka), n. a lively 
Polish dance; music set to such a 
dance. Also mazourka. [Polish.] # 

mazy (maz/i), e adj. intricate; bewil- 
dering; winding. 

mead (med), n. a fermented liquor of 
honey, water, and spices; a meadow. 

meadow (med'o), n. a tract of rich 
pasture land; land yielding hay; 
low grass land by the banks of 
rivers. 

meadowy (med'o-i), adj. containing 
meadows. 

meager (me'ger), adj. thin; scanty; 
poor; barren; lean; weak. [French.] 

meagerly (me'ger-li), adv. thinly; 
poorly. 

meal (mel), n. edible ground grain; a 
repast. 

mealy (me'li) , adj. consisting of , sprink- 
led with, or having the qualities of, 
meal. 

mealy-mouthed (me'li-moutfid), adj. 
using soft words; unwilling to tell 
the truth in plain words. 

mean (men), adj. [comparative mean- 
er, superlative meanest], wanting in 
dignity or honor; vulgar; inferior; 
insignificant; humble; _ sordid; 
stingy; middle; not excessive: n. the 
middle point, quantity, value, or de- 
gree; average: pi. resources; prop- 
erty: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. meant, p.pr. 
meaning], to have in the mind or 
intention; signify: v.i. to have an 
intention. 

meander (me-an'der), v.t. to wind or 
flow round: v.i. to have a winding 
course; be intricate. The name of a 
river in AsiaJNIinor. 

meaning (men'ing), n. intention; 
sense. 

meant (ment),_pi. & p.p. of mean. # 

meantime (men'tim), adv. in the in- 
tervening time. Also meanwhile. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



MEASLES 



530 



MEDIC 



measles (me'zlz), n. an infectious 
disease characterized by fever and 
small red spots on the skin; a dis- 
ease of swine and of trees. [Danish.] 

measly (mez'li), adj. & colloquial term 
of reproach, meaning that the per- 
son described is singularly mean and 
contemptible. 

measurable (mezh'er-a-bl) , adj. ca- 
pable of being measured. 

measurably (mezh'er-a-bli) , adv. in 
a measurable manner; in a limited 
degree. 

measure (mezh'er), n. the standard by 
which the volume or extent of any- 
thing is compared; extent or dimen- 
sions of a thing; proportion; a 
divisor leaving no remainder ; an 
instrument for measuring; musical 
time; meter; law or statute: pi. 
strata or beds: v.t. to ascertain the 
extent, size, or volume of; mark out; 
estimate; allot; determine by rule 
or standard: v.i. to take measure- 
ments; be equal or uniform. 

measured (mezh'erd) , adj. determined 
by a standard : uniform ; steady ; 
moderated. 

measurement (mezh'er-ment) , n. the 
act of measuring; quantity ascer- 
tained by measuring; size; area; ca- 
pacity. 

meat (met), n. animal flesh. 

mechanic (me-kan'ik), n. a skilled 
workman: pi. the science of the laws 
of matter and motion, especially the 
science of machinery. [Greek.] 

mechanical (me-kan'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to the principles of mechan- 
ics; pertaining to, or produced by, 
machines or machinery; done auto- 
matically, as from force of habit. 

mechanically (me-kan'i-ka-li) , adv. in 
a mechanical manner. 

mechanical powers (pow'erz), n.pl. 
powers obtained by the application 
of a small force, viz., the lever, in- 
clined plane, wheel and axle, screw, 
pulley and wedge. 

mechanician (mek-a-nish'an) , n. one 
skilled in mechanics or machinery. 

mechanism (mek'a-nizm) , n. parts of 
a machine; mechanical construction. 

medal (med'al), n. a coin-shaped piece 
of metal impressed with a device or 
inscription to commemorate some 
event, distinguished person, or ideal- 



ized group. The medal reached its 
perfection in the fifteenth century 
with Pisano. The side bearing the 
head is called the obverse and the 
other side, the reverse. [French.] 

medallic (me-dal'ik), adj. pertaining 
to medals. 

medallion (me-dal'yun), n . a large 
antique medal; a round or oval tab- 
let with figures in bas-relief. 

medallist (med'al-ist) , n. an engraver 
of medals; one who has gained a 
medal as a reward or prize. 

meddle (med , l), v.i. to interpose or 
interfere officiously. 

meddler (med'ler), n. an officious per- 
son; busybody. 

meddlesome (med'1-sum), adj. offi 
ciously intrusive. 

mediaeval (med-i-e'vd), adj. char- 
acterizing the period of history be- 
tween the sixth and fifteenth cen- 
turies A.D., usually known as the 
Middle Ages. 

mediae valism (med-i-e'val-ism), n. 
the spirit of the Middle Ages, espe- 
cially as to art, philosophy, literature 
and religion. 

median (me'di-an), adj. pertaining to, 
or connected with, the middle of 
anything; a median line is an imag- 
inary line drawn between the two 
symmetrical halves of the body 
down the back. In geometry also 
a median line is one drawn from any 
angle of a triangle to the middle 
point of the opposite side. When 
these median lines intersect its place 
of intersection is called the median 
point. [Latin.] 

mediate (me'di-at), v.i. to interpose 
as a mutual friend between parties to 
effect a reconciliation. [Latin.] 

mediation _ (me-di-a r shun) , n. the act 
of mediating; reconciliation. 

mediator (me'di-a-ter), n. one who me- 
diates; an intercessor. 

mediatorial (me-di-a-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to a mediator or me- 
diation; intercessory. Also media- 
tory. 

mediatorially (me-di-a-to'ri-a-li), adj. 
by mediation. 

medic (med'ik), adj. colloquial abbre- 
viation for "medical," meaning 
" medical student " or " doctor of 
medicine." 



ate, arm, at, awl; me. merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MEDICAL 



531 



MELANESIA** 



medical (med'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
to, or connected with, medicine. 

medically (med'i-ka-li), adv. accord- 
ing to the rules and principles of 
medicine. 

medicament (med'i-ka-ment), n. a 
medicine or healing application. 

medicate (med'i-kat), v.t. to impreg- 
nate or tincture with anything me- 
dicinal. 

medicinal (me-dis'i-nal) , adj. having 
the properties of, or used in, medi- 
cine. 

medicinally (me-dis'i-na-li), adv. med- 
ically. 

medicine (med'i-sin), n. the science 
which relates to the treatment and 
alleviation of disease; a specific for 
the cure of disease. [Latin.] 

medicine-man (med'i-sin-man), n. 
among certain tribes, as the North 
American Indians, a conjurer who 
professes to drive away evil spirits or 
disease by magical arts. 

mediocre (me'di-o'ker), adj. of me- 
dium excellence; ordinary. 

mediocrity (me-di-ok'ri-ti) , n. of 
moderate degree; a person of or- 
dinary abilities. [Latin.] 

meditate (med'i-tat), v.i. to muse or 
ponder; think abstractedly: v.t. to 
think upon; design. [Latin.] 

meditation (med-i-ta/shun) , n. the 
act of meditating; deep thought. 

meditative (med'i-ta-tiv), adj. dis- 
posed to meditation. 

meditatively (med'i-ta-tiv-li) , adv. 
with meditation. 

meditativeness (med'i-ta-tiv-nes), n. 
the state or quality of being medita- 
tive. 

medium (me'di-um), n. [pi. media, 
mediums (me'di-a, me'di-umz)], a 
mean; anything intervening; agency; 
space or substance in which bodies 
exist or move; a size of paper 24 x 19 
inches ; middle term of a syllogism ; a 
person through whom communica- 
tions from the spirit world are con- 
veyed; the liquid vehicle with which 
dry pigments are ground. [Latin.] 

medley (med'li), n. mixture or con- 
fused mass of different ingredients. 
[Old French.] 

medulla (me-dul'a), n. the marrow of 
bones; pith of plants. [Latin.] . 

medullary (me-duTa-ri) , ad;, pertain- 



ing to, consisting of, or like, marrow 
or medulla. 

medullin (me-dul'in), n. a variety of 
cellulose found in the pith of certain 
plants. 

Medusa (me-du'sa), n. [pi. medusae 
(me-du'se)], in classical mythology, 
one of the three Gorgons whose fine 
hair was turned into snakes, and 
whose glance changed into stone all 
who looked on her. [Greek.] 

medusa, n. the sea-nettle or jelly- 
fish. 

meed (med), n. recompense; reward. 

meek (mek), adj. [comparative meek- 
er, superlative meekest], gentle; sub- 
missive ; yielding ; mild of temper. 

meer (mer), n. a boundary or divi- 
sion. Also mere. [Scottish.] 

meerschaum (mer'shum), n. a clay- 
like silicate of magnesia from which 
pipe-bowls are made; a pipe of this 
material. [German, "sea-foam."] 

meet (met), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. met, p.pr. 
meeting], to come up to from a dif- 
ferent direction; confront; encoun- 
ter; receive: v.i. to assemble; be 
united: n. a meeting of huntsmen; 
the place of meeting: adj. fit; suit- 
able; appropriate. 

meeting (met'ing), n. an assembly; 
junction; a congregation. 

meg, a Greek prefix meaning great, 
powerful. Also mega, megalo, as 
we^acephalous: adj. having a large 
head. 

megafog (meg'a-fog), n. a fog-sig- 
nalling device. 

megaphone (meg'a-fon), n. a new form 
of speaking-trumpet for increasing 
the volume of the voice. [Greek.] 

megrim (me'grim), n. a sick or neu- 
ralgic headache, usually on one side 
of the head: pi. vertigo _in a horse. 

melancholia (mel-an-ko'li-a)-, n. a 
form of insanity characterized by 
great depression of spirits. [Greek.] 

melancholic (mel-an-kol'ik) , adj. af- 
fected with melancholy ; depressed in 
spirits; dejected. 

melancholy (mel'an-kol-i) , n. great 
depression of spirits; melancholia: 
adj. depressed in spirits; hypochon- 
driac. 

Melanesian (mel-an-e'zhan), adj. re- 
lating to the islands lying between 
New Guinea and* Fiji; one of the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MELANGE 



532 



MEMORIALIST 



negroid inhabitants of any Melane- 
sian island. 

melange (ma-langzh') , n. a confused 
mixture ; medley. [French.] 

melanin (mel'a-nin), n. the black pig- 
ment cells of the eye and skin. 

melanism (mel'an-izm), n. excess of 
the coloring pigment in the skin. 

melanite (mel'an-it), n. a black var- 
iety of garnet. 

melee (ma-la/), n. a hand-to-hand 
conflict; scuffle; affray. 

melilot (meri-lot), n. a species of 
sweet-scented trefoil or clover. 

melinite (mel'in-it), n. a powerful 
explosive. 

meliorate (mel'yo-rat), v.t. to im- 
prove or make better. 

melioration (mel-yo-ra/shun) , n. im- 
provement. 

mell (mel), v.t. to beat or bruise. The 
word is cognate with maul, and the 
pugilistic mill, 

mellifluent (mel-if 'flu-ent) , adj. 
smooth; sweetly flowing. Also mel- 
lifluous. 

melligenous (mel-ij'e-nus), adj. hav- 
ing the qualities of, or producing, 
honey. 

mellow (mel'o), adj. fully ripe; not 
hard, harsh, or rigid; half tipsy. 

melodeon (me-lo'de-on), n. a small 
reed organ. 

melodious (me-lo'di-us), adj. full of, 
or produced by, meloay; musical. 

melodist (mel'6-dist), n. a composer of 
melodies. [Greek.] 

melodize (mel'o-diz), v.t. to make me- 
lodious: v.i. compose melodies. 

melodrama (mel-o-dra'ma) , n. a play 
characterized by sensational or ro- 
mantic incidents. [Greek.] 

melodramatic (mel-o-dra-mat'ik) , 
adj. pertaining to melodrama; highly 
" sensational. 

melody (mel'o-di), n. [pi. melodies 
(mel o-diz) ], the arrangement of dif- 
ferent musical sounds for a single 
voice or instrument; tune. 

melon (mel'un), n. a plant of the cu- 
cumber family with edible fruit. 
[French.] 

mel o type (mel'o-tip), n. a method of 
producing photographs so that their 
development may be deferred. 

Melpomene (mel-pom'e-na), n. the 
muse who presided over tragic 



poetry, according to the Greek and 
Roman belief. She is usually rep- 
resented as bearing a tragic mask. 

melt (melt), v.t. & v.i. to change from 
a solid to a liquid state; dissolve; 
soften to love and tenderness. 

melton (mel'tun), n. a kind of thick 
broadcloth with an unfinished sur- 
face. Named from the manufac- 
turer. 

member (mem'ber), n. a limb or or- 
gan, essential part of anything; one 
of an association or community. 

membrane (mem 'bran), n. a thin 
fold or layer of tissue forming the 
covering of some part or organ. 

membranous (mem'bra-nus) , adj. 
pertaining to, consisting of, or like, 
membranes. 

memento (me-men'to), n. [pi. me- 
mentos (me-men'toz)], a souvenir; 
memorial. [Latin.] 

Memnonium (mem-no 'ni-um), n. (1) 
a name usually but incorrectly given 
to a great temple in Egypt, built 
by King Rameses II. It should 
therefore be called the Rameseum. 
(2) An Egyptian cemetery. 

memoir (mem 'war), n. a history 
written from personal experience 
and knowledge; a biography: pi. a 
record of investigations on a sub- 
ject; transactions or journal of a 
learned or scientific society. 

memorabilia (mem-o-ra-bil'i-a) , n.pl. 
things worthy of remembrance or 
record. 

memorable (mem'or-a-bl) , adj. wor- 
thy of remembrance; remarkable; 
notable. 

memorably (mem'or-a-bli) , adj. so 
as to be remembered. 

memorandum (mem-o-ran'dum) , n, 
[pi. memoranda (mem-o-ran'da)], a 
note to assist the memory; brief 
record of something to be remem- 
bered; summary or outline. 

memorial (me-mo'ri-al), adj. com- 
memorative; preservative of, or con- 
tained in, the memory: n. an in- 
formal diplomatic paper; a written 
representation of facts addressed 
to the government, a public body, 
&c. 

memorialist (me-mo'ri-al-ist) , n. one 
who prepares, signs, or presents a 
memorial. 



ate, arm, at awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



MEMORIALIZE 



533 



MERCERIZE 



memorialize (me-mo'ri-ar-iz) v.t. to 
petition by means of a memorial. 

memory (mem'o-ri), n. [pi. memoriea 
(mem'o-riz)], that faculty of the 
mind by which it retains the 
knowledge of previous occurrences, 
facts, thoughts, &c, and recalls 
them. 

mem-sahib (mem-sa-heb') , n. the 
Hindu word for a European lady. 
Sahib is a white man, and Sahiba is 
the true feminine. 

menace (men'as), n. a threat: v.t. to 
threaten. 

menacingly (men'a-sing-li) , adv. in a 
threatening manner. 

menage (ma/nazh), n. management; 
one's establishment or household. 
[French.] 

menagerie (men-azh'er-i or men-aj'- 
e-ri), n. a place where wild animals 
are kept ; a collection of wild animals 
for exhibition. 

mend (mend), v.i. to repair (that 
which is broken or worn); make 
good or better; reform; increase: 
v.i. to grow better; improve. 

mendacious (men-da'shus), adj. given 
to falsehood; lying; false. 

mendacity (men-das 'i-ti) , n. [pi. men- 
dacities (men-das 'i-tiz)], falsehood; 
habitual lying. 

Mendelian (men'de'li-an) , n. of or per- 
taining to the theory of heredity put 
forward by the Austrian monk 
Gregor Johann Mendel, known as 
Mendel's law. 

mendicancy (men'di-kan-si) , n. the 
state of being a beggar; begging. 
Also mendicity. 

mendicant (men'di-kant) , adj. prac- 
ticing begging ; reduced to beggary : 
n. a beggar; a begging friar. 

menhaden (men-ha/dn), n. an Amer- 
ican fish allied to the herring, yielding 
a valuable oil. Called also moss- 
bunker, bunker, bug-fish, and white- 
fish. 

menial (me'ni-al), adj. pertaining to 
a retinue of servants; pertaining to, 
or suitable for, servants; mean; 
servile: n. a domestic servant; one 
who performs servile work. [Old 
French.] 

meninges (men-in'jez), n.pl. the 
three membranes that envelop the 
brain and the spinal cord. [Greek.] 



meningitis (men-in-ji'tis) , n. inflam- 
mation of the meninges. [Greek.] 

meniscus (me-nis'kus) , n. [pi. menisci 
(me-nis'si), meniscuses (me-nis'kus- 
ez)], a crescent; a lens convex on one 
side and concave on the other. 
[Greek.] 

menses (men'sez), n.pl. the cata- 
menial discharge. Also menstrua- 
tion. 

menstrual (men'stroo-al) , adj. oc- 
curring monthly. 

menstruum (men'stroo-um) , n. a 
solvent. [Latin.] 

mensurable (men'su-ra-bl) , adj. 
measurable. 

mensuration (men-su-ra/shun),n. the 
act or process of taking the measure 
or dimensions of anything; measure- 
ment. 

mental (men'tal), adj. pertaining to 
the mind; intellectual. [Latin.] _ 

mentally (men'ta-li), adv. in the mind; 
in thought or idea; intellectually^ 

menthol (men'thol), n. a crystalline 
substance resembling camphor: used 
as a counter-irritant. [Latin.] 

menthyl (men'thil), n. the base of 
menthol. 

mention (men'shun), n. a brief no- 
tice; casual remark; hint: v.t. to 
speak briefly of; notice casually; 
name. [Latin.] 

Mentor (men'ter), n. a wise and faith- 
ful counselor: from Mentor, the 
friend and tutor of Ulysses. 

menu (men-u'), n. a bill of fare. 
[French.] 

Mephistophelian (mef-is-to-f e'li-an) , 
adj. pertaining to, or like, Meph- 
istopheles: hence scoffing, relent- 
less, and cynical. 

mephitic (me-fit'ik), adj. poisonous; 
noxious; offensive to the smell. Also 
mephitic al. [Greek.] 

mercantile (mer'kan-til) , adj. com- 
mercial. [Latin.] 

mercenarily (meVse-na-ri-li) , adv. in a 
mercenary manner. 

mercenary (mer'se-na-ri) , n. [pi. mer- 
cenaries (mer'se-na-riz)], a soldier 
hired into foreign service; one who 
serves for pay: adj. serving for pay 
or reward ; venial ; sordid . [Latin . ] 

mercer (meVser) , n. a dealer in textile 
fabrics. 

mercerize (mer'ser-iz) , to treat cot- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MERCERY 



534 



MERRIMENT 



ton cloth in such a manner as to 
give it a luster like that of silk. 

mercery (mer'ser-i) , n. the commodi- 
ties in which a mercer deals. 

merchandise (mer'chan-dis), n. goods, 
wares, or commodities, bought and 
sold. 

merchant (mer 'chant), n. one who 
traffics or trades on a large scale, 
especially with foreign countries; a 
shopkeeper: adj. pertaining to, or 
employed in, trade; mercantile. 
[French.] 

merchantman (mer'chant-man) , n. 
[pi. merchantmen (mer'chant-mei})], 
a trading vessel. 

merciful (mer 'si-fool) , adj. full of, or 
exercising, mercy ; tender-hearted ; 
compassionate. 

mercifully (mer'si-f oo-li) , adv. with 
mercy or compassion. 

merciless (mer'si-les), adj. destitute of 
mercy; unfeeling; cruel. 

mercurial (mer-ku'ri-al) , adj. active; 
volatile; fickle; pertaining to, made 
of, or caused by, mercury; mer- 
curial ointment is an ointment con- 
taining crude mercury in particles. 

Mercury (mer'ku-ri), n. one of the 
planets; from Mercurius, the messen- 
ger of the gods. [Latin.] 

mercury, n. one of the elements, 
- popularly known as quicksilver. 

mercy (mer'si), n. [pi. mercies (mer'- 
siz)], the disposition to forgive, spare, 
or pity; clemency; forbearance; com- 
passion; beneficence. 

mere, same as meer. 

mere (mer), adj. [superlative merest], 
such and no more; simple; entire; 
absolute. 

merely (mer-li), adv. simply; purely; 
only. 

meretricious (mer-e-trish'us) , adj. 
pertaining to prostitutes; lustful; 
tawdry. [Latin.] 

merganser (mer-gan'ser), n. a duck- 
like bird found in England and the 
United States. The feminine bird 
has its feathers more diversified in 
color, but otherwise there is no 
especial difference. [Latin.] 

merge (merj), v.t. to absorb or swal- 
low up: v.i. to be swallowed up or 
lost. 

merger (merj'er), n. the legal consol- 
idation of two estates, conforming 



them into one estate; the placing of 
the operations of two or more com- 
peting interests under the control of 
a single body. [Latin.] 

mericarp (mer'i-karp) , n. one of the 
carpels of an umbelliferous fruit. 

meridian (me-rid'i-an) , _ adj. pertain- 
ing to mid T day: n. mid-day; noon; 
highest point or culmination; an 
imaginary great circle of the sphere 
passing through the poles of the 
heavens and the zenith and nadir of 
any given place, and cutting the 
equator at right angles. [Latin.] 

meridional (me-rid'i-o-nal) , adj. per- 
taining to the meridian; southern. 

meridionally _ (me-rid'i-o-na-lij, adv. 
in the direction of the meridian. 

meringue (ma-rang'), n. a' light con- 
fection of eggs, sugar, cream, or jam. 

merino (me-re'no), n. [pi. merinos 
(me-re'noz)], a breed of sneep with a 
fine wool; the wool of such sheep: 
adj. pertaining to, or made of, the 
wool of the merino sheep. 

merit (mer'it), n. excellence; worth. 
deserved reward: pi. essential cir- 
cumstances: v.t. to earn; be entitled 
to; be deserving of. 

meritorious (mer-i-to'n-us), adj. hav- 
ing merit ; deserving of reward or 
praise. 

merk (merk), n. an ancient Scottish 
coin, the same as the mark of Con- 
tinental countries. ($0.28.) 

merle (merl), n. the blackbird [Poet.]. 

merlin (mer'lin), n. a small falcon. 

mer ling (merl'mg), n. the whiting 

merlion (mer'li-on), n. a buzzard. 

merlon (mer'lon), n. that part of a 
parapet included between two em- 
brasures. 

mermaid (meVmad), n. a fabled ma- 
rine creature having the upper part 
like a woman and the lower part like 
a fish. 

merman (mer'man), n. the male of the 
mermaid. 

Merovingian (mer-o-vin'je-an), adj. 
the name given to the first dynasty 
ever founded in France. This was 
in 486 A. D., and the first king was the 
Salian Frank, Clovis. 

merrily (mer'i-li), adv. in a merry 
manner. 

merriment (mer'i-ment), n. mirth; 
fun ; frolic ; gaiety. Also merriness. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



MERRY 



535 



METABOLIAN 



merry (mer'i), adj. [comparative merri- 
er, superlative merriest], full of mirth 
and good humor; gay; sportive; jo- 
vial; pleasant. 

merry-andrew (mer-i-an'droo) , n. a 
buffoon. 

merry-dancers (mer-i-dan'serz) , n.pl. 
the Aurora Borealis. 

merry-go-round (mer'i-go-round), n. 
a circular frame fitted with wooden 
horses or seats, on which persons 
ride at fairs, by mechanical aids. 

merry- thought (mer'i-thawt), n. the 
forked bone (furcula) of a fowl's 
breast; commonly called the '"wish- 
bone." 

merveilleuses (mer-va-yez/), n. won- 
derful women; a name given to the 
brilliant and extraordinarily wicked 
creatures who swarmed at the French 
court under the Directory (1786-99), 
and who were also called Incroyables 
(Impossibles) . 

mesa (ma/sa), n. elevated table-land. 
[Spanish.] 

mesalliance (ma-za-le-angs'),.w. mar- 
riage with one of lower social posi- 
tion. [French.] 

mesh (mesh), n. an opening or inter- 
stice of a net ; brewers' grains. 

mesial (mez'i-al), adj. middle. 

mesjid (mez'jid), n. a mosque. [Ar- 
abic] 

mesmeric (mez-mer'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or produced by, mesmerism. 

mesmerism (mez'mer-izm), n. the art 
of inducing an abnormal state of the 
nervous system in which the 
thoughts and actions of the patient 
are controlled by the will of the op- 
erator; animal magnetism. Mesmer- 
ism, under this name, was first known 
to the world as a serious phenomenon 
by F. A. Mesmer (1733-1815), who in 
Paris excited the fashionable world to 
a high degree, and for a time the phi- 
losophers, among them Benjamin 
Franklin. 

mesmerist (mez'mer-ist), n. one who 
practises the art of mesmerism. 
Also mesmerizer. 

mesmerize (mez'mer-iz), v.t. to in- 
duce the mesmeric state. 

mesne (men), adj. middle; interven- 
ing. 

meso, a Greek prefix meaning middle,in- 
termediate, as raesoblast, the interme- 



diate layer of the blastoderm of an 
ovum; Tnesocarp, the middle layer 
of a pericarp. 

mesosperm (mes'o-sperm), n. the 
second membrane _of a seed. 

Mesozoic (mes-o-zo'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Secondary Age or era of 
reptiles. 

mess (mes), n. a number of persons 
who sit down to table together, es- 
pecially soldiers or sailors; a state 
of dirt or confusion: v.t. to eat to- 
gether: v.t. to furnish with food; 
dirty. 

message (mes'aj), n. a communica- 
tion, written or verbal, sent from one 
person to another; an official com- 
munication. 

messenger (mes'en-jer), n. one who 
conveys a message ; an office servant 
who carries messages ; a herald or 
harbinger; an official of the bank- 
ruptcy court. 

Messiah (mes-I'a), n. Christ the 
Anointed One. Also Messias. 

Messianic (mes-i-an'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the Messiah. 

Messidor (mes-e-dor'), n. month in the 
French Revolutionary Calendar, 
from June 19th to July 18th. 

messieurs (mes'yers), n.pl. sir» 
Messrs. used in addressing business 
communications. 

messmate (mes'mat), n. one who has 
sat at table with the same men for a 
time long enough to establish a real 
intimacy. It is usually on ship- 
board that men become messmates. 
See mess ; bunkie_. 

messuage (mes'waj), n. a dwelling 
house with its adjacent buildings and 
land for the use of the household. 

mestee (mes-te'), n. the offspring of a 
white and a quadroon. 

mestizo (mes-te'zo), n. [pi. mestizos 
(mes-te'zoz)], the offspring of a 
Spaniard or Creole and an Indian. 
Also mestino. 

met, p.t. & p.p. of meet. 

meta, a Greek prefix meaning between, 
over, after, duplicate, resembling, change 
from one state to another. 

metabasis (me-tab'a-sis), n. transition. 

metabolian (met-a-bo'li-an), n. an 
insect of the sub-class Metabola 
which undergo complete metamor- 
phosis. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



METABOLIC 



536 



METEORIC 



metabolic (met-a-bol'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or undergoing, change or 
metamorphosis. 

metabolism (me-tab'o-lizm), n. the 
continuous process by which living 
cells or tissues undergo chemical 
change accompanied by swift altera- 
tions in temper or character. 

metacarpal (met-a-kar'pal) , adj. per- 
taining to the metacarpus. 

metacarpus (met-a-kar'pus) , n. that 
part of the hand which is between 
the wrist and the fingers. 

metacenter (met-a-sen'ter), n. that 
point in a floating body on the posi- 
tion of which its equilibrium or sta- 
bility depends. 

metagenesis (met-a-jen'e-sis), n. alter- 
nation of generation. 

metal (met'al), n. an elementary sub- 
stance having certain physical char- 
acteristics, as luster, ductility, mal- 
leability, insolubility, is fusible by 
heat, and a conductor of electricity; 
molten glass; small stone cubes; ef- 
fective power or caliber of the guns 
of a warship: pi. the rails of a rail- 
road: v.t. to cover with metal. [Latin.] 

metallic (me-tal'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, consisting of, or like, metal. 

metallic oxide (oks'id), n. a com- 
pound of metal with oxygen. 

metallic salt (sa wit), n. a salt which 
has a metallic oxide as its base. 

metalliferous (me-tal-if'er-us), adj. 
yielding metal or metallic ores. 

metallography (me-tal-og'ra-fi), n. 
the science of metals; a treatise on 
metals. 

metalloid (met'al-oid), n. a non-metal- 
lic elementary body: adj. resembling 
a metal; non-metallic. 

metallurgic (me-tal-er'jik), adj. per- 
taining to metallurgy. Also metal- 
lurgical. 

metallurgist (met'al-er-jist), n. one 
who is skilled in metallurgy. 

metallurgy (met'al-er-ji), n. the art 
or process of working metals and of 
separating them from their ores. 

metamorphic (met-a-mor'fik), adj. 
pertaining to, or produced by, meta- 
morphism. 

metamorphism (met-a-mor'fizm) , n. 
the process by which stratified rocks 
under pressure, heat, chemical ac- 
tion, &c, have changed from their 



original structure, as limestone to 
marble. 

metamorphose (met-a-mor'foz), v.t 
to change into a different form. 

metamorphosis (met-a-mor-fo'sis), n. 
change of form, shape, or structure; 
transformation, as of a chrysalis into 
a butterfly. 

metaphor (met'a-for), n. a figure of 
speech by which one word is em- 
ployed for another of which it is the 
image; a compressed simile. 

metaphoric (met-a-f or 'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, or comprising, a meta- 
phor; not literal: figurative. Also 
metaphorical. 

metaphorically (met-a-f or'i-ka-li) , 
adv. >in metaphors. 

metaphrastic (met-a-f r as 'tik), adj. 
calling a thing by its opposite; us 
when an affectionate parent calls a 
child " young rascal ! " or " you 
scamp!" while intending these as pet- 
words. 

metaphysical (met-a-fiz'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to, or according to the rules 
of, metaphysics; ontological. 

metaphysically (me t-a-fiz 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. by the rules of metaphysical 
science. 

metaphysician (met-a-fi-zish'un) , n, 
one who is skilled in metaphysics. 

metaphysics (met-a-fiViks), n. men- 
tal philosophy. 

metapsychics (met-a-sik'iks), n. the 
philosophy of spiritistic phenomena, 

metastasis (me-tas'ta-sis), n. the pass- 
ing of the specific symptoms of a dis- 
ease from one part of the body to 
another. This may happen in rheu- 
matism, gout, and mumps; and the 
cause of it is still obscure. 

metathesis (me-tath'e-sis) , n. trans- 
position of the .letters of a word or 
syllable, as third for the early thrid 
(Anglo-Saxon), thridda. 

metempsychosis (me-tem-si-ko'sis) , 
n. transmigration of the soul after 
death into the body of another man 
or lower animal. 

meteor (me'te-or), n. a transient lu- 
minous body in the sky; falling or 
shooting star; anything that daz- 
zles or excites wonder for the mo- 
ment. 

meteoric (me-te-or'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed of, or like, a meteor. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, bock ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



METEORITE 



537 



MICACEOUS 



meteorite (me'te-er-It), n. a stone or 
metallic body which, in its passage 
through space, has fallen upon the 
earth. 

meteorography (me-te-er-og'ra-fi), n. 
the registration of meteorological 
phenomena. [Greek.] 

meteorologic (me-te-er-o-loj'ik), adj. 
pertaining to the atmosphere, or its 
phenomena, or to meteorology. Also 
meteorological. 

meteorologist (me-te-er-ol'6-jist), n. 
one who is skilled in meteorology. 

meteorology (me-te-er-ol'o-ji), n. the 
science of the atmosphere and its 
various phenomena. [Greek.] 

meter (me'ter), n. an instrument for 
registering automatically the amount 
measured by it. Also metre. 

meter, metre (me'ter), n. a rhyth- 
mic arrangement of syllables in 
verse; unit of length in the decimal 
system = 39^7 inches. [Greek.] 

meterage (me'ter-aj), n. measure- 
ment; cost of measuring. 

methinks (me-thingks') , v.i. [p.t. 
methought] . In this really compound 
expression, me is the object of thinks, 
a transitive verb meaning "it seems. " 
[Anglo-Saxon.] Hence, methinks is 
equivalent to "it seems to me." 

method (meth'od), n. regular ar- 
rangement of things; system; or- 
der; classification. 

methodical (me-thod'i-kal) , adj. char- 
acterized by, or arranged with re- 
gard to, method; systematic. Also 
methodic. 

methodically (me-thod'i-ka-li), adv. 
in a methodical manner. 

Methodism (meth'q-dizm), n. the 
doctrines and worship of the Metho- 
dists. 

Methodist (meth'6-dist) , n. one of a 
sect of Christians founded by John 
Wesley: adj. pertaining to the Metho- 
dists. 

methodize (meth'o-dlz) , v.t. to reduce 
to method; systematize. 

methyl (meth'il), n. the hydro-car- 
bon radical of methyl alcohol, or 
wood spirit. 

methylated (meth-i-la/ted) }adj. mixed 
with or containing methyl. 

methylene (meth'i-len), n. an in- 
flammable liquid obtained from the 
distillation of wood. Also methene. 



meticulous (me-tik'u-lus) ; adj. over- 
cautious; excessively timid. 

metonymy (me-ton'i-mi) , n. a figure 
of speech in which one word is used 
for another related to it, as "the 
steel" for the sword. 

metre (me'ter) . See meter. 

metric (met'rik), adj. pertaining to 
the decimal system of weights and 
measures. 

metrical (met'ri-kal) , adj. pertaining 
to meter, measurement, or rhythm. 

metrically (met'ri-ka-li) , adv. in a 
metrical manner. 

metrograph (met 'ro-graf ) , n. an ap- 
paratus for indicating the mileage 
run by a locomotive, and the number 
and time of stoppages at stations. 

metrology (met-rol'o-ji), n. the science 
of weights and measures. 

metronome (met'ro-nom) , n. an in- 
strument which beats musical time 
by means of a short pendulum. 

metronymic (met-ro-nim'ik) , adj. de- 
rived from one's mother or female 
ancestor. 

metropolis (me-trop'o-lis), n. the cap- 
ital or chief city of a kingdom or coun- 
try ; the seat or see of_a metropolitan. 

metropolitan (met-ro-pori-tan), adj. 
pertaining to the capital city of a 
kingdom or country, or to anarch- 
bishopric: n. the presiding bishop of 
a country or province; an arch- 
bishop. [Greek.] 

mettle (met'l), n. constitutional ar- 
dor or spirit; fortitude. [Latin.] 

mettlesome (met'1-sum), n. high spir- 
ited. 

mew (mu), n. the cry of a cat; a sea- 
gull: pi. stables for carriage horses: 
v.t. to shed or molt (the feathers): 
v.i. to cry like a cat. 

Mexican # (meks'i-can), adj. belonging 
to Mexico and its people, who are of 
mixed Spanish and Aztec race. 

mezzanine (met'za-nen), n. a low 
intermediate story between two 
higher ones; a window in such a 
story. [Italian.] 

mezzotint (mez'o-tint), n. & variety of 
copper engraving. Also mezzo- 
tint o. [Italian.] 

mica (ml'ka), n. a mineral divisible 
into thin transparent plates. 

micaceous (mi-ka'shus) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, consisting of, or like, mica. 



Hte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note north, not ; boon, book ; 
37 hue, hut ; think, then. 



MICE 



538 



MIDDLING 



mice, pi. of mouse. 

mico (mi'ko), n. a small South Amer- 
ican monkey; a Japanese solid oil 
or butter. 

micro, a Greek prefix meaning small, as 
microcosm, a small universe or com- 
munity. 

microbe (mi'krob), n. a minute mi- 
croscopical organism found in the 
blood of animals, especially those 
suffering from_ disease; bacterium. 

microbic (mi-krob'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or caused by, a microbe. Also 
microbial. 

microbicide (mi-krob'i-sid), n. an 
agent for destroying microbes or 
bacteria. 

microcephalous (mi-kro-sef 'a-lus) , 
adj. having small heads or brains 
(crania) . 

micrococcus (mi-kro-kok'us) , n. [pi. 
micrococci (ml-kro-kok'si)], a genus 
of bacteria, a source of fermentation 
and of zymotic disease. 

microcosm (mi'kro-kozm) , see under 
micro. 

microcoustic (mi-kro-koos'tik) , adj. 
pertaining to, or serving to increase, 
indistinct sounds: n. an instrument 
for the deaf, to augment faint sounds. 

microcrith (mi'kro-krith), n. the 
weight of an atom of hydrogen. 

microcyte (mi'kro-sit) , n. a minute 
elementary granule in the blood, es- 
pecially present in disease. 

micrograph (ml'kro-graf ) , n. a kind 
of pantograph for executing very 
minute engraving or writing. 

micrography (ml-krog'ra-n) , n. the 
description of microscopic objects. 

microhm (mi'krom) , n. the 1,000,000th 
part of an ohm. 

micrometer (mi-krom'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for measuring < minute 
distances, or apparent diameters 
used with a microscope or tele- 
scope. 

micromillimeter (ml-kro-mil'i-me- 
ter), n. the 1,000,000,000th part of a 
meter. 

microphone (mi'kro-f on) , jt. an in- 
strument for intensifying very 
minute sounds. 

microphotography (mi-kro-fo-tog'ra- 
fi), n. photographing in miniature. 

microphyte (mi'kro-fit) , n. a micro- 
scopic vegetable growth. 



microscope (mi'kro-sk5p) , n. an opti- 
cal instrument for magnifying mi- 
nute objects so as to render them 
visible for purposes of investiga- 
tion. 

microscopic (mi-kro-skop'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or determined by the 
aid of, a microscope. Also micro- 
scopical. 

microscopically (mi-kro-skop'i-ka-li) , 
adv. by, or as by, a microscope. 

microscopist (ml-kros'ko-pist), n. 
one skilled in microscopy. 

microscopy (mi-kros'ko-pi) , n. the 
use of the microscope; microscopic 
investigation. 

microspore (mi'kro-spor), n. a very 
minute reproductive spore found 
in the capsules of lycopods. 

microtome (mi'kro-tom), n. an in- 
strument for making very thin sec- 
tions in botanical laboratories. 
[Greek.] 

microvolt (mi'kro-volt) , n. the 1,000,- 
000th part of a volt. 

microzyme (mi'kro-zim) , n. a minute 
organism occurring in the air and 
found in the human blood, acting 
as a ferment in producing certain 
zymotic diseases. 

mid (mid), adj. middle: prefix \ as 
midday: n. a midshipman. 

midden (mid'n), also kitchen-mid-' 
den (kich'en-mid'n), n. a mound 
littered with sea-shells, and the re- 
mains of animal bones, together with 
rude stone implements. Such are 
found all over the world and mark 
the eating-places of pre-historic 
people. The word midden means 
dung-hill y or muck-pile. [Danish.] 

middle (mid'l), adj. equally distant 
from the extremes; mean; medial: n. 
the point equally distant from the 
extremes ; central part ; the waist. 

Middle Ages (aj'ez), n.pl. the period 
between the sixth and fourteenth 
centuries A.D. 

middleman (mid'1-man), n. in trade 
and commerce the one who stands 
between the producer and the con- 
sumer, taking a profit from each. 

middlemost (mid'1-most) , m adj. situ- 
ated in, or nearest, the middle. 

middling (mid'ling), adj. of middle 
rank, size, or quality; moderate: 
n.pl. the coarser part of flour. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MIDDY 



539 



MILL 



middy (mid'di), n. [pi. middies (mid'- 

diz)], a midshipman. 

midge (rnij), n. a gnat. 

midget (mij'et), n. a very tiny gnat; 
also applied to a baby. 

midriff (mid'rif), n. the diaphragm 
separating the cavity of the chest 
from the stomach. 

midshipman (mid'ship-man), n. [pi. 
midshipmen], in the British navy, a 
junior officer ranking next above a 
cadet. In the American navy the 
midshipman was the lowest of offi- 
cers, but is now called a " naval 
cadet," and upon promotion be- 
comes an " ensign." 

midst (midst) , n. the middle. 

midwife (mid'wif), n. [pi. midwives 
(mid'wivz)], a woman who assists at 
childbirth. 

midwifery (mid'wif-er-i) , n. obstetrics. 

mien (men), n. external appearance; 
air; look; carriage. 

might (mit), n. power; strength; 
force: p.t. of may. 

mightily (mit'i-li), adv. with great 
power or strength; vehemently; in a 
great degree. 

mightiness (mit'i-nes), n. a greatness; 
power; a title of dignity. 

mighty (mit'i), adj. [comp. mightier, 
superl. mightiest], powerful; strong; 
influential; momentous; wonderful; 
huge: adv. very; exceedingly. 

mignon (min-yong'), adj. pretty; 
delicate. [French.] 

mignonette (minyyun-et'),.^. a fra- 
grant annual with greenish flower 
and orange-colored stamens. 

migrant (mi'grant), adj. migratory. 

migratory (mi'gra-to-ri), adj. remov- 
ing or passing from one place of 
abode or resort to another; roving; 
nomad. 

Mikado (mi-ka/do), n. the Japanese 
emperor, as the spiritual and tem- 
poral head of the empire. t It is by 
his supreme virtue that his people 
believe themselves to have grown 
powerful. 

milch (milch), adj. yielding milk. 

mild (mild), adj. [comp. milder, su- 
perl. mildest], gentle in temper and 
disposition; gentle; soft; placid; 
moderate; not sharp, sour, or bit- 
ter; lenitive. 

mildew (mil'du), n. a disease of 



plants produced by small fungi: 
spots of mold on cloth, &c, caused 
by damp: v.t. to taint with mildew: 
v.i. be affected with mildew. 

mile (mil), n. a measure of length 
varying in different countries; the 
English statute mile, in. use in this 
country, # contains 1,760 yds., the 
geographical or nautical mile l-60th 
of a degree of latitude or 2,025 yds. 
(nearly). 

mileage '(miFaj), n. an allowance for 
expenses per mile; length in miles. 

milfoil (mil'f oil) , n. a composite plant 
with finely divided leaves. 

militancy (miTi-tan-si) , n. warfare; 
militarism. 

militant (mil'i-tant) , adj. warlike; 
fighting; serving as a soldier. 

militarism (miTi-ta-rizm) , n. military 
spirit, policy, or government. 

military (miTi-ta-ri) , adj. pertaining 
to soldiers or to arms ; warlike ; mar- 
tial; n. soldiers collectively; army; 
troops. 

militate (mil'i-tat) , v.i. to be, or stand, 
opposed; operate against (with 
against) . 

militia (mi-lish'a), n. citizens en- 
rolled and trained for the internal 
defense of a State. 

milk (milk), n. a white fluid secreted 
by the mammary glands of female 
mammals for the^ nourishment of 
their young, especially the milk of 
the cow; the white juice of certain 
plants: v.t. to draw milk from; sup- 
ply with milk. 

milk-leg (milk'leg), n. white swell- 
ings that appear upon the limbs of 
pregnant women. 

milksop (milk'sop), n. an effeminate, 
weak person. See mollycoddle. 

milk-tooth (milk'tooth) , n. the fore- 
tooth of a foal; one of the tempo- 
rary first set of teeth in the young 
of mammals. 

Milky Way (milk'i wa/), n. a broad 
luminous band^ in the heavens, from 
horizon to horizon, consisting of in- 
numerable stars; the galaxy. See 
nebula. 

mill (mil), n. a machine for grinding 
and reducing a substance to small 
particles; a manufactory; a prize 
fight. (See mell and maul} ; a money 
of account = 1-1, 000th of a dollar; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 



MILLBOARD 



540 



MINE 



v.t. to reduce to fine particles in a 
mill; press or stamp, as the edges of 
coins ; full (cloth) ; roll into bars, as 
metal; thrash. 

millboard (mil'bord), n. a kind of 
thick pasteboard. 

millennial (mil-len'ni-al) , adj. of or 
pertaining to the millennium. 

millennium (mil-len'i-um) , n. the 
space of 1,000 years, especMly that 
period during which Satan will be 
bound and Christ will reign on earth 
(Rev. xx. 1-4). [Latin.] 

milleped (mil'e-ped) , n. an insect with 
numerous feet, belonging to the 
genus Julus. Also millepede. 

millepore (mil'e-por), n. a coral of the 
genus Millepora, having a smooth 
surface, perforated with very small 
pores. 

miller (mil'er), n. one who keeps or 
works a flour mill. 

millet (mil'et), n. a grain-bearing 
plant. [French.] 

mi Hi, a Latin prefix meaning 1,000th 
part of y as rat'ZZmmpere, the 1,000th 
part of an ampere. 

milliard (mil'i-ard, or me-lyar'), n. one 
thousand millions. m [French.] 

millier (me-lya/), n. in the metric sys- 
tem, a ton = 1,000,000 grams. 

milligram (nnTi-gram), n. the 1,000th 
part of a gram = .0154 grain Eng- 
lish. Also milligramme. [French.] 

milliliter (mil'i-li-ter) , n. the 1,000th 
part of a liter = .06102 cubic in. 

millimeter (mil'li-me-ter) , n. the 
1,000th part of a meter = .03937 in. 

milliner (mil'in-er), n. one who makes 
women's bonnets, hats, headdresses, 
&c. [From Milan in Italy.] 

millinery (mirii-ner-i) , n.the articles 
made and sold by a milliner. 

milling (miring), n. the act of grind- 
ing in, or passing through, a dress- 
ing mill; the process of making & 
serrated edge on a coin, &c. 

million (mil'yun), n. the number of 
ten hundred thousand; an indefi- 
nitely large number. [French.] 

millionaire (mil-yun-ar') , n. a person 
who is worth a million; one very rich. 

millionth (mil'yunth), adj. being one 
of a million: n. one of 1,000,000 
parts. 

millpond (mil'pond), n. a reservoir of 
water for driving a mill. 



millrace (mil'ras), n. a current of wa* 
ter that drives a mill. 

millstone (mil'ston) , n. one of two flat 
cylindrical stones for grinding grain. 

milt (milt), n. the spleen; the sper- 
matic organ of a male fish: v.t. to im- 
pregnate the ova of (a female fish) . 

mime (mim), n. a comic Greek and 
Roman play representing real per- 
sons and events ; an actor in a mime. 

mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf ) , n. a 
machine for multiplying copies of a 
letter, drawing, etc. 

mimetic (mi-met 'ik), adj. imitative. 
Also mimetical. 

mimic (mim'ik), adj. inclined to imi- 
tate; imitative: n. one who mimics 
or imitates: v.t. to imitate, or ridi- 
cule by imitation. [Greek.] 

mimicker (mim'ik-er), n. a mimic. 

mimicry (mim'ik-ri), n. ludicrous imi- 
tation for sport or ridicule; close ex- 
ternal likeness. 

minaret (min'a-ret), n. a tall slen- 
der turret attached to a mosque 
surrounded with several balconies 
from which the muezzin calls the 
people to prayers. [Spanish and 
Turkish.] 

minatory (min'a-tori) , adj. threaten- 
ing. 

mince (mips), v.t. to cut or chop into 
minute pieces ; extenuate or suppress ; 
v.i. to talk with affected elegance; 
walk with short steps or in a prim 
manner. 

mince-meat (mins'met), n. meat 
chopped very fine, especially with 
suet, raisins, lemon peel, &c. 

mince- pie (mins-piO, n. a pie with 
upper and lower crusts, enclosing 
mince-meat. 

mincing (mins'ing), adj. affectedly 
elegant. 

mind (mind), n. the intellectual or ra- 
tional faculty in man; the under- 
standing or intellect; soul; mem- 
ory; intention; opinion: v.t. to at- 
tend to ; heed ; obey. 

minded (mlnd'ed), # p. adj. having a 
mind; disposed or inclined. 

mindful (mlnd'fool), adj. bearing in 
mind; observant; attentive. 

mine (mm), pron. belonging to me: 
n. an excavation in the earth from 
which minerals, precious stones, &c, 
are e'xtracted; a tunnel under an en- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MINERAL 



541 



MINT 



emy's works to blow them up ; a rich 
source of wealth: v.i. to carry on min- 
ing operations ; practice secret meth- 
ods: v.t. to undermine or sap. 

mineral (min'er-al), n. any inor- 
ganic body found on the surface or 
in the earth : adj. pertaining to, con- 
sisting of, or impregnated with, a 
mineral. 

mineralize (min'er-al-iz) , v.t. to con- 
vert into a mineral ; impregnate with 
mineral matter: v.i. to make excur- 
sions to collect minerals. 

mineralogist (min-er-al'o-jist) , n. one 
skilled in the knowledge of min- 
erals. 

mineralogy (min-er-al'o-ji), n. the 
science of minerals. 

mingle (ming'gl), v.t. to intermix; join 
or combine; blend; compound: v.i. 
to be mixed or united with. 

miniature (min'i-a-tur) , n. a very 
small painting, especially a portrait 
on ivory, &c: adj. done on a very 
small scale; diminutive; minute. 

minim (min'im), n. the smallest liquid 
measure; a single drop; a musical 
note = 2 crotchets; one of an order 
of mendicant friars founded by St. 
Francis of Paola, fifteenth century; 
a small fish. 

minimize (min'i-mlz), v.t. to reduce to 
a minimum. 

minimum (min'i-mum), n. [pi. mini- 
ma (min'i-ma)], the least quantity; 
trifle. See maximum. 

mining (mln'ing), p. adj. pertaining 
to mines; burrowing in the earth: 
n. the act of making mines or work- 
ing them. 

minion (min'yun), n. a size of type 
intermediate between nonpareil and 
brevier (see type) ; a servile flat- 
terer or dependent. [French.] 

minister (min'is-ter) , n. a servant; one 
subordinate to another ; agent ; one 
intrusted with the direction of af- 
fairs of state; a clergyman or pastor 
of a church authorized to preach and 
administer the sacraments: v.t. to 
supply; administer: v.i. to serve in 
some office, clerical or lay; supply 
necessaries. 

ministerial (min-is-te'ri-al) , adj. per- 
taining to ministry or service, official 
or clerical; pertaining to a minis- 
ter of the state or of religion. 



ministerialist (min-is-te'ri-al-ist) , n. 
a supporter of the ministry in office. 

ministerially (min-is-te'ri-a-li) , adv. 
in a ministerial manner. 

ministrant (min'is-trant) , adj. serving 
as a minister. 

ministration (min-is-tra'shun) , n. 
the act of ministering; administra- 
tion; service. 

ministry (min'is-tri) , n. [pi. ministries 
(min'is-triz)], the agency or service 
of a minister of religion; the office, 
duties, or functions of a minister of 
state ; ministers of state collective- 
ly; term of ministerial office. 

minium (min'i-um), n. red oxide of 
lead. 

miniver (min'i-ver), n. the Siberian 
squirrel or its fur. Also minever. 

mink (mingk), n. a carnivorous mam- 
mal allied to the weasel, yielding a 
valuable fur. 

minnow (min'o), n. a fresh-water 
fish of small size. 

minor (mi'ner), adj. smaller; less; 
inconsiderable; less by a semitone 
[Music]: n. one of either sex who 
is under the age of twenty-one; in 
logic, the term or premise contain- 
ing the subject of the conclusion. 

minority (mi-nor'i-ti) , n. [pi. mi- 
norities (mi-nor'i-tiz)], the smallest 
number: opposed to majority; the 
state of being a minor. 

minotaur (min'o-tawr) , n. in classic 
mythology, a monster with the head 
of a bull and the body of a man. 
The creature lived in a labyrinth on 
the island of Crete, and was slain by 
Theseus of Athens with the help of 
Ariadne. 

minster (min'ster), n. the church of a 
monastery ; a cathedral church. 

minstrel (min'strel), n. in medieval 
times, one of an order of men who 
traveled from place to olace singing 
their musical compositions to the 
accompaniment of a harp; a poet or 
musician. 

minstrelsy (min'strel-si) , n. the art or 
occupation of minstrels; minstrels 
collectively; a collection of ballad 
poetry. 

mint (mint), # n. the place where 
money is coined by government au- 
thority; source of unlimited supply; 
place of invention or fabrication; an 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MINTAGE 



542 



MISCIBLE 



odoriferous plant yielding a pungent 
essential oil: v.t. to coin or stamp 
(money); invent. [Latin.] 

mintage (mint'aj), n. coin, &c, pro- 
duced in a mint; duty paid to the 
mint for coining gold or silver. 

mint julep (ju'lep), n. a drink com- 
pounded of brandy, _ sugar, and 
crushed ice, flavored with mint. 

minuend (min/ii-end), n. that num- 
ber from which another number is 
to be subtracted. [Latin.] 

minuet (min-u-et'), n. a slow graceful 
dance; music for such a dance. 

minus (mi'nus), n. the sign (-) of 
subtraction. 

minute (mi-nut'), adj. very small; pre- 
cise: n. "(min'it), l-60th part of an 
hour or of a degree; an official note; 
memorandum. 

minute-gun (min'it-gun) , n. a gun 
fired at intervals of a minute, in 
honor of some distinguished man or 
great event. < ■ 

minutely (mi-nut 'li), adv. in a mi- 
nute manner; exactly. 

minute-man (min'it-man) , n. a man 
who is ready for service at a minute's 
notice. Such men were enrolled 
largely at the time of the American 
Revolution. 

minuteness (mi-nut 'nes) , n. the 
quality of being minute; exactness. 

minutiae (mi-nu'shi-e) , n.pl. smaller 
or minor details or -particulars. 
[Latin.] 

minx (mingks), n. a pert, wanton 
girl. 

Miocene (mi'o-sen), adj. pertaining 
to the middle division of the Ter- 
tiary formation. 

miracle (mir'a-kl), n. a supernatural 
occurrence or act ; wonder or marvel. 

miraculous (mi-rak'u-lus), adj. per- 
formed super naturally ; wonderful. 

mirage (mi-razh'), n. an optical at- 
mospheric illusion by which the im- 
age of a distant object is seen as if 
inverted. [French.] 

mire (mir), n. deep mud; wet clayey 
earth: v.t. to soil with mire; plunge 
and fix in mud: v.i. to sink in mud. 

miriness (mir'i-nes), n. the state of 
being miry. 

mirror, (mir'er), n. a looking-glass; 
speculum; pattern: v.t. to reflect as 
in a mirror. 



mirth (merth), n. noisy gaiety; so- 
cial merriment; hilarity; jollity. 

mirthful (merth'f ool) , adj. merry ; fes- 
tive. 

mirthfully (merth 'f oo-li) , adv. in a 
mirthful manner. 

mirthless (merth'les), adj. destitute 
of mirth; morose; sad. t 

miry (mi'ri) , adj. abounding in, or cov- 
ered with, mire. 

mirza (mer'za), n. a Persian title- 
equivalent to prince. 

mis, a Latin prefix meaning wrong, 
wrongly, ill, error, divergence. 

misadventure (mis-ad-yen'tur) , n. 
an unlucky accident ; misfortune. 

misalliance (mis-a-ll'ans)^n. an im- 
proper alliance by marriage, espe- 
cially with one of lower social 
status. [Also French, mesalliance.] 

misanthrope (mis'an-throp), n. a 
hater of mankind. 

misanthropic (mis-an-throp'ik), adj. 
hating mankind. Also misanthropi- 
cal. 

misanthropy (mis-an'thro-pi) , n. ha- 
tred of mankind. [Greek.] 

misapprehend (mis-ap-re-hend'), v.t. 
to misunderstand; misconceive. 

misappropriate (mis-a-pro'pri-at), v.t. 
to apply to a wrong use or purpose, 
as trust-money, &c. 

miscarriage (mis-kar'aj), n. failure; 
misbehavior; premature parturition. 

miscarry (mis-kar'i), v.i. [j).t. & p.p. 
miscarried, p.pr. miscarrying], to go 
wrong; be unsuccessful; bring forth 
young prematurely. 

miscellanea (mis-e-la'ne-a) , n.pl. a 
collection of miscellaneous matters, 
or things. 

miscellaneous (mis-e-la'ne-us) , adj. 
consisting of several kinds mixed to- 
gether; promiscuous. 

miscellany (mis'e-la-ni), n. [pi. mis- 
cellanies (mis'e-la-niz)], a mixture of 
various kinds, a book containing a 
variety of literary compositions. 

mischance (mis-chans'), n. misfor- 
tune; mishap. 

mischief (mis'chif), n. harm; injury; 
hurt; damage; misfortune. 

mischievous (mis'chi-vus), adj. pro- 
ducing injury or damage; hurtful; 
inclined to mischief. 

miscihle (mis'i-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing mixed. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MISCONCEIVE 



543 



MISTLETOE 



misconceive (mis-kon-sev'), v.t. to 
conceive wrongly; misjudge; mis- 
apprehend. 

misconception (ims-kon-sep'shun), n. 
false opinion; misapprehension. 

miscreant (mis'kre-ant), n. an un- 
scrupulous villain; vile wretch; adj. 

■ unscrupulous. 

misdemean (mis-de-men'), v.t. to be- 
have (one's self) ill. 

misdemeanant (mis-de-men'ant) , n. 
one guilty of a misdemeanor. 
■ misdemeanor (mis-de-memer) , n. evil 
conduct; a crime less than a felony. 

miser (mfzer), n. a covetous man 
who denies himself the comforts of 
life to hoard up money. [Latin.] 

miserable (miz'er-a-bl), adj. wretch- 
ed; very unhappy; worthless; des- 
picable; very mean or poor. 

miserably (miz'er-a-bli), adv. in a 
miserable manner. m 

misericorde (mi-za/ri-kord) , n. a long, 
slim dagger used in the Middle Ages 
to pry open the edges or scales of 
armor in order to put a knight to 
death. [French.] 

miserly (miz'er-li), adj. penurious ; like 
a miser. 

misery (miz'er-i), n. extreme pain, 
distress, or misfortune; great un- 
happiness. 

misfit (mis'fit), n. non-fitting cloth- 
ing; a person unfitted for the posi- 
tion he occupies. 

misly (miz'li), adj. raining in minute 
drops. 

misogynist (mi-soj'i-nist), n. a wom- 
an-hater. [Greek.] 

misogyny (mi-soj'i-ni), n. hatred of 
women. 

misplace (mis-plas'), v.t. to put in a 
wrong place; place on an improper 
or undeserving object. 

misprision (mis-prizh'un) , n. in law, 
a high offense under the degree of a 
capital one, but bordering upon it. 

misprision of felony (fel'o-ni), n. 
concealment of a felony by one who 
is cognizant thereof, but without 
consenting to it. 

misrepresent (mis-rep-re-zenf) , v.t. 
to represent falsely or incorrectly, 
wilfully, or through carelessness. 

Miss (mis), n. [pi. misses (mis'ez)], a 
title of address prefixed to the name 
of an unmarried lady. 



miss, n. failure to hit, reach, per- 
ceive, or obtain: v.t. to fail to hit, 
&c; omit or pass by; do without; 
feel the want of: v.i. to fail to hit; 
fly wide of the mark. 

missal (mis'al), n. the book containing 
the order of service for the Roman 
Catholic Mass. 

missel (miz'l), n. the mistlethrush. 

missile (mis'il), n. a weapon or thing 
thrown, or designed to be thrown, 
to injure another. 

missing (mis'ing), p. adj. lost; wanting. 

mission (mish'un), n. # the act of 
sending, or state of being sent with 
certain powers, especially to propa- 
gate religion; embassy; delegation; 
commission; a series of special re- 
ligious services , # 

missionary (mish'un-a-ri) , n. [pi. 
missionaries (mish'un-a-riz)], a per- 
son who is sent to # propagate religion, 
especially in foreign parts: adj. per- 
taining to missions or missionaries. 

missioner (mish'un-er) , n. a mission- 
ary; one who has charge of, or con- 
ducts, a mission. 

missive (mis'iv), n. a letter or mes- 
sage: adj. sent specially. 

Miss Nancy (mis nan'si) , n. a simper- 
ing, lady-like man who makes him- 
self ridiculous by his effeminacy. 

misspell (mis-spel')> v.t. (p. t. and p.p. 
misspelled), to spell incorrectly. 

mist (mist), n. visible watery vapor 
in the atmosphere, at or near the 
earth's surface; fog; anything that 
dims or # obscures the vision: v.t. to 
coyer with, or as with, mist: v.i. to 
rain in minute drops. 

mistakable (mis-tak'a-bl) , adj. liable 
to be mistaken. 

mistake ^ (mis-tak') , v.t. [pi. mistook, 
p.p. mistaken, p.pr. mistaking], to 
misunderstand ; misconceive ; mis- 
judge: v.i. to err in judgment or 
opinion: n. an error in judgment; 
misconception; fault. 

Mister (mis'ter), n. a title of address 
prefixed to a man's name, and for- 
merly written and pronounced Mas- 
ter ; abbreviated in writing Mr. 

mistiness (mis'ti-nes), n. the state of 
being misty; obscurity; dimness. 

mistletoe (miz'l-to), n. an evergreen 
plant parasitic on apple trees, and 
less commonly on the oak. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MISTRAL 



544 



MOCCASIN 



mistral (mis-tral') , n. a cold, dry, 
northwest wind that blows over the 
Gulf of Lyons and the adjacent 
Mediterranean countries. It chills 
and has a depressing effect on all 
who feel it. 

mistress (mis'tres), n. a woman who 
exercises authority or governs; the 
female head of a family, school, &c. ; 
a woman well skilled in anything; 
a woman courted and beloved; 
sweetheart; a kept woman. 

Mistress (mis'tres), n. a title of ad- 
dress prefixed to the name of a 
married woman; abbreviated Mrs. 
(mis'iz) . • 

misty (mis'ti) , adj. [comp. < mistier, 
superl. mistiest], characterized by, 
or obscured with, mist; dim; ob- 
scure; clouded. 

misunderstand (mis-un-der-stand') , 
v.t. to take in a wrong sense; miscon- 
ceive. 

misunderstanding (mis-un-der- 

stand'ing), n. misconception; dis- 
agreement. 

mite (mit), n. a minute insect of the 
division Acarida often found in 
cheese ; a small coin formerly current ; 
a very small object or quantity. 

miter, mitre (mi'ter), n. the head- 
dress of the high priest of the Jews; 
a kind of crown cleft in the middle, 
worn by archbishops, bishops, and 
sometimes by abbots on special oc- 
casions; the dignity of a bishop; the 
junction of moldings at an angle of 
45°: v.t. to adorn with a miter; 
join at 45°. _ [Grseco-Latin.] 

mitigate (mit'i-gat), v.t. to render 
less severe or rigorous or painful; 
soften; alleviate. 

mitigation (mit-i-ga'shun) , n. the 
act of mitigating; alleviation. 

mitigative (mit'i-ga-tiv), adj. allevi- 
ating. 

mitigator (mit'i-ga-ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, mitigates. 

mitigatory (mit'i-ga-to-ri), adj. tend- 
ing to mitigate. 

mitrailleuse (me-tra-I-yez'), n. a 
breech-loading gun formed of many 
barrels fitted together, and capable 
of being fired simultaneously. In- 
vented by the French in 1869, and 
named from the word mitraille 
(grape-shot) . 



mitral (mi'tral), adj. pertaining to, 
or shaped like, a miter. 

mitriform (mi'tri-form), adj. shaped 
like a miter; conical. 

mitten (mit'n), n. a fingerless winter 
glove; a fingerless cover for the 
hand or wrist. 

mittimus (mit'i-mus) (Latin "We 
send"), n. a warrant of commitment 
to prison ; a writ transferring a rec- 
ord out of one court to another. 

mix (miks), v.t. to unite or blend 
into one mass or compound; join: 
v.i. to become united in a com- 
pound; associate; mingle. 

mixture (miks'tur), n. the state of 
being mixed; a compound or mass 
formed by mixing, especially one 
in which the particles of each in- 
gredient retain their property. 

mizzen (miz'n), n. the hindmost of 
the fore- and aft-sails of a vessel. 

mizzle (miz'l), v.i. to rain in very mi- 
nute drops; to take one's self off: n. 
fine rain. 

mizzly (mizli), adj. drizzling; misty. 

mnemonic (ne-mon'ik), adj. assist- 
ing the memory. [Greek.] 

mnemonics (ne-mon'iks) , n.pl. the 
art or science of assisting the mem- 
ory. 

moan (mon), v.i. to utter a low 
sound from, or as from, pain or 
sorrow: n. a low prolonged expres- 
sion of sorrow or pain. 

moat (mot), n. a ditch round a for- 
tress, &c: v.t. to surround with a 
moat. 

mob (mob), n. the populace; a rude 
disorderly crowd; riotous assembly; 
rabble: v.t. to attack in a disorderly 
crowd; crowd about and annoy. 

mobcap (mob'kap), n. a woman's 
plain headdress or cap. [English.] 

mobile (mo'bil), adj. easily moved. 

mobility (mo-bil'i-ti) , n. suscepti- 
bility of motion. 

mobilization (mo-bil-i-za/shun) , n. the 
act of mobilizing. 

mobilize (mo'bil-iz), v.t. to call into 
active military service; place troops 
on a war footing. 

mobocracy (mob-ok'ra-si) , n. the 
rule, or ascendency, of the mob. 

moccasin (mok'a-sin), n. a sandal or 
shoe worn by the American Indians; 
a poisonous American snake. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MOCHA 



545 



MOISTEN 



mocha (mo'ka), n. a kind of coffee 
from Mocha, a seaport of Arabia. 

mock (mok), v.t. to ridicule; mimic 
in sport, contempt, or derision; de- 
ride; disappoint the hopes of; tan- 
talize: n. derision; ridicule: adj. 
false; counterfeit. 

mockery (mok'er-i), n. derision; ridi- 
cule; delusion; imitation. 

mocking (mok'ing;, p. adj. derisive; 
mimicking. 

mocking bird (berd), n. an American 
thrush noted for mimicry of the notes 
of other birds. 

modal (mo'dal), adj. pertaining to 
mode or form; indicating some 
mode of expression. 

modality (mo-dari-ti) , n. the fact 
of being a mode; in law, the quality 
of being suspended by a condition. 

mode (mod), n. form; custom; fashion, 
manner; variety of a syllogism. 

model (mod'el), n. a pattern of some- 
thing to be made, or reproduced ; ex- 
ample for imitation; standard copy; 
a person who poses as a subject for 
a painter or sculptor: adj. serving 
as a pattern or model: v.t. to form 
after > a model, especially in some 
plastic material: v.i. to practice 
modeling. [French.] 

modeler (mod'el-er), n. one who 
models. 

modeling (mod'el-ing) , n. the act or 
art of making a model, especially 
of a work of art in some plastic 
material. 

moderate (mod'er-at), v.t. to keep 
within bounds; lessen; qualify: v.i. 
to become less violent or intense; 
^preside as a moderator: adj. (mod'er- 
at), kept within bounds; not extreme 
or excessive ; restrained ; frugal; calm; 
reasonable; mild. [Latin.] 

moderately (mod'er-at-li), adv. in a 
moderate manner. 

moderation (mod-er-a'shun) , n. the 
act of moderating; the state of 
being moderate; freedom from ex- 
cess; equanimity. 

moderator (mod'er-a-ter) , n. one 
who, or that which, moderates or re- 
strains; the presiding officer in a 
church meeting. 

modern (mod'ern), adj. pertaining 
to the present time; recent: n.pl. 
people of modern times. [French.] 



modernize (mod'ern-Iz) , v.t. to rendei 
modern in usage or taste. 

modest (mod'est), adj. restrained by 
a due sense of propriety; diffident; 
decent; chaste. [Latin.] 

modesty (mqd'es-ti), n. the quality or 
state of being modest; propriety of 
behavior or manner; chastity; dif- 
fidence ; moderation. 

modicum (mod'i-kum), n. a little. 

modification (mod-i-a-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of modifying; the state of 
being modified; slight change in 
form. 

modify (mod'i-fl), v.L [p.t. & p.p. 
modified, p.pr. modifying], to change 
slightly in form; vary; qualify; re-. 
duce. 

modiste (mo-dest'), n. a fashionable 
dressmaker. [French.] 

modulate (mod'u-lat), v.t. to vary 
the sound of; change the key or 
mode of: v.i. to pass from one musi- 
cal key to another. _ 

modulation (mod-u-la'shun) , n. the 
act of modulating ; the state of being 
modulated. 

modulator (mod'u-la-ter) , n. one 
who, or that which, modulates; in 
the tonic sol-fa system, a chart to 
indicate its modulations. 

Mogul (mo-gul'), odj. pertaining to 
the Mongolians: n. a person of the 
Mongolian race. The Emperor of 
Delhi was_ called the Great # Mogul. 

mohair (mo'har), n. a fabric made 
from the hair of the Angora goat ; an 
imitation of such a fabric. 

Mohammedan (mo-ham'e-dan), adj. 
pertaining to Mohammed, or to Mo^ 
hammedanism; n. an adherent of 
Mohammedanism. Also Mahometan, 
Mahomedan, Mussulman, Moslem. 

Mohammedanism _ (md-ham'e-dan- 
izm), n. the religion, doctrines, or 
institutions founded by Mohammed. 
[Muhammad, Arabic, meaning "he is 
praised."] # 

moiety (moi'e-ti), n. one of two equal 
parts or shares; half. [French.] 

moil (moil), v.i. to toil; drudge. 

moire (mwar-ra'), n. watered_silk. 

moire-antique (mwar-ra 'an-tek'), n. 
a superior variety of watered silk. 

moist (moist), adj. containing water 
or other liquid; humid; damp. 

moisten (mois'n), v.t. to make moist. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
35 hue, hut; think, 2/ien. 



MOISTURE 



546 



MONADISM 



moisture (moist'ur), n. a moderate 
degree of dampness; slight wetness. 

moke (mok), n. a donkey. 

molar (mo'ler), n. a double tooth or 
grinder: adj. used for, and capable 
of, grinding. 

molasses (mo-las'ez), n. a coarse syrup 
drained from sugar-cane; a finer 
syrup is called treacle, a name 
oftener used in England than the 
United States. [Spanish.] 

mold, mould (mold), n. a fine soft 
soil, rich in decayed matter; sub- 
stance of which anything is com- 
posed; a minute fungoid growth of 
decaying animal or vegetable mat- 
ter; the matrix in which anything 
is cast or shaped; character: v.t. 
cover with mold; cause to become 
moldy; fashion in, or as in, a mold: 
v.i. to become moldy. 

molder, moulder (mol'der), v.t. to 
turn into dust by natural decay: 
v.i. to crumble to mold; waste away 
by degrees: n. one who molds. 

moldiness, mouldiness (mol'di-nes), 
n. the state of being moldy. 

molding, moulding (mol'ding), n. 
the act of molding ; anything made in 
or by a mold; ornamental strip: 
used on a wall, picture frame, &c. 

moldy, mouldy (mol'di), adj. cov- 
ered with or having mold. 

mole (mol), n. a dark-colored mark 
or small protuberance on the skin; 
a small soft-furred burrowing ani- 
mal with small eyes of the genus 
Talpa; a pier or breakwater. 

molecular (mo-lek'u-lar) , adj. per- 
taining to, consisting of, produced 
by, or existing between, molecules. 

molecularity (mo-lek-u-lar'i-ti) , n. 
molecular state. 

molecule (moFe-knl), n. the smallest 
quantity of an element or compound 
which can exist separately. 

moleskin (mol'skin), n. a twilled 
fustian cloth with a soft surface 
resembling a mole's fur. 

molest (mo-lesf), v.t. to annoy, or 
interfere with; trouble; vex. [Latin.] 

molestation (mol-es : ta/shun) , n. the 
act of molesting; interference; an- 
noyance. 

moll (mol), n. a woman of low repute, 
living in the streets, or with crimi- 
nals. [Vulgar.] 



mollifier (mol'i-fl-er) , n. one who 
mollifies. 

mollify (mol'i-11), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
mollified, p.pr. mollifying], to calm; 
soften; assuage. [Latin.] 

Mollusca (mo-lus'ka), n.pl. a divi- 
sion of the Invertebrata comprising 
animals with a soft fleshy body, and 
covered more or less with a calca- 
reous shell, as the snail, &c. 

molluscan (mo-lus'kan) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the Mollusca. Also mollus- 
cous. 

mo Husk (mol'usk), n. one of the Mol- 
lusca. 

mollycoddle (mol'i-cod-1) , n. an ef- 
feminate, weak, simpleton; a girl-boy. 
See milksop. 

Moloch (mo'lok), n. the fire-god of 
the ancient Phoenicians and Ammo- 
nites to whom human sacrifices were 
offered. Also Molech. [Hebrew, 
"the God."] 

molt, moult (molt), v.i. to cast the 
feathers, hair, skin, &c. 

molten (mol'ten), adj. melted; made 
of melted metal. 

molybdenum (mol-ib-de'num) , n. a 
rare metallic element. 

moment (mo'ment), n. the smallest 
possible portion of time; an instant; 
importance; value; the product of 
a force and the perpendicular of its 
line of action from the point on 
which it acts. [Latin.] 

momentarily (mo-men-ta/ri-li) , adv. 
for a moment; from moment to 
moment. 

momentary (mo'men-ta-ri), adj. last- 
ing only for, or done in, a moment. 

momentous (mo-men'tus), adj. very 
important. 

momentum (mo-men'tum) , n. im- 
petus; the product of the mass by 
the velocity of- a ^moving body. 
[Latin.] 

monachism (mon'a-kizm) , n. mo- 
nastic life or system. Also monas- 
ticism. [Greek.] 

monad (mo'nad), n. an ultimate atom; 
a simple primary constituent of mat- 
ter; one of the smallest flagellate 
Infusoria; an elementary organism 
or cell; a univalent atom or radical. 

monadism (mo'nad-izm), n. the appli- 
cation of the theory of the monad to 
any system or physical fact. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MUX A.N DUO L> 



547 



MONKE1 



monandrous (mo-nan'drus), adj. 
opposed bo puLyandrous. Having 
one husband instead of several. 
[Greek.] 

monarch (mon'ark), n. sl supreme 
ruler; sovereign; the chief of its class 
or kind: adj. supreme. [Greek.] 

monarchic (mon-ar'kik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to a monarch or to monarchy; 
vested in a monarch. Also monar- 
chical. 

monarchism (mon'ar-kizm) , n. the 
principles of monarchy; preference 
for monarchy. 

monarchist (mon'ar-kist) , n. an ad- 
vocate for, or supporter of, mon- 
archy. 

monarchy (mon'ar-ki), n. [pi. mon- 
archies (mon'ar-kiz)], government 
in which the supreme power, either 
absolute or limited, is vested in a 
monarch, kingdom, or_ empire. 

monasterial (mon-as-te'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to a monastery, or to mo- 
nastic life. 

monastery (mon'as-ter-i) , n. [pi. mon- 
asteries (mon'as-ter-iz)], a home for 
religious retirement for men. 

monastic (mo-nas'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to monasteries, monks, their 
rules, &c. Also monastical. < 

monastically (mo-nas'ti-ka-li), adv. 
in a monastic manner. 

monasticism (mo-nas'ti-sizm) , n. 
monachism; the rule of monks. 

mondaine (mon-dan'), n. a woman 
of fashion. [French.] 

Monday (mun'da), n. the second day 
of the week. Named after the moon 
— "Moon-day." 

monetary (mun'e-ta-ri) , adj. per- 
taining to money. 

monetary unit (u'nit), n. the stand- 
ard of the currency of a nation, as 
the pound in England, or the gold 
dollar in the United States. 

monetization (mun-e-ti-za/shun) , n. 
the act of monetizing. 

monetize (mun'e-tiz), v.t. to convert 
into money; give a standard or cur- 
rent value to. 

money (mun'i), n. [pi. moneys (mun'- 
iz)], coin; specie; gold, silver, or 
other m metal stamped by legal 
authority and used as currency; any 
currency used as money; wealth. 
[Latin.] 



moneyed (mun'id), adj. possessed of 
money; wealthy. 

moneyless (mun'i-les), adj. lacking 
money; impecunious. 

money-mad (mun-i-mad') , n. frantic 
for the possession of money ; intense- 
ly eager to get money. 

monger (mung'ger), n. a dealer. 

Mongol (mqng'gol), qdj. m pertaining 
to Mongolia, or to its inhabitants, 
or to one of the great divisions of 
mankind, of which the Mongols and 
Chinese are the type: n. a member 
of the Mongol race. Also Mongo- 
lian. [The word m_angol = bT8we.] 

mongoose (mon'goos), n. a small 
ichneumon that preys on snakes. 
[Mahrati.] 

mongrel (mung'grel), adj. of a mixed 
breed or kind; n. anything of mixed 
breed or kind, as a dog, &c. 

monism (mo'nizm), n. the doctrine 
of the unity of substance; the 
identity of matter and mind. 

monist (mo'nist), n. sl supporter or 
advocate of monism. [Greek.] 

monistic (mo-nis'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to monism. > 

monition (mo-nish'un) , n. admoni- 
tion; warning; notice. 

monitive (mon'i-tiv), adj. admoni- 
tory. 

monitor (mon'i-ter), n. one who warns 
or admonishes; a senior pupil se- 
lected to instruct or discipline the 
younger scholars ; heavily-armed tur- 
reted iron-clad; a genus of large 
lizards. [Latin.] m 

monitorial (mon-i-to'ri-al) , adj. per- 
taining to, or performed by, a 
monitor. 

monitorially (mon-i-to'ri-a-li), adv. 
in a monitorial manner. 

monitory (mon'i-to-ri) , adj. giving 
monition. 

moni tress (mon'i-tres) , n. a female 
monitor. 

monk (mungk), n. a man who de- 
votes himself exclusively to a reli- 
gious life and lives in community 
with others similarly bound by vows 
to chastity, obedience, and poverty. 
[Greek.] 

monkey (mung'ki), n. [pi. monkeys 
(mung'kiz)], a quadrumanous mam- 
mal, of the species Simiidae; a name 
for various mechanical contrivances 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MONKEY 



548 



MONSOON 



(such as monkey-boat, monkey-wrench, 
etc.) ; a name of contempt, especially 
for one of mischievous propensities. 
[French, then Italian, a diminutive, 
meaning "little ape."] 

monkey, v.i. completea by with. A 
slang term meaning to play tricks 
with, as "do not monkey with the 
buzz-saw." 

monkey-boat (mung'ki-bot) , n. a 
small dock-boat. 

monkey-jacket (mung'ki-jak-et), n. 
a short closely fitting thick jacket. 

monkhood (mungk'-hood) , n. the 
character or condition of a monk; 
monks collectively. 

monkish (mungk'ish), adj. pertaining 
to, or resembling, a monk ; monastic. 

monkshood (mungks'hood) , n. aconite. 

mono, a Greek prefix meaning one, sin- 
gle, alone. Also mon, as monobasic: 
adj. having only a single atom or 
equivalent of base, monocle, an eye- 
glass for one eye. 

monocular (mo-nok'u-lar), adj. adapt- 
ed for use for one eye; with one 
eye only. 

monody (mon'o-di), n. a plaintive 
poem or song for one voice. 

monogamy (mo-nog'a-mi) , n. mar- 
riage of one wife only; marrying 
only once. 

monogenesis (mon-o-gen'e-sis) , n. a 
sexual reproduction from a single 
cell. 

monogram (mon'o-gram) , n. a cipher 
or character formed by the inter- 

. weaving of two or more letters. 

monograph (mon'o-gra'f ) , n. a paper 
or treatise written on one par- 
ticular subject or some branch of it. 

monolith (mon'o-lith) , n. a pillar or 
column formed of a single stone: 
adj. monolithic. 

monologue (mon'o-log), n. a dramatic 
scene in which one person only 
speaks; soliloquy. 

monomania (mon-o-ma'ni-a) , n. men- 
tal derangement in regard to one 
subject only. 

monomaniac (mon-o-ma/ni-ak) , adj. 
pertaining to, or affected with, 
monomania: n. one affected with 
monomania. 

monometallism (mon-o-met'al-izm) , 
n. the legalized use of one metal 
only as the basis of legal tender. 



monoplane (mon'o-plan) , n. an aero« 
plane or flying machine, composed 
of a single plane, as contrasted with 
the biplane, q.v. 

monopolist (mo-nop'o-fist), n. one 
who has a monopoly or monopolizes. 

monopoly (mo-nop'o-fi), n. in com- 
merce, the control of some article 
that is widely sold and limited in 
amount. A comparatively few per- 
sons secure the possession of this 
commodity, undersell and ruin their 
weaker rivals, and thus possess a 
monopoly of whatever the thing may 
be, whether coal, oil, wheat, sugar, 
&c. The exclusive right to sell con- 
stitutes a monopoly contrary to both 
public policy and the statutes, as giv- 
ing a few the right to fix prices at their 
own will and not by the laws of 
trade in open competition. [Greek.] 

monopolize (mo-nop'o-llz), v.t. to 
acquire the possession of, so as to be 
the only seller. 

monorail (mon'o-ral), n. a railway 
in which only one rail is used. 

monotone (mon'o-ton), n. a recita- 
tion on a single note or key ; a picture 
produced in a single tint or tone: 
v.t. to recite (as prayers) on a single 
note. 

monotonous (mo-not'o-nus) , adj. con- 
tinued in the same unvarying tone. 

monotony (mo-not'o-ni), n. dull 
uniformity of tone; unvarying or 
irksome sameness. 

monotype (mon'o-tip), n. a type- 
setting machine that casts single 
letters, instead of whole fines. 

monseigneur (mong-sa-nyer') , n. [pi. 
messeigneurs (ma-sa-nyeV) ], formerly 
a title in France given by courtesy to 
persons of high birth or rank, espe- 
cially to the Dauphin ; a title of 
French bishops. 

monsieur _(me-syer'), n. [vl. mes- 
sieurs (ma-syeV) ], a French title of 
courtesy, equivalent to Sir or Mr.; 
formerly the title of the eldest 
brother of the King of France. 
[French, "my lord."] 

monsignore (mong-se-nyor') , n. [pi. 
monsignori (mong-se-nyor'e) ], an 
ecclesiastical title conferred by the 
Pope on prelates of the papal house- 
hold,' equivalent to Lord. 

monsoon (mon-soon'), n. a periodical 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue^ hut : think, then. 



MONSTER 



549 



MOOT-COURT 



wind in the Indian Ocean blowing 
from the southwest from April to 
October, and from the northeast 
during the other part of the year. 

monster (mon'ster), n. anything out 
of the usual course of nature; 
prodigy; something greatly de- 
formed; a person remarkable for 
extreme wickedness, cruelty, &c: 
adj. of unusual size. [Latin.] 

monstrosity (mon-stros'i-ti), n. [pi. 
monstrosities (mon-stros'i-tiz) ], the 
state or quality of being monstrous; 
an unnatural production. 

monstrous (mon'strus), adj. out of 
the common course of nature; 
wonderful; huge; horrible; enor- 
mous. 

monte (mon'ta), n. a gambling game 
resembling faro and played with 
the Spanish pack of forty cards. 
[Spanish.] 

month (munth), n. one of the twelve 
divisions of the year, either calen- 
dar or lunar. 

monthly (munth'li), adj. continued, 
performed, or happening, in a month : 
adv. once each month: n. a maga- 
zine or periodical published each 
month. 

monument (mon'u-ment), n. any- 
thing that perpetuates the memory 
of a person or event. [Latin.] 

monumental (mon-u-men'tal), adj. 
pertaining to, or serving as, a monu- 
ment; lasting. 

monumentally (mon - u - men'ta - li) , 
adv. by way of a monument or 
memorial. 

moo (moo), v.i. to make the noise of 
a cow; low: n. the lowing of a cow. 

mood (mood), n. style; manner; 
temper of mind; variation in the 
form of a verb to express the man- 
ner of action or being; in logic, the 
form of a syllogism with regard to 
the quantity and quality of the 
three propositions by which it is 
formed; in music, the same as mode. 
[Latin.] 

moodily (mood'i-li), adv. in a moody 
manner. 

moodiness (mood'i-nes) , n. moody 
disposition. 

moody (mood-i), adj. [comp. moodier, 
superl. moodiest], abstracted and 
pensive; out of temper; sad; gloomy. 



moon (moon), n. the satellite that 
revolves round the earth; satellite of 
a planet ; a month (Indian) ; a 
crescent-shaped outwork: v.i. to 
wander and look about in an ab- 
stracted and listless manner. 

moonsail (moon'sal), n. a sail car- 
ried at the very top of the mast. 
Also moonraker. 

moonshine (moon'shln), n. moon- 
light; show without reality; smug- 
gled intoxicants. __ 

moonshiner > (moon'shl-ner) , n. a 
distiller of illicit whisky ; a smuggler 
of whisky. [Americanism.] 

moonstone (moon'ston), n. a trans- 
lucent stone of yellowish or yellow- 
white color exhibiting beautiful 
pearly reflections. 

moonstruck (moon'struk) , adj. lu- 
natic. 

moonwort (moon'wert), n. a fern 
with crescent-shaped fronds. 

moony (moon'i), adj. crescent- 
shaped; weakly sentimental; in- 
toxicated. 

Moor (moor), n. one of a dark race 
dwelling in Barbary in Northern 
Africa. [Literally "black."] 

moor (moor), n. an extensive tract 
of waste land covered with heather, 
&c, sometimes marshy or peaty: v.t. 
to secure (a ship) by a cable and 
anchor: v.i. to be secured by a cable 
and anchor. 

moorage (moor'aj), n. a mooring 
place. 

moor-cock (moor'kok), n. the male 
of the red grouse. Also moor-fowl. 



mooring (mooring), 



the act of 



securing a vessel to a particular 
place; the cables, anchors, &c, laid 
at the bottom of a harbor, &c, to 
which a vessel is moored: pi. the 
place where a vessel is moored. 

moorstone (moor'ston), n. a variety 
of Cornish granite, used for building. 

moose (moos), n. a large North 
American deer resembling the Euro- 
pean elk. 

moot (moot), v.t. to propose for dis- 
cussion: v.i. to argue or plead on 
a supposed case: n. a discussion on 
a supposed case: adj. subject or 
open for discussion or debate. 

moot-court (moot'cort), n. a mock 
court for the practice of law students. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



MOP 



550 



MORMON 



mop (mop), n. an instrument for 
washing floors, decks, &c, consist- 
ing of a bundle of cloth, rags, &c, 
fastened to the end of a long handle ; 
a fair at which servants are hired: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mopped, p.pr. mop- 
ping], to_rub or dry with a mop. 

mope (mop), v.i. to be silent, dull 
or dispirited. 

moppet (mop'et), n. a pet. 

moquette (mo-kef), n. a carpet, 
somewhat finer than Brussels or 
Axminster, and woven with a short 
velvety pile. [French.] 

mora (mo'ra), n. a South American 
tree the wood of which is used for 
shipbuilding and furniture, and its 
bark for tanning; an Italian game 
of guess played with the fingers. 

moraine (mo-ran'), n. a fine of rocks 
and gravel at the edges and base 
of glaciers. 

moral (mor'al), adj. pertaining to 
morality or morals; conformed to 
right; subject to, or influenced by, 
the moral law; virtuous; practical- 
ly sufficient; serving to teach a 
moral: n. inner meaning: pi. moral 
philosophy or ethics; conduct of 
life; behavior. [Latin.] 

morale (mo-ral'), n. moral condition; 
that mental state which renders a 
man capable of endurance and of 
exhibiting courage in the pres- 
ence of danger. [French.] 

moralist (mor'a-list) , n. one who 
moralizes; one who teaches or prac- 
tices the duties of life. 

morality (mo-ral'i-ti), n. [pi. moral- 
ities (mo-raFi-tiz)], the doctrine^ or 
practice of the duties of life; ethics; 
virtue ; formerly a kind of allegorical 
play. 

moralize (mor'al-iz), v.t. to apply or 
explain in a moral sense ; render 
moral: v.i. to make reflections on 
good or evil. 

morally (mor'al-i), adv. according to 
the rules of morality; ethically; vir- 
tuously ; practically. 

moral philosophy (fil-os'o-fi) , n. 
ethics. 

morass (mo-ras'), n. a_swamp; fen. 

moratorium (nior'a-to-ri-um) , n. an 
emergency extension of period al- 
lowed for payment of debt, as de- 
clared by several governments on 



the outbreak of the European War 
in 1914. 

Moravian (mo-ra/vi-an) , adj. pertain- 
ing to Moravia, in Austria, or to a 
Protestant sect, the Moravians or 
United Brethren. 

morbid (mor'bid), adj. pertaining to 
disease; sickly; unhealthy. [Latin.] 

morbidity (mor-bid'i-ti) , n. a morbid 
state. 

morbific (mor-bif 'ik) , adj. producing 
disease. 

mordant (mor'dant), adj. biting into 
or fixing colors; sarcastic: caustic: n. 
a substance that has a chemical af- 
finity for coloring matter, and 
serves to fix certain colors in dyeing. 

more (mor), adj. [comp. of many and 
much, superl. most], greater in num- 
ber, quality, extent, &c; additional; 
longer: adv. to a greater degree, &c; 
again; besides: n. a greater quantity, 
number, &c; something further or 
additional. 

moreen (mo-ren/), n. a stout woolen 
embossed or figured fabric. 

morel (mor'el), n. a small fungus 
used for food and flavoring. Also 
moril. 

moreilo (mo-rel'o), n. a dark-red 
cherry: used < for making cherry- 
brandy. [Italian.] 

moreover (mor-6'ver), adv. besides; 
further. 

Moresque (mo-resk'), adj. Moorish 
or Arabesque: n. such decoration or 
architecture. [French.] _ 

morganatic (mor-ga-nat'ik) , adj. de- 
noting the marriage of a man of 
royal rank with a woman of inferior 
degree, whose children are legitimate 
but cannot inherit their father's 
rank or possessions, except such 
property as he leaves them by will. 

morgue (morg), n. a place where the 
bodies of persons found dead are ex- 
posed for identification. [French.] 

moribund (mor'i-bund) , adj. dying. 

moringa (mo-ring^a) , n. a highly 
scented East Indian tree, yielding 
the ben-nut and ben-oil. 

morion (mo'ri-un), n. an open hel- 
met without beaver or vizor. 

Morisco (mo-ris'ko), n. a Moor; the 
Moorish language. [Spanish.] 

Mormon (mor'mun), adj. pertaining 
to a sect founded in 1830 by Joseph 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



MORMONISM 



551 



MOSAIC 



Smith, who professed to have found 
the Book of Mormon. The sect, 
called also Latter Day Saints, for- 
merly practiced polygamy, and has 
its headquartersin Utah. 

Mormonism (Mor'mun-izm), n. the 
doctrines and practices of the 
Mormons. 

morning (morn'ing), n. the early part 
of the day: poet, morn: adj. per- 
taining to, occurring, or performed, 
in the morning. 

morning watch (woch), n. watch 
on shipboard from 4 a. m. to 8 a.m. 

morocco (mo-rok'o), n. a fine kind 
of grained leather of goatskin or 
sheepskin; first prepared in Moroc- 
co, Africa. _ 

morone (mo-ron'), n. a dark crimson 
color. 

morose (mo-ros'). adj. sullen; aus- 
tere; gloomy. 

morosely (mo-ros'li), adv. in a morose 
manner. 

moroseness (mo-ros'nes), the quality 
or state of being morose. 

morphia (mor'fi-a), n. the narcotic 
principle of opium. Also morphine. 

morphinism (mor'fin-izm), n. a mor- 
bid state occasioned by the excessive 
use of morphia. 

morphological (mor-fo-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to morphology. Also 
morphologic. 

morphology (mor-fol'o-ji), n. the 
science of the forms in the organisms 
of animals and plants. 

morris (mor'is), n. a Moorish dance 
with tambourines, bells, castanets, 
&c, common in Old English pa- 
geants and revels; an old game 
played with men and counters on 
squares. Also morrice. [French.] 

Morris-chair (mor'is-char), n. an easy 
chair, the back of which can be 
raised or lowered at the pleasure of 
the sitter. 

morrow (mor'o), n. the next day. 

morse (mors), n. the walrus; a clasp 
for fastening a cope. [Russian.] 

morsel (mor'sel), n. a small piece. t 

mort (mort), n. a salmon in its third 
year; a note or notes sounded on a 
hunting horn to notify the death of 
game. 

mortal (mor'tal), adj. subject to 
death; causing death; fatal; pun- 



ishable with death; violent; ex- 
treme ; tedious ; pertaining to human 
beings: n. a human being; man, as 
subject to death. [Latin.] 

mortality (mor-tal'i-ti), n. the condi' 
tion of being mortal; mankind; fre- 
quency or number of deaths in ratio 
to population. 

mortally (mor'tal-li) , adv. so as to 
cause death; fatally; extremely. 

mortar (mor'ter), n. a vessel in which 
substances are pounded with a pes- 
tle; a short piece of ordnance used 
for throwing shells at high angles 
of elevation; a building cement of 
lime, sand, and water: v.t. to plaster 
or secure with mortar. 

mortgage (mor'gaj), n. a deed con- 
veying property to a creditor as 
security for the payment of a debt; 
the deed by which such conveyance 
is made: v.t. to convey or make over 
to a creditor as security; pledge. 

mortgagee (mor-ga-je'), n. the person 
to whom a mortgage is made or 
given. 

mortgager (mor'ga-jer), n. the per- 
son who grants a mortgage. Also 
mortgagor. 

mortification (mor-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of mortifying ; gangrene ; 
subjugation of the passions and ap- 
petites by abstinence; humiliation; 
vexation; chagrin. 

mortify (mor'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
mortified, p.pr. mortifying], to de- 
stroy the vital functions of; produce 
gangrene in ; subdue by penance or 
austerities ; humble ; depress ; chagrin : 
v.i. to be subdued; practice austeri- 
ties; become gangrenous. 

mortifying (mor'ti-fi-ing), adj. tend- 
ing to mortify; humiliating; vexa- 
tious. 

mortise (mor'tis), n. sl hole made in 
wood to receive a tenon: v.t. to cut 
or make a mortise in. 

mortmain (mort'man), n. alienation 
of lands or tenements to any cor- 
porate body. [French.] 

mortuary (mor'tu-a-ri), n. [pi. mor- 
tuaries (mor'tu-a-riz), a building for 
the dead pending burial: adj. per- 
taining to the burial of the 
dead. 

Mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to 
Moses, to the Law, institutions, &c 5 



ate. arm. at. 



awl: me. mer^e, met: mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 
hue, hut: think, then. 



MOSAIC 



552 



MOTTO 



given through him, or in his writ- 
ings. 

mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, mosaic work: n. a 
design, or form of artistic work, 
formed by the union of very minute 
pieces of glass, stone, &c, of various 
colors, inlaid in a ground of stucco 
or metal. [Greek.] 

Moselle (mo-zel'), n. a light white 
wine, sometimes dry and some- 
times sparkling; its choicest vintage 
comes from along the Moselle river. 

Moslem (mos'lem), adj. pertaining to 
Mohammedans: n. a Mohammedan 
or Mussulman. Literally, * 'those who 
have submitted." 

mosque (mosk), n. a Mohammedan 
temple. [Turkish.] 

mosquito (mus-ke'to), n. an insect 
of the genus Culex, the females of 
which puncture the skin of men and 
animals, causing great cutaneous ir- 
ritation and pain. [Spanish.] 

moss (mos), n. soft peaty moorland; 
a natural order of cryptogamous 
bog plants, the musci, with simple 
narrow leaves and of cellular struc- 
ture; a lichen. 

moss-rose (mos'roz), n. a fragrant va- 
riety of rose with a moss-like calyx. 

most (most), adj. [superl. of more], 
greatest in number, quantity, or de- 
gree: n. the greatest number, part, 
quantity, or value. 

mot (mo) 1 n. a witty saying. [French.] 

mote (mot), n. & popular assembly 
for the discussion and management 
of affairs; a very small particle. 

motet (mo-tef), n. a short vocal 
composition of a sacred character; 
anthem. 

moth (moth), n. a lepidopterous in- 
sect or its larva?, which feed upon 
cloth, fur, &c; anything that grad- 
ually gnaws away. 

mother (mu^'er), n. female parent, 
especially one of the human race; 
one who has given birth to a child; 
origin or source; the female superior 
of a religious house; a thick # slimy 
substance or film concreted in liq- 
uids: adj. native; producing others: 
v.t. to adopt as a son or daughter. 

mother-in-law (muth'er-in-law), n. 
the mother of one's husband or 
wife. 



motherless (mutf/i'er-les) , adj. deprived 
of one's mother. 

mother-of-pearl (muth'er-ov-perl') , 
n. the hard, silvery internal layer 
of various kinds of shells. 

motion (mo 'shun), n. the act, pro- 
cess, or state of moving; passage of 
a body from one place to another; 
animal life and action; impulse, de- 
sire, or passion; internal activity; a 
proposition made in a deliberative as- 
sembly; evacuation of the bowels: 
v.i. to make a significant movement 
or gesture. [Latin.] 

motivate (mo'ti-vat), v.i. to study the 
motives of a person so as to acquire 
a knowledge of his character. 

motive (mo'tiv), adj. causing motion; 
able or tending to move: n. that 
which moves or excites to action; 
inducement^ reason; stimulus; in 
art, leading idea, or conception. 

motive power (pou'er), n. any nat- 
ural agent, as wind, water, steam, 
or electricity, employed to produce 
motion in a machine. 

motley (mot'li), adj. covered with 
parts of various colors; heteroge- 
neous. 

motmot (mot'mot), n. any one of 
various species of beautiful jay-like 
South American birds. [Named from 
its cry.] 

motor (mo'ter), n. a machine trans- 
mitting power; a device for trans- 
forming heat, etc., into mechanical 
motion: adj. imparting motion. 

motor boat (bot) , n. a boat moved by 
a gasoline or other light motor. 

motor car (kar), n. a vehicle propelled 
by means of petroleum, electricity, 
&c. 

motorcycle (mo'ter-si-kl) , n. a bi- 
cycle propelled by a motor. 

motordrome (mo'ter-drom), n. a track 
where automobile and motorcycle 
races are held. 

motorite (mo'to-rit), n. a com- 
pound of gun-cotton and nitro-glyc- 
erine. 

motorman (mo'ter-man), n. one who 
operates a motor car. 

motor-zone (mo'ter-zon),?!. any space 
that is reserved for the use of motors 
and those in them. 

motto (mot'o), n. [pi. mottoes 
(mot'oz) ], a concise sentence added 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MOUFLON 



553 



MOVABLE FEASTS 



to a device, or prefixed to anything, 
suggesting some guiding principle. 
[Italian.] 

mouflon (moof'lon), n. the wild large- 
horned sheep of Corsica and Sar- 
dinia. Also moufflon. [French.] 

moujik (moo-zhek'), n. a Russian 
peasant. 

mould. Seemold. 

moulin (moo-lang'), n. a deep crack 
intersecting a glacial rivulet. 
[French.] 

moulinage (moo'lin-aj), n. the process 
of reeling off silk in its raw state and 
dressing it prior to dyeing. 

moulinet (moo'li-net), n. a kin 1 of 
turnstile; the dru.n or capstan of a 
machine for hoisting. 

moult. See molt. 

mound (mound), n. an artificial bank 
of earth or stone, originally for de- 
fensive purposes; hillock; a small 
globe surmounted by a cross, sym- 
bolical of empire: v.t. to furnish, or 
fortify, with a mound. 

Mound Builders (bil'derz), n.pl. a pre- 
historic race formerly dwelling in the 
valle}^ of the Mississippi, who erected 
large earthen mounds. 

mount (mount), n. a hill or moun- 
tain; a rocky mass or elevation ris- 
ing above the level of the surround- 
ing land; a mound for defense or at- 
tack; rampart; cardboard on which 
a drawing is fixed: v.t. to raise on 
high; climb; ascend; bestride; fur- 
nish with horses; prepare for use by 
fixing on, or in, something else: v.i. 
to rise up; project; tower; get on 
horseback. 

mountain (moun'tn), n. a large mass 
of rock or earth rising above the 
level of the adjacent country; usu- 
ally over 2,000 feet; anything very 
large. 

mountaineer (moun-tn-er') , n. one 
who dwells among, or climbs, moun- 
tains: v.i. to climb mountains. 

mountainous (moun'tn-us), adj. full 
of, or resembling, mountains. 

mountain- sickness (moun'tn-sik- 
nes), n. a form of nausea which some 
persons feel when they ascend to a 
great height above the sea-level. 

mountebank (moun'te-bank) , n. a 
quack-doctor; boastful pretender. 

mounted (moun'ted), p. adj. seated 



or serving on horseback; placed on a 
suitable support. 

mounting (moun'ting), n. the act 
of mounting, embellishing, or equips 
ping. 

mourn (morn), v.i. to grieve; la- 
ment ; be sorrowful ; wear mourn- 
ing: v.t. to grieve for; bewail. 

mourner (morn'er), n. one who 
mourns; one _who_ attends a funeral. 

mournful (morn'fool), adj. causing, 
or expressing, sorrow; doleful; sad. 

mournfully (morn'f oo-li) , adv. in a 
mournful manner. 

mourning (morn'ing), n. expression of 
grief; lamenting; the dress of a 
mourner. 

mouse (mous), n. [pi. mice (mis) ] t 
a small rodent of the genus Mus, 
that infests houses, granaries, &c: 
v.i. (mouz) to watch for, or catch, 
mice; watch for something in a sly 
manner; pry curiously: v.t. to tear, 
as a cat tears a mouse. 

mousseline-de-laine (moo'se-len-de- 
lan'), n. a woolen dress material of 
very light texture. 

mousseline-de-soie (moo'se-len-de- 
swa'), n. a thin, gauze-like dress ma- 
terial made of silk and cotton; silk- 
muslin. 

moustache (moos-tash'), n. the better 
spelling for the hair which grows 
over the upper lip. [French.] See 
mustache. 

mouth (mouth), n. the opening in 
the head of an animal by which it 
receives food and utters sounds; en- 
trance or opening; exit; instrument 
of speaking; grimace: v.t. (mouth) 
to utter with an affected swelling or 
pompous voice: v.i. make grimaces. 

mouthful (mouth'fool), n. [pi. mouth- 
fuls (mouth'foolz) ], as much as can 
be put into the mouth at one time; 
small quantity. 

mouthpiece (mouth'pes), n. that part 
of an instrument which is held in 
or applied to the mouth; a spokes- 
man. 

movability (moov-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being movable. 

movable (moov'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being moved or conveyed; changing 
from one time to another: n.pl. 
goods, wares, or furniture. 

movable feasts (fests), n.pl. certain 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MOVABLY 



554 



MUFTI 



Church festivals, the date of which is 
determined by Easter. 

movably (moov'a-bli), adv. so as to be 
moved. __ 

move (moov), v.t. to cause to change 
place or position; impel; set in mo- 
tion; rouse to action; influence; 
propose formally: v.i. to change 
place or position; go from place to 
place; stir; take action; change res- 
idence: n. theact of moving. 

movement (mooy'ment), n. the act or 
manner of moving; change of place 
or position; motion; excitement; 
emotion; agitation; the going mech- 
anism of a watch or clock; any 
single part in a musical composition. 

movie (moov'e), n. a photoplay, or 
moving picture show (colloq.). 

moving (moov'ing), p. adj. causing 
motion, or change of position; 
stirring the passions or affections; 
pathetic: n. the act of changing 
one's residence. 

moving- pictures (moov'ing-pik- 
turz'), n. an application of photogra- 
phy in such a way that the negatives 
can be made to represent a series of 
continual and plausible movements. 
See cinematograph. 

moving platform (plat 'form), n. a sys- 
tem of moving platforms or continu- 
ous trains going at different rates of 
speed. 

mow (mo), v.t. [p.t. mowed, p.p. 
mowed, mown, p.pr. mowing], to 
cut down with, or as with, a scythe: 
v.i. to cut grass with a scythe. 

mowing (mo'ing), n. the act of cut- 
ting grass with a scythe; meadow 
land. 

mown (mon), p.p. of mow. 

much (much), adj. [comparative more, 
superlative most], great in quantity 
or amount; long in duration; many 
in number: adv. to a great degree or 
extent; often or long; nearly: n. a 
great quantity; something consider- 
able or unusual. 

mucilage (mu'si-laj), n. a gummy or 
gelatinous substance; gum of plants.. 

mucilaginous (mu-si-laj'i-nus), adj. 
pertaining to, resembling, or se- 
creting, mucilage or gum. 

muck (muk), n. moist dung; any- 
thing filthy or vile: v.t. to manure 
with dung. 



muckiness (muk'i-nes) , n. the quality 
or state of being mucky. 

muck-raker (muk'rak-er), n. any 
one, especially a journalist or public 
man, who brings to light the civic 
evils of his time, and who exaggerates 
them. The expression is first found 
in Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress." 

muckworm (muk Verm), n. a grub 
or larva bred in manure; a miser. 

mucky (muk'i), adj. consisting ol 
muck; miry; nasty; filthy. 

mucous (mu'kus), adj. pertaining to, 
resembling; or secreting, mucus ; vis- 
cous or slimy. 

mucous membrane (mem 'bran), n. 
the moist, glandular lining of*the cav- 
ities and canals of the human body. 

mucus (mu'kus), n. the viscid fluid 
secreted by the mucous membrane; 
a gummy or slimy substance found 
in certain plants. 

mud (mud), n. soft wet earth; mire. 

muddle (mud'l), v.t. to make a mess of 
or confuse; cloud or stupefy; make 
partially drunk; squander: n. a con- 
fused state; intellectual dulness or 
bewilderment. 

muezzin (moo-ez'zn), n. a Moham- 
medan priest who from a minaret 
of some mosque calls the faithful to 
prayer, especially at sunrise or sun- 
set. [Arabic] 

muff (muf), n. a warm soft cylindrical 
cover of fur, &c, to keep the hands 
warm in cold weather; a stupid, 
spiritless fellow; failure to hold a 
ball when catching it: v.t. to handle 
awkwardly; fail to hold (a ball), 
when almost catching it. 

muffet (muf'et), n._ a child's muff. 

muffetee (muf-e-te'), n. a fur or 
worsted wristband. 

muffin (muf 'in), n.'a soft light spongy 
round cake. 

muffle (muf'l), v.t. to wrap up closely 
and warmly; cover or conceal the 
face of; cover up so as to deaden 
sound: f.i. to speak indistinctly: n. 
a semi-cylindrical earthenware oven 
used in assaying metals. 

muffler (muf'ler), n. a wrapper. 

mufti (mufti), n. [pi. muftis (muf'tiz)], 
a doctor or official exnounder of 
Mohammedan law; civilian dress 
worn by a naval or military officer 
when off duty. [Turkish.] 



iite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MUG 



MULTUM 



mug (mug), n. an earthenware or 
metallic drinking vessel; the face. 

mugginess (mug'i-nes), n. the state 
of being muggy. 

rauggy (mug'i), adj. warm, damp, and 
close; moldy. 

mugwump (mug'wump), n. an in- 
dependent member of any political 
party with which he acts only so long 
as its principles are his own. [Origi- 
nally a New England rustic word.] 

Muhammadan (mu-ham'a-dan), same 
as Mohammedan. The word is never 
used by Mohammedans of one an- 
other. 

mulatto (mu-lat'o), n. [pi. mulattoes 
(mu-lat/oz)], the offspring of negro 
and white parents. [Spanish.] Fem- 
inine, ^mulatress. m [French.] 

mulberry (mul'ber-i) , n. [pi. mulber- 
ries (mul'ber-iz)], the tree or fruit of 
the genus Morus; dark purple. 

mulch (mulch), n. half rotten straw, 
litter, &c, used to protect the roots 
of trees, plants, &c. : v.t. to cover, or 
protect, with mulch. 

mulct (mulkt), v.t. to punish with a 
fine: n. a fine, especially for some 
misdemeanor. [Latin.] 

mule (mul), n. the offspring of a 
male ass and a mare; a stubborn 
obstinate person; a machine for 
spinning cotton, &c. [Latin.] 

muleteer (mul-e-ter') , n. a mule 
driver. 

mulish (muTish), adj. like a mule; 
stubborn. 

mull (mul), n. a headland or cape; a 
snuff-box made of the end of a horn ; 
a very thin soft kind of muslin; an 
inferior kind of madder ; dust m or 
rubbish; failure: v.t. to warm, spice, 
and sweeten (wine, ale, &c.) : v.i. to 
brood, to be introspective, to dwell 
long and deeply on some theme, 
often in a morbid way. 

mullah (mul'la), n. the Turkish term 
for a holy man who dwells or has a 
station in a mosque whence he calls 
the faithful to prayer at the pre- 
scribed hours. Also mollah. [Turk- 
ish.] 

mull3in (mul'in), n. a coarse her- 
baceous plant. 

muller (mul'er), n. a flat-bottomed 
pestle used for grinding pigments 
or drugs. 



mullet (mul'et), n. an edible marine 
fish, much esteemed for the table. 

mullion (mul'yun), n . an upright bar 
or division between the lights of win- 
dows, screens, &c, in a Gothic arch: 
v.t. to furnish with, or divide by, 
mullions. 

mult, multi, Latin prefixes meaning 
many; as, smjftanguiar, havmg many 
angles, rai^florous, having many 
flowers. 

multigraph (muTti-graf ) , n. a machine 
for manifolding letters, office forms, 
&c, in typewriter type. 

multimillionaire (nmTti-mil-yan- 
ar'), n. one who is possessed of many 
millions. The French call such ■ a 
one, multimilliardaire. 

multiple (muTti-pl), adj. consisting 
of many parts ; repeated many times : 
n.a number or quantity which con- 
tains another an exact number of 
times without a^ remainder. 

multiplex (muTti-pleks) , adj. mani- 
fold. [Latin.] 

multiplicand (mul-ti-pli-kand') , n. 
the number or quantity to be 
multiplied. 

muitiplicate (mul'ti-pli-kat) , adj. con- 
sisting of many. 

multiplication (mul-ti-pli-ka'shun) , 
n. the act or process of multiplying; 
operation by which any given num- 
ber or quantity is multiplied. 

multiplicity (mul-ti-plis'i-ti) , n. the 
state of being manifold; a great 
number. 

multiplier (mul'ti-pll-er) , n. one who, 
or that which, multiplies or increases ; 
the number or quantity by which an- 
other is multiplied. 

multiply (muTti-plI), v.t. [p.t.^ & p.p. 
multiplied, p.pr. multiplying], to 
cause to increase in number; make 
more by natural generation, produc- 
tion, or addition; repeat (any given 
number or quantity) as often as 
there are units in another number 
or quantity: v.i. to increase in num- 
ber or extent. 

multitude (muTti-tud), n. a great 
number; crowd; assembly; populace 
(with the). 

multitudinous (mul-ti-tu'di-nus) , 
adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, 
a multitude; numerous. 

multum (mul'tum), n. a mixture of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MUM 



556 



MUSCATEL 



the extracts of quassia and liquorice 
used for adulterating beer. 

mum (mum), adj. silent: n. silence; 
a kind of strong ale: inter j. be si- 
lent! 

mumble (mum'bl), v.t. & v.i. to mut- 
ter or speak indistinctly; chew 
gently with closed lips. [Danish.] 

Mumbo- Jumbo (mum'bo-jum'bo), n. 
a West African idol or object of su- 
perstitious reverence or dread; vul- 
gar bugbear. 

mum-chance (mum'chans), n. a 
bargain made silently without dis- 
pute or haggling. 

mumm (mum), v.i. to mask or dis- 
guise one's self for sport. 

mummer (mum'er), n. one who 
makes sport in disguise; a masker; 
actor. [Old French.] 

mummery (mum'er-i), n. masquer- 
ading; buffoonery; hypocritical par- 
ade or disguise. 

mummiform (mum'i-f orm) , adj. like 
a mummy. 

mummy (mum'i), n. [pi. mummies 
(mum'iz)j, a dead body embalmed 
after the manner of the ancient 
Egyptians; a kind of wax used in 
grafting trees; a rich brown color 
from bitumen. 

mump (mump), v.i. & v.t. to move the 
lips with the mouth nearly closed; 
nibble; cheat; whine or sulk; play 
the beggar; to mutter; impose 
upon. 

mumper (mump'er), n. a begging im- 
postor. 

mumpish (mump'ish), adj. sulky. 

mumps (mumps), n. contagious 
febrile disease characterized by a 
swelling of the parotoid glands. 

munch (munch), v.t. & v.i. to chew 
with an audible crunching noise. 

mundane (mun'dan), adj. pertaining 
to the world. [Latin.] 

mundil (mun'dil), n. a richly em- 
broidered turban. 

municipal (mu-nis'i-pal) , adj. per- 
taining to a city, corporation, state, 
or local self-government. [Latin.] 

municipality (mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti), n. 
[pi. municipalities (mu-nis-i-pari- 
tiz)], a corporate town or city; a 
division of the country. [France.] 

municipal law (law), n. the com- 
mon law of a city or country. 



municipally (mu-nis'i-pal-i) , adv. in 
a municipal manner. 

munificence (mu-nif 'i-sens) , n. the 
quality or state of being munificent ; 
liberality. 

munificent (mu-nif 'i-sent) , adj. char- 
acterized by great liberality in giving ; 
bountiful. 

muniment (mu'ni-ment) , n. a strong- 
hold or fortification; a legal record 
defending a title; title-deed or char- 
acter. [Latin.] 

munitions (mu-nish'unz) , n.pl. mili- 
tary stores or material. 

mural (mu'ral), adj. pertaining to, 
growing on, or resembling, a wall. 

murder (mer'der), n. homicide with 
malice aforethought: v.t. to kill with 
premeditated malice; mangle; mar 
or ruin. 

murderer (mer'der-er) , n. one who is 
guilty of murder. Feminine murder- 
ess. 

murderous (mer'der-us) , adj. per- 
taining to, guilty of, or attended 
with, murder. 

muriate (mu'ri-at), n. a salt of muri- 
atic acid. 

muriatic (mu-ri-at'ik), adj. derived 
from sea salt. 

murine (mu'rin), adj. pertaining to a 
mouse or mice. [Latin.] 

murk (merk), n. darkness. 

murkily (merk'i-li), adv. darkly. 

murkiness (merk'i-nes) , n. the state 
of being murky. 

murky (merk'i), adj. dark; gloomy; 
obscure. 

murmur (mer'mer), n. a low indis- 
tinct sound, as of a running stream; 
a complaint in a low muttering 
tone: v.i. to make a low continued 
noise like the hum of bees; mutter 
in discontent; grumble. 

murra (mer'a), n. a delicate kind of 
handsome ancient ware made of 
fluor-spar. [Latin.] " 

murrain (mur'an), n. an infectious 
and fatal disease among cattle. 

murrey (mur'i), n. dark red. 

muscardine (mus'kar-din) , n. a fun- 
gus which causes fatal disease in 
silk- worms. 

muscatel (mus-ka-tel') , n. a variety of 
rich musky wine; the grapes which 
produce it; a sweet fragrant pear. 
Muscadel, muscadine. [French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



MUSCLE 



557 



MUSSULMAN 



muscle (mus'l), n. a highly contractile 
organ of fibrous tissue by which 
movement in an animal body is ef- 
fected; muscular strength. 

muscled (mus'ld), adj. having muscles. 

Muscovite (mus'ko-vit), n. a Russian. 

muscovy duck (mus'ko-vi duk), n. 
a large duck of tropical America. 

muscular (mus'ku-lar) , adj. per- 
taining to, consisting of, or per- 
formed by, muscles; strong; vig- 
orous; brawny. 

muscularity (mus-ku-lar'i-ti) , n. the 
quality or state of being muscular. 

Muse (muz), n. any one of the nine 
classical goddesses who presided 
each over one of the nine liberal arts. 

muse (muz), v.i. to study in silence; 
meditate; be absent-minded: v.t. to 
meditate on. 

musette (mu-zet'), n. a small bag- 
pipe; a soft melodious air. 

museum (mu-ze'um), n. a collection 
of natural, scientific, or literary curi- 
osities, or of works of art; the 
building containing such a collection. 
The. greatest museum in ancient 
times was at Alexandria; in modern 
times, the British Museum in London. 

mush (mush), n. boiled Indian corn 
meal. 

mush (mush), an exclamatory word 
used by the sledge-drivers of Alaska 
and the Yukon district to urge on 
their animals (huskies). Mush! is 
therefore very much like get-up! 
It is probably derived from the 
Chinook Indians. 

mushroom (mush'room), n. an edible 
fungus Agaricus campestris, or simi- 
lar edible fungi; an upstart: adj. 
made from, or resembling, musn- 
rooms; upstart; ephemeral. 

music (mu'zik), n. the art or science 
of harmonic sounds ; harmony or 
melody; musical score or composi- 
tion. [Greek.] 

musical (mu'zi-kal), adj. pertaining 
to, producing, or consisting of, 
music; harmonious; melodious. 

musicale (mu-zi-kal'), n. a social 
musical party. [French.] 

musically (mu'zi-ka-li) , adv. in a 
musical manner. 

musicalness (mu'zi-kal-nes) , n. mu- 
sical quality. 

music- drama (mu'zik-dra'ma) , n. 



the name given to # the form of 
opera evolved by Richard Wagner 
in his long life (1813-1883). In the 
music-drama equal importance is 
given to the music and the words. 
Indeed, Wagner wrote his own li- 
bretti, and did so with great care 
and literary skill ; whereas the ear Her 
French and Italian operas had books 
of little or no merit. In the music- 
drama, stirring words and splendid 
music are blended together in an 
impressive whole. [Greek.] 

musician (mu-zish'an) , n. one skilled 
in the science of music ; one who sings, 
or plays on a musical instrument. 

musing (muz'ing), n. meditation; 
adj. meditative. 

musk (musk) , n. a strong-scented sub- 
stance obtained from the male musk- 
deer [ Sanskrit -French ] ; a small 
plant with a musk-scented perfume. 

musk-deer (musk'der) , # n. a small 
hornless deer which yields musk. 

musk-duck (musk'duk), n. the Mus- 
covy duck; an Australian duck. 

musket (mus'ket), n. the firearm for- 
merly used by infantry. 

musketeer (mus-ket-er') , n. a soldier 
armed with a musket. 

musketoon (mus-ket-oon') , n. short 
musket. 

musketry (mus'ket-ri) , n. firearm prac- 
tice. 

musk-ox (musk'oks), n. an Arctic 
bovine animal. 

muskrat (musk'rat), n. an aquatic 
rodent of North America which 
emits a musky secretion. Also musk- 
beaver, musquash. 

muslin (muz'lin), n. a fine thin cot- 
ton cloth or fabric: adj. made of 
muslin. The name is derived from 
Moslem. See Mussulman. 

muslinet (muz-lin-ef) , n. a coarse 
muslin. 

musquash (mus'kwash), same as 
muskrat. 

muss (mus), n, a confused struggle; 
disorder : v.t. to disorder, as clothing. 

mussel (mus'el), n. a marine edible 
bivalve. [Latin.] 

Mussulman (mus'ul-man) , n. [pi. 
Mussulmans (mus'ul-manz)], a Mo- 
hammedan, or Moslem. The word 
is derived from Moslem. See Mu- 
hammedan. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; thick. 1Hpi\. 



MUSSY 



558 



MYO 



mussy (mus'i), adj. disordered ! [Col- 
loq.] 

must (must), n. unfermented ex- 
pressed grape juice: v.t. to make 
moldy and sour: v.i., pr.t. only; to be 
obliged morally or physically. 

mustache (mus-tash') , n. hair worn on 
a man's upper lip. Also moustache. 

mustang (mus'tang), n. the small, 
hardy, semi- wild horse of the prai- 
ries. [Spanish.] 

mustard (mus'terd), n.a plant and 
its seed of the genus Sinapis; a con- 
diment made from the ground seed. 

muster (mus'ter), n. an assembly of 
troops for review or active service; 
register of troops mustered; assem- 
blage; collection: v.t. to assemble, as 
troops for review or active service: 
v.i. to meet in one olace. [O. French.] 

mustily (mus'ti-li), adv. in a musty 
condition. 

mustiness (mus'ti-nes) , n. the state 
of being musty. 

musty (mus'ti), adj. [comp.^ mustier, 
superl. mustiest], spoiled with damp, 
mold, or age; spiritless; antiquated. 

mutability (mu-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being subject to change; 
instability. 

mutable (mu'ta-bl), adj. susceptible 
of change. [Latin.] 

mutableness (mu'ta-bl-nes) , n. the 
quality or_state of being mutable. 

mutably (mu'ta-bli), adv. in a mutable 
manner. 

mutation (mu-ta/shun) , n. altera- 
tion; change. 

mute (rmit), adj. silent; dumb; not 
pronounced or sounded: n. one who 
is dumb or remains silent; an under- 
taker's assistant who stands before 
the door of a house at a funeral; a 
consonant which is not pronounced, 
or intercepts the sound; a contriv- 
ance to deaden or soften the sound 
of a musical instrument. [Latin.] 

mutely (mut'li), adv. silently. 

muteness (mut'nes), n. the quality 
or state of being mute. 

mutilate (mti'ti-lat), v.t. to cut off a 
limb or essential part of; render im- 
perfect; maim. [Latin.] 

mutilation (mu-ti-la 'shun), n. the 
act of mutilating. 

mutilator (mu'ti-la-ter) , n. one who 
mutilates. 



mutineer (mu-ti-ner') , n. one who it 

guilty of mutiny: v.i. to mutiny. 

mutinous (mu'ti-nus), adj. disposed 
to, or guilty of, mutiny; seditious. 

mutiny (mu'ti-ni), n. insurrection 
against, or forcible resistance to, 
constituted authority, especially of 
soldiers or sailors against their offi- 
cers: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. mutinied, p.pr. 
mutinying], to rise against consti- 
tuted authority. [French.] 

mutism (mu'tizm), n. the state or 
habit of being absolutely deaf and 
dumb. A deaf-mute. 

mutoscope (mu'to-skop) , n. a form 
of kinetoscope, worked by hand. 

mutter (mut/er), y.i. to utter words 
in a low voice with compressed lips ; 
murmur: v.t. to utter indistinctly: 
n. indistinct utterance; murmur. 
[Danish.] 

mutton (mut'n), n. the flesh of sheep. 
[French.] 

mutual (mu'tu-al), adj. reciprocal. 
[Latin.] 

mutualism (nuVtii-al-izm) , n. the 
ethical doctrine of mutual depen- 
dence in social development. 

mutuality (mu-tti-ari-ti) , n. recipro- 
cation. 

mutually (mu'tu-a-li) , adv. recipro- 
cally. 

muzzle (muz'l), n. the projecting 
mouth, lips, and nose of an animal; 
snout; the mouth of a gun, &c; a 
fastening or cover for the mouth 
of a dog, &c, to prevent biting: v.t. 
to secure the mouth of with a muzzle. 

muzzy (muz'i), adj. absent-minded; 
muddled. 

my (mi), poss. pron. belonging to me. 

myalgia (mi-arji-a), n. stiffness or 
cramp in the voluntary muscles. 
[Greek.] 

mycoderm (mi'ko-derm), n. a cryto- 
gamic plant which forms on the sur- 
face of fermenting liquids. [Greek.] 

mycology (mi-koro-ji), n. the branch 
of botany that treats of fungi or 
mushrooms. 

myelitis (ml-el-i'tis), n. inflammation 
of the spinal cord. [Greek.] 

mylodon (mi'lo-don), n. a huge ex- 
tinct fossil edentate animal. 

mynheer (min-har'), n. sir [Dutch]; 
a Dutchman. 

myo, a Greek prefix meaning muscle, as 



ate, arm, at, awl 



me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 
hue, hot ; think. f7?en. 



MYOLOGY 



559 



MYXOMYCETES 



rai/odynamics, the science of muscu- 
lar action. 

myology (mi-ol'o-ji), n. a description 
of the muscles. 

myopia (ml-o'pi-a), n. short-sighted- 
ness. See presbyopia. 

myosotis (ml-o-so'tis), n. a genus 
of the borage group of plants. Its 
flowers are pink, blue, or white. 
The myosotis that grows in swamps 
(myosotis palustris) > is the true 
forget-me-not, and is largely cul- 
tivated. [Greek.] 

myriad (rrnVi-ad), n. the number of 
10,000; a very large number: adj. 
innumerable. [Greek.] 

myriagram, myriagramme (mir'i-a- 
gram), n. in the metric system, 
10,000 grams. 

myrialiter, myrialitre (mir'i-a-le- 
ter), n. in the metric system, 10,000 
liters. 

myriameter, myriametre (mir'i-a- 
me-ter), n. in the metric system, 
10,000 meters. 

myriare (mir'i-ar), n. in the metric 
system, 10,000 ares. 

Myrmidon (mer'mi-don) ^ n. one of a 
tribe of Thracian warriors who ac- 
companied Achilles to the Trojan 
War. [Greek.] 

myrmidon, n. a brutal or unprinci- 
pled follower or subordinate. 

myrrh (mer), n. the aromatic gummy 
resin of m Balsamodendron myrrha, 
growing in Arabia and Abyssinia. 
[Greek.] 

:. 7rtle (mer'tl), n. a fragrant ever- 
green shrub of the genus Myrtus. 

myself (mi-self')> pron. [pi. ourselves 
('our-selvz')L I or me in person: 
used emphatically or reflexively. 

mystagogue (mis'ta-gog) , n. an ini- 
tiator into, or interpreter of, the 
Greek mysteries; in the Roman 
Catholic Church, one who keeps 
and exhibits relics. [Greek.] 

mysterious (mis-te'ri-us) , adj. not 
clear to the understanding; obscure; 
incomprehensible. 

mystery (mis'ter-i), n. [pi. mysteries 
(mis'ter-iz)], something secret, ob- 
scure, or unexplained; that which is 
beyond human comprehension; for- 
merly a trade or handicraft: pi. 
among the ancients, sacred rites and 
ceremonies to which the initiated 



only were admitted, as at Eleusis, 
where the well educated were taught 
that their mythology was only 
allegory, and where the doctrine of 
the immortality of the soul was 
preached ; religious dramas or miracle 
plays in the Middle Ages. [Greek.] 

mystic (mis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, mystery or mysticism; 
allegorical; emblematical; obscure; 
occult. Also mystical: n. a believer 
in mysticism. m 

mystically (mis'ti-ka-li) , adv. in a 
mystic manner. < 

mysticism (mis'ti-sizm), n. the doc- 
trines of the Mystics, who prof essed 
a pure, sublime, and disinterested 
devotion, and who aspired, through 
the inward perception of the mind, 
a more direct intercourse with God 
than is afforded by revelation; ob- 
scurity of thought or teaching. 

mystification (mis-ti-fi-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of mystifying; the state of 
being in a dreamy mood. 

mystify (mis'ti-fi), v.t.\p.t. & p.p. mys- 
tified, p.pr. mystifying], to involve 
in mystery ; obscure ; bewilder ; puzzle. 

myth (mith), n. a legend; poetic fic- 
tion; a fabulous narrative founded 
on some event, especially in the 
early^ existence^ of a people, and em- 
bodying their ideas as to their own 
origin, their gods, natural phenom- 
ena, &c. [Greek.] 

mythic (mith'ik), adj. pertaining to 
myths. Also mythical. 

mythically (mith'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
mythical manner. 

mythological (mith-o-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to mythology; mythical. 

my tholo gically (mith - o - lo j 'i - ka - li) , 
adv. according to mythology. 

mythologist (mith-ol'o^jist), n. a stu- 
dent of, or one skilled in, mythology. 

mythology (mith-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. myth- 
ologies (mith-ol'o-jiz)], the col- 
lected body or system of the 
traditions or legends of a people 
in which are embodied their beliefs 
concerning their origin, gods, heroes, 
&c; the science of myths; a treatise 
on myths. 

myxomycetes (miks-p-ml-se'tez) , n. 
pi. organisms forming a network 
of creamy filaments on decaying 
wood, leaves, &c. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



N 



N, the fourteenth letter in the English 
language. It is a liquid nasal among 
the consonants and affiliates equally 
with ra, r, and I. Cf. com-mingle ; 
cor-relate; and col-loquy. The char- 
acter is possibly derived from the 
Phoenician -Nun (Greek nu), mean- 
ing a fish. 

nab (nab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nabbed, 
p.pr. nabbing], to catch or seize 
unexpectedly. 

nabee (na-be'), n. a powerful poison 
prepared in the East Indies from 
the root of Aconitum ferox. 

nabob (na'bob), n. in India, a deputy 
or administrator under the extinct 
Mogul Empire ; one who has amassed 
wealth in India; a very wealthy man. 
[Hindustani.] 

nacarat (nak'a-rat), n. a pale red 
color; fine linen or crape dyed such 
color. [Hindustani.] 

nacelle (na-sel'), n. the bar protecting 
the sides of a dirigible. 

nacre (na/ker), n. mother-of-pearl. 

nacreous (na'kre-us), adj. t having an 
iridescent luster ; resembling mother- 
of-pearl. 

nadab (na'dab), n. the high-priest of 
the Persians. 

nadir (na'der), n. that part of the 
heavens directly under our feet, or 
directly opposite to the zenith. 

naevose (ne'vos), adj. freckled. 

maevus (ne'vus), n. a birth-mark. 
[Latin.] 

nag (nag), n. a small saddle-horse: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nagged, p.pr. nag- 
ging], to scold or find fault with con- 
tinually: v.i. to find fault constantly. 

naga or nag (nag'a or nag), a snake, 
usually a cobra. [Hindustani.] 

naggy (nag'i), adj. disposed to nag. 

Nagri (nag'ri), n. a group of the Nagri 
alphabets of which in India there 
are many. The Deva-nagri is the 
literary type. 



nahoor (na-hoor'), n. a species of 
wild Nepaul sheep. 

Naiad (na/yad), n. a water-nymph. 

naif (na-ef), adj. noting an uncut 
jewel with a natural luster, as a 
naif gem. Also anything sinmJe 
and rather winning because of it- 
lack of art. Feminine, naive. 

nail (nal), n. the horny substance at 
the ends of the human fingers anc 1 
toes; the claws of a bird or other 
animal; 234 inches: a pointed piece 
of metal usually furnished with a 
head for fastening woodwork, &c: 
v.t. to fasten with nails; to secure 
or make certain; to hold down tight- 
ly, as to an argument; to expose, 
as to nail a lie. 

nainsook (nan'sook), n. a thick kind 
of muslin. [Hindu.] 

naive (na-ev r ) , adj. _ artless ; ingenu- 
ous; unaffectedly simple; mas. naif. 
[French.] 

naivete (na-ev-ta/), n. natural, un- 
affected simplicity or ingenuous- 
ness. 

naked (na'ked), adj. unclothed; bare; 
unarmed; defenseless; exposed to 
view; plain ; without addition or 
ornament; without glasses. 

namaycush (nam'a-kush), n. the 
great American trout. # [Indian.] 

namby-pamby (nam'bi-pam'bi) , adj. 
weakly sentimental or affectedly 
pretty or fine. 

name (nam), n. that by which a per- 
son or thing is called; designation; 
character; reputation; fame; au- 
thority: v.t. to give an appellation or 
designation to; nominate; specify; 
mention byjiame. 

nameless (nanVles), adj. without a 
name; unknown; not fit to be men- 
tioned. 

namely (nam'li) , adv. that is to say : 

namesake (nam'sak), n. one having 
the same name. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NANCY 



561 



NATANT 



Nancy or Miss Nancy (mis nan'si), n. 
a man whose manner is timid, af- 
fected, and effeminate. 

nankeeR (nan-ken'), n. a buff-colored 
cotton cloth, originally from the 
district of Nankeen in China. 

nanny-goat (nan'i-got), n. a she- 
goat. See billy-goat. 

nap (nap), n. a short slumber; doze; 
a game at cards (Napoleon) ; the 
woolly substance on the surface of 
cloth; pile; downy covering of 
plants; top of a hill: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. napped, jp.pr. napping], to 
doze. 

nape (nap), n. the back of the 
neck. 

napery (nap'er-i) , n. table-linen; linen 
underclothing. 

naphtha (nap'tha), n. a clear, volatile, 
inflammable, bituminous, liquid hy- 
drocarbon exuding from the earth, 
or distilled from coal-tar, &c; rock- 
oil. In ancient times, naphtha was 
the easiest to distil, and so was the 
oil used by the Egyptians in their 
turpentine lamps, in tombs and 
temples. 

naphthalic (nap-tharik) , adj. pro- 
duced from naphtha. 

napkin (nap 'kin), n. a small cloth, 
specifically one used at table for 
wiping the hands, &c. 

napoleon (na-po'le-on), n. a gold coin 
formerly current in France, value 
20 francs, or in U. S. money about 
$4.86. It was the same coin as the 
lquis before 1830, and the 20 franc 
piece now. 

nappy (nap'i), adj. covered with nap 
or pile; drowsy. 

narceine (nar'se-in), n. an alkaloid 
obtained from opium. 

Narcissus (nar-sis'us), n. a genus of 
ornamental bulbous plants with 
handsome fragrant flowers, includ- 
ing the daffodils. 

narcissus, n. a plant of the genus 
Narcissus. 

narcosis (nar-ko'sis), n. stupefaction 
from the effects of a narcotic. 
[Greek.] 

narcotic (nar-kot'ik), adj. producing 
coma or torpor: n. a medicine to 
alleviate pain and produce sleep, 
and in excessive doses causing 
death. 



nareotine (nar'ko-tin), n. the active 
narcotic principle of opium. 

nard (nard), n. spikenard; an aro- 
matic unguent prepared from it. 

nardine (nard'in), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, nard. 

narghileh or narghile (nar'gil-a), n. 
a pipe whose stems run through a 
bowl filled with water. [Turkish.] 
Also called hookah and hubble-bubble. 

narrate (nar-raf), v.t. to tell; recite; 
give an account of; write, as a story. 

narration (nar-ra/shun) , n. the act of 
narrating; statement, written or 
verbal. [Latin.] 

narrative (nar'ra-tiv) , adj. pertaining 
to narration: n. recital of a story or 
event; tale. 

narrator (nar-ra/ter) , n. one who nar- 
rates. 

narrow (nar'o),ad/. of little breadth 
or extent; limited; straitened; con- 
tracted in mind; bigoted; ungener- 
ous; within a little distance: v.t. to 
lessen the breadth or extent of; 
confine or contract; restrict: v.i. to 
become narrow; not to take ground 
enough: said of a horse: n.pl. a 
strait or narrow passage between 
two seas. 

narwhal (nar/hwal), n. a cetaceous 
mammal allied to the whale, with a 
large projecting tusk; the sea uni- 
corn. It is found near the Arctic 
'Circle. Also narwal, narwhale, nar- 
val. [Swedish.] 

nasal (naz'al), adj. pertaining to, af- 
fected by, or pronounced through 
the nose: n. a letter pronounced 
through the nose. [Latin.] 

nascent (nas'ent), adj. beginning to 
grow or exist. # [Latin.] 

nastiness (nas'ti-nes) , n. the quality or 
state of being nasty. 

Nasturtium (nas-ter'shi-um), n. a 
genus of plants, including the water- 
cresses. 

nasturtium, n. a plant of the gera- 
nium family, having aromatic flow- 
er-buds. 

nasty (nas'ti), adj. [comp. nastier, su- 
perl. nastiest], dirty, nauseous; fil- 
thy; obscene; foul; serious. > 

natal (na/tal), adj.^ pertaining t to 
one's birth or birthday; indige- 
nous. 

natant (nat'ant), adj. swimming; in 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
36 hue, hut ; think, then. 



NATATION 



562 



NAUSEATE 



heraldry, floating on the surface: 
said of fish. 

natation (na-ta'shun) , n. the act or 
art of swimming. [Latin.] 

natatorium (nat-a-to'ri-um), n. a 
swimming pool. 

nation (na'shun), n. the inhabitants 
of one country or united under the 
same government; people ethnologi- 
cally or linguistically allied. [Latin.] 

national (nash'un-al) , adj. pertain- 
ing to a nation; public; general; 
attached to one's country. 

nationalism (nash'un-al-izm) , n. the 
state of being national^ national 
idiom, characteristic, or independ- 
ence. 

nationality (nash-un-al'i : ti) , n. na- 
tional character; patriotism; nation. 

nationalize (nash'un-al-iz), v.t. to 
render national. 

nationally (nash'un-a-li) , adv. as a 
nation. 

native t (na/tiv), adj. pertaining to 
the time and place of birth; pro- 
duced by nature; not acquired; in- 
nate: n. one who is born in a cer- 
tain country or place; an oyster cul- 
tivated artificially. 

nativ5sm (na'tiv-izm), n. in philoso- 
phy, the doctrine of innate ideas; 
the advocacy of the claim of natives, 
as opposed to that of naturalized citi- 
zens. 

nativity (na-tiv'i-ti), n. time, place, 
and manner of birth; astrological 
representation of the position of the 
heavenly bodies at the time of one's 
birth. 

Nativity, n. the birth of Christ (with 
the). 

natrolite (na/tro-lit) , n. a hydrated 
silicate of aluminum and soda. 

natron (na/tron), n. native carbonate 
of soda. [Arabic] 

natterjack (nat'er-jak), n. the yel- 
low-backed rush toad, remarkable 
for its deep voice. 

nattily (nat'i-li), adv. tidily; neatly. 

nattiness (nat'i-nes), n. the quality 
of being natty. 

natty (nat'i), adj. tidy; neat; smart. 

natural (nat'u-ral), adj. pertaining 
to, produced by, or in the course of, 
nature; inborn; not artificial; oc- 
curring in the ordinary course of 
things; treating of mind and mat- 



ter; not revealed, as religion; true 
to life; unassumed; affectionate by 
nature ; illegitimate ; unconverted ; 
according to the usual diatonic 
scale of C [Music]: n. a sign (h) used 
to correct the previous power of a 
sharp or flat [Music]; an idiot.- 

natural history (his'to-ri), n. the 
scientific description of the earth 
and its various productions, espe- 
cially the animal kingdom. 

naturalism (nat'u-ral-izm), n. state of 
nature; natural religion; the denial 
of supernatural interference with 
natural laws; in literature, an at- 
tempt to draw nature as it is. 

naturalist (nat'u-ral-ist) , n. one 
skilled in natural history; one who 
believes in naturalism. 

naturalistic (nat-u-ral-is'tik) , adj. 
realistic. 

naturalize (nat'u-ral-iz), v.t. to make 
natural; acclimatize: invest (a for- 
eigner) with the privileges of a natu^ 
ral-born citizen or subject. 

naturalization (nat-u-ral-i-za/shun) , 
n. % the act of investing a foreignei 
with the rights and privileges of a 
natural-born citizen. 

naturally (nat'u-ra-li) , adv. according 
to nature; spontaneously. 

naturalness (nat'u-ral-nes), n. the 
state of being natural; conformity to 
truth or reality. 

nature (na/cher or nat'ur), n. the 
universe; essential qualities; spe- 
cies; natural order of things; con- 
stitution; personal character or 
natural disposition; nudity. 

nature-faker (nat'ur-fak'er), n. one 
who puts forward misleading state- 
ments about natural phenomena, . 
habits of animals, &c. 

naught (nawt), m n. nothing: adj. 
worthless: adv. in no degree. 

naughtily (nawt'i-li), adv. in a 
naughty manner. / 

naughtiness (nawt'i-nes), n. the state 
of being naughty; misbehavior. 

naughty (nawt'i), adj. bad; perverse 
or mischievous. 

nausea (naw'shi-a), n. a strong sensa- 
tion of sickness; sea-sickness; loath- 
ing or disgust. [Latin.] 

nauseate (naw'shi-a t), v.t. to affect, 
with nausea; loathe: v.i. to feel dis« 
gust; be inclined to vomit. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NAUSEATION 



563 



NECESSITATE 



nauseation (naw-shi-a/shun) , n. the 
act of nauseating; the state of being 
nauseated. 

nauseous (naw'shus), adj. loathsome; 
abhorrent. 

nautch (nawch), n. in India, a dance 
performed by girls; dancing exhibi- 
tion. [Hindustani.] 

nautical (naw'ti-kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to ships, sailors, or navigation; 
maritime. Also nautic. 

nautically (naw'ti-ka-li), adv. in a 
nautical manner. 

nautilus (naw'ti-lus) , n. [pi. nautili 
(naw'ti-li)], any member of a genus 
of cephalopods, including those 
furnished with a chambered spinal 
univalve shell; a kind of diving- 
bell. [Latin.] 

naval (na'val), adj. pertaining to 
ships or a navy; consisting of ships; 
maritime. 

nave (nav), n. the middle or body of 
a church, extending from the chan- 
cel to the principal entrance; the 
center of a wheel in which the 
spokes_ are inserted. [Latin.] 

navel (nav'el), n. the depression in the 
center of the lower part of the ab- 
domen, indicating where the umbili- 
cal cord was joined to the fcetus. 

navigability (nav-i-ga-bil'i-ti) ; n. the 
quality or state of being navigable. 

navigable (nay 'i-ga-bl) , adj. capable 
of being navigated. 

navigably (nav'i-ga-bli) , adv. in a 
navigable manner. 

navigate (nav'i-gat), v.i. to pass on 
the water by a ship or vessel; sail: 
v.t. to pass over in a ship or boat; 
steer or manage in sailing. 

navigation (nav-i-ga/shun) , m n. the 
act of navigating; the science of 
navigating ships. 

navigator (nav'i-ga-ter) , n. one who 
navigates; one skilled in the science 
of navigation. 

navvy (nav'i), n. a laborer employed 
in constructing railways^ canals, &c. 

navy (na'vi), n. the ships of war 
belonging to a nation, or their offi- 
cers and men. [Latin.] 

nay (na), adv. no; not only so, but: 
n. a refusal or denial. 

Nazarene (naz-a-ren') , n. a native of 
Nazareth: applied to Jesus Christ, 
His followers, and the early Chris- 



tians as a term of contempt; in the 
Early Church, one of a sect of Ju- 
daizing Jews. 

Nazarite (naz'a-rit), n. a Jew devoted 
by vow to God to a life of purity 
(Num_vi.). 

neap (nep), adj. low: applied to the 
tides which occur in the beginning 
of the second and fourth quarters of 
the moon. 

neaped (nep't), adj. left aground by 
the tide: said of a ship. 

Neapolitan (ne-a-pol'i-tan) , adj. per- 
tainingto Naples or its inhabitants. 

near (ner), adj. [comp. nearer, su- 
perl. nearest], not far distant in 
time, place, or degree; close; inti- 
mate; dear; familiar; literal; nar- 
row; parsimonious; on the left 
side: adv. at a little distance; al- 
most: prep, close to: v.t. to ap- 
proach; come near to. 

near- sight (ner 'sit), short-sightedness; 
myopia. See myopia, presbyopia. 

neat (net), n, cattle of the bovine 
genus : adj. pertaining to bovine ani- 
mals; tidy; trim and clean; simple 
and elegant ; chaste; unadulterated. 

neatsfoot (netz'foot), n. the foot of 
an ox or cow. 

neb (neb), n. a bird's beak, mouth; 
nose or snout. 

nebula (neb'u-la),^. [pi. nebulae (neb'u- 
le)], a faint misty patch of light in the 
heavens produced by groups of stars 
too remote to be seen singly, or by 
masses of diffused gaseous matter; a 
slight white spot on the cornea. See 
Milky Way. 

nebular (neb'u-lar), adj. pertaining to 
nebulse. 

nebulosity (neb-u-los'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being nebulous. 

nebulous (neb'u-lus), adj. pertaining 
to, or resembling, a nebula; cloudy; 
hazy; perplexed. 

necessarily (nes-e-sa'ri-li) , adv. by 
necessity. 

necessariness (nes'e-sa-ri-nes), n. the 
state of being necessary. < 

necessary (nes'e-sa-ri), adj. that can- 
not be otherwise; essential; indis- 
p_ensable: n. [pi. necessaries (nes'e- 
sa-riz)], things requisite. 

necessitate (ne-ses'i-tat) , v.t. to make 
necessary; compel; render unavoid- 
able; constrain. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me., merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NECESSITOUS 



564 



NEGOTIATE 



necessitous (ne-ses'i-tus), adj. very 
poor ; destitute ; needy . 

necessity (ne-ses'i-ti) , n. the state of 
being necessary; that which is un- 
avoidable; compulsion; extreme 
poverty: pi. things necessary for hu- 
man life. [Latin.] 

neck (nek), n. that part of the body 
between the head and trunk; a long 
narrow part, as of land or a vessel. 

necklace (nek'las), n. a string of 
beads or ornaments, as pearls, dia- 
monds, and lapis lazuli, worn round 
the neck. 

necr ©logical (nek-ro-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to a register of deaths. 

necrology (nek-rol'o-ji), n. a register, 
or account, of the dead. 

necromancer (nek'ro-man-ser) , n. 
one who practices necromancy; a 
conjurer. 

necromancy (nek'ro-man-si) , n. the 
pretended art of predicting future 
events by communication with the 
dead. 

necromantic (nek-ro-man'tik) , adj. 
pertaining to, or done by, necro- 
mancy. 

necropolis (nek-rop'o-lis) , n. "city of 
the dead;" a cemetery. [Greek.] 

necrosis (nek-ro'sis) , n. mortification 
and death of a bone; a disease in 
plants, characterized by small black 
spots. 

nectar (nek'tar), n. in classic my- 
thology, the wine of the gods: the 
honey of plants; any delicious bev- 
erage. 

nectareous (nek-ta're-us) , adj. pro- 
ducing, or sweet like, nectar. 

nectarine (nek'ta-rin), n. a variety of 
peach. 

nectary (nek'ta-ri), n. that part of a 
flower which secretes a saccharine 
fluid. Nectarium. 

nee (na), adj. by birth: often placed 
before the maiden name of a mar- 
ried woman. [French.] # 

need (ned), n. necessity; urgent 
want; exigency; poverty: v.t. to 
want: v.i. to be necessary or wanted. 

needful (ned'fool), adj. necessary; 
needy. 

needfully (ned'f oo-li) , adv. necessarily. 

needle (ned'l), n. a small sharp-point- 
ed steel instrument furnished with 
an eye to hold thread; anything re- 



sembling a needle ; the polarized steel 
of a mariner's_ compass. 

needle-gun (ned'1-gun), n. a breech- 
loading gun, the cartridge of which 
is exploded by a needle, invented 
about 1863. 

needs (nedz), adv. necessarily; indis- 
pensably. 

needy (ned'i), adj. very poor; neces- 
sitous. 

ne'er (nar), adv. contraction of never. 

nefarious # (ne-far'i-us), B adj. ex- 
tremely wicked; vile; infamous. 

negation (ne-ga'shun), n. denial; ab- 
sence of certain qualities. [Latin.] 

negative (neg'a-tiv), adj. implying 
negation; denying; refusing; having 
the power of veto ; noting a quantity 
to be subtracted: n. a proposition 
by which something is denied ; a 
word expressing denial; a photo- 
graph in which the lights and shadeo 
of the object are the opposite of 
those in nature: v.t. to dismiss or 
reject by vote. 

negatively (neg'a-tiv-li) , adv. in & 
negative manner; not positively or 
with assurance. 

neglect (neg-lekt'), n. omission; habit- 
ual negligence ; disregard ; careless- 
ness: v.t. to omit by carelessness or 
design; slight; disregard. 

neglectful ( neg-lekt 'fool) , adj. in- 
dicating, or accustomed to, neglect; 
careless. 

neglectfully (neg-lekt'f oo-li) , adv. 
with neglect. 

negligee (neg-li-zha/) , n. a loosely fit- 
ting dress or gown; easy and un- 
ceremonious dress in general: adj. 
carelessly arranged or attired. 
[French.] 

negligence (neg'li-jens), n. careless- 
ness. 

negligent (neg'li-jent), adj. careless. 

negligible (neg'li-ji-bl), adj. that may 
be neglected; of little account or 
value. 

negotiability (ne-go-shi-a-bil'i-ti) , n, 
the quality of being negotiable. 

negotiable (ne-go'shi-a-bl), adj. cap- 
able of being negotiated, trans- 
ferred, or exchanged. 

negotiate (ne-go'shi-at) , v.i. to treat 
with others in business or private 
affairs; hold intercourse respecting 
a treaty, &c: v.t. to conclude by 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



NEGOTIATION 



565 



NEPTUNIAN 



treaty, bargain, or agreement; 
sell. 

negotiation (ne-go-shi-a'shun) , n. the 
act of negotiating or transacting 
business; treaty. [Latin.] 

negotiator (ne-go'shi-a-ter), n. one 
who negotiates^ 

negotiatory (ne-go'shi-a-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to negotiation. 

Negrillo (ne-gril'o), n. a young negro. 

Negrito (ne-gre'to) , n. one of a diminu- 
tive negro-like race of the Malay 
Archipelago_. [Spanish.] 

negro (ne'gro), n. [pi. negroes (ne'- 
groz)], an African^ black. Fern, ne- 
gress: adj. pertaining to, or charac- 
teristic of, negroes. [Spanish.] 

negroid (ne'groid), adj. of the negro 
type, as, for instance, the Melanesians 
and Polynesians. [Hispano-Greek.] 

negus (ne'gus) , n. a beverage of hot 
water and wine, sweetened and 
spiced. Named from the inventor, 
one Col. Negus. 

Negus, n. the native title of the ruler 
of Abyssinia. [Abyssinian.] 

neigh (na), v.i. to utter the cry, or 
whinny, of a horse: n. the cry of 
a horse. 

neighbor (na/ber), n. one who dwells 
near to another; an intimate: adj. 
near to another; adjacent: v.t. to 
adjoin: v.i. to be neighborly or 
friendly. 

neighborhood (na'ber-hood) , n. adja- 
cent district; vicinity; the state of 
being neighbors. 

neighboring (na/ber-ing) , adj. living 
or being near. 

neighborliness (na/ber-li-nes) , n. the 
state of being neighborly. 

neighborly (na/ber-li) , adj. like, or be- 
coming, a neighbor; social; civil; 
friendly: adv. in the manner of a 
neighbor. 

neighing (na/ing), n. the cry of a 
horse. 

neither (ne' or m'ther), pron. & conj. 
not either. 

Nemean (nem'e-an), adj. pertaining 
to Nemea, or to the ancient games 
held by the Greeks at Nemea in Ar- 
golis. 

Nemesis (nem'e-sis), n. retributive 
vengeance : from Nemesis, the aveng- 
ing deity of the Greeks. 

neo, a Greek prefix meaning new, 



young, recent, as neoplastic, recently 
formed. 

neodymium (ne-o-dim'i-um) , n. a 
metallic element found in cerite. 

Neolithic (ne-o-lith'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characteristic of, the later 
or polished StoneAge. 

neologism (ne-ol'o-jizm), n. a new 
word or phrase introduced into a 
language; new religious doctrines. 

neologist (ne-ol'o-jist), n. an innova- 
tor in language or religion, especially 
one who holds doctrinal views op- 
posed to the orthodox interpretation 
of revealed religion. 

neologize (ne-ol'o-jiz), v.i. to intro- 
duce new words, phrases, or doctrines. 

neology (ne-ol'o-ji), n. neologism; doc- 
trines or rationalistic theological in- 
terpretation at variance with ortho- 
dox belief. 

neon (ne'on), n. a recently discovered 
element existing in atmospheric air. 

neontology (ne-on-tol'o-ji), n.the sci- 
entific study of existing species. 

neophyte (ne'o^fit), n. a novice; one 
recently baptized; a convert: adj. 
recently entered. [Greek.] 

neoplasm (ne'o-plazm) , < n. tissue 
growth more or less distinct from 
that in which it occurs. 

neoplastic (ne-o-plas'tik) , adj. newly 
formed. 

neoplasm (ne'o-plasm) , n. the res- 
toration of tissue by granulation, or 
autoplasty. 

neo-salvarsan (ne'o-sal'var-san) , n. 
[new salvarsan] a modification of 
salvarsan. 

neoteric (ne-o-ter'ik), adj. recent in 
origin. 

nepenthe (ne-pen'the) , n. a drug sup- 
posed by the ancient Greeks to have 
the power of causing forgetfulneas 
of sorrow. JGreek.] 

nephew (nef 'u) , n. the son of a brother 
or sister. 

nephritis (ne-fri'tis), n. inflammation 
of the kidneys. 

nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. a prefer- 
ence shown in bestowing patronage 
to one's relatives. [Latin.] 

Neptune (nep'tun), n. the god of seas, 
rivers, storms, and horses; born of 
Rhea and Jupiter. The Greeks called 
him Poseidon. 

Neptunian (nep-tun'i-an), adj. per- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NEREID 



566 



NEVE 



taining to the classic deity Neptune, 
or to the sea; deposited by the 
agency of the sea. 

Nereid (ne're-id), n. a sea nymph. 

neroli (ner'o-le), n. the essential oil 
of orange flowers. Named from the 
Princess Neroli. _ 

nervation (ner-va'shun) , n. arrange- 
ment of nerves. 

nerve (nerv), n. one of the grey fibers 
which convey sensation from all 
parts of the body to the brain and 
originate motion; tendon; sinew; 
strength; manliness; the strong vein 
of a leaf: v.t. to invigorate or 
strengthen. [Franco-Latin.] 

nervine (ner'vin), n. a tonic for the 
nerves. 

nervous (ner'vus), adj. pertaining to, 
or composed of, nerves; having 
weak nerves; easily agitated; vigor- 
ous in style. 

nest (nest), n.^ the bed or dwelling 
chosen by a bird for incubation, and 
the rearing of its young; the place 
where eggs are laid and hatched; 
a cozy residence; a number of boxes 
one fitting inside another: v.i. to 
build and occupy a nest. 

nest-egg (nest'eg), n. an egg left in a 
nest to keep the hen from forsaking 
it; money forming a nucleus. 

nestle (nes'l), v.i. to he close and 
snug; take shelter: v.t. to cherish. 

nestling (nest'ling), n. a young bird in 
the nest or just taken from it: adj. 
recently hatched. 

net (net), n. an instrument of twine 
knotted into meshes m for catching 
birds, fish, &c; anything* resembling 
or made like a net ; a snare : m adj. 
clear of all charges or deductions:, 
opposed to gross: v.t. [p.t. & p.p.' 
netted, p.pr. netting], to make into 
a net or network ; take with a net ; 
snare; produce as clear profit: v.i. 
to form network. 

nether (neth'er), adj. lying beneath; 
lower ; belonging to the regions below. 

nettle (net'l), n. a stinging plant of 
the genus Urtica: v.t. to provoke or 
irritate. 

nettlerash (net'1-rash) , n. a cutaneous 
eruption resembling the effects of a 
nettle sting. 

neural (nu'ral), adj. pertaining to the 
nerves. 



neuralgia (nu-ral'ji-a), n. acute pain 
in a nerve. _ 

neuralgic (rm-ral'jik), adj. pertaining 
to neuralgia. 

neurasthenia (nu-ras-the'ni-a) , n. 
brain and nerve exhaustion, as from 
influenza, &c. 

neuration (nu-ra/shun) , n. the vena- 
tion of the wings of an insect; nerve 
distribution. 

neurilemma (nu-ri-lem'a), n. the fi- 
brous sheath of a nerve. 

neurine (nu'rin), n. nerve matter. 
Also neurin. 

neuritis (nu-ri'tis) , n. inflammation of 
a nerve, or disorder of the nervous 
system. 

neuro, a Greek prefix meaning nerve, as 
neurography, a treatise on the nerves. 

neuroglia (nu-rog'li-a), n. the delicate 
connective tissue between the nerve- 
fibers of the_brain_and spinal cord. 

neurology (nu-rol'o-ji), n. a scientific 
description of_the nerves. 

neuroma (nu-ro'ma), n. a fibrous tu» 
mor occurring in a nerve trunk. 

neuropathic (nu-ro-path'ik) , adj. per* 
taining to, or suffering from, ner- 
vous disease ; affecting the nerves. 

neurosis (nu-ro'sis), n. nervous die*- 
ease. 

neurotic (nu-rot'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, seated in, or affecting, the nerves; 
characterized by a morbid hysteri- 
cal style: n. a nerve tonic. 

neurotomy (nu-rot'o-mi), n. dissec- 
tion of the nerves. 

neuter (nii'ter), adj. of neither sex; 
intransitive: n. a flower having nei- 
ther pistil nor stamens; a sterile 
sexless insect, especially the work- 
ing bee. [Latin.] 

neutral (nu'tral), adj. unbiased; in- 
different; taking no part on either 
side in a contest; neither very good 
nor very bad; neither acid not al- 
kaline; said of chemical salts. 

neutrality (nu-trari-ti) , n. the state 
of being neutral. 

neutralize (nu'tral-iz), v.t. to make 
neutral; render inactive. 

neutrally (nu'tra-li) , adv. in a neutral 
manner. 

neutral tint (tint), n. a dull grey. 

neve (na-va'), ft. the granular com- 
pressed snow which forms glacier 
ice. [French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NEVER 



567 



NIELLO 



never (nev'er), adv. not at any time; 
in no degree. 

nevertheless (ney-er-^e-les'), adv. 
notwithstanding; in spite of that. 

new (nu), adj. recent in origin; mod- 
ern; novel; lately made, produced, 
invented, or discovered; recently 
entered upon or commenced; not 
previously used ; fresh. 

newel (nu'el), n. in a winding stair- 
case, the m central upright pillar 
around which the steps turn. 

new-fangled (nu-fang'gld), adj. new- 
fashioned. 

Newfoundland (nu'f ound-land) , n. a 
large variety of dog, originally from 
Newfoundland. (Notice the differ- 
ence between this and Newfound- 
land', the name of the country.) 

news (nuz), n. recent intelligence; 
tidings. 

newsboy (nuz'boi), n. a boy whose 
occupation is to sell newspapers, 
chiefly on the streets. 

newspaper (nuz'pa-per), n. a paper 
published periodically, usually daily 
or weekly, containing the most re- 
cent intelligence. 

New Style (stil), n. the Gregorian or 
present style of computing the cal- 
endar: opposed to the former or 
Julian _met hod. 

newt (nut), n. an eft; salamander. 

New Thought (nu thawt), n. an op- 
timistic belief that circumstances 
may be controlled by the mind, by a 
new thought, acting in harmonj* with 
universal love. It has many ad- 
herents in the United States of 
America. 

Newtonian (nu-to'ni-an), adj. per- 
taining to, ' discovered by, or in- 
vented by, Sir Isaac Newton, the 
philosopher, or to his system. 

next (nekst), adj. [superl. of nigh and 
near], nearest in time, place, degree, 
or rank: adv. immediately succeed- 
ing. 

nexus (neks'us), n. a connection or 
tie. [Latin.] 

nib (nib), n. a bird's beak; the point 
of anything, especially a pen. 

nibble (nib'ty, v.t. & yd. to bite by 
little at a time; continue to bite at 
gently and quickly, as a fish: n. a 
small bite; a seizing to bite. 

niblick (nib'lik), n. & heavy iron 



golf club with a cup-shaped head to 
aid in jerking the ball out of holes. 

nice (nis), adj. fastidious; precise; 
squeamish; minutely discriminative; 
delicate; refined; socially agreeable; 
pleasing to the palate; scrupulously 
exact. [French.] 

nicely (nis'li), adv. in a nice manner. 

niceness (nls'nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being nice; delicacy of 
perception or touch. 

nicety (nls'e-ti), n. delicate manage- 
ment; fastidious delicacy; preci- 
sion; minute accuracy: pi. table 
delicacies. 

niche (nich), n. a recess in a wall 
for a statue. [French.] 

Nick (nik), n. an evil water spirit; 
the Devil (with old). 

nick (nik), n. exact or critical point 
of time; winning throw at dice: v.t. 
to cut in nicks or notches; touch at 
the lucky moment; cheat; steal. 

nickel (nik'el), n. a greyish-white duc- 
tile metal; a five-cent coin, made of 
nickel and copper alloy. [Swedish.] 

nickelodeon (nik-el-od'e-on), n. an 
amusement # place for moving pic- 
tures, admission to which is five 
cents. 

nickname (nik'nam), n. a name given 
in derision or familiarity: v.t. to 
give a nickname to; call by an op- 
probrious name. 

nicolite (nik'o-llt), n. arsenical nickel 
ore. 

nicotine (nik'o-tin), n. an acrid, poi- 
sonous alkaloid extracted from to- 
bacco. Also nicotin. Named from 
the French diplomat, Nicot, who 
first introduced this kind of tobacco 
into France (1562). 

nidana (ni-da'na), n. a band; a rope 
or halter; a cause; any one of the 
twelve links which form the Bud- 
dhist chain of causality. 

nidge (nij), v.t. to dress (stones) 
with a pick. 

nidincation (nid-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of building a nest, rearing young, 
&c. 

nidus (ni'dus), n. a nest or hatching 
place. 

niece (nes), n. the daughter of a 
brother or sister. [French.] 

niello (ni-el'o), n. a kind of orna- 
mental engraving on brass. [Italian.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NIGGARD 



568 



NITRIC 



niggard (nig'ard), adj. meanly cov- 
etous; parsimonious; miserly. Also 
niggardly: n. one who is meanly 
covetous; a miser. 

niggardliness (nig'ard-li-nes) , n. the 
state of being niggardly; stinginess. 

niggardly (nig'ard-li) , adv. like a 
niggard. 

nigh (ni), adj. near in time or place; 
adjacent; closely allied by blood or 
friendship: adv. near; almost: prep. 
near to. 

nighness (ni'nes), n. nearness; prox- 
imity. 

night (nit), n. the time from sunset 
to sunrise; period of darkness; death; 
intellectual or moral darkness. 

night-hawk (nit 'hawk), n. a person 
who prowls at night; in cities a cab- 
man who takes drunkards into his 
cab to rob them. 

nightingale (nit'in-gal), n. a small 
bird which sings with a sweet note 
at night ; philomel. 

nightmare (nit'mar), n. # a dreadful 
dream accompanied with oppres- 
sion on the chest and a feeling of 
helplessness; an incubus. 

night-rider (nlt'rid-er), n. a name 
given in the West to persons who 
band together for violence and crime. 

nightshade (nit'shad), n. a genus of 
plants of which the belladonna is best 
known. 

nihilism (ni'hil-izm), n. scepticism 
which denies that anything, even ex- 
istence, can be known; an extreme 
socialist movement in Russia to 
destroy existing institutions and 
found a new order of things with 
communistic rights of land and 
property. [Latin, "nothing."] 

nihilist (ni'hil-ist), n. a supporter oi 
nihilism. 

nihilistic (m-hil-is'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to nihilism. 

nil (nil), n. nothing. [Latin.] 

nimble (nim'bl), adj. quick and ac- 
tive; alert; lively; brisk. 

nimbus (nim'bus), n. in art, the 
halo or cloud of light surrounding 
the heads of divinities, saints, and 
sovereigns; a rain-cloud. 

nine (nin), adj. containing one more 
than eight: n. the sum of 1 and 8. 

ninefold (nm'fold), adj. nine times re- 
peated. 



ninepins (nm'pinz), n.pl. a game in 
w T hich nine pins or pegs of wood are 
set up to be bowled at with wooden 
bowls or balls 1 

nineteen (nin'ten), adj. consisting of 
nine and ten: n. the sum of nine and 
ten. 

nineteenth (nm'tenth), adj. being 
one of 19 equal parts: n. a nine- 
teenth part. 

ninetieth (nm'ti-eth) , adj. next after 
89th: n. a ninetieth part. 

ninety (nin'ti), adj. containing 9 ten 
times: n. the number containing 
times 10; the symbol (xc. 90) ex* 
pressing such a number. 

ninny (nin'i), n. a simpleton. 

ninth (ninth), adj. the ordinal of niiv,' 
n. one of nine equal parts. 

niobite (nl'o-bit), n. a black mineral. 

niobium (ni-o'bi-um), n. a metalliu 
element present in niobite. 

nip (nip), n. a pinch, as with th<s 
nails or teeth; a blast as by cold; 
a small drink of spirits: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. nipped, p.pr. nipping], to pinch; 
cut off the end of; check the growth 
or vigor of, especially by frost; blast 
or destroy. 

nipper (nip'er), n. one who, or that 
which, nips; one of the four fore- 
teeth of a horse; a small boy [English 
slang]: pi. small pincers. 

nippingly (nip'ing-li), adv. keenly. 

nipple (nip'l), n. that part of the 
breast of a woman from which milk 
is drawn by a child; a teat.^ 

Nirvana (ner-va'na), n. in Bud- 
dhism, the highest religious state, 
when all desire of existence and 
worldly good is extinguished, and 
the soul is absorbed into the Deity. 
Sanskrit, " blowing: out," "extinc- 
tion." 

nit (nit), n. the egg of any small in* 
sect. 

niter, nitre (ni'ter), n. nitrate ox 
potash or saltpeter. [Latin.] 

nitrate (ni'trat), n. a salt of nitric 
acid. 

nitrate of silver (sil'ver), n. silver 
dissolved in nitric acid. 

nitrated (ni'tra-ted), adj. combined 
with nitric acid. 

nitre. See niter. 

nitric (ni'trik), adj. contained in 
nitrogen. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NITRIC ACID 



569 



NODE 



nitric acid (as'id), n. a powerful 
acid, used in chemistry, the arts, 
and medicine, composed of nitro- 
gen and oxygen, obtained by the ac- 
tion of sulphuric acid upon nitrate 
of potash; aquafortis. 

nitride (ni'trld), n. a compound of 
nitrogen with a metal, also with 
phosphorus, silicon, or boron. 

r^itriferous (ni-trif'er-us), adj. pro- 
ducing niter. 

nitrification (nl-tri-fi-ka'shun) , n. the 
process of converting into niter. 

nitrify (nl'tri-fl), v.t. to form into niter. 

nitrite (ni'trlt), n. a salt of nitrous 
acid. 

i«itro, a Graeco-Latin prefix used in 
chemistry meaning containing nitro- 
gen, as m^ro-hydrochloric acid or 
aqua regia. 

nitrogen (ni'tro-jen), n. a gas which, 
with argon, constitutes 4-oths by 
volume of the atmosphere, and con- 
stitutes the basis of nitric acid. 

nitrogenize (ni-troj'en-iz), v.t. to im- 
pregnate with nitrogen. 

nitrogenous (ni-troj'e-nus), adj. per- 
taining to, or containing, nitrogen. 

nitro- glycerine (ni-tro-glis'er-in), n. 
a highly explosive, oily liquid, pre- 
pared by the action of nitric and 
sulphuric acids upon glycerine. Also 
nitro-glycerin, nitroleum. 

nitrous (ni'trus), adj. resembling, ob- 
tained from, or impregnated with, 
niter. 

nitrous acid (as'id), n. a compound 
of four volumes of nitrogen and 
one of oxygen. 

nitrous oxide (oks'id), n. a com- 
pound of one volume of oxygen and 
two volumes of nitrogen; laughing- 
gas. 

niveous (niv'e-us), adj. snow-like. 

Nivose (ni-vos'),. n. the name of the 
fourth month in the French revolu- 
tionary calendar. The period be- 
tween March 21st and April 19th. 

nix (niks), n. in Teutonic mythology, 
a water-sprite [German]; a kelpie 
JScotch]. m 

Nizzard (niz'ard), n. a native or long- 
time inhabitant of the city of Nice. 
[Italian, Nizzia.] 

no (no), adv. a word of denial or 
refusal: opposed to yes: adj. none. 

nob (nob), n. a knob; the head; a 



fop. In the last sense, nob (from 
noble) is an antonym of mob (from 
mobile) . The word snob suggests the 
worst qualities of each. 

nobby (nob'i), adj. capital; spruce; 
stylish. 

nobility (no-biTi-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being noble; noble birth; 
grandeur; dignity; nobles collec- 
tively. 

noble (no'bl), adj. high in excellence 
or worth; illustrious; magnanimous; 
generous ; exalted in rank ; of ancient 
lineage: n. peer or nobleman. 

nobleman (no'bl-man), n. a peer. 

nobleness (no'bl-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being noble. 

Nobel Prize (no'bel priz), n, one of the 
annual money prizes awarded in ac- 
cordance with the will of Alfred 
Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish chemist 
and engineer, inventor of dynamite, 
to the person rendering to humanity 
the greatest services during the year 
in various sciences, in literature, or 
in promoting international peace. 

noblesse (no-bles'), n. nobility in the 
abstract; the collective body of the 
nobility. [French .] 

nobly (no'bli), adv. in a noble manner; 
of noble rank. 

nobody (no'bod-i), n. no one; a per- 
son of no importance or influence. 

nocturnal (nok-ter'nal) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, done, or happening at, night. 

nocturnally (nok-ter'na-li) , adv. by 
or in the night. 

nocturne (nok'tern), n. a picture of a 
night scene; a musical composition 
appropriate to the night ; a lullaby. 

nod (nod), n. a quick inclination of 
the head; a command: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. nodded, p.pr. nodding], to sig- 
nify by a nod; incline or bend: v.i. 
to give a quick f or ward motion of 
the head; bend the head in token of 
assent, _or as a salute; be drowsy. 

nodal (no'dal), adj. pertaining to nodes. 

nodated (no'da-ted), adj. knotted. 

noddle (nod'l), n. the head. 

noddy (nod'i), n. a simpleton; a kind 
of sea-fowl. 

node (nod), n. a knot; knob; one of 
the two points at which the orbit of 
a planet intersects the ecliptic; the 
points of the stem of a plant from 
which a leaf springs; the plot of a 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
33 hue, hut ; think, then. 



NODOSE 



570 



NONSUIT 



poem or play ; a tumor of the perios- 
teum or bones. [Latin.] 

;Hodose (no'dos), adj. having knots or 
nodes. 

nodular (nod'u-ler) , adj. pertaining 
to, or like, a nodule. m 

nodule (nod'ul), n. a little knot or ir- 
regular rounded lump. 

noggin (nog'in), n. a small cup or 
mug; a liquid measure = 1 gill. 

nogging (nog'ing), n. a partition 
formed of timber scantlings filled up 
with bricks. 

noise (noiz), n. sound; clamor; out- 
cry; frequent or public conversation: 
v.t. to spread abroad by rumor: v.i. 
to sound loud. 

noisily (noiz'i : li), adv. with noise. 

noisiness (noiz'i-nes), n. the state of 
being noisy. 

noisome (noi'sum) , m adj. injurious to 
health ; noxious ; disgusting. _ 

noisy (noiz'i), adj. full of noise; tur- 
bulent. 

nomad (nom'ad), n. one of a tribe 
that wanders about in search of 
food and pasture: adj. nomadic. 

nomadic (no-mad'ik), adj. wander- 
ing; pastoral. [Greek.] 

nomadism (no'ma-dizm), n. the fixed 
condition of a nomad; moving rest- 
lessly from place to place, having no 
permanent abode._ 

nomenclature (no'men-kla-tur), n. 
the words, terms, or language used 
in any art or science. [Latin.] 

nomial (no'mi-al), n. in algebra, a sin- 
gle term. 

nominal (nom'i-nal), adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, names; existing 
only in name. 

nominalism (nom/i-nal-izm) , n. a 
philosophy which holds that only 
names exist. 

nominate (nom'i-nat), v.t. to propose 
for an office; appoint. 

nomination (nom-i-na'shun) , n. the 
act of nominating; the state of being 
nominated. 

nominative (nom'i-na-tiv), adj. not- 
ing in grammar the case of the sub- 
ject: n. the case of the subject. 

nominator (nom'i-na-ter) , n. one who 
nominates. 

nominee (nom-i-ne'), n. one who is 
proposed for an office. 

nonage (non'aj), n. minority. [Latin.] 



nonagenarian (non-a-jen-a/ri-an), n c 
a person 90 years old. [Latin.] 

nonagesimal (non-a-jes'i-mal), adj 
pertaining to 90, or to a nonagesimaL 
n. that point of the ecliptic which is 
highest above the horizon. [Latin.] 

nonagon (non'a-gon), n. a plane figure 
with nine sides and nine angles. 

nonchalance (nong-sha-langs') , n« 
coolness; indifference. [French.] 

nonchalant (nong-sha-lang'), adj. 
cool; indifferent. 

nondescript (non'de-skript) , n. a per- 
son or thing that cannot be easily 
described or classed: adj. abnormal; 
novel; odd. [Latin.] 

none (nun), adj. not any; not one; 
n. & pron. no one; nothing. 

nonentity (non-en'ti : ti) , n. [pi. non- 
entities (non-en'ti-tiz)], a thing not 
existing; a person of no importance 
or influence. 

Nones (nonz), n.pl. in the ancient Ro- 
man calendar the ninth day before 
the Ides, reckoned inclusively; in 
the Roman Catholic Breviary, the 
devotional office for the ninth hour 
or 3 p. m. 

nonillion (non-il'yun), n. in the Eng- 
lish system of numeration, the num- 
ber denoted by 1 followed by 54 
ciphers; in the French system, in 
use in this country, the number de- 
noted by 1 followed by 30 ciphers. 

nonpareil (non-pa-rel'), adj. without 
an equal: n. unequaled excellence; a 
kind of printing-type (see type) ; a 
variety of apple. [French.] 

nonplus (non'plus), v.t. [v.t. & p.p. 
nonplussed, p.pr. nonplussing], to 
throw into complete perplexity ; puz- 
zle: n. an insuperable difficulty; 
puzzle. [Latin.] 

nonsense (non'sens), n. language 
without meaning; anything absurd 
interj. absurd! 

nonsensical (non-sen'si-kal) , adj. ab- 
surd; unmeaning. 

nonsensically (non-sen'si-ka-li) , adv. 
absurdly. 

non sequitur (non sek Vi-ter) , n. in 
logic, a conclusion or inference 
which does not follow from the 
premises. [Latin.] 

nonsuit (non'sut), n. the m withdrawal 
of a suit during trial either volun- 
tarily or by judgment of the court 



ate, arin ( at. awl; ine, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NOODLE 



o71 



NOTICE 



on the discovery of error or defect 
in the pleadings: v.t. to subject to a 
nonsuit. [Law Latin.] 

caoodle (nood'l), n. a simpleton; a 
strip of dried dough, served in soup 
or as a baked dish. 

nook (nook), n. a small recess or se- 
cludedretreat ; a corner. 

noon (noon), n.the middle of the day, 
12 o'clock; height: adj. pertaining to 
noon. 

noonday (noon'da), adj. pertaining to 
noon, or midday: n. noon. Also 
noontide. _ 

noose (noos), n. a running knot 
which binds the closer the more 
tightly it is drawn: v.t. to catch or 
tie in a noose; ensnare. 

nor (nor), conj. a negative particle 
correlative to neither or not. 

normal (nor'mal), adj. according to 
rule; regular; perpendicular. [Latin.] 

normal school (skool), n. a school 
for the tiaining of teachers for ele- 
mentary schools. 

Norman (nor'man), adj. pertaining to 
the Normans, Normandy, or to a 
style of architecture introduced into 
England by the Normans, character- 
ized by the -rounded arch and mas- 
sive square towers. 

Norse (nors), a dj. m pertaining to an- 
cient Scandinavia, its language, 
and its people. 

north (north), n. one of the four car- 
dinal points; the point opposite to 
the south: adj. pertaining to, situ- 
ated in, or coming from, the north: 
adv. to the north. 

norther (nor'ther), n. a strong gale 
which prevails in the Gulf of Mexico 
from September to March. 

northern (nor^/zern), adj. in, from, or 
towards, the north. "Also northerly. 

Northern Lights (llts), n.pl. the Au- 
rora Borealis. 

northing (north'ing), n. distance 
northward. 

Norwegian (nor-we'jian), adj. per- 
taining to Norway, its language, or 
inhabitants. 

nose (noz), n. the organ of smell; 
scent ; a snout ; nozzle ; anything re- 
sembling a nose: v.t. to smell or 
scent. 

nosegay (noz'ga), n. a bouquet. 

nosology (no-sol'o-ji), n. the system- 



atic classification of the diseases oi 
animals and plants. [Greek.] 

nostalgia (nos-tal'ji-a) , n. homesick- 
ness. [Greek.] 

nostril (nos'tril), n. one of the two 
openings in the nose. 

nostrum (nos'trum), n. a quack medi- 
cine. [Latin, meaning "ours," i. e. 
"our special remedy," &c] 

not (not), adv. a word expressive of 
denial or refusal. # 

notabilia (no-ta-biri-a), n.pl. things 
worthy of note. 

notability (no-ta T biri-ti) , n. [pi. nota- 
bilities (no-ta-bil'i-tiz)], a person of 
note: the quality of being notable. 

notable (no'ta-bl), adj. worthy of 
notice; memorable; notorious; re- 
markable; industrious ; thrifty : n. a 
person or thing of distinction. 

notably (no'ta-bli), adv. in a notable 
manner. 

notarial (no-ta/ri-al) , adj. pertaining 
to, or done by, a notary. 

notary (no'ta-ri), n. [pi. notaries 
(no'ta-riz)], an official authorized to 
attest deeds, protest bills of exchange. 
&c. [Latin.] 

notation (no-ta'shun), n. the act or 
practice of recording by marks or 
symbols; a system of signs or sym- 
bols. [Latin.] 

notch (noch), n. a small hollow cut; 
indentation: v.t. to cut into small 
hollo w_s. 

note (not), n. a memorandum; repu- 
tation; brief explanation; short let- 
ter; a diplomatic communication; a 
mark or sign representing a sound; 
the sound itself [music]; a paper 
acknowledging a debt and promis- 
ing payment: pi. a summary of a 
speech: v.t. to make a note of; 
mark; show respect or attention to. 

noted (no'ted), p. adj. well-known; 
celebrated; remarkable. 

nothing (nuth'ing), n. not any- 
thing; a thing of no value, use, or 
importance; a cipher: adv. in no de- 
gree. 

nothingism (nuth'ing-izm), n. a sys- 
tem of philosophy which has no prin- 
ciples or basis. 

nothingness (nuth'ing-nes), n. non- 
existence; worthlessness. 

notice (no'tis), n. mental or visual 
observation; attention; remark; ad- 



ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NOTICEABLE 



572 



NULLIFIER 



vice; information; warning; pub- 
lic intimation; press criticism: v.t. 
to see or observe; regard; attend to; 
make remarks upon. [Latin.] 

noticeable (no'tis-a-bl) , adj. worthy 
of observation; remarkable. 

notification (no-ti-fi-ka/shun), n. the 
act of giving notice; notice given; 
document by which information is 
communicated. [Latin.] 

notify (no'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. noti- 
fied, p.pr. notifying], to give notice 
to; make known. 

notion (no'shun), n. an idea or concep- 
tion; opinion; belief; inclination: 
a clever contrivance. 

notional (no'shun-al) , adj. pertaining 
to, or conveying, a notion; ideal; im- 
aginary. 

notoriety (no-to-ri'i-ti) , n. the state of 
being notorious. Also notorious- 
ness. 

notorious (no-to'ri-us) , adj. publicly 
known; usually in a bad sense. 

notornis (no-tor'nis), n. the gigantic 
short-winged coot of New Zealand. 

Notus (no'tus), n. the south wind. 
[Latin.] 

notwithstanding (not - with - stand'- 
ing), prep, in spite of: conj. although: 
adv. however; yet. 

nougat (noo : ga'), n. a confection of 
almonds, pistachio nuts, sugar, and 
paste. [French.] 

nought, same as naught. 

noumenon (no-56'me-non), n. [pi. 
noumena (no-oo'me-na)], essence; 
the substance or reality existing 
under the phenomenal. [Greek.] 

noun (noun), n. the name of any- 
thing; a substantive. 

nourish (nur'ish), v.t. to feed or 
bring up; support; maintain; edu- 
cate: v.i. to promote growth. 

nourishment (nur'ish-ment), n. that 
which nourishes. 

nous (nous), n. intellect; clever com- 
mon-sense. [Greek.] 

novel (nov'el), adj. of recent origin 
or introduction; new; strange or 
unusual: n. a fictitious tale or ro- 
mance. 

novelette (nov-el-ef), n. a short novel. 

novelist (nov'el-ist), n. a writer of 
novels. 

novelty (nov'el-ti), n. newness; some- 
thing new. 



novice (nov'is), n. a beginner; in the 
Roman Catholic Church, one who 
has entered a religious house but 
has not yet_ taken the vow. 

novitiate (no-vish'i-at) , n. the state 
of a novice; time of probation as a 
novice; a house or retreat for 
novices. [Latin.] 

now (nou), adv. at the present time; 
quite recently. 

nowel (nou'el), n. the inner part of a 
large loam foundry mold. 

nowise (no'wiz), adv. not in any 
manner or degree. 

noxious (nok'shus), adj. harmful; 
pernicious; deadly. [Latin.] 

nozzle (noz'l), n. a projecting mouth- 
piece. 

N-rays (n-raz), n. olf active rays 
propagated by electric-sparked waves 
in the ether, in the same manner 
as light. Discovered in 1903 by 
Prof. M. R. Blondlot, physicist of 
Nancy, and named N. after the city. 

nubbin (nub'in), n. a small or im- 
perfect ear of maize. 

nuclear (nu'kle-ar), adj. pertaining to, 
or connected with, a nucleus. 

nucleus (nu'kle-us), n. the central 
mass around which matter accretes 
or grows; the head of a comet. 

nude (mid), adj. bare; naked; in 
law, made without consideration; 
void; in art, the undraped body 
(with the). [Latin.] 

nudely (nud'li), adv. nakedly. 

nudeness (nud'nes), n. nakedness. 
Also nudity. 

nudge (nuj), v.t. to touch gently, as 
with the elbow: n. a gentle touch, as 
with the elbow. 

nudity (nu'di-ti), n. nakedness: pi. 
naked parts. . 

nugatory (nu'ga-to-ri) , adj. trifling ; 
useless. [Latin.] 

nugget (nug'et), n. a lump or mass 
of metal, especially of gold ir aurif- 
erous soil. 

nuisance (nii'sans), n. anything of- 
fensive, injurious, vexatious, or an- 
noying. 

null (mil), adj. of no legal force; 
void. [Latin.] 

nullification (nul-i-fi-ka 'shun ) , n . 
the act of nullifying. 

nullifier (nul'i-fi-er), n. one who nulli- 
fies. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NULLIFY 



573 



NUZZLE 



nullify (nuTi-fi), y.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. nulli- 
fied, p.pr. nullifying], to annul or 
render void. 

nullity (nul'i-ti), n. want of existence, 
force, or validity. 

numb (num.), adj. deprived of sensa- 
tion or motion; torpid: v.t. to be- 
numb. 

number (num'ber), n. a unit; one, or 
more than one; multitude; one of a 
series; a collection of things; sounds 
distributed into harmonies; poetry; 
meter, or verse (usually pi.): v.t. 
to count; mark with a number. 

numeral (nii'mer-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, consisting of, or denoting, 
number: n. a symbol or word ex- 
pressing a number. [Latin.] 

numerary (mYmer-a-ri), adj. belong- 
ing to a certain number. 

numerate (nu'mer-at), v.t. to reckon 
or enumerate; point or read, as fig- 
ures. [Latin.] 

numeration (nu-mer-a/shun), n. the 
act or art of numbering, or of read- 
ing and writing numbers. 

numerator (nu'mer-a-ter) , n. one who 
numbers ; the figure or figures above 
the line in fractions which indicate 
how many parts of a unit are taken. 

numerous (nu'mer-us), adj. consist- 
ing of a great number. 

numismatic . (nu-mis-mat'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to coins or medals: n.pl.- 
the science and study of coins and 
medals. [Greek.] 

numismatist (nu-mis/ma-tist), n. one 
skilled in numismatics. Also numis- 
matologist. 

numskull (num'skul), n. a blockhead. 

nun (nun), n. a female devoted to a 
religious life and seclusion under a 
vow of chastity; a variety of pig- 
eon; the blue titmouse. 

nuncio (nun'shi-o), n. & papal ambas- 
sador. [Latin.] 

nuncupative (nung'ku-pa-tiv), adj. 
verbal; nominal. Also nuncupatory. 

nunnery (nun'er-i), n. [pi. nunner- 
ies (nun'er-iz)], a religious house 
for nuns. 

nuptial (nup'shal), adj. pertaining 
to, or constituting, marriage: n.pl. 
marriage, ceremony. [Latin.] 

nurse (ners), n. a woman who has 
the care of infants, or of the child 
of another person; one who tends 



the sick or infirm; one who, or that 
which, protects or fosters: v.t. to 
tend or suckle, as an infant; bring 
up; tend in sickness; promote; 
economize. [French.] 

nursery (ners'er-i), n. [pi. nurseries 
(ners'er-iz)], an apartment for young 
children; a place or garden for rear- 
ing young plants; a race for two- 
year-old horses. 

nursling (ners'ling) , n. an infant. 

nurture (ner'tur), n. that which 
nourishes; diet; food; education: 
v.t. to bring up; educate; nourish. 

nut (nut) , n. the fruit of certain trees, 
containing a kernel inclosed in a 
hard shell; a piece of metal grooved 
for screwing on to the end of a bolt: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. nutted, p.pr. nutting], 
to gather_nuts. [Old French.] 

nutant (nti'tant), adj. having the top 
bent downward. [Latin.] 

nutation (mi-ta/shun) , n. the periodi- 
cal vibratory movement of the axis 
of the earth. 

nutmeg (nut'meg), n. the aromatic 
kernel of the fruit of an East In- 
dian tree. 

nutria (nu'tri-a), n. the commercial 
name for the fur or skin of the coy- 
pou or otter. # [Spanish.] 

nutrient (nu'tri-ent) , adj. promoting 
growth. 

nutriment (nu'tri-ment), n. nourish- 
ment. [Latin.] 

nutrition (nu-trish'un) , n. that which 
nourishes; food; the action of pro- 
moting growth or repairing waste in 
organic bodies. 

nutritious # (nti-trish'us), adj. afford- 
ing nutrition. 

nutritive (nu'tri-tiv) , adj. pertaining 
to, or having the quahty of, nutri- 
tion. 

nutritively (nu'tri-tiv-li), adv. by nu- 
trition. 

nutty (nut'i), adj. abounding in, or 
tasting like, nuts. 

nux vomica (nuks vom'i-ka), n. the 
fruit of a Coromandel plant which 
yields two deadly poisons, brucine 
and nux vomica. The latter comes 
in large silky disks and are popu- 
larly known as Quaker buttons. See 
strychnia. [Latin.] 

nuzzle (nuz'l), v.t. to root up with the 
nose, as swine: v.t. to nestle. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



NYE 



o74 



NYXIS 



nye (ni), n. a brood of pheasants. 

nylghau (nil'gaw), n. [pi. nylghai (nil'- 
gi)], a large Indian antelope. Also 
nilghau. 

nymph (nimf), n. in classic mythol- 
ogy, a goddess of nature inhabiting 
the mountains, woods, streams, &c; 
a light, handsome, graceful young 
woman. [Greek.] 



nympha (nim'fa), n. the pupa or 

chrysalis of an insect. 

nymphomania (nim-f o-ma/ni-a) , n. 
erotic insanity in females. [Greek.] 

Nyssa (nis'a), n. a small but scattered 
species of dog- wood with greenish 
flowers. 

nyxis (niks'is), n. the puncture made 
by a very sharp pointed surgical in- 
strument. [Greek.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £/ien. 



o 



O, the fifteenth letter and the fourth 
vowel in English. It is doubtless a 
pictograph representing the human 
eye, as in the Phoenician ayin. The 
Greeks after a time divided the o's 
into two — o mikron, "little eye," 
and o mega, "big eye." The letter 
has not changed since classical 
times. 

O (5), inter j. an exclamation of won- 
der, pain, &c: n. [pi. o's (oz)], a 
ring, cipher, or naught. 

oadal (6'a-dal), n. a tree of the cola- 
nut family. 

oaf (of), n. a changeling; but oftener a 
big, hulking, idle fellow — Kipling's 
"muddled oaf at the goal"; a lout. 

oafish (of'ish), adj. simple; silly; dolt- 
ish. 

oak (ok), n. a tree of many species, 
especially the common oak (Quercus 
robur), valued for its timber. 

oak-apple (ok'ap-1), n. a spongy ex- 
crescence growing on the leaves or 
young branches of the oak. 

oaken (ok'en), adj. made of, or con- 
sisting of, oak. 

oakum (ok'um), n. t old ropes un- 
twisted and pulled into loose hemp. 

oar (or), n. sl light pole with a broad 
blade, for rowing a boat: v.t. & v.i. 
to row 1 

oasis e (o-a'sis), e n. [pi. oases (o-a'sez)], a 
fertile spot in a barren sandy desert. 

oast (ost), n. a kiln for drying hops 
or barley. 

oat (ot), n. a grassy plant of the genus 
Avena, the grain of which is used as 
food [usually in pi.]. 

oaten (ot'en), adj. made of oats. # 

oath (oth), n. a solemn declaration of 
truth-telling with an appeal to God 
as witness. 

ob, a Latin prefix meaning before, 
against, towards, in front of, reversed. 

obbligato (ob-li-ga'to), n. an indis- 
pensable instrumental part written 



especially for the instrument named 
[Music]. The word is Italian. 

obduracy (ob'du^-ra-si), n. obdurate 
conduct or quality. 

obdurate (ob'du-rat), adj. hardened 
in heart or feelings, especially against 
moral influence. 

obdurately (ob'du-rat-li), adv. stub- 
bornly. 

obdurateness (ob'du-rat-nes), n. the 
quality or state of being obdu- 
rate. 

obedience (o-be'di-ens) , n. submis- 
sion to authority; dutifulness. 

obedient (o-be'di-ent) , adj. submis- 
sive to authority; dutiful. 

obeisance (o-ba/sans), n. a bow or 
curtsey; act of reverence. 

obelisk (ob'e-lisk), n. a lofty, four- 
sided stone pillar gradually tapering 
as it rises, and terminating in a 
pyramidal top like the so-called Cleo- 
patra's Needle in Central Park, New 
York City; a reference mark (f). 

obelus (ob'e-lus), n. a mark(— - or ■*■ 
or t) used in old MSS. to indicate a 
doubtful or spurious reading; in 
modern writing, a dash ( — ). 

obese (5-beV), adj. corpulent. 

obesity (o-bes'i-ti), n. excessive corpu- 
lence, especially of an unhealthy 
kind. Also obeseness, 

obey (o-ba').. v.t. [p.t. & p.p. obeyed, 
p.pr. obeying], to submit to the rule 
or authority of; comply with the 
orders or instructions of: v.i. to 
yield; do as bidden. [French.] 

obfuscate (ob-fus'kat) , v.t. to be- 
wilder. [Latin.] 

obi (o'bi), n. among the West Indian 
natives and negroes of Africa a sys- 
tem of secret sorcery or magical 
rites; a charm; a kind of sash worn 
by Japanese women. 

obituary (o-bit'u-a-ri), n. [pi. obit- 
uaries (o-bit'u-a-riz)], a register of 
deaths; an account of a deceased 



ate. arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OBJECT 



576 



OBSCENE 



person: adj. pertaining to, or record- 
ing, deaths. [Latin.] 

object (ob-jekt'), v.t. to urge against; 
oppose: v.i. to make objections: n. 
(ob'jekt) anything placed before 
the mind or senses; motive; end; 
aim. [Latin.] 

object-glass (ob'ject-glas), n. the lens 
of a microscope or telescope nearest 
to the object to be observed and 
forming the image. 

objection (ob-jek'shun), n. the act of 
objecting; adverse reason; difficulty 
raised. 

objectionable (ob-jek'shun-a-bl), adj. 
liable or open to objection; repre- 
hensible. 

objective (ob-jek'tiv), adj. pertaining 
to an object; .external to the mind; 
in grammar, noting the case which 
follows a transitive verb or a prepo- 
sition and is governed by it: n. the 
accusative case; an objective point. 

objectively (ob-jek'tiv-li), adv. in an 
objective manner. 

objectivism (ob-jek'tiv-izm), n. the 
philosophical doctrine that the 
knowledge of the non-ego is anterior 
to that of the ego ; in art and litera- 
ture, m the representation of persons 
and incidents as they really ap- 
pear. 

objectivity (ob-jek-tiv'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being objective; 
that one regards whatever his senses 
teach him as being true. 

objurgate (ob'jer-gat), v.t. to chide or 
reprove. 

objurgation (ob-jer-ga/shun), n. re- 
proof. 

objurgatory (ob-jer'ga-to-ri), adj. con- 
taining reproof or censure. 

oblate (ob-laf), adj. depressed or flat- 
tened at the poles; orange-shaped; 
in the Roman Catholic Church, not- 
ing a secular priest who has devoted 
himself and his property to the mon- 
astery he has entered. [Latin.] 

oblation > (ob-la/shun) , n. an offering 
or sacrifice; anything presented in 
religious worship. 

obligation (ob-li-ga/shun) , n. the bind- 
ing power of a vow, promise, or 
contract ; the state of being indebted 
for a favor; in law, a bond to 
which a penalty is annexed on fail- 
ure of due performance. [Latin.] 



obligatory (ob'li-ga-to-ri). adj. mor= 
ally or legally binding. 

oblige (o-bllj'), v.t. to constrain by 
force, morally, legally, or physically; 
bind by some favor or kindness 
rendered; render a favor to; gratify. 
[Latin.] 

obligee (o-bli-je'), n. one to whom a 
bond is given. 

obliger (6-blIj'er), n. one who obliges. 

obliging (o-bllj 'ing), p. adj. complai- 
sant; civil or courteous. 

obligor (o-bli-jor'), n. one who is 
bound by abond. 

oblique (ob-lek'), adj. deviating from 
a right line; not parallel; not di- 
rect or straightforward. [Latin.] 

oblique angle (ang'gl), n. an angle 
greater or less than a right angle. 

oblique case (kas), n. in grammar, 
any case except the nominative. 

obliquely (ob-lek'li), adv. in an 
oblique manner or direction. 

obliqueness (ob-lek'nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being oblique; slanting 
direction; moral error. Also, and 
better, obliquity. 

obliterate (ob-lit'er-at) , v.t. to efface 
or wear out; destroy by the effects 
of time or other means. [Latin.] 

obliteration (ob-lit-er-a/shun) , n. the 
act of obliterating; effacement. 

oblivion (ob-hVi-un), n. the state of 
being blotted out from memory ; for- 
getfulncss. [Latin.] 

oblivious (ob-hVi-us), adj. forgetful 

oblong (ob'long), adj. t longer than 
broad: n. a geometrical figure of 
such shape. 

obloquy (ob'lo-kwi), n. reproachful 
language; calumny; slander; re- 
proach. 

obnoxious (ob-nok'shus), adj. deserv- 
ing of censure or- disapproval; hate- 
ful; offensive; unpopular. 

oboe (6'bo-e), n. a musical wind in- 
strument of the reed class; hautboy; 
an organ stop. 

obole (o'bol), n. sl French coin used 
in the Middle Ages, less in value 
than the denier which was a half- 
cent. 

obolus (ob'o-lus), n. an ancient 
Greek coin, value 11 cents; an Attic 
weight = l-6th of a drachma. 

obovate (ob-6'vat) , ad[/.inversely ovate. 

obscene (ob-sen'), adj. offensive to 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OBSCENELY 



577 



OBTUSE 



chastity; impure in language or ac- 
tion; indecent; filthy. [Latin.] 

obscenely (ob-sen'li), adv. in an ob- 
scene manner. 

obscenity (ob-sen'i-ti), n. impurity in 
language or action; indecency. Also 
obsceneness. 

obscure (ob-skur'), adj. without light 
or distinctness; dark; not easily un- 
derstood; illegible; secluded; hum- 
ble: v.t. to darken or dim; dis- 
guise; render less visible or intel- 
ligible; tarnish; make mean. < [Latin.] 

obscurely (ob-skur'li) , adv. in an ob- 
scure manner. 

obscureness (ob-skur'nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being obscure. 
.Also obscurity. 

obsecrate (ob'se-krat),_i>i. to implore. 

obsecration (ob-se-kra'shun) , n. en- 
treaty. 

obsequies (ob'se-kwiz), n.pl. funeral 
rites. [Latin.] 

obsequious (ob-se'kwi-us) , adj. ser- 
vile; compliant to excess. [Latin.] 

observable (ob-zer'va-bl) , adj. cap- 
able of being observed; worthy of 
observation; remarkable. 

observably (ob-zer'va-bli) , adv. re- 
markably. 

observance (ob-zer'vans) , n. the act of 
observing; performance of rites; 
rule of practice. 

observant (ob-zer'vant) , adj. taking 
notice; attentive; mindful. 

observation (ob : zer-va/shun), n. the 
act of observing; attention; that 
which is observed; remark; note. 

observatory (ob-zer'va-to-ri), n. [pi. 
observatories (ob-zer'va-to-riz)], a 
building fitted up for astronomical 
research. 

observe (ob-zerv'), v.t. to keep in view; 
take notice of; celebrate; practice 
ceremonially; mention: v.i. to make 
observations. JLatin.] 

observing (ob-zerv'ing), p. adj. giving 
particular attention to; observant. 

obsess (ob-ses') v.t. to exert an influ- 
ence over, as by an evil spirit. 

obsession (ob-sesh'-un), n. the act or 
state of being vexed or besieged by 
some foreign personality; an idea 
that dominates the mind and con- 
trols it. 

obsidian ( ob-sid'i-an), n. volcanic 
lava of a glassy appearance used by 



the Aztecs before the Mexican Con- 
quest for making arrow-heads, etc. 

obsolescence (ob-so-les'ens), n. the 
state of becoming obsolete. 

obsolescent (ob-so-les'ent), adj. be- 
coming obsolete. 

obsolete (ob'so-let), adj. gone out of 
date; disused; imperfectly devel- 
oped, 

obsoleteness (ob-so-let'nes), n. the 
state of being obsolete; indistinct- 
ness. 

obstacle (ob'sta-kl), n. that which 
hinders or opposes. [Latin.] 

obstetric (ob-stet'rik), adj. pertain- 
ing to midwifery. [Latin.] 

obstinacy (ob'sti-na-si), n. the state 
or quality of being obstinate; stub- 
bornness. Also obstinateness. 

obstinate (ob'sti-nat), adj. pertina- 
ciously adhering to one's _ opinion 
or purpose; stubborn. [Latin.] 

obstinately (ob'sti-nat-li), adv. in an 
obstinate manner. 

obstreperous (ob-strep'er-us), adj. 
clamorously noisy; turbulent. 

obstruct (ob-strukt') , v.t. to block up 
or impede; hinder from passing; in- 
terrupt. [Latin.] 

obstruction (ob-struk'shun) , n. an 
impediment. 

obstructionist (ob-struk'shun-ist), rt. 
a member of a legislative assembly 
who makes use of its rules that will 
deliberately hinder the progress of 
public business. 

obstructive (ob-struk'tiv) , adj. caus- 
ing obstruction. 

obtain (ob-tan'), v.t. to get possession 
of; gain; acquire; win; procure: 
v.i. to be established in practice or 
use. [Latin.] 

obtainment # (ob-tan'ment) , n. the 
act of obtaining. 

obtrude (ob-trood'), v.t. to thrust in 
or upon; urge or offer with unreason- 
able importunity: v.i. to enter un- 
invited. [Latin.] . 

obtrusion (ob-troo'zhun), n. the act 
of obtruding. 

obtrusive (ob-troo'siv), adj. inclined 
or apt to intrude. 

obtrusively (ob-troo'siv-li) , adv. by 
way of obtrusion. 

obtuse (ob-tus') , adj. not pointed or 
acute; greater than a right angle; 
dull. 



fte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; bdon, book 
37 hue, hut ; think, then. 



OBTUSELY 



578 



OCTAHEDRON 



obtusely (ob-tus'li), adv. in an obtuse 
manner. 

obtuseness (ob-tus'nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being obtuse; blunt- 
ness; mental dulness. 

obverse (ob-vers'), adj. bearing the 
head: said of a coin or medal; nar- 
rower at the base than the top: 
said of a leaf or radicle: n. (Vers) 
the side of a coin or medal having 
the face or head upon it ; opposed to 
reverse. [Latin.] 

obversely (ob-vers'li), adv. in an ob- 
verse form. 

obvert (ob-verf), v.t. to turn towards; 
face. [Latin. ]_ 

obviate (ob'vi-at), v.t. to remove, as 
difficulties or objections. _ [Latin.] 

obvious (ob'vi-us), adj. evident. 

ob volute (ob'vo-lut), adj. arranged so 
as to overlap, as the margins of an 
organ or part of a plant. 

oca (o'ka), n. a South American plant 
with a tuberous root resembling the 
potato. 

Occamite (ok'a-mit), n. a follower of 
William of Occam, a Franciscan 
monk in the fourteenth century, who 
advocated Nominalism. See Nom- 
inalism. 

occasion (ok-ka'zhun) , n. occurrence; 
state or position of affairs; opportu- 
nity; incidental cause or need; exi- 
gence: v.t. to cause or influence di- 
rectly or indirectly; give rise to. 
• occasional (ok-ka'zhun-al) , adj. inci- 
dental or casual. 

occasionally (ok-ka'zhun-a-li) , adv. 
incidentally or casually. 

Occident (ok'si-dent) , n. the West; 
the countries west of Asia and the 
Turkish dominions. [Latin.] 

Occidental (ok-si-den'tal) , adj. of or 
belonging to the Occident: n. a na- 
tive of the Occident. 

occipital (ok-sip'i-tal), adj. pertain- 
ing to the occiput. [Latin.] 

occiput (ok'si-put), n. the hinder part 
of the skull or head. 

occult (ok-kulf), adj. hidden; secret; 
invisible. [Latin.] 

occultation (ok-kul-ta/shun) , n. tem- 
porary disappearance or obscura- 
tion: said of one heavenly body 
when another conceals it from sight. 

occulted (ok-kult'ed), adj. hidden 
from the vision, as a star, &c. 



occultism (ok-kult'izm), n. Eastern 
theosophy; mysticism in general. 

occultly (ok-kult'li), adv. in an occult 
manner. 

occult sciences (si'en-sez), n.pl. 
magic, alchemy, and astrology. 

occupancy (ok'ti-pan-si) , n. the act 
of taking and holding in possession. 

occupant (ok'u-pant), n. one who has 
possession. 

occupation (ok-u-pa'shun) , n. the act 
or state of occupying; business, em- 
ployment, or calling. 

occupier (ok'u-pi-er), n. one who oc- 
cupies. 

occupy (ok'u-pi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. occu- 
pied, p.pr. occupying], to take pos- 
session of ; hold or keep in possession, 
as for use; fill or cover; employ: v.i. 
to traffic. [Latin.] 

occur (ok-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. oc- 
curred, p.pr. occurring], to happen 
or take place; come to the mind; 
be found or met with. [Latin.] 

occurrence (ok-ker'ens) , n. an acci- 
dent, event, or incident. 

ocean (o'shun), n. the vast expanse 
of salt water covering more than 
3-5ths of the globe; any one of its 
chief divisions; an immense expanse: 
adj. pertaining to the great expanse 
of salt water. [Latin.] 

oceanic (o-she-an'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, occurring in, or produced by, the 
ocean. 

oceanography (o-shun-og'ra-fi), n. 

the science which deals with the 

combined oceans of the world — their 

tides, currents and all their numer- 

- ous phenomena. 

ocelot .(o'se-lot), n. the Mexican cat. 

ocher (o'ker), n. a fine yellow or brown- 
colored clay; used as a pigment. 

octa, a Latin prefix meaning eight . Also 
octo, as octachord, an instrument of 
8 strings; a system of 8 sounds; 
octodecimo, a book with 18 leaves to 
the sheet (18mo). 

octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. a plane figure 
of 8 sides and 8 angles. 

octagonal (ok-tag'o-nal) , adj. having 
8 sides and 8 angles. 

octahedral (ok-ta-he'dral), adj. hav- 
ing 8 equal, sides. 

octahedron (ok-ta-he'drun), n. a solid 
figure contained by 8 equal equilat- 
eral triangles. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OCTANGULAR 



579 



OFFEND 



octangular (ok-tang'gu-lar) , adj. hav- 
ing 8 angles. 

octant (ok'tant), n. the 8th part of a 
circle. 

octave (ok'tav), n. an eighth, or an in- 
terval of 12 semitones; the 8th day 
after a church festival, the festival 
itself being included; a small cask 
of wine = l-8th of a pipe: adj. con- 
sisting of 8. 

octavo (ok-ta/vo), n. a sheet of print- 
ing paper folded in 8 leaves or 16 
pages (8vo) : adj. having 8 leaves or 
16 pages to the. sheet. 

octennial (ok-ten'i-al) , adj. recurring 
every 8th year; continuing 8 years. 

octennially (ok-ten'i-a-li) , adv. every 
eight years. 

octillion (ok-til'yun), n. in French 
and American numeration the num- 
ber represented by 1 followed by 27 
ciphers; in English numeration 1 
followed by 48 ciphers. [French.] 

octodecimo (ok-to-des'i-mo) , adj. con- 
sisting of 18 leaves or 36 pages to a 
sheet: n. a book of such size 
(18mo.). 

octogenarian (ok-to-je-na/ri-an), n. 
one who is eighty years old: adj. 
eighty yearsold. [Latin.] 

octopod (ok'to-pod) , n. an animal with 
eight feet. 

octopus (ok'to-pus), n. [pi. octopuses 
(ok'to-pus-ez)], a genus of Cephalo- 
pods having 8 arms, containing the 
cuttle-fish. 

octoroon (ok-to-roon'), n. the off- 
spring of a white person and a 
quadroon, and therefore seven- 
eighths white. 

octuple (ok'tu-pl), adj. eight-fold. 

ocular (ok'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, 
depending on, or formed by, the eye; 
known from actual sight. [Latin.] 

oculiform (ok'u-li-form), adj. eye- 
shaped. 

oculist (ok'ti-list), n. one who is skilled 
in the treatment of eye diseases. 

odd (od), adj. not paired or matched 
with another; not even; not exactly 
divisible by two; unusual; peculiar; 
eccentric. 

Odd Fellow (od'fel-o), n. a member of 
the order of the benevolent society 
of Odd Fellows, founded in the eigh- 
teenth century. 

oddity (od'i-ti), n. a person or thing 



that is peculiar; eccentricity; 
strangeness. 

oddments (od'ments), n. pi. odds and 
ends that one picks up in small 
shops and elsewhere. 

odds (odz), n.pl. inequality; advan- 
tage; superiority; excess of either 
compared with the other; probabil- 
ity^ more than an even wager. 

ode (od),_n. a short song; lyric poem. 

odeum (o-de'um), n. under the Greeks 
a roofed theater, used for musical re- 
hearsals or performances by way of 
rivalry. [Greek.] 

odious (o'di-us), adj. offensive; un- 
popular. 

odium (o'di-um), n. hatred; dislike. 
[Latin.] 

odometer (o-dom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for registering the number 
of revolutions of a carriage-wheel, to 
which it is attached. _ [Greek.] 

odontograph (o-don'to-graf ) , n. an 
arrangement for marking the out- 
lines of gear-teeth. < [Greek.] 

odontoid (6-don'toid) , adj. tooth- 
like. 

odontology (o-don-tol'o-ji), n. dental 
science ; a treatise on the teeth. 

odontoscope (o-don'to-skop), n. an 
instrument for viewing the human 
teeth. A small mirror is inserted in 
the mouth and then a small but 
brilliant electric light gives the im- 
age of the teeth in the mirror. 

odor (o'der), n. a scent; estimation. 
[Latin.] 

odoriferous (o-der-if 'er-us) , adj. dif- 
fusing fragrance. 

odorous (o'der-us), adj. emitting an 
odor or scent; fragrant. 

o'er (or), same as over. 

oesophagus. See esophagus. 

oestrus (e'strus), n. sl gadfly. [Greek.] 

of (ov), prep, from; out of; belong- 
ing to; according to; proceeding 
from. 

off < (of) , adj. most distant m K noting the 
right-hand # side in driving, or the 
left-hand side of the bowler at crick- 
et: adv. away from: prep, not on; 
distant from: inter j. begone! 

offal (of'al), n. refuse; waste meat. 

off-cast (of'kast), n. whatever is cast 
away, rejected, or scorned. 

offend (of -fend'), v.t. to displease or 
make angry; molest or annoy; pain 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OFFENSE 



580 



OLDEN 



or shock: v.i. to transgress; do any- 
thing displeasing. [Latin.] 

offense (of -fens') , n. any cause of anger 
or displeasure; insult; injury; assault. 

offensive (of-f en'siv) , adj. causing dis- 
pleasure ; annoying ; disagreeable ; 
disgusting; used in attack: n. the 
act of attacking (with the). 

offensively (of-fen'siv-li), adv. in an 
offensive manner. 

ofiensiveness (of-f en'siv-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being offensive. 

offer (of er), v.t. to present for accept- 
ance or refusal; proffer; present in 
worship or sacrifice; bid as a price 
or reward: v.i. to be ready; express 
a willingness; attempt or make an 
attempt: n. a proposal made; price 
offered; first advance. [Latin.]^ 

offering (of er-ing) , n. that which is of- 
fered; a sacrifice; oblation. 

office (of is), n. public or private busi- 
ness; employment; function; act of 
worship; formulary of devotion; act 
of kindness; service; apartment for 
the transaction of business: pi. the 
outlying buildings of a mansion. 
[Latin.] 

officer (ofis-er), n. a person commis- 
sioned to perform a certain public 
duty: v.t. to furnish with officers. 

official (of-fish'al) , adj. pertaining to 
an office or public duty; from the 
proper authority: n. one who holds 
a civil office. 

officialism (of-fish'al-izm) , n. govern- 
ment by officials; official routine. 

officially (of-fish'a-li), adv. by the prop- 
er officer ; in an official manner. 

officiate (pf-fish'i-at) , v.i. to perform 
the duties of an office. 

officinal (of-fis'i-nal) , adj. noting drugs 
officially recognized by the Pharma- 
copoeia. 

officions\(of-nsh'us), adj. too forward 
in offering services; meddling. 

offing (ofing), n. that part of the sea 
with deep water off the shore. 

offscouring (of skour-ing) , n. refuse. 

off scum (ofskum), n. dregs; filth. 

offset (of set), n. a young shoot or 
bud; a sum or account placed as an 
equivalent for another; in survey- 
ing, a perpendicular let fall from the 
main line to an outlying point. 

offside (of sid), n. the side to the right 
hand of the driver. 



offspring (of spring), n. children; de- 
scendants. 

often (of en), adv. many times; fre- 
quently. 

ogee (o-je'), n. a wave-like molding, 
one side convex, the other concave; 
a cyma. 

ogham (og'am), n. the name given 
to any Celtic alphabet that is found 
to have been used before the ninth 
century, A.D., in Britain and Ire- 
land especially. The alphabet is 
fabled to have been named after the 
Celtic hero, Ogma, and consists of 
twenty letters. 

ogle (o'gl), v.t. to look fondly at with 
a side glance: n. a side glance. 

ogre (o'ger) , n. an imaginary man- 
eating monster or giant. Feminine 
ogress. [French.] 

ogreish (o'ger-ish), adj. like an ogre. 

oh (o), inter j. an exclamation of won- 
der, pain, or anxiety. 

ohm (6m), n. the unit of electrical 

resistance, named after Dr. G. S. 

^Ohm, the German electrician. 

oil (oil), n. a highly inflammable 
fatty liquid obtained from various 
animal and vegetable substances: 
v.t. to lubricate with oil. [German.] 

oilcake (oil'kak), n. the substance 
that remains after the oil has been 
^ expressed, as from flaxseed. 

oilcloth (oil'kloth), n. painted canvas 
for floor covering. 

oil-color (oil'kul-er), n. a pigment 
made by grinding a coloring sub- 
stance in oil; a painting executed in 
oil-colors. 

oil-engine (oil' en'gin), n. an internal 
combustion engine of which the fuel 
supply is oil, usually petroleum, in- 
jected as a spray. 

oiliness (oil'i-nes), n. oily quality; 
greasiness. 

oily (oil'i), adj. containing, or like, oil; 
greasy; unctuous; flattering. 

ointment (oint'menfc), n. an unctu- 
ous substance applied to a wound or 
injured part. 

okapi (ok-ap' e) , n. an animal allied 
to the giraffe, recently discovered in 
Africa. 

old (old), adj. [comp. older, superl. 
oldest], aged; decayed by time; an- 
cient ; out of date ; long practiced. 

olden (ol'den), adj. ancient; bygone. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OLDISH 



581 



OM 



oldish (old'ish), adj. somewhat old. 

Old Style (stil), n. the old mode of 
reckoning time according to the 
Julian year of 365M days. See 
New Style. 

oleaginous (6-le-aj'i-nus), adj. oily; 
unctuous. _ 

oleander (o-le-an'der), n. an ever- 
green shrub with handsome fragrant 
flowers. 

oleaster (o-le-as'ter), n. the wild 
olive. 

oleate (o'le-at), n. a salt of oleic 
acid. 

olefiant (o-lef 'i-ant) , adj. noting a gas 
formed by heating 2 volumes of sul- 
phuric acid with 1 volume of alcohol. 

olefiant gas (gas), n. heavy car- 
buretted hydrogen. 

define ^ (o'le-fm), n. a hydrocarbon 
containing 2 atoms of hydrogen and 
1 atom of carbon. 

oleic (o'le-ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
obtained from, oil. 

oleic acid (as'id), n. an oily acid ob- 
tained from the saponification of lin- 
seed and other oils, or in the making 
of soap. 

oleiferous (o-le-if 'er-us) , adj. produc- 
ing oil. 

oleine (o'le-in), n. the pure liquid part 
of oil or fat. Also olein. 

oleo, a Latin prefix meaning oily, per- 
taining to oil, or oily. 

oleograph (6'le-o-graf), n. a litho- 
graph in oil-colors. 

oleomargarine (o-le-o-rnar'gar-in) , 
n. imitation butter made from milk 
and animal fat. Also margarine. 

oleometer (6-Ie-om'e-ter), n. an instru- 
ment for testing and determining 
the relative density of oils. 

oleo-oil (o'le-o-oil), n. oil obtained 
from animal fat. Literally ' 'oily- 
oil." 

olfactory (ol-f ak'to-ri) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or used in, smelling: n. organ 
of smell (usually pi) . 

olibanum (o-lib'a-num), n. a gum 
resin; the frankincense of the an- 
cients. [Arabic] 

oligarch (ol'i-gark), n. one of an oli- 
garchy. [Greek.] 

oligarchal (ol-i-gar'kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to an oligarchy. 

oligarchy (ol'i-gar-ki) , n. [pi. oligar- 
chies (bri-gar-kiz)], government in 



which the supreme power is in the 
hands of a few ; a state so governed. 

olive (ol'iv), n. a plant of the genus 
Olea, or its oily fruit; a tawny yel- 
low color: adj. pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, the olive. [Latin.] 

olive-branch (oriv-branch), n. the 
branch of the olive: the emblem of 
peace. 

olivenite (ol-i-ve-nit'), n. the same as 
peridot. See peridot. 

olivet (ol'i-vet), n. an imitation pearl 
made for traffic with savage races. 

olivii (ol'i-vil), n. & crystalline sub- 
stance obtained from the gum of the 
olive tree. 

olivine (ol'i-vin), n. a variety of chrys- 
olite somewhat resembling a # pale 
emerald. Also (and better) olivene. 

olla (ol'ya), n. a wide-mouthed cook- 
ing vessel of earthenware found in 
all Spanish and Spanish- American 
countries. [Spanish.] 

olla podrida (ol'ya po-dre'da), n. a 
savory stew made in Spanish coun- 
tries, from bits of flesh, peppers, 
vegetables, and other ingredients. 

Olympiad (6-lim'pi-ad), n. in an- 
cient Greece, the interval (4 years) 
between the two celebrations of the 
Olympic games: a system of chro- 
nology reckoning from the first 
Olympiad, 776 B.C. and ending 394 
A.D. [Greek.] 

Olympian (o-lim'pi-an), adj. dwelling 
on Olympus; n. one of the twelve 
great gods who were supposed by the 
Greeks to live upon Olympus. 

Olympic (o-lim'pik), adj. pertaining 
to Olympia in Elis, where the Olym- 
pic games were celebrated. Also 
Olympian: n.pl. the Olympic games 
of ancient Greece, celebrated every 
four years in honor of Zeus of Mt. 
Olympus. 

Om (om), the great word, hardly to be 
uttered by the Brahmin of India, 
for it expresses most nearly the es- 
sence of the Divine _ Spirit. The 
three great gods (Aditi, Varuna, and 
Mithra) have their spiritual es- 
sence in the mystic letters O M 
(originally A U M). Hence the 
word which comes from them is 
most sacred and is uttered to Brahm 
only on occasions of great solem- 
nity. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merjrp. met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OMBER 



582 



OPAL 



omber, ombre (om'ber), n. a card 
game. 

ombrometer (om-brom'e-ter), n. & 
rain-gage used in automobiling. 

omega (5-me'ga), n. the last letter of 
the Greek alphabet: hence the last; 
end. 

omelet (om'e-let), ft. a kind of pan- 
cake of eggs. &c. [French.] 

omen (6 'men), n. a sign of some fu- 
ture event: v.t. to portend or prog- 
nosticate. [Latin.] 

ominous (om'i-nus), adj. foreboding 
evil; inauspicious. 

omission (5-mish'un), ft. neglect or 
failure to do something required; 
something omitted. [Latin.] 

omit (o-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. omitted, 
p.pr. omitting], to leave out; neg- 
lect; fail to mention. 

omni, a Latin prefix meaning all, en- 
tirely, as omnipresent. 

omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. a public 
four-wheeled carriage for passenger 
traffic. 

omnipotence (om-nip'o-tens), ft. un- 
limited power. 

omnipotent (om-nip'o-tent), adj. hav- 
ing unlimited power. 

Omnipotent, n. God (with the). 

omnipresence (om-ni-prez'ens), ft. 
universal presence. 

omniscient (om-nish'ent), adj. know- 
ing all things; infinitely wise. [Latin.] 

omnivorous (om-niv'er-us) , adj. feed- 
ing upon animal and vegetable food ; 
all-devouring. 

on (on), prep, upon; in contact with 
the upper part; at; near: adv. for- 
ward; onward: adj. noting the side 
to the right of the batsman in crick- 
et: inter j. go on! 

onager (on'a-jer)^ n. the wild ass. 

onanism (o'nan-izm), n. masturba- 
tion, from Onan in the Old Testa- 
ment. 

once (wuns), adv. at one time; for- 
merly; one time. 

one (wun), adj. t single in number; 
some way; individual: n. [pi. ones 
(wunz)], the number one or its 
symbol; an individual. 

onerous (on'er-us), adj. burdensome; 
weighty; oppressive. 

onion (un'yim), n. a bulbous-rooted 
plant of the genus Allium: used in 
cookery. [Latin.] 



only (on'li), adj. single; one and no 
more: adv. singly; merely. 

onomatopoeia (on-o-mat-5-pe'ya) , n. 
the formation of words to resemble 
the sounds made by the thing sig- 
nified, as buzz, a bee; tick-tick, a 
watch, &c; the use of words so 
formed, or the word itself. [Greek.] 

onomatopoetic (on-o-mat-o-po-et'ik) , 
adj. formed by onomatopoeia. Also 
onomatopoeic . 

onset (on'set), n. an assault; attack. 

onslaught (on'slawt), n. a furious at- 
tack. 

ontogenesis (on-to-jen'e-sis), n. the 
history of the evolution of individual 
organisms. Also ontogeny. 

ontological (on-to-loj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to ontology; metaphysical. 

ontologist (on-tol'o-jist), n. a meta- 
physician who studies phases of pure 
being. From the Greek on, "being." 

ontology (on-toro-ji), n. the logic of 
pure being; metaphysics. 

onus (6'nus), n. a burden; duty; ob- 
ligation. 

onward (on'werd), adj. advancing; 
progressing: adv. in advance. Also 
onwards: inter j. forward! 

onyx (on'iks), n. a variety of agate. 

oolite (5'o-llt), n. a limestone com- 
posed of grains like the roe of a fish. 

oolitic (o-o-lit'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
composed of, or like, oolite. 

oology (5-ol'o-ji), n. a treatise on 
birds' eggs; the scientific study of 
birds' eggs. 

oolong (oo'long), n. a Chinese black 
tea, the flavor of which resembles 
green tea ; Also oulong. [Chinese.] 

oomiak (55 'mi-ak), n. an Eskimo fish- 
ing and transport boat. Also oomi- 
ac, umiak. 

oosperm (5'o-sperm), n. a fertilized 
ovum. 

ootheca (5-o-the'k'a) , n. the egg-case 
of certain mollusks and insects con- 
taining the eggs. 

ooze (55z), n. soft mud or slime; gen- 
tle flow; liquor of a tan vat: v.i. to 
flow gently; percolate. 

opacity (5-pas'i-ti) , n. opaqueness; the 
character of not being transparent. 

opah (o'pa), n. the king : fish. 

opal (o'pal), n. a precious stone of 
milky hue, exhibiting a play of vari- 
2 ous colors. [French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



OPALESCE 



583 



OPIUM 



opalesoe (o-pal-es'), v.i. to exhibit a 
play of various colors like the opal. 

opalescence (o-pal-es'ens) , n. the qual- 
ity of being o_palescent. 

opalescent (o-pal-es'ent)^ adj. re- 
sembling opal in its reflection of light. 

opaline (o'pa-lin), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, the opal. 

opaque (o-pak'), adj. not transparent. 

opaqueness (6-pak'nes), n. the quality 
or state of being opaque; see opacity. 

ope (op), v. & adj. same as open 
[Poet.]. 

open (op'n), adj. not shut; unfastened; 
clear of trees; unsealed; clear; un- 
reserved; public; generous; frank; 
sincere; enunciated without closing 
the mouth: v.t. to make open; be- 
gin; expand; break the seal of: v.i. 
to unclose itself; commence; begin 
to appear; bark in view or the scent 
of game: said of a dog. 

open door (dor), n. a political term 
for international free trade, chiefly 
used in connection with oriental 
countries. 

opening (op 'n-ing), n. an aperture; op- 
portunity: adj. first in order. 

opera (op'er-a), n. a musical drama. 
See music-drama. [Italian.] 

opera-bouffe fop'er-a-boof), n. a 
comic opera. 

opera-cloak (op'er-a-klok), n. a lady's 
evening dress cloak worn at an opera, 
theater, &c. 

opera- glass (op'er-a-glas), n. a small 
binocular glass used in operas, thea- 
ters, &c. 

operameter (op-er-am'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for recording the number 
of revolutions made by the shaft or 
wheel of a machine. 

operate (op'er-at), v.i. to work; pro- 
duce a certain effect; perform a sur- 
gical operation: v.t. to cause to per- 
form certain work: as, to operate a 
machine. [Latin.] 

operatic (op-er-at'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to the opera. 

operation (op-er-a'shun) , n. the act of 
operating; agency; effect; manipu- 
lation; surgical performance with 
instruments; a series of movements 
by an army or fleet. 

operative (op'er-a-tiv), adj. having the 
power of acting; efficacious; vigor- 
ous : n. an artisan or skilled workman. 



operator (op'er-a-ter), n. one who, or 
that which, operates. 

operetta (op-er-et'a), n. a light mu- 
sical drama. [Italian.] 

ophicleide (of'i-klid), n. a large brasa 
keyed musical instrument of the horn 
class. 

Ophidia (o-fid'i-a), n.pl. an order of 
reptiles, including the serpents. 
[Greek.] 

ophidian (6'fid'i-an) , adj. pertaining 
to the Ophidia; snake-like: n. one of 
the Ophidia; a reptile. 

ophiological (of-i-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to ophiology. 

ophiology (of-i-ol'o-ji), n. that branch 
of natural history which treats of 
serpents. 

ophthalmia (of-thal'mi-a) , n. in- 
flammation of the eye or eyeball. 
Also ophthalmitis. [Greek.] 

ophthalmic (of-tharmik) , adj. per- 
taining to the eye. 

ophthalmologist (of-thal-mol'o-jist) , 
n. one who is skilled in diseases of the 
eye. 

ophthalmology (of-thal-moro-ji), n. 
the science that treats of the eye and 
its diseases. [Greek.] 

ophthalmoscope (of-thal'mo-skop) , 
n. an instrument for examining the 
interior of the eye. 

ophthalmoscopy (of-thal-mos'ko-pi) f 
n. examination of the eye. 

opiate (o'pi-at), n. a medicine com- 
pounded with opium to induce sleep 
or rest; narcotic; anything that 
soothes: adj. narcotic; soothing; in- 
ducing sleep or quiet; causing rest, 
dulness or inaction. [Latin.] 

opine (o-pln'), v.i. to think; be of 
opinion. [Latin.] 

opinion (o-pin'yun), n. belief or judg- 
ment; estimation; persuasion. 

opinionated (o-pin'yun-a-ted), adj. 
firm or obstinate in one's opinions. 

opinionative (o-pin'yun-a-tiv) , adj. 
fond of preconceived ideas; self -con- 
ceited. 

opinionatively (o-pin'yun-a-tiv-li) f 
adv. obstinately. 

opium (o'pi-um), n. the dried juice 
of the capsules of the white poppy, 
used as a narcotic, and also as an 
anodyne. Opium is a single sub- 
stance from a blending of codeine, 
morphine, and narcotine, which 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



; 



J 



OPOBALSAM 



584 



OPTIONAL 



constitute a mass of alkaloids. 
[Latin.] 

opobalsam (op-o-bawl'sam) , n. balm 
of Gilead. 

opodeldoc (op-o-del'dok) , n. a soap 
liniment : used for sprains, &c. 

opossum (o-pos'um), n. an American 
and Australian marsupial carnivor- 
ous mammal. 

opponent (op-po'nent), adj. opposite; 
adverse; antagonistic: n. one who 
opposes, especially in argument or 
debate; adversary. 

opportune (op-per-tun') , adj. well- 
timed; seasonable. [Latin.] 

opportunely (op-per-tun'li) , adv. sea- 
sonably. 

opportuneness (op-per-tun'nes) , n. 
seasonableness. 

opportunism (op-per-tun'izm), n. 
sacrifice of principle to circum- 
stances, especially in politics. 

opportunist (op-per-tun'ist) , n. one 
who takes advantage of circum- 
stances to promote the political in- 
terests of his party; or one who 
guides his political conduct by what 
is apparently the wish of the ma- 
jority. _ Such a course is not un- 
patriotic in itself, since rulers often 
hold that their duty is to follow 
rather than to guide. 

opportunity (op-per-tu'ni-ti) , n. con- 
venient time or occasion. 

opposable (op-poz'a-bl), adj. that 
may be opposed. 

oppose (op-ooz'), v.t to act against; 
contend with; resist; place as an 
obstacle; check. § [Latin.] 

opposite (pp'po-zit), adj. placed or 
standing in front ; contrary ; adverse ; 
antagonistic. 

oppositely (op'po-zit-li), adv. in front; 
adversely. 

oppositeness (op'po-zit-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being opposite. 

opposition (op-po-zish'un) , n. the act 
or state of opposing; hostile resist- 
ance ; contrariety ; obstacle ; the situ- 
ation of two heavenly bodies when 
their longitudes differ by 180°; the 
collective body of opponents to the 
existing administration or govern- 
ment. 

oppositionist (op-po-zish'un-ist) , n. 
one of the party that opposes an ad- 
ministration or government. 



oppress (op-pres'), v.t. to burden; 
crush by hardship or severity; lie 
heavily upon. 

oppression (op-presh'un) , n. the act 
of oppressing; state of being op- 
pressed; hardship; calamity; in- 
justice; lassitude; dulness. 

oppressive (op-pres'iv) , adj. unrea- 
sonably burdensome; unjustly se- 
vere; tyrannical; overpowering; 
heavy. 

oppressively (op-pres'iv-li) , adv. in 
an oppressive manner. 

oppressiveness (op-pres'iv-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being oppressive. 

oppressor (op-pres'er) , n. one who op- 
presses. 

opprobrious (op-pro 'bri-us) , adj. ex- 
pressive of opprobrium; reproachful 
and contemptuous; disgraceful. 

opprobrium (op-pro 'bri-um) , n. re- 
proach with disdain or contempt; 
ignominy. 

opsiometer (op-si-om'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for measuring the limits 
of distinct vision. 

optative (op'ta-tiv), adj. expressing de- 
sire or wish ; a mood in Greek gram- 
mar denoting expression of desire. 

optic (op'tik), adj. pertaining to 
vision. Also optical: n.pl. the sci- 
ence of the properties of light and 
vision. 

optically (op'ti-ka-li) , adv. by optics 
or vision. 

optician (op-tish'un) , n. one skilled 
in optics; one who makes or sells 
optical instruments. 

optigraph (op'ti-graf), n. a kind of 
camera for copying landscapes. 

optimism (op'ti-mizm), n. the doc- 
trine that everything in the present 
state of existence is for the best. 
See pessimism. [Latin.] 

optimist (op'ti-mist), n. one who holds 
the doctrine of optimism. 

optimistic (op-ti-mis'tik) , adj. char- 
acterized by optimism; sanguine. 

optimistically (op-ti-mis'ti-ka-li) , adv. 
hopefully. 

option (op 'shun), n. power or right of 
choice; wish; selection; on the 
Stock Exchange, the liberty to sell 
or buy stock in a time bargain at a 
stated price. [Latin.] 

optional (op'shun-al), adj. left to one's 
wish or choice. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OPULENCE 



585 



ORDER 



opulence (op'u-lens), n. wealth. Also 

opulency. [Latin.] 

opulent (op'u-lent), adj. wealthy; 
rich. 

opus (o'pus), n. [pi. opera- (op 'er-a)], 
a work; musical composition. [Latin.] 

or (or), conj. the correlative of either. 

oracle (or'a-kl), n. among < the an- 
cients, the response of a deity or in- 
spired priest to some inquiry; the 
deity who gave the answer ; the place 
where a deity might be consulted; 
the Jewish temple; a prophetic dec- 
laration; a prophet or person of 
reputed wisdoim [Latin.] 

oracular (o-rak'u-lar) , adj. of the 
nature of an oracle; uttering ora- 
cles; dogmatically magisterial; am- 
biguous; venerable. 

oral (o'ral), adj. verbal. 

orally (o'ra-li), adv. verbally. 

orange (or'enj), n. a tree (Citrus 
Aurantium) with a deep golden-col- 
ored and juicy fruit; the color of 
such fruit: adj. .pertaining to an 
orange; orange-colored. [French.] 

orangeade (or-enj-ad'), n. a beverage 
made from orange-juice. 

orange-book (or'enj-book) , n. name 
applied, from the color of the covers, 
to the collections of state papers is- 
sued from time to time by the Rus- 
sian government, as in the European 
War, 1914-1916. 

Orangeman (or'enj-man) , n. [pi. 
orangemen (or'enj-men)], a member 
of a political society of Irish Prot- 
estants: named from William III., 
Prince of Orange, who defeated and 
dethroned James II., in 1688, and 
became King of England. 

orangery (or'enj-ri), n. a place for the 
cultivation of oranges. 

orang-outang (o'rang'oo-tang), n. 
the great anthropoid ape of the East- 
ern Archipelago. Also ourang-ou- 
tang. [Malay, ''forest man."] 

oration (o-ra'shun), n. a formal pub- 
He speech delivered on an occasion 
of special importance; harangue. 

orator (or'a-ter), n. one who makes 
an eloquent oration. [Latin.] 

oratorical (or-a-tor'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to an orator or to oratory ; 
rhetorical. 

oratorically (or-a-tor'i-ka-li) , adv. in 
a rhetorical manner. 



oratorio (or-a-to'ri-o) , n. 2l musical 
composition having a sacred theme 
as its subject. [Italian.] 

oratory (or'a-to-ri) , n. the art of an 
orator; eloquence: n.pl. oratories, a 
small chapel, especially one for pri- 
vate devotion. 

orb (orb), n. a circular body: sphere; 
the eye; circuit. [Latin.] 

orbed (orbd), adj. spherical. Orbicu- 
late. 

orbicular (or-bik'u-lar) , adj. orb- 
shaped. 

orbit (or'bit), n. the bony cavity of 
the eye; the path described by a 
heavenly body during its periodical 
revolution. 

orbital (or'bi-tal), adj. pertaining to 
an orbit. 

orchard (or'cherd), n. an inclosure of 
fruit trees. 

orchestra (or-kes'tra), n. in the an- 
cient Greek theater the place where 
the chorus danced; (or'kes-tra), in a 
modern theater, &c, the place oc- 
cupied by the musicians ; the parquet ; 
the body of musicians. [Greek.] 

orchestral (or-kes'tral) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, suited to, or performed by, 
an orchestra. 

orchestration (6r-kes-tra'shun) , n. 
musical arrangement or instrumen- 
tation for an orchestra. 

orchid (or 'kid), n. a handsome flower, 
often of fantastic shape, of the genus 



Orchis. [Greek.] 
•rchis (or'kis), n. 



Orchis (or'kis), n. a genus of plants 
with curiously-shaped roots and 
flowers. [Greek.] 

orcin (or'sin), n. a coloring substance 
obtained from lichens. 

ordain (6r-dan'), v.t to appoint; in- 
stitute; invest with ministerial or 
priestly functions. [Latin.] 

ordeal (6r-de'al), n. an ancient method 
of trial by fire, water, combat, &c, 
to determine the guilt or innocence 
of an accused person: hence a severe 
trial or test. 

order (or'der), n. method or regular ar- 
rangenent; settled mode of proce- 
dure; rule; regulation; command; 
class; rank; degree; a religious fra- 
ternity; an association of persons 
possessing a common honorary dis- 
tinction; a division intermediate be- 
tween a class or sub-class and a 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
40 hue, hut ; think, then. 



V 



ORDERING 



586 



ORIEL 



family; in architecture, a system of 
constructing and ornamenting col- 
umns, comprising the Tuscan, Doric, 
Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite: 
pi. the three orders (bishop, priest, 
deacon) of the Christian ministry in 
an Episcopal Church (Holy Or- 
ders): v.t. to regulate or manage; 
command; conduct; direct: v.i. to 
give a command or order. [Latin.] 

ordering (or'der-ing) , n. arrangement; 
distribution. 

orderly (or'der-li), adj. well regulated ; 
methodical; performed in good or- 
der; peaceable; on military duty: n. 
a soldier who attends upon an offi- 
cer to carry his orders: adv. method- 
ically. 

ordinal (6r'din-al), adj. noting order: 
n. a number noting order; a book 
containing the form of service for 
ordination. 

ordinance (or'di-nans) , n. an estab- 
lished rule, rite, or law. 

ordinarily (6r'di-na-ri-li) , adv. ac- 
cording to established rule or meth- 
od; usually. 

ordinary (qr'di-na-ri) , adj. according 
to established order; usual; cus- 
tomary; commonplace; mediocre; 
plain; a meal for all comers at fixed 
charges (English usage) ; an eccle- 
siastical judge; a prison chaplain; in 
heraldry, that part of the escutcheon 
contained between straight and other 
lines. 

ordinate (or'di-nat), n. a straight line 
in a curve terminated on both sides 
by the curve and bisected by the 
diameter. 

ordination (6r-di-na/shun) , n. the act 
of conferring holy orders; the state 
of being ordained or appointed. 

ordnance (ord'nans), n. artillery. 

ore (or), n. metal as extracted from 
the earth in its natural state or 
combined with some other sub- 
stance. 

oread (o 're-ad), n. a mountain nymph. 
[Greek.] 

organ (or'gan), n. an instrument; 
means of communication or convey- 
ance; that part of a living structure 
by means of which some function is 
discharged or work performed; a 
wind instrument. [Greek .J m 

organic (6r-gan'ik) , adj. pertaining to, 



composed of, containing, or pro- 
duced by, organs ; instrumental. Also 
organical. 

organically (or-gan'i-ka-li) , adv. in an 
organic manner; with, or by means 
of organs. 

organicalness (or-gan'i-kal-nes), n. 
organic quality. 

organism (or'gan-ism) , n. organical 
structure. 

organist (or'gan-ist) , n. a performer 
on the organ. 

organization (6r-gan-i-za/shun) , n. 
organic structure; act of organizing; 
a political group controlling elections, 
etc. 

organize (or'gan-iz), v.t. to form or 
furnish with organs; to arrange a 
task in suitable parts so that it may 
be performed efficiently. 

organogeny (6r-gan-oj'e-ni), n. or- 
ganic development. 

organography (6r-gan-og'ra-fi) , n. a 
scientific description of the organs 
of animals or plants. 

organology (6r-gan-oro-ji), n. that 
branch of physiology which treats 
of animal organs. 

organon (or'ga-non), n. a body of 
rules for # regulating scientific or 
philosophical investigation. Fran- 
cis Bacon's great philosophical work 
was called Novum Organum, or new 
body of doctrine. [Greek.] 

organoplasty (or-gan-6-plas'tik), adj. 
producing, or evolving, organic 
tissue. 

organotherapy (or'gan-o-ther'a-pi) , n. 
treatment of disease by preparations 
from organs of animals. 

organzine (or'gan-zin), n. thrown 
silk of very fine texture; a fabric 
made from it. 

orgasm (or'gazm), n. immoderate ex- 
citement; height of venereal excite- 
ment in coition. - 

orgues (orgz), n.pl. pieces of timber 
pointed and shod with iron; gun- 
barrels pointed in parallel order for 
firing simultaneously. [French.] 

orgy (or'ji), n. a drunken revel, espe- 
cially at night : pi. secret rites in the 
worship of Dionysus (Bacchus), dis- 
tinguished by wild revelry. [French, 
from Greek.] 

oriel (o'ri-el), n. a large bay window. 
[French.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



ORIENT 



587 



ORPHIC 



Orient (o'ri-ent), adj. Oriental: n. the 
East. [Latin.] 

orient (o'ri-ent), v.t. to define the po- 
sition of with reference to the East. 

Oriental (o-ri-en'tal) , adj. pertaining 
to, or situated in, the East ; pro- 
ceeding from Asia or the East: n. an 
inhabitant of Asia or the East.^ 

oriental (o-ri-en'tal), adj. precious; 
pure; valuable: said of gems. 

Orientalism (6-ri-en'tal-izm) , n. an 
idiom or custom characteristic of 
the East. 

Orientalist (o-ri-en'tal-ist) , n. one 
who is skilled in Oriental languages, 
subjects, &c. 

orientate (6'ri-en-tat), v.t. & v.i. to 
turn towards the East. 

orientation (o-ri-en-ta'shun), n. the 
determination of the position of the 
east; eastward position; the faculty 
possessed by certain birds of finding 
their way home from long distances. 

orifice (or'i-fis), n. a mouth or aper- 
ture. [Latin.] 

oriflamme (or'i-flam), n. the ancient 
royal standard of France, a red flag 
split at one end and forming flame- 
shaped streamers. [French.] 

origin (or'i-jin), n. beginning; first 
existence; source; cause; derivation. 

original (o-rij'i-nal), adj. .first in or- 
der; having power to originate; not 
copied: n. that from which anything 
is copied, &c. ; the language in which 
a work is written; archetype; an 
eccentric person. [Latin.] 

originality (o-rij-i-nal'i-ti) , n. origi- 
nal state or quality. 

originally (o-rij'i-na-li), adv. at first. 

original sin (o-rij'i-nal sin), n. the 
inherent tendency of mankind to sin, 
derived from Adam and by some 
imputed to his descendants. 

originate (o-rij'i-nat), v.t. to bring 
into existence: v.i. to rise; com- 
mence. 

origination (6-rij-i-na'shun) , n. first 
production; source; method of pro- 
duction. 

originator (o-rij'i-na-ter), n. one who 
originates. _ 

orillon (o-ril'yun), n. sl mound of 
earth faced with a wall to protect 
a cannon. [French.] 

oriole (6'ri-ol), n. the golden-thrush. 
[French.] 



orlop (6r1op), n. the lowest deck of 
a ship. ^ [Danish.] 

ormolu (or 'mo-loo), n. bronze or cop- 
per gilt in imitation of gold. 

ornament (or'na-ment), n. anything 
that adorns or beautifies; embellish- 
ment: v.t. to adorn, beautify, or 
decorate. 

ornamentally (or-na-men'ta-li) , adv. 
so as to adorn. 

ornamentation (or-na-men-ta'shun) 
n. decoration. 

ornate (6r-naf), adj. ornamented. 

ornately (or-nat'li), adv. in an ornate 
manner. 

ornith, a Greek prefix meaning bird. 
Also ornitho, as ornitholite, the re- 
mains of a bird in a fossil state. 

ornithological (6r-ni-tho-lo j 'i-kal) t 
adj. pertaining to ornithology. 

ornithologist (or-ni-thol'o-jist), n. 
one who is skilled in ornithology. 

ornithology (or-ni-thol'o-ji), n. the 
scientific study of the structure, 
habits, &c, of birds. 

ornithopter (6r-nith-op'ter) , n. a 
flying machine with flapping wings, 
in imitation of a bird. No such 
machine has proved successful. 

orographic (or-o-graf 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to orography. Also oro- 
graphical. [Greek.] 

orography (o-rog'ra-fi) , n. the sci- 
ence that treats of mountains, moun- 
tain systems, their height, &c. Also 
orology. 

oroide (o'ro-id) , n. an alloy of tin and 
copper resembling gold and used for 
making cheap jewelry. 

orotund (o'ro-tund), adj. character-' 
ized by fullness, clearness, strength 
and smoothness : said of the voice or 
manner of utterance: n. sl quality of 
voice thus characterized. [Latin.] 

orphan (or 'fan), n. a child bereft of 
one or both parents: adj. bereft of 
parents. [French, from Greek.] 

orphanage (6r'fan-aj), n. the state of 
an orphan ; an institution for orphans* 

orphaned (or'fand), adj. bereft of pa- 
rents. 

Orphic (or'fic), adj. belonging or per- 
taining to the Greek Orpheus, in 
whose name, about 350 B. C., there 
was formed a mystic brotherhood, 
devoted to prayer and to life and 
death in nature. 



ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mlto, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



ORPHICA 



588 



OSMOSIS 



Orphica (or'fi-ka), n.pl. the writings 
of the Orphic brotherhood, concerning 
their beliefs and their mysteries. 

orphrey (or'fri), n. an embroidered 
band or bands of gold or silver on 
the front of an ecclesiastical vest- 
ment from the neck downwards, es- 
pecially on a cope. [Old French.] 

orpiment (or'pi-ment) , n. yellow sul- 
phuret of arsenic; king's yellow. 

orpin (or'pin), n. a yellow color of 
various shades of intensity. [Greek.] 

orpine (or'pin), n. a succulent plant 
with fleshy leaves: so named from 
its yellow color. 

orrery (or'e-ri), n. an apparatus to 
illustrate by balls mounted on rods 
the motions, magnitudes, and posi- 
tions of the planets of the solar sys- 
tem. Named from Lord Orrery 
(1715).. 

orris (or'is), n. gold or silver lace; the 
iris . [Old French . ] 

orris-root (or'is-root) , # n. the dried 
roots of the Florentine orris: used 
as a delicate perfume. Same as 
Iris-root. [Greek.] 

ortho, a Greek prefix meaning straight, 
right , true. 

orthoclase (or'tho-klaz) , n. potash; 
feldspar. 

orthodio graph (6r-th6-di'o-graf ) , n. 
a device for taking X-ray pictures 
of the internal organs of the human 
body. 

orthodox (or'tho-doks) , adj. holding, 
or in accordance with, the received 
or established belief or doctrine, es- 
pecially as taught in the formularies 
of a particular church. 

orthodoxy (or'tho-dok-si) , n. m con- 
formity to orthodox belief or opinion; 
soundness of belief or doctrine. 

orthoepy (or-tho'e-pi) , n. correct pro- 
nunciation. 

orthogonal (or-thog'o-nal) , adj. rec- 
tangular. 

ortho graph er (or-thog'ra-f er) , n. one 
skilled in orthography. Also or- 
thographist. 

orthographic (6r-tho-graf 'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to orthography; correct- 
ly spelt. Also orthographical. 

orthographically (6r-tho-graf 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. according to the rules of 
orthography. 

orthography (6r-thog'ra-fi) , n. the 



art of spelling and writing words 
correctly. 

orthopaedia (or-tho-pe'di-a) , n. the 
prevention and cure of deformities, 
especially in children. 

ortolan (or'to-lan), n. a small bird, 
allied to the bunting: much es- 
teemed for its flesh. [French.] 

os (os), n. (Latin) [pi. ossa (os'a)], a 
bone; the mouth (pi. ora). 

Oscan (os'kan), adj. relating to one of 
the lazy peoples of Italic stock, or 
to their customs or language: n. an 
Oscan, a dweller in Campania and 
elsewhere outside of Latium. [Latin, 
originally Obscus.] 

oscillate (os'i-lat), v.i. & v.t. to swing 
backwards and forwards; vibrate. 

oscillation (os-i-la/shun) , n. a swing- 
ing backwards and forwards ; vi- 
bration. [Latin.] 

oscillator (os'i-la-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, oscillates; a device 
for producing electric currents of a 
constant period, independently of 
variations in its driving force. 

oscillatory (os'i-la-to-ri), adj. swing- 
ing; vibrating. 

osculate (os'kti-lat), v.t. & v.i. to kiss; 
touch. [Latin.] 

osculation (os-ku-la'shun) , n. kiss- 
ing. 

osculatory (os'ku-la-to-ri), adj. per- 
taining to kissing: n. a tablet or 
board on which the picture of Christ 
or the Virgin Mary is painted for 
worshippers to kiss. # 

osier (o'zher), n. a willow, the twigs 
of which are used in basket-making; 
matter in muscular fiber containing 
those constituents to which its taste 
when cooked is due. 

Osiris (os-i'ris), n. the best loved of the 
Egyptian gods; husband of Iris and 
father of Herns. . 

Oslerize (os'ler-iz), v.t. to remove by 
compulsory death persons who have 
reached the age when their useful- 
ness is on the decline. A pre- 
scription erroneously ascribed to 
Sir William Osier, the eminent 
surgeon. 

osmium (os'mi-um), n. a metallic 
element in platinum ore. It is of 
a clear blue color and has a meteoric 
origin. [Greek.] 

osmosis (os-mo'sis), n. the mixing of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OSMUND 



589 



OUBLIETTE 



fluids or gases through an inter- 
vening porous membrane or wall. 
Also osmose. 

osmund (os'mund), n. the flowering 
fern of the genus Osmunda. 

osnaburg (os'na-berg), n. a coarse 
linen. [From Osnaburg in Ger- 
many.] 

osprey (os'pra), n. the fish-hawk. 

ossein (os'e-in), n. gelatinous tissue 
in bone. 

osseous (os'e-us), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or like, bone. [Latin.] 

osseter (qs'e-tar), n. a species of stur- 
geon, yielding a fine kind of isin- 
glass. 

ossicle (os'i-kl), n. a little bone: pi. a 
hard structure of small size, as the 
calcareous plates of the starfish. 

ossiferous (os-if 'er-us) , adj. producing, 
or containing, bone. 

ossification (os-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. con- 
version of soft animal tissue into 
bone. 

ossify (os'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ossified, 
p.pr. ossifying], to convert into 
bone or into a bone-like substance; 
harden: v.i. to become bone. 

ostensibility (os-ten-si-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being ostensible. 

ostensible (os-ten'si-bl) , adj. appar- 
ent; held forth to view; plausible. 

ostensibly (os-ten'si-bli) , adv. in ap- 
pearance. 

ostensiye (os-ten'siv) , adj. showing; 
exhibiting. 

ostentation (os-ten-ta'shun), n. out- 
ward show or appearance ; ambitious 
or vain display. 

ostentatious (os-ten-ta'shus)^ adj. 
fond of show; intended for vain dis- 
play; gaudy. 

osteodentine (os-te-o-den'tin), n. a 
substance forming the teeth of verte- 
brate animals and structurally in- 
termediate between bone and den- 
tine, 

osteogenesis (os-te-o-jen'e-sis) , n. bone 
formation. 

osteologist (os-te-ol'o-jist), n. one who 
is skilled in osteology. 

osteology (os-te-ol'o-ji), n. that part 
of anatomy treating of bones, their 
structure, &c. 

osteopathic (os-te-o-path'ik), adj. per- 
taining to osteopathy. 

osteopathist (os-te-op'a-thist), n. one 



skilled in, or who practices, osteop- 
athy. 

osteopathy (os-te-op'a-thi), n. a sys- 
tem of therapeutics in which the 
treatment is by manipulation of the 
bones, muscles and nerve centers, 
with t regard to the chemical and 
physical properties of the osseous 
tissues. [Grseco-Latin.J 

osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-ko'ma), n. 
softening of the bones. [Greek.] 

ostitis (os-ti'tis), n. inflammation of 
the bones. 

ostler (os'ler), n. a man who attends 
to horses at an inn. Also hostler. 
[Old French.] 

ostracism (os'tra : sizm), n. banish- 
ment by ostracizing. 

ostracize (os'tra-siz), v.t. to banish by 
popular vote: from the ancient cus- 
tom in Athens of banishing a citizen 
by throwing a shell, inscribed with 
the name of the person to be ban- 
ished, into an urn; exclude from 
public or private favor. [Greek. ]^ 

ostrich (os'trich), n. a swift running 
African bird, valued for its feathers. 

Ostrogoth (os'tro-goth), n. an Eastern 
Goth. 

other (uth'er), adj. noting something 
besides; different; contrary. 

otherwise (u^/i'er-wiz), adv. in another 
manner; in other respects: conj. 
else. 

otherworldliness(u//?-e>-werld'li-nes), 
adv. in an unworldly, impractical 
manner. 

otherworldly (u£/i-er-werld'li) , adj. 
unearthly: strange in appearance; 
acting in things remote from the rest 
of mankind. _ 

otoscope (o'to-skop), n. an instru- 
ment for examining the interior of 
the ear. [Greek.] 

otter (ot'er), n. an amphibious mam- 
mal of the weasel family, which 
feeds on fish. 

otto, another form of attar. 

Ottoman (ot'o-nian), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the Turks or 
their government: n. a Turk. Also 
Othman. 

ottoman (ot'o-man), n. a cushioned 
seat; a movable cushioned foot- 
rest. 

oubliette (oo-bli-et'), n. a small, dark 
cell in an old French castle, where 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OUGHT 



590 



OUTWORK 



\ihe intense blackness and stillness 
were used to destroy the reason of 
prisoners immured there. [French.] 

ought (awt), v.i. to be under obliga- 
tion; be fit, necessary, or proper: n. 
anything. 

ounce (ouns), n. a weight l-16th of 
a pound avoirdupois; l-12th of a 
pound troy; a carnivorous animal 
resembling the leopard. 

our (our), pron. pertaining to, or be- 
longing to, us. 

our ang-ou tang. See orang-outang. 

ourselves (our-selvz'), pron.pl. we 
or us, not others. 

ousel, ouzel (oo'zel), n. the Euro- 
pean blackbird. [French.] 

oust (oust), v.t. to eject. 

out (out), adv. without; not within 
or at home; abroad; gone forth; 
not in office or employment; in a 
state of extinction; to the end; at a 
loss; without restraint; not actively 
engaged in a game; in an error; 
loudly: inter j. begone!: n. one who 
is not in office. 

out-and-out, adj. thorough: adv. com- 
pletely; thoroughly. 

outbreak (out'brak), n. a breaking 
out; an eruption. 

outcast (out'kast), adj. cast out; re- 
jected: n. one who is an exile. 

outcrop (out'krop), n. the exposure of 
strata at the earth's surface: v.i. to 
crop out at the surface. 

outcry (out'krl), n. clamor; tumult. 

outfit (out 'fit), n. a fitting out for a 
voyage or expedition; equipment. 

outgo (out'go), n. one's expenses or 
what one gives out in a definite 
time. Opposed, therefore, to income. 

outgoings (out'go-ings), n.pl. ex- 
penses. 

out-herod (out-her'od) , v.t. to exceed 
the cruelty or violent character of 
Herod the Great: hence to exceed 
in any evil. 

outlander (out'lan-der), n. a foreigner; 
one who comes from a land without. 
This word is German, Dutch, and 
English, but more used in the late 
Boer States of South Africa. (Aus- 
lander, Uitlander, Outlander.) 

outlandish (out-land'ish) , adj. for- 
eign; extraordinary; vulgar. 

outlaw (out 'law), n. one who is de- 
prived of legal benefits and protec- 



tion: v.t. to deprive of legal benefits 
and protection. 

outline (out'lin), n. a line bounding or 
defining a figure; first sketch: v.L 
to sketch out. 

outport (out'port), n. a port or harbor 
at some distance from the chief port. 

output (out 'put), n. the amount of 
material sold in any field of labor or 
commerce. Thus "the literary out- 
put," "the output of corn," "the iron 
output." [Vulgar.] 

outrage (out'raj), n. open and exces- 
sive violence; wanton abuse or mis- 
chief: v.t. to commit an outrage 
upon; insult indecently: v.i. to act 
in an outrageous manrer. [French.] 

outrageous (out-raj 'us), adj. violent; 
excessive; exceeding all bounds. 

outre (oo-tra'), adj. overstrained: 
exaggerated . [French . ] 

outrider (out'ri-der) , n. a servant 
on horseback who rides in advance 
of a carriage. 

outrigger (out'rig-er), n. a projecting 
spar or beam for extending sails or 
ropes; a boat with projecting row- 
locks. 

outright (out'rit), adv. completely; 
at once. 

outside (out'sid), n. the external part 
of anything; superficies; utmost; a 
passenger on the top of a bus, &c: 
pi. the exterior sheets of a ream of 
paper: adj. pertaining to, or situ- 
ated upon, the outside; exterior. 

outspan (out-span'), v.i. to loose sad- 
dle; dismount, and then unyoke the 
cattle; spreading out the camp in a 
fan-like way for protection and easy 
recall. [Dutch.] 

outspoken (out'spo-kn), adj. candid. 

outstanding (qut-stand'ing), adj. pro- 
jecting; unpaid. 

outward (out'werd), adj. external; to 
or from the exterior; visible: ex- 
trinsic. 

outward-bound (out'werd-bound'), 
adj. sailing to foreign parts. 

outwards (out'werdz), adv. towards 

" the outside; to foreign parts. Also 
outward. 

outwit (out-wif), v.t. to overreach, or 
defeat, by superior skill or cunning. 

outwork (out'werk), n. a, defense con- 
structed beyond the main body of a 
fort, &c. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OUZEL 



591 



OWING 



ouzel, see ousel. 

ova, pi. of ovum. 

oval (o'val), adj. shaped like an egg; 
elliptical: n. anything egg-shaped. 

ovarian (6-va'ri-an) , adj. pertaining 
to the ovary. [Latin.] 

ovaritis (o-va-ri'tis) , n. inflammation 
of the ovaries. 

ovarotomy (o-va-rot'6-mi) , n. the 
surgical operation by which one or 
both ovaries are removed. 

ovary (o'va-ri), n. [pi. ovaries (o'va- 
riz)], the organ in a female animal in 
which the ova or first germs of fu- 
ture life are formed; the hollow 
seed-case of a plant. 

ovate (o'vat), adj. egg-shaped. 

ovate-oblong (o'vat-ob'long), odj. 
longer th_an_oval. 

ovation (o-va'shun), n. among the 
ancient Romans, a minor triumph 
of a general for an inferior victory 
at which sheep # (oves) were sacrificed; 
an enthusiastic demonstration of 
public esteem. [Latin.] 

oven (uv'n), n. sl place or apparatus 
for baking or heating. Dutch oven 
means a sort of baking-pot which 
when surrounded by hot coals is 
used for baking. 

over (6'ver), prep, superior in posi- 
tion, authority, dignity, excellence, 
or value; above; upon; across; cov- 
ering; more than: adv. from begin- 
ning to end; from one to another; 
from side to side; in excess; on the 
surface; throughout: adj. beyond; 
superior: n. in cricket, the number 
of balls _delivered by one bowler. 

overfire (o-ver : f Ir') ,. v.t. to apply ex- 
cessive heat in firing a piece of cer- 
amic work. 

overhaul (o-ver-hawl') , v.t. to exam- 
ine thoroughly; overtake; gain upon: 
said of a ship. 

overlander (o-ver-lan'der), n. a trav- 
eler; one who makes his way as an 
emigrant by land in wagons, as did 
the pioneers who after the Revolu- 
tion moved westward to Ohio, 
Kentucky, Illinois, Kansas, Michi- 
gan and finally to the Pacific slope. 

overplus (6'ver-plus) , n. excess. 

overpower (o-ver-pou'er), v.t. to bear 
down or crush by superior force; 
vanquish. 

over- production (6-v e r-p r o-d u k'- 



shun), n. supply in excess of the 
demand. 

overseer (o-ver-ser') , n. the superin- 
tendent of some department of a 
business; one who superintends the 
poor. 

overshot wheel (o'ver-shot hwel), n. 
a water wheel which is driven by 
water flowing over its top. 

overt (o-verf), adj. open; public. 

overtake (o-ver-tak') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
overtook, p.pr. overtaking], to catch 
by pursuit; come upon as a punish- 
ment; take by surprise. 

overthrow (o-ver-thro'), v.t. to turn 
upside down; demolish; vanquish; 
destroy: n. (6'ver-thro) , ruin; defeat; 
in cricket, a ball missed by the 
wicket-keeper when returned to him. 

overtones (o'ver-tonz), n.pl. har- 
monics. 

overture (o'ver-tur), n. an offer or 
proposal; opening; an introductory 
symphony before the commencement 
of an opera. [French.] 

overweening (5 - ver - wen'ing) , adj . 
conceited. 

overwhelm (o-ver-hwelm') , v.t. to 
crush or destroy utterly. 

overwise (o-ver-wiz / ), adj. affectedly 
wise. 

ovicular (o-vik'u-lar), adj. pertaining 
to an egg; oviform. [Latin.] 

oviparous (o-vip'a-rus), adj. produc- 
ing young by eggs. 

ovoid (o'void), adj. egg-shaped. Also 
ovoidal. 

ovolo (o'vo-lo), 7i. a round or convex 
egg-shaped molding. 

ovoplasm (o'vo-plazm), n. the proto- 
plasmic substance or yolk of an 
egg. 

ovo viviparous (o-vo-vi^-vip'a-rus) , adj. 
producing eggs containing the young 
in a living state, as certain animals. 

ovule (oVul), n. the germ borne by 
the placenta of a plant, and subse- 
quently developing into a seed. 

ovum (oVum), n. [pi. ova (o'va)], the 
germ or body in the ovary which, 
when impregnated, develops in the 
fcetus; an egg-shaped ornament. 

owe (5), v.t. to be indebted, or under 
obligation to; be obliged to pay: v.u 
to be in debt. 

owing (o'ing), p. adj. due as a debt; 
ascribable to; imputable to. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



OWL 



592 



OZOSTOMIA 



owl (oul), n. a raptorial nocturnal 
bird characterized by its hoot. 

owlet _(oul'et) , n. a young owl. 

own (on), adj. belonging to; peculiar 
or proper to: v.t. to possess or hold 
by right; concede or acknowledge. 

owner (on'er^ n. lawful proprietor. 

ownership (on'er-ship), n. rightful 
possession. 

ox (oks), n. [pi. oxen (oks'n)], an ani- 
mal of the bovine genus, especially 
a castrated bull. 

oxalate (oks'a-lat), n. a salt of oxalic 
acid. 

oxalic (oks-al'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
derived from, oxalis, a genus of 
plants with a bitter taste, contain- 
ing the wood-sorrel. [Greek.] 

oxalic acid (as'id), n. a poisonous acid 
obtained from sawdust : 

oxidability (oks-id-a-bil'i-ti) , n. capa- 
bility of being converted into an 
oxide. 

oxidable (oks'i-da-bl), adj. capable of 
being converted into an oxide. 

oxidate (oks'i-dat), same as oxidize. 

oxidation (oks-i-da'shun), n. the 
operation of converting into an 
oxide. 

oxide (oks'ld), n. a compound of 
oxygen and a base. See ozone. 

oxidize (oks'i-diz), v.t. to convert into 
an oxide: v.i. to be converted into 
an oxide. Also oxidate. 

oxlip (oks'lip), n. a variety of primula. 

oxy, a Greek prefix occurring in various 
scientific words, meaning the pres- 
ence of oxygen. 

oxygen (oks'i-jen), n. a colorless in- 
odorous gas, which with nitrogen 
and argon constitutes l-5th by vol- 
ume of the atmosphere, and in com- 
bination with hydrogen forms water. 
[French, from Greek.] 

oxygenate (oks'i-jen-at), v.t. to com- 
bine with oxygen. Also oxygenize. 

oxygenation (oks-i-jen-a'shun), same 
as oxidation. 

oxy hydrogen (oks-i-hi'dro-jen), adj. 
consisting of a mixture of oxygen 
and hydrogen, as in the oxy hydro- 
gen-blowpipe by which an intense 
heat is produced by the combination 
of the two gases. [Greek.] 

oxytone (oks'i-ton), adj. having an 



acute sound; having the last sylla- 
ble accented: n. an acute sound. 

oyer (o'yer), n. a hearing or trial of 
legal causes. [Old French.] 

oyer and terminer (ter'min-er) , n. 
a court constituted by commission 
to hear and determine specified 
causes. [Old French, oyer, " to 
hear."] 

oyez (o'yes), inter j. the introductory 
cry of an official or public crier de- 
manding silence. It literally means 
"hear ye." 

oyster (ois'ter), n. a bivalve mollusk 
of the genus Ostrea, much esteemed 
as a delicacy. 

oyster-bed (ois'ter-bed), n. the place 
where oysters are found and farmed. 
In the South these places are called 
"oyster-rocks," and in the Gulf of 
Mexico, "oyster-reefs." 

oyster-plant (ois'ter-plant), n. & plant 
whose root, when cooked, has the 
flavor of oysters; salsify. 

oyster-rake (ois'ter-rak) , n. a rake 
with a long handle and spreading 
iron head; used in raking oysters 
in from beds in deep water. 

ozena (o-ze'na), n. a syphilitic dis- 
ease of the nose. 

ozocerite (o-zo-se'rite), n. paraffin 
wax. 

ozone (o'zon), n. an allotropic form 
of oxygen present in the atmosphere, 
especially after electrical disturb- 
ance, with . a characteristic odor. 
It is a remarkably strong oxidizing 
agent, bleaching and disinfecting. 
It rapidly oxidizes rubber (caou- 
tchouc), and even silver. [Greek.] 

ozone-box (o'zon-boks), n. a box 
lined with several sheets of fine 
gauze. It contains papers chem- 
ically prepared to detect the pres- 
ence of ozone. 

ozonium (o-zo'ni-um), n. a fungus 
which causes root-rot in cotton. 

ozonize (o'zo-niz), v.t. to charge with 
ozone. 

ozonometer (o-zo-nom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for determining the 
presence and amount of ozone in 
the atmosphere. 

ozostomia (o-zo-sto'mi-a), n. bad 
breath, due to a diseased stomach. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



p 



P, the sixteenth letter of the English 
alphabet, traced through the Greek 
and Latin alphabets to the Hebrew 
pe, meaning a mouth, of which it 
was probably a picture. Our present 
form of the letter is essentially that of 
the Roman. As a "surd labial stop" 
it corresponds to the vocalic b; with 
which it often interchanges. Thus 
Greek, episcopos; Eng. bishop; Span- 
ish, obispo; Sanskrit, pad, Eng., 
foot, again English keeps the p as in 
sap while Sanskrit has sabar (nectar), 
and Latin, lubricus. In chemistry, 
P is the symbol for phosphorus. 

pa (pa), n. abbreviation of papa. 

pabulum (pab'ii-luai), n. food; nour- 
ishment. [Latin.] 

paca (pak'a), n. a small South Ameri- 
can rodent of a dark-brown color 
spotted with white. 

pace (pas), n. a step; manner of 
walking; length of one's movement 
of the foot in walking; a linear 
measure, varying from 30 in. to 60 
in.; rate of progress; an amble: v.t. to 
measure by steps or paces: v.i. to 
walk deliberately ; amble. [Latin.] 

paced (past), p. adj. having a par- 
ticular manner of walking. 

pacha. Same as pasha. 

pachycarpous (pak-i-kar'pus), adj. 
having a very thick pericarp. 
[Greek.] 

pachydactyl (pak-i-dak'til) , n. an 
animal with thick toes. [Greek.] 

pachydermatous (pak-i-der'ma-tus) , 
adj. thick-skinned. 

pacific (pa-sif'ik), adj. peace-mak- 
ing; mild; peaceful; tranquil: n. the 
Pacific Ocean. [Latin.] 

pacification (pa-sif-i-ka/shun) , n. the 
act of peace-making; conciliation. 

pacificator (pa-sif 'i-ka-ter) , n. a 
peacemaker. 

Pacific Slope (pa-sif'ik slop), n. a 
general name for the Pacific coast of 



the United States, which slopes west- 
ward from the Rocky Mountains. 

pacifier (pas'i-fl-er), n. one who paci- 
fies. 

pacify (pas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paci- 
fied, p.pr. pacifying], to calm or ap- 
pease; reconcile. 

pack (pak), n. a large > bundle tied 
up for carriage; dogs in Alaska; set 
of playing-cards; great number or 
quantity; gang; weight of wool = 
240 lbs.; number of dogs kept for 
hunting: v.t. to bind and press to- 
gether, as goods for carriage; load; 
dismiss summarily or unceremoni- 
ously; select and put together for 
an unjust object: v.i. to become 
firmly pressed; depart or remove in 
haste. [Danish. 1 

package (pak'aj), n. a bundle or bale of 
goods. [French.] 

packet (pak'et), n. sl small pack, or 
parcel; a vessel sailing between two 
or more ports for the conveyance 
of passengers, mails, and merchan- 
dise at regular intervals. 

paco (pa'ko), n. the alpaca; an 
earthy oxide of ircn containing par- 
ticles of native silver. [Peruvian.] 

pact (pakt), n. an agreement. [Latin.] 

pad (pad), n. a soft cushion; a thick 
mass of sheets of blotting paper for 
writing upon; a slow-paced horse: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. padded, p.pr. pad-, 
ding], to travel slowly: v.t. stuff 
with padding. 

padding (pad'ing), n. material used 
for stuffing; the act of impregnating 
cloth with a mordant; inserted mat- 
ter for filling out a newspaper or 
magazine article, &c. 

paddle (pad'l), v.i. to row slowly; play 
in the water: v.t. to propel by pad- 
dle or oar; to spank: n. sl short 
broad car; an oar blade; one of the 
floats for propelling a steamship. 

paddle-wheel (pad'1-hwel) , n. a wheel 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: l»«v»u. look; 
$8 Inie, hut ; think, then. 



J 



PADDOCK 



594 



PALAEOGRAPHY 



with floats for propelling a steam- 
ship. 

paddock (pad'uk), n. a small field or 
enclosure adjacent to a stable for 
horses. 

padlock (pad'lok), n. a lock with a 
link to pass through a staple or eye: 
v.t. to fasten with a padlock. 

padrone (pa-dro'na), n. a person 
who owns barrel organs and lets 
them out on hire; in Italy, a con- 
tractor for labor. [Italian.] 

paean (pe'an), n. a triumphal song. 
[Greek.] 

psedobaptism (pe-do-bap'tizm), n. 
infant baptism. Also pedobaptism. 
[Greek.] 

paeony. Same as peony. 

pagan (pa/gan), n. a heathen; idola- 
ter : adj. heathen ; idolatrous. 
[Latin.] 

paganism (pa'gan-izm), n. heathen- 
ism; idolatry. 

page (paj), n. a boy attending on a 
person of distinction; a boy in liv- 
ery; a male attendant on a legisla- 
tive body; one side of the leaf of a 
book; episode: v.t. to mark or num- 
ber in pages. [Latin.] 

pageant (paj'ent), n. a theatrical 
show or spectacle; anything merely 
showy. [Old French.] 

pageantry (paj'ent-ri), n. ostenta- 
tious display. 

paginal (paj'i-nal), adj. consisting of 
pages. [Latin.] 

pagination (paj-i-na'shun) , n. the 
marking, numbering, or making, into 
pages. Alsopaging. 

pagoda (pa-go'da), n. a Buddhist 
temple; a Hindu idol temple; an 
idol; a gold or silver coin current 
in India. [French from Persian, 
"idol-temple."] 

paid (pad), p.t. & p.p. of pay. 

paidology (pa-dor o-ji), n. scientific 
child study. [Greek.] 

pail (pal), n. an open vessel of wood 
or metal furnished with a handle 
for carrying water, &c. 

pailful (pal'fool), n. the quantity that 
a pail will hold. 

pain (pan), n. physical or mental 
suffering; penalty: pl. % diligent ef- 
fort; throes of parturition: v.t. m to 
cause physical or mental suffering; 
render uneasy. [French.] 



painful (pan'fool), adj. full of, of 
causing, pain. 

painfully (pan'foo-li), adv. so as to 
cause pain. 

painfulness (pan'f ool-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being painful. 

painless (pan'les), adj. without pain. 

paint (pant), v.t. to represent by 
delineation and colors; depict; be- 
smear or cover with color; dye: v.i. 
to practice painting; rouge: n. a 
coloring substance or pigment; 
rouge. [Old French.] 

painter (pant'er), n. one whose oc- 
cupation is to paint; an artist who 
is skilled in depicting subjects in 
colors; a rope for fastening a boat. 

painter's- colic (pant'erz-kol'ik) , n. 
lead-poisoning. 

painting (pant'ing), n. the act, art, or 
occupation of laying on colors; the 
representation of objects by delinea- 
tion and colors; a picture; vivid 
verbal description. 

pair (par), n. two things of a kind, 
similar in form, suited to each other, 
and used together; couple; married 
couple: v.t. to join in couples: v.i. 
to be joined in couples; to suit or to be 
adapted to each other; in a legisla- 
tive body, to offset votes, or agree to 
a pair-off. [French.] 

pair-off (par'of), n. an agreement by 
two members on opposing sides of a 
measure to abstain from voting 
when the votes if cast would neu- 
tralize each other. 

pajamas (pa-ja'maz), n.pl. loose 
trousers of silk; also a kind of sleep- 
ing costume. [Hindu.] 

pal (pal), n. an intimate friend; ac- 
complice. [Slang.] 

palace (pal'as), n. the residence of 
a sovereign or bishop; a magnifi- 
cent house or building. [Latin.] 

paladin (paFa-din), n. a knight-errant, 
especially one of the twelve knights 
of Charlemagne or Arthur. [French.] 

palseo, a Greek prefix meaning ancient, 
as paleolithic : adj. noting the earli- 
est division of the Stone Age. 

palaeographist (pal-e-og'ra-fist) or 
paleographer (pal-e-og'ra-fer), n. 
a person skilled in ancient writings. 

palaeography (pal-e-og'ra-fi), n. the 
science which leads one to study 
parchments, and ancient writings 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PALEONTOLOGIST 



595 



PALL-MALL 



of all kinds, and to detect imposture 
in such writings. 

palaeontologist (pa-le-on-tol'o-jist), n. 
one who is skilled in paleontology. 

palaeontology (pal-e-on-tol'o-ji), n. 
the study of remote antiquity in all 
its forms, especially in its arts, its 
language, and its customs. [Greek.] 

Palaeozoic (pa-le-o-zo'ik), adj. noting 
the fossiliferous strata in which the 
earliest forms of life appear. 

palaestra (pal-es'tra), n. the wrestling 
place of the ancient Greeks and 
Romans. Often used figuratively 
as a place of strife and final triumph. 
[Greek.] 

palanquin (pal-an-ken') , n. in India 
and China, a covered conveyance for 
one passenger borne on the shoulders 
of men. [French, from Sanskrit.] 

palatable (para-ta-bl) , adj. agreeable 
to the taste; savory. [Latin. ] # 

palatal (pal'a-tal), adj. pertaining to, 
or uttered by means of, the palate: 
n. a letter pronounced by means of 
the palate. [Latin.] 

palate (pal'at), n. the roof of the 
mouth; taste or relish. [Latin.] 

palatial (pa-la/shal) , adj. -pertaining 
to, or suitable to, a palace; royal. 

palatinate (pa-lat'i-nat), n. the prov- 
ince or dignity of a palatine. [Latin.] 

palatine (para-tin), adj. invested 
with royal privileges and rights, as 
certain counties: n. one who is thus 
invested. [French.] 

palaver (pa-la'ver), n. a public con- 
ference; superfluous or idle talk; 
chatter: v.t. to talk over; deceive 
by words: v.i. to confer; chatter. 
[Spanish, palabra, "word."] 

pale (pal), adj. not of a fresh or 
ruddy complexion; wan; wanting in 
color; of a faint luster [French]: n. a 
narrow board used in fencing; a 
pointed stake; space inclosed by- 
rails; limit; district or territory: v.i. 
to turn pale: v.t. to inclose with, or 
as with, pales. [Latin.] 

palette (pallet), n. a thin oval wood 
or porcelain plate for mixing and 
holding colors. [French.] 

palfrey (pawl'fri), n. a small saddle- 
horse for a lady's use. 

Pali (pa'le), n. the sacred language 
of the Buddhists, allied to Sanskrit. 

palimpsest (pal'imp-sest or pa-limp'- 



sest), n. a parchment manuscript 
which, after the writing upon it has 
been partially erased, is used again, 
the former writing being more or 
less discernible. > [Greek.] 

palindrome (pal'm-drom) , n. a word, 
verse, or sentence which reads the 
same backwards or forwards, as 
the sentence ascribed to Napoleon: 
" Able was I ere I saw Elba." 

paling (paring) , n. a fence constructed* 
of pales; materials for a fence oi 
pales. See pale. m 

palingenesis (pal-in-jen'i-sis), n. new 
birth or regeneration; inherited 
evolution. [Greek.] 

palisade (pal-i-sad'), n. a fence or 
fortification formed of stakes driven 
into the ground and pointed at the 
top: v.t. to inclose or fortify with 
stakes. [French.] 

palish (parish), adj. somewhat pale. 

pall (pawl), n. a cloak or mantle; a 
kind of scarf of lamb's wool sent by 
the Pope to an archbishop on his 
consecration (also pallium); a cof- 
fin covering: v.i. to become insipid; 
lose strength. 

palladium (pal-a'di-um) , n. any safe- 
guard of a liberty, or privilege: 
from the statue of Pallas at Troy, 
said to have fallen from heaven, and 
on the preservation of which de- 
pended the safety of the city [Latin]; 
a rare grayish metal found with plat- 
inum. 

pallet (pal'et), n. a pallette; a name 
for various tools used in gilding, 
pottery, horology, &c. ; a small piece 
of the mechanism of a watch; a 
small rough bed. [French.] 

palliate (pal'i-at) , v.t. to excuse or cover 
over; extenuate; lessen or abate. 

palliation (pal-i-a'shun), n. the act of 
palliating ; extenuation ; mitigation. 

palliative (pal'i-a-tiv) , adj. tending to 
lessen or mitigate. 

pallid (pal'id), adj. pale; wan. 

pallium, see under pall. 

Pall Mall (pel-mel'), n. a fashionable 
street in London, once a ground for 
exercise, but now lined by clubs and 
other _ handsome buildings. The 
name is ultimately derived from the 
French through the Latin palma, "the 
hand," and malleus, "a mallet." 

pall-mall (pel-mel'), n. a game for= 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PALLOR 



596 



PANDEMONIUM 



merly played with a ball which was 
driven through an iron ring by a 
mallet. 

pallor (parer), n. paleness. [Latin.] 

palm (pam), n. the inner part of the 
hand; a linear measure of varying 
length (from 3 to 4 in.); a tree of 
various species of the order Palmse; 
a palm branch symbolical of victory 
or rejoicing: v.t. to conceal in the 
palm of the hand; impose upon by 
fraud (with off). [Latin.] 

palmate (pal'mat), adj. resembling a 
hand with the fingers outstretched; 
web-footed. 

palmer (pam'er), n. a pilgrim to the 
Holy Land who carried a palm 
branch as a tokenof his pilgrimage. 

palmetto (pal-met'o), n. a species of 
palm-tree, the cabbage-tree palm. 

palmist (pa/mist), adj. pertaining 
to palmistry. 

palmistry (pa'mis-tri), n. the pre- 
tended art of foretelling the future 
by examination of the lines and 
marks of a person's hand. 

palmitin (parmi-tin), n. a solid fatty 
substance obtained from vegetable 
oils, &c. 

Palm Sunday (sun'da), n. the Sunday 
next before Easter, held in com- 
memoration of Christ's triumphal 
entry into Jerusalem. 

palmy (pam'i), adj. abounding in 
palms; flourishing; prosperous. 

palpability (pal-pa-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being palpable. 
Also palpableness. 

palpable (pal'pa-bl), adj. easily per- 
ceived; obvious. [Low Latin.] 

palpably (parpa-bli), adv. obviously. 

palpitate (pal'pi-tat), v.i. to beat or 
throb. [Latin.] 

palpitation (pal-pi-ta'shun) , n. ab- 
normal beating or throbbing of the 
heart. 

palsied (pawl'zid), p. adj. affected 
with palsy. 

palsy (pawl'zi),n. paralysis: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. palsied, p.pr. palsying], to par- 
alyze. [Contracted from paralysis, 
Greek.] 

palter (pawl'ter), v.i. to trifle; act 
insincerely. 

paltry (pawl'tri), adj. worthless; con- 
temptible. 

pampas (pam'paz), n.pl. in South 



America, vast treeless plains cov* 
ered with luxuriant pasture. [Span- 
ish.] 

pamper (pam'per), v.t. to feed luxuri- 
ously; satiate. [French.] 

pampero (pam-pa/ro), n. & strong 
southwest wind that blows across 
the pampas of South America. 
[Spanish.] 

pamphlet (pam'flet), n. a small un- 
bound book, usually on some current 
topic, of one or more sheets stitched 
together. [Old French.] 

pamphleteer (pam-flet-er') , n. a 
writer of pamphlets: v.i. to write 
pamphlets. 

pan, a Greek prefix meaning all, univer- 
sal, as pan-Anglican, Pan-Slavic, 
Pan-American: n. a broad shallow 
vessel ; that part of an old flint- 
lock which held the priming. 

panacea (pan-a-se'a), n. a universal 
remedy or medicine. [Greek.] 

panada (pa-na-da/), n. a bread pulp; 
bread soaked in sweetened boiled 
water and flavored with nutmeg. 
[French.] 

pancake {pan'kak), n. a thin fried 
butter cake. 

pancratic (pan-krat'ik) , adj. excelling 
in gymnastic exercises: from an 
athletic contest (pancratium) of the 
ancient Greeks. 

pancreas (pan'kre-as), n. a large 
fleshy gland (the sweetbread) situ- 
ated under and behind the stomach 
secreting a fluid that assists in the 
process of digestion. [Greek.] 

pancreatic (pan-kre-at'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or secreted by, the pan- 
creas. 

pancreatin (pan'kre-a-tin) , n. an 
albuminoid principle in the fluid 
of the pancreas. 

Pandean (pan-de'an), adj. pertaining 
to the god Pan, the tutelary deity 
of shepherds. 

Pandean-pipes (pan-de'an-pips') : n.pl. 
a musical wind instrument consisting 
of short reeds of varying length blown 
by the breath. Also Pan's-pipes. 

Pandect (pan'dekt), n. the digest of 
the Roman or civil law. Usually 
Pandects. [Greek.] 

pandemonium (pan-de-mo'ni-um), n. 
a place or abode of general disorder. 
[Greek.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PANDER 



597 



PANTOMIMIST 



pander (pan'der), v.i. to be an agent 
for the gratification of another's 
passions. [Latin.] 

pandour (pan-door'), n. one of the 
foot-soldiers formerly levied in Pan- 
der, Hungary, for the Austrian 
army. They were noted for their 
ferocity and lack of discipline. 

pane (pan), n. a square of glass; a 
piece in variegated work. [French.] 

panegyric (pan-e-jir'ik), n. an ovation 
or eulogy in praise of some person 
or event; encomium. " [Greek.] 

panegyrize (pan'e-jir-iz), v.t. to praise 
or commend highly: v.i. to bestow 
praise. 

panel (pan'el), n. a piece of board, the 
edges of which are inserted in a 
frame; a thin board on which a pic- 
ture is painted; a schedule contain- 
ing the names of persons summoned 
to serve as jurors; the jury; in 
Scots law, the prisoner at the bar: 
v.t. to form with panels. [Low 
Latin.] 

panetela (pan-e-ta/la) or panatela 
(pan-a-te'la) , adj. shaped in the 
fashion of a panatela cigar — long 
and slim. [Spanish.] 

pang (pang), n. a violent sudden 
pain; agony, mental or physical. 

panhandle (pan'han-dl), n. a strip of 
land extending between one state and 
another, as (especially) the West 
Virginia Panhandle. 

panic (pan'ik), n. a sudden fright; a 
kind of millet: adj. suddenly and 
violently alarming: said of fear. 
From the Greek god, Pan. 

pannier (pan'ni-er), n. one of two bas- 
kets suspended across the back of a 
horse, for carrying market pro- 
duce. 

panoplied (pan'o-plid) , adj. furnished 
with a complete suit of armor. 

panoply (pan'o-pli), n. a complete 
suit of armor. [Grseco-French.] 

panopticon (pan-op'ti-kon), n. a 
prison so arranged that the warder on 
duty can see all the prisoners with- 
out himself being visible; a kind of 
panorama; a room for the exhibi- 
tion of novelties. [Greek.] 

panorama (pan-o-ra'ma), n. a picture, 
viewed from a central standpoint, of 
several scenes unrolled and made to 
pass before the spectator. [Greek.] 



panoramic (pan-o-ram'ik;, adj. per* 
taining to, or like, a panorama. 

Panslavic (pan-slav'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to all the Slavie races or Pan' 
slavism. 

Panslavism (pan-slav'izm), n. a Rus- 
sian movement for the political 
union of all the Slavic races. 

pansy (pan'zi), n. the heart's-ease; 
also called Johnny-jump-up; a spe- 
cies of violet developed by care into 
a splendid blossom of purple and 
gold. [French.] 

pant (pant), v.i. to breathe rapidly: 
desire ardently _ (with for or after): 
n. rapid breathing: pi. abbreviation 
for trousers. 

pantagraph, same _as pantograph. 

pantaloon (pan-ta-loon') , ». a buffoon 
in a pantomime. 

pantamorphic (pan-ta-mor'nk), adj. 
taking all shapes. _ 

pantheism (pan'the-izm), n. the doc- 
trine that the universe in its totality 
is God. 

pantheist (pan'the-ist), n. a believer 
in pantheism. 

pantheistic (p an-t he-is 'tik), adj. per- 
taining to pantheism. 

Pantheon (pan'the-on), n. a temple 
dedicated to all the Gods, and espe- 
cially that of ancient Rome dedicated 
to Mars and Jupiter. It is still 
standing. 

panther (pan'ther), n. a fierce feline 
carnivorous animal. Fern, pan- 
ther ess. [Latin.] 

pantile (pan' til), n. a curved tile. 

pantochr onometer (pan-t o-kro-nom '- 
e-ter), n. an instrument which com- 
bines the sun-dial, compass, and a 
time-dial. [Greek.] 

pantograph (pan'to-graf), n. an in- 
strument for copying drawings, de- 
signs, &c, on an enlarged or re- 
duced scale. Also pantagraph. 

panto meter (pan-torn 'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring angles, ele- 
vations, distances. [Greek.] 

pantomime (pan'to-mim) , n. a repre- 
sentation in dumb show; a popular 
Christmastide theatrical entertain- 
ment with music, dancing, &c. 

pantomimic (pan-to-mim'ik), adj. 
pertaining to a pantomime. 

pantomimist (pan'to-mim-ist), n.one 
who acts in pantomime. 



ate, arm, at, aw! 



me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
hue, hut ; think, then. 



PANTRY 



598 



PARAFFIN 



pantry (pan'tri), n. a provision closet. 

pap (pap), n. soft food for infants; 
a nipple, teat, or breast; pulp of 
fruit. [Swedish.] 

papa (pa-pa', or pa'pa), n. a word of 
endearment for father. In Latin it 
means the Pope. [Found in many- 
languages, as a reduplicated form of 
pa.] 

papacy (pa/pa-si), n. the office, dig- 
nity, or authority, of the Pope; 
popes collectively; Roman Catholic 
religion. 

papal (pa/pal), adj. pertaining to the 
Pope, or the Church of Rome. 

papaw (pa-paw'), n. an East Indian 
fruit tree. [Portuguese.] 

paper (pa'per), n. a thin flexible 
substance made of various materials, 
as linen, straw, &c, used for writing 
or printing upon; a newspaper; an 
essay or literary contribution; writ- 
ten instrument; bank-notes or bills 
of exchange: adj. made of paper; 
thin: v.t. to cover with paper. 
[French.] See papyrus. 

papeterie (pap'e-tre), n. a case con- 
taining paper and writing materials. 

papier-mache (pap-ya'ma-sha'), n. 
paper pulp molded and made into 
trays, &c, and japanned. [French.] 

papilla _(pa-pil'a), n. [pi. papillae 
(pa-pil'e)], a small nipple: pi. minute 
elevations on the tongue. [Latin.] 

papillary (pap'il-er-i), adj. pertain- 
ing to a nipple or the papillae; cov- 
ered with papillae. 

papoose (pa-poos'), n. a young child. 
[North American Indian.] 

pappus (pap 'us), n. the feathery sub- 
stance on the seed of certain plants: 
the calyx of a composite flower. 
[Greek.] 

pappy (pap'i), adj. resembling pap. 

paprika (pa-pre'ka), n. a condiment 
resembling cayenne pepper though 
less hot; much liked by the Hunga- 
rians, who use it almost excessively. 
See goulash. 

Papuan (pa'pu-an), adj. one belong- 
ing to the Papuan race, oftenest 
found in New Guinea, which island 
is widely known as Papua. Their 
language is a variety of the Mela- 
nesian: n. a Papuan. 

papyrus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. papyri 
(pa-pi'ri)], a species of Egyptian 



reed, from the rind of which the 
ancients made paper; a manuscript 
on papyrus. [Greek.] 

par (par), n. state of equality; nomi- 
nal and market value. [Latin.] 

para, a Greek prefix meaning beyond, 
beside j divergence as paracentric. 

parable (par'a-bl), n. an allegorical 
method of conveying instruction by 
means of a fable or short fictitious 
narrative; a comparison or simili- 
tude. [Latin.] 

parabola (par-ab'o-la), n. one of the 
conic sections formed by the inter- 
section of the cone by a plane par- 
allel to one of its sides. [Greek.] 

parabolic (par-a-bol'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or formed like, a parabola; 
allegorical. Also parabolical. 

paraboloid (pa-rab'o-loid), n. a solid 
generated by the revolution of a 
parabola on its axis. 

parachute (par'a-shoot), n. an um- 
brella-shaped apparatus for descend- 
ing from a balloon. [Franco-Latin.] 

Paraclete (par'a-klet), n. a title of the 
Holy Ghost, the Comforter, and 
Advocate. [Grseco-Roman.] 

parade (pa-rad'), n. ostentatious dis- 
play; show; military display; place 
of assembly for exercising troops: 
v.t. to marshal in military order; 
make a display of: v.i. to exhibit, 
or walk about ostentatiously. 
[French.] 

paradigm (par'a-dim), n. an exam- 
ple or model; example of the gram- 
matical inflection of a word. [Greek.] 

paradise (par'a-dis), n. the garden of 
Eden; a park; any place of happiness; 
heaven ; the top gallery in the theater 
where those who occupy the cheap 
seats are in slang called "the gods. 
[French, from Old Persian.] 

paradox (par'a-doks) , n. something 
apparently absurd or incredible, yet 
true; a tenet contrary to received 
opinions. [Greek.] 

paradoxical (par-a-doks'i-kal), adj. 
of the nature of a paradox. 

paradoxically (p ar-a-doks 'i-ka-li), adv. 
in a paradoxical manner. 

paraffin (par'a-fin), n. a white crys- 
talline substance obtained by dis- 
tillation from wood and shale, is of 
a waxy nature so that it is used for 
waterproofing, and for preserving 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PARAGOGE 



599 



PARATHES1S 



objects from the action of the atmos- 
phere. The obelisk in Central Park 
is coated with paraffin. 

paragoge (par-a-go'je), n. the addi- 
tion of a letter or syllable to the end 
ofaword, as "got," "gotten." [Greek.] 

paragon (par'a-gon), n. something of 
extraordinary excellence; model or 
pattern of perfection: v.t. to equal 
ji compare. 

paragraph (par'a-graf), n. a small sub- 
division of a connected discourse; a 
short passage; a reference mark 
(f); an item of newspaper intelli- 
gence. 

paragraph er (par-ag'ra-f er) , n. a 
writer of newspaper paragraphs. 

paragraphic (par-a-graf'ik), adj. con- 
sisting of paragraphs. Also para- 
graphical. 

parallax (par'al-laks) , n. the apparent 
angular shifting of an object caused 
by change in the position of the ob- 
server, especially the difference in 
the apparent position of a heavenly 
body and its true place. 

parallel (par'al-lel), adj. lying side by 
side; extended in the same direction 
and equidistant at all points; hav- 
ing the same direction or tendency; 
corresponding: n. a line equidistant 
to all. points from another line; re- 
semblance or likeness: pi. trenches 
in front of a fortified place parallel 
to the defenses: v.t. to place so as 
to be parallel; correspond to. 

parallelism (par'al-lel-izm), n. the 
state or quality of being parallel; 
correspondence. 

parallelogram (par-al-lel'o-gram), n. 
a plane 4-sided figure whose opposite 
sides are parallel and equal. 

parallelopipedon (par-al-lel-o-pip r e- 
don), n. a regular solid figure bounded 
by six parallelograms, of which the 
opposite pairs are equal and parallel. 

paralysis (pa-ral'i-sis) , n. loss of the 
power of sensation of one or more 
parts of the body; palsy. [Greek.] 

paralytic (par-a-lit'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, affected by, or inclined to, 
paralysis: n. one who is affected 
with paralysis. 

paralyze (par'a-llz), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzing], to af- 
fect with paralysis; unnerve; ren- 
der useless or ineffective. 



paramount (par'a-mount), adj. su- 
perior to all others; eminent or 
chief: n. the highest in rank or 
authority. [Old French.] 

paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. a form of 
monomania. [Greek.] 

paranoiac (par-a-noi'ak), n. one af- 
fected with paranoia; a monoma- 
niac. 

parapet (par'a-pet), n. a wall breast- 
high; a rampart to protect troops 
from the fire of an enemy. [French.] 

paraphernalia (par-a-f er-na/li-a) , n.pl. 
the apparel, jewels, &c, of a wife 
which she possesses over and above 
her dowry; ornaments of dress gen- 
erally; equipment. [Greek.] 

paraphrase (par'a-fraz), n. a free 
translation or explanation; a hymn 
based on some Scriptural passage: 
v.t. make a free translation of; ex- 
plain in many words: v.i. to make 
a paraphrase. 

paraphrastic (par-a-fras'tik) , adj. free 
or clear in explanation; of the na- 
ture of a paraphrase. Also para- 
phrastical. 

paraphrastically (par-a-fr as'ti-ka-li) , 
adv. in a paraphrase. 

paraplegia (par-a-ple'ji-a), n. paraly- 
sis of the lower half of the body. 

parasite (par'a-slt), n. one who fre- 
quents the table of a rich man and 
gains his favor by flattery; a hang- 
er-on; an animal or plant nour- 
ished by another to which it at- 
taches itself. [Greek.] 

parasitic (par-a-sit'ik) , adj. of the 
nature of a parasite; meanly servile 
or fawning; living at the expense of 
another animal or plant. Also para- 
sitical. 

parasitically (par-a-sit'i-ka-li), adv. 
like a parasite. 

parasitism (par'a-sit-izm), n. the 
state or behavior of a parasite. 

parasol (par'a-sol), n. a lady's sun- 
shade. [French.] 

parataxis (par-a-taks'is), n. a loose ar- 
rangement of sentences: opposed 
to syntax. m Specifically it means 
the use of simple sentences instead 
of compound sentences with sub- 
ordinate clauses. [Greek.] 

parathesis (pa-rath'e-sis), n. appo- 
sition; in printing or writing, 
bracketed matter. 



ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



j 



PARBOIL 



600 



PARK 



parboil (par'boil), v.t. to boil par- 
tially. 

parbuckle (par'buk-1), ft. a, rope 
formed into a double sling for 
hoisting casks, &c: v.t. to hoist by 
means of a parbuckle. 

Parcse (par'se), n.pl. in classic my- 
thology, the three Fates, Clotho, 
Lachesis, and Atropos, who con- 
trolled the destiny of every mortal. 
[Latin.] 

parcel (par'sel), ft. a small bundle or 
package; little part: v.t. [p.t. &p.p. 
parceled, p.pr. parceling], to divide 
into parts. [French.] 

parcel post (par'sel post), ft. that 
branch of the postal service which 
forwards parcels, the charges in the 
United States being regulated ac- 
cording to distance as well as weight 
by means of a zone system. Also 
parcels post. 

parcenary (par'sen-a-ri) , n. co-heir- 
ship. 

parcener (par'sen-er), ft. a co-heir. 

parch (parch), v.t. to scorch; burn 
slightly; dry to excess. 

parches! (par-che'zi) or pachesi (pa- 
che'zi), a game played by two or 
four persons on a board with disks 
or buttons, as in our backgammon. 
The highest throw is 25 (Hindu, 
pachisis) . 

parchment (parch'ment), ft. the skin 
of a sheep, goat, &c. dressed and 
prepared for writing upon; a deed: 
adj. made of, or like, parchment. 

pard (pard), n. a leopard; any spotted 
beast. 

pardon (par'don), v.t. to forgive; ab- 
solve: n. forgiveness; absolution; 
official remission of a penalty. 

pardoner (par'dn-er), ft. one who 
pardons; formerly, a cleric who was 
licensed to sell papal indulgences. 

pare (par), v.t. to cut away little 
by little; reduce or diminish. 

paregoric (par-e-gor'ik) , n. a tinc- 
ture of opium to assuage pain: adj. 
mitigating pain. [Greek.] 

parenchyma (pa-reng'ki-ma) , ft. the 
soft cellular tissue or pith of plants; 
the soft tissue of the glandular or- 
gans of the body. [Greek.] 

parenchymous (pa-reng'ki-mus) , adj. 
soft; spongy. Also parenchyma- 
tous. 



parent (pa/rent), n. a father or 
mother; origin. [French.] 

parentage (pa/rent-aj), ft. extraction; 
birth. 

parental (pa-ren'tal) , adj. pertaining 
to, or becoming, parents ; fond. 

parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis^ n. [pi. 
parentheses (pa-ren'the-sez)], an 
explanatory word or clause inserted 
in a sentence, which is grammati- 
cally complete without it: indicated 
by the marks ( ). [Greek.] 

parenthetical (par-en-thet'i-kal), adj. 
expressed in a parenthesis; using 
parentheses. 

parenthetically (par-en-thet 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in a parenthetical manner. 

paresis (par'e-sis), n. insanity with 
general motor paralysis; softening 
of the brain. [Greek.] 

parhelion (par-he'h-on) , n. a mock 
sun; a bright light seen near the 
sun. [Greek.] 

pariah (pa'ri-a), ft. one of the low- 
est class of Hindus, having, in fact, 
no caste at all, and therefore living 
apart from others and serving for- 
eigners. [Tamil.] 

Parian (pa'ri-an), adj. pertaining to, 
or found in, the Isle of Paros, famed 
for its marble: ft. a fine porcelain 
used for statuettes, &c. 

parietal (pa-ri'e-tal) , adj. pertaining 
to a wall or side; forming the wall 
or side; said of the large lateral 
bones of the head; growing from 
the side of another organ. [Latin.] 

parish (par'ish), n. an ecclesiastical 
district under the particular charge 
of priest, clergyman, or minister; a 
district having its own officers for 
the care of the poor of such a dis- 
trict; a congregation: adj. pertain- 
ing to, or maintained by, a parish. 

parishioner (par-ish'on-er), n. one 
who belongs to a parish. 

Parisian (pa-riz'i-an), ft. a native 
or inhabitant of Paris. 

parisyllabic (par-i-sil-ab'ik) , adj. hav- 
ing an equal number of syllables. 

parity (par r i-ti), ft. equality; like- 
ness. 

park (park), n. a large enclosed piece 
of ground surrounding a mansion, 
or used as a public place for recre- 
ation; the train of artillery be- 
longing to an army division; an 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



PARLANCE 



601 



PART 



artillery encampment: v.t. to in- 
close, or collect, in a park. [French.] 

parlance (par'lans), n. conversation; 
idiom of conversation. 

parley (par'li), n. a, conference, es- 
pecially with an enemy: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. parleyed, p.pr. parleying], to 
hold a conference, especially with 
an enemy. [Old French.] 

Parliament (par'li-ment), n. the 
supreme legislative assembly of 
Great Britain and Ireland, consist- 
ing of the Sovereign, the House of 
Lords, and the House of Commons. 

parliamentarian (p ar - li - men - 1 a, 'r i - 
an), n. one who is versed in par- 
liamentary law and usages. 

parliamentary (par-li-men'ta-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, enacted by, or in ac- 
cordance with the usages of, Par- 
liament. 

parlor _ (par'ler) , n. reception room ; 
drawing room. 

Parmesan (par'me-san), adj. belong- 
ing or referring to the province of 
Parma in Italy, especially to its 
cheese. 

Parnassian (par-nas'i-an) , adj. per- 
taining to Alt. Parnassus in Greece, 
the abode of the Muses; of or per- 
taining to poetry. 

parochial (pa-ro'ki-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to a parish; narrow-minded. 

parodist (par'o-dist), n. one who 
parodies. JGreek.] 

parody (par'o-di) , n. [pi. f parodies (par'- 
o-diz)], a burlesque imitation of a 
serious poem: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. par- 
odied, p.pr. parodying], to convert 
into a parody. [Greek.] 

parole (pa-rol'), n. a word of honor, 
especially one given by a pri oner 
of war that in return for conditional 
freedom he will return to custody 
on a specified day; the daily pass- 
word in a camp or garrison. [French.] 

paronym (par o-nim), n. a parony- 
mous word. 

paronymous (par-on'i-mus), m adj. 
words of the same pronunciation, 
but different in spelling and meaning, 
as peer (to gaze at) and peer (a mem- 
ber of the House of Lords) . [Greek.] 

paroquet, same as parrakeet. 

paroxysm (par'oks-izm) , n. a sudden 
spasm, or fit of acute pain; sudden 
action or convulsion. [Greek.] 



paroxysmal (par-oks-iz'mal), adj. per- 
taining to, or occurring in, par* 
oxysms. 

parquet, parquette (par-kef), n* 
the floor space of a theater between 
the orchestra-rail and dress-circle. m 

parquetry (par'ket-ri), n. mosaic 
wood- work for floors. [French.] 

parr (par), n. a young salmon. 

parrakeet (par'a-ket), n. a small 
long-tailed parrot. Also paraquet, 
paroquet. [French.] 

parricidal (par'i-sld-al), adj. per- 
taining to parricide. 

parricide (par'i-sid), n. the murderer 
of a father or mother. [Latin.] 

parrot (par'ot),.n. a tropical bird with 
a hooked bill, characterized by its 
brilliant plumage and its power of 
imitating the human voice. [French.] 

parrot-fish (par'ot-fish), n. a brilliant 
hued fish of the tropical seas. 

parry (par'i), y.£. [p.t. & p.p. parried, 
p.pr. parrying], to ward off, as a 
blow. 

parse (pars), v.t. to resolve by gram- 
matical rules a sentence into its 
component parts, and show the re- 
lation of the various parts of speech. 

Parsee (par-se'), n. a descendant of 
the old Persians, holding the Zoroas- 
trian faith, and now living in India. 
Also Parsi. [Persian.] 

Parseeism (par-se'izm), n. the religion 
of the Parsees. Also Parsiism. 

Parsi, same as Parsee. 

parsimonious (par-si-mo 'ni-us), adj. 
frugal to excess; miserly; penurious. 

parsimony (par'si-mo-ni), n. closeness 
in expenditure; niggardliness. [Latin.] 

parsley (pars'li), n. a culinary herb. 
[French.] 

parsnip (pars'nip), n. an edible plant 
with a carrot-like root. _ [French.] 

parson (par'sn), n. the incumbent of 
a parish; a clergyman. [Latin.] 

parsonage (par'sn-aj), n. an eccle- 
siastical benefice; the residence of an 
incumbent. 

part (part), n.^ something less than 
the whole; piece; portion; propor- 
tional quantity; ingredient; share; 
member or organ; side or party; 
concern; business; portion of a work 
issued in numbers at stated inter- 
vals; any one of the characters of a 
play; one of the melodies in a har- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PARTAKE 



602 



PASCHAL 



mony: pi. faculties, qualities, or ac- 
compUsnments ; regions ; quarters : 
v.t. to divide into two or more 
pieces; v.i. to be separated; take 
leave. [French.] 

partake (par-tak'), v.i. [p.t. par- 
took, p.p. partaken, p.pr. partak- 
ing], to take a part or snare in 
common with others. 

part-book (part'book) n. in music 
a book containing the entire part of 
a composition for a single person. 
Such scores for individuals were not 
known before the seventeenth cen- 
tury. 

parterre (par-tar'), n. a series of 
flower beds arranged ornamentally, 
with intervening spaces of gravel or 
turf. [French.] 

parthenogenesis (par - then - o - jen'e - 
sis), n. reproduction of animals or 
plants by means of unimpregnated 
germs or ova. This biological phe- 
nomena occurs in plant lice, some 
kinds of bee, and hymenoptera. 
[Greek.] 

Parthenon (par'the-non), n. the tem- 
ple of Athene (Minerva) at Athens; 
she being called "the virgin god- 
dess" (Parthenos). [Greek.] 

partial (par'shal), adj. inclined to 
favor oie side or party; biased. 
[French.] 

partiality (par-shj-al'i-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being partial. 

partially (par'sha-li) , adv. in a partial 
manner. 

participant (par-tis'i-pant), adj. shar- 
ing: n. one who shares or partakes. 

participate (par-tis'i-pat), v.i. to par- 
take: v.t. to have part of; share. 

participation (par-tis-i-pa/shun) , n. 
the act of sharing something with 
others; division into shares; com- 
panionship. 

participator (par-tis'i-pa-ter), n. one 
who partakes with another. 

participial (par-ti-sip'i-al), adj. having 
the nature of a participle. 

participle (par'ti-si-pl) , n. a, word 
which partakes of the nature of a 
verb und of an adjective. 

particle (par'ti-kl), n. an atom; the 
smallest part into which a body can 
be divided; a word non-inflected, or 
not used alone; a crumb of conse- 
crated bread. 



parti-colored (par'ti-kul-erd), adj. 
having various colors. 

particular (par-tik'u-lar), adj. dis- 
tinct from others; individual; pe- 
culiar or special; characteristic; ex- 
clusive; exact; minute. 

particularity (par-tik-u-lar'i-ti) , n. 
circumstantiality . 

particularize (par-tik'u-lar-iz), v.t. 
to give the particulars of: v.i. be 
attentive to single things or details. 

particularly (par-tik'u-lar-li), adv. 
especially. 

parting (part'ing), p. adj. separating; 
given when separating: n. division; 
separating; a taking leave; a divi- 
sion in strata. 

partisan (par'ti-zan), n. an adher- 
ent of a party or faction; a kind of 
halberd: adj. pertaining to, or 
biased in favor of, a party, &c. 

partisanship (par'ti-zan-ship), n. the 
state of being a partisan. 

partition (par-tish'un), n. the act or 
state of beirg divided; separation; 
distribution; a dividing wall; part 
where separation is made: v.t. di- 
vide into shares; divide by walls. 

partitive (par'ti-tiv) , adj. noting a 
part: n. a word that denotes a part 
or expresses partition. 

partly (part'li), adv. in part. 

partner (part'ner), n. one who is as- 
sociated with another, especially in 
a business, &c; an associate; one 
who dances with another; a hus- 
band or wife. 

partnership (part'ner-ship), n. the 
state of being a partner; union of 
two or more persons in the same 
business or profession. 

partook (par-took r ), p.t. of partake. 

partridge (par'trij), n. a well-known 
gallinaceous bird of the genus 
Perdix, preserved as game. 

parturition (par-tu-rish'un) , n. the 
act of bringing forth young. [Latin.] 

party (par'ti), n. [pi. parties (par'tiz)], 
a number of persons united together 
for a particular purpose; faction; 
one concerned in an affair; cause or 
side; a select company; single indi- 
vidual spoken of. 

parvenu (par've-nu), n. an upstart; 
one newly come to wealth or power. 

Paschal (pas'kal), adj. pertaining to 
the feast of the Passover or Easter. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PASHA 



603 



PASTIL 



pasha (pa-shaw'), n. a Turkish title 
given to high officials. Also pacha. 

pashalic (pash-aw'lik), n. the juris- 
diction of a pasha. Also pachalic. 

pasquinade (pas-kwin-ad') , n. sl lam- 
poon or rude satire: v.t. to lampoon 
or satirize. [French, from Italian.] 

pass (pas), v.i. to move from one 
place or state to another; be pro- 
gressive; change by degrees; be 
enacted; be current: v.t. to go be- 
yond, or through, or by; cause to 
move onward; omit; give authority 
to ; transfer ; void ; utter or pronounce : 
n. a narrow passage, or entrance; 
defile; license, state of extremity: a 
thrust. 

passable (pas'a-bl), adj. that may be 
passed, traveled, or navigated; ca- 
pable of bearing inspection; toler- 
able. 

passage (pas'aj), n. the act of passing; 
course or journey; entrance or exit; 
right of passing; legal enactment; 
single clause or portion of a book; 
migratory habits. 

pass-book (pas'book), n. a book which 
passes between a merchant and his 
customer and contains the entries 
of goods sold on credit ; a bank-book 
held by the depositor. 

passe (pas-a/), adj. past; worn out or 
faded. [French]. 

passementerie (pas-men'te-re) , n. 
dress-trimmings usually of beaded 
lace. [French]. 

passenger (pas'en-jer), n. one who 
travels in or on a conveyance; one 
who passes. 

passerine (pas'er-in), adj. pertaining 
to the Passer es, the order of birds 
which includes the swallows and 
sparrows. 

passing (pas'ing), p. adj. departing: 
adv. exceedingly: n. the act of going 
by; transit. 

passing-bell (pas'ing-bel), n. a bell 
tolled immediately after the death 
of a, person. 

passion (pash'un), n. violent agita- 
tion of mind in anger; strong deep 
feeling or excitement; love; ardor; 
intense desire. [Latin.] 

Passion, n. the sufferings of Christ 
in his last agonies. 

passionate (pash'un-at), adj. moved 
by passion; angry; excitable. 



passionately (pash'un-at-li), adv* 
with passion. 

passion-flower (pash'un-flou-er), n. 
a flower of the genus Passiflora. 

passionless (pash'un-les), adj. void of 
passion; calm. 

Passion play (pla), n. & dramatic 
representation of the Passion of the 
Saviour. 

Passion Sunday (sun'da), n. the 
fifth Sunday in Lent. 

Passion week (wek), n. the week 
following Passion Sunday. \ 

passive (pas'iv), adj. suffering with- 
out resisting ; not acting ; submissive ; 
quiescent. 

passive verb (verb), n. that form of 
a verb in which the object of the 
active verb becomes the subject. 

Passover (pas'o-ver), n. a Jewish 
feast commemorative of the passing 
of the destroying angel over the 
houses of the Israelites when he 
slew the first-born of the Egyptians. 

passport (pas 'port), n. a license to 
travel in a foreign country. [French.] 

password (pas'werd), n. a word by 
means of which friends are distin- 
guished from strangers or enemies. 

past (past), p. adj. having formerly 
been; gone by; completed: n. the 
time gone by; adv. along: prep, be- 
yond. 

paste (past), n. & mixture of flour, 
&c, with water, used as a cement; 
dough prepared for pies, &c. ; a com- 
position for making artificial gems: 
v.t. to fasten with_ paste. 

pasteboard (past'bord), n. thick stiff 
paper; a board on which dough is 
rolled. 

pastel (pas-tel'), n. a colored crayon. 

paster (pas'ter), n. strip of gummed 
paper with printed matter on it, 
for covering over other printed mat- 
ter, (fee. 

pastern (pas'tern), n. that part of a 
horse's hoof which lies betweeu the 
fetlock and the coffin point , occupying 
the length between the two pastern 
bones. 

pasteurize (pas'tur-iz), v.t. to inocu- 
late with the bacilli which produce 
a specific disease so as to prevent or 
cure it. Named from the French 
chemist, Louis Pasteur. 

pastil (pas' til), n. a small cone of aro- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, t/ien. 



PASTIME 



604 



PATINA 



matic paste used for fumigating a 
room: a medicated lozenge. Also 
pastille (pas-tel). 

pastime (pas'tim), n. diversion. 

pastor (pas'ter), n. a clergyman or 
minister having spiritual charge 
of a church and congregation. 

pastoral (pas'ter-al), adj. pertaining 
to shepherds, or to the care of a 
church; rural; addressed to the 
clergy of a diocese by its bishop: n. 
a kind of dramatic poem, delineating 
incidents in rural life; a bishop's 
pastoral letter. 

pastorate (pas'ter-at) , n. the office 
or jurisdiction of a pastor. Also 
pastorship. 

pastry (pas'tri), n. articles of food, as 
pies, &c, made of light puffy dough. 

pasturable (pas'iar-a-bl), adj. suited 
for pasturing. 

pasturage (pas'tur-aj), n. the business 
of grazing cattle; pasture. 

pasture (pas'tur), n. land under grass 
for grazing cattle; grass for graz- 
ing: v.t. to supply with grass or 
pasture: v.i. to graze. 

pasty (past'i), adj. like paste; a 
small pie of crust raised without a 
dish. 

pat (pat), n. a light quick blow with 
the hand; a small lump of butter 
made up: adj. apt; exact: adv. fit- 
ly: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patted, p.pr. pat- 
ting], to strike gently and quickly 
with the fingers or hand. 

pat (pat), adv. neatly; at the moment. 

patch (pach), n. a piece applied to 
cover a hole or rent; a piece in- 
serted in variegated work; a plot of 
ground: v.t. to put a patch on; 
mend clumsily. _ 

patchouli (pa-choo'li), n. an Indian 
plant, from the dried roots of which 
a strong perfume is made. 

pate (pat), n. the head; crown of the 
head. 

pate-de-foie-gras (pa'ta-de-fwa-gra/), 
a pastry of goose-livers taken from 
the fowls that are kept and stuffed 
so that their livers are enlarged. 
Formerly this pastry was called 
Strassburg pie. It is an expensive 
and savory dish. [French.] 

paten (pat'n), n. the plate used for 
the bread at the Eucharist. 

patent (pat'ent), adj. apparent; open 



to the perusal of all; secured by let- 
ters patent; spreading widely: n, 
a privilege granted by letters patent, 
as a title of nobility, or the sole 
right in an invention: v.t. to grant 
or secure by letters patent. 

patentee (pat-en-te'), n. one who has 
secured a patent. 

patent-leather (pat-en t-le£/i'er), n, 
a varnished or japanned leather. 

patent-yellow (pat-ent-yel'6), a pig- 
ment or paint composed of oxide and 
chloride of lead. 

patera (pat'er-a), n. a shallow cir- 
cular dish; a flat ornament on a 
frieze. 

paterfamilias (pa-ter-f a-mil'i-as) , n. 
the father of a family. 

paternal (pa-ter'nal), adj. pertaining 
to, or exhibiting the characteristics 
of, a father; hereditary. 

paternally (pa-ter'na-li) , adv. in a 
paternal manner. 

paternity (pa-ter'ni-ti), n. paternal 
relation; authorship. 

paternoster (pa-ter-nos'ter), n. the 
Lord's Prayer; a rosary; every elev- 
enth bead in a rosary. 

path (path), n. a road; footway; 
track; course of conduct or action. 

pathetic (pa-thet'ik), adj. affecting 
the emotions or passions; touching. 

pathetically (pa-thet'i-ka-li), adv. in 
a pathetical manner. 

pathogenetic (path-o-jen-et'ik), adj. 
producing disease. 

pathogeny (pa-thoj'e-ni), n. the science 
of the origin of diseases. 

pathological (path-6-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to pathology. 

pathologist (pa-thol'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in pathology. 

pathology (pa-thoro-ji), n. the science 
of diseases. 

pathos (pa/thos), n. expression of 
deep feeling ; intense half -melancholy 
emotion. 

patience (pa/shens), n. the quality of 
being patient or calmly enduring. 

patient (pa'shent), adj. suffering pain, 
hardship, affliction, insult, &c, with 
calmness and equanimity; continu- 
ance of labor; persevering; waiting 
with calmness: n. a person under 
medical treatment. 

patina (pat'i-na), n. the fine green 
rust with which coins, ancient 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PATNESS 



605 



PAW 



bronzes, &c, become covered by 
age. [Italian.] 

patness (pat'nes), n. appropriateness. 

patois (pat'wa), n. provincial dialect, 
as Yorkshire, Wessex and Lancashire 
in England ._ [Latin.] 

patriarch (pa'tri-ark) , n. the foun- 
der or head of a family; an aged 
man; in the Greek Church, a metro- 
politan dignitary of the highest rank. 

patriarchate (pa/tri-ark-at), n. the 
office, rank, or jurisdiction of a 
patriarch. 

patrician (pa-trish'an), n. one of 
the senators of ancient Rome; a 
nobleman: adj. senatorial; noble. 

patricide (pat'ri-sid), n. the murder or 
murderer of one's father. _ 

patrimonial (pat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. 
inherited from ancestors. 

patrimony (pat'ri-mo-ni), n. an estate 
or right inherited from a father or 
one's ancestors; an ecclesiastical 
endowment or estate. 

patriot (pat'ri-, or pa'tri-ot), n. one 
who loves, and is devoted to, his na- 
tive country and its welfare. 

patriotic (pa-tri-ot'ik), adj. character- 
ized by patriotism, 

patriotically (pa-tri-ot'i-ka-li), adv. 
like a patriot. 

patriotism (pa/tri-ot-izm), n. love of 
one's country. 

patristic (pa-tris'tik) , adj. pertaining 
to the theology and writings of 
the fathers of the Christian Church. 

patrol (pa-trol'), n. a corporal's guard 
that marches round at night m to 
preserve order; a mounted police- 
man: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patrolled, p.pr. 
patrolling], to go round as a patrol. 

patron (pa'tron), n. a guardian or 
protector; one who has the gift of a 
benefice. Fern, patroness: adj. giv- 
ing aid or exercising guardianship: 
tutelary. [French.] _ 

patronage (pa'tron-aj), n. special 
support; guardianship or protection; 
right of conferring a benefice. 

patronal (pa'tro-nal) , adj. performing 
the office of a patron. 

patronize (pa'tro-nlz), v.t. to act as a 
patron towards; support or protect; 
frequent as a customer. 

patronymic (pat-ro-nim'ik) , adj. de- 
rived from the name of an ancestor : 
n. a name derived from an ancestor. 



patroon (pa-troon'), n. once a landed 
proprietor with manorial rights. 
Many such rights were claimed by 
the Dutch during their occupation 
of New York; and they continued to 
be held even after the Revolution. 
[Dutch.] 

patten (pat'en),n. a wooden shoe 
with an iron ring worn under the 
soles by women as a protection 
against damp ; the base of a col- 
umn. 

patter (pat'er), v.i. to strike with a 
quick succession of light sounds, as 
hail: n. the dialect of a i lass. 

pattering (pat'er-ing), p.aaj. making a 
quick succession of light blows. 

pattern (pat'ern), n. a model, sample, 
or specimen; anything cut out or 
formed into shape to be copied. 

patty (pat'i), n. a small pie. [French.] 

paucity (paw'si-ti), n. smallness of 
number or quantity. 

paunch (panch, or pawnch), n. the 
belly; the first and largest stomach 
of a ruminant. 

pauper (paw'per), n. a poor person; 
one who is supported by the poor 
rates. 

pauperism (paw'per-izm) , n. the state 
of being a pauper. 

pauperize (paw'per-iz), v.t. to reduce 
to pauperism. 

pause (pawz), n. cessation; tempo- 
rary stop; a break in writing indi- 
cated by the mark [ — ] ; a mark of 
cessation in speaking; a mark [^] 
in music, indicating the continuance 
of a note or rest: v.i. to make a 
short stop ; wait ; hesitate. 

pave (pav), y.t. to cover or lay with 
stones, bricks, &c: as, to pave a 
street. 

pavement (pav'ment) , n. a paved 
roadway or floor. 

paver (pa/ver), n. one whose occupa- 
tion is to lay pavements. 

pavilion (pa-vil'yun) , n. an > orna- 
mental domed-shaped building; a 
large tent; a temporary movable 
habitation ; summer-house. 

paving (pa/ving), w. pavement. 

pavonine (pav'o-mn) , adj. resem- 
bling the tail of a peacock; irides- 
cent : said of certain ores. [Latin.] 

paw (paw), n. the foot of an animal 
with claws: v.t. to scrape with the 



ate, arm,- at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, bowk ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



i 



PAWL 



606 



PEBBLY 



forefoot; handle, as with paws; 
caress, as a dog. 

pawl (pawl), n. a short bar to pre- 
vent the recoil of a windlass. 

pawn (pawn), n. something given as 
security for the redemption of a 
pledge; a common piece at chess: 
v.t. to give in pledge. 

pawnbroker (pawn'bro-ker), ft. one 
who lends money on the security of 
goods pawned with him. 

pawpaw (paw'paw), ft. a tree of 
the custard-apple family, common 
in the middle western United 
States. 

pax (paks), ft. a small crucifix, or a 
crucifix engraved on a small metal 
plate kissed by worshippers. 

pay (pa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paid, p.pr. 
paying], to discharge a debt to; 
give an equivalent for; compensate; 
reward; fulfil; smear with tar, 
pitch, &c: ft. money given for serv- 
ice rendered. [French.] 

payee (pa-e'), ft. one to whom money 
is paid. 

paymaster (pa'mas-ter) , n. one who 
pays or from whom wages are re- 
ceived, especially an officer in the 
army or navy whose duty is to pay 
the officers and men. 

pea (pe), ft. [pi. peas, or pease (pez) 1, 
a leguminous plant of the genus 
Pisum and its edible seed. 

peace (pes), ft. a state of rest or 
tranquillity; calm; freedom from 
war or disturbance. 

peaceable (pes'a-bl), adj. disposed to 
peace; calm; quiet. 

peaceableness (pes'a-bl-nes), ft. the 
state or quality of being peaceable. 
Also peacefulness. 

peaceably (pes'a-bli), adv. without 
agitation or tumult. 

peaceful (pes'fool), adj. full of peace; 
pacific; quiet. [French.] 

peacefully (pes'f oo-li) , adv. in a peace- 
ful manner. 

peace-officer (pes'of-i-ser) , n. a justice 
of the peace or a police-officer. 

Peace Tribunal (tri-bii'nal), the in- 
ternational court at The Hague in 
Holland which sits to judge disputes 
between different countries. 

peach (pech), ft. a tree with its downy 
edible fruit: v.i. to betray one's ac- 
complices. 



peacock (pe'kok), n. a gallinaceous 
bird with handsome plumage: adj. 
iridescent like the feathers of the 
peacock. 

peahen (pe'hen), n. a female peafowl, 
homologous to the peacock. 

pea-jacket (pe'jak-et), n. sl seaman's 
heavy jacket. 

peak (pek), n. the sharp-pointed sum- 
mit or jutting part of a mountain 
or hill; pointed end; the leather pro- 
jection in front of a cap; the upper 
outer corner of an extended sail: v.i. 
to look pale and wan: v.t. to raise 
(a sail) obliquely to the mast. 

peakish (pek'ish), adj. having pale 
thin features. 

peaky (pek'i), adj. having, or resem- 
bling, a peak; sharp-featured. [Col- 
loquial.] 

peal (pel), n. a loud sound, as of 
thunder, bells, &c; a set of musical 
bells, or the changes rung by them: 
v.i. to give forth loud or solemn 
sounds. 

peanut (pe'nut), n. the ground-nut: 
in some parts of the country, called 
goober. 

pear (par), n. the juicy edible fruit 
of the pear-tree (Pyrus communis). 

pearl (perl), n. a hard, smooth, grey- 
ish-white iridescent gem found in 
the mother-of-pearl oyster ; anything 
resembling a pearl or very precious; 
a white speck in the eye; a small 
size of type (see type): adj. pertain- 
ing to, or formed of, pearls: v.t. 
to set or adorn with pearls. 

pearlash (perl'ash), ft. an impure 
carbonate of potash. 

pearliness (perl'i-nes), ft. the quality 
of being pearly. 

pearly (perl'i), adj. resembling, or con- 
taining, pearls; -clear; transparent. 

peasant (pez'ant), ft. a countryman :< 
rustic laborer: adj. rural; rustic. 

peasantry (pez'ant-ri), ft. peasants 
collectively. 

pease (pez), n.pl. peas collectively. 

peastone (pe'ston), ft. pisolite. 

peat (pet), n. • decayed vegetable 
matter resembling turf cut out of 
bogs: used as fuel. 

pebble (peb'l), ft. a roundish stone; 
transparent rock crystal used for 
spectacles, &c. 

pebbly (peb'li), adj. full of pebbles. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

htie, hut ; think, then. 



PECAN 



607 



PEDOBAPTISM 



pecan (pe'can), n. a species of North 

American hickory and its fruit- 
peccability (pek-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
state of being subject to sin. 

peccable (pek'a-bl), adj. liable to 
sin. 

peccadillo (pek-a-diro), n. a trifling 
fault. 

peccancy (pek'an-si), n. sinfulness. 

peccary (pek'a-ri), n. a South Amer- 
ican mammal allied to the hog. 

peccavi (pek-a'vl), # (Latin, I have 
sinned),' a word in colloquial use, 
expressive of contrition for commit- 
ting a fault. 

peck (pek), n. one-fourth of a bushel; 
quick sharp stroke with the beak: 
v.t. to strike with the beak; pick up 
with the beak ; eat. 

pecker (pek'er), n. one who pecks; a 
woodpecker. 

pectic acid (pek'tik as'id), n. an acid 
found in various fruits. 

pectin (pek'tin), n. the gelatinizing 
principle of certain ripe fruits. 

pectinate (pek'tin-at), adj. shaped 
like the teeth of a comb. Also 
pectinated. 

pectoral (pek'to-ral) , adj. pertaining 
to, good for, or worn on, the chest: 
n. the breastplate of the Jewish 
high-priest; a medicine for chest 
complaints; a pectoral fin. [Latin.] 

peculate (pek'u-lat), v.i. to appro- 
priate public money to one's own use ; 
embezzle. [Latin.] 

peculation (pek-u-la'shun) , n. the act 
of appropriating public money to 
one's own use. 

peculator (pek'u-la-ter), n. one who 
peculates. 

peculiar (pe-kii'lyar), adj. one's own; 
appropriate; individual; strange: n. 
a church or parish exempted from 
the jurisdiction of the diocese] to 
which it belongs. [Latin.] 

peculiarity (pe-ku-li-ar'i-ti) , n. [pi. 
peculiarities (pe-ku-li-ar'i-tiz) ], some- 
thing peculiar or characteristic. 

peculiarly (pe-ku'lyar-li), adv. in a 
peculiar manner. 

pecuniarily (pe-ku/ni-ar-i-li) , adv. as 
regards money. 

pecuniary (pe-ku'ni-ar-i) , adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting of, money; 
monetary. 

pedagogic (ped-a-goj'ik), adj. per- 



taining to a pedagogue or to the 
science of teaching. [Greek.] 

pedagogics (ped-a-goj'iks), n. the 
science of teaching. 

pedagogism (ped'a-gog-izm) , n. the 
occupation or manners of a peda- 
gogue. 

pedagogist (ped-a-goj'ist), n. one who 
treats of pedagogics. 

pedagogue (ped'a-gog), n. a school- 
master; pedant. 

pedagogy (ped'a-go-ji), n. pedagogics. 

pedal (ped'al), adj. pertaining to a 
foot : n. a key or lever attached to a 
musical instrument and moved by 
the foot, to modify the swell or tone: 
v.t. to work the pedal of a bicycle. 

pedant (ped'ant), n. one who makes 
an ostentatious display of his learn- 
ing. 

pedantic (pe-dan'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characterized by, ped- 
antry. 

pedantically (pe-dan'ti-ka-li) , adv. 
like a pedant. 

pedantry (ped'an-tri) , n. ostentatious 
display of learning. 

pedate (ped'at), adj. palmate, with the 
two lateral sections lengthened and 
lobed. 

peddle (ped'l), v.i. to travel about sell- 
ing small wares; be busy about 
trifles: v.t. to retail in small quan- 
tities. 

peddler, pedler, pedlar (ped'ler), n. 
one who peddles. 

peddling (ped'ling), adj. trifling. 

pedestal (ped'es-tal) , n. the base of a 
column, statue, &c. 

pedestrian (pe-des'tri-an), adj. go- 
ing on foot; walking: n. one who 
journeys on foot; professional walk- 
er. 

pedestrianism (pe-des'tri-an-izm), # n. 
the art or practice of walking; racing 
on foot. 

pedicure (ped'i-kur) , n. the care of the 
feet; a chiropodist. [Latin.] 

pediform (ped'i-f orm) , adj. foot- 
shaped. 

pedigree (ped'i-gre), n. lineage; gene- 
alogy. 

pediment (ped'i-ment) , n. the trian- 
gular or circular ornament over the 
entablature, &c, of a building. 

pedler. See peddler. 

pedobaptism, same as paedobaptism. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PEDOMETER 



608^, 



PENALTY 



pedometer (pe-dom'e-ter) , n. a watch- 
shaped instrument for recording 
paces and distances in walking. 

peduncle (ped-ung'kl) , n. a flower- 
stalk. 

peduncular (ped-ung'kfi-lar) , adj. of 
or pertaining to a peduncle. 

pedunculate (ped-ung'ku-lat) , adj. 
having, or growing upon, a pedun- 
cle. Also pedunculated. 

peel (pel), v.t. to strip the skin, bark, 
or rind from: v.i. to undress: n. 
skin or rind; a baker's long flat 
wooden shovel; a contrivance for 
hanging up printed sheets to dry. 

peeler (peTer), n. one who peels; a 
pillager; a policeman, named from 
Sir Robert Peel, who established the 
London police force. 

peen (pen), n. the point of a mason's 
hammer. 

peep (pep), v.i. to chirp or cry, as young 
birds; to look through a crevice or 
hiding place; look slyly; begin to 
appear: n. the cry of a chicken; a 
sly look; a beginning to appear. 

peepul- or pippul-tree (pe' or pip'- 
pul-tre), n. the sacred tree of Buddha 
in India. White men call it the 
"bo-tree." 

peer (per), n. one of the same rank; 
an equal; associate; a nobleman who 
is a member of the House of Lords: 
v.i. to appear; look narrowly. 

peerage (per'aj), n. the rank or dig- 
nity of a peer; peers collectively; a 
book giving information respecting 
the nobility. 

peeress (per'es), n. a peer's wife; a 
lady of noble rank. 

peerless (per'les), adj. without an 
equal. 

peevish (pev'ish), adj: fretful; diffi- 
cult to please. 

peewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. 

peg (peg), n. a small pointed wooden 
pin; a piece of wood serving as a 
nail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pegged, p.pr. 
pegging], to fasten or mark out 
with pegs. 

Pegasus (peg'a-sus) , # n. the winged 
horse of the muses in Greek legend; 
used of poetic inspiration. 

peignoir (pa-nwar r ), n. a loose dress- 
ing-sack. 

pelage (pel'aj), n. the hair or similar 
covering of a mammal. 



pelagic (pe-laj'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the ocean. 

pelerine (perer-in), n. a lady's long 
cape with tapering ends. 

pelf (pelf), n. money; wealth; used 
in a bad sense. 

pelican (pei'i-kan), n. a large aquat- 
ic bird with a huge axe-shaped bill. 

pelisse (pe-les'), n. a lady's silk habit; 
a hussar's jacket. [French.] 

pellagra (pel-a'gra), n. a disease 
marked by skin eruptions and dis- 
turbance of the digestive and nervous 
systems, frequently fatal, held by 
some authorites to be due to the eat- 
ing of spoiled corn-meal, or products 
of diseased Indian corn. 

pellet (pel'et), n. a little ball. 

pellicle (pel'i-kl), n. a thin skin or 
film. [French.] 

pellitory (pel'i-to-ri), n. a perennial 
plant of the nettle family, growing 
on old walls. 

pell-mell (permei) , adv. with confused 
violence. [French.] 

pellucid (pel-u'sid), adj. perfectly 
clear; transparent. [Latin.] 

pelt (pelt), n. a raw hide; a blow from 
something thrown: v.t. to strike by 
throwing something: v.i. to fall 
heavily, as rain. 

peltry (pel'tri), n. skins of furred 
animals collectively. 

pelt- wool (pelt'wool), n. wool from 
dead sheep. 

pelvic (pelVik), adj. pertaining to the 
pelvis. [Latin.] 

pelvis (peFvis), n. the bony cavity in 
the lower part of the abdomen. 

pemmican (pem'i-kan), n. lean meat, 
dried, pounded, and pressed into 
cakes. 

pen (pen), n. a small inclosure; coop; 
an instrument for writing: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. penned, p.pf. penning], to shut up 
or confine in a small inclosure; write. 

penal (pe r nal), adj. enacting, inflict- 
ing, or incurring punishment for 
crime; punitive. 

penalize (pe'nal-iz), v.t. to subject to 
penalty; to punish. 

penally (pe'na-li), adv. by way of 
punishment. 

penalty (pen'al-ti), n. legal punish- 
ment either on the person or by a 
fine; fine or forfeit; an extra weight 
carried by a racehorse. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



PENANCE 



609 



PENKNIFE 



penance (pen'ans), n. self-imposed 
suffering, as an expression of con- 
trition for sin; repentance; in the 
Roman Catholic Church one of the 
sacraments by which sins are par- 
doned after confession and satisfac- 
tion. 

Penang-lawyer (pe-nang'law'yer), n, 
a species of bamboo found in Penang, 
from which are cut the thin canes 
that bear the peculiar name given 
above. 

Penates (pe-na'tez), n.pl. the house- 
hold gods of the ancient Romans. 

pence (pens), pi. of penny. [Latin.] 

penchant (pang-shang'), n. a strong 
inclination or taste. [French.] 

pencil (pen'sil), n. a small fine brush 
used by artists; a pointed instru- 
ment of black lead, colored chalk, 
&c; a collection of rays of light 
converging to a point: v.t. to write, 
sketch, paint, or mark with a pencil. 

penciled (pen'sild), p.adj. written, 
drawn, or painted, with a pencil; 
radiating. 

penciling (pen'sil-ing), n. the art of 
writing, sketching, or painting with a 
pencil. 

pendant (pen'dant), n. anything 
hanging for ornamentation; an ear- 
ring or locket; a pennant. 

pendency (pen'den-si) , n. suspense; 
indecision. Also pendence. 

pendent (pen'dent), adj. hanging; pro- 
jecting; swinging. 

pending (pending), adj. undecided; 
hanging in suspense. 

Pendragon (pen-drag'un), n. in Celtic 
Britain, a noble who for urgent rea- 
sons of state was made dictator with 
plenary powers. The name is Welsh, 
meaning " head leader." 

pendulous (pen'du-lus), adj. hanging; 
oscillating. 

pendulum (pen'du-lum), n. a heavy 
body suspended so that it may vi- 
brate backwards and forwards about 
a fixed point by the force of gravity, 
as in a clock. 

penetrability (pen-e-tra-bil'i-ti), n. 
the susceptibility of being entered or 
passed through by another body. 

penetrable (pen'e-tra-bl), adj. that 
may be penetrated; susceptive of 
impression. 

penetralia (pen-e-tra/li-a), n.pl. the 



inner part of a temple, house, &c.\ 
mysteries. 

penetrant (pen'e-trant), adj. pene- 
trating; subtile; acute. 

penetrate (pen'e-trat), v.t. to pierce 
into; enter; bore or perforate; reach 
the mind; affect deeply; reach the 
interior. 

penetrating (pen'e-tra-ting), p.adj. 
piercing; sharp; discerning. Also 
penetrative. 

penetration (pen-e-tra'shun), n. the 
act of penetrating; mental acuteness. 

penetratiyeness (pen'e-tr -tiv-nes), 
n. the quality of being penetrative. 

pen-fish (pen'Csh), n. a kind of eel 
pout. 

penguin (pen'gwin), n. a large sea- 
fowl with rudimentary wings. 

peninsula (pe-nin'sii-la), n. a por- 
tion of jutting land nearly sur- 
rounded by water, and connected 
with the mainland by an isthmus. 
When the English speak of the 
Peninsula, they always mean the 
Spanish Peninsula (Spain and Portu- 
gal) where the great Peninsular War 
was fought by them against Napo- 
leon. 

peninsular (pe-nin'su-lar), adj. per- 
taining to, or shaped like, a penin- 
sula. 

penis (pe'nis), n. the male organ of 
generation. [Latin.] 

penitence (pen'i-tens), n. sorrow for 
sin; state of being penitent. 

penitent (pen'i-tent), adj. repentant: 
n. one who is penitent ; one under ec- 
clesiastical censure, but admitted to 
penance; one who is under the di- 
rection of a confessor. 

penitential (pen-i-ten'shal), adj. per- 
taining to, o e pres ing, penitence; 
of the nature of penance: n. in the 
Roman Catholic Church a book 
treating of the rules and degrees of 
penance. 

penitentiary (pen-i-ten'sha-ri) , _ adj. 
pertaining to penance: n. a penitent; 
a house of correction; a state pris- 
on; a home for fallen women; an 
office at the papal court, that grants 
dispensations, absolutions, &c; the 
official who presides over such a 
court . 

penknife (pen'nlf), n. a small pocket- 
knife; opposite to jack-knife. 



ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
$a hue. hut : think, then. 



PENMAN 



610 



PEPPERCORN 



penman (pen'man), n. an author; one 
who writes a good hand. 

penmanship (pen'man-ship) , n. the 
art, or style, of writing. 

pennant (pen'ant), n. a long narrow 
strip of bunting at the mast-heads 
of men-of-war. 

pennate (pen'at), same as pinnate. 

penniless (pen'i-les), adj. without 
money; destitute. 

pennon (pen'on), n. a small swallow- 
tailed flag or streamer. 

penny (pen'i), n. [pi. pennies (pen'iz) 
(denoting number), pence (pens), 
(denoting amount or value)], a bronze 
coin = 1-12 of a shilling, or 2 cents. 
[English.] 

pennyroyal (pen-i-roi'al) , n. an aro- 
matic herb of the mint family. 

pennyweight (pen'i- wat), n. a weight 
= 24 grains troy. 

penological (pe-no-loj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to penology. 

penologist (pe-noro-jist) , n. a student 
of penology. 

penology (pe-nol'o-ji), n. the scientific 
study of punishments, prison man- 
agement, &c. 

pensile (pen'sil), adj. hanging. 

pension (pen'shun), n. a stated allow- 
ance paid for past services, as to the 
state, &c; money paid instead of 
tithes ; a continental boarding house 
or school (pang-si-angO : v.t. to 
grant a pension to. 

pensionary (pen'shun : a-ri) , adj. con- 
sisting of, or maintained by, a pen- 
sion: n. a person in receipt of a pen- 
sion. 

pensioner (pen'shun-er) , n. one who 
receives a pension, especially a dis- 
charged soldier. 

pensive (pen'siv), adj. thoughtful; 
sad. 

pensively (pen'siv-li) , adv. in a pensive 
manner. 

pensiveness (pen'siv-nes) , n. thought- 
fulness; melancholy. 

pent, p.t. & p.p. of pen (to shut up). 

penta, a Greek prefix meaning five, as 
pentachord, an instrument with five 
strings; musical scale of five sounds. 
Also pente. 

pentad (pen'tad), n. an element which 
combines with or replaces a monad. 

pentagon (pen'ta-gon) , n. a figure 
of five sides and five angles. 



pentahedral (pen-ta-he'dral) , adj. 
having five sides. 

pentahedron (pen-ta-he'dron) , n. a 
solid figure having five sides. 

pentahexahedral (pen-ta-heks-a-he'- 
dral), adj. exhibiting five ranges of 
faces, one above another, each range 
containing six faces. 

pentamerous (pen-tam'e-rus), adj. 
consisting of five parts. 

pentameter (pen-tam'e-te~r) , n. a 
verse consisting of five feet or 
meters. 

pentastyle (pen'ta-stil) , n. a building 
with five columns in front. 

Pentateuch (pen'ta-tuk) , n. the first 
five books of the Old Testament. 

Pentecost (pen'te-kost) , n. a Jewish 
festival kept the fiftieth day after the 
second day of the Passover; Whit- 
suntide, commemorative of the de- 
scent of the Holy Ghost. 

pentecostal (pen-te-kos'tal) , adj. per- 
taining to Pentecost. 

penthouse (pent'hous), n. a shed with 
a slanting troof projecting from a 
main wall or building. 

penult (pe'nult), n. the last syllable 
of a word but one. Also penultima. 

penultimate (pe - nuTti - mat) , adj. 
last but one. [Latin.] 

penumbra (pe-num'bra), n. a partial 
shadow on the exterior of the perfect 
shadow of an eclipse; the boundary 
of light and shade in a picture. 

penurious (pe-nu'ri-us) , adj. miserly; 
sordid. 

penury (pen'ii-ri), n. want of the ne- 
cessities of life; poverty. [Latin.] 

peon (pe'on), n. a Mexican laborer; 
an Indian native soldier or consta- 
ble; a pawn at chess. [Spanish.] 

peony (pe'o-ni), n. a perennial plant 
with handsome flowers of the genus 
Paeonia. 

people (pe'pl), n. [pi. people, peoples 
(pe'plz)], persons generally; commu- 
nity; inhabitants; race, kindred, or 
family; the commonalty: v.t. to 
stock with people or inhabitants. 

pepper (pep'er), n. a hot pungent 
spice made of the ground seeds of 
Piper nigrum; the name is also given 
to ground capsicum, but distin- 
guished from black pepper by the 
prefixed adjective "red. 

peppercorn (pep'er-korn), n. the small 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £7&en. 



PEPPERMINT 



611 



PEREGRINATION 



berry of the pepper-plant: hence 
anything insignificant. 

peppermint (pep'er-mint), n. an 
aromatic herb; the cordial prepared 
from it. 

pepperwort (pep'er-wert), n. sl cress. 

peppery (pep'er-i), adj. like pepper; 
fiery; pungent. 

pepsin (pep 'sin), n. a nitrogenous fer- 
ment contained in gastric juice; a 
preparation from the stomach of a 
pig used in medicine to aid digestion. 
Also pepsine. [Greek.] 

peptic (pep'tik), adj. pertaining to, or 
promoting, digestion: n. a medicine 
to aid digestion: pi. the science of 
digestion. 

peptones (pep'tonz), n.pl. the pro- 
ducts of the action of pepsin. 

per, a Latin prefix meaning through, 
over the whole extent by, very, as per- 
ambulate, to walk over; per diem, 
by the day, &c. 

peradventure (per-ad-ven'tur) , adv. 
by chance. 

perambulation . (per- am-bu-la 'shun), 
n. the act of passing through; a 
survey made by traveling; the annual 
survey of a parish boundary. 

perambulator (per-am'bu-la-ter), n. 
one who perambulates; a baby car- 
riage: an instrument for measuring 
road distances. 

percale (per-kal'), n. cotton fabrics 
with a linen finish. 

perceivable (per-se'va-bl) , adj. dis- 
cernible by the mind. 

perceivably (per-se'va-bli) , adv. per- 
ceptibly. 

perceive (per-seV), v.t. to obtain 
knowledge of by the senses; under- 
stand; discern. 

per cent. (per-sent'), by the hundred. 

percentage (per-sent 'aj), n. propor- 
tional allowance per cent. 

percept (per 'sept), n. the knowledge 
(mental image) acquired through 
the medium of the senses, conceraing 
various objects. See concept. 

perceptibility (per-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being perceptible. 

perceptible (per-sep'ti-bl), adj. that 
may be perceived. 

perceptibly (per-sep'ti-bli), adv. so as 
to be perceived. 

perception (per-sep'shun), n. the act, 
state, or faculty of receiving knowl- 



edge of external things by the me- 
dium of the senses; idea, notion, or 
conception. 

perceptive (per-sep'tiv), adj. having 
the faculty of perceiving. 

perceptivity (per-sep-tiv'i-ti) , n. the 
power of perception or thinking. 

perch (perch), n. a fresh-water fish 
[French]; a measure of length = 53^ 
yards, 1^40th of a rood; anything on 
which birds sit or roost: v.i. to sit or 
roost: v.t. to place on a perch. 

perchance (per-chans'), adv. per- 
haps. 

perchlorate (per-klo'rat), n. sl com- 
pound of perchloric acid and a base. 

perchloric (per-klo'rik), adj. noting 
an acid having 7 equivalents of 
oxygen to 2 of chlorine. 

perchloride (per-klo'rid), n. a com- 
pound of an excess of chlorine with 
a base. 

percipience (per-sip'i-ens), n. the act 
of perceiving. [Latin.] 

percipient (per-sip'i-ent), adj. per- 
ceiving: n. one _who perceives. 

percolate (per'ko-lat), v.i. to pass 
through small spaces. 

percolation (per-ko-la/shun) , n. filtra- 
tion. 

percolator (per'ko-la-ter), n. a fil- 
tering machine or vessel; a coffee- 
pot fitted with a filter. 

percussion (per-kush'un) , n. violent 
collision; shock produced by the 
collision of bodies; impression of 
sound on the ear; the medical ex- 
amination of a part of the body by 
tapping it gently so as to determine 
its condition by the sound pro- 
duced. 

percussion-cap (per-kush'un-kap), 
n. a small copper cap containing 
fulminating powder, which, placed 
on the nipple of a gun, explode? 
the powder when struck by the lock. 

percussive (per-kus'iv), adj. striking 
against . 

perdition (per : dish'un) , n. total de- 
struction; ruin; utter loss of the 
soul or of happiness in a future 
state. 

perdu (per-dii') , adj. forlorn; hidden: 
n. one lying in ambush: adv. in am- 
bush or a post of danger. [French.] 

peregrination (per-e-gri-na/shun), n. 
the act of traveling about. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



PEKEGMNATOR 



612 



PERIODICAL 



peregrinator (per'e-grin-a-ter) , n. a 
traveler. [Latin.] 

peremptorily (per-emp'tor-i-li), adv. 
in a peremptory manner. 

peremptoriness (per-emp'tor-i-nes) , 
n. the state or quality of being 
peremptory. 

peremptory (per-emp'tor-i), adj. posi- 
tive; final; decisive; precluding dis- 
cussion or hesitation. [Latin.] 

perennial (per-en'i-al) , adj. lasting 
through the year; perpetual; noting 
plants that continue more than two 
years. [Latin.] 

perennially (per-en'i-a-li), adv. so as 
to be perennial; perpetually. 

perfect (per'fekt), adj. complete; with- 
out defect or blemish; blameless; 
pure; fully skilled or accomplished; 
in grammar, the tense that expresses 
completed action: v.t. to make per- 
fect; complete or finhh. [Latin.] 

perfectibility (per-fek-ti-biri-ti) , n. 
the capacity for becoming perfect. 

perfectible (per-fek'ti-bl), adj. cap- 
able of being made perfect. 

perfection (pcr-fek'shun), n. the state 
of being perfect; supreme excellence. 

perfidious (per-fid'i-us), adj. false to 
trust; treacherous; faithless. 

perfidy (per'fi-di), n. violation of a 
trust reposed. _ [Latin.] 

perforate (per'fo-rat), v.t. to pierce or 
bore through; make a hole through. 

perforation (per-fo-ra/shun), n. the 
act of piercing or boring through; a 
hole bored through. [Latin.] 

perforator (per'fo-ra-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, perforates. 

perforce (per-fors'), adv. by force; 
violently. 

perform (per-form'), v.t. m to do or 
carry out; execute; achieve; fulfil: 
v.i. to act a part. 

performance (per-form'ans), n. the 
act of performing; execution; com- 
pletion; deed or feat; an enter- 
tainment. 

perfume (per-fum'), v.t. to impreg- 
nate with a pleasant odor; scent: n. 
(per'fum) a sweet-smelling scent. 

perfumery (per-fum r er-i), n. perfumes 
in general. [French.] 

perfunctorily (per-f ungk'to-ri-li) , adv. 
carelessly. 

perf unctoriness (per-f ungk'to-ri-nes) , 
n. carelessness. 



perfunctory (per-f ungk'to-ri), adj. 
done carelessly or negligently with 
the purpose of getting rid of the 
duty; negligent. [Latin.] 

perhaps (per-haps'), adv. possibly. 

peri (pe'ri), n. in Persian mythology, 
a descendant of a fallen spirit ex- 
cluded from paradise; a fairy. 

peri, a Greek prejix, meaning around y 
as pmbolos, a wall or court sur- 
rounding a temple. 

perianth (per'i-anth), n. a floral en- 
velope. 

pericardiac (per-i-kar'di-ak) , adj. per- 
taining to the pericardium. Also 
pericardial. 

pericarditis (per-i-kar-di'tis) , n. in- 
flammation of the pericardium. 

pericardium (per-i-kar'di-um), n. the 
membrane that surrounds the heart. 

pericarp (per'i-karp), n. the seed- 
vessel of a plant. 

pericarpial (per-i-kar'pi-al), adj. per- 
taining to a pericarp. 

periclase (per'i-klaz), n. a magnesian 
mineral. 

periclinal (per-i-kli'nal) , adj. dipping 
on all sides from a central axis. 

pericranium (per-i-kra/ni-um), n. the 
membrane that surrounds the cra- 
nium. 

peridot (per'i-do), n. a semi-precious 
stone, the same as chrysolite, and 
not particularly different from oli- 
vene, whose greenish color it shares. 

perigee (per'i-je), n. that point in the 
orbit of the moon, or of a planet, 
nearest the earth. 

perihelion (per-i-he'li-on), n. [pi. 
perihelia (per-i-he'li-a)], that point 
in the orbit of a planet, or a comet, 
nearest the sun. 

peril (per'il), n. exposure to injury; 
danger; jeopardy; risk: v.t. to ex- 
pose to danger or risk. [French.] 

perilous (per'il-us), adj. full of peril; 
hazardous; dangerous. 

perimeter (pe-rim'e-ter), n. the out- 
er boundary of a plane surface. 

period (pe'ri-od), n. a circuit or cy- 
cle ; interval of time ; the time taken 
by a planet to revolve round the 
sun ; length of duration ; conclusion ; 
a dot [.] to mark the end of a sen- 
tence; in rhetoric, a complete sen- 
tence. 

periodical (pe-ri-od'i-kal), adj. per- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PERIODICALLY 



613 



PERMISSIVELY 



taining to a period, or to periodicals; 
occurring at regular intervals. Also 
periodic: n. a publication issued at 
stated inter vajs, as a magazine. 

periodically (pe-ri-od'i-ka-li), adv. at 
stated intervals. 

periodicity (pe-ri-o-dis'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being periodical. 

periosteal (per-i-os'te-al), adj. per- 
taining to the periosteum. 

periosteum (per-i-os'te-um), n. the 
vascular nervous membrane which 
covers the bones. 

periostitis (per-i-os-ti'tis), n. inflam- 
mation of the periosteum. 

Peripatetic (per-i-pa-tet'ik), adj. per- 
taining to the philosophy of Aristotle 
who instructed his disciples while he 
walked about the Lyceum: n. a dis- 
ciple of Aristotle. 

peripatetic (per-i-pa-tet'ik) , adj. walk- 
ing about: n. one who is accustomed 
or compelled to walk. 

peripheral (pe-rif 'er-al) , adj. per- 
taining to a periphery. 

periphery (pe-rif 'er-i) , n. [pi. periph- 
eries (pe-rif'er-iz)], the circumfer- 
ence of a circle, ellipse, or similar 
figure. 

periphrasis (pe-rif 'ra-sis) , n. circum- 
locution. 

periphrastic (per-i-fras'tik), adj. cir- 
cumlocutory. Also periphrastical. 

periphrastically (per-i-f ras'ti-ka-li) , 
adv. by periphrasis. 

perique* (pa-rek'),-.n. a strong, high 
flavored tobacco, used mainly to 
strengthen the milder brands. 

periscope (per'i-skop)^ n. an instru- 
ment for seeing over intervening ob- 
jects; used jin guiding submarine 
boats. 

periscopic (per-i-skop'ik), adj. view- 
ing all round, and so constructed as 
to increase the distinctness of ob- 
jects when viewed at an oblique an- 
gle. Also periscopical. 

perish (per'ish), v.i. to lose life or vi- 
tality; decay or die; be destroyed or 
come to nothing. 

perishability (per-ish-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the state of being perishable. Also 
perishableness. 

perishable (per'ish-a-bl), adj. liable 
to perish; mortal. 

perisperm (per'i-sperm) , n. albumen 
of a seed. 



peristaltic (per-i-stal'tik), adj. per« 
taining to the peculiar worm-like 
movement of the intestines by which 
their contents are forced onward. 
[Greek.] 

peristyle (per'i-stll) , n. an open court 
in the interior of a house surrounded 
by a row of columns. 

perisystole (per-i-sis'to-le), n. the 
interval that ensues on the contrac- 
tion of the heart before the dilation 
(diastole) which follows. 

peritoneal (per-i-tq-ne'al) , adj. per- 
taining to the peritoneum. 

peritoneum (per-i-to-ne'um) , n. a 
thin serous membrane which covers 
the abdominal viscera. 

peritonitis (per-i-to-nl'tis), n. im- 
flammation of the peritoneum. 

perityphlitis (per-i-ti-nl'tis), n. same 
as appendicitis. [Eng. Med.] 

periwig (per'i-wig), n. a small wig. 

periwinkle (per'i-wing-kl) , n. a peren- 
nial creeping plant; a small uni- 
valve mollusk. 

perjure (per'jur), v.i. to swear false- 
ly. [Latin.]_ 

perjury (per'jur-i), n. the act of swear- 
ing falsely when on oath. 

perk (perk), v.t. to make trim or smart: 
v.i. to hold up the head in a smart 
or saucy manner; peer. 

perky (perk'i), adj. jaunty; smart. 

permanence (per'ma-nens) , n. the 
state or quality of being permanent; 
duration. Also permanency. 

permanent (per'ma-nent), adj. last- 
ing ; durable ; continuing in the same 
state. [Latin.] 

permeability (per-me-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the state or quality of being per- 
meable. 

permeable (per' me-a-bl) , adj. that 
may be passed through. 

permeate (per'me-at), v.t. to penetrate 
and pass through the pores or in- 
terstices of. [Latin.] 

permeation (per-me-a'shun), n. the 
act of permeating. 

permissible (per-mis'i-bl) , adj. that 
may be permitted. 

permission (per-mish'un) , n. the act 
of permitting; leave; license. 

permissive (per-mis'iv) , adj. granting 
permission or license ; not forbidding. 

permissively (per-mis'iv-li), adv. by 
permission. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PERMIT 



614 



PERSONAL 



permit (per-mit'), vd. [p.t. & p.p. per- 
mitted, p.pr. permitting], to allow 
without command ; consent to ; toler- 
ate: n. (per'mit) a written license 
from an officer of customs to re- 
move dutiable goods; permission. 
[French.] 

permitter (per-mit'er), n. one who 
permits. 

per mutable (per-mut'a-bl), adj. in- 
terchangeable. 

permutation (per-mu-ta'shun) , n. 
the exchange of one thing for an- 
other; the arrangement m of any de- 
terminate number of things or let- 
ters, in all possible orders, one after 
the other. [Latin.] 

pernicious (per-nisn'us) , adj. % highly 
injurious or hurtful; destructive. 

pernickety (per-nik'i-ti) , adj. trim; 
attentive to trifles; overnice; fussily 
particular. [Colloq.] 

peroration (per-o-ra'shun), n. the 
concluding part of an oration. 

peroxide (per-oks'id), n. the oxide of a 
base which contains the largest pro- 
portion of oxygen. 

peroxidize (per-oks'i-diz), v.t to oxi- 
dize to the greatest degree. 

perpend (per-pend'), v.t. to weigh in 
the mind; to consider carefully. 
[Latin.] 

perpendicular (per-pen-dik'u-lar) , adj. 
standing at right angles to a given 
line or surface; perfectly upright: n. 
a perpendicular line. 

perpetrate (per'pe-trat) , v.t to com- 
mit; perform (in a bad sense). 

perpetration (per-pe-tra/shun), n. the 
act of perpetrating. 

perpetrator (per'pe-tra-ter), n. one 
who perpetrates. 

perpetual (per-pet'u-al), adj. never 
ceasing; not temporary. 

perpetually (per-pet'u-a-li) , adv. con- 
tinually. 

perpetuate (per-pet'u-at), v.t to make 
perpetual; preserve from extinction 
or oblivion. [Latin.] 

perpetuation (per-pet-u-a'shun) , n. 
tne act of perpetuating. 

perpetuity (per-pe-tu'i-ti) , n. the 
state m of being perpetual ; endless 
duration. 

perplex (per-pleks') , v.t. to make diffi- 
cult to be understood; make anx- 
ious; puzzle; embarrass or confuse. 



perplexity (per-pleks 'i-ti), n. em- 
barrassment; doubt; intricacy. 

perquisite (per'kwi-zit), n. a gift or 
allowance in addition to regular 
wages or salary; that which is gained, 
as distinct from that which is in- 
herited. [Latin.] 

perron (per'on), n. a staircase outside 
a building leading to the first floor. 

perry (per'i), n. the fermented juice of 
pears. 

persecute (per'se-kut), v.t to harass 
or t ill-treat, especially for religious 
opinions; annoy with importunity. 

persecution (per-se-ku'shun), n. the 
act of persecuting; the state of being 
persecuted. [Latin.] 

persecutor (per'se-ku-ter) , n. one who 
persecutes. 

perseverance (per-se-ve'rans) , n. the 
act or state of persevering; continu- 
ance in grace. 

persevere (per-se-ver') , v.i. to persist 
in any enterprise or business under- 
taken; continue steadfastly. • 

Persian (per'shan), adj. pertaining to 
Persia, to its inhabitants, or to its 
language: n.pl. sculptured draped 
male figures used as columns. See 
Iran. 

persiflage (per'si-flazh), n. a light, 
flippant manner of talking; banter. 

persimmon (per-sim'un), n. an Ameri- 
can plum-like fruit ; the tree yielding 
it. [Amer. Indian.] 

persist (per-sisf), v.i. to continue 
steadily in any course commenced; 
persevere. [Latin.] 

persistence (per-sis'tens) , n. the state 
or quality of being persistent; ob- 
stinacy. Also persistency. 

persistent (per-sis'tent) , adj. continu- 
ing; constant; persevering; not fall- 
ing off. 

person (per'sn), h. a human being or 
individual; consisting of body and 
soul; one's self; one of the three 
states of a subject or object of a 
verb, as speaking, spoken to, or 
spoken of. [French.] 

personage (per'sn-aj), n. a man or 
woman, especially one of distinction. 

personal (per'sn-al), adj. pertaining to 
men or women; relating, or peculiar, 
to a person and his private affairs; 
pertaining to the external appear- 
ance; done in person; denoting the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PERSONALITY 



615 



PERVERSE 



person; movable; opposed to real: 
n. movable property or goods; op- 
posed to lands and tenements (real 
estate) . 

personality (per-sn-al'i-ti) , n. that 
which constitutes distinction of per- 
son; application of remarks (usually- 
offensive) to some individual. 

personally (per'sn-a-li) , -adv. in per- 
son; particularly; individually. 

personalty (per'sn-al-ti) , n. personal 
estate, or all kinds of movable prop- 
erty. 

personate (per'sn-at), v.t. to repre- 
sent by an assumed character; 
counterfeit; assume the character 
of, for fraudulent purposes, as in 
voting. Also impersonate. 

personator (per'sn-a-ter), n. one who 
assumes the character of another. 

personification (per-son-i-fi-ka'shun) , 
n. the act of personifying. 

personify (per-son'i-f I) , v.t. [v.t. & p.p. 
personified, p.pr. personifying], to 
represent as endowed with personal 
qualities. 

personnel (per-son-el'), n. the per- 
sons employed in any public service, 
especially the army and navy, as dis- 
tinguished from the materiel, arms, 
stores, &c. 

perspective (per-spek'tiv) , adj. per- 
taining to, or in accordance with, 
the art of perspective: n. a vista or 
view; the art of representing objects 
on a plane surface as they appear to 
the eye. [Latin.] 

perspectively (per-spek'tiv-li) , adv. 
according to the rules of perspective. 

perspectograph (per-spek'to-graf ) p> n. 
an optical instrument for drawing 
mechanically the points and outlines 
of objects. 

perspicacious (per-spi-ka/shus), adj. 
mentally acute; quick-sighted. 

perspicacity (per-spi-kas'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being perspicacious; acute- 
ness of sight or discernment. N 

perspicuity (per-spi-ku'i-ti) , n. free- 
dom from obscurity ; mental clear- 
ness; lucidity. 

perspicuous (per-spik'u-us) , adj. men- 
tally clear; easily understood; evi- 
dent; clear. 

perspiration (per-spi-ra/shun) , n. ex- 
cretion by the pores of the skin; 
sweat. 



perspire (per-spir'), v.i. to excrete by 
the pores of the skin; sweat. 

persuade (per-swad'), v.t. to influence 
by argument, advice, entreaty, &c; 
draw or incline the will of; exhort, 
induce; prevail upon._ 

persuasibility (per-swa-si-bil'i-ti), n. 
the capability of being persuaded. 
Also persuasibleness. 

persuasion (per-swa/zhun) , n. the act 
or art of persuading ; the state of be- 
ing persuaded. 

persuasive (per-sw T a/siv) , adj. having 
the power to persuade; influencing 
the will or passions: n. an incitement. 

persuasively (per-swa'siv-li), adv. so 
as to persuade. 

persuasiveness (per-swa/siv-nes), n. 
the quality of being persuasive. 

pert (pert), adj. saucy; forward. 

pertain (per-tan'), v.i. to belong, or 
have relation. 

pertinacious (per-ti-na'shus), adj. un- 
yielding; obstinate; resolute; tena- 
cious. 

pertinacity (per-ti-nas'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being pertinacious. m 

pertinence (per'ti-nens), n. suitable- 
ness; fitness. Also pertinency. 

pertinent (per' ti-nent) , adj. fitting or 
appropriate; relevant. 

perturb (per-terb'), v.t. to agitate; 
disturb; disquiet. [Latin.] 

perturbation (per-ter^ba'shun) , n. 
mental agitation or disquietude; an 
irregularity or deviation in the move- 
ment of a heavenly body in its 
orbit. 

peruke (per-ook'), n. a kind of wig. 

perusal (pe-roo'zal), n. the act of 
perusing; study or examination. 

peruse (pe-rooz'), v.t. to read with care 
and attention; examine. 

Peruvian (pe-roov'i-an), adj. pertain- 
ing to Peru. 

Peruvian bark (bark),' n. cinchona 
from which comes quinine. Cin- 
chona was first found in Peru, but 
the trees are now raised extensively 
in India. 

pervade (per-vad'), v.t. to penetrate; 
extend or be diffused all over; per- 
meate. [Latin J 

pervasion (per-va/zhun) , n. the act of 
pervading. 

perverse (per- vers'), adj. obstinate? 
untr act able; petulant. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

Me, hut ; think, then. 



PERVERSELY 



616 



PETROLOGY 



perversely (per-vers'li) , adv. in a per- 
verse manner. 

perverseness (per-vers'nes) , n. the 
quality or state of being perverse; 
disposition to thwart or annoy. Also 
perversity. 

perversion (per-veV shun) , n. the act 
of perverting; the state of being per- 
verted ; a turning from truth or pro- 
priety; misapplication. 

perversity (per-ver'si-ti), same as per- 
verseness. 

perversive (per-ver'siv) , adj. tending 
to pervert. 

pervert (per-verf), v.t. to turn from 
the true end or proper purpose ; mis- 
apply: n. (per'vert) one who has 
been perverted, especially from truth 
to error. 

pervious (per'vi-us), adj. admitting 
passage; permeable. 

pesade (pe-zad'), n. the motion of a 
horse when he raises or lifts up his 
fore quarters without advancing. 

pesky (pes'ki), adj. troublesome; an- 
noying. [Amer. Slang.] 

peso (pa 'so), n. a dollar. [Spanish.] 

pessimism (pes'i-mizm), n. the doc- 
trine that the present state of exist- 
ence is essentially evil; the tendency 
to exaggerate in thought the evils of 
life: opposed to optimism. [Latin.] 

pessimist (pes'i-mist), n. a one who 
holds the doctrine of pessimism; one 
who looks on the worst side of every- 
thing. 

pessimistic (pes-i-mis'tik), adj. per- 
taining to, or characterized by, pessi- 
mism; gloomy. 

pest (pest), n. a fatal epidemic dis- 
ease; plague; > anything very mis- 
chievous or injurious. [Latin.] 

pester (pes'ter), v.t. to annoy. 

pestiferous (pes-tif er-us) , adj. con- 
veying pestilence ; physically or mor- 
ally noxious. [Latin.] 

pestilence (pes'ti-lens) , n. an infec- 
tious or contagious disease. 

pestilent (pes'ti-lent), adj. noxious to 
health, morals, or society. 

pestilential (pes-ti-len'shal), adj. per- 
taining to, or producing, a pesti- 
lence; pernicious; destructive. 

pestle (pes'l), n. an instrument for 
pounding substances in a mortar. 

pet (pet), n. any person or animal that 
is fondled; a sudden fit of peevish- 



ness or slight passion: adj. favorite: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. petted, p.pr. petting], 
to fondle or indulge. 

petal (pet'al), n. one of the separate 
parts of the corolla of a flower; a 
flower-leaf. [Greek.] 

petaled (pet'ald), adj. having petals. 
Also petalous. 

petard (pe-tard/), n. a bell-shaped ex- 
plosive machine used for bursting 
open gates, &c. < [French.] 

peter (pe'ter), v.i. in mining, to become 
exhausted; to lose power or value 
(with out). 

petiole (pet'i-ol), n. the footstalk of 
a leaf connecting the blade with the 
stem. 

petit (pet'i), adj. small; inconsiderable 
[French]. Feminine petite (pe-tef). 

petition (pe-tish'un) , n. an earnest 
supplication or prayer; a foimal sup- 
plication from an inferior to a su- 
perior; a paper or document contain- 
ing a written request: v.t. to solicit 
earnestly; present a petition to. 

petitionary (pe-tish'un-a-ri) , adj. con- 
taining a petition. 

petit jury (pet'i joo-ri), n. a trial jury 
as distinguished from a grand jury. 
Also petty jury. 

petit-maitre (pet'i-ma'tr), n. sl fop 
who affects women's society. 
[French.] 

petrel (pet'rel), n. sl web-footed, 
strong-winged, oceanic bird, that ap- 
pears in its flight to walk upon the 
water. 

petrescence (pe-tres'ens) , n. the act of 
becoming converted into stone. 

petrifaction (pet-ri-fak'shun), n. the , 
process of changing animal or vege- 
table substance into stone; a fossil. 

petrif active (pet-ri-f ak'tiv) , adj. hav- 
ing power to petrify. 

petrify (pet'ri-fl),' v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pet- 
rified, p.pr. petrifying], to change 
into stone; fix in silent amazement 
or fear; render callous, obdurate, or 
hard: v.i. to become stone or of a 
stony hardness. _ [Latin.] 

petroleum (pe-tro'le-am), n. an in- 
flammable dark yellowish-brown bi- 
tuminous liquid issuing from certain 
rocks; mineral oil. [Gr2eco-Latin.J 

petrology (pe-trol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
entific study of rocks, and their 
mineral and chemical composition. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not : boon, booK 

btie, hut ; think, then. 



PETTICOAT 



617 



PHENOMENAL 



petticoat (pet'i-kot), n. a woman's 
loose underskirt. 

pettifogger (pet'i-fog-er) , n. a lawyer 
who practices in petty cases. 

pettily (pet'i-li), adv. in a petty man- 
ner. 

pettiness (pet'i-nes), ft. smallness; un- 
importance. 

pettish (pet'ish), adj. fretful; petu- 
lant. 

petty (pet'i), adj. trifling; small; in- 
considerable ; unimportant ; contemp- 
tible. 

petty jury. See petit jury. 

petulance (pet'ti-lans) , n. peevishness; 
caprice. Also petulancy. 

petulant (pet'ii-lant) , adj. peevish ; ca- 
pricious. [Latin.] 

Petunia (pe-tu'ni-a) , ft. a South Amer- 
ican genus of ornamental plants 
with handsome flowers. 

petunia, n. a plant of the genus Pe- 
tunia, or its flower. 

pew (pti), n. an inclosed seat in a 
church: v.t< to furnish with pews. 
[Old French, from Latin.] 

pewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. Also 
peewit. 

pewter (pu'ter), n. an alloy of tin, 
lead, antimony, &c: adj. made of 
pewter. 

pfennig (fen'ig), n. a small copper 
coin of Germany = }/i cent. 

phaeton (fa/e-ton), n. an open four- 
wheeled carriage. 

phagocyte (fag'o-sit), n. a leucocyte 
which feeds upon larvae and bac- 
teria and eliminates harmful sub- 
stances in man; but in time it is it- 
self devoured by the adult human 
being. Thus the phagocyte is a 
great purifier and safeguard from dis- 
ease for man. [Greek.] 

phalanges, pi. of phalanx. 

phalanx (fa'langks), n. [pi. phalanges 
(fa-lan'jez)], among the ancient 
Greeks, a square battalion of heavy- 
armed infantry drawn up in close 
rank: hence any close compact 
body : pi. the small bones of the fin- 
gers and toes. 

phantasm (fan'tazm), n. a vision or 
specter. 

phantasmagoria (f a n-t a z-m a-g 6'- 
ri-a), n. a magic lantern. [Greek.] 

phantom (fan'tom), n. an apparition; 
soil it; fancied vision. 



Pharisaic (f ar-i-sa'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the Phari- 
sees ; formally religious ; hypocritical, 
Also pharisaical. 

Pharisaism (f ar'i : sa-izm) , n. the doc- 
trines and practices of the Pharisees. 

Pharisee (far'i-se), ft. one of a religious 
sect among the Jews characterized 
by their strict observance of the let- 
ter of the law, and rites and cere- 
monies; one who observes the letter 
rather than the spirit of the law; a 
mere formalist. [Latin, from He- 
brew.] 

pharmaceutic (f ar-ma-su'tik) , adj. 
pertaining to pharmaceutics. Also 
pharmaceutical: n.pl. pharmacy. 

pharmaceutist (far-ma-su'tist), ft. one 
who prepares medicines. Also phar- 
macist. 

pharmacology (far-ma-kol'o-ji), ft. a 
treatise on pharmacy. 

pharmacopoeia (f ar-ma-ko-pe'ya) , ft. 
an official publication containing the 
list of drugs of the Materia Medica, 
and directions for the preparation of 
medical appliances. [Greek.] 

pharmacy (far'ma-si), ft. the art of 
preparing and compounding medi- 
cines; a drug-store. 

pharos (fa/ros), ft. a lighthouse. 
[Greek.] 

pharyngeal (fa-rin'je-al), adj. per- 
taining to the pharynx. 

pharynx (far'ingks), ft. the muscu- 
lar or membranous sac at the upper 
part of the esophagus. [Gre_ek.] 

phase (faz), ft. [pi. phases (fa'sez)], the 
illuminated surface shown by a 
planet, or the moon; aspect; appear- 
ance; transparent green quartz. 
Also phasis. [Greek.] 

pheasant (fez 'ant), ft. a gallinaceous 
bird with brilliant plumage, and pre- 
served for sport. [French.] 

pheasantry (fez'ant-ri), ft. a place 
where pheasants are bred and pre- 
served. 

phenix (fe'niks), ft. a fabulous bird, 
said to live 500 years in the Arabian 
desert, and to rise rejuvenescent 
from its ashes after immolating it- 
self on a funeral pyre; hence the 
emblem of immortality. Also phoe- 
nix. [Greek.] 

phenol (fe'nol).ft. carbolic acid. 

phenomenal (fe-nom'en-al), adj. per- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PHENOMENALISM 



618 



PHONETICALLY 



taining to, or consisting of, phenom- 
ena. 

phenomenalism (f e-nom'i-nal-izm) , 
n. the metaphysical doctrine that 
visible things are really phenomena. 

phenomenalist (fe-nom'e-nal-ist), n. 
a believer in phenomenalism. 

phenomenon (fe-nom'e-non) , n. [pi. 
phenomena (fe^nom'e-na)], an ap- 
pearance, especially one of unusual 
occurrence; something as it is per- 
ceived by experiment or observation. 

phenyl (fe'nil), n. the hydro-carbon 
radical of phenol. 

phial (fi'al), n. a small glass bottle 
or vessel: v.t. to put or keep in a 
phial. Also vial. [Greek.] 

philander (fil-an'der), v.i. to be a sen- 
timentalist; to make harmless and 
rather foolish love. [Greek.] 

philanthropic (fil-an-throp'ik), adj. 
loving mankind; benevolent. Also 
philanthropical. 

philanthi opically (fil-an-throp'i-ka- 
li), adv. benevolently. 

philanthropist (fil-an'thro-pist) , n. 
one who loves and seeks to benefit 
mankind. 

philanthropy (fil-an'thro-pi) , n. love 
of mankind; benevolence. [Greek.] 

philatelist (nl-at'e-list), n. a collec- 
tor of postage stamps: adj. pertain- 
ing to philately. [Modern Greek.] 

philately (fil-at'e-li), n. the system- 
atic collection of postage stamps. 

philharmonic (fil-har-mon'ik), adj. 
loving harmony; noting a musical 
society. [Greek.] 

Philippic (fi-lip'ik), n. a speech of 
vehement invective: from one of the 
three orations of Demosthenes 
against Philip of Macedon. The 
name is also given to the orations of 
Cicero against M. Antonius. (Mark 
Antony.) 

Philistine (fil-is'tin or fil'is-tin), n. an 
ancient inhabitant of the southwest- 
ern coast of Palestine; in Germany, 
a non-academical person; an uncul- 
tured person or one of narrow views: 
adj. characteristic of the Philistines; 
narrow-minded; prosaic. 

Philistinism (fil-is'tin-izm), n. the 
manners or modes of thought of a 
modern Philistine. 

philological (fil-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to philology. 



philologist (fil-oro-jist) , n. one skilled 
in philology. Also philologer. 

philology (fil-ol'o-ji), n. the scientific 
study of languages and their struc- 
ture and mutual relation. [Greek.] 

philomel (fiFo-mel), n. the nightin- 
gale. [Greek.] 

philopr ogeniti veness (fil-o-pro- j en'- 
i-tiv-nes), n. the instinctive love of 
offspring. 

philosopher (fil-os'o-f er) , n. a student 
of philosophy; one noted for calm 
judgment and practical wisdom. 

philosophic (fil-o-sof 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or in accordance with, 
philosophy; rational; wise; calm. 
Also philosophical. 

philosophically (fil-o-sof 'i-ka-li) , adv. 
in a philosophic manner. 

philosophize (fil-os'o-fiz), v.i. to rea- 
son like a philosopher. 

philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. the knowl- 
edge of the causes of all phenomena 
both of mind and matter ; a particular 
philosophic system; calmness of 
temper. [Greek.] 

philter, philtre (fil'ter), n. a love 
charm or potion. 

phiz (fiz), n. abbreviation of physiog- 
nomy. [Vulgar.] 

phlebotomy (fle-bot'o-mi), n. t the 
act or practice of opening a vein to 
let blood. [Greek.] 

phlegm (flem), n. mucus secreted in 
the air-passages of the throat; cold- 
ness; sluggishness. [Greek.] 

phlegmatic (fleg-mat'ik), adj. abound- 
ing in phlegm; sluggish; dull. 

phlegmaticaily (fleg-mat'i-ka-li), adv. 
in a phlegmatic manner. 

Phlox (floks), n. a genus of North 
American bright-colored flowering 
plants ; any one of these plants. 

Phoebus (fe'bus), n. Apollo ; the 
sun. 

Phoenician (fe-nish'an), adj. per- 
taining to ancient Phoenicia, or to 
its inhabitants. 

phoenix, same as phenix. 

phonetic (fo-net'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the voice or sounds; representing 
the simple elementary sounds. Also 
phonetical: n.pl. the science of 
sounds, especially of the human 
voice. [Greek.] 

phonetically (f o-net'i-ka-li) , adv. by 
sounds. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PHONICS 



619 



PHOTOZINCOGRAPHY 



phonies (fon'iks), n.pl. the science of 
sounds; acoustics. 

phonogram (f 6 'no-gram), n. articu- 
late sound as recorded by the phono- 
graph; a written character repre- 
senting a particular sound. 

phonograph (fo'no-graf), n. a letter 
or character indicating, a distinct 
spoken sound; an instrument to re- 
cord or reproduce articulate speech 
or sounds. [Mod_ern Greek.] 

phonographic (fo-no-graf ik) , adj. 
pertaining to, or representing, artic- 
ulate sounds, or to phonography. 

phonography (f o-nog'ra-fi) , n. a de- 
scription of sounds uttered by the 
human voice; a systemof shorthand, 
in which every sound is represented 
by a separate character or mark. 

phonology (fo-nol'o-ji), n. the science 
of articulate sounds. 

phonoscope (f o'no-skop) , n. an instru- 
ment which by means of electricity 
translates vibrations of sounds into 
visible figures. 

phonotype (fo'no-tfp), n. a phonetic 
type. 

phonotypy (fo'no-ti-pi), n. & method 
of printing each vocal sound by a 
distinct type. 

phormium (for'mi-um), n. New Zea- 
land flax. 

phosphate (fos'fat), n. a salt of 
phosphoric acid. 

phosphide (fos'fid), same as phos- 
phuret. 

phosphite (fos'fit), n. a salt of phos- 
phorous acid. 

phosphorate (f os 'fo-r at), v.t. to com- 
bine with phosphorus. 

phosphoresce (fos-fo-res'), v.i. to 
emit light like phosphorus. 

phosphorescence (f os-f o-res'ens) , n. 
emission of light under certain con- 
ditions by substances at common 
temperatures ; faint light. 

phosphorescent (fos-fo-res'ent), adj. 
luminous. 

phosphoric (fos-for'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, like, or obtained from, phos- 
phorus. Phosphorous. 

phosphorous acid (fos'for-us as'id), 
n. an acid formed by the union of 1 
atom of phosphorus and 3 atoms of 
oxygen. 

phosphorus (fos'for-us), n. a yellow- 
ish, wax-like, inflammable, non- 



metallic element, luminous in the 
dark. 

phosphuret (fos'fu-ret), n. a combina- 
tion of phosphorus with a metallic 
base. 

phosphureted (fos-fu-ret'ed), adj. 
combined with phosphorus. 

photo, a_Greek prefix meaning light. 

photo (fo'to), n. vulgar for a photo- 
graph. 

photochromy (fo'to-kro-mi), n. the 
art or process of photographing in 
colors. 

photogen (fo'to-jen), n. an inflamma- 
ble hydro-carbon; paraffin. 

photoglyphy (f o-tog'li-fi) , n. a process 
of engraving by which photographs 
are etched into metal plates by the 
action of light and chemicals. 

photograph (f o'to-graf ) , n. a photo- 
graphic picture: v.t. to take a pic- 
ture of by means of photography. 

photography (f o-tog'ra-fi) , n. the art 
or process of producing pictures by 
the action of fight on certain sub- 
stances sensitized by various chem- 
ical processes. 

photogravure (f o-to-gra-vur') , n. the 
process of producing by photography 
on a sensitized surface an incised 
engraved metal plate from which im- 
pressions may be printed: v.t. to 
produce by such a process. 

photoheliograph (f o-to-he'li-o-graf ) , 
n. a photographic telescope or camera 
moved by clockwork, for depicting 
solar spots, transits_, &c. 

photophone (fo'to-fon), n. an instru- 
ment for communicating sounds by 
the agency of fight. 

photoplay (fo'to-pla), n. a play pre- 
sented on a screen by moving pic- 
tures. 

photosphere (fo'to-sfer), n. the lumi- 
nous envelope of the sun. 

phototherapy (fo-to-ther'a-pi), n. the 
light pure; treatment of diseases by 
bringing strong electric or solar 
light to bear upon the affected parts. 

phototype (fo'to-tip), n. a block pro- 
duced by photography horn, which 
engravings, &c, can be printed; the 
process itself. 

photozincography (fo-to-zing-kog'- 
ra-fl), n. a process by which zinc 
blocks are prepared for printing 
from. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PHRASE 



620 



PIAZZA 



phrase (fraz), n. a part of a sen- 
tence; brief pithy expression; idiom; 
style or manner: v.t. to style; ex- 
press in peculiar words. . [Greek.] 

phraseology (fraz-e-ol'o-ji), n. style, 
manner, or peculiarity, of expres- 
sion; a collection of phrases. 

phrenic (fren'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the diaphragm. 

phrenitis (fre-nl'tis), n. inflamma- 
tion of the brain. 

phrenological (fren-o-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to phrenology. 

phrenologically (f ren - 6 - loj 'i - ka - li) , 
adv. according to phrenology. 

phrenologist (fren-ol'oyjist), n. one 
who believes in, or is skilled in, phren- 
ology. 

phrenology (fren-ol'o-ji), n. the 
science of the human mind or brain, 
as connected with the moral, in- 
tellectual, and sensual dispositions 
of the individual, which are sup- 
posed to be indicated by the un- 
dulations on the cranium. 

phthisic (tiz'ik), n. asthma; phthisis. 

phthisical (tiz'ik-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or caused by, phthisic or phthisis. 

phthisis (ti'sis), n. pulmonary con- 
sumption. [Greek.J 

phycology (fl-kol'o-ji), n. the study 
of the algae or seaweeds. 

phylactery (fi-lak'ter-i) , n. [pi. phy- 
lacteries (fi-lak'ter-iz)], a small 
square box containing a thin strip 
of parchment upon which certain 
texts from the law are inscribed, 
worn by pious Jews upon the fore- 
head and left wrist. [Graeco-Latin.] 

phyllophore (fiTo-for), n. the summit 
of a stem bearing leaves. It is 
usually a palm-tree. 

phylloxera (fi-loks-e'ra), n.an insect 
(Phylloxera vastatrix) which punc- 
tures the roots and leaves of vines 
and causes their destruction. 

physeter (fi-se'ter), n. the sperm 
whale. 

physic (fiz'ik), n. the science of med- 
icine, or the art of healing; medi- 
cine^ a cathartic: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
physicked, p.pr. physicking], to ad- 
minister medicine to; cure. 

physical (fiz'i-kal), adj. pertaining to 
nature, or to material things; per- 
ceptible to the senses ; pertaining to 
physics; medicinal. 



physician (fi-zish'an) , n. one legally , 
qualified to prescribe remedies for 
diseases. 

physicism (fiz'i-sizm), n. material- 
ism. 

physicist (fiz'i-sist), n. a student of 
natural science. 

physico, a Greek prefix, meaning of, 
or pertaining to, nature, as physico- 
theology, ^tneology illustrated by 
natural philosophy. 

physics (fiz'iks), n.pl. physical science 
or natural philosophy. 

physiognomist (fiz-i-og'no-mist), n. 
one who is skilled in physiognomy. 

physiognomy (fiz-i^og 'no-mi), n. the 
science of discerning the character 
of the mind from the features of the 
countenance; the face; outward 
appearance. 

physiological (nz-i-o-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to physiology. 

physiologist (fiz-i-ol'o-jist), n. one 
who is skilled in physiology. 

physiology (fiz-i-ol'o-ji),n. the science 
that treats of the vital functions 
performed by the organs of animals 
and plants. 

physique (fi-zek'), n. physical organ- 
ization. [French.] 

pi, pie (pi), n. disarranged or jum- 
bled type: v.t. to jumble or throw 
into disorder, as_ printing type. 

piacular (pi-ak'u-lar), adj. expia- 
tory; requiring sacrifice; atrocious. 

pia mater (pi'a ma/ter), n. a deli- 
cate vascular membrane which in- 
vests the brain and spinal cord. 

pianist (pi'an-ist), n. a performer on 
the piano. 

piano (pi-an'o), n. a pianoforte. 

piano (pi-an'o), adv. as a musical 
term, written in the score, softly: 
pianissimo (pi-an-is 'si-mo), very 
softly. [Italian;]_ 

pianoforte (pi-an'o-f ort) , n. a stringed 
musical instrument, the notes of 
which are produced by hammers 
acted upon by keys. 

piano-player (pi-an'o-pla'er) , n. an 
apparatus attached to a piano caus- 
ing it to play automatically. Also 
pianola (pi-an-o'la). 

piazza (pi-az'a), n. an open square sur- 
rounded by buildings or colonnades; 
a walk under a roof supported by 
pillars. [Italian.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PIBCORX 



621 



PIED 



pibcorn (pib'korn;, n. a Welsh mu- 
sical pipe : 

pibroch pe'brokh n. the wild mar- 
tial music of the Scottish bagpipes. 

pica pi'ka . n. a size of type, used 
as a standard of measurement in 
printing v see type : a vitiated ap- 
petite for unnatural kinds of sub- 
stances, as coal sand, chalk, <vc. 

picador (pik-a-dor' . n. the horse- 
man who incites the bull in a Span- 
ish bull-fight by attacking it with a 
lance. [Spanish.] 

picaroon (pik-a-roon') , n. a robber, pi- 
rate, or marauder. [Spanish.] 

picayune fpik-a-yoon') , n. a silver 
coin = 6J4 cents, or now 5 cents; a 
trifle. [French.] 

piccalilli (pik'a-lil-i), n. a kind of 
pickle. 

piccaninny Cpik'a-nin-i), n. [pi. picca- 
ninnies (pik'a-nin-iz)], a negro baby 
or child. [Cuban dialect.] 

piccolo fpik'o-lo,', n. a small flute hav- 
ing its notes an octave higher than 
the ordinary flute. [Italian.] 

pick (pik . n. a sharp pointed iron 
tool; choice or selection: v.t. to 
strike with a sharp instrument, or 
with the beak; pierce; open by an 
instrument: pluck; gather; separate 
with the fingers; choose or select; 
clean; rob: v.i. to eat fastidiously; 
pilfer. 

pick-a-back (pik'a-bak), adv. on the 
shoulders like a pack. 

pickax, pickaxe (pik'aks), n. an ex- 
cavating tool, pointed at one end 
and broad at the other. 

pickelhaube | pik 'el-how 'be), n. the 
spiked helmet worn by German sol- 
diers. [German.] 

pickerel (pik'er-el), n. a small pike. 

picket ipik'et . n. a pointed stake used 
in fortification: pale of a fence: a 
stake to which a horse is fastened; 
a military guard to give notice of the 
approach of an enemy, or to bring 
in deserters: one or more appointed 
by a trades-union to watch a fac- 
tory. &c, where non-unionist men 
are employed dining a strike: v.t. 
to place as a picket: fasten to a 
a picket. _ [French.] 

pickle 'pik'l . n. a mixture of brine 
and water, ire. for preserving food; 
vegetables, etc., preserved in pickle; 



embarrassment or difriculty: a mis- 
chievous or troublesome child: v.t. 
to preserve in. or as in. pickle. 

picklock pik'lok an instrument 

for picking locks; a thief. 

picnic pik'mk . n. a short excursion 
into the country. lVc. by a pleasure 
party carrying then own provisions; 
a kind of '::-. 

picric acid pik'rik >. an in- 

tensely I >rmed by the 

action of nitric acid on indigo; car- 
bazotic acid. 

picromel pik'ro-mel . n. a greenish- 
yellow sweet-bitter substance found 
in bile. 

picrotoxin fpik-ro-toks'in), ^ n. the 
poisonous bitter principle found in 
the berries of Coccidus Indians. 

pictoglyph (pik'to-glif). n. a picture 
carved on a hard surface, especially 
on rock. 

pictograph ('pik'to-grafb n. a picture 
representing an idea; the earliest 
form of record. 

pictorial (pik-to'ri-ab. adj. pertain- 
ing to. or illustrated by. pictures. 

picture (pik'tur), n. a painting or 
drawing representing a person or 
thing: vivid representation or de- 
scription. [Latin.] 

picturesque _ fpik-tur-esk';. adj. giv- 
ing vivid impression of nature or 
reality: graphic: wild and beautiful; 
romantic: n. that which is pictur- 
esque. 

pidgin English pi.i'in ing'glish 
a jargon of English' used in commer- 
cial dealings with the Chinese. The 
word "pidgin" represents the Chi- 
nese pronunciation of "business." 

pie pi), n. the niagpie: printer's type 
confusedly mixed : meat or fruit cov- 
ered with crust and baked. 

piebald ' pi'bawld . adj. having patches 
of different colors. 

piece pea . a part of anything; 
certain quantity: literary or artistic 
composition: separate performance: 
coin: gun: person used contemptu- 
ously^ : v.t. to enlarge by adding a 
piece: patch: v.t. to join: unite by 
coalescence of parts. Trench/ 

piecemeal pes mel . adj. made of 
pieces or parts: single: adv. in pieces 
or parts. 

pied (pid), adj. variegated or spotted. 



ate, arm. at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit : note, north, .not: boon, book; 

hue. hut : think, then. 



PIER 



622 



PILLORY 



pier (per), n. a mass of masonry 
supporting an arch, bridge, &c. ; tim- 
bers of a bridge or other building; 
mole or jetty; wharf; a landing 
place projecting into the sea. 

pierce (pers), v.t. to penetrate, espe- 
cially with a pointed instrument; 
affect deeply; explore; dive into: 
v.i. to enter. 

piercing (pers'ing), adj. penetrating 
keen. 

pier-glass (per'glas), n. an orna- 
mental mirror, especially one be- 
tween windows. 

Pietism (pi'e-tizm), n. a religious 
awakening in the Lutheran Church 
of Europe during the seventeenth 
century. 

piety (pi'e-ti), n. the quality of be- 
ing pious; reverence for, and duty 
towards, God; reverence to parents. 

pig (pig)> n. the young of swine; a 
swine; pork; an oblong mass of un- 
forged metal: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pigged, 
p.pr. pigging], to bring forth pigs; 
be huddled together. 

pigeon (pij'un), n. a bird of the ge- 
nus Columba; a simpleton; one who 
is easily imposed upon or swindled. 

pigeon-breasted (pij 'un-bres'ted) , 
adj. narrow-breasted like a pigeon. 

pigeongram (pij'un-gram), n. a mes- 
sage entrusted to a carrier-pigeon. 

pigeon-hole (pij'un-hol), n. a compart- 
ment for papers, &c. 

pigeon-toed (pij'un-tod), adj. having 
the toes turned inwards. 

piggin (pij'in), n. a small drinking 
vessel. 

pigheaded (pig'hed-ed) , adj. stupidly 
obstinate. 

pigmean (pig-me'an), adj. dwarfish. 

pigment (pig'ment), n. paint; color- 
ing matter. 

pigmy, same as pygmy. 

pignons (pin'yunz), n.pl. the edible 
seeds of various pine cones. 

pig-nut (pig'nut), n. the sweetish- 
bitter nut of a species of hickory; 
the ground chestnut. 

pigsty (pig'stl), n. a pen for pigs. 

pigtail (pig'tal), n. the tail of a pig; 
hair twisted into the form of a long 
queue and hanging down the back 
of the head; tobacco in long twists. 

pigwidgeon (pig-wij'un), n. a fairy; 
anything very diminutive. 



pike (pik), n, a weapon with a shaft 
and spearhead; a voracious fresh- 
water fish with a narrow, elongated, 
pointed head. 

pike (pik), n. a turnpike road. Fig- 
uratively, the world at large, or at 
least, the busy, bustling part of it. 

piker (plk'er), n. a swindler; one who 
seeks to take advantage of another. 
[Slang.] 

pilaster (pi-las'ter) , n. a square col- 
umn or pillar, inserted partly in a 
wall. [French.] 

pilchard (pil'chard), n. a marine 
edible fish, resembling the herring, 
found chiefly on the coasts of Devon 
and Cornwall. 

pile (pil), n. a large beam driven into 
the ground to make a firm founda- 
tion; mass or heap, accumulation; 
large building; a series of plates ar- 
ranged to produce an electric cur- 
rent; nap of cloth; a fortune: pi, 
hemorrhoids: v.t. to heap up; collect 
in a mass ; accumulate ; lay on ; drive 
piles into. 

pilfer (pil'fer), v.i. to steal in small 
quantities. 

pilgarlic (pil-gar'lik), n. one who has 
lost his hair by disease; a wretched 
sneaking fellow. 

pilgrim (pirgrim), n. a traveler; one 
who travels from a distance to visit 
some sacred place. [French.] 

pilgrimage (pirgrim-aj), n. a journey, 
especially to so^e sacred place. 

pill (pil), n. a pe^et of some medicinal 
substance to Lc swallowed entire; 
something disagreeable that must 
be accepted: v.t. to reject by black 
balls in a club ballot. [Latin.] 

pillage (pil'aj), n. the act of plunder- 
ing; spoil: v.t. to plunder or spoil; 
lay waste. 

pillar (pil r ar), n. a column to support a 
structure ; monument ; something re- 
sembling a pillar, or affording sup- 
port. 

pillion (pil'yun), n. a cushion for a 
woman to ride on horseback behind 
a horseman; a soft low saddle. 

pillory (piror-i), n. [pi. pillories 
(pil'or-iz)], a wooden frame sup- 
ported by an upright post, having 
holes through which the head and 
hands of a person exposed to dis- 
grace were passed and secured: v.t. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



! 




PILLOW 



623 



PIN-WHEEL 



to place in a pillory; expose to pub- 
lic disgrace or abuse. 

pillow (piTo), n. a case filled with 
feathers, &c, to support the head of 
a person reposing; the block on 
which the inner end of a bowsprit 
is supported: adj. noting a kind cf 
lace: v.t. to place on a pillow. 

pilose (pl'los), adj. hairy. Also pilous. 

pilot (pilot), n. one who conducts a 
vessel in or out of a harbor or where 
navigation is difficult or dangerous; 
a guide: v.t. to guide or direct as a 
pilot. 

pilotage (pl'lot-aj), n. the act of pilot- 
ing; skill of a pilot; pilot's dues. 

pilot-cloth (pl'lot-kloth) , n. a stout 
thick cloth. 

pilot- engine (pi lot-en' j in), n. a loco- 
motive sent on in front to clear the 
line. 

pimento (pi-meh'to) , n. allspice. 

pimp (pimp), n. a procurer: v.i. to 
procure immoral women for others. 

pimpernel (pim'per-nel), n. a name 
for various plants of the genus Ana- 
gallis. 

pimple (pim'pl), n. a small pustule. 

pimpled (pim'pld), adj. having, or full 
of, pimples. Also pimply. 

pin (pin) , n. a short piece of m wire 
sharpened at one end and having a 
head at the other, used for fasten- 
ing articles together; anything driv- 
en to hold parts together^ bolt or 
peg; linchpin; hatpin; hairpin. 

pinachromy (pin-ak'ro-mi) , n. a 
method by means of which photo- 
graphs are produced in their natu- 
ral colors. 

pina-cloth (pe ny a-kloth) , n. a fine 
cloth made in Manila from the fibers 
of the pineapple leaf. 

pinafore (pin'a-for), n. a loose apron 
or covering to protect children's 
dresses. 

pinaster (pi-nas'ter) , n. the cluster- 
pine of southern Europe. 

pincers, same as pinchers. 

pinch (pinch), v.t. to squeeze or nip* 
oppress or distress: v.i. to bear 
hard; be straitened; be mean or 
niggardly: n. a squeeze or nip, as 
with the fingers and thumb; dis- 
tress, or difficulty. 

pinchbeck (pinch'bek), n. a yellow 
alloy of 5 parts of copper and 1 of 



zinc: adj. noting jewelry of inferior 
make. 

pinchers (pinch'erz), n. an instru- 
ment for drawing out nails, &c; 
nippers. Also pincers. 

pine (pin), n. a cone-bearing tree of 
the genus Pinus ; timber of the pine : 
v.i. to waste away from distress, 
anxiety, &c. 

pineal (pin'e-al), adj. shaped like a 
pine-cone. 

pineal body (pm'e-al bod'i) , n. a coni- 
cal reddish organ about the size of a 
pea in the brain, presumably a rudi- 
mentary eye. 

pineapple (pln'ap-l), n. a tropical 
plant and its cone-shaped fruit. 

ping (ping), n. the whistling sound of 
a bullet. 

pinion (pin'yun) t n , the last joint of a 
bird's wing; a wing; the smaller of 
two geared wheels: v.t. to bind or 
secure, as by binding the arms; 
confine or fetter. 

pink (pingk), n. a shade of light-red 
color; a flower with sharp-pointed 
leaves of the genus Dianthus; a 
narrow-sterned vessel; anything of 
supreme excellence: adj. of the color 
of a pink: v.t. to stab; pierce or 
punch with small round holes or 
small scallops; work in eyelet holes. 

pinking (pingk'ing), n. a method of 
ornamenting dress materials or lea- 
ther by scalloping the edges. 

pin-money (pin'mun-i), n. money al- 
lowed to a wife by her husband for 
her. private expenses: originally for 
buying pins. 

pinnace (pin'as), n. a small fight 
schooner-rigged vessel with oars; an 
eight-oared man-of-war's boat. 

pinnacle (pin'a-kl), n. a small polyg- 
onal turret or elevation above the 
rest of the building ; a high point like 
& spire: v.t. furnish with pinnacles. 

pinnate (pin'at), adj. shaped like a 
feather; divided into leaflets. Also 
^ pinnated. 

pinochle (pe'nuk-1), a game of cards 
somewhat resembling bezique. 

pint (pint), ~n. one-eighth of a gallon. 

pintle (plnt'tl), n. a bolt; the hook 
which attaches the rudder to the 
stern of a vessel. 

pin- wheel (pin'hwel), n. a kind of fire- 
work; a toy windmill. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, ^en. 



PIONEER 



624 



PITA 



pioneer (pi-oner') , n. a soldier or per- 
son whose business it is to clear and 
repair roads, &c, before an army, 
sink mines, and throw up fortifica- 
tions; one who goes before to pre- 
pare the way for another: v.i. act as 
a pioneer. [French.] 

pious (pi 'us), adj. dutiful to God, or to 
parents; religious; devout; proceed- 
ing from, or actuated by, religious 
feeling. [Latin.] 

pip (pip), n. the seed of certain fruit, 
as lemons, oranges, and grape-fruit; 
a disease in fowls ; a spot on a play- 
ing card: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pipped, 
p.pr. pipping], to cry like a chicken 
or small bird. 

pipe (pip) n. any long hollow tube; 
a tube of clay, wood, &c, with a 
bowl at one end for smoking tobac- 
co; a wine measure = 2 hogsheads, 
or 126 wine gallons, or the quantity 
which it contains: v.t. to play on, or 
call by, a pipe: v.i. to whistle; emit a 
shrill sound. [Latin.] 

pipe-dream (pip'drem), n. the nar- 
cotic drugged condition of an 
opium smoker. Applied to any im- 
probable or delightful vision (or day 
dreams). [Slang.] 

pipeline (pip'er-in), n. the active 
principle of black pepper. 

piping (pip'jng), adj. feeble; weak; 
shrill; playing upon a pipe; hot like 
boiling water: n. corded trimming 
for dresses. 

pipkin (pip 'kin), n. an earthen pot 
glazed on the inside. 

pippin (pip'in), n. a variety of apple. 

piquancy (pe'kan-si), n. the state or 
quality of being piquant. 

piquant (pe'kant), adj. pungent; se- 
vere. [French.] 

pique (pek), n. slight anger or re- 
sentment ; wounded pride ; < punc- 
tilio: v.t. to wound the pride of; 
irritate; displease; pride or value 
(one's self). 

pique (pe-ka/) , n. a French cotton 
material, usually with some geomet- 
rical pattern. 

pique (pe-ka/), n. the cry of the duelist 
or fencer when his opponent's sword 
has touched him; also, touche.^ The 
English equivalents are "pricked" 
and "touched." 

piquet (pe-kef), n. a card game. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : nf>tp. 

hue, hut; think, then. 



piracy (pi'ra-si), n. the act or crime of 
a pirate; infringement of copyright. 

pirate (pi'rat), n. a robber on the high 
seas; one who infringes the law of 
literary or artistic copyright: v.t. 
to take without permission or com- 
pensation: v.i. to practice piracy. 

pirogue (pi-rog'), n. a canoe consist- 
ing of the hollowed trunk of a single 
tree; a North American narrow 
ferry-boat. 

pirouette (pir-65-ef), n. a whirling 
or turning about on one toe; turn- 
ing of a horse on the .same ground: 
v.i. to execute a pirouette. 

piscary (pis'ka-ri), n. right or liber- 
ty of fishing. _ 

piscatorial (pis-ka-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to fishing. Also piscatory. 

pisciculture (pis'ki-kul-tur), n. the ar- 
tificial breeding and rearing of fishes. 

pish (pish), inter j. a contemptuous 
exclamation: v.i. to express con- 
tempt. 

pismire (pis'mir), n. an ant. 

pistachio- nut (pis-ta'shi-o-nut), n. a 
green almond-flavored nut. 

pistil (pis'til), n. the seed-bearing or- 
gan in the center of a flower. 

pistillate (pis'til-at) , adj. having a 
pistil. 

pistol (pis'tol), n. a small hand-gun: 
v.t. to shoot with a pistol. [French.] 

pistole (pis-tol'), n. a Spanish gold coin 
of varying value: usually about 
$3.60. 

piston (pis'tun), n. a small solid cylin- 
der of metal or wood, fitting exactly 
and moving up and down the barrel 
of a pump, or the cylinder of a 
steam-engine. 

piston-rod (pis'tun-rod), n. the rod 
moving the piston and connecting it 
with the external machinery. 

pit (pit), n. a deep hole in the earth; 
an abyss; shaft of a mine; a hole 
used for trapping wild animals; 
area for cock-fighting; ground floor 
of a theater; a hollow part of the 
body, as the stomach; indentation 
left by small-pox; Hades (with 
the): v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitted, p.pr. 
pitting], to mark with small hollows 
or depressions; set in competition; 
place in a pit. 

pita (pe'ta), n. a fiber used for cordage 
and paper, obtained from the agave. 

north, tint : boon, book; 



PIT-A-PAT 



625 



PLACER 



pit-a-pat (pit-a-pat'),. adv. with quick 
beating: n. a palpitation; a light 
quick step. 

pitch (pich), n. the solid black res- 
inous substance obtained from boiled 
tar [Latin]; a casting forward or 
down; degree or rate; slope; the de- 
gree of acuteness or graveness of a 
musical note; distance between the 
center of two gearing teeth; at 
cricket, the distance between the 
wickets: v.t. to smear with pitch; 
throw; cast headlong; set to a key- 
note; order regularly; fix in, or on, 
the ground: v.i. to settle; fall head- 
long; encamp; rise and fall; fix the 
choice (with upon). 

pitchblende (pjch'blend) , n. a black 
oxide of uranium: used in coloring 
glass a pale sea-green; it is the chief 
source of radium. ^ See radium. 

pitched battle (pich't bat'l), n. a 
battle in which the opposing forces 
have taken up a regular position. 

pitcher (pich'er), n. one who pitches; 
an earthen vessel for holding water; 
an instrument for piercing the 
ground. 

pitcher- plant (pich'er-plant) , n. an 
Eastern plant, the vase-like leaves of 
which, furnished with lids, hold 
water. 

pitchfork (pich'fork), n. a pronged 
fork for pitching hay, straw, &c: 
v.t. to lift or throw with a pitchfork. 

pitchiness (pich'i-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being pitchy. 

pitch-wheel (pich'hwel), n. a toothed 
wheel that works in another. 

pitchy (pich'i), adj. like, or smeared 
with, pitch. 

piteous (pit'e-us), adj. exciting pity; 
sorrowful; sad. 

pitfall (pit'fawl), n. a pit lightly cov- 
ered so that wild beasts may fall 
into it; a trap. 

pith (pith), n. the soft spongy sub- 
stance in the center of plants; mar- 
row; quintessence; energy or force. 

pithily (pith'i-li), adv. in a pithy 
manner. 

pithiness (pith'i-nes) , n. concentrated 
^ force. 

pithy (pith'i), adj. of the nature of or 
"ill " 



full of pith ; forcible. 
pitiable (pit'i-a-bl) , adj. 
pity. 



deserving 



pitiful (pit'i-fool), adj. moving com- 
passion; insignificant. 

pitiless (pit'i-les), adj. without pity 
or compassion; merciless. 

pitsaw (pit 'saw), n. a two-handled 
saw. 

pittance (pit'ans), n. a small allow- 
ance, especially of money. 

pitted (pit'ed), p. adj. marked with in- 
dentations or small_ hollows.. 

pituitary body (pit'u-i-ta-ri bod'i), n. 
a small body on the lower surface 
of the brain, regulating the nutri- 
tion of bone and other tissues.. 

pity (piti), n. sympathy with distress; 
compassion; a subject of pity or 
grief: v.t. [p.t. & p.p.^ pitied, p.pr. 
pitying], to sympathize with: v.i. 
to be compassionate, or affected 
with pity. [French.] 

pivot (piv'ot), n. the short shaft on 
which anything turns; the soldier 
who is stationary at the flank while 
the company drilling wheels round: 
v.t. to place on a pivot. 

pix, another form of pyx. [Greek.] 

pixy (piks'i), n. [pi. pixies (piks'iz)], 
a fairy. Also pixie. [Celtic] 

placability (pla-ka-bil'i-ti) , n.^ the 
quality of being placable. [Latin.] 

placable (pla'ka-bl), adj. that may be 
appeased or pacified; forgiving. 

placard (plak'ard), n. a bill placed 
on a wall, &c, as an advertisement: 
v.t. (pla-kard'), to advertise by a 
placard. [French.] 

place (plas), n. a special spot or 
locality; broadway or square; sit- 
uation; site; residence; office; city 
or town; room; duty; passage in 
writing or a book; fortified post; 
precedence: v.t. to put in any place, 
office, &c; ascribe; settle; establish; 
put out at interest. [French.] 

placeman (plas'man), n. a govern- 
ment official. 

placenta (pla-sen'ta), n. the vascu- 
lar organ that connects the fetus 
in the womb with the mother, the 
after-birth; that part of the carpel 
of a plant to which the ovules or 
seeds are attached. [Latin.] 

placental (pla-sen'tal), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or having, a placenta: n. a 
mammal with a placenta. 

placer (plas'er), n. a mineral deposit 
which is not a vein. [German.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
40 hue, hut ; think, f7/en. 



w 



PLACID 



626 



PLANTULE 



placid (plas'id), adj. calm; peaceful; 
mild. 

placidity (pla-sid'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being placid. 

placket (plak'et), n. a petticoat; a 
slit in a skirt or petticoat; a wom- 
an's pocket. 

plagiarism (pla'ji-a-rism), n. the 
act of plagiarizing. 

plagiarist (pla'ji-a-rist) , n. one who 
steals from the writings of another 
and passes them off as his own pro- 
duction; literary theft. Also pla- 
giary. [Latin.] 

plagiarize (pla/ji-a-rlz), v.t. to steal 
from the writings of another. 

plague (plag), ji. a malignant epi- 
demic; anything very troublesome 
or annoying: v.t. to infest with dis- 
ease; annoy greatly. [Latin.] 

plaguy (plag'i), adj. vexatious. 

plaice (plas), n. an edible flat-fish. 

plaid (plad), n. a checkered woolen 
cloth, originally worn by the High- 
landers of Scotland. [Gaelic] t 

plain (plan), adj. flat; clear; evident; 
easily understood; not luxurious; 
homely: n. level ground; any flat 
expanse. [French.] 

plaint (plant), n. lamentation; a 
mournful song; the exhibiting of an 
action in writing by a plaintiff. 

plaintiff (plan'tif), n. one who com- 
mences a suit in a court of law. 
[French.] 

plaintive (plan'tiv), adj. expressing 
grief or sorrow; sad. 

plaintively (plan'tiv-li) , adv. in a plain- 
tive manner. 

plaintiveness (plan'tiv-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being plaintive. 

plait (plat), n. a flat fold; braid: v.t. 
to fold or braid; interweave. Also 
pleat. 

plan (plan), n. a, drawing on a flat 
surface, as of a building, &c; 
scheme or project: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
planned, p.pr. planning], to make a 
plan or sketch of, on a flat surface; 
form in design; outline. 

planchet (plan'chet), n. a flat piece 
of metal prepared for coining. 

planchette (plang-shet') , n. a heart- 
shaped board fitted with wheels and 
a pencil which marks as it moves 
the pencil-hand by some supposed 
mysterious agency. [French.] 



plane (plan), adj. flat; level; even; 
without elevations or degressions : 
n. a flat or even surface; in geom- 
etry, an even superficies ; a level sur- 
face parallel to the horizon; a car- 
penter's tool for smoothing wood: 
v.t. to make level; make smooth 
with a plane. [Latin.] 

planet (plan'et), n. a heavenly body 
revolving round the sun. [Greek.] 

planetarium (plan-e-ta'ri-um) , n. a 
machine to exhibit the planets, their 
motions round the sun, and their 
relative distances _ and magnitudes. 

planetary (plan'e-ta-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, consisting of, or produced by, 
planets; erratic. 

planetoid (plan'e-toid) , n. any one of 
the small planets revolving in the 
space between Mars and Venus; 
minor planet. [Greek.] 

plane-tree (plan'tre), n. a large tree 
with broad-spreading leaves. 

planisphere (plan'is-fer), n. a sphere 
or globe projected on a plane sur- 
face. 

plank (plangk), n. a long broad piece 
of sawn timber thicker than a board ; 
an item in a political programme or 
policy: v.t. to cover with planks; 
to pay (with down). 

planner (plan'er), n. one who plans; 
a projector. 

piano, a Latin prefix meaning flat, as 
pfomo-concave: adj. flat or plane on 
one side, concave on the other. 

plant (plant), n. any vegetable or- 
ganism; sprout or sapling; the tools, 
machinery, or fixtures of any trade 
or business; a swindle: v.t. to put 
into the ground for growth, as seed; 
fix in the mind; establish. [Latin.] 

plantain (plan 'tan) , # n. % a tropical 
broad-leaved tree yielding an edible 
fruit similar to the banana. [French.] 

plantation (plan-ta'shun) , n. a place 
planted with trees; a large culti- 
vated estate for cotton, sugar, &c; 
a new settlement or colony. 

planter (plant 'er), n. one who plants; 
the owner of a plantation. 

plantigrade (plant 'i-grad), n. walking 
on the sole of the foot ; a carnivorous 
animal, as the bear, of the section 
Plantigrada. [Latin.] 

plantule (plant'ul), n. an embryo of a 
plant. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



PLAQUE 



627 



PLEAD 



plaque (plak), n. a metal or terra- 
cotta plate upon which flowers, fig- 
ures, &c, are enameled or painted. 

plash (plash), n. a puddle; pond: 
v.t. to splash or dash with water; 
interweave the branches or twigs 
of: as, to plash a hedge. 

plasm (plazm), n. a mold or matrix. 

plasma (plaz'ma), n. the colorless 
fluid of the blood in which the red 
corpuscles float ; protoplasm ; a grass- 
green variety of chalcedony. 

plaster (piaster), n. calcined gypsum 
used for castings , e &c. (plaster of 
paris); a composition of lime, sand, 
and water, for coating walls; a me- 
dicinal application for external use: 
adj. made of plaster: v.t. to cover 
with, or as with, plaster. [French.] 

plastic (plas'tik) , adj. capable of being 
formed or molded; giving form. 

plasticity (plas-tis'i-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being plastic. 

plastrum (plas'trom), n. an orna- 
mental addition to a woman's dress 
in front, extending from her collar to 
her waist. 

plat, same as plait. 

plate (plat), n. a thin piece of metal; 
a small shallow vessel used at table 
for eating from; an engraved piece 
of metal; household articles of gold 
or silver; a prize given at a race: 
v.t. to coat with a more valuable 
metal; to beat into laminae or thin 
plates. 

plateau (pla-to'), n* [pi* plateaux 
(pla-toz')], elevated broad flat land; 
table-land; a large ornamental cen- 
ter-dish. [French.] 

plate-glass (plat'glas), n. a fine kind 
of glass cast in thick plates; used 
for mirrors, &c. 

plate-mark (plat 'mark), same as hall- 
mark. 

platen (plat 'en), n. the flat part of a 
printing-press by which the impres- 
sion is made. [French.] 

platform (plat'form), n. aflat floor of 
wood, stone, &c, raised above the 
level of the ground; the place where 
guns are mounted on a fortress or 
battery; political program or policy, 
of which each item is called a plank. 

plating (pla'ting), n. the art of over- 
laying or covering anything with a 
metallic plate. 



platinize (plat'i-niz), v.t. to coat with 
platinum. 

platinoids (plat'in-oidz), n.pl. metals 
found associated with platinum. 

platinous (plat'i-nus), adj. containing 
platinum. 

platinum (plat'i-num), n. a greyish- 
white metal very hard and ductile, 
the heaviest of all known metals. 
Also the earlier form, platina. [Span- 
ish.] 

platitude (plat'i-tud) , n. insipidity; 
dulness; a weak, empty, trite re- 
mark. [French.] 

Platonic (pla-ton'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to Plato, the ancient Greek philoso- 
pher, or to his philosophy, or school; 
pure and untainted with carnal de- 
sires. 

platoon (pla-toon') , n. two files of sol- 
diers forming a subdivision. [French.] 

platter (plat'er), n. a large flat dish. 

platy, a Greek prefix meaning broad or 
flat, as platypus, the ornithorhyncus, 
from its flat, duck-like bill. 

platyrhine (plat'i-rin), adj. broad- 
nosed: noting American monkeys, 
thus characterized. 

plaudit (plaw'dit), n. applause. 

plauditory (plaw'di-to-ri), adj. ap- 
plauding. 

plausibility (plaw-zi-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being plausible; 
speciousness. Also plausibleness. 

plausible (plaw'zi-bl), adj. specious; 
superficially pleasing. 

plausibly (plaw'zi-bli), adv. in a plaus- 
ible manner. 

play (pla), n. any exercise or occupa- 
tion for amusement; exertion of 
powers; diversion; pastime; drama, 
tragedy, or comedy; gaming: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. played]. 

playful (pla'fool), adj. sportive; live- 

playfully (pla-f oo-li) , adv. in a play- 
ful manner. 

playfulness (pla'f ool-nes) , n. playful 
state or disposition. 

plaza (pla'za), n. an open square or 
market place. [Spanish.] 

plea (pie), n. an excuse or apology; 
the defendant's answer to the plain- 
tiff's declaration in a lawsuit; ur- 
gent entreaty. 

plead (pled), v.i. to argue or rea- 
son in support of a cause against 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PLEADINGS 



628 



PLIANT 



another; argue before a court of 
law; supplicate earnestly: v.t. dis- 
cuss or defend by arguments; offer 
as an excuse^ [French.] 

pleadings (pled'ingz), n.pl. the writ- 
ten statements of the two parties in a 
lawsuit. 

pleasant (plez'ant), n. grateful to 
the mind or senses; delightful; 
agreeable; cheerful; facetious. 

pleasantry (plez'ant-ri), n. merri- 
ment; lively talk; gaiety; a laugh- 
able trick or joke. 

please (plez), v.t. to gratify; give 
pleasure to; gain approbation from: 
v.i. to afford pleasure or gratifica- 
tion; like or choose. [French.] 

pleased (plez^d), p. adj. gratified. 

pleasing (plez'ing), p. adj. affording 
pleasure; agreeable. 

pleasurable (plezh'u-ra-bl) , adj. grat- 
ifying; delightful. 

pleasurably (plezh'u-ra-bli) , adv. in a 
pleasurable manner. 

pleasure (plezh'ur), n. gratification; 
agreeable emotions, mental or phy- 
sical; transient enjoyment; sensual 
gratification. 

pleat, another form of plait. 

plebeian (ple-be'an), adj. pertaining 
to the Plebs or Roman commonalty; 
pertaining to the common people: 
opposed to patrician: n. one of the 
common people. 

plebeianism (ple-be'an-izm), n. vul- 
garity. 

plebiscite (plab'i-set), n. a vote taken 
of the entire male community by 
universal suffrage on some special 
matter submitted; the decree 
founded on such a vote. [French.] 

pledge (plej), n. anything placed as 
a security or guarantee; pawn; host- 
age; a health in drinking: v.t. to give 
as security or guarantee; deposit in 
pawn; drink to the health of. 

pledget (pleg'et), n. a flat piece of lint 
placed over a wound. 

Pleiades (pli'a-dez), n.pl. the cluster 
of seven stars in the constellation 
Taurus; from the seven daughters of 
Atlas and Pleione, changed after 
death into stars. [Greek.] 

plenary (ple'na-ri), adj. full; com- 
plete. 

plenipotentiary (plen-i-po-ten'shi : a- 
ri), adj. having full power: n. a min- 



ister to a foreign court invested with 
full powers. His rank is still below 
that of an ambassador. [Late Latin.] 

plenist (ple'nist), n. one who holds 
the theory that all space is filled 
with matter. [Latin.] 

plenitude (plen'i-ttid) , n. fulness. 

plenteous (plen'te-us) , adj. abundant; 
amply sufficient. 

plentiful (plen'ti-f ool) , adj. yielding 
abundance; copious. 

plentifully (plen'ti-f oo-li) , adv. abun- 
dantly. 

plenty (plen'ti)_, n. abundance 

pleonasm (ple'o-nazm) , n. use of 
more words than necessary in speak- 
ing or writing. [Greek.] 

pleonastic (ple-o-nas'tik), adj. redun- 
dant, unnecessarily repeated. 

pleonastically (ple-o-nas'ti-ka-li), adv. 
redundantly. 

plet (plet), n. a kind of birch-rod, 
used in Russian prisons. [Russian.] 

plethora (pleth'6-ra) , n. excessive 
fulness of blood; overabundance. \ 

plethoric (pleth'o-rik) , adj. having 
excess ofblood. [Greek.] 

pleura (ploo'ra), n. [pi. pleurae (ploo'- 
re)], a delicate serous membrane 
covering the interior of the thorax 
and each lung. [Greek.] 

pleural (ploo'ral), adj. pertaining to 
the pleura.__ 

pleurisy (ploo'ri-si), n. inflammation 
of the pleura. 

pleuritic (ploo-rit'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or affected with, pleurisy. 
Also pleuritical. 

pleuro, a Greek prefix meaning rib or 
side, as pleurodynia, rheumatism of 
the chest walls. 

pleuro- pneumonia (ploo-ro-nu-mo'- 
ni-a), n. inflammation of the pleura 
and lungs. m 

plevin (plev'in), n. a warrant. 

plexus (plek'sus), n. a network of 
veins, nerves, &c. [Latin.] 

pliability (pli-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being pliable. Also 
pliableness. [French.] 

pliable (pll'a-bl), adj. easily bent; 
flexible; easy to be persuaded. 

pliably (pli'a-bli), adv. in a pliable 
manner. 

pliancy (pli'an-si), n. pliant quality % 

pliant (pll'ant), adj. flexible ; easily 
bent; yielding to moral suasion. 



Ht.e, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PLICATE 



629 



PLURALITY 



plicate (pll'kat), adj. plaited; folded 
in the form of a fan. Also plicated. 

pliers (pli'erz), n. a kind of small 
pinchers for seizing and bending, 
especially small articles. 

plight (put), n. a dangerous or dis- 
tressed condition; predicament; 
pledge; promise: v.t. to pledge, as 
one's faith. 

plinth (plinth), n. the lowest square- 
shaped part of the base of a column, 
pedestal, &c; the projecting face at 
the bottom of a wall. [Greek.] 

plod (plod), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. plodded, 
p.pr. plodding], to travel laborious- 
ly; drudge or toil; study closely. 

plot (plot), n. a complicated scheme, 
conspiracy, or plan; intrigue; chain 
of incidents in a play, novel, &c, 
gradually developed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
plotted, p.pr. .plotting], to devise; 
make a plan of: v.i. to conspire; 
to plan against another. [French.] 

plover (pluv'er), n. a wading bird of 
various species. 

plow, plough (plou), n. an agricul- 
tural implement for turning up the 
soil; a grooving-plane: v.t. to turn 
up with a plow; furrow. 

plowshare, ploughshare (plou'shar), 
n. the iron part of a plow that cuts 
the soil. 

pluck (pluk), v.t. to pull off, out, or 
up; snatch; pick or gather; reject 
as a candidate in an examination: 
n. a pull; the hea/t, liver and lungs 
of an animal; courage. 

pluckily (pluk'i-li), ado. courageously. 

plucky (pluk'i), adj. [comp. pluckier, 
superl. pluckiest], having courage 
or pluck. 

plug (plug), n. a piece of wood, &c, 
used for stopping a hole: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. plugged, p.pr. plugging], to 
stop with a plug. 

plum (plum), n. & tree, Prunus do- 
mestica, or its well-known fruit; a 
raisin; a large fortune. [English.] 

plumage (plum'aj), n. a bird's feath- 
ers. 

plumb (plum), n. a heavy body, usu- 
ally of lead, suspended at the ex- 
tremity of a line to indicate the per- 
pendicularity of work done, as a 
wall, &c: adj. prependicular : adv. 
perpendicularly: v.t. to adjust by 
a plumb-line; make perpendicular; 



sound (the depth of water) by a 
plummet. .[Latin.] 

plumbago (plum-ba/go), n. a mineral 
of carbon and iron, used for lead 
pencils; a form of carbon. 

plumber (plum'er), n. one who is en- 
gaged in the business of plumbing. 

plumbing (plum'ing), n. the art or 
occupation of putting into buildings 
the pipes, traps, &c, for the con- 
veyance of water, gas, and sewage, 

plumb-line (plum'lin), n. a line at- 
tached to a mass of lead to indicate 
the perpendicular ; perpendicular line. 

plumcot (plum'kot), n. a fruit com- 
bining the plum and apricot. Cre- 
ated by Luther Burbank. 

plume (ploom), n. a feather; a feath- 
er worn as an ornament. 

plummet (plum'et), n. a leaden 
weight attached to a string used for 
sounding depths, &c. 

plump (plump), adj. round and sleek 
with fulness of flesh; in good condi- 
tion; downright; unqualified: adv. 
with a sudden or heavy fall: v.i. to 
grow plump; fall or sink down; to 
vote for a single candidate when one 
has the right to vote for two or 
more: v.t. to make plump: fatten. 

plumy (ploo'mi), adj. feathered. 

plunder (plun'der), n. booty; pil- 
lage: v.t. to take by open force; 
spoil; rob. 

plunderage (plun'der-aj), n. the em- 
bezzlement of goods on board ship. 

plunge (plunj), v.t. to put suddenly 
into any liquid; immerse; baptize 
by immersion: v.i. to fall, or rush, aa 
into water; dive; throw the body 
forward and the legs up, as a horse; 
bet heavily and thoughtlessly: n. 
the act of plunging; sudden fall. 

plunger (plunj 'er) , n. one who plunges ; 
a diver ; the long solid cylinder or pis- 
ton of a pump ; one who bets heavily 
and thoughtlessly. 

pluperfect (ploo'per-fekt), adj. not- 
ing an event or action occurring 
prior to some other event or action. 

plural (ploo'ral), adj. consisting of 
more than one : n. that form of a word 
that expresses more than one. 

plurality (ploo-ral'i-ti), n. the ma- 
jority; the greatest of three or more 
numbers; the excess of votes cast 
for any one candidate over the can- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; i56n, book ; 

lriie, hut ; think, then. 



PLURALIZE 



630 



POETRY 



didate who receives the next largest 
number of votes at an election where 
there are three or more candidates 
for the sameoffice. 

pluralize (ploo'ral-iz) , v.t. to make 
plural. 

plus (plus), n. the sign ( + ) used to 
denote addition: adj. more (by a 
certain amount) ; increased (by a 
specified addition) ; above zero. 

plush (plush), n. a kind of shaggy 
cloth with a pile; woolen velvet. 

plutocracy (ploo-tok'ra-si) , ft. rule 
or government by the rich. [Greek.] 

plutocrat (ploo'to-krat) , ft. one who 
exercises political power or influence 
by virtue of his wealth. 

Plutonian (ploo-to'ni-an), adj. per- 
taining to Pluto, the god of the lower 
world, or to the lower regions of 
fire; igneous. Also Plutonic. 

Plutonic rocks (ploo-ton'ik roks'), 
n.pl. igneous rocks. 

pluvial (ploo'vi-al), adj. rainy. [Latin.] 

Pluviose g (ploo'vi-os) , ft. the fifth 
month in the calendar of the first 
French Republic. 

ply (pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plied, p.pr. 
plying], to work on closely; prac- 
tice diligently or earnestly; urge or 
solicit: v.i. to run regularly between 
two ports; work against the wind. 

pneumatic (nfi-mat'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, consisting of, containing, 
like, or moved by, air. Also pneu- 
matical. [Greek.] 

pneumatically (nu-mat'i-ka-li), adv. 
by air. 

pneumatics (nti-mat'iks), n.pl. the 
science that treats of the mechanical 

Eroperties of air and similar elastic 
aids. 

pneumatic- tire (nu-mat'ik-tir'), ft. a 
rubber tire inflated with compressed 
air, used for automobile, bicycle, or 
carriage wheels. 

pneumo, a Greek prefix meaning lung. 

pneumonia (nu-mo'ni-a), ft. acute in- 
flammation of the lungs. 

pneumonic (nu-mon'ik), adj. per- 
taining to the lungs. 

poach (poch), v.i. to trespass upon 
preserves to shoot or steal game 
v.t. to steal game from; plunder by 
stealth; cook (eggs) by breaking 
them into boiling water. 

poacher (poch'er), ft. one who poaches. 



poachy (poch'i), adj. swampy; 
marshy: said of land. 

pochard (poch'ard), ft. the sea-duck. 

pock (pok), ft. a pustule on the skin 
containing eruptive matter. 

pocket (pok'et), ft. a small bag in- 
serted in a garment for carrying 
small articles; a small netted bag 
in a billiard table for the reception 
of the balls; a small quantity. 

pod (pod), ft. the pericarp or the cov- 
ering of the seed of certain plants, 
as the pea, &c: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
podded, p.pr. podding], to swell or 
fill, as a pod; produce pods. 

podge (poj), ft. a puddle. 

podgy (poj'i), adj. short and fat. 

podium (po'di-um), ft. a low wall, 
usually with a plinth and cornice, in 
the front of an edifice to support 
pillars; that part of an amphithea- 
ter which projects over the arena; a 
balcony. 

podocarp (pod'o-karp), ft. the stem 
which supports the fruit of a plant. 

podophyllin (pod-6-fiTin), n. a purga- 
tive resin obtained from the root of 
the May-apple. 

poe (po'e), ft. a food made from the 
roots of the taro plant by the natives 
of Hawaii. 

poe bird (berd), ft. the parson bird 
of New Zealand, with a plumage of 
a dark metallic hue. 

poem (po'em), ft. a metrical or poetical 
composition; a poetic conception. 

poesy (po'e-si), ft. the art of compos- 
ing poems. 

poet (po'et), n. the author of a poem; 
one gifted in writing poetry; one 
who is strongly imaginative. Fem- 
inine poetess. [Latin.] 

poetaster (po'et-as-ter), ft. an inferior 
poet; a writer of jingles or doggerel. 

poetic (po-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
suitable to, or expressed in, poetry; 
sublime. Also poetical. 

poet laureate (law're-at), ft. a court 
poet appointed by the British Sov- 
ereign, and supposed to write poems 
at the royal command; though in 
fact, all obligation has ceased and 
the office is a sinecure. Among the 
later laureates have been William 
Wordsworth, Robert Southey, Alfred 
Tennyson, and Alfred Austin. 

poetry (po'et-ri), ft. a metrical compo- 



site, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then, 



POGROM 



631 



POLICE 



eition produced or embellished by 
creative imagination ; utterance in 
song; poems collectively. 

pogrom (po'grom), n. a Russian word 
signifying riotous devastation, de- 
struction. 

poignancy (poin'yan-si), n.'the state 
or quality of being poignant. 

poignant (poin'yant), adj. stimulating 
to the palate; irritating; very pain- 
ful. [French.] 

poinsettia (pom-set 'i-a), n. a Mexi- 
can plant with handsome flowers. 

point (point), n. the sharp end of 
any instrument: mark or dot; indi- 
visible part; mark in punctuation; 
that which has position but no mag- 
nitude; a spot; exact place; critical 
moment; expression or force \ sting 
of an epigram; aim; act of aiming; 
small cape or' promontory; lace 
wrought with the needle; railway 
switch; unit of measurement for 
type-bodies = .0138 inch, or one- 
twelfth of a pica: v.t. to sharpen; 
give a point to; direct or aim; mark 
with points; fill the joints of (ma- 
sonry) with mortar and smooth 
them with a trowel: v.i. to indicate; 
show clearly. 

point-blank (point'blangk), adj. hor- 
izontal; aimed directly at the 
mark; direct; plain. 

pointed (point'ed), # p.^&y. snarpened; 
having a sharp point ; direct ; telling ; 
personal; epigrammatic; Gothic. 

pointer (point'er), n. one who, or that 
which, points; a variety of dog 
trained to point game. 

pointing (pointing), n. punctuation; 
the act or operation of filling in the 
crevices of masonry with mortar. 

pointless (point 'les), adj. having no 
point; inane; stupid. 

poise (poiz), n. weight; balance; equi- 
librium: v.t. to balance; weigh; ascer- 
tain or examine: v.i. to be in a state 
of equilibrium. 

poison (poi'zn), n. anything noxious 
or destructive to life, health, or mor- 
ality; venom: v.t. to infect with, 
or kill by, poison; administer poison 
to; corrupt. 

poisonous (poi'zn-us), adj. having the 
qualities of poison; deadly; injurious 
to health. 

poke (pok), n. a thrust or push; a 



bag or sack: v.t. to thrust or push 
against, especially with something 
pointed: v.i. to grope or feel about 
in the dark; search. 

poker (pok'er), n. a metal bar for stir- 
ring firesj acard game. 

poking (pok'ing), adj. servile; drudg- 
ing. 

poky (po'ki), adj. lacking spirit or 
interest; slow; stupid. 

Polack (po'lak), n. a name given in this 
country (especially in Pennsylvania) 
to Poles. 

polar (po'lar), adj. pertaining to, 01 
situated near, either of the poles, 
especially the North Pole ; pertaining 
to the magnetic poles. 

polariscope (po-lar'i-skop), n. an in- 
strument for exhibiting polarized 
light. 

polarity (po-lar'i-ti),?i. the property 
possessed by certain bodies, as in 
electrified or magnetized bodies, by 
which they arrange themselves in 
certain directions or tend to given 
poles. 

polarization (po-lar-i-za'shun), n. the 
act of polarizing; the state of being 
polarized. 

polarize (po'lar-iz), v.t. to communi- 
cate polarity to. 

pole (pol), n. a long staff; a measure 
= 53^2 yards; a square measure - 
3034 yards; a measuring instru- 
ment: one of the extremities of the 
imaginary axis of the earth; one of 
the two points in a magnet in which 
the attractive or repellent force is 
concentrated; that on which any- 
thing revolves; the extreme oppo- 
site. 

polecat (pol'kat), n. a small carnivo- 
rous animal which emits a strong of- 
fensive odor. See skunk. 

polemic (po-lem'ik), n. a controver- 
sialist: pi. the art of controversy; 
controversial writings, especially 
those on religious subjects. [Greek.] 

polemical (po-lern'i-kal) , adj. con- 
troversial. 

polemically (po-lem'i-ka-li) , adv. con- 
troversially. 

pole-star (pol'star), n. the north star 
(Polaris) situated in Ursa Minor, 
within 13^ degrees of the true pole; 
a guide. 

police (po-lesO, n. in a city, town, or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



POLICEMAN 



632 



POLYANDRY 



district, an organized force of civil 
officers for preserving order. 

policeman (po-les'man), n. a member 
of a police force. 

policy (pori-si), n. [pi. policies (pol'i- 
siz)], the art or method of govern- 
ment; management of public affairs; 
system of regulative measures; sa- 
gacity in management^ course of 
conduct; prudence; cunning; a doc- 
ument given to insurers containing 
a contract of insurance; a warrant 
for money in the public funds; a 
gambling game. [Old French.] 

poliomyelitis (pol'i-o-mi'e-li-tis), n. 
inflammation of the gray matter of 
the spinal cord, in children called 
infantile paralysis. 

polish (porish) , v.t. to make smooth or 
glossy by friction; make polite or 
refined: v.i. to become polished: n. a 
smooth, glossy surface; a prepara- 
tion for imparting a polish; refine- 
ment or elegance of manners. 

Polish (polish), adj. pertaining to 
Poland, its language, or to its in- 
habitants. 

polite (po-llf), adj. well-bred; refined 
in manner; courteous or obliging. 

politeness (po-llt'nes) , n. good-breed- 
ing; courtesy. 

politesse (pol-i-tes') , n. over-acted 
politeness. _ 

politic (pol'i-tik), adj. shrewd; spe- 
cious; sagacious: especially in pol- 
icy; adapted to promote the welfare 
of the state: n.pl. the art of govern- 
ment or the administration of public 
affairs; political opinions; party 
management or control. 

political (po-lit'i-kal), adj. pertaining 
to politics, or to a nation or state; 
derived from government. 

political economy (e-kon'o-mi) , n. 
the science that treats of wealth, its 
nature, production, distribution, and 
consumption, and the laws which 
regulate and govern these. 

politician (pol'i-tish-un), n. one who 
is skilled in politics; a statesman. 

politico- geographical (po-lit'i-ko-je- 
o-graf'i-kalj, adj. expressing # a man- 
ner of study which takes into ac- 
count the geographical as well as the 
purely political conditions in any 
period of history. 

politics, see under politic. 



polity (pol'i-ti), n. the form or consti- 
tution of the civil government of a 
state* constitution. 

polka (pol'ka), n. an old-time dance of 
Bohemian origin, performed by two 
persons; the music suitable for such 
a dance. 

poll (pol), n. the head, especially the 
back part of it; a register of per- 
sons, especially those entitled to vote 
at elections; an election ; number of 
votes recorded at an election; place 
where votes are cast: v.t, to lop; 
clip or shear; enroll in a register; 
bring to the poll, as a voter; to cast 
or deposit in a ballot box; to poll a 
jury is to examine each member in- 
dividually as to his concurrence in 
the verdict. 

pollack (pol'ak), n. a species of cod- 
fish. 

pollard (pol'ard), n. a tree lopped or 
polled; a stag that has cast its horns; 
a mixture of bran and meal; the 
chub-fish. 

pollen (pol'en), n. the fertilizing pow- 
der in the cells of the antlers of 
flowers. 

pollination (pol-i-na/shun) , n. the 
conveyance of pollen from the antler 
to the stigma of a flower. 

pollock, same as pollack. 

poll-tax (pol'taks), n. a capitation 
tax. 

pollute (pol-lut'), v.t. to defile; ren- 
der unclean; corrupt; violate. 

pollution (pol-lu'shun), n. the act of 
polluting; defilement; legal or cere- 
monial uncleanness. 

polo (po'lo), n. a game similar to 
hockey, played on horseback. 

polonaise (po-lo-naz'), n. a, dress, 
body and skirt made in one; a Po- 
lish air or dance. 

polonium (po-lo'nium), a radio-active 
element. 

poltophagic (pol-to-pha/gic) , adj. fine- 
ly chewed or masticated. [Greek.] 

poltroon (pol-troon/), n. a coward. 

poly, a prefix meaning many, much. 

polyandrous (pol-i-an'drus) , adj. hav- 
ing more than one husband at the 
same time. [Greek.] 

polyandry (pol-i-an'dri) , n. the prac- 
tice of a woman's having more than 
one husband at the same time: op- 
posed to monandry. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



POLYANTHUS 



633 



PONDEROSITY 



polyanthus (pol-i-an'thus) , n. a hand- 
some flower ; a cultivated variety of 
the oxlip primrose. 

polychromatic (pol-i-kro-mat'ik), adj. 
exhibiting a play of colors. 

polychrome (pori-krom), adj. having 
many colors: n. a work executed in 
many colors. 

polygamist (p5-lig'a-mist) , n. one 
who practices or upholds polyg- 
amy. 

polygamous (po-lig'a-mus) , apper- 
taining to, or practicing, polygamy. 

polygamy (po-lig'a-mi) , n. the prac- 
tice of having more than one wife at 
the same time. Opposed to monog- 
amy. 

polyglot (pol'i-glot), adj. contain- 
ing many languages: n. a book, es- 
pecially an edition of the Bible, in 
several languages. 

polygon (pori-gon), n. a figure having 
many angles. 

polygraph (pol'i-graf), n. a manifold 
writer. 

polyhedral (pol-i-he'dral) , adj. hav- 
ing many sides or faces. Also 
polyhedrous. polyhedric. 

polyhedron (pol : i-he'dron), n. a solid 
having many sides or faces; a poly- 
scope. 

polyp (pol'ip), n. an extensive group of 
radiated animals including the hydra 
sea-anemone, &c. Also polype, poly- 
pus. 

polypod (pol'i-pod), adj. having many 
feet. 

polypus (pol'i-pus), n. [j)l. polypi 
(pol'i-pi)] a fleshy tumor in the nose 
or uterus; a polype. 

polyscope (pol'i-skop), n. a multi- 
plying lens. 

polystyle (pol'i-stll), n. a building 
with many columns. 

polysyllabic (pol-i-sil-ab'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting of, three or 
more syllables. 

polysyllable (pol-i-sira-bl) , n. a word 
consisting of three or more syl- 
lables. [Greek.] 

polytechnic (pol-i-tek'nik) , adj. not- 
ing, including, or giving instruction 
in, the arts and sciences: n. a school 
for imparting instruction in the arts 
and sciences. [Greek.] 

polytheism (pol'i-the-izm) , n. the 
doctrine of a plurality of gods, each 



taking a part in the government of 
the world. [Greek.] 

polytheist (pol'i-the-ist) , n. a believer 
in polytheism. 

polytheistic (pol-i-the-is'tik) , adj. re- 
lating to polytheism. 

polytype (pol'i-tip), n. a facsimile in 
metal of an engraving on wood, &c. 

pomace (pum'as), n. the juicy pulp 
which remains after squeezing out 
the cider from the press. 

pomade (po-mad'), n. a perfumed 
ointment for dressing the hair. Also 
pomatum. [French.] 

pomegranate (pom'gran-at) , n. a tree 
with an orange-like, edible fruit with 
a thick rind and many seeds. 

pommel (pum'el), n. the knob on a 
sword-hilt ; the high part of a saddle- 
bow: v.t. to beat with anything 
thick or bulky ; bruise. Also pummel. 

pommeling (pum'el-ing) , n. a beat- 
ing. 

pomology (po-mol'o-ji),^ n. the sci- 
ence of cultivating fruit and fruit- 
trees, especially apples; a treatise 
on fruits. 

Pomona (po-mo'na)^ n. the Roman 
goddess, who presided over fruit 
and vines. 

pomp (pomp), n. ostentatious dis- 
play; grandeur; parade. 

pompom (pom'pom), n. a, machine 
gun firing an explosive shell and of 
larger caliber than that of the regular 
machine gun. 

pompon (pom'pon), n. a tufted orna- 
ment; a variety of chrysanthemum. 

pomposity (pom-pos'i-ti), n. the state 
of being pompous. Also pompous- 
ness. 

pompous (pom'pus), adj. stately: 
grand; self-important; ostentatious. 

poncho (pon'cho), n. a sort of cloak 
or loose woolen garment worn in 
Spanish America. 

pond (pond), n. a pool of standing 
water. 

ponder (pon'der), v.t. to weigh men- 
tally: v.i. to deliberate. 

ponderability (pon-der-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the state of being ponderable. Also 
ponder ableness. 

ponderable (pon'der-a-bl) , adj. cap- 
able of being weighed. 

ponderosity (p o n-d e r-o s'i-t i) , n. 
weight. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
43 hue, hut ; think, then. 



PONDEROUS 



634 



POPULATE 



ponderous (pon'der-us) , adj. very 
heavy; weighty; important; dull. 

pone (pon), n. bread made of maize- 
meal, milk,_ &c. (Southern U.S.) 

pongee (pon-je'),n. a kind of light wash 
silk made in China. It is spun by a 
wild silkworm that feeds on oak- 
leaves. 

poniard (pon'yard), n. a small dag- 
ger: v.t. to stab with a poniard. 

pons asinorum (ponz-as-i-no'rum), n. 
"bridge of asses." The fifth propo- 
sition of Euclid's first book. [Latin.] 

pontiff (pon'tif), n. a high priest; the 
Pope. 

pontifical (pon-tif 'i-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to -a pontiff, high priest, or 
pope; papal: n. sl book containing 
ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies: 
pi. the full dress worn by an officiat- 
ing priest or bishop. 

pontifically (pon-tif 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
pontifical manner. \ 

pontificate (pon-tif i-kat) , n. the of- 
fice or dignity of a high priest or 
pope; the reign of a pope. 

pontoon (pon-toon'), n. sl buoyant 
structure supporting a floating mili- 
tary bridge; a bridge of boats. 

pony (po'ni), n. [pi. ponies (po'niz)], 
a small horse; a very small glass of 
beer or liquor; student's key to 
translation of Latin or Greek les- 
sons; often used adjectively to de- 
note something small of its kind, as 
a pony engine. 

pooh-pooh (poo-poo'), . inter j. a con- 
temptuous ejaculation like bah, 
pah, shoo! v.t. to express contempt for. 

pool (pool), n. a small body of water; 
a variety of play at billiards; the 
stakes in certain games or the re- 
ceptacle for them: v.t.^ to unite, as 
in mercantile risks, railway traffic, 
&c. 

poop (poop), n. the stern of a ship; 
the raised deck in the stern of a ves- 
sel: v.t. to strike the stern of; break 
heavily over the stern of: said of 
waves. 

pooped (poopt), p. adj. having a 
poop ; struck on the poop by a heavy 
sea. 

poor (po(5r), adj. necessitous; having 
little or no means: without strength, 
beauty, or dignity; dejected; spirit- 
less; insignificant; without fertility; 



an expression of tenderness, com- 
passion, or disdain. 

poor-house (poor'hous), n. a house 
set apart by counties or districts in 
the United States for the care of in- 
digent and helpless poor. 

poorly (poor'li), adv. without adequate 
means; with scant success: adj. 
somewhat ill; delicate in health. 

poor-master (poor'mas-ter), n. the 
warden or keeper of a poorhouse. 

pop (pop), n. a short, smart, quick 
sound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. popped, p.pr. 
popping], to thrust suddenly; pawn: 
v.i. to make a short, smart sound; 
move quickly; dart; come suddenly 
into view: adv. suddenly. In Eng- 
land "pop" means "ginger-pop," 
a sort of ginger ale. 

pop-corn (pop'korn), n. any variety of 
Indian corn or maize having small 
ears and small, hard grains. The 
grains "pop" and expand when ex- 
posed to heat of a fire. 

Pope (pop), n. the bishop of Rome 
and head of the Roman Catholic 
Church; a title of priests of the 
Greek Church. 

popedom (pop'dum), n. the office, dig- 
nity, or jurisdiction of the Pope. 

popinjay (pop'in-ja), n. a parrot; fop. 

poplar (pop'lar), n. a tree of rapid 
growth, with a white soft wood. 

poplin (pop'lin), n. a fabric of silk and 
worsted. 

poppet (pop'et), n. one of the timbers 
that support a ship in launching; a 
term of endearment. 

poppy (pop'i), n. any plant of the genus 
Papaver, with bright showy flowers; 
from one species {Papaver somnif- 
erum) opium is obtained. 

poppy-cock (pop'i-kok), n. a boastful, 
conceited manner of speaking. 

populace (pop'u-las), n. the common 
people. 

popular (pop'u-lar), adj. pertaining 
to, suitable for, or pleasing to, the 
common people; easily understood; 
plebeian. 

popularity (pop-u-lar'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being popular; 
general esteem. 

popularize (pop'u-lar-iz), v.t. to ren- 
der popular. 

populate (pop'u-lat), v.t. to furnish 
with inhabitants. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



POPULATION 



635 



PORTION 



population (pop-u-la'shun), n. the 
inhabitants of a country, place, 
town, &c, collectively. 

populous (pop'ii-lus), adj. thickly 
peopled. 

porcelain (pors'lan), n. a fine white, 
thin, semi-transparent kind of earth- 
enware: adj. pertaining to, or made 
of, porcelain. [French.] 

porch (porch), n. a vestibule sup- 
ported by^ pillars; portico. 

porcine (por'sin), adj. pertaining to 
swine. [Latin.] 

porcupine (por'ku-pm) , n. a rodent 
covered with spines, of the genus 
Hystrix. 

pore (por), n. a minute hole in the 
skin through . which perspiration 
passes to the surface; an opening 
between the molecules of a body: v.i. 
to look with close and steady atten- 
tion, as on a book. 

P or gy. (por'ji), n. any one of several 
species of surf fishes of the Pacific 
coast. The name is also given lo- 
cally to several other fishes. 

pork (pork), n. the flesh of swine 
either fresh or salted. 

pork-barrel (pork'bar'el), n. facetious 
term for a Congressional appropria- 
tion bill which popularizes Con- 
gressmen by providing benefits in 
the Congressman's district, chiefly 
applied to Rivers and Harbors and 
Public Buildings bills. 

porker (pork'er) , n. a pig. 

porosity (por-os'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being porous. Also por- 
ousness. 

porous (por'us), adj. having pores. 

porphyritic (por-fi-rit'ik), adj. hav- 
ing the appearance, or texture, of 
porphyry (por'fi-ri) : n. originally a 
reddish igneous rock found in 
Egypt, with enclosed crystals of 
feldspar; now applied to any rock 
having a feldspathic base with 
feldspar crystals. [Greek.] 

porpoise (por'pus), n. a cetaceous 
mammal of the genus Phocaena; the 
sea-hog. [French.] 

porridge (por'ij), n. oatmeal boiled 
slowly in water until it thickens. 

porringer (por'in-jer), n. sl small dish 
for porridge, &c. 

port (port), n. a harbor; harem; de- 
portment or carriage; the left side 



of a ship; porthole; gate; a dark 
colored Portuguese wine from Opor- 
to: v.t. to turn to the port or left side 
of a ship: as, to port the helm. 

portability (port-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being portable. Also port- 
ableness. 

portable (pqrt'a-bl), adj. that may be 
easily carried by hand or about the 
person. 

portage (port'aj), n. carriage; cost of 
carriage; a break in a chain of water 
communication over which gooda 
boats, &c, have to be carried. 

portal (port'al), n. a gate or entrance; 
an arch over_a gateway or door. 

portcullis (port-kul'is), n. a strong 
harrow-shaped grating hung over 
the doorway of a fortified place and 
capable of being let down to defend 
the gate. 

Porte (port), n. the Turkish govern- 
ment and court: so called from the 
gate of the Sultan's palace where 
justice was administered. 

portemonnaie (port'mon-a), n. a 
purse. [French] 

portend (por-tend'), v.t. to indicate 
in advance; presage; forbode. 

portent (por 'tent), n. an omen, es- 
pecially of ill. 

portentous (por-ten'tus) , adj. omi- 
nous; foreshadowing evil; wondrous. 

porter (por'ter), n. a door- or gate- 
keeper; a dark-colored malt beer; 
one who carries parcels, &c, for 
hire. Feminine porteress. [Latin.] 

porterage (por'ter -aj), n. money 
charged for carriage by a porter. 

portfire (port 'fir), n. a paper tube 
filled with powder, &c, formerly 
used for firing guns_. 

portfolio (port-fo'li-o), n. a portable 
case for loose papers, drawings, &c. ; 
the office and functions of a minister 
of state. 

porthole (port 'hoi), n. a window- 
shaped hole in the side of a ship, 
especially of a man-of-war. 

portico (por'ti-ko), n. [pi. porticos 
(por'ti-koz) ], a walk covered by 
a roof supported on columns; a 
columned porch. 

portiere (por-tiar'), n. a door-curtain. 
[French] _ 

portion (por'shun), n. a piece or part; 
allotment; dividend; final state; 



ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, fften. i 



PORTLINESS 



636 



POSTAL-ZONE 



dowry; part of an estate descending 
to an heir: v.t. to divide; allot; en- 
dow with a fortune. 

portliness (port'li-nes) , n. the state of 
being portly. 

portly (port'li), adj. stately of mien; 
corpulent. 

portmanteau (port-man'to) , n. [pi. 
portmanteaux (port-man'toz)], a bag 
or trunk for carrying clothes or 
traveling necessities. [French.] 

portrait (por'trat), n. a picture or 
representation of an individual or 
face drawn from life ; a vivid graphic 
description in words. 

portraiture (por'tra-tur) , n. the art 
or practice of drawing or painting 
portraits; vivid delineation in words. 

portray (por-tra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. por- 
trayed, p.pr. portraying], to paint 
or draw the likeness of; describe in 
words. 

portrayal (por-tra/ al) , n. description. 

Portuguese (por-tu-gez'), adj. per- 
taining to Portugal, its inhabitants, 
or language. 

pose (poz), n. attitude or position: 
v.i. to assume an attitude: v.t. to 
puzzle; cause to be at a loss. 

poser (poz'er), n. a puzzling ques- 
tion; one who, or that which, poses 
or puzzles._ 

position (po-zish'un), n. the state of 
. being set or placed; situation; atti- 
tude; principle laid down; office; so- 
cial status. [Latin.] 

positive (poz'i-tiv), adj. clearly ex- 
pressed; actual; direct; explicit; 
overconfident ; dogmatical ; settled 
by arbitrary appointment; having 
power to act directly; noting the 
simple form of an adjective (posi- 
tive degree) : affected by the sign + 
(positive quantity) : n. that which 
may be affirmed; reality; a photo- 
graph with the natural lights and 
shades restored. [Latin.] 

positively (poz'i-tiv-li), adv. abso- 
lutely; expressly. 

positiveness (poz'i-tiv-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being positive. 

positivism (poz'i-tiv-izm), n. a French 
philosophical and religious system 
. originated by Auguste Comte (1798- 
1857), called also Comtism, and the 
Gospel of Reason. < It teaches that 
we can learn nothing except what 



relates to physical phenomena and 
comes to us through the senses. 
Hence Comte denies the existence 
of God. 

positivist (poz'i-tiv-ist), n. an ad- 
herent of positivism. 

posse (pos'e), n. an improvised force 
of men. 

posse eomitatus (kom-i-ta/tus) , the 
force of citizens which the sheriff 
of a county is empowered to raise 
to quell a_riot, &c. [Latin.] 

possess (po-zes'), v.t. to have as an 
owner; be master of; occupy; seize. 

possessed (po-zesf), p. adj. owned; 
mad. [Latin.] 

possession (po-zesh'un), n. the hav- 
ing, holding, or detention of prop- 
erty; the thing possessed; property 
or estate. 

possessive (po-zes'iv), adj. noting 
possession. 

possessor (po-zes'er), n. owner; one 
who possesses. 

possessory (po-zes'o-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to possession. 

posset (pos'et), n. milk curdled with 
wine, &c. 

possibility (pos-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being possible; contingency. 

possible (pos'i-bl), adj. that may hap- 
pen or exist. [Latin.] 

possibly (pos'i-bli), adv. by possi- 
bility; perhaps. 

possum, same as opossum. 

post (post), n. a piece of timber, &c, 
set erect, usually to support some- 
thing else; a messenger or postman; 
established system of conveying and 
delivering letters; a post-office; a 
relay of horses; situation or office: 
adj. a size of paper double that of 
common note-paper; military sta- 
tion: v.t. set or -station; transmit 
by post; carry to the ledger; inform 
fully: v.i. to travel with speed: 
adv. speedily. 

post, a Latin prefix meaning after, as 
post-date. 

postage (post'aj), the fee for the con- 
veyance of letters by post.^ 

postal (post'al) , adj. pertaining to the 
;postofnce or mail service. 

postal-zone (post'al-zon'),.™. one of 
the concentric zones used in the par- 
cels post system to adjust charges in 
accordance with distance. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



POSTDILUVIAL 



639 



POTSHERD 



postdiluvial (post-di-lu'vi-al) , adj 
taking place after the deluge. 

poster (post'er), n. a large advertising 
bill. 

posterior (pos-te'ri-er), adj. subse- 
quent in time or place; hinder: n. 
pi. the hinder parts of an animal. 

posterity (pos-ter'i-ti), n. succeeding 
generations ; descendants. 

postern (pos'tern), n. a small gate 
or door; vaulted passage beneath 
the parapet and through the rampart 
of a castle: adj. private. 

post facto (post fak'to), done after 
the act; retrospective. [Latin.] 

post-febrile (post-fe'bril), adj. per- 
taining to what comes after fever; 
languor. 

postfix (post'fiks), v.t. to affix. 

post-graduate (post-grad'u-at), n. 
in the U. S., a person who has taken 
the first degree (usually the bach- 
elor's), usually passes on to advanced 
study, and if successful, receives 
the degree of Ph.D. 

posthumous (post'u-mus), adj. born 
after the death of the father; pub- 
lished after_the death of an author. 

postilion (pos-til'yun), n. the rider 
on the near leader in a carriage. 

postmaster (post'mas-ter), n. the 
superintendent of a postoffice; one 
who supplies post-horses. 

postmaster - general (post'mas-ter- 
jen'er-al), n. the chief officer of the 
postoffice department. 
ost-meridian (post - me - rid'i - an) , 
adj. after noon. 

post-nasal (post-na/zal), adj. lying 
back of the nasal tract. 

postpone (post-pon'), v.t. to delay; 
defer. 

postponement (p5st-pon'ment) , n. 
the act of deferring to a future time; 
temporary delay. 

postscript (post'skript), n. sl para- 
graph added to a letter after the 
writer's signature; appendix to a 
book. 

postulate (pos'tu-lat), v.t. to assume 
without proof; solicit: n. a self- 
evident problem; a position assumed 
as self-evident. 

posture (rjos'tur), n. attitude; placing 
or position of parts of the body; 
state: v.i. to place the body in par- 
ticular postures. 



posy (po'zi), n. a bunch of flowers, 
originally a motto or verse sent with 
a bouquet. 

pot (pot), n. a metal vessel for hold- 
ing or boiling liquids, &c. ; a mug for 
liquor; a quart; a vessel of earthen- 
ware, &c, for holding plants; a size 
of paper 123^ x 15 inches; a large 
amount: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. potted, p.pr. 
potting], to preserve; put into, or 
plant in pots ; shoot. 

potable (po_^ta-bl), adj. drinkable. 

potance (po'tans), n. the stud in 
which the lower pivot of the verge 
of a watch is placed. 

potash (pot'ash), n. a powerful alka- 
li obtained from the ashes of certain 
plants. Also potass, potassa. 

potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. a monad 
element, the metallic base of potash. 

potation (po-ta'shun) , n. a draught 
or drink. [Old French.] 

potato (po-ta/to), n. [pi. potatoes 
(po-ta/toz)], the edible tuber of a 
South American plant, widely cul- 
tivated since the seventeenth cen- 
tury; the plant itself. White po- 
tatoes are most sought, but in 
southern countries the batata or 
sweet potato is a favorite. See yam. 

potency (po'ten-si), n. power, physical 
or mental. 

potent (po'tent), adj. powerful; hav- 
ing great authority or influence. 

potentate (po'ten-tat), n. one who 
possesses great power; sovereign 
or monarch. 

potential (po-ten'shal) , adj. existing 
in possibility, not in reality; latent; 
in grammar, expressing power, possi- 
bility, liberty, or obligation. 

potentiality (po-ten-shi-ari-ti), n. 
possibility without reality. 

potentially (po-ten'sha-li), adv. in a 
potential manner. 

pother (po^'er), n. confusion; bus- 
tle: v.i. to make a stir: v.t. to con- 
fuse; tease. 

pothouse (pot'hous), n. a low public- 
house. 

potion (po'shun), n. a draft; dose. 

pot-pourri (po-poo-re'), n. a # med- 
ley, especially of musical airs; a 
dish composed of various kinds of 
meats and vegetables. [French.] 

potsherd (pot'sherd), n. a fragment 
of a broken pot. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



J 



POTTAGE 



640 



PRACTICE 



pottage (pot'aj), n. a kind of soup. 

potter (pot'er), n. a maker of pottery. 

pottery (pot'er-i), n. [pi. potteries 
(pot'er-iz)], earthenware of all kinds; 
the place where it is manufactured. 

pottle (pot'l), n. a liquid measure = 
4 pints. 

pottoroo (pot-o-roo'), n. the kangaroo 
rat of Australia. Also potoroo. 

pouch (pouch), n. a small bag; 
pocket; bag or sack of an animal; 
cartridge-box; protuberant stomach. 

poulp (poolp), n. the octopus. Also 
poulpe. [French.] 

poult (polt), n. a pullet; a young 
chicken, turkey, partridge, &c. 

poulterer (pol'ter-er), n. a dealer in 
poultry. 

poultice (pol'tis), n. a soft preparation 
of bread, meal, &c, applied to a sore 
or inflamed part of the body ; a cata- 
plasm: v.t. to apply a poultice to. 

poultry (pol'tri), n. domestic fowls. 

pounce (pouns), n. a fine powder for- 
merly used for drying ink on paper, 
now chiefly used for sprinkling into 
holes in paper in patternmaking: 
the talon or claw of a bird of prey: 
v.t. to sprinkle with pounce: v.i. to 
fall upon and seize with, or as with, 
the claws. 

pound (pound), n. a standard weight 
= 16 ounces avoirdupois, or 12 
ounces troy; a monetary unit = 20 
shillings, or about $4.86; an inclos- 
ure for confining stray cattle: v.t. to 
shut in or confine in a pound; beat; 
pulverize as in a mortar: v.i. to plod. 

poundage (pound'aj), n. an allowance 
of so much in the pound. 

pour (por), v.t. to empty, as a liquid 
out of a vessel; discharge in a con- 
tinuous stream; send forth; give 
vent to; utter: v.i. to stream; rush 
tumultuously. 

pourboire (poor-bwar'), n. a~gratuity; 
a tip. 

pourparler (poor-par'la), n. [pi. pour- 
parlers (poor-par'laz)], a diplomatic 
consultation preliminary to a treaty. 

pout (pout), n. a poult; a thrusting 
out of the lips; fit of sullenness; a 
kind of codfish: v.i. to thrust out the 
lips in sullenness; displeasure. 

pouter (pout'er), n. one who pouts: a 
species of pigeon. 

poverty (pov'er-ti), n. the state of 



being poor ; indigence ; necessity; 
penury; deficiency or defect, as of 
words, &c. 

powder (pou'der), n. any dry sub- 
stance in fine particles; gunpowder; 
face-powder; a medicinal prepara- 
tion: v.t. to reduce to, or sprinkle 
with, powder; salt. 

powderless (pou'der-les), adj. desti- 
tute of gunpowder. 

power (pou'er), n. the faculty of do- 
ing or performing something; abil- 
ity; energy; force; strength; rule or 
authority; dominion; government; 
influence; mental capacity; legal 
authority; ruler or sovereign; state 
or nation; supernatural being or 
agent; force tending to produce mo- 
tion; magnifying power of a lens; 
the product arising from the multi- 
plication of a number into itself. 

powerful (pou'er-fool), adj. having 
great power; mighty; forcible; 
strong; efficacious. 

powerfully (pou'er-foo-li), adv. in a 
powerful manner. 

powerless (pou'er-les), adj. wanting in 
power; impotent; weak. 

pow-wow (pou'wou), n. a North 
American Indian priest or conjurer; 
an^ incantation accompanied with 
noise and dancing; a noisy political 
meeting: v.i. frolic noisily. [N. Am. 
Indian and so colloq. U. S.] 

pox (poks), n. an eruptive disease 
characterized by pustules; syphilis. 

pozzuolana (potz-oo-o-la/na) , n. vol- 
canic ashes used in hydraulic or Ro- 
man cement. [Italian.] 

praam (pram), n. a flat-bottomed 
boat or lighter used in Holland and 
the Baltic. 

practicability (prak-ti-ka-biri-ti), n. 
the state of being practicable. 

practicable (prak'ti-ka-bl) , adj. that 
may be done, used or passed over; 
feasible; possible. [Greek.] 

practicably (prak'ti-ka-bli) , adv. so 
as to be practicable. 

practical (prak r ti-kal) , adj. pertaining 
to action or use; useful; capable of 
applying knowledge or theory to 
practice ; derived from,^or reduced 
to, practice. 

practically (prak'ti-ka-li), adv. in a 
practical manner. 

practice (prak'tis), n. frequent or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 






PRACTITIONER 



641 



PRECAUTIONARY 



customary action; dexterity ac- 
quired by habit ; use ; exercise of any 
profession; systematic exercise: v.t. 
to do habitually or repeatedly; per- 
form; exercise, as a profession: v.i. 
to form a habit ; exercise a profession. 

practitioner (prak-tish'un-er), n. one 
who is engaged in the exercise of 
any profession, especially medicine 
or law. 

prae, see pre. 

praecipe (pre'si-pe), n. a writ requir- 
ing something to be done, or the rea- 
son why it is not performed. [Latin.] 

praenomen (pre-n5'men), n. a name 
prefixed to the family name. [Latin.] 

praetor (pre'ter),- n. a Roman " magis- 
trate ranking next to the consul. 

pragmatic (prag-mat'ik) , adj. med- 
dling; officious; assuming business 
airs. Also pragmatical. [Greek.] 

prairie (pra/ri), n. an extensive tree- 
less tract of level or slightly undu- 
lating land covered with tall coarse 
grass. [French.] < 

prairie-dog (pra'ri-dog), n. a small 
burrowing rodent that lives in com- 
munities on the prairies. 

praise (praz), n. approbation; com- 
mendation; tribute of gratitude for 
benefits; renown; applause; object 
or reason of praise: v.t. to bestow 
commendation upon; honor; wor- 
ship; glorify. [French.] 

Prakrit (prak'rit), n. a special dialect 
spoken by persons of low station in 
Sanskrit plays. The word Prakrit 
meant originally "natural," i. e. un- 
polished. 

prance (prans), n. a spring or bound: 
v.i. to spring or bound; ride osten- 
tatiously; strut about in a shadowy 
or bellicose manner. 

prandial (pran'di-al), adj. relating to a 
meal, chiefly dinner. [Latin.] 

prank (prangk),. n. a freak or frolic; 
mischievous trick: v.t. to dress up in 
a showy _style; decorate. 

prate (prat), v.i. to prattle; talk 
idly; be loquacious: v.t. to utter 
without sense or meaning: n. tri- 
fling talk. Also prating. 

pratique (pra-tek'). n. a license to a 
ship to trade after quarantine, or 
after a certificate has been given 
that the vessel has not come from an 
infected port. [French.] 



prattle (prat'l), n. childish or empty 
talk: v.i. to talk much and lightly; 
chatter. 

prawn (prawn), < n. a small marine 
crustacean, allied to the shrimp. 

praxis (prak'sis), n. an example or 
series of examples for exercise. 

pray (pra), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
prayed, v.pr. praying], to ask earn- 
estly; address or petition; ask with 
humility and reverence; supplicate. 

prayer (prar), n. a solemn address 
to the Supreme Being; entreaty; a 
formula of worship; that part of a 
petition which specifies the request 
or desire. [French.] 

prayer-book (prar'book), n. a manual 
of public or private devotion, con- 
taining forms of prayer. 

prayerful (prar'f ool), adj. using prayer; 
devotional. 

prayerfully (prar'foo-li), adv. in a 
prayerful manner; devoutly. 

pre, a Latin prefix meaning before, prior 
in time, space, or degree. 

preach (prech), v.i. to pronounce a 
public discourse on a sacred subject, 
especially from a text of Scripture; 
give advice in an offensive or obtru- 
sive manner on religious or moral 
grounds: v.t. to teach publicly; to 
give advice, sometimes obtrusively. 
[French.] 

preadamite (pre-ad'a-mit), n. a race 
of people who are supposed to have 
lived before Adam. 

preamble (pre'am-bl), n. an intro- 
duction or preface; the opening 
clauses of a statute setting forth 
the reasons and object of the 
act: commencing with the word 
whereas. 

preaudience (pre-aw'di-ens), n. the 
right of previous audience; preced- 
ence at the bar. [Latin.] 

prebend (preb'end), n. the stipend 
granted to a canon out of the es- 
tate of a cathedral or collegiate 
church. [Latin.] _ 

precarious (pre-ka'ri-us), adj. de- 
pending upon the will or pleasure of 
another ; uncertain ; held by a doubt- 
ful tenure. [Latin.] 

precaution (pre-kaw'shun), n. cau- 
tion taken beforehand; preventive 
measure. [Latin.] 

precautionary (pre - kaw'shun - a - ri) , 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
41 hue, hut ; think, then. 



PRECEDE 



642 



PREDENTIN AR1AN 



adj. containing, or proceeding from, 
precaution. 

precede (pre-sed'), v.t. to go before 
in time, place, rank, or importance. 

precedence (pre-se'dens), n. the act of 
going before in time, rank, &c; pri- 
ority; relative rank in social eti- 
quette. Also precedency. [Latin.] 

precedent (pres'e-dent), adj. going 
before; anterior: n. (pres'e-dent) 
something previously said or done, 
serving as an example to be fol- 
lowed; a parallel case in the past. 

preceding (pre-sed'ing), p. adj. going 
before; antecedent; former. 

precentor (pre-sen'ter), n. the leader 
of a cathedral choir, &c; the leader 
of the psalmody in a Presbyterian 
church. [Latin.] 

precept (pre'sept), n. an authorita- 
tive command; rule of action or 
moral conduct; maxim; written 
mandate. 

preceptor (pre-sept'ter), n. an in- 
structor or teacher. Fern, precep- 
tress. 

preceptory (pre-sep'to-ri), adj. giving, 
or containing, precepts: n. a college 
or religious house of the Knights 
Templars. 

precession (pre-sesh'un), n. a going 
forward, especially the slow but con- 
tinual shifting of the equinoctial 
points along the ecliptic from east 
to west {precession of the equi- 
noxes). [Latin.] 

precinct (pre'singkt), n. an outward 
limit or boundary; minor territorial 
district. [Latin.] 

precious (presh'us), adj. of great 
price or value; costly; highly es- 
teemed; worthless (in irony), 
[French.] 

precipice (pres'i-pis), a. a steep de- 
scent, especially one nearly or quite 
perpendicular. [Latin.] 

precipitance (pre-sip'i-tans), n. haste 
in resolving or carrying out a pur- 
pose. Also precipitancy. [Latin.] 

precipitant (pre-sip'i-tant), adj. fall- 
ing headlong; hasty: n. any chemical 
substance that causes something 
held in solution by a liquid to fall 
down in a solid state. 

precipitate (pre-sip'i-tat) , v.t. to throw 
headlong; urge on violently; hurry 
on rashly, thoughtlessly, or unex- 



pectedly; throw to the bottom of 
a vessel: v.i. to fall to the bottom of 
a vessel: adj. headlong; over hasty; 
rash: n. a substance precipitated. 

precipitately (pre-sip'i-tat-li), adv. in 
a precipitate manner. 

precipitation (pre-sip-i-ta'shun) , n. 
the act of precipitating ; rash haste ; 
that which is precipitated. 

precipitous (pre-sip'i-tus), adj. very 
steep; headlong; rash; hasty. 

precise (pre-sis')., adj. exact; strict; 
accurate; definite; adhering rigidly 
to rule; punctilious. [Latin.] 

precisely (pre-sis'li) , adv. in a precise 
manner. 

preciseness (pre-sis'nes) , n. the qual- 
ity of being precise. 

precisian (pre-sizh'an) , n. a punctili- 
ous or over precise person. 

preclude (pre-klood'), v.t. to shut out; 
hinder from access; obviate; pre- 
vent. [Latin.] 

preclusion (pre-kloo'zhun), n. the act 
of precluding; the state of being 
precluded. 

precocious (pre-ko'shus), adj. prema- 
turely ripe or developed; pertly for- 
ward. [French.] 

precocity (pre-kos'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being precocious ; prem- 
ature development. Also preco- 
ciousness. 

precognition (pre-kog-nish'un), n. 
previous knowledge or thought. 

preconceive (pre-kom-sev'), v.t. to 
form a notion or opinion of in ad- 
vance of exact knowledge or full 
information; to conceive beforehand. 

precursor (pre-ker'ser) , n. one who, 
or that which, precedes; forerunner; 
omen. [Latin.] 

precursory (pre-ker'so-ri) , adj. indi- 
cating something that is to happen 
or follow. 

predacious (pre : da'shus) , adj. living 
by prey. [Latin.] 

predatory (pred'a-to-ri) , adj. rapa- 
cious; plundering; pillaging. 

predecessor (pre-de-ses'er) , n. one 
who has preceded another in the 
same office, business, position, &c ; 
an ancestor. {Latin.] 

predestinarian (pre-des-ti-na/ri-an) , 
adj. pertaining to predestination: n. 
one who believes in the doctrine of 
predestination. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PREDESTINATE 



643 



PREHENSILE 



af- 



predestinate (pre-des'ti-nat), v.t. to 
ordain beforehand by an unchange- 
able purpose. 
predestination (pre-des-ti-na/shun) , 
n. the act of foreordaining; the 
doctrine that God has from all 
eternity decreed whatever comes to 
pass, especially, by an unchangeable 
purpose, the eternal life or death of 
man. 

predicability (pred-i-ka-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the state or quality of being predica- 
ble. [Latin.] 

predicabie (pred'i-ka-bl), adj. capable 
of being predicated: n. in logic, a 
term that can be predicated of 
others, and noting genus, species, 
difference, property, or accident. 

predicament (pre-dik'a-ment) , n. in 
logic, a category; a peculiar situa- 
tion; critical condition or state. 

predicate (pred'i-kat), v.t. to affirm 
one thing of another; found: n. in 
logic, that which is affirmed or 
denied of the subject. 

predication (pred-i-ka/shun) , n. af- 
firmation. 

predicative 
nrmative. 

prediction 
declaration 
piophecy. 

predictor (pre-dik'ter) , n. one who 
predicts or foretells. 

predigestion (pre-di-jes'chun), n. the 
artificial peptonization of food before 
it is eaten, so as to avoid acid, gas 
and other gastric irritants. [Latin.] 

predilection (pre - di - lek'shun) , n. 
preference beforehand ; preposses- 
sion; partiality. [Latin.] 

predispose (pre-dis-poz'), v.t. to in- 
cline beforehand :_ adapt previously. 

predisposition (pre-dis-po-zish'un) , n. 
previous inclination or propensity; 
prejudice. [Latin.] 

predominance (pre-dom'i-nans) , n. 
superiority over all in and on ques- 
tions; prevalence over others; su- 
periority in strength, power, au- 
thority, &c. [Latin.] 

predominant (pre-dom'i-nant) , adj. 
having superior influence, &c; su- 
perior; controlling. 

predominate (pre-dom'i-nat) , v.i. to 
be superior in strength, power, au- 
thority, &c; prevail; be ascendant. 



(pred-i-ka'shun), n. 
(pred'i-ka-tiv) , adj. 



(pre-dik'shun) , 
of a future 



n. the 
event ; 



predomination (pre-dom-i-na'shun) , 
n. the act or state of predominating, 

preeminence (pre-ein'i-nens), n. su- 
periority; greatness universally con- 
ceded. 

preeminent (pre-cm'i-nent), adj. su- 
perior; above all others. 

preempt (pre-empt'), v.t. to secure 
or occupy by preemption; establish 
a right or claim to before others. 

preemption (pre-emp'shun), n. the 
act or right of purchasing before 
others. [Latin.] 

preen (pren), v.t. to cleanse, trim, and 
compose with the beak, as birds. 

preface (pref 'as), n. the introduction 
to a book, &c; preamble: v.t. to in- 
troduce by preliminary remarks: 
v.i. to say or do something intro- 
ductory. [Latin.] 

prefatory (pref'a-to-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, a preface, 
introductory. 

prefect (pre'fekt), n. a civil magis- 
trate or governor ; commander ; moni- 
tor [English]; the civil governor 
of a department in France. [Latin.] 

prefecture (pre-fek'tur), n. the office, 
jurisdiction, or official residence of 
a prefect. [French.] 

prefer (pre-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pre- 
ferred, p.pr. preferring], to regard 
or esteem more than something 
else; present; place in advance. 

preference (pref er-ens)., n. the act 
of preferring; the thing preferred; 
choice of one thing more than anoth- 
er; predilection. [Latin.] 

preferential (pref - er - en ' shal) , adj. 
having a preference. 

preferment (pre-fer'ment), n. pro- 
motion, especially in the church. 

preferrer (pre-f er'er) , n. one who 
prefers. 

prefix (pre'fiks), n. sl letter, word, or 
syllable placed at the beginning of 
a word: v.t. (pre-fiks') to place 
before or at the beginning of. [Latin.] 

pregnancy (preg'nan : si) , ru the state 
of being pregnant; inventive power. 

pregnant (preg'nant), adj. being with 
young; fruitful; teeming; fertile; 
full of importance or significance. 

prehensible (pre-hen'si-bl) , adj. that 
may be seized. [Latin.] 

prehensile (pre-hen'sil) , adj. adapted 
for holding or seizing. [Latin.] 



<it8, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PREHENSION 



644 



PREPOSITION 



prehension (pre-hen'shun), n. a tak- 
ing hold. 

pre- ignition (pre-ig-nish'un) , n. the 
primitive lighting of any explosive, 
causing great danger, as in the firing- 
turret of a battleship, a touring car, 
etc. [Latin.] m 

prejudge (pre-juj), v.t. to judge be- 
forehand. 

prejudice (prej'u-dis), n. previous 
and unfavorable bias; prejudgment 
without due examination; detri- 
ment; injury: v.t. to prepossess 
against; bias the mind of; create a 
prejudice against. [Latin.] 

prejudicial (prej-u-dish'al) , adj. dis- 
advantageous; injurious. 

prelacy (prel'a-si) n. the office or 
status of a prelate; episcopacy; 
bishops collectively. [Latin.] 

prelate (prel'at) n. an ecclesiastical 
dignitary having episcopal authority. 

prelatic (pre-lat'ik) adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, prelates or 
prelacy. Also prelatical. 

prelection (pre-lek'shun) , n. a lecture 
or discourse read before students or 
others. [Latin.] 

prelector (pre- ek'ter) n. a lecturer. 

preliminary (pre-lim'i-na-ri) , adj. pre- 
ceding the main discourse or busi- 
ness; introductory: n. an introduc- 
tion; something preceding. [Latin.] 

prelude (pre'lud), n. a short piece of 
music played as an introduction 
to a larger piece; preface: v.t. to 
serve as a prelude to; precede. 
[Latin.] 

prelusory (pre-lu'so-ri) , adj. intro- 
ductory. 

premature (pre-ma-tur') , adj. ripe 
before the proper time; arriving, oc- 
curring, or done, before the proper 
time. [Latin.] 

premeditate (pre-med'i-tat) , v.t. to 
design, conceive or deliberate, be- 
forehand. [Latin.] 

premeditation (pre-med-i-ta/shun) , 
n. the act of premeditating. 

premier (prem'i-er or pre'mi-er), adj. 
first; chief; principal: n. the prime 
minister. [French.] 

premiership (pre'mi-er-ship),n. the 
office or dignity of prime minister. m 

premise (pre-miz'), v.t. to explain 
previously; lay down as proposi- 
tions to reason from: vi to state 



antecedent propositions: n. (prem'- 
is) a proposition antecedently as- 
sumed and laid down: pi. the two 
propositions of a syllogism in logic, 
the major and minor, from which 
the conclusion is drawn. (Also 
premisses); a building and its ad- 
juncts; foregoing statements or 
facts of a deed of conveyance. 

premium (pre'mi-um), n. a recom- 
pense or reward; prize or bounty: 
bonus; payment for insurance; value 
above the original price or par of 
stock, &c. [Latin.] 

premonitory (pre-rnon'i-to-ri) , adj. 
giving warning beforehand. [Latin.] 

premonstrant (pre-mon'strant) , n. 
one of a severely ascetic order es- 
tablished in France in the eleventh 
century. 

preoccupy (pre-ok'u-pi), v.t. to seize 
or occupy beforehand; to preju- 
dice. 

preparation (prep-a-ra/shun) , n. the 
act of preparing or fitting for a par- 
ticular purpose; state of being pre- 
pared; readiness; a part of an ani- 
mal body prepared for anatomical 
use; that which is prepared or made 
ready, as a medicine, &c. [Latin.] 

preparative (pre-par'a-tiv) , adj. tend- 
ing to prepare or make ready. Also 
preparatory: n. that which prepares. 

preparatory (pre-par'a-to-ri) , adj. pre- 
viously necessary; introductory. 

prepare (pre-par'), v.t. to make ready 
beforehand; to adapt; to form: v.i- 
to make one's _self ready . 

preparedness ^pre-par'ed-nes) , n. the 
state of being prepared or in readi- 
ness; liberally used in the United 
States to set forth its armed readi- 
ness for war emergencies. 

prepense (pre-pens 7 ), adj. premedita- 
ted. [French.] - 

preponderance (pre-pon'der-ans) , n. 
superiority of weight, power, force, 
or influence. [Latin.] 

preponderant (pre-pon'der-ant) , adj. 
outweighing. 

preponderate (pre-pon'der-at) , v.t. 
to outweigh ; exceed in power or in- 
fluence: v.t. to incline to one side. 

preposition (prep-o-zish'un), n. a 
word placed before a noun or pro- 
noun to indicate its relation to some 
other word in the sentence. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PREPOSITIONAL 



645 



PRESERVATIVE 



prepositional (prep-o-zish'un-al), adj 
pertaining to a preposition. 

prepositionally (prep-o-zish'un-a-li) , 
adv. like a preposition. 

prepositive (pre-pos'i-tiv), adj. placed 
before: n. a word or particle placed 
before another word. 

prepossess (pre-poz-es'), v.t. to occupy 
beforehand; bias. [Latin.] 

prepossessing (pre-poz-es'ing) , v. adj. 
tending to win or secure favor; 
attractive. 

prepossession (pre-po-zesh'un), n. 
prior possession; preconceived opin- 
ion or judgment. _ 

preposterous (pre--oos'ter-us) , adj. 
contrary to nature or reason* 
ridiculous; absurd. 

prerogative (pre-rog'a-tiv) , n. an 
exclusive or peculiar privilege, espe- 
cially of a sovereign. [Latin.] 

presage (pres'aj), n. a_ foreboding or 
presentiment: v.t. (pre-saj'), to fore- 
bode; predict. [French.] 

presbyopia (pres-bi-o'pi-a), n. long- 
sightedness while near objects are 
indistinctly seen, caused by a change 
in the refractive power of the eye, 
due to the flattening of the lens. 

presbyter (pres'bi-ter), n. an elder, 
minister, or priest; an elder with 
authority to rule in the early Chris- 
tian church. [Greek.] 

Presbyterian (pres-bi-te'ri-an) , n. one 
of a religious body governed by 
presbyters: adj. pertaining to a 
presbyter, or to the Presbyterian 
Church. 

Presbyterianism (pres - bi - te ' ri - an - 
izm), n. the system of church govern- 
ment by presbyters, all of whom are 
regarded as having equal rank and 
function. 

presbytery (pres'bi-ter-i), n. in the 
early Christian churchy a body of 
elders; in the Presbyterian Church, 
a court composed of the pastors and 
ruling elders of the churches in a 
given district; such district so 
represented. 

prescience (pre'shiens) , n. fore- 
knowledge. [Latin.] 

prescient (pre'shient) , adj. foreknow- 
ing. 

prescribe (pre-skrib') , v.t. to set-down 
authoritatively ; direct medically ; 
appoint: v.i. to write medical direc- 



tions; give law; claim by prescrip- 
tion. [Latin.] 

prescript (pre'skript) , adj. prescribed; 
directed: n. a direction; prescrip- 
tion. 

prescription (pre-skrip'shun), n. the 
act of prescribing; the thing pre- 
scribed ; a written direction for the 
preparation of a medicine; recipe; 
custom or title continued until it 
has acquired the force of law. 

presence (prez'ens), n. the state or 
quality of being present; quickness 
at expedients; society; mien. [Latin.] 

present (prez'ent), aaj. being in a cer- 
tain place; at hand or in sight; at 
this time; not past or future; in- 
stant or immediate: n. the present 
time; a gift or donation: pi. what 
is written in a document or con- 
veyance now present or referred to: 
v.t. (pre-zenf). to introduce to ; a 
superior; exhibit to view; offer; give 
formally; point or aim, as a gun; 
appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice; 
lay before for consideration. 

presentation (prez-en-ta/shun) , n* 
the act of presenting ; representa- 
tion ; the right m or act of present- 
ing to an ecclesiastical benefice; po- 
sition of a child _at parturition. 

preservative (pre-zen'ta-tiv), adj. 
having the right o_f presentation. 

presentee (pre-zen-te'), n* one who 
is presented to an ecclesiastical bene- 
fice. 

presentient (pre-sen'shient) , adj. hav- 
ing previous perception. [Latin.] 

presentiment (pre-zen'ti-ment), n. 
previous apprehension of something 
about to come or happen (usually 
of impending evil). . 

presently (prez'ent-li), adv, ere long. 

presentment (pre-zent'ment), n. the 
act of presenting^ the thing pre- 
sented ; representation ; notice taken 
of an offense by a grand jury from 
their personal knowledge. 

preservable (pre-zeV va-bl) , adj. that 
may be preserved. [Latin.] 

preservation (prez-er-va'shun) , n. the 
act of preserving; the state of 
being preserved from injury. 

preservative (pre-zer'va-tiv), adj. hav- 
ing the power of preserving: n. 
that which preserves. Also preser- 
vatory. 



ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PRESERVE 



646 



PRETTINESS 



preserve (pre-zerv'), v.t. to keep from 
injury; defend; uphold; save; keep 
in a sound state; season with sugar 
for preservation: n. fruit, &c, sea- 
soned and kept in sugar; a place set 
apart for preserving game. 

preside (pre-zid'), v.i. to direct or 
control, especially at a public meet- 
ing; superintend. [Latin.] 

presidency (prez'i-den-si), n. the of- 
fice, dignity, term, jurisdiction, or 
residence of a president; one of the 
three principal divisions of ^British 
India. 

president (prez'i-dent) , n. one who 
presides over a corporation or 
assembly; the executive of a repub- 
lic; the chief officer of a college, 
university, or sect, as Mormonism. 

presidential (prez-i-den'shal), adj. 
pertaining to a president. 

press (pres), v.t.^ to urge; embrace; 
crowd upon; distress; hurry; make 
smooth, as cloth, &c; formerly, to 
force for service into the navy: v.i. 
to exert pressure; move forward 
forcibly: n. an instrument or ma- 
chine for compressing anything; 
a printing machine; newspaper and 
periodical literature; literature gen- 
erally; a crowd; act of urging 
forward; pressure; urgency; a closet 
with shelves; wine vat. [Latin.] 

press-gang (pres'gang), n. a detach- 
ment from a ship's crew to force 
men into the British navy. The 
practice is now illegal. 

pressing (pres'ing), p. adj. urgent; im- 
portunate. 

pressure (pres'shur), n. the act of press- 
ing; the state of being pressed; 
hurry; weight; grievousness. 

press- work (pres'werk), n. any part 
of the operation of a printing-press. 

prestidigitation (pres - ti - di j - i - ta/>- 
shun), n. sleight of hand; legerde- 
main. Also prestigiation. [French.] 

prestige (pres-tezh') , n. moral in- 
fluence due to past reputation, 
achievements, &c. [French.] 

presto (pres'to), adv. a musical direc- 
tion meaning " quickly." The su- 
perlative form prestissimo means 
" very quickly." [Italian.] 

presume (pre-zum'), v.t. to take for 
granted on probable grounds; sup- 
pose: v.i. to venture without actual 



leave; form confident or arrogant 
opinions; behave with overconfi- 
dence or presumption. [Latin.] 
presumption (pre-zump'shun) , n. the 
act of presuming; the thing pre- 
sumed; strong probability; ar- 
rogance or overconfidence; the 
assumption of the credibility of 
certain facts from circumstantial 
evidence. 

presumptive # (pre - zump'tiv) , adj. 
taken by previous supposition ; prov- 
ing circumstantially; arrogant. 

presumptively (pre-zump'tiv-li), adv. 
in a presumptive manner. 

presumptuous (pre-zump'tii-us) , adj. 
bold and confident to excess; arro- 
gant; wilful; rash. 

presuppose (pre-sup-oz'), v.t. to take 
for granted; imply as antecedent'. 

presupposition (pre-sup-o-zish'un), n. 
a supposition previously formed. 
Also presupposal. [Latin.] 

pretend (pre-tend'), v.t. to allege or 
put forward falsely; make a show 
of; simulate; counterfeit; assert: 
v.i. to put forward a claim, true or 
false. [Latin.] 

pretended (pre-ten'ded), p. adj. osten- 
sible; feigned. 

pretender (pre-ten'der), n. one who 
lays claim to anything under the 
guise of a right; one who makes a 
show of anything not real. 

pretense (pre-teps'), n. false or hypo- 
critical profession; unfounded claim; 
pretext. 

pretension (pre-ten'shun) , n. a claim, 
true or false; assumed right. 

pretentious (pre-ten'shus), adj. as- 
suming an air of superiority. 

preter, a Latin prejix meaning beyond, 
more, besides, as preternatural, &c. 

preterit (pret'er-it), adj. past; not- 
ing the tense which expresses past 
or completed time or action. Also 
preterite: n. the past tense. 

pretext (pre'tekst), n. a pretense or 
. excuse; ostensible motive put for- 
ward to conceal the real one, [Latin.] 

pretor, same as praetor. 

prettify (prit'i-fi), v.t. to make pretty. 

prettily (prit'i-li), adv. in a pretty 
manner; pleasingly and elegantly. 

prettiness (prit'i-nes), n. the quality 
of being pretty; attractiveness with- 
out dignity; neatness with taste. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PRETTY 



647 



PRIMAL 



pretty (prit'i), adj. [comp. prettier, su- 
perl. prettiest], pleasing without be- 
ing absolutely beautiful; neatly ar- 
ranged or ornamented; trim; fine: 
adv. fairly; moderately. 
pretzel (pret'zel), n. a hard wheat en 
biscuit, made in the form of a knot 
and salted on the surface. [German.] 
prevail (pre-val'),. v.i. to overcome; 
gain the advantage; operate effec- 
tually; obtain influence or superiori- 
ty; persuade (with on). [Latin.] 
prevalence (^rev'a-lens), n. supe- 
rior strength, influence, or efficacy; 
preponderance; general diffusion. 
Also pre valency. 
prevalent (prevalent) , adj. powerful; 
predominant; victorious; most gen- 
eral. 
prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat) , v.i. to 
evade the truth; quibble. [Latin.] 
prevarication (pre-var-i-ka'shun), n. a 
quibbling to evade the truth; devia- 
tion from truth or fair dealing. 
prevaricator (pre-var'i-ka-ter) , n. one 

who prevaricates. 
prevent (pre- vent'), v.t. to hinder, 
obstruct, or impede; obviate; pre- 
cede (as in prayer-book, " prevent 
us Lord"). [Latin.] 
prevention (pre-ven'shun), n. the act 
of preventing; hindrance or obstruc- 
tion. 
preventive (pre-ven'tiv) , adj. tending 
to prevent: n. that which prevents. 
preventively (pre-ven'tiv-li) , adv. in a 

preventive manner. 
preventorium (pre-ven-to'ri-um) , n. 
an institution for persons with 
tendencies to contagious diseases 
for purposes of warding off their 
development. [Modern Latin.] 
previous (pre'vi-us), adj. going before; 

anterior. 
prevision (pre-vizh'un) , n. fore-knowl- 
edge. 
prey(pra), n. plunder; booty; that 
which may be, or is, seized by a 
wild beast for food: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
preyed, p.pr. preying], to take booty 
or plunder; seize and devour an 
animal as prey; weigh heavily 
(with on or upon). 
priapism (pri'a-pism), n. an unnatural 
enlargement of the male genital 
organ. [Latin, from the god Priapus, 
who presided over gardens.] 



price (pris), n. the current value ot 
a commodity; cost;- value; recom^ 
pense. [French.] 

priceless (pris'les), adj. invaluable. 

prick (prik), n. sl puncture; dot or 
point; slender pointed instrument; 
a sharp stinging pain; thorn; goad; 
remorse; small roll; footprint of a 
hare or deer: v.t. to pierce with, or 
as with, a prick; to puncture. 

pricking (prik'ing), n. the act of 
piercing with a sharp point; sensa- 
tion of a sharp, tingling pain. • 

prickle (prik'l), n. a sharp point grow- 
ing from the bark of a plant. 

prickliness (prik'li-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being prickly. 

prickly (prik'li), adv. full of prickles. 

prier (pri'er), n. one who pries. 

priest (prest), n. an ecclesiastic in 
full orders, below a bishop and 
above a deacon; one who officiates 
in sacred offices, especially by of- 
fering sacrifice. Fern, priestess. 

priestcraft (prest 'kraft), n. the policy 
alleged to be pursued by priests for 
the aggrandizement of their order 
and material interests. 

priesthood (prest'hood), ~. the priest- 
ly order; the office of a priest. 

priestliness (prest 'li-nes), n. the ap- 
pearance or manner of a priest. 

priestly (prest 'ii), adj. pertaining to, 
or befitting, a priest; sacerdotal. 

prig (prig), n. a conceited fellow who 
gives himself airs of wisdom: v.t, 
[p.t. & p.p. prigged, p.pr. prigging], 
to dress up; primp; prink; also to 
thieve, steal. 

priggish (prig'ish), adj. conceited. 

priggism (piig'izm), n. the manners of 
a p:ig. 

prim (prim), adj. precise; affectedly 
nice; formally neat: v.t. to deck 
with affected nicety. [Old French.] 

prima (pre'ma), adj. first (fern.). 
[Italian] 

primacy (prl' ma-si), n. the office or 
dignity of a primate. 

prima denna (pre'madon'a), n. the 
principal female singer in an 
opera. [Italian pi. prime donne.] 

primage (prf'maj), n. a small allow- 
ance paiel to the captain and crew 
of a vessel for loading or unloading 
a ca^go, &q. 

primal (pri'mal), adj. first. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



PRIMARILY 



648 



PRINK 



primarily (pri'ma-ri-li), adv. in the 
first place; originally. 

primary (pri'ma-ri), adj. in the first or- 
der of time, olace, or rank; chief; 
original; principal; preparatory: n. 
that which is first in rank, place, or 
importance: pi. large quill feathers 

. on the last joint of a bird's wing. 

primary colors (kul'erz), n.pl. red, 
yellow, blue. 

primary rocks (roks), n.pl. rocks in 
which no organic remains occur. 

primate (pri'mat), n. the highest dig- 
nitary in a national church; an arch- 
bishop. 

prime (prim), adj. first in order of 
rank, time, or importance; original; 
early ; excellent : n. the spring of 
life; first or best part; beginning 
or dawn; height of perfection; the 
first canonical hour: v.t. to prepare 
for firing, as a gun; lay the first 
coat of paint on: v.i. to serve for the 
charge of a gun; convey water with 
the steam to the cylinder of an en- 
gine from the boiler. [Latin.] 

primely (prim'li), adv. originally; ex- 
cellently. 

primeness (prim'nes), n. supreme 
excellence. 

prime number (num'ber), n. a num- 
ber not divisible without remainder 
by any number except itself and 
unity. 

primer (prim'er), n. m a manual of 
elementary instruction; a small 
prayer book; one of two sizes of 
type, long primer and great primer. 
See type. 

primeval (prl-me'val) , adj. of the 
earliest age or time; ancient. 

primevally (prl-me'va-li) , adv. in 
primeval time . 

priming (printing), n. the first coat 
of paint; powder in the nipple of 
a firearm. 

primitive (prim'i-tiy) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the beginning; original; not 
derivative; old-fashioned: n. a word 
in its simplest form and not derived 
from another. 

primitively (prim'i-tiv-li) , adv. origi- 
nally. 

primitiveness (prim'i-tiv-nes) , # n. 
the state or quality of being primi- 
tive. 

primogeniture (pri-mo-jen'i-tur) , n. 



seniority of birth; right of the eld- 
est son to succeed to real estate. 

primordial (prl-mqr'di-al), adj. exist- 
ing from the beginning ; first in or- 
der; original: n. first principle or 
element. [Latin.] 

primp (primp) , v.t. to deck (one's 
self) in a prim or affected manner; 
prink. 

primrose (prim'roz), n. an early 
spring flower of a pale yellow color, 
of several species: adj. pale yellow. 

Primrose League (leg), n. a political 
and social organization within the 
British Conservative party, for the 
purpose of carrying out the prin- 
ciples of Lord Beaconsfield. He was 
thought (incorrectly) to be very fond 
of the primrose, hence the League re- 
ceived its name. 

prince (prins), n. a ruler or sover- 
eign; the son of a king or sovereign. 

prince consort (kon'sort), n. the 
husband of a female sovereign. 

princely (prins'li), adj. resembling, or 
befitting, a prince; royal; high-born; 
dignified; magnificent. 

princess (prin'ses), n. the daughter 
of a sovereign; the wife of a prince. 

princess royal (roi'al), n. the eldest 
daughter of a sovereign; in Austria, 
she is called the Archduchess. 

principal (prin'si-pal) , adj. occupy- 
ing the first place or rank; chief in 
character, degree, or importance; 
essential: n. a principal person or 
thing; one who takes the lead; the 
chief in authority; head of a firm; 
a capital sum lent at interest. 

principality (prin-si-pari-ti) , n. the 
territory of a prince; the country 
from which he derives his title ; royal 
state; supreme power. 

principally (prin'si-pal-li) , adv. chiefly. 

principia (prin-sip'i-a) , n.pl. first prin- 
ciples. [Latin. J 

principle (prin'si-pl) , n. source or ori- 
gin; element; fundamental truth or 
doctrine; settled rule or law of ac- 
tion or conduct; reason; foundation 
of morality or religion; uprightness: 
v.t. to establish firmly in the mind. 

pringle (pring'gl), v.i. a verb meaning 
the feeling which one has in sharp 
cold— a combination of pricking and 
tingling. [Conan Doyle.] 

prink (pringk), v.t. to dres3 up, or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



PRINT 



649 



PROBATE 



deck out, in a showy or ostentatious 
fashion ; to arrange with nicety. 

print (print), n. a mark or character 
made by impression; impression of 
type; anything that being impressed 
leaves its form on any substance; 
anything produced by printing, as a 
newspaper, engraving, &c: pi. en- 
gravings; printed, cotton cloth: v.t. 
to impress; fix or stamp deeply: v.i. 
to practice the art of printing; pub- 
lish books. i . m 

printing (printing), n. the art or act 
of impressing figures or characters on 
paper, &c: typography; the busi- 
ness of a printer. 

prior (pri'er), adj. coming before, in 
time; former: adv. previously: n. 
the head of a priory or monastery, 
next in rank below an abbot. Fern. 
prioress. 

priorate (pri'er-at), n. the office, dig- 
nity, or government of a prior. 

priority (prl-or'i-ti), n. the state of 
being first in rank, time, or place; 
first claim. 

priory (pri'er-i), n. [pi. priories (pri'- 
er-iz)], a religious house, in dignity 
below an abbey. 

prism (prizm), n. a solid whose bases 
are similar, equal, and parallel, and 
whose sides are parallelograms; a 
piece of solid glass with triangular 
ends. [Graeco-Latin; the original 
meaning was "something sawed."] 

prismatic (priz-mat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, like, formed by, or separated 
by, a prism. Also prism at ical. 

prismatic colors (kul'erz), n.pl. the 
seven colors into which a ray of 
light is decomposed when refracted 
from a prism. These are violet, in- 
digo, blue, green, yellow, orange and 
red. See primary color s. 

prison (priz'n), n. a public building 
for the confinement of criminals, 
&c; jail; any placeof confinement 
or detention: v.t. to imprison. 

pristine (pris'tin), adj. pertaining to 
an early period; first; original; 
primitive. m [Latin.] 

prithee (prim'e), corruption of "I 
pray thee." 

prittle- prattle (prit'l-prat'l), n. tri- 
fling talk; loquacity. 

privacy (pri'va-si), n. a state of re- 
tirement; place of seclusion; secrecy. 



private (pri'vat), adj. peculiar to one's 
self ; personal ; alone ; secret ; not pub- 
lic; secluded; unofficial: n. a common 
soldier. 

privateer (pri-va-ter'), n. a private 
vessel licensed by the government 
to seize and plunder the ships of 
an enemy: v.i. to cruise in a pri- 
vateer. 

privately (pri'vat-li), adv. in a private 
manner. 

privation (pri-va'shun), n. the state of 
being deprived of something, espe- 
cially of the necessaries of life; des- 
titution; hardship; absence. 

privative (priv'a-tiv) , adj. causing 
privation; taking away; negative: 
n. that which depends on the ab- 
sence of something else; a prefix or 
suffix, noting absence or negation, 
such as the so-called Alpha privative 
in Greek. 

privatively (priv'a-tiv-li) , adv. in a 
privative manner. 

privet (priv'et), n. an evergreen shrub. 

privilege (priv'i-lej), n. a law, or 
exemption from the common provi- 
sions of a law, in favor of an 
individual or a body; peculiar ad- 
vantage, right, or immunity; pre- 
rogative: v.t. to invest with a priv- 
ilege; exempt. 

privity (priv'i-ti), n. joint knowledge; 
secrecy. 

privy (priv'i), adj. private; secret; 
clandestine; admitted to the knowl- 
edge of something secret (with to): 
n. a person having an interest in a 
legal action ; a necessary house. 

prize (priz), n. a reward gained in a 
competition, lottery, &c. ; that which 
is taken from an enemy in war, es- 
pecially a captured vessel; a lever 
used for forcing or raising heavy 
bodies, &c.: v.t. to value; esteem; 
to force with a lever. [Old French.] 

prize-fight (prlz'fit), n. a boxing 
match for stakes. 

pro, a Latin prefix meaning before, in 
the place of, forth, forward, as pro and 
con, for and against, or both sides of 
an argument, &c. 

probability (prob-a-bil'i-ti), n. ap- 
pearance of truth; likelihood. 

probate (pro'bat), n. the official proof 
of wills; the official copy of a will 
with the certificate of probation. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 
44 hue, hut ; think, then. 



PROBATION 



650 



PROCURATION 



probation (pro-ba/shun), n. the act of 
proving; evidence; proof; moral 
trial; novitiate; trial of abilities 
prior to election, &c, to office or 
employment. 

probationary (pro-ba'shun-a-ri) , adj. 
serving for probation or trial. Also 
probational. 

probe (prob), n. a surgical instru- 
ment for examining a wound: v.t. 
to examine with a probe; scrutinize. 

probity (pro'bi-ti), n. integrity; sin- 
cerity. 

problem (prob'lem), n. a question for 
solution; a proposition requiring 
something to be demonstrated. 

problematical (prob-lem-at'i-kal) , 
adj. questionable; doubtful. 

problematically (prob-lem-at'i-ka- 
li), adv. doubtfully. 

proboscis (pro-bos'is), n. the trunk 
of an elephant; the elongated snout 
of certain animals and insects. 

procedure (pro-sed'ur) , n. manner of 
proceeding; conduct; process. 

proceed (pro-sed'), v.i. to pass from 
one step or place to another; ad- 
vance; issue; make progress; carry 
on a legal process: n.pl. money re- 
sulting from a commercial trans- 
action. 

proceeding (pro-sed'ing), n. advance- 
ment; course of conduct; transac- 
tion; operation: pi. legal process; 
transactions of a learned or scientific 
society. 

proceeds (pro'sedz), n. the material 
results of an action or course; that 
which accrues from possession. 

procephalic (pro-sef-al'ik), adj. per- 
taining to the anterior part of the 
head. 

process (pros'es), n. progressive 
course; series of measures or changes; 
operation; projection on a bone; 
proceedings in a legal action. 

procession (pro-sesh'un) , n. a train 
of persons in a formal march. 

processional (pro-sesh'un-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or consisting in, a pro- 
cession : n. a book relating to the rit- 
ual to be observed in the processions 
of the Roman Catholic Church. 

proclaim (pro-klam'), v.t. to announce 
officially; publish; outlaw by public 
proclamation. 

proclamation (prok-la-ma'shun) , n. 



an official announcement to the pub- 
lic; edict. 

proclivity (pro-kliv'i-ti), n. an in- 
clination; tendency. 

proclivous (pro-kli'vus), adj. inclined; 
slanting forward and upward or 
downward: as, proclivous teeth. 

proconsul (pro-kon'sul) , n. a Roman 
official who governed a province; a 
magistrate invested with consular 
authority without the office. 

proconsular (pro-kon'sul-ar) , adj. per- 
taining to, or governed by, a pro- 
consul. 

proconsulate (pro-kon'sul-at) , n. the 
jurisdiction, office, or term of office, 
of a proconsul. 

procrastinate (pro-kras'ti-nat) , v.t. to 
put off to a future time; defer: v.i. 
to be dilatory. 

procrastination (pro - kras - ti - na ' - 
shun), n. delay. 

procrastinator (pro-kras'ti-na-ter) , n. 
one who delays. 

procreate (pro'kre-at) , v.t. to gener- 
ate and produce; beget. 

procreation (pro-kre-a'shun), n. the 
begetting and production of young. 

procreative (pro'kre-a-tiv), adj. gen- 
erative. 

procreativeness (pro'kre-a-tiv-nes), n. 
the power of generating. 

procreator (pro'kre-a-ter), n. one who 
begets. 

Procrustean (pro-krus'te-an) , adj. 
pertaining to Procrustes, a fabled 
robber of ancient Greece, who tor- 
tured his victims by stretching them 
on an iron bed to which their limbs 
were made to fit by mutilation: 
hence strict conformity to a meas- 
ure or standard by violent means. 

proctor (prok'ter), n. t one employed 
to manage the affairs of another; 
an attorney in an ecclesiastical, ad- 
miralty, or probate court; a univer- 
sity official charged with the main- 
tenance of university regulations. 

proctorial (prok-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to a proctor. 

procumbent (pro-kum'bent), adj. 
lying down; prostrate; trailing. 

procurable (pro-ku'ra-bl) , adj. ob- 
tainable. 

procuration (prok-u-ra'shun) , n. the 
crime of obtaining young women for 
immoral purposes. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PROCURATOR 



651 



PROFITABLE 



procurator (prok'u-ra-ter), n. one 
who manages < another's affairs, es- 
pecially legal jnterests. 

procure (pro-kur'), v.t. to get or ob- 
tain; cause.^ 

procurer (pro-kur 'er), n. one who pro- 
cures ; one who engages in the business 
of procuration. Fern, procuress. 

prod (prod), n. a goad; prick: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. prodded, p.pr. prodding], 
to goad. 

prodigal (prod'i-gal) , adj. extravagant 
in expenditure ; lavish; wasteful: n. 
a spendthrift; one who is lavish or 
wasteful. 

prodigality (prod-i-gari-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being prodigal; 
extravagance; lavishness. 

prodigious (pro-dij 'us) , adj. enor- 
mous; adapted to excite wonder. 

prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. anything won- 
derful or extraordinary; a miracle; 
portent, 

produce (pro-dus'), v.t. to exhibit or 
bring to view; yield or bring forth; 
manufacture^ extend: n. (prod'us) 
that which is yielded or brought 
forth; result. 

producible (pro-dus'i-bl), adj. capa- 
ble of being produced. 

product (prod'ukt), n. that which is 
produced by nature, or made by art; 
work; result; the result of multiply- 
ing two or more numbers together. 

production (pro-duk'shun) , n. that 
which is produced; act of produc- 
ing; fruit; result. 

productive (pro-duk'tiv) , adj. having 
the power of producing; generative; 
fertile. 

productively (pro-duk'tiv-li) , adv. in a 
productive manner. 

productiveness (pro-duk'tiy-nes), n. 
a quality_of being productive. 

proem (pro'em), n. a preface or intro- 
duction. [Latin.] 

profanation (prof-a-na'shun), n. the 
act of treating^ sacred things with 
disrespect or irreverence; desecra- 
tion. 

profane (pro-fan'), adj. secular; ir- 
reverent ; irreligious ; blasphemous ; 
v.t. to treat with irreverence; dese- 
crate; violate (holy things); put to 
an improper use. 

profanely (pro-f an'li) , adv. in a pro- 
fane manner. 



profanity (pro-f an'i-ti), n. irreverence 
towards holy things; blasphemy. 
Also profaneness. 

profess (pro-f es'), v.t. to make open 
declaration of ; acknowledge or avow ; 
declare publicly. 

professed (pro-f est'), p. adj. openly 
declared. 

profession (pro-f esh'un) , n. the act of 
professing; open declaration or 
avowal; calling or vocation, espe- 
cially one that requires a learned 
education; collective body of per- 
sons in a profession; the entrance of 
a novice into a religious order under 
a sacred vow. [Latin.] 

professional (pro-f esh'un-al) , adj. per- 
taining to a profession: n. one who 
makes his living by his art, as dis- 
tinguished from an amateur. 

professionalism (pro-f esh'un-al-izm) , 
n. the cultivation of athletic sports 
for pecuniary considerations. 

professionally (pro-f esh'un-a-li), adv. 
in a professional manner. 

professor (pro-f es'er), n. one who 
makes an outward profession of 
religion; one who publicly teaches 
any branch of knowledge. 

professorate (pro-f es'er-at) , n. pro- 
fessional staff. 

professorial (pro-fes-so'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to professors. 

professorship (pro-f es'er-ship), n. the 
office or position of a professor. 

proffer (prof-er), v.t. to offer for ac- 
ceptance; tender: n. an offer made. 

proficiency (pro-fish'en-si) , n. de- 
gree of advancement in any branch 
of knowledge, science, or art. 

proficient (pro-fish'ent) , adj. thor- 
oughly qualified, or skilled: n. an 
expert, or adept. 

profile (pro'fil), n. a head or portrait 
in a side view, outline or contour, 
especially of a building in vertical 
section: v.t. draw in profile. [French.] 

profilist (pro'fil-ist), n. an artist who 
draws profiles. 

profit (profit), n. pecuniary gain; 
benefit or advantage; emolument: 
v.t. to benefit; improve: v.i. to be of 
advantage; make improvement; re- 
ceive profit. 

profitable (prof 'it-a-bl) , adj. yielding 
or bringing profit ; lucrative ; advan- 
tageous. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PROFITABLENESS 



652 



PROLETARIAN 



profitableness (prof'it-a-bl-nes) n 
the quality of being profitable 

profitably (prof it-a-bli) , adv. with 
profit. 

profligacy (prof 'li-ga-si) , n. a profligate 
course of life. 

profligate (prof 'li-gat) , adj. abandoned 
to vice; dissolute; openly vicious. 

profligately (prof 'li-gat-li) , adv. in a 
profligate manner. - 

profound (pro-found'), adj. deep in 
skill or knowledge; abstruse; deep; 
intense. 

profundity (pro-f un'di-ti) , n. depth 
of place, knowledge, skill, &c. 

profuse (pro-fus'), adj. liberal to ex- 
cess; exuberant. 

profusely (pro-f us'li), adv. in a profuse 
manner. 

profusion (pro-f ti'zhun) , n. lavishness ; 
excess; abundance. Also profuse- 
ness. 

progenitor (pro-gen'i-ter) , n. an an- 
cestor; forefather. 

prog (prog), n. a common word in 
England for food; like "grub" among 
all English-speaking peoples. 

progeniture (pro-gen'i-tur), n. a 
birth or begetting. 

progeny (proj'en-i), n. offspring; 
descendants; lineage. 

prognathous (prog'na-thus) , adj. hav- 
ing projecting jaws, as certain races. 
Also prognathic. [Grseco-Latin.] 

prognosis (prog-no'sis) , n. knowledge 
of the probable result of a disease 
from its symptoms; opinion so 
formed. The opposite of diagnosis. 

prognostic (prog-nos'tik), adj. fore- 
shadowing; foretelling: n. an omen 
or prediction. 

prognosticate (prog^nos'ti-kat), v.t. 
to foretell: v.i. indicate the future 
by present signs. 

prognostication (prog - nos - ti - ka'- 
shun), n. the act of prognosticating; 
a fore-token. 

prognosticator (prog-nos'ti-ka-ter) , 
n. one who foretells. 

program, programme (pro 'gram) , n. 
an outline of a public entertain- 
ment, ceremony, &c; a course of 
action prepared or announced be- 
forehand. 

progress (prog'res), n. a moving or 
going forward; advancement; pro- 
ficiency; journey of state: v.i. (pro- 



gress to move forward; advance; 
increase in proficiency. 

progression (pro-gresh'un) , n. mo- 
tion onwards; intellectual advance; 
regular and gradual advance; prog- 
ress; a series of numbers increas- 
ing or decreasing by proportional 
differences. 

progressive (pro-gres'iv), adj. moving 
forward; making progress; improv- 
ing. 

progressively (pro-gres'iv-li), adv. in 
a progressive > manner; the name 
applied at various times to different 
political parties. (In Russia, Ger- 
many, Belgium and France.) 

progr essi veness (pro-gres'iv-nes) , n. 
the state or quality of being pro- 
gressive. 

prohibit (pro-hib'it), _ v.t. to forbid; 
interdict by authority; hinder. 

prohibition (pro-hi-bish'un), n. the 
act of prohibiting; interdict. 

prohibitionist (pro-hi-bish'un-ist), n. 
one who desires to prohibit the sale 
of intoxicating liquors. 

prohibitive (pro-nib 'i-tiv) , adj. tend- 
ing to prohibit. 

project (proj'ekt), n. a design or 
scheme: v.t. (pro-jekf), to throw or 
cast forward; plan or scheme: v.i, 
to jut out. 

projectile (pro-jek'til), u n. & bodj? 
thrown forward, especially through 
the air; a bullet, shot, shell, &c: adj. 
impelled or impelling forward. 

projecting (pro-jekt'ing), p.adj. jut- 
ting out. 

projection (pro-jek'shun), n. the act 
or state of projecting; that which 
juts out; a plan or delineation repre- 
sented on a plane. 

projector (pro-jek'ter), n. one who 
projects. 

projecture (pro-jek'tur) , n. a jutting 
out. 

prolapse (pro-laps'), n. a falling down 
or out of some part of the body: v.i. 
to fall down or out; project too 
much. Also prolapsus. 

prolate (pro'lat), adj. elongated at the 
poles. [Latin.] 

proletarian (pro-le-ta'ri-an) , adj. per- 
taining to the common people; low; 
vulgar: n. a workman; in ancient 
Rome, the lowest class of citizens. 
[Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PROLETARIAT 



653 



PRONOUNCE 



proletariat (pro-le-ta/ri-at), n. pro- 
letarians collectively. 

proliferous (pio-lif'e-rus), adj. pro- 
ducing another by budding. 

prolific (pro-lif 'ik) , adj. productive; 
fertile. 

prolifically (pro-lif 'i-ka-li), adv. abun- 
dantly. 

prolix (pro-liks' or 'pro'liks), adj. 
tedious and verbose; not concise. 

prolixity (pro-liks 'i-ti), n. verbosity; 
minute detail. 

prolocutor (pro-lok'u-ter) , n. the 
speaker or chairman of a con- 
vocation. 

prologue (pro'log), n. an introduc- 
tion or preface, especially verses 
spoken before a dramatic perfor- 
mance by way of introduction: v.t. 
to introduce by a preface. 

prolong (pro-long'), v.t. to lengthen; 
extend. 

prolongation (pro-long-ga/shun) , n. 
extension in time or space; delay or 
postponement. 

promenade (prom-e-nad') , n. a walk 
for pleasure, show or exercise; a 
public place for walking: v.i. walk 
for pleasure, &c. 

Promethean (pro-me'the-an) , adj. 
pertaining to Prometheus of classic 
mythology, who was fabled to 
have stolen fire from heaven 
and bestowed it upon men: hence 
life-giving or instinct with quicken- 
ing fire. 

prominence (prom'i-nens) , n. the 
state or quality of being prominent; 
a projection. Also prominency. 

prominent (prom'i-nent), adj. pro- 
jecting; conspicuous; chief; protu- 
berant. 

promiscuous t (pro-mis'ku-us) , t adj. 
confused; mingled; indiscriminate; 
not restricted to any particular per- 
son. 

promise (prom'is), n. an engagement 
to do or not to do something; basis 
for expectation; the thing promised: 
v.i. to assure one by a promise: v.t. 
to make a promise of; afford reason; 
to expect. 

promiser (prom'is-er), n. one who 
promises. 

promisor (prom-is-or/), n. one who 
makes a. legal promise or covenant. 

promissory (prom'is-o-ri), adj. con- 



taining a promise or covenant to do 
or not to do, something. 

promissory-note (proin'is-d-ri-not'). 
n. a written promise to pay a certain 
sum at a specified date in considera- 
tion of value received. 

promontory (prom'on-to-ri) , n. a 
high cape; a point of land jutting 
into the sea. 

promote (pro-mot'), v.t. to advance, 
forward, or elevate; excite or stir 
up ; raise to higher rank. 

promoter (pro-mo'ter), n. one who 
promotes, especially one who makes 
it his business to float new com- 
panies, &c. 

promotion (pro-mo 'shun), n. the 
act of promoting; state of being 
promoted ; advancement ; prefer- 
ment. 

promotive (pro-mo 'tiv), adj. tending 
to promote. 

prompt (prompt), adj. ready and 
quick to act as occasion demands; 
immediate; done without delay: v.L 
incite to action; assist (a speaker) 
when at a loss for words. 

promptitude (promp'ti-tud), n. 
quickness of decision and action; 
readiness ; alacrity. 

promulgate (pro-mul'gat), v.t. to 
publish. 

promulgation (pro-mul-ga'shun), n. 
publication. 

promulgator (pro'mul-ga-ter), n. one 
who promulgates. 

prone (pron), adj. lying with the face 
downwards; not erect; inclined; dis- 
posed. 

proneness (pron'nes), n. the state of 
being prone; propensity. 

prong (prong), n. a sharp-pointed in- 
strument; the spike of a fork. 

pronominal (pro-nom'i-nal) , adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, a 
pronoun. 

pronominally (pro-nom'i-na-fi), ado. 
as a pronoun. 

prononce (pro-nang-sa'), adj. pro- 
nounced; strongly marked; emphat- 
ic. [French.] 

pronoun (pro-noun), n. a word which 
refers to, or is used in the place of, 
a noun. 

pronounce (pro- nouns') , # v.t. to speak 
or utter distinctly; articulate; utter 
formally, authoritatively, or rhetori- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PRONOUNCEABLE 



654 



PROPITIATORY 



cally; affirm: v.i. to speak with con- 
fidence or authority. 

pronounceable (pro-nouns'a-bl), adj. 
that may be pronounced. 

pronounced (pro-nounsf), p.adj. 
strongly marked or decided. 

pronouncement (pro-nouns'ment) , 
n. an emphatic declaration. 

pronunciamiento (pro-nun-the-a- 
mi-en'to), n. a proclamation. [Span- 
ish.] Wrongly written and pro- 
nounced pronunciamento. 

pronunciation (pro-nun-si-a'shun) , 
n. the act or manner of articulating 
words or syllables; graceful and 
proper public speaking. m 

pronunciative (pro-nun^a-tiv) , adj. 
pertaining to pronunciation. 

proof (proof) , n. testimony or con- 
vincing evidence; test or experi- 
ment; reason; argument; demon- 
stration; impenetrability; capability 
of resistance; a standard strength of 
spirit; an impression taken from 
type for correction; an early im- 
pression of an engraving: adj. 
strong to resist impression or pen- 
etration; capable of moral or physi- 
cal resistance, as " sneer-proof " 
" bullet-proof .'' [Old French.] 

prop (prop), n. a support or stay: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. propped, p.pr. prop- 
ping], to support by something un- 
der or against ; sustain. 

propagable (prop'a-ga-bl), adj. that 
may be propagated. 

Propaganda (prop-a-gan'da) , n.pl. a 
society at Rome charged with the 
management of the missions of the 
Roman Catholic Church. 

propaganda (prop-a-gan'da), t n.pl. 
any methods for the propagation of 
doctrines, principles, &c, religious 
or secular. 

pro pagan dism (prop-a-gan'dizm) , n. 
the act or practice of zealously prop- 
agating doctrines, &c. 

propagandist (prop-a-gan'dist) , n. 
one who devotes himself to the prop- 
agation of any system of principles, 
&c. 

propagate (prop'a-gat), v.t. to con- 
tinue or spreadby generation or suc- 
cessive production ; extend ; impel for- 
ward in space: v.i. to be produced 
by generation, or by new shoots or 
plants. 



propagation (prop-a-ga'shun), n. the 
act of propagating; spreading or ex- 
tension. 

propagator (prop'a-ga-ter), n. one 
who propagates. 

propel (pro-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pro- 
pelled, p.pr. propelling], to drive 
forward; urge onward by force. 

propellent (pro-pel'ent) , adj. that 
which propels. 

propeller (pro-pel'er) , n. one who, or 
that which, propels; a screw-pro- 
peller; vessel so propelled. 

propensity (pro-pen'si-ti) , n. natural 
tendency. 

proper (prop'er), adj. noting a par- 
ticular person or thing; peculiar; 
fit or suitable; correct; appropriate. 

property (prop'er-ti) , n. [pi. properties 
(prop'er-tiz)], a peculiar attribute, 
quality, or disposition^ exclusive 
right of possession; the thing owned; 
estate; goods; attribute common to a 
class: pi. articles, including dresses, 
required by actors on the stage. 

prophecy (prof'e-si), n. a prediction 
of something to take place in the 
future, especially a prediction by 
Divine inspiration. 

prophesier (prof 'e-sl-er) , n. one who 
prophesies. 

prophesy (prof'e-si), v.t. [p.t. t & p.p. 
prophesied, p.pr. prophesying], to 
foretell future events, especially by 
Divine inspiration: v.i. to utter 
prophecies ; preach. 

prophet (prof'et), n. one who foretells 
future events, especially one inspired 
by God. Feminine, prophetess.^ 

prophetic (pro-fet'ik), adj. pertaining 
to prophecy; predictive. Prophetical. 

prophetically (pro-f et'i-ka-li) , adv. in 
a prophetic manner. 

prophylactic (pro-fi-lak'tik), adj. 
guarding, or preserving, against dis- 
ease: n. a preventive of disease. 

propinquity (pro-ping'kwi-ti) , n. 
nearness of place, time, or relation- 
ship. 

propitiate (pro-pish 'i-at), v.t. to con- 
ciliate; make propitious: v.i. to atone. 

propitiation (pro-pish-i-a'shun) , n. 
the act of propitiating; atonement. 

propitiator (pro-pish 'i-a-ter) , n. one 
who propitiates. 

propitiatory (pro-pish'i-a-to-ri) , adj. 
capable of propitiating. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PROPITIOUS 



655 



PROSPECT 



propitious (pro-pish 'us) , adj. favor- 
able; disposed to be merciful. 

proportion (pro-por'shun) , n. com- 
parative relation of one thing to an- 
other; ratio; rate; symmetrical re- 
lation; rule of three; equal or just 
share: v.t. to form symmetrically; 
apportion. 

proportional (pro-por'shun-al) , adj. 
having due proportion; having the 
same ratio: n. sl quantity or number 
in proportion. 

proportionally t (pro-por'shun-a-li) , 
adv. in proportion. 

proportionate (pro-ppr'shun-at) , adj. 
adjusted to something else accord- 
ing to a certain rate: v.t. to adjust 
according to a settled rate. 

proportionately (pro-por'shun-at-li) , 
adv. in a proportionate degree. > 

proposal (pro-poz'al), n. that which is 
offered for consideration or accept- 
ance; offer of marriage; terms or 
conditions proposed. 

propose (pro-poz'), v.t. to bring for- 
ward or offer for consideration; 
nominate for election: v.i. to make 
an offer of marriage. 

proposition (prop-o-zish'un) , n. an 
offer of terms; proposal; a complete 
sentence, or one that affirms or de- 
nies something; a theorem or prob- 
lem for solution. 

propositional (prop-o-zish'un-al) , adj. 
pertaining to, or considered as, a 
proposition. 

propound (pro-pound'), v.t. to offer 
for consideration; put or set as a 
question. 

proprietary (pro-pri'e-ta-ri) , adj. be- 
longing to a proprietor or proprie- 
tary: n. a possessor in his own right; 
proprietors collectively. 

proprietor (pro-pri'e-ter) , n. one who 
has a legal right to anything; owner. 
Fern, proprietress; proprietrix. 

propriety (pro-prl'e-ti) , n. conformity 
to established rules or custom; deco- 
rum; fitness. 

propulsion (pro-pul'shun), n. the act 
of propelling. 

propulsive (pro-pul'siv) , adj. having 
power to propel. Also propulsory. 

prorogation (pro-ro-ga'shun) , n. the 
act of proroguing. 

prorogue (pro-rog'), v.t. to terminate 
a session of; to postpone. 



prosaic (pro-za'ik) , adj. like prose; 
commonplace; uninteresting. Also 
prosaical. 

prosaically (pro-za'i-ka-li), adv. in a 
prosaic manner. 

proscenium (pro-se'ni-um) , n. that 
part of the stage from the curtain to 
the orchestra. 

proscribe (pro-skrib'), v.t. to punish 
with civil death; outlaw; interdict. 

proscription (pro-skrip'shun), n. the 
act of proscribing; outlawry; inter- 
diction. 

proscriptive (pro-skrip'tiv), adj. per- 
taining to, or of the nature of, 
proscription. 

prose (proz), n. ordinary spoken or 
written language; unmetrical com- 
position: v.i. & v.t. to write or 
speak tediously: adj. unloosed from 
the rules of prosody, yet not 
necessarily; dull; tedious; common- 
place. See lyric prose. [Latin.] 

prosecute (pros'e-kut), v.t. to fol- 
low or pursue with the view to reach 
or accomplish ; accuse of a crime be- 
fore a legal tribunal: v.i. to carry 
on a legal prosecution. [Latin.] 

prosecution (pros-e-ku'shun) , n. the 
act of prosecuting; pursuit; the in- 
stitution and carrying on of a legal 
suit; prosecutor or prosecutors col- 
lectively. 

prosecutor (pros'e-ku-ter), n. one 
who carries on a legal suit with an- 
other ; one who pursues any purpose, 
&c. Fern, prosecutrix. 

proselyte (pros'e-lit), n. a convert to 
some religion or belief, or party; a 
Gentile _ convert to the Jewish law 
and belief: v.t. to proselytize. 

proselytism (pros'e-li-tizm), n. the 
act of proselytizing; conversion to a 
creed or system. 

proselytize (pros'e-li-tiz),t;i. to make 
a convert of. 

prosily (proz'i-li), adv. in a prosy 
manner. 

prosiness (proz'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being prosy. 

prosing (proz'ing), n. tedious minute- 
ness; dull talk. 

prosody (pros'o-di), n. that part of 
grammar which treats of quantity, 
accent, and the laws of versification. 

prospect (pros'pekt), n. sl view of 
something distant; scene; object of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



J 



PROSPECTIVE 



656 



PROTESTANT 



view; expectation: v.t. (pro-spekf) 
to search or explore, especially for 
gold or valuable minerals. 

prospective (pros-pek'tiv) , adj. look- 
ing forward; acting with, or charac- 
terized by, foresight; in prospect. 

prospectively (pros-pek'tiv-li) , adv. 
with regard to the future. 

prospectiveness (pros-pek'tiv-nes), n. 
regard for the future. 

prospector (pros'pek-ter), n. one 
who searches for valuable minerals. 

prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. an out- 
line of a proposed undertaking; 
sketch, or plan. 

prosper (pros'per), v.t. to render 
successful; favor: v.i. to thrive; 
succeed. 

prosperity (pros-per'i-ti), n. success- 
ful progress in any business or enter- 
prise; good fortune. 

prosperous (pros'per-us) , adj. success- 
ful; thriving. 

prostate gland (pros 'tat gland), n. a 
pale, firm glandular body, of chest- 
nut form, surrounding the neck of 
the bladder and the urethra in the 
male. 

prostitute (pros'ti-tut), v.t. to offer or 
hire for lewd use; devote to im- 
proper purposes: adj. prostituted: 
n. a lewd woman; a base mercenary 
or hireling. [Latin.] 

prostitution (pros-ti-tu'shun), n. the 
act of a prostitute. 

prostitutor (pros r ti-tu-ter), n. one 
who prostitutes himself for any base 
ends. 

prostrate (pros'trat), adj. lying at 
full length ; extended on the ground ; 
lying at mercy as a suppliant: v.t. 
to lay flat; throw down; bow in 
humble reverence. [Latin.] 

prostration (pros-tra/shun), n. the 
act of prostrating; great depression; 
exhaustion of the vital powers under 
disease. 

prostyle (pro'stll), n. a portico or 
range of columns in front of a build- 
ing; a temple with a portico in front. 

prosy (proz'i), adv. tedious; dull. 

protagonist (pro-tag' o-nist), n. the 
chief of the three actors who had 
speaking parts on the tragic stage in 
ancient Greece. [Greek.] 

protean (pro'te-an), adj. readily as- 
suming different shapes: from Pro- 



teus, a sea deity of classic mythol- 
ogy. 

protect (pro-tekt'), v.t. to cover over; 
defend; shield; shelter; support. 

protection (pro-tek'shun), n. the act 
of protecting; the state of being pro- 
tected; defense; shelter; security; 
passport ; encouragement of home in- 
dustry by duties on imports, boun* 
ties, &c. 

Protectionism (pro-tek'shun-izm), n» 
the doctrine that certain home in- 
dustries and produce should be en- 
couraged by the imposition of duties 
on foreign imports of the same 
kind. 

protectionist (pro-tek'shun-ist), n* 
one who advocates or supports 
protectionism; one who opposes free 
trade unless it be reciprocal. 

protective (pro-tek'tiv), adj. serving 
to protect; defensive. 

protector (pro-tek'ter), n. one who 
protects, especially from injury or 
oppression; guardian. Fern, protec- 
tress. 

protectorate (pro-tek'ter-at) , n. gov- 
ernment or defense by a protector. 

protege (pro-ta-zha/), n. one who is 
under the protection, guardianship, 
or care of another. Fern, protegee, 
[French] 

proteids (pro'te-idz), n.pl. a class of 
nitrogenous compounds, as albumen, 
fibrin, casein, &c, which form ani- 
mal tissue. 

protein (pro'te-in), n. the gelatinous, 
semi-transparent substance obtained 
from albumen, fibrin or casein, the 
essential principle of food. 

protest (pro-test'), v.i. to affirm with 
solemnity; make a solemn declara- 
tion against some public act or meas- 
ure; remonstrate: v.t. to make a 
solemn declaration or affirmation of; 
to declare formally to be insufficient- 
ly provided for by deposit or pay- 
ment; said of a note or bill of 
exchange: n. (pro/test) a solemn 
declaration of opinion against some- 
thing; a document containing rea- 
sons for dissent ; a formal declaration 
by the holder of a bill of exchange 
of its non-payment or non-accept- 
ance by the drawer. [Latin.] 

Protestant (prot'es-tant), n. a mem- 
ber of any of those bodies of Chris- 



tte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book % 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PROTESTANTISM 



657 



PROVENQAL 



tians that protest against the spirit- 
ual supremacy of the Church of 
Rome: originally one of the party 
who adhered to Luther after the sec- 
ond Diet of Speyers, 1529: adj. per- 
taining to Protestants or Protestant- 
ism. 

Protestantism (prot'e's-tant-izm), n. 
the doctrines or religion of Prot- 
estants. 

protestation (prot-es-ta/shun) , n. a 
formal declaration of dissent ; solemn 
affirmation. 

prothonotary (pro-thon'o-ta-ri), n. a 
chief clerk or notary; the principal 
clerk or registrar in certain courts; 
one of the chief secretaries of the 
Papal Chancery. [Foreign.] 

proto, a Greek prefix meaning first, as 
profomartyr, &c. 

protocol (pro'to-kol) , n. one who is 
deputed to draw up the draft of a 
treaty or other official document; 
who draws up a strict account of 
what took place at a secret official 
meeting; one who arranges with 
othe?.' diplomats the order and pro- 
cedure of certain events or cere- 
monies. [Old French.] 

protocol (pro'to-kol), n. the rough 
draft of a treaty, diplomatic des- 
patch, &c. 

protomartyr (pro-to-mar'ter), n. the 
first of the Christian martyrs, St. 
Stephen. 

protoplasm (pro'to-plazm), n. a semi- 
fluid albuminous substance, regard- 
ed as the ultimate basis of physical 
life, from which all living organisms 
are formed and developed. This 
is true of animals and vegetables 
alike. The substance is viscid, 
gummy, and often granular. 

protoplasmic (pro-to-plaz'mik), adj 
pertaining to, or formed of, proto- 
plasm. [Greek.] 

protoplast (pro'to-plast), n. the orig- 
inal germ or germ cluster. 

protoplasta (pro-to-plas'ta), n. the 
very original cell of protoplasm. 

protoplastic (pro-to-plas'tik), adj. 
relating to protoplasta. 

prototype (pro' to-tlp), n. the original 
from which _ot hers are copied. 

protoxide (pro-toks'id), n. a compound 
of one equivalent of oxygen with 
one of another element. 



Protozoa (pro-to-zo'a), n.pl. the fust 
or lowest division of the animal king- 
dom containing animals of the sim- 
plest type of organization, in cells 
or groups of cells that are difficult to 
divide. 

protozoan (pro-to-zo'an) or proto- 
zoon (pro-to-zo'on), n. a singlu cell 
or group of cells belonging to the 
division Protozoa. 

protract (pro-trakt'), v.L to draw out 
or lengthen in time; prolong; defer. 

protracter (pro-trak'ter) , n. one who 
protracts. 

protraction (pro-trak'shun), n. the 
act of protracting; delay; the act of 
laying down on paper the dimensions 
of a plot of land, &c. 

protractor (pro-trak'ter), n. a mathe- 
matical instrument for laying down 
angles on paper: used in surveying, 
&c; a surgical instrument for draw- 
ing out extraneous bodies; a muscle 
that draws forward any part. 

protrude (pro-trud'), v.t. to thrust out 
or push forward: v.i. to shoot for- 
ward; projec^ [Latin.] 

protrusion (pro-tru'zhun), n. the act 
of protruding; the state of being 
protruded. 

protrusive (pro-tru'siv) , adj. thrust- 
ing or impelling forward^ 

protrusively (pro-tm'siv-li) , adv. in a 
protrusive manner. 

protuberance (pro-tu/ber-ans) , n. a 
swelling; a prominence; tumor. 

protuberant (pro-tu'ber-ant), adj, 
swelling; prominent. 

proud (proud), adj. having exces- 
sive self-esteem; arrogant; ostenta- 
tious; haughty; spirited; of lofty 
mien; pleased; grand; gratified. 

provable (proov'a-bl) , adj. capable of 
being proved. 

prove (proov), v.t. to ascertain or try 
by an experiment or test; establish 
or ascertain by argument or other 
evidence; ascertain the genuineness 
of ; experience ; endure ; try by suffer- 
ing; show or demonstrate the accu- 
racy of (a calculation). [Old French. j 

proven (proov'en), adj. proved. 

Provencal (pro-vang-sal'), adj. per- 
taining to, or from, Provence, 
France, or to its language or its in- 
habitants: n. the language of Pro- 
vence. 



ate, arii), at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 
42 hue, hut ; think, then. 



PROVENDER 



658 



PRUDISH 



provender (prov'en-dcr), n. dry food 
for beasts, as hay, (fee. 

proverb (prov'erb), n. a short familiar 
pithy saying, expressing some well- 
known truth or common fact of ex- 
perience; adage. [Latin.] 

proverbial (pro-ver'bi-al), adj. per- 
taining to proverbs ; mentioned in, 
or like, a proverb; widely spoken of 
or well-known. 

provide (pro-vid'),.^. to make ready 
beforehand; furnish; stipulate as a 
preliminary condition: v.i. to pro- 
cure supplies; make preparations 
(with for or_ against). 

provided (pro-vld'ed) , conj. on condi- 
ion. 

providence (prov'i-dens) , n. timely 
care or preparation; economy; pru- 
dence; foresight and care of God for 
his creatures; an event directly 
caused by the power of God. 

Providence (prov'i-dens), n. God as 
exercising his providence. 

provident (prov'i-dent), adj. careful 
for the future; prudent; economical. 

providential (prov-i-den'shal) , adj. 
effected by, or proceeding from, Di- 
vine providence. 

providentially .(pro v-i-d e n's h a-1 i), 
adv. in a providential manner. 

province (prov'ins), n. a division of an 
empire or state; a dependent coun- 
try; region; jurisdiction of an arch- 
bishop; proper office or business; 
department of knowledge: pi. the 
country districts^ 

provincial (pro-vin'shal) , adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, a 
province; rustic: n. one who belongs 
to a province; countryman. 

provincialism (pro-vin'shal-izm) , n. 
an idiom or dialect peculiar to a 
province. 

provision (pro-vizh'un), n. the act of 
providing; the things provided; 
measures taken beforehand; accu- 
mulation of stores: pi. food: v.t. to 
supply with food. 

provisional (pro-vizh'un-al) , adj. pro- 
vided for present use; temporary. 

provisionally (pro-vizh'un-a-li), adv. 
in a provisional manner. 

proviso (pro-vi'zo), n. a conditional 
clause or stipulation in a deed. 

provisory (pro-vi'zo-ri) , adj. condi- 
tional. 



provocation (prov'o-ka/shun), n. that 
which excites to anger or resentment; 
act of provoking. 

provocative (pro-vok'a-tiv) , adj. 
tending to provoke; inciting: n. any- 
thing that tends to provoke; incite- 
ment. 

provoke ^pro-vok'), v.t. to excite or 
stir to action; enrage or irritate; ex- 
asperate. 

provost (prov'ust, or pro-vo'), n. the 
head of a college; superintendent or 
president ; chief dignitary of a cathe- 
dral; chief magistrate of a city or 
town. [Scotch.] 

prow (prou), n. the bow of a ship. 

prowess (prou'es), n. bravery; valor. 

prowl (proul), v.i. to wander stealth- 
ily as for prey or plunder: n. a rov- 
ing for prey or plunder. 

proximate (proks'i-mat), adj. imme 
diate. 

proximately (proks'i-mat-li), adv. im- 
mediately. 

proximity (proks-im'i-ti) , n. immedi- 
ate nearness in place, blood, or alli- 
ance. 

proximo (proks'i-mo) , adv. in or of the 
next or coming month. [Latin.] 

proxy (proks'i), n. [pi. proxies (proks'« 
iz)], the agency of a substitute; the 
document by which one person is 
authorized to act or vote for another. 

prude (prood), n. a woman who af- 
fects great reserve, coyness, and ex- 
cessive virtue. [French.] 

prudence (proo'dens), n. the quality 
of being prudent ; wisdom applied to 
practice. 

prudent (proo'dent), adj. practically 
wise ; careful of the consequences of 
measures or actions; judicious; cau- 
tious; circumspect. 

prudential (proo-den'shal) , adj. pro- 
ceeding from, or influenced by, pru- 
dence. 

prudery (proo'der-i), n. affected nice- 
ness or scrupulousness in conduct; 
manners of a prude. Also prudish- 
ness. 

prud'homme (pru-dom'), n. # in 
France, one of a board of concilia- 
tion of masters and workmen to set- 
tle trade disputes. 

prudish (proo'dish), adj. like a prude; 
affectedly precise, nice, or scrupu= 
lous. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PRUNE 



659 



PUBLICAN 



orune (proon), n. a dried plum: v.t. 
to cut superfluous twigs or branches 
from (a vine, bush or tree); trim. 
[French.] 

prunella (proo-nel'a) , n. a smooth 
woolen stuff used for shoes and 
gaiters; a kind of dried plum. 

prurience (proo'ri-ens) , n. the state or 
quality of being prurient. Also 
pruriency. _ [Latin.] 

prurient (proo'ri-ent), adj. having an 
eager desire for, or characterized 
by, lewdness; itching. 

Prussian-blue (prush'an-bloo'), n. a 
rich blue color obtained from fer- 
rocyanide of iron. 

prussiate (prus'i-at), n. a salt of 
prussic acid. 

prussic acid (prus'ik as'id), n. hydro- 
cyanic acid, a deadly posion. 

pry (pri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pried, p.pr. 
prying], to inspect closely or with 
keen scrutiny: n. close inspection: 
impertinent peeping. 

psalm (salm), n. a sacred song. [Greek.] 

psalmist (salm'ist), n. a composer of 
psalms, especially of any of the 
Scriptural psalms. 

psalmodist (salm'o-dist) , n. one who 
composes or sings psalms. 

psalmody (salm/o-di), n. the art or 
practice of singing psalms. 

Psalter (sawl'ter), n. the Book of 
Psalms; the Prayer Book version 
of the Psalms. 

psaltery (sawl'ter-i), n. a stringed mu- 
sical instrument, used by the ancient 
Hebrews. 

pseudo, a Greek prefix meaning false, 
spurious, as pseudoblepsis, false or 
deceptive vision. 

pseudonym (su'do-nim), n. a ficti- 
tious name. 

pseudoscope (su'do-skop),^. an opti- 
cal instrument which exhibits bodies 
in reversed relief. 

pshaw (shaw), inter j. an expression 
of contempt. 

psoriasis (so-ri'a-sis), n. the itch. 

psychiatry (si-ki'a-tri) , n. the cure of 
mental diseases. 

psychiatrist (si-ki'a-trist), n. a special- 
ist in the cure of mental diseases 

psychical (si'ki-kal), adj. pertaining 
to, or connected with, the human 
soul, spirit, or mind; spiritualistic; 
psychological. Also psychic. 



psychics (sik'iks), n. the science of 
the mind; the study of obscure men- 
tal phenomena. Also psychism. 

psychogenesis (sl-ko-jen'e-sis), n. the' 
development of mind as given in 
consciousness. [Greek.] 

psychological (si-ko-loj'i-kal), adj, 
pertaining to psychology. 

psychologically (si-ko-loj'i-ka-li), adv, 
in a psychological manner. 

psychologist (si-kol'o-jist) , n. one 
skilled in psychology. 

psychology (si-kol'o-ji), n. the science 
of mental phenomena and their 
classification and analysis; mental 
philosophy; metaphysics. 

psychometry (si-kom'e-tri), n. the 
science of divining mental processes. 

psychophysics (si-ko-fiViks), n. the 
science which treats of the correlation 
of mind and matter. 

psychotherapy (si-ko-ther'a-py), n. a 
method of healing diseases by mental 
or spiritual treatment. 

pteropod (teVo-pod), n. an individ- 
ual of the Pteropoda, a class of ma- 
rine cephalopods. 

Ptolemaic (tol-e-ma'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to Ptolemy, the Greek geog- 
rapher and astronomer, or to his 
system of astronomy which sup- 
posed the earth to be the center or 
fixed point of the universe, and that 
the heavenly bodies moved around 
it, 

ptomaines (to , manz) ; n.pl. a class 
of alkaloids of a highly poisonous 
nature, originating in decaying or 
dead matter. 

puberal (pu'ber-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, puberty. 

puberty (pu'ber-ti), n. the age at 
which the generative powers begin 
to be developed. 

pubescence (pu-bes'ens) , n. the state 
or age of puberty; soft, short, downy 
hair. 

pubescent (pu-bes'ent), adj. arriving 
at the age of puberty; covered with 
soft, downy hairs. 

public (pub'lik), adj. pertaining to a 
nation, state, or community; be- 
longing to the people; circulating 
among all classes; open; generally 
known; common to all: n. the people 
in general. [Latin.] 

publican (publi-kan), n. one who 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, *7ien. 



PUBLICATION 



660 



PULL 



keeps a public-house; among the 
ancient Romans, a farmer of the 
public revenues; a collector of tolls, 
tribute, or customs. [Latin.] 

publication (pub-li-ka/shun), n. the 
act of publishing or making public; 
the act of publishing a book, &c. 

public-house (pub'lik-hous), n. an 
inn; tavern; hotel. 

publicist (pub 'li-sist), n. a writer on 
international law, or on current 
events of political or social interest. 

publicity (pub-lis'i-ti), n. the state of 
being public; notoriety. 

publicly (pub'lik-li), adv. in a public 
manner. 

publish (pub'lish), v.t. to make known; 
announce or proclaim; divulge; 
print and offer for sale; put into cir- 
culation. 

puce (pus), adj. dark-brownish pur- 
ple. [French.] 

Puck (puck), n. a mischievous sprite 
or elf. [Irish.] 

pucker (puck'er), v.t.& v.i. to gather 
into small folds; wrinkle: n. a small 
fold or wrinkle. 

pudding (pood'ing), n. a soft kind of 
food made of flour and various in- 
gredients; an intestine stuffed with 
meat, &c; quantity of yarns, mat- 
ting, or oakum. 

puddle (pud'l), n. a small pool of 
dirty water; clay worked together 
with sand: v.t. to make muddy; ren- 
der watertight with puddle; convert 
(pig-iron) into wrought-iron. 

pueblo (pweb'lo), n. [pi. pueblos 
(pweb'loz)], a building constructed 
of adobe or sun-dried brick by the 
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. 

puerile (pu'er-il), adj. pertaining to 
children; juvenile; boyish; trifling. 

puerility (pu-er-il'i-ti), n. the quality 
of being puerile; childishness. 

puerperal (pu-er'per-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or following, childbirth. 

puff (puf), n. a short quick blast; 
sudden forcible breath; a fungous 
ball filled with dust; anything light 
and porous or swollen; a light kind 
of tart; exaggerated praise or adver- 
tisement: v.i. to expel air from the 
mouth with a sudden forcible blast; 
breathe quick and hard; swell with 
air; blow in contempt; move with 
hurry: v.t. to drive with a puff; 



swell, as with wind; praise in exag* 

gerated terms. 
puffer (puf'er), n. one who puffs; one 

who praises in exaggerated terms; 

one who is hired to force up bids at 

sales. 
puffin (puf 'in), n. a diving bird with a 

short thick projecting beak, allied to 

the auk. 
puffiness (puf'i-nes), n. the state or 

quality of being puffy. 
puffing (puf 'ing)> n. exaggerated praise, 

especially with the view to advertise- 
ment; quick and hard breathing; 

p. adj. praising in exaggerated terms, 
puffy (puf'i), adj. distended with air or 

other light matter; windy; bombas* 

tic; tumid. 
pug (pug), n. a small dog with face 

and nose like a bull-dog's; imp ov 

elf; plastic clay: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

Eugged, p.pr. pugging], to line or 
11 up with plastic clay or any other 
material. 

pugging (pug'ing), n. the act or opera- 
tion of working up clay for bricks; 
any substance to deaden sound be- 
tween spaces. t 

pugilism (pu'jil-izm), n. the art or . 
practice of boxing or fighting 'with 
the fists; prize-fighting. [Latin.] 

pugilist (pu'jil-ist), n. a prize-fighter; 
boxer. 

pugilistic (pu-jil-is'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to pugilism. 

pugnacious (pug-na'shus), adj. dis- 
posed to fight; quarrelsome. 

pugnacity (pug-nas'i-ti), n. inclination 
to fight ^ quarrelsomeness. 

puisne (pu'ne) , adj. younger or inferior 
in rank: said of judges. [French.] 

puissance (pu'is-ans), n. power; 
strength. [French.] 

puissant (pu-is'ant), adj. powerful \ 
strong ._ 

puke (piik), v.i. & v. I. to vomit. 

pukka (puk'ka), adj. solid, complete, 
genuine. [Anglo-Indian.] 

pule (piil), v.t. to whine. 

puling (puling), adj. whining; in- 
fantile. 

pull (pool), v.t. to draw towards one; 
pluck; rend or tear; drag or haul: 
v.i. to tug: n. the act of pulling; 
struggle; contest; private influence 
exerted to secure political or other 
favor. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PULLET 



66X 



PUNCTURE 



pullet (pool'et), n. a young hen. 

pulley (poolTi), n. a small wheel turn- 
ing about an axis, and having a 
groove in which a rope works. 

pulmonary (pul'mon-er-i)', adj. pro- 
vided with lungs. . 

pulmonic (pul-mon'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the lungs: n. a medicine for 
diseases of the lungs. [Latin.] 

pulmotor (pool'mo-tor) , n. a device 
for artificially restoring respiration in 
cases of asphyxiation. 

pulp (pulp), n. the soft fleshy part of 
bodies, as of fruit; any soft uniform 
mass: v.t. to reduce to a soft mass; 
extract or separate the pulp from. 

pulpiness (pulp'i-nes), n. pulpy state. 

pulpit (pooFpit), n. an elevated or 
inclosed desk in a church from which 
the sermon is delivered; preachers 
or preaching. [Greek.] 

pulpy (puFpi), adj. consisting of, or 
like, pulp; soft; succulent. [French.] 

pulque (pool'ka), a Mexican beverage 
made from the juice of the agave. 

pulsate (pul'sat)_, v.i. to throb; beat. 

pulsation (pul-sa/shun) , n. a throb or 
beat, especially of the heart. 

pulsative (puTsa-tiv) , adj. beating or 
throbbing. Also pulsatory. 

pulse (puis), n. the rhythmic beating 
of the heart or arteries; vibration: 
leguminous plants or their seeds, as 
peas, beans, &c: v.i. to beat or 
throb, as the pulse. 

pulsimeter (pul-sim'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument applied over an artery, to 
ascertain the force or movement of 
the pulse. 

pulsometer (pul-som'e-ter), :;. a kind 
of steam-condensing vacuum-pump. 

pulu (pu'loo), n. a kind of vegetable 
silk obtained from the fibers of a 
fern-tree of Hawaii. 

pulverization (pul-ver-i-za'shun), n. 
the act of pulverizing. 

pulverize (puTver-iz), v.t. to reduce to 
powder. _ 

puma (pu'ma), n. a large cat-like 
carnivorous animal of America; 
mountain lion. 

pumice (pum'is), n. a hard, light, 
spongy, volcanic lava or rock. Also 
pumice-stone. See pomace. 

pump (pump), n. a machine for rais- 
ing water or other liquid; a light 
low shoe or slipper: v.t. to raise 



(water or a liquid) by means of a 
pump; free from water by a pump; 
extract (information) by artful 
questions. [French; also Danish.] 

pumpkin (pump'kin, colloq. pung'kin), 
n. a plant of the gourd family and 
its fruit. § As an edible it is much 
esteemed in the northern part of the 
United States. [Old French.] 

pun (pun), n. a play upon words: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. punned, p.pr. punning], 
to play upon words similar in sound 
but having a different meaning. 

punch (punch), n. a tool for stamp- 
ing or perforating; a beverage of 
rum, whiskey, &c, water, lemon- 
juice, and sugar, the name coming 
from the Sanskrit pmicha, "five," be- 
cause of the five ingredients which 
compose it: tea, arrack, lemons, 
sugar and water; a blow or thrust; 
the buffoon of a puppet-show; Pun- 
chinello; a short fat person; v.t. to 
perforate with a punch; to strike 
with the fist. 

puncheon (pun'chun), n. a liquid 
measure of 84 wine-gallons. 

Punchinello (punch-i-nero), n. the 
thick-set, hump-backed figure in a 
puppet-show. [Italian.] 

punctate (pungk'tat), adj. dotted 
with small spots; pointed. 

punctiform (pungk'ti-form), adj. 
point-shaped. 

punctilio (pungk-til'i-o) , n. a nice 
point in conduct or ceremony; 
lormal exactness. 

punctilious (pungk-tiFi-us) , adj. very 
nice or precise in conduct or cere- 
mony; exact to excess. 

punctual (pungk'tu-al), adj. observing, 
or done at, the exact time. 

punctuality (pungk-tu-ari-ti) , n. the 
quality pf^ being punctual; the 
characteristic of keeping the exact 
time of an appointment or engage- 
ment. 

punctually (pungk'tu-al-i) , adv. in a 
punctual manner. 

punctuate (pungk'tu-at) , v.t. to mark 
with points; divide into sentences 
by points. 

punctuation (pun gk-tu-a ''shun), n. 
the act or art of dividing sentences 
by points or stops. 

puncture (pungk'tur), n. a small hole 
or wound made by a pointed instru- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PUNDIT 



662 



PURIFICATIVE 



ment: v.t. to make a hole in, or 
pierce, with a pointed instrument. 

pundit (pun'dit), n. a learned Brah- 
man; one versed in the Sanskrit lan- 
guage, laws, and Hindu religion; 
or a solemn pretender to learning 
Also pandit. 

pung (pung), n. a rough sleigh. 

pungent (pun'jent), adj. stinging or 
pricking; piercing; keen; biting; 
sarcastic; caustic. 

Punic (pu'nik), adj. pertaining to the 
Carthaginians, or to their language; 
treacherous; perfidious. [Phoenician.] 

punish (pun'ish), v.t. to cause loss 
or pain to as a penalty for a crime 
or fault; chastise; correct. 

punishment (pun'ish-ment) , n. pain, 
loss, or penalty, inflicted for a crime 
or fault. 

punitive (pu'ni-tiv), adj. pertaining 
to, or inflicting, punishment. 

punk (pungk), n. wood decayed by the 
fungus that covers it; a composition 
made into sticks and intended to 
burn for a long time and ignite fire- 
works, fire-crackers, and other ex- 
plosives; a worthless argument; non- 
sense. 

punkah (pung'ka), n. a large fan 
swung to and fro in tropical coun- 
tries, especially in India, to freshen 
or stir the heated air in a house. 

punster (pun'ster), n. one addicted 
to, or skilled in, punning. 

punt (punt), n. a flat-bottomed boat 
for fishing: v.i. to play basset, „om- 
ber, or faro against the banker or 
dealer. 

puny (pii'ni), adj. [com]), punier, su- 
perl. puniest], inferior in strength or 
size; weak; feeble; petty. 

pupa (pu'pa), n. [pi. pupae (pu'pe)], a 
chrysalis. The third stage of de- 
velopment through which go those 
creatures that have a regular course 
of evolution. 

pupil (pii'pil), n. a young person who 
is under the care of a tutor; scholar; 
ward; in law, a boy or girl under 
the age of puberty (14 and 12 years 
respectively); the opening in the 
iris through which rays of light pass 
to the retina. [Latin.] 

puppet (pup'et), n. a small doll or 
image, especially one moved by 
wires in a mock drama; one who is 



under the influence and control of 
another. [French.] 

puppy (pup'i), n. a whelp; young dogj 
a conceited young man. [French.] 

pur (per), n. the low murmuring of a 
cat when pleased; v.t. to signify by 
purring; v.i. utter a low murmuring 
sound. 

Purana (poo-ra'na), n. an ancient 
legend or mass of sacred tradition 
contained in the Puranas, of which 
there are eighteen of chief impor- 
tance, since they comprise the whole 
body of Hindu mythology. 

purblind (per'blind), adj. seeing ob- 
scurely. 

purchase (per'chas), v.t. to obtain by 
paying an equivalent; acquire; buy; 
expiate or recompense by a fine or 
forfeit ; obtain at the expense of some 
sacrifice, labor, &c: n. the act of 
purchasing; thing purchased or 
bought; mechanical advantage. 

pure (pur), adj. [comp. purer, superl. 
purest], free from moral or physical 
defilement; chaste; unpolluted, una- 
dulterated; clean; holy; real; mere; 
absolute. [Latin. ] 

purely (pur'li), adv. in a pure manner; 
absolutely. 

pureness (pur'nes), n. the state or 
quality of beingpure. 

purgation (per-ga/shun) , n. the act of 
purging; the act of clearing from 
imputed guilt. [Latin.] 

purgative (per'ga-tiv) , adj. serving to 
purge. 

purgatorial (per-ga-to'ri-al) , adj. per- 
taining to purgatory. 

purgatory (per'ga-to-ri), n. in the 
doctrine of the Catholic Church, the 
state after death in which the souls 
of the faithful departed are purified 
from venial sins by suffering: adj K 
cleansing; expiatory. 

purge (perj), v.t. to cleanse or free 
from impurities or guilt; make clear 
or pure; clear from accusation; de- 
fecate: v.i. to have frequent evacua- 
tions: n. a cathartic medicine. 

purging (perj'ing), n. diarrhea or dys- 
entery; looseness of the bowels. 

purification (pu-ri-fi-ka/shun), n. the 
act of purifying; state of being puri- 
fied; ceremonial cleansing from guilt 
or uncleanness. 

purificative (pu'ri-fi-ka-tiv), adj. able 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 







PURIFIER 



663 



PURVEYANCE 



or tending to purify, 
tory. 

purifier (pu'ri-fi-er), n. one who, or 
that which, purifies. 

purif orm (pu'ri-f orm) , adj. like pus. 

purify (pu'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. puri- 
fied, p.pr. purifying], to render pure; 
free from guilt or ceremonial un- 
cleanness; free from impurities, cor- 
ruptions^ or barbarisms. 

Purim (pu'rim), n. a Jewish feast 
(Feast of Lots) observed annually 
to commemorate the deliverance of 
the Jews (Esther ix.). 

purism (pu'rizm), n. affectation in the 
precise use of words in literary style. 

purist (purest), n.one who is scru- 
pulously precise in matters of lit- 
erary style or the choice of correct 
words. 

puristic (pur-is'tik), adj. pertaining to 
purism. 

Puritan (pur'i-tan), n. one who pro- 
fesses great purity in religious doc- 
trine and practice, especially one of 
a body of Nonconformists in the 
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 
who insisted on rigid adherence to 



n. design; end or 
to intend or re- 
to have an inten- 



AIso purifica- purple (per'pl), adj. of the color of 
blended blue and red; regal; livid; 
dyed with blood: n. purple color; 
purple robe, originally worn only by 
royalty; imperial government; car- 
dinalate: v.t. to render, or dye, pur- 
ple. 

purport (per'port), n. meaning; de- 
sign; signification: v.t. to mean or sig- 
nify. 

purpose (per'pus), 
aim desired: v.t. 
solve; design: v.i. 
tion. 

purposeful (per'pus-fool), 
pressly intended. 

purposely (per'pus-li), adv. intention- 
ally. 

purr (per J, see pur. 

purse (pers), n. a small bag or recep- 
tacle for money; sum of money; 
treasury; v.t. to pucker or wrinkle. 

purse-proud (pers'proud), adj. puffed 
up with the possession of riches. 

purser (pers er), n. a, commissioned 
officer having charge of the pro- 
visions, clothing, and money of a 
ship; a paymaster. 



adj. 



ex- 



the letter of Scripture in points of purslane (pers'lan), n. an annual with 



doctrine and practice: adj. pertain- 
ing to the Puritans or their doctrine 
or practice. Also puritanic, puri- 
tanical. 

puritanically (pur-i-tan'i-kal-i) , adv. 
after the manner of the Puritans. 

puritanism (pur'i-tan-izm) , n. the 
doctrines and practices of the Puri- 
tans. 

purity (pur'i-ti), n. the state or Qual- 
ity of being pure ; chastity; cleanness ; 
freedom from adulteration; free- 
dom from sinister motives, foreign 
idioms, or barbarisms. 

purl (perl), n. sl warm spiced ale, or 
gin; an embroidered or puckered 
border; a stitch in knitting; the con- 
tinued murmuring sound of a shal- 
low stream: v.t. 'to fringe or embroi- 
der with a waved edging; invert 
(stitches) in knitting: v.i. to ripple 
or flow with a gentle manner. 

purlieus (per'luz), n.pl. adjacent dis- 
tricts. 

purlin (per'lin), n. a piece of timber ly- 
ing horizontally to support rafters. 
Also purline. 

purloin (per-loin'), v.t. to steal. 



succulent fleshy leaves sometimes 
used for salad. 

pursuant (per-sii'ant), adj. done in 
consequence or in prosecution of 
anything; agreeable: adv. in conse- 
quence of. 

pursue (per-su'), v.t. to follow for some 
end; take and proceed in; prose- 
cute; chase; seek: v.i. to go on or 
continue. [Old French.] 

pursuer (per-su'er), n. one who pur- 
sues. 

pursuit (per-suf), n. the act of pur- 
suing; prosecution; chase; occupa- 
tion; attainment. 

pursuivant (pers'swi-vant), n. an at- 
tendant or follower; state messen- 
ger. [Old French.] 

pursy (pers'si), adj. fat, thick, and 
short-winded ; asthmatical. 

purulence (pu'ru-lens), n. generation 
of pus. 

purulent (pu'ru-lent) , adj. consisting 
of, or containing, pus. 

purvey (per-va/), v.t. to provide; pro- 
cure: v.i. to purphase provisions. 

purveyance (per-va/ans), n. the pro- 
curing of provisions; provisions pro- 



fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PURVEYOR 



664 



PYRAMIDAL 



vided ; the right formerly accorded to 
royalty of buying up provisions 
without the owner's consent. 

purveyor (per-va'er), n. one who pro- 
vides provisions. 

purview (per'vu), n. extent; proviso; 
body of a statute. 

pus (pus), n. the white or yellowish- 
white matter secreted in sores, &c. 

push (poosh), v.t. to press against 
with force; urge forward; drive by 
pressure: v.i. to make a thrust or 
effort; press hard: n. a thrust; force 
applied; effort; assault; exigence; 
extremity; persistent endeavor; pus- 
tule or pimple. 

push-cart (poosh'kart) , n. a small 
cart pushed about the streets by 
itinerant venders of miscellaneous 
articles. 

pushing (poosh'ing), adj. enterprising; 
energetic. 

pusillanimity (pu-sil-a-nim'i-ti), n. 
cowardice. 

pusillanimous (pu-sil-an'i-mus) , adj. 
cowardly ; mean-spirited; faint-heart- 
ed. 

puss (poos), n. a cat: hare. Diminu- 
tive, pussy. 

pustular (pus'tu-lar) , adj. covered 
with glandular pustule-like excres- 
cence. Pustulate. 

pustule (pus'tul), n. a small elevation 
of the skin, or pimple containing 
pus. 

put (poot), v.t. to place in, or bring 
into, any state or condition; cause; 
drive into action; incite; propose; 
apply; lay or deposit; throw in; 
state in language; shoot out or send 
forth; in golf, to drive into a hole 
with a short, careful stroke (put) 
[p.t. & p.p. putting]: n. (put) in 
golf, a short, careful stroke. 

putative (pii'ta-tiv), adj. reputed. 

putlog (poot'log), n. a short piece of 
timber used for a bricklayer's plat- 
form or in scaffolding. 

putrefaction (pu-tre-f ak'shun) , t n. 
the act or process of putrefying; 
decomposition; rottenness. 

putrefactive (pu-tre-f ak'tiv) , adj. per- 
taining to, or tending to, putrefac- 
tion. 

putrefy (pu'tre-fi), p.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
putrified, p.pr. putrefying], to cause 
to rot or decay by the decomposition 



of organic bodies; rot; corrupt: v.i. 
to become putrid. 

putrescence (pu-tres'ens) , n. a putrid 
state. 

putrescent (pfi-tres'erit), adj. per- 
taining to putrefaction; becoming 
rotten. 

putrescible (pu-tres'i-bl), adj. liable, 
or tending ,_ to become putrid. 

putridity (pu-trid'i-ti) , n. putrid state. 
Also putridness. 

putter (poot'er), n. a long straight 
stick used in golf to send the ball 
into one of the holes on the green; 
and token when a short, careful 
stroke is needed. 

puttock (put'ok), n. a hawk or kite. 

putty (put'i), n. an oxide of tin, or of 
lead and tin, used for polishing; a 
compound of whiting and linseed- 
oil used in glazing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
puttied, p.pr. puttying], to cement 
with putty. 

puzzle (puz'l), n. something that tries 
the ingenuity, perplexes, or causes 
embarrassment: v.i. to be puzzled: 
v.t. to perplex; entangle. 

pyemia, pyaemia (pl-e'mi-a) , n. blood- 
poisoning. 

pygmean (pig-me'an) , adj. dwarfish. 

pygmy (pig'mi), n. one of the fabled 
dwarfish races near the ocean who 
waged war with the cranes; one of a 
small race mentioned by Herodotus, 
and found in Central Africa by H. M. 
Stanley, the explorer. Also pigmy. 

pyjamas, same as pajamas. 

pyloric (pi-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the pylorus. 

pylorus (pl-lo'rus), n. the lower and 
right opening of the stomach leading 
to the small intestines. 

pyr, a Greek prefix, meaning fire. Also 
pyro, as p^racanth, a plant with 
name-colored flowers; pyrosco-ge, an 
instrument for measuring the inten- 
sity of radiating heat. 

pyramid (pir'a-mid), n. a solid body 
standing on a triangular, square, or 
polygonal base, having its triangu- 
lar sides terminating in a point at 
the apex: pi. sepulchral monuments 
of such shape, as in Egypt; a game 
at billiards. 

pyramidal (pir-am'i-dal) , adj. shaped 
like a pyramid. Also pyramidic, 
pyramidical. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



PYRAMIDICALLY 



665 



PYX 



pyramidically (pir-a-mid'i-ka-li) , adv. 
in the shape of a pyramid. 

pyramoid (pir'a-moid) , n. a solid re- 
sembling a pyramid. Also pyrami- 
doid. 

pyre (pir), n. a funeral pile. \ [Greek.] 

pyrites (pi-ri'tez), n: a native com- 
pound of sulphur with iron, copper, 
&c. ; often mistaken for rough gold. 

pyro. See pyr. 

pyrocollodion (pi-ro-kol-lo'di-un), n. 
a smokeless powder, used by Rus- 
sia. 

pyro- electric (pl-ro-e-lek'trik) , adj. 
becoming electric by the action of 
heat. 

pyromania (pl-ro-ma'ni-a) , n. an in- 
sane impulse to destroy by fire. 

pyrometer (pi-rom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for measuring the temper- 
ature or expansion of bodies under 
the influence of high degrees of heat. 
It operates usually by the effect of 
intense heat upon solid substances, 
but sometimes on gases. 

pyroscope (pi'ro-skop), see under 
pyr. 

pyrotechnic (pi-ro-tek'nik) , adj. per- 
taining to fireworks or the art of 
making them. 

pyrotechnics (pi-ro-tek'niks) , n. fire- 
works or the art of making them. 
Also pyrotechny. 

pyrotechnist (pl-ro-tek'nist) , n. one 
skilled in the manufacture of fire- 
works. 

pyroxyline (pi-roks'i-lin) , n. any ex- 
plosive substance made by steeping 
a vegetable fiber in nitric or nitro- 
sulphuric acid and drying it after 
washing it with water. Pyroxyle. 

pyrrhic (pir'ik), n. a metrical foot of 
two short syllables; an ancient Greek 
military dance: adj. pertaining to 
such a dance. 

Pyrrhic victory (pir'ik vic'to-ri), n. 
an expression meaning a victory won 



at so great a cost as to be as bad as a 
defeat. From Pyrrhus of Epirus, 
who first so characterized one of his 
battles against the Romans. 

Pythian (pitb'i-an), adj. pertaining 
to Delphi, or to Apollo, or to the 
priestess (pythoness) at Delphi. 

Pythian games (gamz), n.pl. one of 
the four great national games of an- 
cient Greece, celebrated every 5th 
year near Delphi, in honor of Apollo. 

Pythidae (pith/i-di or -de), n.pl. a 
family of variously named snakes. 

pythogenic (pi-tho-jen'ik), adj. pro- 
duced by filth or putrid matter, as 
typhoid fever, &c. 

Python (pi'thon), n. a genus of large 
serpents; the serpent or dragon slain 
by Apollo at Delphi, where he es- 
tablished the Delphic oracle and the 
Pythoness or priestess. [Greek.] 

python (pi'thon), n. a large non-ven- 
omous rock-serpent nearly allied to 
the boa. 

pythoness (pl'thon-es), n. the priest- 
ess of Apollo, who gave oracular 
answers at the temple of Dephi; a 
witch. 

pythonic (pi-thon'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to prophecy; oracular. 

pythonism (pi'thon-izm), n. the art 
of predicting future events by divina- 
tion, after the manner of the ancient 
oracle at Delphi. 

pythonist # (pi'thon-ist), n. one who 
believes in the oracles and religious 
worship at Delphi. 

pyuria (pi-yu'ri-a) , n. a diseased con- 
dition in which the urine is charged 
w^ith pus. [Greek.] 

pyx (piks), n. in the Roman Catholic 
Church, the box or receptacle in 
which the consecrated wafer or host 
is placed; the box in which selected 
coins are placed at the mint to be 
tested prior to their issue. [Graeco- 
Latin.l 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



45 







Q (ku), at present the seventeenth let- 
ter of the English alphabet. The 
character is Phoenician, -Greek, and 
Latin, but in Germanic <gy, Anglo- 
Saxon cw. Q was forced into use by 
the Normans when they invaded 
England in the eleventh century. 
Hence it is that most English words 
with Q are from Latin or French and 
are not of native origin. 

quack (kwak), n. the cry of the duck; 
a pretender to medical skill; charla- 
tan: v.i. to cry like a duck; to act 
like a quack: adj. pertaining to 
quacks or quackery. [Danish.] 

quackery (kwak'er-i) , n. boastful pre- 
tension to skill in medicine; false 
pretensions to any art; imposture; 
empiricism. 

quackish (kwak'ish), adj. like a 
quack. 

quad (kwod), n. the quadrangle or 
court of a college, prison, &c; a bi- 
cycle for four riders; a quadrat. 

quadra (kwod'ra), n. a square border 
or fillet of an Ionian column. Latin 
prefix meaning four. Also quadr, 
quadri, quadru. 

Quadragesima (kwod-ra-jes'i-ma), n. 
Lent. [Latin.] 

quadragesimal (kwod-ra-jes'i-mal) , 
adj. pertaining to, or used in, Lent. 
Since Lent, exclusive of Sundays, 
has forty (Latin quadraginta) days 
of fasting. 

Quadragesima Sunday (sun'da), n. 
the first Sunday in Lent. 

quadral (kwod'ral), adj. four-cornered; 
divided into four parts. 

quadrangle (kwod'rang-gl) , n. an 
open square surrounded by build- 
ings ; a plane figure with 4 angles and 
4 sides. 

quadrangular (kwod-rang'gti-lar) , adj. 
having the form of a quadrangle. 

quadrant (kwod'rant), n. the 4th part 
of a circle, an arc of 90°; an instru- 



ment for taking elevations; an in- 
strument for elevating cannon. 

quadrat (kwod'rat), n. a piece of type- 
metal lower than the type, used to 
fill void spaces in a fine, pages, &c. 

quadrate (kwod'rat), adj. having 4 
equal sides and 4 right angles ; raised 
to the second power; noting an as- 
pect of the heavenly bodies in which 
they are distant 90° from each 
other: v.t. & v.i. to square; fit or 
correspond. 

quadratic (kwod-rat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or involving, asquare. 

quadrature (kwod'ra-tur) , n. the act 
of squaring ; the reduction of a figure 
to a square, exactly or approximate- 
ly; the position of a heavenly body 
when distant 90° from another: said 
especially of the position of the 
moon from the sun. 

quadrennial (kwod-ren'i-al) , adj. com- 
prising, or occurring, every 4 years. 

quadrennially (kwod-ren'i-a-Ii), adv. 
once in 4 years. 

quadrif rental (kwod-ri-fron'tal), adj. 
having four fronts or faces. 

quadrilateral (kwod-ri-lat'er-al) , n. a 
plane figure with 4 sides and 4 an- 
gles; the area inclosed and defended 
by four fortresses. Such is the great 
Quadrilateral in Italy. 

quadrille (kwa-dril'), n. a dance 
by four sets of couples; a game 
at cards played by four persons. 
[French.] ; 

quadrillion (kwod-ril'yun) , n. in the 
French system of numeration, fol- 
lowed in the United States, a thou- 
sand trillions: in the English sys- 
tem, the fourth power of a million, 
or 1 followed by 24 ciphers. 

quadri vium (kwod-riv'i-um), n. a 
place where four roads meet. [Latin.] 

quadroon (kwod-roon'), n. the off- 
spring of a mulatto and a white. 
[Spanish.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book-; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



QUADRUMANA 667 QUARANTINE 

Quadrumana (kwod-roo'ma-na) , n. qualify (kwol'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

pi. an order of mammalia, including qualified, p.m. qualifying], to render 

the monkey, &c. fit or capable for any office, occupa- 

quadrumanous (kwod'roo'ma-nus), tion, &c; render legally capable; 

adj. having 4 hands^ make fit; moderate; limit: v.i. to be- 

quadruped (kwod'roo-ped) , n. a four- come qualified. 

footed animal: adj .four-footed. qualitative (kwol'i-ta-tiv) , adj. per- 

quadruple (kwod-roo'pl), adj. four- taining to quality; determining the 

fold: n. a sum or quantity four times nature of component parts. 

as great as that taken as the stand- quality (kwori-ti), n. [pi. qualities 

ard: v.t. to multiply by four: v.i. to (kwol'i-tiz)], peculiar power or prop- 
increase four-fold. m erty; attribute; disposition; rank; 
quaestor (kwes'ter), n. in ancient superior birth. [French.] 

Rome, the public treasurer; in cer- qualm (kwam), n. a sudden fit of 

tain legislative assemblies, an officer sickness; nausea; scruple. 

in charge. m quamash (kwa-mash'), n. an escu- 

r;uaff (kwaf), v.t. to drink or swal- lent bulb eaten by the North Amer- 

low in large quantities: v.i. to drink ican Indians. Also camass. [Indi- 

luxuriously. [Gaelic] # an.] 

quagga (kwag'a), n. a South Afri- quandary (kwon'da-ri) , n. a state of 

can quadruped allied to the ass and difficulty or perplexity. 

zebra. [Hottentot.] quandel (kwon'del), n. a stake which 

quagmire (kwag'mlr), n. wet, boggy charcoal burners drive into the 

ground yielding under the feet. ground and about which the}^ pack 

[Danish. ]_ m _ the billets of wood to be charred. 

quail (kwal), v.i. to sink in spirit or [Amer. Indian.] 

by dejection; lose heart; cower: n. a quantify (kwon'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

gallinaceous bird, allied to the par- quantified, p.pr. quantifying], to in- 

tridge. [Old French.] dicate the quantity or extent of. 

quailery (kwal'er-i), n. a place where [Latin.] 

quails are bred or fattened. quantitative (kwon'ti-ta-tiv), adj. 

quaint (kwant), adj. ^singular and pertaining to quantity. Also quan- 

antique; not expressed or shown in titive. [Latin.] 

the usual way; odd; neat. [French. ] quantity (kwon r ti-ti) , n. that prop- 
quake (kwak), v.i. to tremble or erty of anything that may be in- 

shake; be agitated: n. a tremble or creased or diminished; any indeter- 

shudder. _ \ minate bulk, weight, or number; 

Quaker (kwak'er), n. one of a religious large portion, sum, or mass; the 

sect, the Society of Friends, founded measure of time in pronouncing a 

by George Fox. Feminine Quakeress. syllable; anything that can be in- 
Quaker- gun (kwak'er-gun) , n. a, creased, divided, or measured; in 

wooden gun mounted to deceive an logic, a general conception. [French.] 

enemy. quantivalence (kwon-tiv'a-lens), n. 

quakiness (kwak'i-nes) , n. shakiness. the combining power of an atom as 
quaking (kwak'ing), adj. trembling; compared with hydrogen. [Latin.] 

shaking: n. a shaking or tremor. quantometer (kwon-tom'e-ter), n. an 

qualifiable (kwol'i-fi-a-bl), adj. that instrument with a moving coil for 

may be qualified. [French.] the measurement of induced cur- 

qualification (kwol-i-fi-ka'snun), n. rents. 

any quality, endowment, or acquire- quantum (kwon'tum), n. amount. 

ment which fits a person for any [Latin.] 

office or occupation; legal power or quarantine (kwor'an-ten), n. the 

ability; limitation; restriction. < time (usually 40 days) during which 

qualificative (kwol'i-fi-ka-tiv) , adj. a vessel from foreign parts suspected 

serving to qualify. of infectious disease is prohibited 

qualifier (kwol'i-f I-er) , n. one who, or from intercourse with the shore: v.t. 

that which, qualifies. to place under quarantine. [French.] 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



QUARREL 



668 



QUAVER 



quarrel (kwor'el), n. an angry dispute; 
petty fight; altercation; ground of 
dispute; a square-headed arrow: v.i. 
to dispute violently; be at variance; 
disagree. [French.] 

quarrelsome (kwor'el-sum) , adj. in- 
clined to quarrel; contentious; easily 
provoked; irascible. 

quarried (kwor'id), p.adj. dug from 
the quarry. 

quarrier (kwor'i-er), n. one who works 
in a quarry. 

quarry (kwor'i), n. a place where 
stone is dug out for building pur- 
poses,- &c; game pursued by hawks 
or hounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quarried, 
p.pr. quarrying], to dig or take from 
a quarry. [French.] 

quarry man (kwor'i-man), same as 
quarrier. 

quart (kwort), n. 2 pints, or l-4th 
of a gallon: (kart), a sequence of 
4 cards in the game of piquet; a 
quarter of the horizon. [French.] 

quartan (kwar'tan), adj. occurring 
every fourth day, as ague, &c. 

quartan fever (kwar-tan fe'ver), any 
fever recurrent every four days. # 

quarte (kart), n. a guard in fencing. 
[French.] 

quarter (kwor'ter)^ n. the 4th part; 
28 lbs. avoirdupois; 8 bushels; the 
4th part of the moon's monthly 
revolution; part of the globe; par- 
ticular county, region, or district; 
life granted to an enemy; mercy; 
after-part of a ship's side; one of the 
4 points of the compass ; in heraldry, 
one of the divisions of a shield when 
divided crosswise: pi. lodgings, espe- 
cially for soldiers: v.t. to divide into 
four equal parts; furnish with lodg- 
ings, as soldiers; bear as an appen- 
dage to hereditary arms. [French.] 

quarter day (da), n. the day begin- 
ning or ending each quarter of the 
year, viz.: March 25, June 24, Sept. 
29, Dec. 25, when payments of rent, 
&c, are made. [S. in England.] 

quarter-deck (kwor'ter-dek) , n. that 
part of a ship which is abaft the 
mainmast. 

quartered (kwor'terd), p.adj. divided 
into quarters; stationed or lodged. 

quartering (kwor'ter-ing), n. t assign- 
ment of quarters; the division of a 
shield containing many coats. 



quarterly (kwor'ter-li) , adj. consist- 
ing of, or containing, a quarter: adv. 
once each quarter of the year: n. a 
publication issued every quarter. 

quartermaster (kwor'ter-mas-ter), n. 
an officer whose duty it is to assign 
quarters and provide food, clothing, 
forage, ammunition, &c, for a regi- 
ment; in the navy, a petty officer 
who attends to the steerage, signals, 
stowage, &c, of ships. [A compound 
word of which the parts are French 
but the word as a whole is English.} 

quartern (kwor'tern), n. l-4th of a 
pint, or of a bushel; gill. [French.] 

quarter-staff (kwor'ter-staf ) , n. a staff 
6^2 feet long and shod with iron, 
formerly used as a weapon of de- 
fense. 

quartet (kwor-tef), n. anything in 
fours; musical composition in four 
parts for four voices or instruments. 
Also quartette. [French.] 

quarto (kwor'to), n. [pi. quartos 
(kwor'toz)], a book having the sheet 
folded into four leaves. Abbreviated 
4to: adj. having 4 leaves in a sheet. 
[Latin.] 

quartz (kworts), n. a mineral com- 
pound of pure silica. [German.] 

quartzite (kworts'it), n. quartz 
rock. 

quash (kwosh), v.t. to crush; subdue 
suddenly or completely; annul. [Old 
French.] 

quasi, a Latin prefix meaning as it 
were, apparently, nearly. 

quassia (kwosh i-a), n. a South 
American tree yielding bark and 
wood of excessive bitterness when 
it is immersed in water or is itself 
placed in a "quassia cup." [Native 
word derived from the name of a 
Peruvian chief, Quassi.] 

quatern (kwa'tern), adj. fourfold; 
growing in fours.* 

quaternion (kwa-ter'ni-on) , n. the 
number four; set of four; a file of four 
soldiers: pi. a calculus or method of 
mathematical investigation. 

quatrefoil (ka'tr-f oil) , n. in herald- 
ry, four-leaved grass ; an ornamental 
figure in architectural tracery di- 
vided by cusps into 4 leaves. 

quaver (kwa'ver), v.t. to shake or 
tremble; vibrate; sing or play with 
tremulous modulations: n. a vibra- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



QUAY 



669 



QUICKSILVER 



tion of the voice; a musical note, 
one-half a crotchet. 

quay (ke), n. a wharf for loading or 
unloading vessels. [French.] 

quayage (ke'aj), n. quaj^s collectively; 
a system of quays; space covered by 
quays. 

quean (kwen), n. a worthless 
woman. 

queasy (kwe'zi), adj. affected with, 
or causing, nausea. 

queen (kwen), n.a female sovereign; 
consort of a king; sovereign of a 
swarm of bees (queen-bee); a court 
card with the figure of a queen; a 
piece in chess; the best or chief of 
her kind: v.i. to play the queen: v.t. 
in chess, to make a queen of. 

queen-consort (kwen-kon'sort), n. 
the wife of a reigning king. 

queen-dowager (kwen-dou'a-jer), n. 
the widow of a king. 

queenliness (kwen'li-nes), n. queenly 
character orattributes. 

queenly (kwen'li), adj. like, or be- 
fitting, a queen. 

queen-post (kwen 'post), n. one of two 
vertical timbers in a roof rising 
from the tie-beam. 

queen-regnant (kwen-reg'nant), n. a 
queen in her own right. 

queer (kwer), adj. odd; singular; 
droll; strange; out of health: v.t. to 
put wrong; to throw out of the proper 
status, as, to "queer" a thing: n. in 
thieves' slang, counterfeit money, as, 
"to shove the queer." [Of unknown 
origin.] 

quell (kwel), v.t. to crush or sub- 
due; put an end to; calm; allay. 

quench (kwench), v.t. to put out or 
extinguish; check; allay. 

querimonious (kwer-i-mo'ni-us), adj. 
complaining ; querulous ; discon- 
tented. [Latin.] 

querist (kwe'rist), n. one who asks 
questions. 

querl (kwerl), v.t. to coil or "curl up." 
[Americanism.] 

querulous (kwer'u-lus), adj. com- 
plaining; discontented. [Latin.] 

query (kwe'ri), n. a question; an in- 
quiry to be resolved; a mark of in- 
terrogation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. queried, 
p : pr. querying], to examine by ques- 
tions; doubt; mark with a query: 
v.i. to ask questions. 



quest (kwest), n. search, inquiry; 
jury of inquest: v.t. to search for. 

question (kwes'chun), n. an inquiry; 
act of asking; interrogation; doubt; 
subject of discussion; examination 
by torture: v.t. to ask or interro- 
gate; examine by questions; treat 
as doubtful: v.i. to ask a question. 

questionability (kwes-chun-a-biri-ti) , 
n. the state or quality of being ques- 
tionable. Also questionableness. 

questionable (kwes'chun-a-bl) , adj. 
that may be questioned; doubtful; 
suspicious. 

questionably (kwes'chun-a-bli), adv. 
in a questionable manner. 

questionary (kwes'chun -a-ri), n. a 
list of questions dealing with such 
topics as are easily accessible to ob- 
servation. 

questor. See quaestor. 

quetzal (kwet'zal), n. an American 
bird of paradise. 

queue (ku), n. the tail of a wig; a line 
of people waiting each his or her 
turn for entrance to a building. 
[French.] 

quibble (kwib'l), n. a petty evasion 
or cavil; play on words: v.i. to evade 
the truth by artifice or evasion; 
play on words. 

quibbling (kwib'ling), n. evasion. 

quick (kwik), adj. rapid; hasty; 
active; nimble; ready; elastic; sharp 
in discernment; sprightly; precipi- 
tate; living; pregnant: adv. quickly: 
n. the living flesh; sensitive parts; a 
hedge of growing shrubs. 

quicken (kwik'en), v.i. to impart life; 
vivify; show signs of life in the 
womb: v.t. increase the speed of; 
to resuscitate; stimulate; cheer. 

quickening (kwik'en-ing), adj. vivify- 
ing. 

quicklime (kwik'lim), n. lime burnt 
and unslaked. m 

quickly (kwik'li), adv. soon; swiftly. 

quickness (kwik'nes), n. speed; ac- 
tivity; activeness of perception. 

quicksand (kwik'sand) , n. sand easily 
moved or readily yielding to pres- 
sure; anything unreliable or treach- 
erous. 

quickset (kwik'set), n. a living shrub, 
especially the hawthorn, set to grow, 
as for a hedge. 

quicksilver (kwik'sil-ver) , n. fluid mer- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



QUID 



670 



QUIVER 



cury: v.t. to overlay with an amal- 
gam of mercury and tin-foil. 

quid (kwid), n. a "cud" of tobacco for 
chewing; in English slang, a sover- 
eign- 

quiddity (kwid'i-ti), n. [pi. quiddities 
(kwid^i-tiz)], the essence of anything; 
a trifling nicety; captious question. 

quidnunc (kwid'nungk), n. one who 
is curious to know everything that 
passes; one who pretends to a 
knowledge of current events. [Latin: 

< "what now?"] 

quiesce (kwi-es'), v.i. to be silent. 
[Latin.] 

quiescence (kwi-es'ens) , n. repose or 
rest; mental quietude. Also quies- 
cency. 

quiescent (kwi-es'ent) , adj. reposing 
or resting; calm; silent. 

quiet (kwi'et), adj. free from mo- 
tion, disturbance, or alarm; still; 
calm; peaceable; gentle; secluded; 
subdued and modest; not showy: 
v.t. to calm or pacify; reduce to a 
state of rest: v.i. to become quiet. 
[Latin.] 

quietant (kwi'et-ant), n. that which 
quiets or soothes. 

quietude (kwi'et-ud), n. repose; tran- 
quillity. 

quietus (kwi-e'tus), n. rest; death; 
final settlement or discharge; heavy 
blow. 

quill (kwil), n. the large strong 
feather of a bird's wing; such feath- 
er used as a pen; a porcupine's 
spine; a weaver's spindle: v.t. to 
plait or form with small quill-like 
ridges. [French.] 

quilt (kwilt), n. a kind of coverlet 
or counterpane: v.t. to stitch to- 
gether, as two pieces of cloth, with 
a soft material between. [French.] 

quilting (kwilt'ing), n. the act or pro- 
cess of making a quilt; material for 
quilting; quilted work. 

quinary (kwi'na-ri), adj. consisting 
of, or arranged in, fives. [Latin.] 

quinine (kwin-en' or kwi'nin), n. an 
alkaline substance obtained from the 
bark of the Cinchona tree: used as 
a febrifuge and tonic. [French.] 

quinquagesima (kwin-kwa-jes'i-ma) , 
adj. fiftieth. [Latin.] 

Quinquagesima Sunday (sun'da), 
n. the Sunday next before Lent. 



quinque, a Latin prefix meaning five, 
as quinquereme, a galley with five 
banks of oars. 

quinquennial (kwin-kwen'i-al) , adj. 
recurring once in, or lasting, five 
years. 

quinsy (kwin'zi), n. inflammation of 
the tonsils of the throat. 

quint (kwint), n. a set or sequence 
of five. 

quintal (kwin'tal), n. a weight of 100 
or 112 lbs. 

quintan (kwin'tan), adj. recurring 
every fifth day: n. an intermittent 
fever which recurs thus. 

quintessence (kwin-tes'ens) , n. the 
pure concentrated essence of any- 
thing; vital or essential part. 

quintet (kwin-tef), n. a musical com- 
position in five obligato parts. Also 
quintette, quintetto. 

quintillion (kwin-til'yun) , n. in the 
French system of enumeration, fol- 
lowed in the United States, a thou- 
sand quadrillions; in the English 
system, a million raised to the fifth 
power, expressed by a unit followed 
by thirty ciphers. 

quintuple (kwin'tu-pl) , v:l. to make 
fivefold: adj. fivefold. 

quip (kwip), n. a short sarcastic turn 
or retort; jeer: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
quipped, p.pr. quipping], to scoff; 
jeer. 

quire (kwir), n. 24 sheets of paper; an 
obsolete form of choir. 

Quirinal (kwi-ri'nal), n. at Rome, 
the royal palace \ also one of the 
seven hills of ancient Rome. 

Quirites (kwi'rl'tez), n.pl. the an- 
cient Romans in their civil capacity. 

quirk (kwerk), n. an artful evasion; 
subterfuge; quibble; smart retort; 
a fight irregular air or melody. 

quit (kwit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quit or 
quitted, p.pr. quitting], to depart 
from; discharge (an obligation); 
give up; forsake: adj. set free. 

quitch-grass (kwiclrgras), n. a rapid- 
ly spreading grass that is a trouble- 
some weed;couch grass; twitch grass. 

quite (kwit), adj. wholly; completely. 

quittance (kwit'ans), n. discharge 
from a debt, service, or obligation. 

quitter (kwit'er). n. one who yields 
in the face of difficulties. [Colloq.] 

quiver (kwiv'er), n. a case for ar- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, ther. 



QUIXOTIC 



671 



QU'RAN 



rows; a trembling or shivering: v.i. 
to tremble, shake, or shiver. 

quixotic (kwiks-ot'ik) , adj. chival- 
rous or romantic to extravagance: 
from Don Quixote, the hero of Cer- 
vantes' romance. [Spanish.] 

quixotically (kwiks-ot'i-ka-li), adv. in 
a quixotic manner. 

quiz (kwiz), n. an enigma or obscure 
question designed to puzzle anyone; 
one who quizzes others: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. quizzed, p.pr. quizzing], to puz- 
zle; make fun of; banter; hoax; 
examine narrowly with an air of 
mockery; peer at. 

quizzical (kwiz'i-kal), adj. given to, or 
of the nature cf, quizzing; comical. 

quod (kwod), n. a prison. [Criminal's 
slang.] 

quodlibet (kwod'li-bet) , n. a nice 
point or subtlety; a delicate distinc- 
tion in matters of opinion. [Latin: 
as you please.] 

quoif , same as coif. 

quoiffure, same as coiffure. [French.] 

quoin (koin), n. a wedge used to sup- 
port and steady a stone; external 
angle of a building; a wedge of wood 
or metal to elevate a gun; wedge- 
shaped wooden block to tighten the 
f>ages of type within the chase. 
French.] 



quoit (kwoit), n. a circular ring of 
iron to be pitched so as to circle a 
fixed upright piece of wood or metal: 
pi. the game thus played. 

quondam (kwon'dam), adj. former. 
[Latin.] 

quorum (kwo'rum), n. the number 
of members of a body or corporation 
competent to transact business by 
law or constitution. [Latin.] 

quota (kwo'ta), n. the part or share 
assigned to each. 

quotation (kwo-ta'shun) , n. the act 
of quoting; that which is quoted; 
current price. 

quotative (kwo'ta-tiv), adj. 'quoting; 
of the nature of a quotation. 

quote (kwot), v.t. to adduce (a pas- 
sage) from some author or speaker, 
for authority m or illustration; give 
the current price of. m 

quoth (kwoth), v.t. said. 

quotha (kwoth'a), inter j. indeed! 

quotidian (kwo-tid'i-an) , adj. recur- 
ring daily. [Latin.] 

quotient (kwo'shent), n. the number 
resulting from the division of one 
number by another. [Latin.] 

quotum (kwo'tum), n. share, propor- 
tion. 

Qu'ran (koo-ran'), the Arabic form of 
Koran. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; m6, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



A 



R 



R, the eighteenth letter of the alpha- 
bet was derived directly from the old 
Indo-European group of sounds 
through the Greek rho. Its form is 
differentiated from Roman P and 
also from rho (P) by the little tag at 
the place where the curve meets the 
stem. Phonetically it is a liquid and 
before a consonant changes to a 
semi-vowel. In Latin, between two 
vowels, it often represents an orig- 
inal S. This is called rhotacis?n 
(r-ing) and is illustrated, also, in the 
Germanic group of languages; as, 
for instance, German, eisen, Eng- 
lish, iron. Pronounced carelessly it 
often glides into L. 

raad (rad), n. a legislative assembly. 
[Dutch.] 

rabbet (rab'et), n. a groove cut longi- 
tudinally in the edge of a plank, 
&c, so that another may fit into 
it: v.t. to groove and unite by a rab- 
bet. 

rabbi (rab'i or 'I), n. [pi. rabbis (rab'- 
iz)], a Jewish doctor or interpreter 
of the law; but not a priest. In 
Western countries a rabbi may have 
semi-priestly relations to a congrega- 
tion but his rights are limited very 
carefully. The word comes from 
the Hebrew verb "to be great" and 
its simplest form is rao, "teacher." 
Rabbi means "my m teacher" (or 
master). Also rabbin. 

rabbinical (ra-bin'i-kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to the rabbis, their doctrines, 
learning, and language: n. later 
Hebrew. 

rabbinism (rab'in-izm), n. rabbinic 
phraseology. 

rabbinist (rab'in-ist), n. one who ad- 
heres to the Talmud and the rar>- 
binic traditions. Also rabbinite. 

rabbit (rab'it), n. & burrowing rodent 
animal, esteemed for food and its 
fur. [Old Dutch.] 



rabbit-warren (rab'it-wor'en), n. a 
place where rabbits burrow and 
breed. [Dutch and French.] 

rabble (rab'l), n. a noisy crowd or 
mob, especially of the lower orders. 

rabboni (ra-bo'ni), n. my (our) mas- 
ter; the highest title of distinction 
among the ancient Jews. It means 
in Hebrew, "our teacher," and is 
granted only to one whom three 
rabbis have separately saluted as 
"rabbi." 

Rabelaisian (ra-be-la'zhen) , adj. joc- 
ular, witty, indecent, like the writ- 
ings of the French priest, Frangois 
Rabelais (d. 1553). Thus one speaks 
of "Rabelaisian humor" as of a par- 
ticular type, resembling that of Dean 
Swift. 

rabid (rab'id), adj. mad; enthusiastic 
to excess. t [Latin.] 

rabies (ra/bi-ez), n. canine madness; 
madness caused by the bite of a dog; 
hydrophobia. [Latin.] 

raca (ra'ka), adj. worthless: a term 
of great contempt among the ancient 
Jews. [Hebrew.] 

raccoon (ra-koon'), n. a badger-like 
animal of North America with a 
valuable fur. Also racoon. 

race (ras)* n. a rapid course, as of 
an animal or river; contest of 
speed [Anglo-Saxon]; career; de- 
scent or lineage; breed or variety 
[German]; root [Latin]: pi. horse- 
races: v.i. to run swiftly; contend in 
running: v.t. to cause to contend in 
a race. [Anglo-Saxon.] 

raceme (ra-sem'), n. a flower cluster. 

racemose (ras'e-mos), adj. growing 
in racemes. 

racer (ra'ser) , n. a race horse, bred for 
speed. 

raceway (ras'wa), n. a channel for 
water as in a mill-race. 

racbitis (ra-ki'tis), n. the same as 
rickets. See rickets. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hfie, hut : think. /7ien. 



RACIAL 



673 



RADIO-TELEGRAPHY 



racial (ra/sial), adj. pertaining to race 
or lineage. 

racily (ra'si-li), adv. in a racy manner; 
amusingly with a touch of malice in 
it. 

raciness (ra'si-nes), n. "the state or 
quality of being racy. 

rack (rak), n. an instrument for 
stretching or straining; an engine 
for stretching the limbs to extort a 
confession; a frame in which arti- 
cles are arranged; a grating above a 
manger for holding hay; a straight 
toothed bar working in the pinions 
of a wheel; an inclined plane on 
which ore is washed and separated; 
thin, broken, vapory clouds; entire 
ruin: v.t. to stretch or strain forcibly 
on, or as on, the rack; torture; wrest; 
perplex; exhaust; decant or strain 
off. 

rackabones (rak'a-bonz), n. American 
expression for a very thin man. 

racket (rak'et), n. a clattering noise; 
a network bat used in tennis ; a snow- 
shoe: pi. tennis: v.i. to make a clat- 
tering noise; frolic; play tennis: v.t. 
to strike, as with a racket. [French.] 

racketing (rak'et-ing) , n. noisy, con- 
fused mirth. 

racking-pace (rak'ing-pas), n. m the 
pace of a horse somewhat quicker 
and shorter than an amble. 

rack-rent (rak'rent), n. rent raised to 
its utmost value: the full value of the 
place rented. 

raconteur (ra-kong-ter'), n. a very in- 
teresting talker and teller of anec- 
dotes. [French.] 

racoon, same as raccoon. 

racquet, another form of racket. 

racy (ra'si), adj. having a strong fla- 
vor; mentally exciting; piquant. 

radial (ra'di-al), adj. pertaining to, or 
like, or using as, a ray; pertaining 
to the radius of the forearm. 

radiance (ra/di-ans) , n. brightness 
shooting in rays; brilliant bright- 
ness; splendor. Also radiancy. 

radiant (ra'di-ant), adj. emitting rays 
of light or heat; shining; brilliant: 
n. the point from which a shower 
of meteors proceeds; a straight line 
proceeding from a given point about 
which it revolves; the luminous 
point from which light emanates. 

radiate (ra/di-at), v.t. to send out as 



rays: v.i. to emit, or issue forth in, 
rays: adj. having rays. [Latin.] 

radiation (ra-di-a'shun), n. the emis- 
sion or diffusion of rays of light or 
heat from one luminous or heated 
body to another. 

radiator (ra'di-a-ter), n. the body 
from which rays radiate ; a chamber, 
coil, drum, &c, in an apartment, 
heated by steam, hot air, or hot 
water, &c, for radiating warmth 
into the apartment. 

radical (rad'i-kalK adj. pertaining to 
the root or origin; fundamental; 
original; underived; extreme: n. a 
simple underived word; letter be- 
longing to the root ; one of the ultra- 
liberal party; the base of a chemi- 
cal compound (also radicle). 

radically (rad'i-ka-li) , adv. essentially; 
entirely. 

radicate (rad'i-kat), v.t. to plant deep- 
ly and firmly: v.i. to take root: adj. 
deeply planted or rooted. 

radicle (rad'i-kl), n. that part in the 
embryo in the seed of a plant which 
becomes the root; in chemistry, the 
same as radical. _ [Latin.] 

radio - active (ra/di-o-ak'tiv), adj. 
emitting Becquerel rays; exhibit- 
ing the properties possessed by 
radium. 

radio-activity (ra'di-o-ak-tiv'i-ty), ft. 
the power of # emitting rays, as by 
radium, actinium, &c L 

radiochemistry (ra/di-o-kem'is-tri), n. 
that branch of chemistry which deals 
with radio-active bodies and radio- 
activity. 

radiofy (ra/di-o-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
radiofied, p.pr. radiofying], to cause 
to become radio-active by exposing 
to the influence of radium. 

radiograph (ra'di-o-graf ) , ft. a picture 
obtained by means of radiography: 
v.t. to produce a likeness of by 
means of radiography. 

radiography (ra-di-og'ra-fi), ft. the 
art or process of producing pictures 
by the action of Roentgen rays upon 
certain sensitive salts. 

radiometer (ra-di-om'e-ter), n. an 
instrument revolving in a vacuum, 
which under the influence of light 
exhibits the energy of the solar rays. 

radio-telegraphy (ra'di-o-te-leg'ra- 
fi), ft. the art of sending electric 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



RADIO-TELEPHONY 674 RAILLERY 

currents through the air; wireless rage (raj), n. excessive and uncon- 
telegraphy. trolled anger; vehemence; extreme 

radio -telephony (ra/di-o-te-lef'o-ni), violence; enthusiasm; extreme de- 
ft, telephoning through the air with- sire or eagerness: v.i. to be furious 
out wires; wireless telephony. with anger; prevail fatally, as a dis- 

radiotherapy (ra/di-o-ther'a-pi) , n* ease; be violently agitated, as the 
treatment of disease by radio-activ- sea; ravage. [French.] 
ity, as by the X-ray, or by a radio- rageful (raj 'fool), adj. full of rage, 
active element such as radium or ragg, same as ragstone. 
thorium. ^ ragged (rag'ed), adj. rent or worn 

radish (rad'ish), n. a root of the into rags; clothed in tattered gar- 
Raphenus cativus. Its flesh is ments; destitute; rough; jagged. _ 
pungent and "bites." raging (raj'ing), p.adj. acting with 

radium (ra/di-um), n. a radio-active fury; violent; vehement; frantic: n. 
element recently discovered in pitch- fury; violence. 

blende by Madame Curie, possessing raglan (rag'lan), n. a loose cloak, 
the property of giving off luminous with or without sleeves, named after 
and actinic rays, accompanied by Lord Raglan in the Crimean War. 
heat, without loss of weight. Ragnarok (rag'na-rok), n. the time 

radius (ra'di-us), n. [pi. radii (ra'di- when the world shall be destroyed, 
I)], a straight line from the center to according to Norse mythology. The 
the circumference of a circle; ex- word is Icelandic and means "the 
terior bone of the forearm; ray of a twilight of the gods," as does the 
flower; anything like a radius, as title of Wagner's famous opera, 
the spoke of a wheel. [Latin.] G otter ddmmerung. 

radix (ra/diks), n. a root; a primitive ragout (ra-goo'), n. a dish of stewed 
word; base of a system of loga- and very savory meat, 
rithms. [Latin.] ragstone (rag'ston), n. any hard, 

raffle (raf'l), n. a kind of lottery in coarse-textured rock. 

which each participant deposits a rag- tag (rag'tag), n. a miscellaneous 
part of the value of a thing in con- collection of tramps and beggars, 
sideration of the chance of gaining. There is also the expression rag-tag 

raft (raft), n. pieces of timber fas- and bobtail. 

tened together for transport by rag- time (rag'tim), n. syncopated 
floating; a floating wooden frame- time, characteristic of negro melo- 
work: v.t. to carry on a raft. dies. 

raft (raft), n. in familiar language a ragwort (rag'wert), n. a common 
crowd. [Americanism, for "raff," plant with jagged leaves, 
used in England.] 'rah (ra), exclam. n. a corruption of 

rafter (rafter), n. an inclined beam hurrah, and much used by college 
supporting the roof of a house: v.t. students in their parades or meet- 
to form into, or furnish with, raft- ings. 
ers. m raid (rad), n. a hostile or predatory 

rafting (rafting), n. the business of incursion: v.t. to make a raid upon, 
floating rafts. [Icelandic] 

raftsman (rafts'man), n. a man who rail (ral), n. a bar of timber or metal 
manages a raft upon a river. extending from one support to an- 

rag (rag), n. a fragment of cloth; a other; wooden or iron fence; a rail- 
low-class newspaper: pi. worn-out way; a wading bird with a harsh 
or tattered garments; mean dress. cry: v.i. to bawl; use opprobrious 

ragamuffin (rag Vmuf-in) , n. a low, language; scoff: v.t. to inclose with 
disreputable fellow. rails; despatch by rail. 

rag-baby (rag-ba/bi), n. a figure much railing (ral'ing), n. material for rails; 
used from 1890 to 1897, to typify the fence made of posts and rails: adj. 
People's Party because of its ad- insulting or reproaching, 
vocacy of paper-money secured by raillery (ral'er-i), n. good-humored 
silver only. irony or satire; banter. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, ^en. 



RAHLEUR 



675 



RAMPANT 



railleur (ral-yer'), n. a banterer. 
[French.] 

rail- splitter (ral'split'er), n. one who 
splits logs into fence-rails; a member 
of one of certain Lincoln clubs, in 
allusion to a nick-name of Abraham 
Lincoln. _ 

railway (raJ'wa), n. a way or road laid 
with two parallel iron or steel rails 
along which cars are drawn by 
steam power, electricity, &c. Also 
railroad. 

raiment (ra/ment), n. clothing. 

rain (ran), n. water in drops dis- 
charged from the clouds: v.i. to fall 
in drops from the clouds ; drop^ like 
rain: v.t. to pour down like rain. 

rainbow (ran'bo), n. the bright- 
colored arc formed in the heavens 
by the refraction or reflection of the 
sun's rays falling upon watery par- 
ticles in that part of the heavens op- 
posite to the sun. 

rainfall (ran'fawl), n. the amount of 
rain that falls on any given area. 

raininess (ran'i-nes), n. the state of 
being rainy. 

rainy (ran'i), adj. abounding with 
rain. 

raise (raz), v.t. to cause to rise; 
lift up ; elevate ; originate > or pro- 
duce; promote; rouse; increase; 
construct; levy; collect; cause to 
appear; cause to swell. [Icelandic] 

raisin (ra'zn), n. a dried grape. 
[French.] 

rajah (ra/ja), # n. a Hindu king, 
prince, or chief. 

Rajput (raj-poot'), n. a Hindu of 
royal descent or of the higher mili- 
tary caste. The province of Raj- 
putana is named from the Rajputs. 
Also Rajpoot. 

rake (rak), n. a toothed implement 
for smoothing the soil [Anglo-Saxon] ; 
a loose liver [Icelandic]; inclination 
or slope; that part of the bow or stern 
of a ship that projects beyond the 
keel [A. S.]: v.t. to gather or smooth 
with a rake; collect together; scour; 
fire upon, so as to sweep the deck of 
a vessel in a longitudinal direction: 
v.i. to slope from the perpendicular. 
[A. S.] 

rake-hell (rak'hel), n. same as rake. 

rakish (rak'ish), adj. dissolute; de- 
bauched. 



rale (ral), n. a sound in addition to the 
natural respiration, as the tracheal 
rale or death-rattle. 

rally (ral'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rallied, 
p.pr. rallying], to collect and ar- 
range, as troops in confusion; re- 
unite; attack with raillery; banter 
or satirize humorously: v.i. to re- 
turn to order; recover strength; ex- 
ercise raillery: n. the act of recover- 
ing order, or of regaining strength; 
good humored satire; horseplay, as 
in a pantomime. [French.] 

ram (ram), n. the male of a sheep, 
one of the signs (Aries) of the 
zodiac; a military engine for batter- 
ing; a hydraulic engine; an iron- 
clad with a steel beak: v.t.^ [p.t. & 
p.p. rammed, p r pr. ramming], to 

_ push or press with force. 

Rama- chandra (ra'ma-chan'dra), n. 
the hero of a famous legend of 
Hindu literature; the Ramayana. 
[Sanskrit.] 

ramble (ram'bl), v.i. to wander or rove 
about; visit many places; be desul- 
tory: n. a roving or wandering from 
place to place. [Icelandic] 

ramenta (ra-men'ta), n.pl. the thin 
brown scales which cover the stems 
of ferns. [Latin.] 

ramie (ram'e), n. the so-called China 
grass, or its fiber; now being used 
extensively in place of cotton. Also 
ramee. 

ramification (ram-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. a 
division or separation into branches; 
sub-division; manner of producing 
branches. 

ramify (ram'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rami- 
fied, p.pr. ramifying], to divide into 
branches, or divisions: v.i. to shoot 
into branches; become divided or 
sub-divided. [Latin.] 

rammer (ram'er), n. one who, or that 
which, rams; an instrument for for- 
cibly driving anything; a rod for 
forcing down the charge of a gun. 

ramose (ra/mos), adj. branched; pro- 
ducing branches. [Latin.] 

ramp (ramp), v.i. to climb like a 
plant; spring; leap violently: n. a 
leap or bound. 

rampage (ram'paj), v.i. to # prance 
about with unrestrained spirits; be 
furious: n. a state of excitement. 

rampant (ram 'pant), adj. overleaping 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



RAMPART 676 RAPINE 

restraint or natural bounds; in her- official or keeper of a park or for- 

'aldry, standing upright on the hind est; a variety of dog. [English.] 

legs. [French.] rank (rangk), n. t a row or line, espe- 

rampart (ram 'Dart) , n. a mound or cially of soldiers placed abreast ; 

wall surrounding a fortified place; station or position; grade; dignity; 

protection from assault or danger: eminence: v.t. to draw up in line; 

v.t. to fortify with a rampart. include in a particular class, or 

[French.] order, or division: v.i. to hold a 

ramrod (ram'rod), n. a rod used for certain position [French]: adj. luxu- 

ramming down the charge of a gun. riant in growth; excessive; coarse; 

ramshackle (ram'shak-1) , adj. loose; rancid. 

out of repair. rankle (rangk'l) , v.i. to grow more rank 

ramus (ra'mus), n. a branch. [Latin.] or strong; fester; become mentally 

ran, p.t. of run. disquieted or irritated. 

ranch (ranch), n. a cattle-farm, ransack (ran'sak), v.t. to search nii- 

Also ranche, rancho. [Spanish.] nutely; rummage; plunder. 

ranchero (ran-cha'ro) , n. a herds- ransom (ran'sum), v.t. to free from 

man. [Spanish]. captivity, slavery, or punishment, 

rancid (ran'sid), adj. having a rank, by a payment; atone for; redeem 

unpleasant, sour smell or taste. from the bondage of sin: n. price 

[Latin.] paid for release from captivity, &c, 

rancidity (ran-sid'i-ti) , n. rancid con- or for goods captured by an enemy; 

dition. Also rancidness. price paid for procuring the pardon 

rancor (rang'ker), n. implacable en- of sin and the redemption of the 

mity: deep spite or malice. sinner. 

rancorous (rang'ker-us) , adj. malig- rant (rant), v.i. to bluster or be 

nant ; spiteful. noisily wordy; to rave in extravagant 

rand (rand), n. an edge, margin, or or violent language: n. noisy; empty 

border; a part of the Transvaal. declamation. [Old Dutch.] 

[Dutch.] ranter (rant'er), n. one who rants; a 

randan (ran'dan), n. a boat pro- boisterous preacher; a member of a 

pelled by. three rowers, one in the sect known as the Ranters, 

center using two oars and the others rap (rap), v.i. to strike a quick, sharp 

one oar each. blow; knock: v.t. to strike sharply: 

random (ran'dum), n. want of direc- n. a quick, sharp blow; something 

tion or method; chance: adj. done of no value, 

haphazard; left to chance, or with- rapacious (ra-pa'shus) , adj. given to 

out method. # plunder; seizing forcibly; greedy; 

ranee (ran'e), n. a Hindu queen or avaricious. [Latin.] 

princess; rajah's wife. Also rani, rapacity (ra-pas'i-ti), n. the quality 

rang, p.t. of ring. of being rapacious. Also rapa- 

range (ranj), v.t. to set or arrange ciousness. 

in a row; place in proper order; rape (rap), n. a seizing and carrying 
rove over; sail along in a parallel away by force; the seizure and car- 
direction: n. a rank or row; order nal knowledge of a woman against 
or class; space or room for excur- her will; a plant of the cabbage 
sion; extent of discourse or roam- family, from the seeds of which an 
ing; power; an extended kitchen oil (colza oil) is expressed. [Latin.] 
grate; distance to which a shot, &c, rapid (rap 'id), adj. very quick or 
can be projected. [French.] swift; expeditious: n.pl. a swift cur- 
range-finder (ranj'fm-der), n. an rent in a river where the channel is 
instrument invented by Capt. Arthur descending. t [Latin.] 
Nazro, U.S.N. , to enable the opera- rapier (ra'pi-er), n. a long thin 
tor in a ship or fortress to find the sword, used for thrusting. [French.] 
exact distance of the enemy at the rapine (rap 'in, or /In), n. the act of 
moment of firing. plundering or seizing forcibly; pil- 

ranger (ranj'er), n. a rover; the chief lage; violence. [Latin.] 

, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RAPPORT 



677 



RATIO 



rapport (rap-pcr'), n. harmonious rela- 
tion; affinity. The French phrase is 
en rapport (an-rap-por'). 

rapprochement (ra-prosh'mang) , n. 
the act of coming together; an 
understanding. [French.] 

rapscallion (rap-scal'yun) , n. a ras- 
cal. 

rapt (rapt), p. adj. transported; rav- 
ished. 

Raptores (rap-to'rez), n.pl. an order 
of birds characterized by the strength 
of their claws and bills, including 
the eagles, owls, &c. [Latin.] 

raptorial (rap-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to the Raptores. Also raptorious. 

rapture (rap'tur), n. extreme pleasure 
or delight; ecstasy; enthusiasm. 

raptured (rap'turd), same as rapt. 

rare (rar), adj. [comp. rarer, superl. 
rarest], scarce; uncommon; unusu- 
al; thinly scattered; not dense; ex- 
cellent; incomparable; of loose tex- 
ture; almost raw. [Latin.] 

rare- bit (rar 'bit), n. cheese toasted 
until it begins to melt, then served 
with cayenne pepper and other con- 
diments; often with a dash of ale. 
See Welsh rabbit. 

rarefaction (rar-e-f ak'shun) , n. the 
act of rarefying or rendering less 
dense. 

rarefy (rar'e-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to make 
rare, thin, or less dense; expand: 
v.i. to become less dense. 

rarely (rar'li), adv. seldom. 

rareness (rar'nes), n. the state or 
quality of _being rare 

rare-ripe (rar'rip), adj. ripe before 
the usual season: n. an early fruit. 

rarity ^ (rar 'i-ti), n. a rare article; ex- 
ceptional excellence; rareness. 

rascal (ras'kal), n. a mean fellow; a 
scoundrel; one who is guilty of 
mean offenses. 

rascaldom (ras'kal-dum), n. rascals 
collectively. 

rascality (r-as-kal'i-ti) , n. the state of 
being a rascal; petty villainy or 
dishonesty. 

rash (rash), adj. hasty; incautious; 
precipitate; acting without caution 
or reflection: n. a slight cutaneous 
eruption. 

rasher (rash'er), n. a thin slice of ba- 
con. 



Rasores (ra-so'rez), n.pl. an order 
of birds, including the barn fowls, 
pheasants, partridges, &c, who 
scratch the ground in search of food. 

rasorial (ra-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to the Rasores. 

rasp (rasp), v.t. to rub with, or as 
with, a rough instrument; file with 
a rasp: n. a kind of rough file. 

raspberry (raz'ber-i), n. [pi. rasp- 
berries (raz'ber-iz)j, a shrub and 
its well-known fruit. 

rasure (ra'zur), n. erasure. [Latin.] 

rat (rat), n. an animal of the mouse 
family but larger and more vora- 
cious; one who deserts his party;; a 
workman who works during a strike, 
or for less than the usual wages: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. ratted, p.pr. ratting], to 
desert one's party; to act the rat, 
said of a workman; to catch rats. 

rat (rat), n. a roll of artificial hair over 
which a woman's own hair is combed. 

ratable (rat'a-bl), adj. assessed at a 
certain value; liable to be assessed. 

ratch (rach), n. a toothed bar into 
which a click drops; the wheel of a 
clock which causes it to strike. 

ratchet (rach'et), n. the detent which 
stops a ratchet-wheel. 

ratchet-wheel (rach'et-hwel), n. a 
circular ratch. 

rate (rat), n. ratio or proportion; 
price fixed or stated; comparative 
value; degree; a tax or assessment; 
speed at which anything is done or 
performed; class of warship: v.t. to 
estimate; settle or fix the value, 
rank, or degree of; scold vehemently 
and hastily: v.i. to make an esti- 
mate; be placed in a certain class or 
rank. [Latin.] 

rather (raf/i'er), adv. sooner; more 
willingly; on the contrary; prefer- 
ably to the other. 

rathskeller (raths'kel-er) , n. a restau- 
rant and beer-cellar. [German.] 

ratification (rat-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. the 
act of ratifying; confirmation. 

ratifier (rat'i-fi-er), n. one who rati- 
fies. 

ratify (rat'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ratified, 
p.pr. ratifying], to approve and sanc- 
tion; settle or confirm; establish. 

ratio (ra/shi-o), n. [pi. ratios (ra'shi- 
oz)], the relation or proportion of 
one thing or quantity to another. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RATIOCINATE 



678 



RAVISH 



ratiocinate (rash-i-os'i-nat), v.i. to 
reason deductively; argue. 

ratiocination (rash-i-os-i-na'shun) , n. 
the act or process of reasoning; de- 
ducing conclusions from premises. 

ratiocinative (rash-i-os'i-na-tiv) , adj. 
argumentative. [Latin.] 

ration (ra'shun), n. an allowance: 
pi. allowance of provisions given per 
man for daily subsistence: v.t. tc 
furnish with rations. 

rational (rash'un-al) , adj. agreeable 
to, or consistent with, reason; nei- 
ther extravagant nor foolish; wise; 
judicious. 

rationale (rash-o-na'le), n. & series 
of reasons assigned for any opinion, 
action, &c. 

rationalism (rash'un-al-izm) , n. a 
system or doctrine which, rejecting 
revelation, makes reason the sole 
guide in the interpretation of Scrip 
ture and dogma. 

rationalist (rash'un-al-ist), n. one who 
upholds or supports rationalism. 

rationalistic (rash-un-al-is'tik) , adj. 
pertaining to, characteristic of, or 
like, rationalism. 

rationality (rash-un-al'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being rational; power of 
reasoning ; reasonableness ; mental 
sanity. 

rationalize (rash'un-al-iz), v.t. to 
interpret as a rationalist ; convert to 
rationalism: v.i. to rely solely on 
reason or as a rationalist. 

rationally (rash'un-a-li), adv. in a 
rational manner; in accordance with 
reason. 

ratlins (rat'linz), n.pl. small horizon- 
tal ropes, extending over the shrouds 
forming ladder-like steps. Also rat- 
lines. 

rats (rats), inter j. a vulgar cry, ex- 
pressive of indifference and con- 
tempt. 

ratsbane (rais'ban), n. poison for 
rats; arsenious acid. 

rattan (ra-tan'),. n. one of the long, 
smooth, reed-like stems of several 
species of palms; a rattan walking 
stick. [Malay.] 

ratteen (ra-teen'), n. a thick woolen 
quilted or twilled stuff. 

rattinet (rat-in-ef), n. an inferior 
kind of ratteen. 

ratting (rat'ing), n. the act of de- 



serting one's party; the act of catch- 
ing rats; working for less than cur- 
rent prices. [English slang.] 

rattle (rat'l), v.i. to produce rapidly 
sharp noises; speak rapidly or nois- 
ily; ride rapidly: v.t. to cause to 
make a rapid, sharp noise; stun 
with noise; drive rapidly; scold: n. 
a succession of rapid, sharp noises; 
noisy, rapid, empty talk; a child's 
toy for rattling. 

rattle, v.t. to confuse, to confound, to 
draw into a state of bewilderment. 
[Slang.] 

rattler (rat'ler), n. one who or that 
which rattles; a rattlesnake. 

rattlesnake (rat'1-snak), n. a venom- 
ous snake with hard bony rings on 
the tail producing a rattling sound 
when in motion. 

rattling (ratling), adj. making m a 
rapid succession of sharp, noisy 
sounds; quick: adv. very: n. noise 
produced by a rattle. 

raucous (raw'kus), adj. hoarse. [Latin.] 

ravage (rav'aj), v.t. to lay waste; 
pillage; plunder or sack: n. destruc- 
tion by violence or decay; devasta- 
tion; ruin. [French.] 

rave (rav), v.i. to wander in the mind 
or be delirious; rage as a madman. 

ravel (rav'l), v.t. to unweave or un- 
twist; involve or entangle: v.i. to be 
unwoven or untwisted; busy one's 
self with perplexities. 

ravelin (rav'lin), n. a detached work 
with two embankments making a 
salient angle. 

ravelings (rav'el-ingz), n.pl. threads 
detached by untwisting. 

raven (ra'vn), n. a large bird of the 
crow family noted for its deep black 
color: adj. raven-color ed. # 

raven (rav'n), v.t. to obtain, or seize, 
by violence; devour with greediness 
or voracity: n.- violence; plunder; 
prey. [Old French.] 

ravening (rav'n-ing), n. eagerness for 
plunder. 

ravenous (rav'n-us), adj. devouring 
with rapacity; eagerly voracious; 
eager for gratification. 

ravine (ra-ven'), n. a long, deep hol- 
low, worn by the action of a stream 
or torrent; mountain gorge. [French.] 

ravish (rav'ish), v.t. to seize and to 
carry away by force; have sexual 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RAVISHMENT 



679 



REALISM 



intercourse with (a woman) without 
her consent; transport with delight 
or rapture. [French.] 

ravishment (rav'ish-menc), n. forcible 
violation of chastity; rape; abduc- 
tion; transport; rapture. 

raw (raw), adj. uncooked; crude; 
without skin; sore; not spun or 
twisted; in the natural state; un- 
tanned; undiluted; unripe; inexperi- 
enced; cold and damp: n. a sore. 

rawboned (raw'bond), adj. with little 
flesh on the bones. 

raw-head (raw'hed), n. an imaginary 
horror, a head cut, slashed, and 
covered with blood: hence the full 
phrase, "raw head and bloody 
bones." 

rawhide (raw/hid), n. a cowhide whip. 

rawish (raw'ish), adj. somewhat raw. 

ray (ra), n. a line or pencil of light 
proceeding from a radiant point; 
light; beam of intellectual light; 
perception or apprehension; the out- 
er whorl of a floret; a radius; a 
cartilaginous fish of the genus Raia, 
as the skate, &c: v.t. to shoot forth, 
as a ray: v.i. shine forth. [French.] 

rayah (ra'ya), n. in Turkey, a non- 
Mohammedan. 

raze (raz), v.t. to level to the ground; 
blot out; efface; graze or shave. 

razee (ra-ze'), n. a large warship cut 
down to a smaller size and inferior 
class. [French.] 

razor (ra'zer), n. a sharp-edged cutting 
instrument used for shaving. See 
safety-razor. 

razor-back hog (ra'zer-bak hog') or 
simply razor-back, n. a wild pig 
found in the West-Southern States. 
It is noted for its speed, which is 
remarkable. 

razor-bill (ra'zer-bil) , n. the auk. 

razure, same as rasure. 

razzia (rat'si-a), n. a raid. [French.] 

razzle-dazzle (raz'l-daz'l), v.t. to 
intoxicate; to confound and confuse: 
n. a state of intoxication; a debauch: 
inter j. the cry of a drunkard. 

re, a Latin prefix noting repetition or 
retrograde action. 

reach (rech), v.t. to touch with the 
extended hand; stretch forth; arrive 
at; gain; penetrate to; include: v.i. 
to be extended so as to touch; en- 
deavor to obtain something; the 



power of reaching or attaining; dis- 
tance that can be reached; limit of 
power or ability; stretch of water 
or stream. 
reach-me-down (rech'me-doun), adj. 
ready-made; second-hand: n. a gar- 
ment, such as those hung in front of 
second-hand shops. Also hand-me- 
down. [Slang.] 

reaction (re -ak 'shun), n. reverse or 
return action. 

read (red), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. read 
(red), p.pr. reading], to observe and 
apprehend the meaning of (some- 
thing written, printed or inscribed) ; 
peruse; discover by observation; 
study: v.i. to perform the act of 
reading; peruse written or printed 
matter. 

readable (red'a-bl), adj. fit to be 
read; worth reading; legible. 

reader (red'er), n. one who reads; one 
who reads praj-ers in church; a cor- 
rector of the press; a university 
lecturer ; a reading-book. 

readily (red'i-li), adv. in a ready 
manner; quickly; easily; willingly. 

readiness (red'i-nes), n. the state of 
being ready; promptness; cheerful- 
ness. 

reading (red'ing), adj. addicted to 
reading: n. perusal of books; lec- 
ture; public recital; variation; ver- 
sion or interpretation of a particu- 
lar passage in a book or MS.; ob- 
servation made bj examining a 
scientific instrument; formal recital 
of a bill by the proper officer before 
a legislative assembly. 

readjust (re-ad- just'), v.t. to adjust or 
put in order again. 

ready (red'i), # adj. [comp. readier, 
superl. readiest], prepared at the 
moment; quick; prompt; fit for a 
purpose; willing; near; about to do 
or be; dexterous. 

real (re'al), adj. actually existing; 
not fictitious; genuine; true; per- 
taining to things fixed, as lands or 
tenements; not personal [Latin]: n. 
(ra'al), a Spanish coin = 5 cents 
(about) . 

real estate _ (es-tat) , n. lands and all 
appertaining to them. 

realism (re'al-izm), n. the representa- 
tion of nature or social life as it 
actually appears; the doctrine that 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



REALIST 



680 



REBUT 



the objects immediately known are 
real existences ; a phrase of the same 
doctrine which teaches that whatever 
is taught us by our senses is unreal, 
but that God alone is real. [Latin.] 

realist (re'al-ist), n. one who holds 
the doctrine of, or practices, realism. 

realistic (re-al-is'tik), adj. pertaining 
to realism and realists. 

reality (re-al'i-ti), n. [pi. realities 
(re-al'i-tiz)], actual existence; fact; 
truth. 

realization (re-al-i-za/shun) , n. the 
act of realizing, or of making and 
believing real; conversion of money 
into real property, or the contrary. 

realize (re'al-iz), v.t. to bring into act 
or being; make real; convert into 
real property or money; bring home 
to one's self; achieve; complete. 

really (re'a-li), adv. with actual exist- 
ence; in truth. 

realm (relm), n. royal jurisdiction or 
territory; kingdom; empire; state. 
[Old French.] 

realty (re'al-ti), n. real estate. 

ream (rem), n. 20 quires, or 480 
sheets of paper; 500 sheets (long 
ream). [French.] 

reap (rep), v.t. to cut with a scythe, 
sickle, or corn-cutting machine; per- 
form the operation of reaping; gather 
in; receive as a reward. 

rear (rer), n. the part behind the rest; 
last in order; background; that 
part of a fleet or army behind the 
other: v.t. raise or lift up; exalt; 
build; educate; bring to matur- 
ity: v.i. to assume an erect posture: 
adj. pertaining to the rear. 

rear-admiral (rer'ad'mir-al) , n. an 
officer ranking next below the vice- 
admiral, or, in the United States 
navy, below the admiral. 

reason (re'zn), n. that mental faculty 
in man which enables him to deduce 
inferences from facts, and to distin- 
guish between right m and wrong; 
right judgment; efficient or final 
cause; cause for opinion or act; 
premise of an argument, especially 
the minor :v.i. to infer conclusions 
from premises; v.t. to persuade by 
reasoning. [French.] 

reasonable (re'zn-a-bl), adj. endowed 
with reason; rational; equitable; 
moderate; fair. 



reasonableness (re'zn-a-bl-nes) , n, 
the quality or state of being reason- 
able; moderation. 

reasonably (re'zn-a-bli) , adv. in a 
reasonable manner. 

reasoning (re'zn-ing), n. the exercise 
of the faculty of reason; argumen- 
tation; reasons adduced or employed. 

reasonless (re'zn-les), < adj. lacking 
reason; imbecile; void of correct 
thought. 

reassure (re-a-shur'), v.t. to restore 
confidence; to make certain. 

Reaumur (ra-o'mer), n. a thermome- 
ter devised by Baron Reaumur in 
1737 and since then much used upon 
the continent of Europe. Its zero (0) 
is fixed at the melting point, while 
80° is taken as the point where 
water boils. 

rebate (re-baf), n. a return to ship- 
pers by transportation companies 
of part of charges paid: v.t. to make 
blunt; make obtuse; abate or dimin- 
ish. [French.] 

rebel (reb'el), n. one who revolts 
from his allegiance or defies consti- 
tuted authority: adj. rebellious: v.i. 
(re-bel') [p.t. & p.p. rebelled, p.pr. 
rebelling], to take up arms and re- 
sist lawful or constituted authority; 
rise against authority. [Latin.] 

rebeller (re-bel'er), n. one who rebels. 

rebellion (re-bel'yun) , # n. insurrection 
against, or open resistance to, law- 
ful or constituted authority; revolt. 

rebellious (re-bel'yus), adj. opposing 
lawful or constituted authority. 

rebind (re-bind'), v.t. to recover, bind 
again, as a book. 

rebound (re-bound'), v.i. to start or 
leap back; re-echo; to reverberate: 
n. the act of rebounding; a leaping 
or flying back. 

rebuff (re-buf), n. a beating back; 
sudden check or resistance; defeat; 
refusal: v.t. repel; refuse. [O. French.] 

rebuke (re-buk r ), n. reprimand or re- 
proof; chastisement: v.t. to repri- 
mand or chide; chastise. [French.] 

rebus (re'bus), n. [j)l. rebuses (re'bus- 
ez) ], an enigmatical representation 
of a word or phrase by pictures or 
figures instead of words; in heraldry, 
a coat of arms bearing an allusion 
to the name of the wearer. [Latin.] 

rebut (re-buf), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; nnte, mit : note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, tlien. 



REBUTTAL 



681 



RECIPROCATION 



butted, p.pr. rebutting], to beat 
back; oppose by argument or proof; 
repel: v.i. in law, to put in or re- 
turn an answer. [Old French.] 

rebuttal (re-but'al), n. the act of re- 
butting. 

rebutter (re-but'er), n. one who re- 
buts; the answer of a plaintiff to 
the rejoinder of a defendant. 

recalcitrant (re-kal'si-trant) , adj. re- 
fractory. 

recall (re-kawl'), v.t. to call back; re- 
member; revoke; withdraw: n. revo- 
cation: political, the power of re- 
calling from office an elected official 
of whom the people disapprove. 
This principle has been in operation 
in certain American States for only 
a few years. 

recant (re-kant'), v.t. to withdraw or 
retract; abjure. [Latin.] 

recantation (re-kan-ta/shun), n. the 
act of recanting; a declaration re- 
calling and contradicting a former 
one. 

recapitulate (re-ka-pit'ti-lat), v.t. to 
go over, or summarize (the chief 
points of a discourse, argument, 
&c.) [Latin.] 

recapitulation (re-ka-pit-u-la'shun) , 
n. the act of recapitulating. 

recaption_ (re-kap'shun), n. reprisal. 

recast (re-kasf), v.t. to cast once 
more, or to cast after the first firing. 
LTsed in metallurgy and iron-work. 

recede (re-sed'), v.i. to fall back or re- 
trograde; retreat: v.t. to cede back 
to a former possessor. [Latin.] 

receipt (re-set ), n. the act of receiv- 
ing; reception; a recipe; written 
acknowledgment m of anything re- 
ceived: v.t. to give a receipt for; 
sign in acknowledgment of. 

receivable (re-sev'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being received. 

receive (re-seV), v.t. to take or obtain 
from another in any manner; ac- 
cept; obtain; entertain; gain knowl- 
edge of; suffer; take in, as stolen 
goods. 

receiver (re-sev'er), n. one who, or 
that which receives; one who buys 
stolen goods; a person appointed by 
a court to manage property in con- 
troversy. 

recency (re'sen-si), n. lateness of 
time; newness. Also recentness. 



recension (re-sen'shun) , n. review or 
revision, especially critical revision 
of the text of an author; the text 
thus revised. [Latin.] 

recent (re'sent), adj. of late origin or 
occurrence; new; modern; fresh; 
newly arrived; subsequent to man's 
existence. [Latin.] 

recently (re'sent -li) , adv. in a new, 
fresh manner; having to do with 
what is of recent occurrence. 

receptacle m (re-sep'ta-kl), n. a vessel 
or place into which anything is re- 
ceived; basis of a flower. [Latin.] 

receptibility (re-sep-ti-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being receivable. 

reception (re-sep'shun), n. the act of 
receiving; the state of being re- 
ceived; welcome; entertainment; ad- 
mission; formal or official receiving 
of a person. 

receptive (re-sep'tiy), adj. having the 
quality of receiving or containing; 
capable of receiving mental im- 
pressions. 

recess (re-ses'), n. withdrawal; state 
of being in retirement; seclusion; 
remission of business; cavity in a 
room or alcove; niche. 

recession (re-sesh'un), n. the act of 
receding or withdrawal. 

recessional (re-sesh'un-al) , n. the 
anthem sung in churches at the 
close of the service, while the clergy 
are leaving the chancel; a famous 
poem by Rudyard Kipling written 
at the end of the Boer War. 

recherche (re-sher-sha'), adj. un- 
common; rare; exquisite. [French.] 

recipe (res'i-pe), n. sl medical pre- 
scription; formula for compounding 
anything. [Latin, "take."] 

recipient (re-sip 'i-ent), n. one who 
receives: adj. receiving. 

reciprocal (re-sip 'ro-kal), adj. mutual; 
alternating; mutually interchange- 
able. 

reciprocally (re-sip'ro-ka-li), adv. mu- 
tually. 

reciprocate (re-sip'ro-kat), v.t. to 
give and receive mutually: v.i. to 
alternate: interchange. 

reciprocating (re-sip 'ro-kat-ing) , adj. 
moving backwards and forwards. 

reciprocation (re-sip-ro-ka/shun) , n. 
interchange of acts; reciprocal mo- 
tion. 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
4G hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 



RECIPROCITY 



682 



RECONCILE 



reciprocity (res-i-pros'i-ti) , n. recip- 
rocal obligation or right; equal mu- 
tual rights or benefits to be yielded 
or enjoyed between individuals, or 
(in international law) between na- 
tions. 

recision (re-sizh'un) , n. the act of 
cutting off. [Latin.] 

recital (re-si'tal), n. the act of recit- 
ing; rehearsal; narrative; a musical 
entertainment by one performer. 

recitation (res-i-ta/shun) , n. a public 
reading; delivery of a composition 
committed to memory; the composi- 
tion so delivered. 

recitative (res-i-ta-tev') , adj. per- 
taining to recitation; words spoken 
in the sounds of the musical scale; 
chant. Also recitativo [Italian]: adj. 
uttered musically; chanted. 

recitatively (res-i-ta-teVli), adv. in a 
recitative manner. 

recite (re-sif), v.t. to repeat aloud 
from memory; enumerate; rehearse; 
recapitulate. [Latin.] 

reck (rek), v.t. & v.i. to care for; heed. 

reckless (rek'les), adj. heedless of con- 
sequences; careless; thoughtless. 

recklessness (rek'les-nes) , n. care- 
lessness ; thoughtlessness ; heedless- 
ness. 

reckon (rek'n), v.t. to count or com- 
pute; number; estimate by rank: 
v.i. to calculate; charge to account; 
pay a penalty; reason with one's 
self and conclude from argument; 
think or suppose. 

reckoning (rek'ning), n. computation; 
calculation; statement of accounts 
between debtor and creditor; money 
charged by a host ; estimated posi- 
tion of a ship by its progress and 
course. 

reclaim (re-klam'), v.t. to call back; 
demand the return of; reform; bring 
under cultivation [Latin.] 

reclinate (rek'li-nat) , adj. reclined, 
as a leaf. [Latin.] 

reclination (rek-li-na/shun) , n. the 
act of reclining. 

recline (re-klin'), v.t. to cause to lean 
or lie back; lean to one side: v.i. to 
rest or repose. 

recluse (re-kloos'), n. one who lives 
in retirement; hermit; anchorite: 
adj. retired from the world; soli- 
tary; secluded. [Latin.] 



recluseness (re-kloos'nes), n. retire- 
ment from society. Also reclusion. 

reclusive (re-kloo'siv), adj. affording 
retirement from the world or society. 

recognition (rek-og-nish'un) , n. the 
act of recognizing; the state of be- 
ing recognized ; remembrance ; recol- 
lection ; formal avowal. 

recognizable (rek'og-niz-a-bl) , adj. 
capable of being recognized. 

recognizance (re - kon'i - zans) , n. 
avowal; acknowledgment; badge or 
token; a legal obligation entered 
into before a magistrate or court to 
do, or abstain from doing, some par- 
ticular act. [French.] 

recognize (rek'og-mz), v.t. to know 
again; acknowledge; avow; admit 
with a formal acknowledgment: v.i. 
to enter into recognizance. 

recognizer (rek'og-niz-er) , n. one who 
recognizes. 

recognizor (re-kon'i-zer) , n. in law, 
one who enters into a recognizance. 

recoil (re-koil), v.i. to start back in 
dread or disgust; to rebound. 

recollect (rek-ol-ekf), v.t. to call to 
memory; (re-kol-ekt'), to gather 
together again. 

recollection (rek-ol-ek'shun) , n. mem* 
ory; that which is remembered. 

recommend (rek-om-end'),. v.t. to 
commend to another; introduce 
favorably; advise. [Latin.] 

recommendation (rek - om - en - da'- 
shun), n. the act of recommending; 
favorable introduction. 

recommendatory (rek-om-en'da-to- 
ri), adj. that recommends. 

recommit (re : kom-it'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. recommitted, p.pr. recommit- 
ting], to commit anew; refer back 
to a committee. [Latin.] 

recommitment (re-kom-mit'ment), 
n. the act of recommitting; state 
of being recommitted. Also recom- 
mittal. 

recompense (rek'om-pens), n. an 
equivalent given in return; reward; 
compensation: v.t. to give back as 
an equivalent ; make amends for; 
repay or requite. 

reconcilable (rek-on-sil'a-bl) , adj. ca- 
pable of being reconciled. 

reconcile (rek r on-sil), v.t. to restore 
to friendship or favor after estrange- 
ment; adjust; harmonize. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RECONCILIATION 



683 



RECTILINEAL 



reconciliation (rek-^n-sil-i-a'shun), n. 
the act of reconciling; the state of 
being reconciled; renewal of friend- 
ship; expiation or atonement. Also 
reconcilement. 

reconciliatory (rek-on-sil'i- a- to-ri), 
adj. tending to reconcile. 

recondite (rek'on-dlt), adj. deep; ab- 
struse; hidden from view; secret. 

reconnaissance (re-kon'a-sans) , n. 
the act of reconnoitering. 

reconnoiter, reconnoitre (rek-o-noi'- 
ter), v.i. to make > a survey of, es- 
pecially for military purposes. 
[French.] 

reconsider (re-kon-sid'er), v.t. to con- 
sider again; to review with care, 
especially with a view of reversing 
a previous action. 

reconstruct (re-kon-strukf), v.t. to 
build anew. 

reconstruction (re-kon-struk'shun) , 
n. in American political history the 
period from the close of the Civil 
War (1875) to the presidency of Mr. 
Hayes (1877), during which time the 
Southern States gradually resumed 
their old place in the Union. 

record (re-kord'), v.t. to remember, 
or cause to be remembered; register 
or enroll; celebrate: n. (rek'erd) an 
authentic memorial; register; for- 
mal writing or copy of an official 
document; in sports, the best per- 
formance; a disk or cylinder to 
record airs for mechanical musical 
instruments: pi. public documents. 

recorder (re-kord'er) , n. one who, or 
that which, records; one whose 
official duty is to register writings 
or transactions. 

recount (re-kount'), v.t. to go over 
or narrate in_detail. [French.] 

recoup (re-koop'), v.t. to indemnify 
or make good. 

recourse (re-kors'), n. a going to for 
aid or protection; application of ef- 
fort for a particular purpose or 
end. 

recover (re-kuv'er), v.t. to regain; re- 
trieve; cure; obtain as compensa- 
tion; obtain by judgment in a court 
of law; cover again: v.i. to regain 
health, strength, or any former 
state; be successful in a lawsuit. 

recovery > (re-kuv'er-i) , # n. the act of 
recovering; restoration to health; 



legal right to something after judg- 
ment of a court. [French.] 

recreant (rek're-ant), adj. cowardly; 
mean-spirited; apostate; false: n. a 
mean-spirited creature; a coward; 
an apostate. [French.] 

recreate (rek're-at), v.t. to reanimate, 
especially after toil; gratify: v.i. to 
take recreation; to create anew. 

recreation (rek-re-a'shun), n. refresh- 
ment after toil, &c; amusement: n. 
(re-kre-a'shun) the act of creating 
anew; a new creation. 

recreative (rek're-a-tiv) , adj. rein- 
vigorating. 

recriminate (re-krim'i-nat), v.i. to 
return one accusation with another: 
v.t. to accuse in return. ^ 

recrimination (re-krim-i-na'shun) , n. 
the act of recriminating. 

recriminatory (re - krim'i - na - to - ri) , 
adj. retorting an accusation or 
charge. 

recrudescence (re-kroo-des'ens) , n. 
the state of becoming sore again; a 
sharp relapse. 

recrudescent (re-kroo-des'ent) , adj. 
becoming sore or raw again. 

recruit (re-kroof), v.t. to supply with 
new soldiers; restore to health; re- 
pair by fresh supplies: v.i. to obtain 
fresh supplies; recover health: n. 
a soldier newly enlisted; supply of 
any want. [French.] 

recruiting (re-kroot'ing), n. the en- 
listing of recruits for the army. 

rectangle (rek'tang-gl) , n. a 4-sided 
figure with 4 right angles, or angles 
of 90°. [Latin.] 

rectangled (rek'tang-gld), adj. having 
one or more right angles. 

rectangular (rek-tang'gu-lar), adj. 
right-angled. 

rectifiable (rek'ti-fl-a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being rectified. t 

rectification (rek-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the 
act of setting right; repeated dis- 
tillation of a spirit to concentrate it 
or render it purer; reduction of a 
curve to a right line. 

rectify (rek'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. recti- 
fied, p.pr. rectifying], to set right; 
adjust; refine by distillation. 

rectilineal (rek-ti-lin'e-al) , adj. bound- 
ed by straight lines; right- or 
straight-lined; straight. Also recti- 
linear. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



J 



RECTILINEALLY 



684 



REDOUBT 



rectilineally (rek-ti-lin'e-a-li) , adv. in 
a straight line. 

rectitude (rek'ti-tud) , n. Tightness of 
principles and practice; honesty; 
moral integrity. [Latin.] 

rector (rek'ter), n. in the Episcopal 
church, a clergyman who has charge 
of a parish; the head of a university 
or of a public school [Scotch]; the 
superior of a convent or religious 
house. 

rectorate (rek'ter-at) , n. the office of 
a rector. Also rectorship. 

rectorial (rek-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to a rector. 

rectory (rek'ter-i), n. the house of a 
rector; the benefice of a rector, with 
the rights appertaining to it. 

rectum (rek'tum), n. the lowest part 
of the great intestine. [Latin.] 

recumbency (re-kum'ben-si), n. the 
state of leaning or reclining. Also 
recumbence. [Latin.] 

recumbent (re-kum'bent) , adj. re- 
clining; idle. 

recuperate (re-ku'per-at) , v.t. & v.i. to 
recover. [Latin.] 

recuperation (re-ku-per-a'shun) , n. 
recovery. 

recuperative (re-ku'per-a-tiv) , adj. 
pertaining to, or tending to, re- 
covery. Also recuperatory. 

recur (re-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
curred, p.pr. recurring], return to 
the mind; return; happen at a 
stated interval; have recourse. 

recurrence (re-kur'ens), n. return; re- 
sort. [Latin.] 

recurrent (re-kur'ent), adj. returning 
repeatedly. 

recurvate (re-kur' vat) , adj. bent back. 

recusancy (rek'u-zan-si), n. noncon- 
formity. 

recusant (rek'u-zant), adj. refusing 
to acknowledge the royal supremacy 
in religion; nonconforming: n. a 
non-conformist. 

red (red), n. one of the true primary 
colors varying from scarlet to pink: 
adj. red-colored. 

redan (re-dan'), n. a V-shaped field- 
work or rampart with the apex to- 
wards the enemy; a projection in a 
wall. The Redan is specifically the 
redan at the siege of Sebastopol 
which was taken by the allies but re- 
covered by the Russians. 



redbreast (red'brest), n. the robin, 

redcap (red'kap), n. a kind of gold- 
finch. 

red-coat (red'kot), n. sl British soldier. 
[Colloq.] 

redden (red'n), v.t. to make red: v.i. 
to become red; blush. 

reddish (red'ish), adj. somewhat red. 

rede (red), n. advice; counsel. [Scotch.] 

redeem (re-dem'), v.t. to ransom 
from bondage; rescue; make atone- 
ment for; perform; recover; make 
good use of; ransom from sin and 
its consequences. [Latin.] 

redeemer (re-dem'er), n. one who 
redeems. 

Redeemer, n. Jesus Christ, the Sa- 
vior. [Latin, Redemptor.] 

redemption (re-demp'shun), n. re- 
purchase; release; ransom; freeing of 
an estate from a mortgage; salva- 
tion of mankind by Jesus Christ. 

redemptioner (re-demp'shun-er), n. 
an emigrant to the United States 
who sells his services for a certain 
term, as payment for his passage 
out from Europe. 

redemptive (re-demp'tiv), adj. per- 
taining to redemption, or serving 
to redeem. 

redemptory (re-demp'to-ri), adj. paid 
for ransom. 

redgum (red'gum), n. strophulus; a 
lofty Australian gum-tree, yielding 
a gum resin used in medicine; riding- 
coat. 

red-handed (red-hand'ed), adj. fresh 
from the commission of a crime. 

red-hot (red-hot'), adj. heated to red- 
ness; very enthusiastic. 

redingote (red'ing-got), n. a long 
coat. [French.] 

redivivus (red-i-vi'vus) , adj. come to 
life again. 

red-letter day (red-let'er da), n. a 
lucky day: from the Saints' days 
printed in red-letter in the church 
calendars. 

redolence (red'o-lens) , n. perfume; 
fragrance. 

redolent (red'o-lent) , adj. emitting 
a sweet smell; fragrant. 

redouble (re-dub'l), v.t. to repeat again 
and again; to increase greatly. 

redoubt (re-douf), n. a field-work 
for strengthening or fortifying a 
military position without flanks. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



REDOUBTABLE 



685 



REFINEMENT 



redoubtable (re-dout'a-bl) , adj. for- 
midable ; valiant ; terrible to enemies. 

redound (re-dound'), v.i. to tend or 
contribute; be in excess. - 

redowa (red'o-wa), n. a Bohemian 

. dance; music for such a dance. 

redress (re-dres'), v.t. to amend or 
set right; compensate; relieve from; 
to dress again: n. the reparation of 
wrong; relief. 

redressible (re-dres'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being redre_ssed. 

redsear (red'ser), v.t. to break or 
crack under the hammer, as iron 
when hot. 

redshank (red'shangk) , n. the red- 
legged sandpiper; a Highlander. 

red-snow (red'sno), n. an Arctic 
lichen or fungus. 

redstart (red'start), n. a small red- 
tailed migratory song-bird. 

red-tape (red-tap'), n. red-colored 
tape used for tying official docu- 
ments; excessive official formality. 

red-tapism (red-tap'izm), n. govern- 
' ment by strict official routine. 

reduce (re-dus'), v.t. to bring into a 
lower state; degrade; diminish; con- 
quer; shorten; reclaim to order; 
bring or change (numbers or quan- 
tities) from one denomination into 
another; bring into classes. 

reducible (re-dus'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being reduced. 

reduction (re-duk'shun), n. the act 
of reducing; the state of being re- 
duced; diminution; conquest or sub- 
jugation; the changing of quantities 
from one denomination to another; 
the process of converting a metallic 
oxide into metal by the expulsion of 
the oxygen contained in it. 

redundance (re-dun'dans) , n. super- 
fluity; excess. Also redundancy. 

redundant (re-dun'dant) , adj. super- 
fluous. 

reduplicate > (re-dup'li-kat), v.t. to 
double again; repeat; multiply. 

reduplication (re-dup-li-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of reduplicating. 

re-echo (re-ek'o), v.t. to echo back: v.i. 
to resound. 

reed (red), n. sl large, coarse grass, 
of the genus Arundo, with jointed 
hollow stems; a pastoral t pipe; 
mouth tube of a musical instru- 
ment; the comb-shaped part of a 



loom which beats the weft up to the 
web; an arrow. 

reef (ref), n. that part of a sail which 
can be reduced by being drawn in 
by small ropes running in eyelet 
holes; a chain of rock lying at or 
near the surface ^ of the water: v.t. 
to reduce the size of (a sail) by 
means of reefs. 

reefer (refer), n. one who reefs; a short 
jacket of heavy cloth. 

reek (rek), n. smoke; steam; v.i. to emit 
smoke or steam. _ [Danish.] 

reel (rel), n. a turning frame for wind- 
ing yarn, &c; bobbin; an angler's 
implement for winding his line upon; 
a lively Scotch dance: v.t. to wind on 
a reel: v.i. to stagger; oerform a reel. 
[Gaelic] 

reenforce (re-en-fors'), v.t. to 
strengthen with new force, assistance 
or support. Also_ reinforce. 

reenforcement (re-en-fors'ment), n. 
additional support. 

reeve (rev), n. a bailiff or steward; the 
female of the ruff: v. t. to pass a 
rope's end through any hole. 

refection (reyfek'shun), n. a light re- 
past. [Latin.] 

refectory (re-fek'to-ri), n. an eating 
room or hall. 

refer (re-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. referred, 
p.pr. referring], to submit to another 
person or authority for information, 
corroboration, or decision: v.i. to al- 
lude: have relation; appeal. 

referable (ref er-a-bl) , adj. that may 
be referred; as_cribable. 

referee (ref-er-e 7 ), n. one to whom 
anything is referred for decision; 
an umpire. 

reference (refer-ens), n. the act of 
referring; allusion; one who, or that 
which, is referred to; trial or deci- 
sion by referees. 

referendum (ref 'er-en-dum) , n. the 
reference of a legislative act to the 
people for final decision. 

referential (ref-er-en'shal) , adj. per- 
taining to, or referring to, something 
else. 

refine (re-fin'), v.t. to separate from 
impurities; clear from dross; pol- 
ish; educate or improve: v.i. to be- 
come fine or pure; improve in ac- 
curacy or delicacy. [French.] 

refinement (re-f In'ment) , n. the act 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, init ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



REFINERY 



686 



REFRACTED 



of refining; state of being refined; 
elegance ; polish ; purity of taste, 
mind, morals, &c.; affectation of 
elegant or subtle improvements. 

refinery (re-f In'er-i) , n. [pi. refineries 
(re-fin'er-iz)], a place where any- 
thing is refined or purified. 

refit (re-fit '), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. refitted, 
p.pr. refitting], to make fit for use 
again; prepare or fit afresh: v.i. 
to repair damages, especially dam- 
ages of ships: n. the renewal of that 
which is damaged or worn, especially 
of parts of a ship. 

reflect (re-field/), v.t. to throw back, 
especially rays of light or heat after 
striking on any substance: v.i. to 
be thrown back, as rays of light, 
consider in the mind; cast reproach 
or censure (with upon). [Latin.] 

reflectible (re-flekt'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being reflected. 

reflecting (re-flekt'ing), p.adj. making 
reflection; thoughtful; casting re- 
proach or censure. 

reflection (re-flek'shun), n. the act of 
reflecting; state of being reflected; 
that which is reflected; the turning 
of thought back upon past experi- 
ences or ideas; attentive considera- 
tion; reproach. Also reflexion. 

reflective (re-flek'tiv) , adj. throwing 
back images or rays ; considering the 
operations of the mind or things of 
the past; reflexive. 

reflectively (re-flek'tiv-li) , adv. in a 
reflective manner. 

reflectiveness (re-flek'tiv-nes) , n. the 
power or habit of reflection. 

reflector (re-flek'tgr) , n. one who, or 
that which, reflects; a polished sur- 
face reflecting rays of light or heat. 

reflex (re'fleks), adj. bent or turned 
back; directed backwards; illumi- 
nated by light reflected from another 
part of the same picture; noting the 
action of the motor nerves acting 
independently of the will under 
stimulus from impressions made on 
the sensory nerves: n. reflected 
light, &c. 

reflexibility (re-fleks-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being reflexible. 

reflexible (re-fleks'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being reflected. 

reflexive (re-fleks'iv) , adj. reflective; 
having respect to something past; 



referring back to the grammatical 
subject. 

refluent (ref'lu-ent), adj. flowing or 
surging back. 

reflux (re'fluks), n. a flowing back. 

reform (re-form'), v.t. to make better; 
change or return to a former good 
state; introduce improvement in or 
change for the better; amend; cor- 
rect; form again or anew: v.i. to 
abandon evil for that which is good; 
become better, or amended: n. 
amendment; change for the better, 
especially political change; correc- 
tion. [Latin.] 

reformation (ref-or-ma'shun) , n. the 
act of reforming; state of being 
reformed; amendment; political re- 
dress; the act of forming again or 
anew. 

Reformation, n. the great religious 
movement (sixteenth century) under 
Martin Luther '(with the). 

reformative (re-f orm'a-tiv) , adj. form- 
ing again. 

reformatory (re - f orm'a - to - ri) , adj. 
tending to reform: n. an institution 
for the detention and reformation 
of juvenile offenders. 

reformed (re-formd'), p>adj. restored 
to a previous good state; amended, 
as noting the Protestant churches. 

Reformed Ckurch (cherch), n. that 
section of the Protestant Church 
which on the Continent separated 
from Luther, and adopted the the- 
ology and ecclesiastical polity of 
Calvin. 

Reformed Episcopal Church (e-pis- 
ko-pal cherch), n. the religious body 
organized in New York City, Dec. 2, 
1873, by a group of members of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church, who 
objected to excessive display and 
show in the rites of the Church, and 
the growing influence of the clergy. 
Bishop Cummins of Kentucky se- 
ceded and was their first bishop. 

reformer (re-f orm'er) , n. one who 
effects a reformation, religious, 
moral, or political. 

refract (re-frakf), v.t. to break the 
natural course of, or bend from a 
straight line. [Latin.] 

refracted (re-frak'ted) , p.adj. bent 
back at an acute angle; bent from 
a direct course. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



REFRACTING 



687 



REGELATION 




refracting (re-frak'ting), p. adj. having 
the power to turn rays from a direct 
course. 

refraction (re-frak'shun) , n. the 
change from a straight line which 
a ray of light or heat assumes when 
passing through a smooth surface 
into a medium of greater density at 
any angle other than 90°. 

refractive (re-frak'tiv), adj. pertain- 
ing to refraction. 

refractorily (re-frak'to-ri-li) , adv. in 
a refractory manner. 

refractoriness (re-frak'to-ri-nes) , n. 
perverse obstinacy; difficulty of 
fusion or malleability. 

refractory (re-frak'to-ri), adj. sullenly 
or perversely obstinate; difficult of 
fusion, &c. 

refrain (re-fran'), v.L to restrain: 
v.i. to forbear; abstain from action: 
n. burden of a song repeated at the 
end of each stanza. [Latin.] 

refrangibility (re-fran-ji-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being refrangible. 
Also refrangibleness. 

refrangible (re-fran'ji-bl) , adj. capable 
of being refracted. [Latin.] 

refresh (re-fresh'), v.t. to revive after 
fatigue or exhaustion; reinvigorate ; 
restore. [French.] 

refreshing (re-fresh'ing) , adj. reani- 
mating; reinvigorating ; cooling. 

refreshment (re-fresh'ment), n. the 
act of refreshing; m state of being 
refreshed; that which refreshes, as 
food or rest. 

refrigerant (re-frij'er-ant), adj. cool- 
ing; refreshing: n. a substance that 
cools; a cooling medicine. Also re- 
frigerative. [French.] 

refrigerate (re-frij'er-at), v.t. to cool, 
or keep cool, as by a refrigerator. 

refrigeration (re-frij-er-a'shun) , n. 
act of cooling. 

refrigerator (re-frij'er-a-ter), n. an 
apparatus or vessel for preserving or 
cooling things by means of ice, &c. 

refrigeratory (re-frij'er-a-to-ri), adj. 
cooling. 

refuge (ref'uj), n. protection from 
danger or distress; shelter or asy- 
lum; stronghold; expedient or re- 
source. [Latin.] 

refugee (reMi-je'), n : one who flees 
for protection, especially from politi- 
cal or religious persecution. 



refulgence (re-fuTjens), n. bright- 
ness; flood of light; splendor. Also 
refulgency. [Latin.] 

refulgent (re-ful'jent), adj. casting a 
bright light; brilliant; splendid. 

refund (re-fund 7 ), v.t. to pay back 
again. [Latin.] 

ref usable (re-fuz'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being refused. 

refusal (re-fuz'al), n. the act of refus- 
ing; rejection; right to take the 
preferencej option. 

refuse (re-fuz'), v.t. to deny or reject, 
as a demand or request: v.i. to de- 
cline_ to accept ; not to comply : n. 
(ref 'tis), waste or worthless mat- 
ter; rubbish: adj. rejected; worth- 
less. 

refutable (re-fut'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being refuted. 

refutation (ref-u-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of refuting; that which is re- 
futed. 

refute (re-fuf), v.t. to prove to be 
false or erroneous ; repel ; disprove. 

regain (re-gan'), v.t. to recover pos- 
session of; get back; reach again. 

regal (re'gal), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, a king; kingly; 
royal. 

regale (re-gal'), v.t. to entertain with 
something to delight the senses; 
feast sumptuously: v.i. to feast. 

regalia (re^-ga/lia) , n.pl. the ensigns 
of sovereignty, as the crown, &c; 
royal rights or prerogatives; decora- 
tions of an order or office. 

regard (re-gard'), v.t. to observe par- 
ticularly; heed; esteem; consider; 
respect; value: n. attention; respect; 
consideration; reference: pi. good 
wishes. 

regardant (re-gard'ant) , adj. in herald- 
ry, looking backwards or behind. 

regardful (re-gard'fool), adj. taking 
notice. 

regarding (re-gard'ing), prep, con- 
cerning. 

regardless (re-gard'Ies) , adj. having 
no regard or care; indifferent. 

regardlessly (re-gard'les-li), n. in a 
careless, indifferent manner. 

regatta (re-gat'a),n. a sailing or row- 
ing match for prizes. 

regelation (re-jel-a'shun), n. the act 
of freezing two pieces of ice with 
moist surfaces together at 32° F. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, £7* en. 



REGENCY 



688 



REHASH 



regency (re'jen-si), n. the office or 
jurisdiction of a regent; a body in- 
structed with the duties of a regent. 

regeneracy (re-jen'er-a-si), n. the 
state of being regenerated. 

regenerate (re-jen'er-at), v.t. to renew 
the heart of and cause to turn to 
the love of God; produce anew: adj. 
renewed; reformed. 

regeneration (re-jen-er-a'shun), n. 
the act of regenerating ; the state of 
being regenerated; formation of new 
tissue to supply that which has been 
lost. 

regenerative (re-jen'er-a-tiv), adj. re- 
newing. 

regeneratory (re-jen'er-a-to-ri), adj. 
having the power to regenerate. 

regent (re'jent), adj. exercising vi- 
carious authority: n. one who gov- 
erns in the interim during the mi- 
nority, absence, or disability of the 
sovereign; a university teacher; a 
member of a board of superintend- 
ence of colleges and schools in the 
state of New York. [Latin.] 

regent-bird (re'jent -berd), n. an 
Australian honey-eater with hand- 
some plumage. 

regicidal (rej'i-sl-dal), adj. pertain- 
ing to a regicide or to regicide. 

regicide (rej'i-sid), n. the murder, or 
murderer ,_ of a king. 

regime (ra-zhem'), n. mode; system 
or rule of governemnt, social or 
political. [French.] 

regimen (rej'i-men), n. systematic 
regulation of diet or habit; rule; 
the grammatical regulation of one 
word by another. 

regiment (rej'i-ment), n. a number 
of companies of soldiers united into 
one body under the command of a 
colonel. [French.] 

regimental (rej-i-men'tal), adj. per- 
taining to a regiment: n.pl. the uni- 
forms worn by the troops of a regi- 
ment. 

regimentation (rej-i-men-ta/shun) 
n. enforced socialism. 

region (re'jun), n. a tract of land; 
country. 

register (rej'is-ter), n. an official writ- 
ten record ; the book containing such 
Record; a list of persons entitled to 
vote; an organ stop; musical com- 
pass or range. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not 

hue, hut ; think, tlten. 



registrar (rej'is-trar), n. an official 
who keeps a register or record . 

registration (rej-is-tra'shun) , n. the 
act of inserting in a register. 

registry (rej'is-tri), n. the place where 
a register is kept. 

reglet (reg'let), n. a flat, narrow 
molding; a slip of wood used for 
separating lines or filling blank 
spaces in printing. 

regnal (reg'nal), adj. pertaining to a 
reign. 

regnant (reg'nant), adj. reigning; ex- 
ercising royal authority; prevalent . 

regression (re-gresh'un) , n. retro- 
gression. 

regret (re-gref), n. mental sorrow or 
concern for anything, as for past 
conduct or negligence; remorse: v.t. 
[j).t. & p.p. regretted, p.pr. regret- 
ting], to remember with sorrow; 
bewail the loss or want of. 

regretful (re-gret'fool), adj. full of re- 
gret. 

regretfully (re-gret'foo-li), adv. with 
regret. 

regrettable (re-gret'a-bl), adj. admit- 
ting of, or causing, regret. 

regular (reg'ii-lar), adj. according to 
rule, order, or established usage; 
consistent; governed by rule; uni- 
form; methodical; exact; fully qual- 
ified; having sides or surfaces com- 
posed of equal figures or lines: n. a 
soldier belonging to a standing army ; 
one who is under monastic rule. 

regularity (reg-u-lar'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being regular; con- 
formity to rule; uniformity; method 
or certain order. 

regulate (reg'u-lat), v.t. to make regu- 
lar; adjust by rule. 

regulation (reg-u-la/shun), n. the act 
of regulating; order; method; rule. 

regulator (reg'ti-la-ter) , n. one who. 
or that which, regulates; a lever for 
regulating motion"; lever of a watch : 
an accurate timepiece. 

regulus (reg'u-lus), n. a metal contain- 
ing more or less impurities of the 
ore. 

regurgitate (re-ger'ji-tat), v.i. to be 
thrown or poured back. 

rehabilitate (re-ha-bil'i-tat), v.t. to 
reinstate; to restore to a former place 
or rank. 

rehash (re-hash'), n. literally to hash 



boon, book ; 



REHEARSAL 



689 



RELATIVENESS 



over, rechopping the meat and vege- 
tables ; but oftener used figuratively 
of repeating something not very at- 
tractive, until every one is weary of 
it. 

rehearsal (re-her'sal), n. a recital in 
private prior to a public perform- 
ance. 

rehearse (re-hers'), v.t. to repeat, as 
what has already been said or writ- 
ten ; tell or narrate ; recite before 
public performance. 

?ei (ra), n. [pi. reis(raz)], a Portu- 
guese and Brazilian money of 
account, the 1,000th part of a 
milree. m Equals one mill (l-10th of 
a cent) in U. S. money. Also rea, 
ree. 

Reichsrath (rlkhs'rat), n. the parlia- 
ment of the Austrian empire. 

Reichstag % (rikhs'takh), n. the Ger- 
man parliament. 

reign (ran), v.i. to exercise sovereign 
authority; rule; be predominant: n. 
supreme power or influence; time 
during which a sovereign rules. 

reimburse (re-im-bers') , v.t. to re- 
fund. 

reimbursement (re-im-bers'ment), n. 
refunding. 

rein (ran), n. the strap of a bridle; 
an instrument for curbing, restrain- 
ing, or governing; power: pi. the 
kidneys, or parts about them; loins; 
the heart [Old Testament]: v.t. to 
govern with a bridle; restrain; con- 
trol: v.i. to check a horse with the 
reins. [French.] 

Reincarnation (re-in-kar-na/shun) , n. 
a return to body and flesh, after hav- 
ing left them for a more spiritual 
state. The possibility of Reincar- 
nation is held by the Christians as 
well as bv the Brahmans. [Latin.] 

reindeer (ran'der), n. a large Arctic 
deer, long domesticated in Scandi- 
navia and Siberia. 

reinforce (re-in-fors'), v.t. same as re- 
enforce. 

reinforcement (re-in-fors'ment), n. 
same as reenf or cement. 

reinstate (re-in-staf) , v.t. to restore 
to a former state. 

reiteration (re-it-er-a'shun) , n. repe- 
tition. 

reiterative (re-it 'er-a-tiv) , n. a word 
or part of a word reduplicated; a 



verb noting reproduction or inten* 
sive action. 

reject (re-jekt'),. v.t. to throw away 
as useless or vile; refuse; renounce; 
discard. 

rejective (re-jek'tiv), adj. tending to 
reject. 

rejection (re-jek'shun), n. the act of 
rejecting. 

rejoice (re-jois'), v.i. to feel or express 
joy or gladness; exult: v.t. to make 
joyful. 

rejoicing (re-jois'ing) , n. expression, 
subject, or experience, of joy or 
gladness. 

rejoin (re-join'), v.t. to unite again 
after separation: v.i. to answer a 
reply; answer as the defendant to 
the plaintiff's replication. 

rejoinder (re-join'der), n. an answer 
to a reply ; in law, the defendant's an- 
swer to the plaintiff's replication. 

rejuvenate (re-ju've-nat), v.t. to make 
young again. 

relapse (re-laps'), v.i. to fall back from 
a state of convalescence; return to 
a former bad state or habit: n. a 
falling into a former bad state; re- 
turn of a disease after convalescence 
or partial recovery. 

relapsing (re-laps'ing), p.adj. subject 
to relapse. 

relate (re-laf), v.t. to tell; describe; 
recite; narrate: v.i. to refer. 

related (re-la/ted), p.adj. told or de- 
scribed; allied by kindred or blood 
relationship. 

relation (re-la 'shun) , n. the act of re- 
lating; the thing related; mutual 
connection between two or more 
things; proportion or ratio; connec- 
tion by birth or marriage; kinsman 
or kinswoman. 

relationship (re-la 'shun-ship), n. the 
state of being related by kindred, 
affinity, or other alliance. 

relative (rel'a-tiv), adj. having, or 
expressing, relation; pertinent; be- 
longing to or connected with; re- 
lating to a word, sentence, or clause: 
n. that which has relation to some- 
thing else; a person connected by 
kinship or consanguinity; a wora 
which relates to its antecedent. 

relatively (rel'a-tiv-li) , adv. compare 
tively. 

relativeness (rel'a-tiv-nes) , n. the 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north not ; boon, book ; 
M hue, hut; think, then. 



RELATOR 



690 



RELY 



state or guality of being relative. 
Also relativity. 

relator (re-la/ter), n. one who relates; 
a prosecutor. 

relax (re-laks'), v.t. to slacken; make 
less close; render less tense, rigor- 
ous, or severe; divert, as the mind; 
loosen, as the bowels; make lan- 
guid: v.i. to take relaxation; become 
less severe or close. 

relaxation (re-laks-a/shun) , n. the act 
of relaxing; state of being relaxed; 
diminution of tension; diversion or 
recreation. 

relay (re-la'), v.t. [v.t. & p.p. relaid, 
p.pr. relaying], to lay a second time: 
n. fresh post-horses or hunting dogs 
to relieve others; .new supply; a 
subsidiary electric circuit. 

release (re-les'), v.t. to set free; dis- 
charge; free from obligation or pen- 
alty: n. liberation from restraint, 
penalty, pain, &c; discharge from 
an obligation. 

relegate (rel'e-gat), v.t. to banish; 
consign. 

relegation (rel-e-ga'shun) , n. the act 
of relegating. 

relent (re-lent'), v.i. to grow less hard 
or severe; become more tender; yield. 

relenting (re-lent 'ing) , n. the act of 
becoming less hard or more tender or 
compassionate. 

relentless (re-lent'les), adj. pitiless; 
having no regard for another; with- 
out mercy. 

relentlessly (re-lent 'les-li) , adv. m as if 
caring nothing for another; in the 
manner of one who is merciless ; piti- 
less. 

relessee (re-les-e') , n. the person to 
whom a deed of release is granted. 
■ Also releasee. 

relessor (re-les'er), n. the person who 
grants a deed of release. 

relevancy (rel'e-van-si) , n. applica- 
bility; pertinence. Also relevance. 

relevant (rel'e-vant) , adj. applicable; 
related; pertinent. 

reliability (re-li-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being reliable. Also reliableness. 

reliable (re-H'a-bl) , adj. trustworthy. 

reliably (re-ll'a-bli) , adv. so as to be re- 
lied on. 

reliance (re-li'ans), n. confidence; 
trust. 

reliant (re-li'ant),'acy. having reliance. 



relic (rel'ik), n. that which is left 
after the loss or decay of the rest; 
memorial or souvenir; remains of a 
person deceased; body or other me- 
morial of a saint held in religious 
reverence. 

relict (rel'ikt), n. a widow. [Latin.] 

relief (re-lef), n. that which mitigates 
pain, grief, &c; release from some 
post of duty; assistance given to the 
poor; aid; redress; the projection of 
a sculptured design from the plane 
surface. 

relier (re-li'er), n. one who relies. 

relievable (re-lev'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being relieved. 

relieve (re-lev'), v.t. to free from pain, 
suffering, grief, &c; mitigate; alle- 
viate; help; release from a post of 
duty. 

religion (re-lij'un), n. any system of 
faith or worship ; love and obedience 
towards God; piety; monastic vow 
or state. [Latin.] 

religious (re-lij'us), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or set apart for, 
religion; godly; pious; devotional; 
conscientiously exact or strict ; bound 
by monastic vows: n. one who is 
bound by monastic vows. 

religious-house (re-lij'us-hous), n. a 
monastery or nunnery. 

relinquish (re-ling'kwish) , v.t. to for- 
sake or abandon; quit; leave with 
reluctance; desist from; renounce a 
claim to. 

relinquishment (re-ling'kwish-ment) , 
n. the act of relinquishing ; abandon- 
ment. 

reliquary (rel'i-kwa-ri) , n. [pi. reli- 
quaries (rel'i-kwa-riz)], a depository 
for relics ; a casket or small chest for 
holding relics. 

relique (rel-ek'), n. a relic. [French.] 

relish (rel'ish), v.t. to like the taste 
of; use with pleasure; enjoy: v.i. 
to have a pleasing taste: n. sensa- 
tion of flavor; taste; savor; zest; 
a savory dish; enjoyment given by 
anything; pleasure; inclination. 

reluctance (re-luk'tans), n. unwil- 
lingness. Also reluctancy. 

reluctant (re-luk'tant) , adj . unwilling; 
disinclined. 

rely (re-H'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. relied, p.pr. 
relying], to lean upon with confi- 
dence; trust or have confidence in. 



ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



REMAIN 



691 



REMORSELESS 



remain (re-man'), v.i. to continue; 
stay; last; endure; be left in a par- 
ticular state or place; be left after 
or out of a greater number: n.pl. a 
d eacLbody ; the literary works of an au- 
thor published after his death; ruins. 

remand (re-mand'), v.t. to recommit 
or send back; remit in custody to a 
future time: n. the act of remand- 
ing; state of being remanded. 

remark (re-mark 7 ), v.t. to note or ob- 
serve; express; say: n. notice or ob- 
servation; comment. 

remarkable (re-mark'a-bl) , adj. 
worthy of notice or remark; ex- 
traordinary; strange; famous; un- 
common. 

remarkably (re-mark'a-bli) , adv. in a 
remarkable manner. 

remasticate (re-mas'ti-kat) , v.t. to 
masticate food over and over .in 
accordance with the theory of 
Fletcherism. See Fletcherism. 

Rembr antesque (Rem - bran - tesk') , 
adj. after the manner of the great 
Dutch painter (1617-1690), who was 
most remarkable for use of light 
and shade (chiaroscuro), producing 
vivid effects. 

remediable (re-me'di-a-bl), adj. ad- 
mitting remedy. 

remediably (re-me'di-a-bli) , adv. in a 
way that may be remedied. 

remedial (re-me'di-al), adj. affording, 
or intended for, a_ remedy. 

remedially (re-me'di-a-li), adv. by 
way of remedy. 

remedy (rem'e-di), n.^ [pi. remedies 
(rem'e-diz)], that which cures a dis- 
ease, or counteracts an evil ; a re- 
storative; an efficacious medicine: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remedied, p.pr. 
remedying], to repair or remove 
something evil from. 

remember (re-mem'ber), v.t. to re- 
call to mind; attend to; keep in 
mind with gratitude, regard, or rev- 
erence. 

remembrance (re-mem 'brans) / n. 
power of remembering; memory; 
length of time during which anything 
can be remembered; recollection. 

remembrancer (re - mem ' brans - er), 
one who, or that which, reminds; 
recorder. 

remind (re-mind'), v.t. to bring to the 
remembrance of; put in mind. 



reminiscence (rem-i-nis'ens), n. re- 
covery of ideas ; memory ; that 
which is remembered. 

reminiscent (rem-i-nis'ent) , adj. hav- 
ing recollection. 

remise (re-mlz'), v.t. to resign or 
surrender by deed: n. the surrender 
of a claim by deed. 

remiss (re-mis'), adj. careless in the 
performance of duty or business; 
heedless; dilatory. 

remission (re-mish'un), n. the act of 
remitting; pardon; abatement; re- 
laxation, 

remit (re-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remit- 
ted, p.pr. remitting], to pardon; 
transmit, as money, bills, &c; send 
back: v.i. moderate or abate in vio- 
lence or force. 

remittal (re-mit'al), n. surrender; 
transmission. 

remittance (re-mit'ans), n. that which 
is remitted; the sending of money, 
bills, &c, in payment; the sum so 
transmitted. 

remittent (re-mit'ent) , adj. increasing 
and abating alternately. 

remnant (rem'nant), n. that which 
is left after a part has been re- 
moved; remainder. 

remonetize (re-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to re- 
store to circulation in the shape of 
money. 

remonstrance (re-mon's trans), n. 
strong representation against some- 
thing complained of; expostulation 
(historically), the Great Remon- 
strance made by the English Parlia- 
ment to King Charles I (1641), 
reminding him of his arbitrary and 
illegal acts. 

remonstrant (re-rnon'strant), adj. 
expostulatory ; n. one who takes part 
in a remonstrance. 

remonstrate (re-mon'strat) , v.i. to 
urge or put forward strong reasons 
against some act or course com- 
plained of; expostulate. 

remorse (re-mors'), n. anguish of 
mind caused by the sense of guilt; 
sympathetic sorrow; compunction. 

remorseful (re-mors 'fool), adj. full 
of remorse. 

remorsefully (re-mors'foo-li), adv. 
with remorse. 

remorseless (re-mors'les) , adj. cruel; 
merciless. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



REMOTE 



692 



RENOVATOR 



remote (re-mot'), adj. distant in time 
or space; far; primary; alien;, for- 
eign; inconsiderable. 

remotely (re-mot 'li), adv. at a dis- 
tance. 

remoteness (re-mot'nes), n. dis- 
tance. 

removability (re-moov-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being removable. 

removable (re-moov'a-bl), adj. cap- 
able of being removed. 

removal (re-moov'al) , > n. the act of 
removing or displacing; change of 
place; dismissal; act of putting an 
end to. 

remove (re-moov'), v.t. to put from 
its place; withdraw; cut off, or kill: 
v.i. to change place; change resi- 
dence: n. change of place: removal; 
promotion; class. 

removed (re-moovd'), p. adj. remote; 
displaced. 

remunerable (re-nm'ner-a-bl) , adj. 
that may be remunerated. 

remunerate (re-mu'ner-at) , v.t. to re- 
ward as an equivalent for service; 
recompense. 

remuneration (re-mu-ner-a'shun) , n. 
payment for service; recompense; 
reward. 

remunerative (re-mu'ner-a-tiv) , adj. 
yielding an equivalent return for 
outlay; lucrative; profitable. 

remuneratory (re-mu'ner-a-to-ri) , adj. 
yielding remuneration; profitable. 

Renaissance (re-na-sans'), n. revival 
of letters and arts in the fifteenth 
century; in Italy and in France in 
the sixteenth century; the style 
of architecture that succeeded the 
Gothic; the classic decorative style 
revived by the artist Raphael. In 
literature there was a reversion from 
the dull and pedantic writings of the 
schoolmen to the freer, vivid pagan- 
ism of Greece and Rome. Also Re- 
nascence. [French.] 

renal (re'nal), adj. pertaining to the 
kidneys. 

renard and reynard (ra/nard), < n. 
the fox, so-called in animal stories. 
[French.] 

renascent (re-nas'ent), adj. coming 
again into being. 

rencontre (rang-kong'tr), n. a casual 
meeting in opposition or contest; 
collision: v.i. to meet an enemy un- 



expectedly; to come in collision. Also 
recounter. 
rend (rend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rent, 
p.pr. rending], to tear apart with 
violence; split; lacerate: v.i. to- be- 
come rent. 

render (ren'der), v.t. to return; pay 
back; make up; deliver; afford; 
yield; furnish; reproduce; translate; 
cause to be boiled down; exhibit: n. 
payment of rent. 

rendering (ren'der-ing) , n. a transla- 
tion; version; execution; first coat of 
plaster. 

rendezvous (ran'da-voo or ren'de-voo) , 
n. appointed place of meeting, espe- 
cially for warships or troops: v.i. to 
assemble. [French.] 

rendition (ren-dish'un) , n. surrender; 
translation. 

rendrock (rend'rok), n. a high-power 
explosive manufactured from nitro- 
glycerin. 

renegade (ren'e-gad), n. one who re- 
nounces his faith; apostate; traitor; 
deserter. [French.] 

renege and reneague (re-neg')» v.i. to 
fail to follow suit at cards, when one 
has in his hands cards of the same 
suit ; hence to be unmindful of an ob- 
ligation. 

renew (re-nu'), v.t. to make new again; 
restore; renovate; reinvigorate : v.i. 
to be made new; begin afresh; grow 
again. 

renewal (re-nu'al), n. the act of re- 
newing ; state of being renewed ; reno- 
vation; revival. 

reniform (ren'i-f orm) , adj. kidney- 
shaped. 

rennet (ren'et), n. the inner mem- 
brane of a calf's stomach: used for 
coagulating milk. 

renounce (re-nouns'), v.t. to disown; 
reject publicly and finally; repudi- 
ate; reject: v.i. in card playing, not 
to follow suit: n. failure to follow 
suit. 

renouncement (re-nouns 'ment), same 
as renunciation. 

renovate (ren'o-vat), v.t. to make new 
again; restore to a previous condi- 
tion, or to a good state; repair. 

renovation (ren-o-va/shun) , n. re- 
newal; state of being renovated. 

renovator (ren'o-va-ter) , n. one who, 
or that which, renovates; restorer. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, th^r\, 



RENOWN 



693 



REPLICATION 



renown (re-noun'), n. celebrity; fame; 
distinction: v.t. to make famous. 

renowned (re-nound'), p. adj. cele- 
brated; famous; illustrious; distin- 
guished. 

rent (rent), n. sl tear; fissure; schism; 
periodical payment for the use of 
property: p.t. & p.p. of rend. 
[French.] 

rental (rent'al), n. amount of rent; 
schedule of rents of an estate; rent- 
roll. 

renter (rent'er), n. one who holds an 
estate or tenements by payment of 
rent; one who collects rent. 

rentes (rant), n.a name given to all 
public securities of the French 
government. 

rent-roll (rent'rol), n. a schedule of 
income derived from rents. 

renunciation (re-nun-si-a'shun), n. 
disavowal; rejection. 

rep (rep), adj. having a fine corded 
surface: n. a dress fabric with a 
fine corded surface. 

topair (re-par'), v.i. to go to a (speci- 
fied) place; betake one's self: v.t. 
to restore after injury; mend; reno- 
vate; make amends: n. restoration 
after injury; state of a building. 

reparable (rep/a-ra-bl), adj. capable 
of being repaired. _ 

reparation (rep-a-ra'shun), n. restora- 
tion to a good condition; amends or 
compensation; restitution. 

reparative (re-par'a-tiv), adj. amend- 
ing defects; repairing. 

repartee (rep-ar-te') , n. a ready, witty 
reply. 

repast (re-p_asf), n. a meal; victuals. 

repav (re-pa'), v.t. to give back that 
which is due. 

repeal (re-pel'), v.t. to revoke or abro- 
gate; annul: n. revocation; abro- 
gation. 

repeat (re-pet'), v.t. to do or speak 
a second time; iterate; recite; quote 
from memory: n. repetition; a sign 
in music directing a part to be re- 
peated. 

repeater (re-pet 'er), n. one who, or 
that which, repeats; revolver; a 
watch that strikes the hours, when 
a spring is pressed; a decimal in 
which the same figure or figures are 
repeated; one who illegally votes 
more than once at the same election. 



repel (re-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
pelled, p.pr. repelling], to drive back 
resist; check the advance of: v.i. to 
act in opposition to force impressed 
check or drive inwards. 

repellent (re-pel'ent), adj. driving 
back; tending or able to repel; rt*- 
pulsive. • 

repent (re-pent'), v.i. to feel pain or 
sorrow on account of something 
done or left undone, especially for 
sin committed leading to repent- 
ance; change from past evil: v.t. to 
regret. [Old Testament.] 

repentance (re-pen'tans), n. contri- 
tion. 

repentant (re-pen'tant) , adj. peni- 
tent. 

reperception (re-per-sep'shun), n. the 
second perception of something 
which has been perceived before. 

repertoire (rep-er-twar') , n. a repos- 
itory; stock of dramas, songs, &c. 
ready for use. [French.] 

repertory (rep'er-to-ri), n. a store- 
house; treasury. 

repetition > (rep-e-tish'un) , n. the act 
of repeating; recital from memory. 

repine (re-pin'), v.i. to fret one's self; 
murmur; complain; feel discontent. 

replace (re-plas'), v.t. to put back in 
its place; to supersede. 

replenish (re-plen'ish) , v.t. to fill up 
again; fill or stock in abundance. 

replenishment (re-plen'ish-ment), n, 
the act of replenishing; state of being 
replenished. 

replete (re-plef), adj. completely 
filled; full. 

repletion (re-ple'shun), n. the state of 
being too full; plethora. 

replevin (re-plev'in) , n. an action to 
recover goods wrongfully seized, on 
security being given to try the case; 
writ for replevying. 

replevy (re-plev'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
plevied, p.pr. replevying], to recover 
by wit goods wrongfully seized, on 
giving security to try the right to 
them at law. 

replica (rep'li-ka), n. a copy of an 
original picture^ or statue executed 
by the same artist or sculptor. 

replicate (rep'li-kat),_ac(/. folded back, 

replication (rep-li-ka'snun) , ??. a # re- 
ply; echo; repetition; the plaintiff's 
answer to the plea of the defendant, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, boob % 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



REPLIER 



694 



REPTILIAN 



replier (re-pli'er), n. one who replies. 

reply (re-pli'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. replied, 
p.pr. replying], to answer; respond: 
n. an answer; response; rejoinder. 

report (re-port/), v.t. to give an ac- 
count of; relate; tell from one to 
another; circulate publicly; take 
down (spoken words) : v.i. to make 
a statement: n. an official statement 
of facts; description, an account of 
a meeting, &c; rumor; hearsay; 
noise. 

reportorial (re-por-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to, or constituted by, re- 
porters. 

reposal (re-poz'al), n. state of repose. 

repose (re-poz'), v.t. to lay to rest; re- 
fresh by rest; compose; lay, place, 
or rest, as confidence or trust (with 
in or on): v.i. to sleep; recline: n. 
sleep ; quiet ; mental rest ; certain 
parts in a picture which tranquilize 
its aspect. 

repository (re-poz 'i-to-ri), n. [pi. re- 
positories (re-poz 'i-to-riz)], a ware- 
house for the storing and safe keep- 
ing of goods; shop or warehouse. 

repousse (re-poos'a), n. ornamental 
metal work formed in relief and 
chased. 

reprehend (rep-re-hend') , v.t. to cen- 
sure. 

reprehensible (rep-re-hen'si-bl) , adj. 
deserving censure; culpable. 

reprehensibly (rep-re-hen'si-bli) , adv. 
in a reprehensible manner. 

reprehension (rep-re-hen'shun) , n. 
censure; reproof. 

reprehensive (rep-re-hen'siv) , adj. 
given to, or containing, reproof. 
Also reprehensory. 

represent (rep-re-zent') , v.t. to ex- 
hibit the image of; show; describe; 
give an account of; personate or act 
the part of ; reproduce ; to present 
again (re-pre-zenf). 

representation (rep-re-zen-ta'shun) , 
n. the act of representing; that which 
represents ; portrayal ; description ; 
likeness; image or picture; dramat- 
ic performance; body of representa- 
tives; statement of arguments or 
reasons. 

representative (rep-re-zen'ta-tiv) 'adj. 
having the power or character of an- 
other; exhibiting a similitude; typi- 
cal: n. one who is authorized to act 



for another or others ; deputy or dele- 
gate, especially one chosen by a body 
of electors ; a member of the popular 
branch of Congress or of a State 
Legislature; he who, or that which, 
represents or exhibits a likeness. 

repress (re-pres'), v.t. to check or re- 
strain; crush; quell. 

repression (re-presh'un) , n. the act of 
repressing. 

repressive (re-pre^'iv), adj. serving to 
repress. 

repressively (re-pres'iv-li) , adv. so as 
to repress. 

reprieve (re-prev'), v.t. to grant a re- 
spite to; delay the execution of: n. 
temporary suspension of a criminal 
sentence. 

reprimand (rep'ri-mand), v.t. to re- 
prove severely; reprove publicly and 
officially: n. a severe reproof. 

reprint (re-print'), v.t. to print a new 
edition or copy of: n. (re'print), a 
new edition or copy. 

reprisal (re-priz'al), n. an act of war 
ostensibly by way of retaliation for 
an injury suffered. See marque. 

reproach (re-proch'), v.t. to censure 
severely; upbraid: n. severe blame 
mingled with contempt; object of 
scorn; shame or disgrace. 

reproachful (re-proch'f ool) , adj. con- 
taining, or expressing, reproach. 

reproachfully (re-proch'f oo-li) , adv. 
in a reproachful manner. 

reprobate (rep'ro-bat), v.t. to con- 
demn strongly or with detestation; 
disown: adj. abandoned; depraved: 
n. a profligate person. 

reprobation (rep-ro-ba'shun) , n. the 
act of reprobating; abandonment to 
eternal destruction; condemnation. 

reproduction (re-pro-duk'shun), n. 
the act of producing again, either an 
organism, a mental image, or a work 
of art. 

reproof (re-proof), n. censure; re- 
buke. 

reprove (re-proov'), v.t. to censure or 
blame; reprimand; rebuke. 

reptile (rep 'til), n. an animal of the 
class Reptilia that creeps or crawls 
on the ground; a mean, groveling 
person: adj. creeping; crawling; 
groveling. 

reptilian (rep-til'i-an) , adj. pertaining 
to, or like, a reptile. Also reptilious. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



REPUBLIC 



695 



RESCUE 



republic (re-pub 'lik), n. a state or 
country in which the supreme power 
is vested in representatives elected 
by popular vote; commonwealth. 

republican (re-pub'li-kan), adj. per- 
taining to, characteristic of, or con- 
sisting of, a republic: n. one who 
favors republican government. 

Republican (re-pub'h-kan), n. a mem- 
ber of the Republican party, one of 
the two principal political parties in 
the United States. [Latin.] 

republicanism (re-pub'li-kan-izm), n. 
the principles of a republican govern- 
ment; attachment to such prin- 
ciples. 

republicanize (re-pub'li-kan-iz),"^. to 
form into a republic ; convert to re- 
publican ideas. 

republication (re-pub-li-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of republishing; re-impres- 
sion of a printed book ; second pub- 
lication. 

republish (re-pub'lish), v.t. to pub- 
lish anew; print a new edition of. 

repudiate _(re-pu'di-at) , v.t. to dis- 
own or disclaim; refuse to pay or 
acknowledge ; disavow. 

repudiation (r e-p u-di-a/shun) , n. the 
act of repudiating; disavowal; re- 
jection. 

repudiator m (re-pu'di-a-ter), n. one 
who repudiates. 

repugnance (re-pug'nans) , n. aver- 
sion; reluctance; dislike. Also re- 
pugnancy. 

repugnant (re-pug'nant), adj. highly 
distasteful or offensive; contrary; 
hostile. 

repulse (re-puls'), v.t. to drive back; 
beat off; repel: n. the state of being 
driven back or repelled; refusal; 
denial. 

repulsion (re-pul'shun) , n. the act of 
driving back; state of being re- 
pelled; the power by which certain 
bodies recede from each other. 

repulsive (re-pul'siv), adj. tending to 
repel; forbidding; disgusting. 

repulsively (re-pul'siv-li), adv. in a 
repulsive manner. 

repulsiveness (re-pul'siv-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being repulsive. 

reputable (rep'ti-ta-bl), adj. es- 
teemed; honorable; respectable. 

reputably (rep'u-ta-bli), adv. in a rep- 
utable manner. 



reputation (rep-u-ta'shun), n. good 
" name or character; honor; credit. 

repute (re-puf), g v.t. to estimate; 
deem: n. estimation; character; rep- 
utation. 

request (re-kwesf), n. desire ex- 
pressed; petition; prayer; demand; 
entreaty: v.t. to ask for. 

requiem (re'kwi-em), n. a mass, or 
musical setting of a mass, for the 
repose of the soul of a person de- 
ceased. 

require (re-kwir'), v.t. to ask for or 
claim as by right or authority; de- 
mand; exact; need. [Latin.] 

requirement (re-kwir'ment), n. the 
act of requiring; that which is re- 
quired; demand; necessity. 

requisite (rek'wi-zit), adj. needful; 
indispensable: n. anything requisite. 

requisitely (rek'wi-zit-li), adv. in a 
requisite manner. 

requisiteness (rek'wi-zit-nes), n. ne- 
cessity. 

requisition (rek-wi-zish'un), n. the 
act of requiring; that which is re- 
quired; demand, especially a written 
one: v.t. to demand; make a req- 
uisition upon. 

requital (re-kwlt r al), n. retaliation. 

requite (re-kwit'), v.t. to make re- 
turn for treatment, good or evil; 
recompense; retaliate; revenge. 

reredos (rer'dos), n. a decorated screen 
behind the altar of a church, often 
so large as to extend the entire 
length of the altar. On special 
celebrations it is ornamented in the 
richest and most splendid way. 
[Franco-Latin.] 

reremouse (rer'mous), n. the bat.. 

rescind (re-sind'), v.t. to annul; re- 
voke. 

rescission (re-sizh'un), n. the act of 
annulling. 

rescript (re'skript), n. an edict or de- 
cree, especially of an emperor or 
pope in answer to some question of 
jurisprudence officially submitted 
to him, and having the force of a 
law. 

rescue (res'ku), v.t. to set free from 
danger, restraint, or violence; lib- 
erate; deliver: n. deliverance from 
clanger, restraint, or violence; forci- 
ble retaking of persons or goods de- 
tained by legal authority. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RESEARCH 



RESOLUTION 



research (re-serch/), n. laborious, care- 
ful inquiry or investigation: v.t. to 
search again; investigate carefully 
and diligently. 

resemblance (re-zem'blans), n. like- 
ness. 

resemble (re-zem'bl), p.t. t to have a 
likeness to; have similarity to. 

resent (re-zenf), v.t. to consider as an 
injury or affront; take ill; be angry 
in consequence of. 

resentful (re-zent'f ool) , adj. easily 
provoked to anger; full of resent- 
ment. 

resentfully (re-zent'f oo-li) , adv. with 
resentment. 

resentment (re-zent'ment), n. strong 
anger or displeasure; deep sense of 
injury. 

reservation (rez-er-va'shun) , n. any- 
thing kept back or reserved; clause, 
proviso, or limitation, by which 
something is reserved; public land 
reserved for some particular use, as 
schools, &c. 

reserve (re-zerv'), v.t. to keep in 
store; hold back for future use; re- 
tain: n. closeness or caution in 
speaking or acting; taciturnity: 
pi. troops kept for the support 
of an army or to meet any con- 
tingency. 

reservoir (rez'er-vwar), n. a place 
where anything (usually fluids and 
liquids) is collected and stored up 
for use. [French.] 

reset (re-set'), v.t. to set again. 

reside (re-zid'), v.i. to dwell or in- 
habit; live. 

residence (rez'i-dens), n. place of 
abode; domicile; act of residing. 

residency (rez'i-den-si), n. in India, 
the official residence of the British 
Minister. 

resident (rez'i-dent) , adj. pertaining 
to one who resides; thus, Minister 
Resident in diplomacy differs from 
a Minister Plenipotentiary, by hav- 
ing a lower rank. 

residential (rez-i-den'shal), n. per- 
taining to, containing or suitable 
for, residents. 

residual (re-zid'u-al), adj. remain- 
ing after a part has been taken 
away. 

residuary (re-zid'u-a-ri), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or constituting, the residue; 



relating or entitled to the remainder 
of an estate, &c, after deducting 
legal expenses. _ 

residue (rez'i-du), n. remainder. 

residuum (re-zid'ti-um) , n. that which 
is left after a chemical process. 

resign (re-zln'), v.t. to yield to an- 
other; surrender formally; withdraw 
from; submit calmly; sign again 
(re-sin'). 

resignation (rez-ig-na/shun), n. the 
act of resigning; state of being re- 
signed; calm submission or acqui- 
escence; patience. 

resilient (re-sil'i-ent), adj. springing 
back. 

resin (rez'in), n. a solid inflammable 
substance obtained from various 
trees which exude it in the form of 
gum. 

resinous (rez'in-us), adj. containing, 
consisting of, or like, resin. 

resist (re-zisf), v.t. to oppose; with- 
stand; thwart; strive against: v.i* 
to make opposition or resistance. 

resistance (re-zis'tans), n. the act ia> 
resisting; opposition; power of a 
body that acts in opposition to an- 
other; in photography, contrast of 
light and shade. 

resistant (re-zis'tant), adj. offering re- 
sistance: n. one who, or that which, 
resists. 

resistibility (re-zist-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being resistible. 

resistible (re-zist'i-bl), adj. capable of 
resisting. 

resistibly (re-zist'i-bli), adv. in a re- 
sistible manner. 

resistless (re-zist'les) , n. irresistible. 

resoluble (rez'o-lu-bl), adj. capable 
of being melted or resolved. 

resolute (rez'o-lfit), adj. determined; 
having a fixed purpose; decided; 
firm; steady. 

resolutely (rez'o-lut-li), adv. in a reso- 
lute manner. 

resoluteness (rez'o-lut-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being resolute. 

resolution (rez-o-lu'shun), n. the act 
of resolving ; state of being resolved ; 
analysis; fixed determination; con- 
stancy of purpose; formal proposal 
in a legislative assembly or public 
meeting; solution. 

resolution of forces (for'sez), the 
dividing of a force into two or more, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RESOLUTIVE 



697 



RESPONSIBLE 



which would have the same effect as 
if it acted alone. 

resolutive (rez'o-lu-tiv), adj. having 
the power to dissolve. 

resolvability (re-zol-va-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being resolvable. Re- 
sol vableness. 

resolvable (re-zol'va-bl) , adj. capable 
of being resolved. 

resolve (re-zolv'), v.t. to reduce to 
constituent parts; analyze; clear or 
separate; solve; settle in an opin- 
ion; decide; determine by vote; dis- 
perse, as a tumor, &c; carry a dis- 
cord into a concord [Music]: v.i. to 
determine; pass a formal resolution. 

resolved (re-zolvd'), p. adj. determined; 
firm. 

resolvent (re-zol'vent) , adj. having 
the power of resolving; causing solu- 
tion: n. a medicine to disperse a 
tumor, &c. 

resonance (rez'o-nans), n. the qual- 
ity of being res_onant. Also resonancy. 

resonant (rez'o-nant), adj. returning 
sound. 

resort (re-zorf), v.i. to betake one's 
self; go often; have recourse; ap- 
ply: n. place much frequented; con- 
course; resource. 

resound (re-zound'), v.i. & v.t. to re- 
verberate; be re-echoed; spread the 
fame or renown of; send back sound; 
echo; sound again (re-sound'). 

resource (re-sors'), n. source of help 
or supply; an expedient to which 
one resorts: pi. money; means of 
any kind. 

resp (resp), n. a disease of sheep. 

respect (re-spekf), n. regard; ex- 
pression of esteem ; deference ; man- 
ner of treating others; respectful de- 
meanor; point, reference, or particu- 
lar: pi. expression of good- will or 
regard: v.t. to honor or esteem; have 
relation to. [Latin.] 

respectability (re-spek-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the state or quality of being respect- 
able. 

respectable (re-spek'ta-bl) , adj. cap- 
able or worthy of respect; held in 
good repute; moderate in excellence 
or number. 

respectably (re-spek'ta-bli) , adv. in a 
respectable manner. 

respectful (re-spekt'f ool) , adj. char- 
acterized by respect. 



respectfully (re-spekt'foo-li), adv. 
with respect. 

respecting (re-spek'ting) , prep, con- 
cerning. 

respective (re-spek'tiv), adj. relating 
to a particular person or thing; not 
absolute; relative. 

respectively (re-spek'tiv-li) , adv. as 
each belongs to each; not abso- 
lutely. 

respir ability (re-spir-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being respirable. Re- 
sp irableness. 

respirable (re-spir'a-bl) , adj. that 
may be, or is fit to be, breathed. 

respiration (res-pi-ra'shun) , n. the 
act or process of breathing; relief 
from toil. 

respirator (res'pi-ra-ter) , n. a net- 
work contrivance for covering the 
mouth and protecting the lungs 
from cold, fog, &c. 

respiratory (res'pi-ra-to-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, or serving for, respira- 
tion. 

respire (re-spir'), v.t. to draw air into 
the lungs and expel it again; breathe; 
inhale: v.t. to breathe in and out, as 
air. 

respite (res'pit), n. pause or tempo- 
rary cessation of anything; delay; 
interval of rest; reprieve: v.t. to 
grant a respite to; suspend the exe- 
cution of. 

resplendence (re-splen'dens) , n. bril- 
liant luster; intense light. Also 
resplendency. 

resplendent (re-splen'dent) , adj. shin- 
ing with brilliant luster; intensely 
bright. 

respond (re-spond'), v.i. to answer or 
reply; be liable for payment: v.t. 
to pay: n. & short anthem sung be- 
tween the reading of the lessons. < 

respondent (re-spon'dent) , adj. giving 
response: n. one who answers or re- 
plies; one who maintains a thesis in 
reply; one who answers to a suit at 
law. 

respondentia (re-spon-den'shi-a) , < n. 
a loan on the security of a ship's 
cargo. 

response (re-spons') , n. the act of an- 
swering; reply; in a liturgical ser- 
vice, the answer of the congregation 
to the priest. 

responsible (re-spon'si-bl) , adj. in- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : cote, north, not ; boon, book ; 
£1 hue, hut ; think, then. 



RESPONSIBLY 



698 



RETAIL 



volving responsibility; answerable; 
liable. 

responsibly (re-spon'si-bli) , adv. in a 
responsible manner. > 

responsive (re-spon'siv) , adj. answer- 
ing; correspondent. 

responsively (re-spon'siv-li) , adv. in a 
responsive manner. 

responsiveness (re-spon'siv-nes) , n. 
the state or quality of being respon- 
sive. 

rest (rest), n. cessation from motion 
or disturbance; quiet; peace; re- 
pose; sleep; death; place of quiet 
or renose; trust; interval of silence 
and its sign [Music]; remainder: 
v.i. to cease from motion or action; 
repose; be quiet; sleep; die; stand: 
v.t.'to lay to rest; place. 

restaurant (res'to-rant), # n. a house 
for refreshment; an eating-house. 

restaurateur (res-to-ra-ter') , n. the 
keeper of a restaurant. [French.] 

restful (rest 'fool), adj. full of rest; 
quiet. 

restfully (rest'f oo-li) , adv. in a restful 
manner. 

restitution (res-ti-tu'shun) , n. the act 
of making good any loss, injury, or 
damage; compensation; amends. 

restive (res'tiv), adj. unwilling to go 
forward; stubborn; uneasy. 

restively (res'tiv-li), adv. in a restive 
manner. 

restiveness (res'tiv-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being restive. 

restless (rest'les), adj. constantly act- 
ive or moving 

restorable (re-stor'a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being restored. 

Restoration (res-to-ra'shun) , n. the 
act of restoring; renewal; repair; 
historically, in England the Restora- 
tion of Charles II to the throne after 
Oliver Cromwell's death (1660). 
The subsequent period of Charles's 
reign (to 1685) is known as the 
Period of Restoration, and for the 
brilliant though dissolute manners of 
the court. 

restorative (re-stor'a-tiv), adj. ca- 
pable of restoring: n. a re-invigorat- 
ing medicine. 

restoratively (re-stor'a-tiv-li) , adv. so 
as to restore. 

restore (re-stor'), v.t. to bring back to 
its former strength; repair; rebuild; 



heal or cure; re-invigorate; renew; 
amend; reclaim; store again. 

restrain (re-stran'), v.t. to check; re- 
press. 

restraint (re-strant'), n. the act of 
restraining: state of being restrained ; 
limitation. 

restrict (re-strikt') , v.t. to confine or 
limit. 

restriction (re-strik'shun) , n. the act 
of restricting; limitation; confine- 
ment. 

restrictive (re-strik'tiv) , adj. imposing 
restraint. 

restrictively (re-strik'tiv-li) , adv. with 
restriction. 

result (re-zulf), v.i. to follow as a 
consequence; to come to a decision; 
ensue; decree: n. conclusion or con- 
sequence. 

resultant (re-zult'ant) , adj. following 
as a result: n. a single force com- 
pounded of two or more forces and 
representing their combined effects. 

resulting (re-zult'ing) , p. adj. follow- 
ing as a result or consequence. 

resume (ra-zu-ma/), n. a summary. # 

resume (re-zum'), v.t. to take up again 
after interruption; begin again; take 
back. 

resumption (re-zump'shun), n. the 
act of resuming. 

resurrection (rez-er-ek'shun) , n. a 
rising again from the dead; moral 
revival. 

resurrectionist (rez-er-ek'shun-ist) , n. 
formerly a man who disinterred dead 
bodies for sale for anatomical pur- 
poses. 

resuscitate (re-sus'i-tat) , v.t. to re- 
vive from apparent death; revivify. 

resuscitation (re-sus-i-ta'shun) , n. the 
act of resuscitating; state of being re- 
suscitated. 

resuscitative (re^sus'i-ta-tiv) , m adj. 
tending to resuscitate; restorative. 

resuscitator (re-sus'i-ta-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, resuscitates. 

ret (ret), v.t. [p.t. & % p.p. retted, p.pr. 
retting], to steep in water to sepa- 
rate the fibers of a substance, as flax, 
by incipient rotting. [Old Dutch.] 

retail (re-tal'), v.t. to sell in small 
quantities; sell second-hand: n. (re'- 
tal) sale of goods in small quanti- 
ties: adj. dealing in small quantities 
or second-hand. 



ate,, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RETAIN 



RETRIBUTION 



retain (re-tan'), v.t. to hold or keep 
in possession; detain; engage by a 
fee prepaid. _ 

retainer (re-tan'er), n. one who, or 
that which, retains; a dependent; at- 
tendant; preliminary retaining fee 
paid to counsel. 

retaliate (re-tal'i-at), v.t. to return by 
giving like for like (usually in an 
ill sense). 

retaliation (re^-tal-i-a/shun), n. the 
act of retaliating. 

retaliative (re-tal'i-a-tjv), adj. return- 
ing like for like; vindictive. Also 
retaliatory. 

retard (re-tard'), v.t. to hinder or ob- 
struct; delay; keep back. 

retardation (re-tar-da/shun), n. the 
act of retarding; hindrance; post- 
ponement. 

retardative (re-tar 'da-tiv) , adj. tend- 
ing to retard. 

retch (rech), v.i. to try to vomit; 
strain in vomiting. 

retention (re-ten'shun) , n. the act 
of holding back; power of retaining, 
especially ideas. # 

retentive (re-ten'tiv) , adj. having the 
power to retain. 

retentiyely (re-ten'tiv-li), adv. with 
retentiveness. 

retentiveness # (re-ten'tiy-nes) , n. the 
quality of being retentive. < 

reticence (ret'i-sens) , n. silence; re- 
serve. 

reticent (ret'i-sent), adj. silent; re- 
served. 

reticular (re-tik'u-lar) , adj. formed 
with interstices. 

reticulate (re-tik'u-lat), adj. formed 
of, or resembling, network. 

reticule (ret'i-kul), n. a lady's hand- 
bag or workbag; made of network. 

retiform (re'ti-form), adj. net- 
shaped. 

retina (ret'i-na), n.^ one of the coats 
of the eye, containing the ends of 
the sensory nerves which receive the 
impressions which give rise to 
vision. 

retinitis (ret-i-ni'tis), n. inflammation 
of the retina. 

retinue (ret'i-nti), n. the suite or at- 
tendants of a prince or person of 
distinction; train. 

retire (re-tir'), v.i. to go to a place of 
privacy; withdraw; retreat; recede; 



withdraw from business, official, or 
active life; to go to bed. 

retired (re-tird'), adj. secluded from 
society; having given up business, 
&c; private. 

retirement (re-tir'ment) , n. the act 
of retiring; privacy; solitude. 

retiring (re-tlr'ing) , adj. reserved, not 
obtrusive; assigned, as a pension, to 
an official retiring from the public 
service, &c. 

retort (re-tort'), v.t. to return, as an 
argument, incivility, censure, accu- 
sation, &c: v.i. to make a retort: 
n. censure, incivihty, &c, returned; 
sharp reply; a vessel used in distil- 
ling and decomposing substances. # 

retouch (re-tuch'), v.t. to touch again; 
improve by going over a work of art 
to restore faded parts, &c. 

retrace (re-tras'), v.t. to trace back to 
the beginning. 

retract (re-trakt'), v.t. to draw, or 
take back; recall; rescind; recant: 
v.i. to withdraw^ something pre- 
viously said or written: n. the prick 
of a horse's foot in nailing a horse- 
shoe. 

retractation (re-trak-ta/shun) , n. the 
act of retracting; recantation; dis- 
avowal. Also retraction. 

retractible (re-trak'ti-bl), adj. capa- 
ble of being retracted.. Also re- 
tractile, retractable. 

retractor (re-trak'ter), w. one who re- 
tracts; a muscle or instrument for 
drawing back. 

retreat (re-tret 7 ), n. the act of with- 
drawing or retiring; retirement or 
seclusion; place of privacy; shelter; 
the retiring of an army or body of 
troops from the face of an enemy or 
an^ advanced position; signal for re- 
tiring from an engagement, or to 
quarters: v.i. to withdrawto seclu- 
sion or place of safety; retire before 
an enemy. 

retrench (re-trench'), v.i. cut down 
expenses. 

retrenchment (re-trench'ment), n. 
curtailment; reduction of expenses; 
a military work constructed inside 
another to resist an enemy who has 
forced the outer one. 

retribution (ret-ri-bu'shun) , n. re- 
ward or punishment suitable to the 
action; distribution of rewards or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RETRIBUTIVE 



700 



REVERE 



punishments in future life at the 
final judgment. 

retributive (re-trib'u-tiv), adj. re- 
warding for good deeds and punish- 
ing for offenses. Also retributory. 

retrievable (re-trev'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being retrieved. 

retrievabieness (re-trev'a-bl-nes) , n. 
the state of being retrievable. 

retrieyably (re-trev'a-bli), adv. in a 
retrievable manner. 

retrieve (re-treV), v.t. to recover; re- 
store; regain: v.i. to act as a re- 
triever . 

f etriever (re-trev'er) , n. a variety of 
dog trained to fetch game. 

retro, a Latin prefix meaning back, 
backwards, as retrospect, a review of 
the past. 

retroactive (ret-ro-ak'tiv), adj. hav- 
ing or intended to have a retrospect- 
ive effect. 

retrocede (ret-ro-sed'), v.t. to cede or 
grant back 

retrocession (re-tro-sesh'un), n. the 
act of going back. 

retrograde (ret'ro-grad), adj. going 
or moving backwards; apparently 
moving from east to west as a planet; 
becoming less highly organized: 
v.i. to go backwards. 

retrogression (ret-ro-gresh'un) , n. the 
act of going backward. 

retrogressive (ret-ro-gres'iv), same 
as retrograde. 

retrospect (ret'ro-spekt), see under 
retro. 

retrospection (ret-ro-spek'shun) , n. 
the act or faculty of looking back on 
the past. 

retrospective (ret-ro-spek'tiv), adj. 
looking back on things past; re- 
ferring to past things. 

retrospectively (ret - ro - spek ' tiv - li) , 
adv. in a retrospective manner. 

retroversion (ret-ro-veVshun), n. a 
turning or falling backward. 

return (re-tern'), v.i. to come back 
again to the same place or state; 
revisit; retort: v.t. to repay; re- 
store; requite; elect; reply or report 
officially: n. the act of going back 
or returning; retrogression; repay- 
ment; requital; restitution; remit- 
tance; advantage; profit; official re- 
port . 

returning officer (re-tern'ing of'i-ser), 



n. an official whose duty it is to 
preside at an election, make returns 
to writs, juries, &c. 

retuse (re-tils'), adj. very blunt; hav- 
ing the extremity broad and slight- 
ly depressejl [Latin.] 

reunion (re-un'yun), n. a festive 
gathering of familiar friends or as- 
sociates; act of reuniting. 

reunite (re-u-nlt'), v.t. to unite again; 
reconcile after variance: v.i. become, 
united again. 

reveal (re-veT), v.t. to make known; 
disclose : n. m the vertical side of a 
doorway, window, &c. 

reveille (rev-el-e' or re-val'ye), n. 
the beat of a drum, or bugle-call 
at daybreak to awaken soldiers, 
[Latin.] 

revel (rev'el), n. a noisy or riotous 
feast: v.i. to feast with joyous or 
clamorous merriment. 

revelation (rev-e-la'shun) , n. the act 
of revealing or making known, espe- 
cially Divine truth; that which iy 
revealed, especially by God to man. 

reveler (rev'el-er), n. one who revels. 

revelry (rev'el-ri), n. boisterous fes- 
tivity. 

revenge (re-venj'), v.t. to inflict pain 
or punishment because of; exact ret- 
ribution for; avenge: n. the act of 
revenging; malicious injuring in re- 
turn for an injury or offense re- 
ceived; retaliation; malice. 

revengeful (re-venj 'fool), adj. vin- 
dictive. 

revengefully (re-venj 'foo-li), adv. vin- 
dictively. 

revenue (rev'e-nu), n. the general 
income of a State, derived from the 
annual taxes, excise, customs, &c; 
annual profits from lands, &c. 

reverberate (re-ver'ber-at), v.t. to 
send back, as sound; re-echo: v.i.l 
to be driven back, or reflected, as 1 
sound or light. 

reverberation (re-ver-ber-a'shun), n. 
the act of reverberating. 

reverberator^ (r e-v e r 'b e r-a-t o-r i) , 
adj. pertaining to, or characterized 
by, or produced by, reverberation: 
n. a domed furnace which reflects 
the flame upon a vessel placed with- 
in it, without being in contact with 
the fuel. 

revere (re-ver'), v.t. to regard with 



ate, arm, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

i'v°. hnt : think, then. 



REVERENCE 



701 



REVOLUTION 



fear mingled with respect and affec- 
tion; reverence. 

reverence (rev ' er - ens) , n. venera- 
tion ; honor ; respect ; ' act of obei- 
sance; a title given to the clergy 
(with his, your) : v.t. to regard with 
reverence. 

reverend (rev'er-end), adj. worthy of 
reverence. 

Reverend (rev'er-end), n. a title given 
to a clergyman or the clergy. 

reverent (rev'er-ent), adj. showing, or 
expressive of, reverence; humble; 
submissive. 

reverential (rev-er-en'shal) , adj. pro- 
ceeding from reverence; respectful. 

reverentially (rev-er-en'sha-li) , adv. 
with reverence. 

reverie (rev'er-i), n. deep musing; 
wakeful dreaminess ; irregular train of 
thoughts or fancies in meditation. 

reversal (re-ver'sal) , n. the act of 
reversing; overthrow or annulling; 
repeal. 

reverse (re-yers'), adj. turned back- 
ward; having an opposite direction; 
made or declared void: v.t.^ to turn 
upside down; change entirely: n. 
the contrary or opposite; back of a 
coin or medal; change; vicissitude; 
defeat. 

reversible (re-vers'i-bl) , adj. capable 
of being reversed. 

reversion (re-ver'shun) , n. right to 
future possession m or enjoyment; 
tendency of an animal or plant to 
revert to its original form, &c. 

reversionary (re-ver'shun-a-ri) , adj. 
pertaining to, or involving, right of 
reversion. 

revert (re- vert'), v.t. to turn back; 
change; reverse: v.i. to return or 
fall back; return to the original 
owner or his heirs. 

revertible (re-vert'i-bl) , adj. capable 
of being reverted. 

revest (re-vest'), v.i. to return to a 
former owner. 

revetement (re-vet'ment) , n. in fortifi- 
cation, a strong wall erected round 
the lower part of the rampart; a re- 
taining wall. [French.] 

review (re-vu'), v.t. to consider over 
again; re-examine ; look back; re- 
vise; examine critically; inspect 
(troops, &c.) ; write a critical notice 
of: n. the act of reviewing; re-ex- 



amination; survey of the past; criti- 
cism, especially of a new publica- 
tion; a periodical with criticisms on 
new books, essays, &c; inspection of 
troops, &c. [French.] 

revile (re-vu"), v.t. to address with op- 
probrious or contumelious language^ 
reproach. 

revise (re- viz'),, v.t. to review and 
amend; examine for correction: n= 
a revision; second proof-sheet. 

revision (re-vizh'un) , n. the act of ex- 
amining for correction; that which 
is revised. 

revival (re-vi'val), n. the act of re- 
viving; recovery; renewal of life, 
renewed performance of; reproduc- 
tion; spiritual awakening. 

revivalism (re-vi'val-izm) , n. an in- 
terest in revivals of religion, or the 
methods of procedure to promote 
such. 

revivalist (re-vi'val-ist) , n. one who 
promotes revivals. 

revive (re-viv 7 ), v.i. to recover life;; 
return to vigor or activity, espe- 
cially from a state of languor, neg- 
lect, &c: v.t. to restore to life again? 
renovate; reproduce. 

revivify (re-viv'i-fl) , v.t.^ [j).t. & p.p. 
revivified, p.pr. revivifying], to re* 
animate; quicken. 

revocable (rev'o-ka-bl) , adj. that may 
be revoked. 

revocation (rev-o-ka'shun) , n. the act 
of revoking; recall; repeal; reversal, 

revoke (re-vok'), v.t. to recall; repeal: 
annul: v.i. to fail to follow suit at 
cards (see renege) : n. the act of re- 
voking at cards. 

revolt (re-volt'), n. rebellion against 
constituted authority; insurrection: 
v.i. to turn away in disgust; to rebel; 
v.t. overturn; shock. 

revolting (re-volt'ing), p. adj. disgust* 
ing; repellent. 

revolute (rev'o-hit), adj. rolled back* 
wards. 

revolution (rev-o-lu'shun) , n. the act 
of revolving; rotation; change or al- 
teration of system ; motion of a point 
or line about a center; recurrence or 
succession; fundamental and sudden 
change in the government of a coun- 
try. In history there have been 
three great revolutions: the English 
Revolution when Charles I was de~ 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book l 

hue, hut ; think, f7ien. 



REVOLUTIONARY 



702 



RHEUMATIC 



throned (1642) ; the American Revo- 
lution (1775) ; and the French Revo- 
lution (1789). It is to be noted that 
a revolt, or insurrection is not called 
a Revolution unless it is successful, 
and a change of government actu- 
ally accomplished. [Latin.] 

revolutionary (rev-o-lu'shun-a-ri) , 
adj. pertaining to, tending to pro- 
duce, or constituting, a revolution: 
n. a revolutionist. 

revolutionist (rev-o-lu'shun-ist) , # n. 
one who organizes or takes part in a 
revolution. 

revolutionize (rev-o-lu'shun-iz), v.t. 
to cause a revolution or entire 
change of government or any sys- 
tem. 

revolve (re-volv'), v.i. to turn round, 
as on an axis; roll in a circle; rotate: 
v.t. to cause to turn or roll round; 
meditate or reflect upon. 

revolver (re-vol'ver) , n. one who, or 
that which, revolves; a pistol with 
revolving barrels, fired successively 
without reloading. 

revolving (re-vol'ving) , adj. turning 
round. 

revulsion (re-vul'shun) , n. sudden and 
violent change, especially of feeling; 
diversion of the cause of a disease 
from one part of the body to an- 
other. 

revulsive (re-vul'siv) , adj. having the 
power of, or tending to, revulsion. 

reward (re-ward'), n. something given 
as a return for good or ill received; 
recompense^ retribution; punish- 
ment; gift in token of approved 
merit: v.t. to give in return for good 
or ill received; recompense; punish. 

reynard (ran'ard), n. the fox. 

Rhadaman thine (rad-a-man'thin) , 
adj. sternly just and inflexible; from 
Rhadamanthus, one of the three 
judges in classic mythology who de- 
cided the fate of the souls of the de- 
parted in the lower world, the other 
two being Minos and iEacus. 

rhapsodic (rap-sod'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or connected with, rhapsody; 
unconnected; confused. Also rhap- 
sodical. [Greek.] 

rhapsodist (ran'so-dist), n. one who 
makes or recites verses, especially 
one whose profession was to recite 
the Homeric or other epics. 



rhapsodize (rap'so-diz), v.i, to write or 
utter rhapsodies. 

rhapsody (rap'so-di), n. [pi. rhapso- 
dies (rap'so-diz)], any unconnected 
or rambling composition, composed 
under the influence of excitement; 
part of an epic poem for recitation 
at one time. 

rhea (re'a), n. the South American 
ostrich. 

Rhenish (ren'ish), adj. pertaining to 
the river Rhine: n. Rhine wine. 

rheochord (re'o-kord), n. a metallic 
wire used for measuring the resist- 
ance or variability of an electric 
current. 

rheometer (re-om'e-ter) , n. an instru- 
ment for measuring the intensity of 
an electric current. 

rheometry (re-om'e-tri), n. the art of 
measuring the intensity and velocity 
of electric and_ other currents. 

rheomotor (re'o-mo-ter), n. an appa- 
ratus by which an electrical current 
is generated. 

rheophore (re'o-for), n. the connect- 
ing wire of an electric or galvanic ap- 
paratus. 

rheoscope (re'o-skop), n. an appara- 
tus for detecting an electric current. 

rheostat (re'o-stat), n. an apparatus 
for regulating an electric current. 

rheotome (re'o-tom), n. an appara- 
tus for interrupting an electric cur- 
rent at stated intervals. 

rheotrope (re'o-trop), n. an apparatus 
for periodically reversing the direc- 
tion of an electric current. 

rhesus (re'sus), n. a monkey, held sa- 
cred in certain parts of India. [Latin.] 

rhetoric (ret'o-rik), n. the art of 
speaking with elegance and force; 
declamation; oratory. [Greek.] 

rhetorical (re-tor'i-kal) , # adj . pertain- 
ing to rhetoric; figurative; declama- 
tory. 

rhetorically (re-tor 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
rhetorical manner . 

rhetorician (ret-o-rish'an) , n. a teach- 
er of rhetoric, or one skilled in the 
art; an orator. 

rheum (room), n. the increased ac- 
tion of the vessels of any organ, es- 
pecially the lungs or nostrils, pro- * 
ducing an increased discharge of 
secretions. 

rheumatic (roo-mat'ik) , adj. pertain- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RHEUMATISM 



703 



RICH 



ing to, or affected by, rheumatism. 
Also rheumatical. 

rheumatism (roo'ma-tizm), n. a pain- 
ful disease of the muscles and joints 
accompanied by swelling and stiff- 
ness. 

rhino (ri'no), n. money [Slang]: a 
Greek prefix meaning the nose. 
Also rhin. 

rhinoceros (ri-nos'er-os), n. a large 
pachydermatous animal allied to the 
elephant, with one or two horns on 
the snout. [Greek.] 

rhinoplasty (ri'no-plas-ti), n. a surgi- 
cal operation by # which a new nose 
is formed or partially restored by in- 
grafting new flesh. _ 

rhinoscope (rl'no-skop) , n. an instru- 
ment m furnished with a mirror for 
examining the passages of the nose. 

rhizome (ri'zom), n. a thick stem run- 
ning along or under the ground, pro- 
ducing roots below and shoots above. 
Also rhizoma. _ 

rhodium (ro'di-um), n. one of the 
metallic elements, rare and of ex- 
treme hardness. 

rhodo, a Greek prefix meaning a rose. 

Rhododendron (ro-do-den'dron) , n. 
a genus of ornamental evergreen 
shrubs with large handsome rose- 
like nowers._ 

rhodopsin (ro-dop'sin), n. the visual 
purple of the retina. 

rhomb, same as rhombus. 

rhombic (rom'bik), adj. rhombus- 
shaped. 

rhombohedral (rom-bo-he'dral) , adj. 
pertaining to, or formed like, a 
rhombohedron. 

rhombohedron (rom-bo-he'dron) , n. 
a solid figure bounded by six rhombic 
planes. 

rhomboid (rom'boid), n. a four-sided 
figure having its opposite sides equal, 
and its angles not right angles: adj. 
lozenge-shaped. Also rhomboidal. 

rhombus (rom'bus), n. a four-sided 
figure whose sides are equal and the 
opposite sides parallel, but which has 
two of its angles obtuse and two 
acute; a genus of flat fishes, contain- 
ing the turbot, &c. 

Rhotacism (ro'ta-sizm), n. the change 
by which the Latin letter s, when 
between two vowels, took on the 
sound of r. This occurred in the 



third century, B. C. and continued 
only for a_while. See S. 

rhubarb (roo'barb), n. a plant whose 
leaf -stalks are used for culinary 
purposes, and its roots in medicine 
as a purgative. 

rhumb (rum), n. a circle making any 
given angle with the meridian; a 
point of the compass. 

rhumb-line (rum'lln). n. the track of 
a ship which cuts all the meridians 
at the same angle. 

rhyme (rim), n. the correspondence 
of the sound of the last word or syl- 
lable of one verse or line to the sound 
of the last word or syllable of anoth- 
er; harmonical succession of sounds; 
poetry: v.i. to accord in sound; 
make verses or rhymes: v.t. put into 
rhyme. Rime (more correctly). 

rhythm (rithm), w. the # correspon- 
dence measure, or time, in poetry or 
prose; cadence. 

rhythmic (rith'mik), adj. pertaining 
to rhythm; harmonical; periodical. 
Also rhythmical. 

rhythmically (ritfi'mi-ka-li), adv. in a 
rhythmic manner. 

rib (rib), n. one of the curved bones 
attached to the vertebral column and 
supporting the lateral walls of the 
thorax; anything resembling a rib; 
a piece of timber to shape and 
strengthen the side of a ship: the 
main vein of a leaf: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
ribbed, p.pr. ribbing], to furnish, or 
inclose, with ribs; form with 
grooves. 

ribald (rib 'aid), adj. low; obscure; 
filthy: n. a vulgar, foul-mouthed, li- 
centious fellow. _ 

ribaldry (rib'ald-ri), n. obscenity. 

ribbon (rib 'on), n. sl fillet or strip of 
silk, &c; narrow strip. 

rice (ris), n. a valuable food grain 
produced extensively in hot coun- 
tries. [Franco-Persian.] 

rice-bird (ris'berd), n. the bobolink. 

rice-paper -(ris'pa-per), n. a kind of 
paper prepared from pith: used in 
China, &c, for painting upon. 

rich (rich), adj. abounding in money 
or possessions; wealthy; opulent; 
sumptuous; valuable; splendid; fer- 
tile; fruitful; high-flavored; mel- 
low; full of beauty; vivid; sweet or 
harmonious in sound: n. rich people 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, booi? , 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



RICK 



704 



RIGHT 



collectively (with the): pi. wealth; 
affluence. 

rick (rik), n. a pile or heap, as of 
hay or corn, and usually thatched 
or sheltered: v.t. to pile or heap in 
a rick. 

rickets (rik'ets), n. a disease affecting 
children, characterized by softness 
and curvature of the bones, due to 
the absence of lime. Also rachitis. 

rickety (rik'et-i) , adj. t affected with 
rickets ; feeble in the joints : unsteady; 
shaky; said also of buildings and 
things without life. 

ricochet (rik-o-sha/ or -o-shet'), n. the 
rebounding of a shot or shell, &c, 
along the ground or from the surface 
of the water: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rico- 
chetted, p.pr. ricochetting], to bound 
by touching the earth or the surface 
of water and glancing off: v.t. to 
cause to ricochet. [French.] 

rid (rid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rid, p.pr. 
ridding], to set free; deliver; clear 
or destroy by violence: adj. clear; 
. free. 

riddance (rid'ans), n. the act of rid- 
ding or clearing away ; deliverance. 

ridden (rid'n), p.p. of ride. 

riddle (rid'l), n. an enigma; puzzling 
question; something ambiguous; a 
large sieve: v.t : to solve, as a riddle; 
to sift by a riddle; perforate with, 
or as with, shot. 

riddlings (rid'lingz), n.pl. broken ore 
of medium size obtained by sifting. 

ride (rid), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. rode, p.p. 
ridden, p.pr. riding], to be borne 
along, as on horseback or in a ve- 
hicle; practice horsemanship; man- 
age a horse well; sit, float or rest 
on; to sit on so as to be carried; 
manage insolently at will: n. excur- 
sion on horseback or in a vehicle; 
drive; road. 

rideau (re-do'), n. a small mound to 
cover a camp from the approach of 
the enemy. [French.] 

rider (rld'er), n. one who rides on, 
breaks, or manages, a horse; an ad- 
ditional clause to a document; sub- 
sidiary problem. 

ridge (rij), n. anything formed like 
an animal's back, as a continuous 
range of hills, &c; crest of a roof: 
v.t. to form or furnish with a ridge; 
wrinkle. 



ridgy (rij'i), adj. rising in ridges. 

ridicule (rid'i-kul), n. words or ac- 
tion designed to bring the subject of 
it into contempt; banter; mockery: 
v.t. to treat or address with ridicule; 
expose to contempt; laugh at. 

ridiculous (ri-dik'u-lus) , adj. de- 
serving or exciting ridicule; prepos- 
terous; absurd; ludicrous; droll. 

ridiculously (ri-dik'u-lus-li) , adv. in 
an absurd or foolish manner. 

riding (rid'ing), p. adj. employed for 
traveling: n. a road put through a 
wood or ground for riding upon. 

ridotto (ri-dot'd), n. a public assem- 
bly ; a public entertainment of music 
and dancing. _ [Italian.] 

rifacimento (re-f a-chi-men'to) , n. re- 
making, recasting, as a book or play. 
[Italian.] 

rife (rif), adj. prevalent, common. 

Rifnan, n. characterizes anything re- 
lating to the Riff pirates, a savage 
and murderous people on the nor^ 
thern coast of Morocco. 

riff-raff (rif'raf), n. refuse; the rab- 
ble. 

rifle (ri'fl), n. a musket with the bai- 
rel spirally grooved: pi. troops 
armed with rifles: v.t. to groove spi- 
rally; pillage. [Danish.] 

rifle-bird (ri'fl-berd), n. an Australian 
bird. 

rifle-corps (rl'fl-kor), n. a body armed 
with rifles. 

rifler (rl'fler), n. a plunderer. 

rift (rift), n. an opening or split in 
anything; fissure: v.t. to cleave or. 
split. 

rig (rig), n. a practical joke or frolic; 
dressy manner of fitting the masts 
and rigging to the hull of a vessel: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rigged, p.pr. rig- 
ging], to furnish or fit with rigging; 
dress (with out)_. 

rigadoon (rig-a-doon') , n. an old-fash- 
ioned lively dance performed by one 
couple. , [Gaelic] 

rigger (rig'er), n. one whose occupation 
is to fit the rigging of a vessel; a 
band-wheel with a flat or slightly 
curved rim. 

rigging (rig'ing), n. the cordage or 
ropes by which the masts of a ves- 
sel are supported, and the sails ex- 
tended or furled. 

right (rit), adj. according to truth, 



ate, iirm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RIGHT-ANGLE 



705 



RINSE 



justice, or law; correct; fit; true; 
exact; most direct; noting the side 
opposed to the left; most conven- 
ient; well performed; rising perpen- 
dicularly; adv. in a right line; just- 
ly; n. uprightness; truth; justice; 
rectitude; propriety; virtue; legal 
claim; the right side: v.t. to set up- 
right; make right or straight; cor- 

. rect; do justice to: v.i. to recover 
the vertical position: inter j. well 
done! 

right-angle (rit/ang-gl), n. an angle of 
90°, formed by one straight line 
standing perpendicular to another. 

righteous (rit'yus), adj. just; equita- 
ble; honest; holy; deserved. 

righteousness (rit'yus-nes) , n. the 
quality of being righteous; holiness; 
justice; moral integrity. 

rightful (rit'fool), adj. having a just 
claim; accordant with justice. 

rightfully (rit'foo-li), adv. in a right 
manner. 

rightfulness (rit'fool-nes), n. justice. 

rigid (rij'id), adj. not pliant; stiff; 
inflexible; strict; stern; severely 
just. [Latin.] 

rigidity (ri-jid'i-ti), n. want of plia- 
bility; stiffness; resistance to change 
of form. 

riglet, same as reglet. 

rigmarole (rig'ma-rol) , n. foolish, 
disconnected talk; long story. 

rigol (rig'ol), n. a circle; diadem. 

rigor (rig'er), n. stiffness or severity; 
exactitude; strictness; severity of 
climate. [Latin.] 

rigorism (rig'er-izm) , n. austerity or 
severity in principle or practice; 
obedience to the law; the philosoph- 
ical doctrine that self-control makes 
happiness. 

rigorist (rig'er-ist) , adj. pertaining to 
rigorism; one who is very austere or 
severe. 

rigor mortis (ri'gor mor'tis), n. 
stiffness of the body caused by death. 

rigorous (rig'er-us), adj.^ character- 
ized by, or exercising, vigor; stern; 
inflexible; scrupulously accurate. 

Rigsdag (rigz'dag), n. the Danish 
parliament. 

Rig- Veda (rig-va'da), n. the oldest and 
most important of the Vedas or 
sacred books of the Hindus. [San- 
skrit, "the knowledge of praise."] 



rill (ril), n. a small stream or rivu- 
let: v.i. to run in a small stream. 

rim (rim), n. a border or margin; 
raised border; brim: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
rimmed, p.pr. rimming], to furnish 
with a rim. 

rime (rim), n. hoar-frost; another 
form of rhyme: v.i. to congeal into 
hoar-frost. 

rimose (ri'mos), adj. full of, or cov- 
ered with, cracks. Also rimous. 

rimple (rim'pl), n. sl wrinkle or fold: 
v.t. to become wrinkled. 

rimy (rim'i), adv. frosty. 

rind (rind), n. the outer covering of 
fruit, &c; bark: v.t. to strip the 
rind from. 

rinderpest (rin'der-pest) , n. a ma- 
lignant and contagious disease in 
cattle; cattle plague. 

ring (ring), n. a circle; anything cir- 
cular in form; small hoop worn on 
the finger or used as a means of at- 
tachment; circular area or course; 
combination for private ends; pu- 
gilists or betting-men collectively 
(with the) : v.i. [p.t. rang, p.p. rung, 
p.pr. ringing], to sound as a bell 
when struck; practice the art of 
ringing bells; tingle: v.t. to cause to 
sound, as metal when struck; sound 
aloud or abroad. 

ringdove (ring'duv), n. the wood- 
pigeon. 

ringing (ring'ing), p. adj. sounding like 
a bell ; resonant : n. the act of sound- 
ing as a bell; sound as of a bell ring- 
ing. 

ringleader (ring'le-der) , n. the head 
of a riotous body or faction. 

ringless (ring'les), adj. without rings; 
having no rings. 

ringlet (ringlet), n. a little ring; 
curl. 

ring- ousel (ring'oo-zl), n. a kind of 
thrush. - 

ringworm (ring'werm), n. a, conta- 
gious cutaneous disease, usually on 
the scalp, characterized by distinct 
circular patches. 

rink (ringk), n. a long clear space on 
the ice used for curling; a ground 
for skating upon: v.i. to skate on a 
rink. 

rinse (rins), v.t. to cleanse lightly with 
clean water; cleanse repeatedly; 
give a final cleansing to after wash- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
45 hue, hut ; think, then. 



RIOT 



700 



RITUALISTIC 



ing : n. a cleansing with a second 
application of clean water. 

riot (ri'ot), n. uproar; tumult; noisy 
revelry; luxurious excess; disturb- 
ance of the public peace by more 
than three persons: v.i. to raise an 
uproar; go to excess in sensual in- 
dulgence; be highly excited. 

rioting (n'ot-ing), n. reveling; up- 
roar. [Old French.] 

riotous (rl'ot-us), adj. indulging in 
riot or excess ; licentious ; noisy ; tur- 
bulent; seditious. 

rip (rip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ripped, p.pr. 
ripping], to divide by tearing or cut- 
ting ; cut asunder ; disclose ; undo the 
seam of: v.i. to swear (with out): 
n. a rent or tear; a rogue or loose 
woman. 

riparian (ri-pa'ri-an) , adj. pertain- 
ing to the banks of a river. [Latin,] 

ripe (rip), adj. brought to maturity 
or perfection; ready for harvest; fit 
for use; complete; resembling ripe 
fruit. 

ripely (rip'li), adv. in a ripe manner. 

ripen (rip'en), v.t. to make ripe; bring 
to perfection: v.i. to grow ripe. 

ripeness (rip'nes) , n. the state or qual- 
ity of being ripe ; maturity. 

riposte (ri-posf), n - a lunge in return 
after a parry in fencing; a quick, 
witty retort. [French.] 

ripper (rip'er), n. one who, or that 
which, rips; something or somebody 
super-excellent. 

ripping (rip'ing), p. adj. exciting; joy- 
ous; startlingly interesting. [Eng- 
lish.] 

ripple (rip'l), n. a small curling wave 
on the surface of water; the sound 
made by such waves; large comb for 
cleansing flax: v.t. to cover with 
small curling waves; cleanse with a 
ripple. 

rippling (rip 'ling), n. the breaking of, 
or sound made by, ripples; the act 
of cleansing flax by a ripple. 

riprap (rip 'rap), n. a loose foundation 
of stones in deep water on a soft 
bottom. 

rise (riz), v.i. [p.t. rose, p.p. risen, 
p.pr. rising], to ascend; get up from 
the ground or recumbent position; 
begin to stir; swell in quantity or 
extent; grow upward; spring; tower 
up; appear above the horizon; come 



in view or existence; be promoted; 
thrive; be hostile; close a session; 
ascend from the grave: n. the act of 
rising; ascent; elevated place; ap- 
pearance above; origin; source; in- 
crease of price or vedue, social ad- 
vancement or distinction; anger (in 
" take theme out of"). 

risibility (riz-i-biFi-ti) , n. inclination 
to laughter. Also risibleness. [Latin.] 

risible (riz'i-bl), adj. having the fac- 
ulty or power of laughing; inclined 
to laugh ; causing laughter. 

risibly (riz'i-bli), adv. laughably. 

rising (riz'ing), n. insurrection; an as- 
cent; closing^ of a session: adj. in- 
creasing, as in wealth or influence; 
appearing above the horizon; reviv- 
ing from death. 

risk (risk), n. possibility of loss or in- 
jury; hazard; peril; danger: v.t. to 
hazard; venture upon. 

risky (risk'i), adj. hazardous; danger- 
ous; approaching indelicacy. 

risorial (ri-so'ri-al) , adj. pertaining to, 
or exciting, laughter. 

risotto (re-sot 'o), n. an Italian dish 
of rice with onions, &c, fried in but- 
ter. 

rissole (ris'ol), n. a savory mince in- 
closed in a thin batter paste and 
fried. [French.] 

rite (rit), n. a solemn religious act; 
external religious observance. 

ritornello (re-tor-nel'o) , n. a short 
introduction or concluding sympho- 
ny; repetition or burden of a song. 
Also ritornelle. [Italian.] 

ritual (rit'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or prescribing, rites: 
n. manner of performing divine serv- 
ice; a book of rites, or manner of 
service; body of rites used in the 
Church. [Latin.] 

ritualism (rit'u-al-izm) , n. a system 
of ritual or prescribed forms of re- 
ligion ; excessive observance of forms 
in divine worship; Tractarianism ; 
Anglo-Catholicism, especially as em- 
phasized by the use of Eucharistic 
vestments. 

ritualist (rit'u-al-ist) , n. one who ad- 
vocates, or is skilled in, ritual; an 
Anglo-Catholic. 

ritualistic (rit-u-al-ist'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or characterized by, ritu- 
alism; pertaining to ritualists. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



_ 



HITUALLY 



707 



ROD 



ritually (rit'u-al-i), adv. by rites. 

rival (ri'val) n. one who strives to 
equal or excel another in the same 
object or pursuit; competitor; an- 
tagonist : adj. having the .same 
claims; emulous: v.t. to strive to 
equal or excel: emulate. [Latin.] 

rivalry (ri'val-ri), n. competition; emu- 
lation. 

rive (rlv), v.t. [p.t. rived, p.p. riven, 
p.pr. riving], to be split or torn 
asunder: n. a rent, tear, or split. 

river (riv'er), n.^ large running stream 
of water flowing into the sea or an- 
other river; copious flow. [Latin.] 

river-horse (riv'er-hors) , n. the hippo- 
potamus. 

rivet (riv'et), n. a short metal bolt 
clinched by hammering: v.t. to se- 
cure with, or as with, a rivet; 
clinch; make firm or secure. 

rivose (ri'vos), adj. marked with ir- 
regular grooves or furrows. 

rivulet (riv'u-let), n. a little stream. 

rix-dollar (riks'dol-ar), n. a small sil- 
ver continental coin of varying 
value. [Dutch.] 

roach (roch), n. a fresh-water fish; a 
cockroach. [Old French.] 

road (rod), n. a public way for trav- 
eling upon; path; way: pi. a place 
where ships may ride safely at an- 
chor. Roadstead. 

roadster (rod'ster), n. a horse suited 
for travelling; a bicycle for road- 
work; an automobile that makes 
steady speed; a vessel which works 
by tides. 

roam (rom), v.i. to wander about 
without any definite object; ramble: 
v.t. to wander over. [Old French.] 

roan (ron), adj. of a bay or dark 
color with a shade of red: n. a roan 
color; grained sheepskin leather. 

roan- tree (ron'tre), same as rowan. 

roar (ror), n. the deep full cry of a 
large animal; a cry as in distress; 
any loud noise; loudly expressed 
mirth; sound of the wind or sea; v.i. 
to utter a roar: v.t. to utter in a 
roar. 

roaring (ror'ing)^ n. the act or sound 
of roaring ; a disease of horses : adj. 
noisy; brisk. 

roast (rost), v.t. to cook before a 
fire; heat too violently or to excess; 
parch by exposure to heat; burn 



(broken ore to free it from extrane- 
ous matter); to banter or ridicule; 
criticise severely: v.i. to be roasted: 
adj. roasted: n. that which is roasted. 

rob (rob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. robbed, p.pr. 
robbing], to steal; plunder. 

robber (rob'er), n. a thief. |01d 
French.] 

robbery (rob'er-i), n. theft; the felo- 
nious and forcible taking away the 
money and goods of another, 

robe (rob), n. a loose outer garment; 
state dress; an elegant gown; dressed 
skin of a buffalo : v.i. to put on robes: 
v.t. to invest with a robe ; dress ; array. 

robin (rob 'in), n. the redbreast. 

roburite (rob'er-it), n. a flameless ex- 
plosive used extensively in mining 
operations. 

robust (ro-busf), adj. hardy; strong; 
vigorous; muscular. [Latin.] 

roc (rok), n. sl fabulous bird of great 
size and strength. 

rochet (roch'et), n. a linen vestment 
worn by a bishop resembling a sur- 
plice open at the sides. [Old French.] 

rock (rok), n. a large mass of stone 
or stony matter; any mineral de- 
posit ; natural deposit of sand, earth, 
or clay; firm or immovable defense; 
a movement backwards and for- 
wardf ; distaff: v.t. to cause to move 
backwards and forwards; lull to 
sleep: v.i. to move backwards and 
forwards. 

rocket (rok'et) , n. a firework made of a 
case filled with saltpeter, sulphur, 
and charcoal, fastened to a stick, 
and which, on being ignited, is pro- 
jected through the air. 

rockiness (rok'i-nes), n. the state of 
being rocky. 

rock-oil (rok'oil), n. petroleum. 

rock-ruby (rok'roo-bi) , n. a fine bluish 
red variety of garnet. 

rock- wood (rok'wood), n. ligniform as- 
bestos. 

rocky (rok'i) , adj. full of, or resembling, 
rocks; stony; hard; inflexible; feel- 
ing ill (Slang) . 

rococo (ro-ko'ko), adj. noting a florid, 
debased style in the ornamentation 
of buildings, furniture, &c, preva- 
lent during the reigns of Louis XIV. 
and XV. of France: hence noting 
bad taste in ornamentation. [French.] 

rod (rod), n. a long twig or shoot of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



RODE 



708 



ROMANIC 



any woody plant; a wand: instru- 
ment of punishment; cane; a fish- 
ing-rod; scepter; measure of length, 
5>i yards. 

rode (rod), p.t. of ride. 

rodent (ro'dent), adj. gnawing: n. 
any animal of the Rodentia, an order 
of Mammalia, containing the rats, 
mice, squirrels, &c. 

rodeo (ro-da/o), n. a gathering to- 
gether of cattle on a ranch. [Span- 
ish.] 

rodomontade (rod-o-mon-tad') , n. 
bluster; brag; from Rodomonte in 
Ariosto's Orlando Furioso: v.i. to 
bluster or brag. [French.] 

roe (ro), n. a species of deer, the roe- 
buck; the female of the hart; the 
spawn or sperm of fishes. 

Roentgen rays (rent 'gen raz), n. a 
form of radiant energy emanating 
from the surface of an electrically 
excited vacuum tube opposite the 
cathode electrode, having power of 
penetrating objects impervious to 
light or heat rays, affecting sensi- 
tive photographic films, and excit- 
ing fluorescence in certain salts. 
Also called X-rays. 

rogation (ro-ga'shun) , n. a litany; 
supplication. [Latin.] 

Rogation Days (daz), n.pl. the Mon- 
day, Tuesday, and Wednesday be- 
fore Ascension Day. 

rogue (rog), n. a dishonest person; 
knave; a sly, mischievous person; 
wag; term of endearment. [Old 
French.] 

roguery (rog'er 7 i), n. knavish or dis- 
honest practices; cheating; mis- 
chievous or waggish conduct. 

roguish (rog'ish), adj. fraudulent; dis- 
honest ; somewhat mischievous or sly. 

roil (roil), v.t. to render turbid; vex 
^or irritate. [Old French.] 

role (rol), n. a part or character in a 

ry, &c; function or part. [French.] 
(rol), v.i. to turn like a wheel or 
on an axis; move in a circular direc- 
tion; be moved with violence; rock; 
wallow; make a long deep sound: 
v.t. to revolve; inwrap; move on 
wheels; spread flat under a roller: n. 
the act of rolling; that which rolls; 
a writing or paper rolled upon it- 
self; an official document; list or 
register; kind of fancy bread; con- 



tinued deep sound, as of a drum 
beaten, thunder, &c; twist of to- 
bacco. 

roller (rol'er), n. one who, or that 
which, rolls; a cylinder used for 
grinding, smoothing, flattening, &c; 
long heavy wave; long broad band- 
age; a kind of crow. 

rollick (rol'ik), v.i. to move or act 
with a careless, swaggering air. 

rollicking (rol'ik-ing), adj. jovial; 
careless; swaggering. 

rolling (rol'ing), adj. moving on, or 
as on, wheels; undulating; used for 
rolling: n. a circular motion; undu- 
lation; lateral oscillation of a ship. 

roly-poly (ro'li-po'li), n. a game in ; 
which by # rolling a ball into a certain 
hole it wins; a kind of jam pudding. 

Romaic (ro-ma'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the vernacular language of mod- 
ern Greece. 

Roman (ro'man), adj. pertaining to 
Rome, the Romans, or to the Church 
of Rome; noting the ordinary type 
used in printing: opposed to italic; 
written in letters, not in figures, aa 
VI. [Latin.] 

Roman candle (kan'dl), n. a kind of 
firework. 

Roman Catholic (kath'o-lik) , adj. 
pertaining to the Church of Rome, 
of which the Pope is the head: n. a 
member of the Church of Rome. * 

Roman Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm) , 
n. the doctrines and practices of the 
Roman Church. 

romance (ro-mans'), n. a work of fic- 
tion or adventure; novel; fable: v.i. 
to invent and tell fictitious stories; 
exaggerate; he. 

Romance (ro-mans'), adj. pertaining 
to the dialects of Latin and the lan- 
guages which grew out of classic 
Latin, spoken in the old Roman 
provinces. 

Roman cement (se-ment'), n. a 
strong cement used in building and 
hydraulic engineering. 

Romanesque (ro-man-esk') , n. that 
style of architecture and ornamen- 
tation in vogue during the period of 
the later Roman Empire: n. the dia- 
lect of Languedoc. u f 

Romanic (ro-man'ik), adj. pertaining 
to Rome, or the Romanesque dia- 
lects. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite 5 mit : note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



\ 



ROMANTIC 



709 



ROSEATE 



romantic (ro-man'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or of the nature of, romance; 
extravagant; fanciful; ideal; full of 
wild and fantastic scenery. 

romanticism (ro-inan'ti-sizm) , n. the 
state or quality of being romantic; 
the reactionary movement begun 
in Germany in the eighteenth century 
in opposition to cold classical literary 
forms. 

Romany (rom'a-ni), n. a Gipsy; 
Gipsy language. 

romp (romp), n. an unrestrained, 
boisterous girl; rough play or frolic: 
v.i. to play in a boisterous, unre- 
strained manner. 

ronde (rond), n. a kind of type. 

rondeau (ron'do), n. [pi. rondeaux 
(ron'doz)], a little poem of thirteen 
verses or lines; a light air or jig 
[Mus.]. Also rondo. 

rondel (ron'del), n. sl poem of fourteen 
lines; small round tower. 

Rontgen rays. See Roentgen rays. 

rood (rood), n. forty square poles or 
perches; a_cross or crucifix. 

rood-loft (rood'loft), n. the gallery in 
a church over the entrance to the 
choir where the rood was fixed. 

roof (roof), n. the top covering of a 
house or other building; canopy; 
palate of the mouth: v.t. to cover 
with a roof. 

roof-garden (roof 'gar-dn) , n. a sum- 
mer pleasure resort, of Eastern ori- 
gin, on the roof of a convenient 
building. 

roof -tree (roof'tre), n. a roof-beam; 
roof; home. 

rook (rook), n. a bird of the crow 
family; a swindler or sharper; the 
castle in chess: v.t. & v.i. to swindle 
or cheat. 

rookery (rook'er-i) , n. a group of nests 
on trees where rooks resort; colony 
of rooks; place of low resort; low 
slum. 

room (room), n. unoccupied place or 
space; apartment of a house; free- 
dom to act; opportunity; place of 
another; a deep blue dye: v.i. to 
lodge. 

roomily (room'i-li), adv. spaciously. 

roominess (room'i-nes) , n. spacious- 
ness. 

roomy (room'i), adj. spacious. 

roorback (roor^bak), n. a He; ficti- 



tious report made for the purpose 
of influencing an election. 

roost (roost), n. the pole, perch, &c, 
upon which a bird rests at night; 
number of fowls resting together: 
v.i. to sit or sleep upon a perch, &c; 
lodge. 

rooster (roos'ter), n. the domestic 
cock. 

root (root), n. that part of a plant 
that descends and fixes itself in the 
earth by which the plant is nour- 
ished; edible root; anything resem- 
bling a root; foundation; basis, or 
origin; fundamental note of any 
chord [Music]; that quantity which 
multiplied by itself produces a given 
quantity; the part of a word which 
expresses its primary or essential 
meaning, as distinguished from a 
derivative: v.t. to fix by the root; 
plant in the earth; implant deeply; 
to dig or burrow with the snout; 
eradicate_(with out) : v.i. to take root. 

rootlet (rootlet), n. a radicle. 

rope (rop), n. a thick cord, usually 
over one inch in circumference, of 
several strands twisted together; 
small cable; halter; series of things 
connected: v.t. to fasten or draw 
with a rope; curb (a horse) so as to 
prevent him winning a race: v.i. to 
draw into viscous threads. 

ropiness (rop'i-nes), n. tendency to 
draw out into viscous filaments ; par- 
tial viscosity. 

ropy (rop'i), adj. like a rope; viscous. 

Roquefort (rok'for), n. a French 
mold-streaked cheese made from 
ewe's milk. 

rorqual (ror'kwal), n. a whale with 
dorsal fins. [Swedish.] 

rosaceous (ro-za'shus), adj. composed 
of several petals arranged in a cir- 
cular form; consisting of roses. 

rosary (ro'za-ri), n. [pi. rosaries (ro'za- 
riz)], a garland or chaplet; a string 
of threaded beads by which prayers 
are counted ; the prayers repeated as 
thus counted. 

rose (roz), f n. & plant of the genus 
Rosa or its well known flower; rose- 
color; knot of ribbons; rosette; a 
perforated nozzle: v.t. of rise. 
[Latin.] 

roseate (ro'ze-at), adj. rose-colored; 
rose-like; blooming. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ROSEBUD 



710 



ROUGH 



rosebud (roz'bud), n. the flower of 
the rose just before it has opened. 
By analogy a young girl, still gentle 
and innocent. 

rose-diamond (roz'di-a-mund), n. a 
diamond cut into twenty-four tri- 
angular facets. 

roselite (ro'se-lit), n. a vitreous min- 
eral named after the mineralogist, 
G. Rose. It crystallizes in the tric- 
tinic system. 

rosemary (roz'ma-ri), n. a sweet- 
smelling evergreen shrub from which 
an aromatic water is distilled. In 
Southern Europe it bears a blue 
flower. [Old French.] 

Rosetta Stone (ro-zet'a ston), n. the 
famous slab of basalt containing a 
decree of Ptolemy V in three lan- 
guages. It is now in the British 
Museum. 

rosette (ro-zet'),. W. a cluster of rib- 
bons arranged like a rose. 

rose- window (roz'win-do), n. a cir- 
cular window with compartments 
branching from the center. 

rosewood (roz'wood) , n. a Brazilian 
wood used as a veneer. 

rosily (roz'i-li), adv. with a rosy glow. 

rosin (roz'in), n. another form of 
resin; specifically, inspissated tur- 
pentine: v.t. to rub with rosin. 

ross (ros), n. the outer rough bark 
of trees; tan bark: v.t. to remove 
the outer bark or rough surface of. 

roster (ros'ter), n. list or muster-roll 
showing how the duties of military 
officers, regiments, &c, are regu- 
lated. 

rostral (ros'tral), adj. pertaining to, or 
.like, a beak. 

rostrate (ros'trat), adj. furnished with 
a beak or beak-like process. 

rostrum (ros'trum), n. [pi. rostrums 
(ros'trumz), or rostra (ros'tra)], the 
beak of a bird; in ancient Rome, a 
pulpit or elevated platform in the 
Forum, adorned with the beaks or 
prows of ships taken from the ene- 
my, and from which orators ad- 
dressed the people: hence a pulpit 
or platform; the prow of an ancient 
war vessel. [Latin.] 

rosy (roz'i), adj. like a rose; red; 
blooming; charming; very favorable. 

rot (rot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rotted, p.pr. 
rotting], to putrefy or become de- 



composed; decay: v.t. to make pu- 
trid or corrupt: n. putrefaction; de- 
composition; nonsense. 

rotary (ro'ta-ri), adj. turning on an 
axis; pertaining to rotation. Also 
rotatory. _ [Latin.] 

rotate (ro'tat), v.t. to revolve on, or as 
on, an axis; cause to turn: v.i. to 
turn round like a wheel: adj. wheel- 
shaped. 

rotation (ro-ta'shun), n. the act of 
turning round on an axis, like a 
wheel ; regular succession. 

rotative (ro'ta-tiv), adj. revolving. 

rotator (ro-ta'ter), n. that which im- 
parts a circular motion; a muscle 
having such power. 

rotatory (ro'ta-to-ri), same as ro- 
tary. 

rote (rot), n. mechanical repetition, 
or learning without understanding. 

rotifer (ro'ti-fer), n. an individual of 
the Rotifera, the wheel-animalcules. 

rotor (ro'ter), n. the part of a dyna- 
mo which rotates. 

rotten (rot'n), adj. putrefied; decom- 
posed; unsound; a general term of 
reproach. [Slang.] 

rottenstone (rot'n-ston), n. a soft 
stone used as a polishing powder. 

rotund (ro-tund'), adj. spherical. 

rotunda (ro-tun'da), n. a circular 
domed building. Also rotundo. 

rotundity (ro-tun'di-ti) , n. roundness. 

rouble or ruble (roo'bl), n. a Rus- 
sian silver coin of varying value, 
used as a monetary unit (about 60 
cents). 

roue (roo a/), n. a fashionable sensual- 
ist; confirmed rake; debauchee. 

rouge (roozh), n. a cosmetic of red 
color used for imparting a tint to the 
cheeks and lips; a kind of lake color; 
v.i. to color or pamt with rouge. 

rouge-et-noir (roozh-a-nwar'), n. a 
gambling game -played with cards 
and a table marked with two black 
and two red diamond-shaped spots. 

rough (ruf), adj. having inequalities 
on the surface; rugged; not smooth 
or plane; uneven; uncut; unpol- 
ished; harsh to the ear; uncivil; 
austere; cruel; unfeeling; violent; 
boisterous; hard-featured; shaggy; 
vague: adv. roughly: v.t. to shape 
out roughly; furnish (a horse) with 
roughened shoes; break in (a horse). 



ate> arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ROUGHEN 



711 



ROWEN 



roughen (ruf'en), v.t. to make rough: 
v.i. to become rough. 

roulade (roo-lacT), n. a flourish or 
rapid movement [Music]. 

rouleau (roo-lo'), n. a little roll, espe- 
cially of coins made up in paper. 

roulette (roo-lef), n. a game of chance 
played with a revolving disc and 
ball; a wheeled instrument for mak- 
ing dotted lines. [French.] 

rounce (rouns), n. the handle of a 
printing press. 

round (round), adj. m circular ; spheri- 
cal; globular; cylindrical^ plump; 
corpulent ; whole ; > considerable ; 
large: adv. on all sides; circularly; 
from one side or party to another: 
n. a circle, sphere, or globe; cir- 
cuit or tour; routine; step of a 
ladder; constantly recurring series; 
cycle; round dance; accustomed 
walk; volley of firearms; a song in 
which all the company take part: 
prep, about; on every side of; 
around: v.t. to make round; travel 
or pass round: v.i. to go the rounds, 
as a patrol, &c; grow or become 
round. [Old French.] 

roundabout (round'a-bout), adj. in- 
direct ; encompassing : n. a merry-go- 
round; a short coat or jacket. 

roundel (roun'del), n. & circle; roun- 
delay; a small circular Norman 
shield; semi-circular bastion. 
.roundelay (roun'de-la), n. an ancient 
song or dance in which the passages 
are repeated. 

roundhand (round'hand) , n. penman- 
ship in well-rounded letters. 

Roundhead (round'hed), n. a con- 
temptuous epithet applied to the 
Puritans by the Cavaliers, from the 
close-cut hair of the former. 

roundhouse (round 'hous)^ n. for- 
merly a lockup; the cabin on the 
after part of a ship's deck; a build- 
ing having stalls for the housing of 
locomotives. 

roundly (round'li), adv. in a round 

• form; straightforwardly. 

round number (num'ber), n. a num- 
ber divisible by ten. 

round- robin (rounder ob 'in), n. a pe- 
tition having the signatures written 
in a circle so as not to show who 
signed it first. 

roundsman (roundz'man), n. a po- 



lice inspector who visits the officers 
on their beats. 

round- tower (round'tow-er), n. an 
ancient circular tapering tower, as 
in Ireland, with a conical top, usu- 
ally near a church or monastery. 

round-up (round'up), n. the driving 
in of cattle on a ranch ; a sort of in- 
spection of animals; sometimes, a 
forced levy of men. 

rouse (rouz), v.t. to awaken; stir to 
thought or action; drive (game) 
from a covert. 

rouser (row'zer), n. & gay fellow; one 
given to drink and song. 

rousing (rouz'ing), p. adj. stirring; ex- 
citing; startling; exceeding. 

roust (roust), v.t. to disturb. 

roustabout (roust'a-bout), n. an idler 
or loafer ; a laborer on a steam vessel. 

rout (rout), n. total defeat and flight 
of an army; resulting disorder from 
such defeat; tumultuous crowd; up- 
roar; a large evening party; the at- 
tempt of three or more persons to 
avenge some common wrong by an 
illegal act: v.t. to defeat and put to 
disorderly flight. 

route (root), n. way or road trav- 
eled; course; journey; march. 

routine (roo-ten'), n. course of busi- 
ness or official duties regularly pur- 
sued; regular habit or practice. 

roux (roo), n. a thickening for soups, 
&c, of melted butter and flour. 

rove (rov), v.i. to wander or ramble: 
v.t. draw through an eye. 

rover (rov'er), n. a robber; wanderer; 
fickle person. 

roving (rov'ing), p. adj. rambling. 

row (ro), n. line, file, or rank; ex- 
cursion in a row-boat; noisy dis- 
turbance (rou) : v.i. to labor with 
an oar; be impelled by oars: v.t. to 
impel by means of oars: as to row 
a boat. 

row (row), n. a rough, noisy dispute. 

rowan (ro'an), n. the mountain-ash. 
Also roan. 

rowdy (rou'di), n. a rough, riotous 
fellow: adj. rough and riotous. m 

rowdyism (rou'di-izm) , n . rude, riot- 
ous conduct; blackguardism. 

rowel (row'el), n. the small sharp- 
pointed wheel of a spur ; flat ring on 
a horse's bit. 

rowen (row'en), n. aftermath. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ROWLOCK 



712 



RUDE 



rowlock (ro'lok), n. the crutch or 
hollow in the gunwale of a boat in 
which the oar rests in rowing. 

royal (roi'al), adj. pertaining to a 
king or to the crown; befitting or 
like a king; majestic; kingly; no- 
ble; magnificent; specially patron- 
ized or founded by a king, or in 
his service: n. a size of paper, 25 
x 20 in.; one of the shoots of a 
stag's head; the highest sail of a 
ship; a gold coin formerly current 
in England: pi. the first regiment 
of foot in the British army (with 
the). [French.] 

royalism (roi'al-izm) , n. adherence to 
the principles or cause of royalty or 
government by a king. 

loyalist (roi'al-ist) , n. an adherent of 
a king or government by a king. 

royally (roi'a-li), adv. in a royal man- 
ner. 

royalty (roi'al-ti), n. [pi. royalties 
(roi'al-tiz)], the character, or status, 
of a king; person of a king or sover- 
eign; a certain sum paid to the 
crown or other proprietor on the 
produce of a mine, &c; a percentage 
for the use of a patent or copyright; 
royal manor. 

Roy ston- crow (rois'ton-kro) , n. the 
hooded crow. 

rub (rub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rubbed, 
p.pr. rubbing], to apply pressure 
with motion to the surface of; clean 
or scour; wipe; polish: v.i. to make 
a friction; get through difficulties; 
fret: n. the act of rubbing: that 
which is rubbed; friction; obstruc- 
tion; pinch; jibe. [Gaelic] 

rubber (rub'er), n. one who, or that 
which, rubs; india-rubber; coarse 
file or whetstone; in card-playing, 
two games out of three, or the win- 
ning game: v.i. to pry, or peer. 

rubber-neck (rub'er-nek), n. a per- 
son who twists and turns his head 
and neck to gratify his curiosity. 

rubbish (rub'ish), n. mixed # or waste 
fragments; ruins of buildings; any 
mingled mass; anything of no 
value; nonsense. 

rubble (rub'l), n. rough undressed 
stone; builders' rubbish. 

rubescent (roo-bes'ent) , adj. becom- 
ing red. 

rubican (roo'bi-kan), adj. noting a 



bay, or grey-black color, with white 
or light-grey on the flanks: said of a 
horse. 

Rubicon (roo'bi-kon), n. the river 
which separated Caesar's Gallic 
province from .Italy, by crossing 
which he committed himself to war 
with Pompey; hence, any irrev- 
ocable step_._ 

rubicund (roo'bi-kund), adj. inclined 
to red. [French.] # 

rubidium (roo-bid'i-um) , n. a metal- 
lic element. [French.] 

rubied (roo'bid), adj. ruby-colored. 

rubigo (roo'bi-go), n. rust or mildew 
on plants. [Latin.] 

ruble, see rouble. 

rubric (roo'brik), n. the directions for 
liturgical use in prayer-books, for- 
merly printed in red; title or direc- 
tion printed in red: v.t. to rubri- 
cate: adj. pertaining to, or marked 
in, rubrics; red. 

rubricate (roo'bri-kat), v.t. to mark 
or distinguish, with red. 

ruby (roo'bi), n. [pi. rubies (roo'biz) ], 
a precious stone, varying in color 
from carmine-red to crimson; a size 
of type used in England,' smaller 
than nonpareil and larger than pearl; 
adj. ruby-colored; red. 

ruche (roosh), n. frilled or plaited 
lace, silk, &c, for edging dresses, 
&c. Also ruching: v.t. to make, or 
ornament with, a ruche. [French.] 

ruck (ruk), v.t. to wrinkle or crease:' 
n. a wrinkle or crease; a heap; a 
fag-end; the crowd of horses that 
come in at the end of a race. 

ruction (ruk'shun), n. a row; disturb- 
ance. [Irish slang.] 

rudder (rud'er), n. the frame of wood 
or metal by which a vessel is steered; 
anything that directs or governs. 

ruddiness (rud'i-nes), n. redness of 
complexion denoting perfect health; 
redness. 

ruddle (rud'l), n. red ochre. 

ruddock (rud'ok), n. the robin red- 
breast. 

ruddy (rud'i) , adj. appro aching~to red- 
ness; florid; fresh-colored; flesh- 
colored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ruddied, 
p.pr. ruddying], to make ruddy. 

rude (rood), adj. [comp. ruder, su- 
perl. rudest], rough; barbarous; 
uncultivated; harsh; ignorant; un- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £ften. 



RUDEL1 



713 



RUMOR 



polite; tempestuous; robust; strong; 
rugged; crude. [Latin.]' 

rudely (rood'li), adv. in a rude man- 
ner. 

rudeness (rood'nes), n. the state of 
being rude; rude conduct; incivility; 
unskilful ness._ 

rudiment (rood'i-ment)^ n. first 
principle; anything in its first or 
undeveloped state: v.t. to instruct in 
first principles. 

rudimentary (rood-i-men'ta-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or containing, first 
principles; in an undeveloped state. 
Also_rudimental. 

rue (roo), v.t. to lament or be sorry 
for; repent of: n. an herb of bitter 
taste and strong odor, used as a 
medicine 1 

rueful (roo^fool), adj. mournful; sad. 

ruefully (roo'foo-li), adv. mournfully; 
sadly. 

ruff (ruf), n. a large frilled collar; 
anything plaited; a small fresh- 
water fish (also ruffe) ; a kind of 
snipe (Fein, reeve) ; a kind of 
pigeon: v.t. to disorder or ruffle; 
trump at whist instead of following 
suit. 

ruffian (ruf'i-an), n. a brutal, boister- 
ous fellow; any base, low character, 
as a robber, &c. [Old French.] 

ruffle (ruf'l), v.t. to wrinkle, pucker, or 
disarrange; furnish or adorn with 
ruffles; annoy or vex: v.i. to grow 
rough or turbulent; flutter: n. & 
plaited article of dress; agitation; 
discomposure; low roll of a drum; 
usually a_mark of honor. [Dutch.] 

rufous (roo'fus), adj. yellowish-red. 

rug (rug), n. an adjustable floor cov- 
ering, usually of a textile heavier 
than carpeting; a coarse warm nap- 
py woolen cloth, used as a coverlet 
or wrap. 

rugae (roo , je) 1 n.pl. wrinkles. 

rugate (roo'gat), adj. wrinkled; ridged. 
Also rugose, rugous. 

rugged (rug'ed), adj. having an un- 
even surface; rough; shaggy; bru- 
tal; uncouth; crabbed. 

ruin (roo'in), n. overthrow; destruc- 
tion; downfall; loss of happiness; 
cause of destruction or decay; ruined 
building, &c: v.t. to pull down, de- 
stroy, subvert, overthrow, or impov- 
erish. [Latin.] 



ruined (roo'ind), adj. demolished; de- 
stroyed; decayed. 

ruinous (roo'in-us), adj. fallen into 
ruin; decayed; consisting of ruins; 
destructive; hurtful. 

rukh (rook), n. a great expanse of 
forest and jungle. [Hindu.] 

rule (rool), n. standard or guide; 
maxim or precept; government; law 
or regulation; canon; an instru- 
ment for drawing fines; method of 
performing any operation; order 
made between parties to a suit on 
motion, or to regulate the practice 
of a court: v.t. to govern or control; 
settle as by a rule; manage or re- 
strain; est ab fish by a decision; 
mark with lines: v.i. to decide; ex- 
ercise superior authority. [Old 
French.] 

ruler (rool'er), n. one who rules or gov- 
erns; an instrument for ruling lines. 

ruling (rool'ing), -p. adj. governing or 
having control; marking with lines; 
predominant: n. a rule laid down 
by a judge or court. 

rum (rum), n. spirit distilled from 
the fermented juice of the sugar- 
cane, or from molasses: adj. strange; 
odd. 

rumble (rum'bl), v.i. to make a low, 
heavy, continued sound: n. a rum- 
bling sound; seat for servants be- 
hind a carriage. 

rumbling (rum'bling), adj. making a 
rumble: n. same as rumble. 

rumen (roo'men), n. the first stom- 
ach of a ruminant animal. 

ruminant (roo'mi-nant), adj. chewing 
the cud : n. an animal that chews the 
cud. [Latin.] 

ruminate (roo'mi-nat), v.i. to chew 
the cud; meditate or muse; ponder: 
v.t. to chew again. _ 

rumination (roo-mi-na r shun) , > n. the 
act of chewing the_cud; meditation. 

ruminator (roo'mi-na-ter), n. one who 
muses or meditates on any subject. 

rummage (rum'aj), v.t. to search 
carefully for; ransack: v.i. to make 
a careful search: n. a careful search- 
ing. 

rummage sale (sal), n. a sale of un- 
claimed goods at the docks or at a 
warehouse, &c; sale of miscellane- 
ous articles for a charitable object. 

rumor (roo'mer), n. popular report; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
48 hue, hut ; think, then. 



RUMP 



714 



RUSTIC 



current story : v.t. to circulate by re- 
port. [Latin.] 

ramp (rump), n. the end of the back- 
bone of an animal, with its adja- 
cent parts; buttocks; fag-end. 

rample (rum'pl), n. a fold or plait: 
v.t. to fold or plait; make uneven. 

rumpus (rum 'pus), n. great disturb- 
ance. 

ran (run), v.i. [p.t. ran, p.p. run, p.pr. 
running], to pass quickly with the 
legs over the ground; extend; move 
swiftly; flee for escape; contend in a 
race; sail; flow; melt; pass; shoot; 
discharge matter ; make sudden pres- 
sing demands; continue in time: v.t. 
to cause to move swiftly; push; 
force; fuse or melt; smuggle; start 
as a candidate; pursue in thought: 
n. the act of running; course run; 
flow or discharge; free access; dis- 
tance sailed; sudden pressing de- 
mand; pair of mill-stones; preva- 
lence; large grazing ground; in 
cricket, distance run between the 
wickets. 

runagate (run'a-gat), n. a fugitive 
renegade. 

runcinate (run'si-nat) , adj. having the 
lobes (of a leaf) convex before and 
straight behind. 

rundle (run'dl), n. the step of a 
ladder. 

nines (roonz), n.pl. runic letters or 
poetry. 

rung (rung), v.t. of ring: n. step of a 
ladder; a floor-timber in a ship; 
spar. 

runic (roo'nik), adj. pertaining to, or 
consisting of, runes: n. the alphabet 
of the earliest Teutonic and Celtic 
nations the letters of which consisted 
principally of straight lines. 

runlet (run 'let), n. a rivulet; a small 
barrel containing about eighteen 
gallons. 

runnel (run 'el), n. a little brook. 

runner (run'er), n. one who runs; 
racer; messenger; keel to support a 
sleigh; roller; slender, prostrate, 
shooting sprig; revolving millstone; 
rope to increase the mechanical 
power of a tackle. 

running (run'ing), adj. moving 
swiftly; kept for a race; being in 
motion ; continuous ; discharging pus : 
n. the act of moving swiftly; that 



which runs or flows; discharge of 
pus. 

runt (runt), n. a dwarf animal, usually 
a pig; stump. 

rupee (roo-pe'), n. an East Indian 
coin, worth about forty-eight cents. 

rupture (rup'tur), n. the act of 
bursting or breaking; state of being 
broken or violently burst asunder; 
breach or interruption of friendly 
relations; hernia: v.t. to burst or 
break violently asunder; to affect 
with hernia: v.i. to suffer a breach 
or disruption. [Latin.] 

rural (roo'ral), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the country or ag- 
riculture; rustic. [Latin.] 

rural dean (den), n. an ecclesias- 
tic having the supervision of the 
churches in a rural deanery or dis- 
trict. 

ruralist (roo'ral-ist) , n. one who leads 
a rural life. 

ruralize (roo'ral-iz), v.t. to render 
rural: v.i. to become rural. 

rurally (roo'ra-li), adv. as in the coun- 
try. 

ruse (roos), n. a trick; stratagem. 

rush (rush), v.i. to move or press 
forward with impetuosity; enter 
with undue eagerness: n. a driving 
forward with eagerness and haste; 
a plant of many species growing on 
wet ground; anything worthless or 
of little value. 

rusk (rusk), n. a kind of light bis- 
cuit. 

Russ (rus), n. same as Russian, or 
Muscovite. 

russet (rus'et), adj. reddish-brown; 
homespun; coarse: n. russet color; 
homespun cloth; a variety of apple. 

russety (rus'et-i), adj. russet-colored. 

Russia leather (rush'a leth'er), n. 
a strong soft leather prepared from 
the hides of sheep' and cattle steeped 
in oil of birch. 

rust (rust), n. the reddish matter 
formed on iron and steel ; red oxide 
of iron; anything resembling rust; 
mildew on cereals ; loss of power by 
inactivity: v.i. to contract rust; de- 
generate in idleness: v.t. to cause 
to contract rust; impair by time or 
inactivity. 

rustic (rus'tik), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the country; ru- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



RUSTICALLY 



715 



RYTIDOSIS 



ral; artless; unpolished; unadorned: 
n. a countryman; peasant. [Latin.] 

rustically (rus'ti-ka-li), adv. in a 
rural manner. 

rusticate (rus'ti-kat), v.i. to reside in 
the country: v.t. to banish for a 
time from college. 

rustication (rus-ti-ka/shun) , n. resi- 
dence in the country; temporary 
banishment from a college. 

rusticity (rus-tis'i-ti), n. rural man- 
ners or simplicity; rudeness. 

rustily (rus'ti-li), adv. in a rusty 
condition. 

rustiness (rus'ti-nes), n. the state of 
being rusty. 

rustle (rus'l), v.i. to make a soft 
whispering sound, as the rubbing 
together of silk or dry leaves; to 
bestir one's self: n. a rustling. 

rustler (rus'ler), n. one who rustles; 
an enterprising, successful man; see 
hustler. 

rustless (rust'les), adj. not liable to, 
or free from, rust. 

rustling (rust 'ling), n. the soft whis- 
pering sound made by rubbing silk 
or dry leaves together; rustle. 

rustre (rus'ter), n. an overlapping 
scale in mail armor. 

rusty (rus'ti), adj. covered with rust; 
impaired by inactivity; rust- 
covered. 



rut (rut), n. the sexual desire of deer 
ana certain other animals ; the track 
of a wheel ; groove or hollow : v.i. \p.L 
& p.p. rutted, p.pr. rutting], to be 
moved with sexual desire, as deer, 
&c: v.t. to_cut into ruts. 

rutabaga (roo-ta-ba'ga), n. a variety of 
turnip larger than the common one, 
and of_a yellowish color. [Swedish.] 

ruth (rooth), n. pity; compassion; 
tenderness ; sorrow. 

ruthenium (roo-the'ni-um), n. a 
springy metallic element platinum 
ore found first in the Ural Moun- 
tains. 

ruthless (rooth les), adj. cruel; piti- 
less. 

rutilant (roo' til-ant), adj. shining. 

rutile (roo'til), n. red oxide of tita- 
nium. 

rutilous (ru'ti-lus), n. a shining red 
color. [Latin.] 

ruttish (rut'ish), adj. lustful; wan- 
ton. 

rye (ri), n. a hardy cereal. 

rynd (rind), n. the supporting iron 
bar of an upper millstone. 

ryot (ri'ot), n. a name given by the 
Anglo-Indians to a farmer, tiller 
of the soil. 

rytidosis (rit-i-do'sis), n. the decay 
or shriveling of the outer coat or 
cornea of the eyeball. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



s 



S, the nineteenth letter of the English 
alphabet. The picture-letter from 
which it took its form was a Semitic 
character called " tooth" and roughly 
resembling one. Phonetically s is 
called a vocal alveolar spirant, or 
more briefly, a sibilant or "hissing 
letter." This is its most frequent 
sound. When it represents an origi- 
nal Indo-European s, it remains s 
In words of Latin origin, ti before a 
vowel is represented in English by 
the sound sh; as redemptio, redemp- 
tion (shun). As a symbol in chem- 
istry, S stands for sulphur. 

sabaoth (sa-ba/oth), n.pl. armies; 
hosts. [Hebrew.] 

Sabbatarian (sab-a-ta/ri-an) , adj. per- 
taining to the Sabbath or to Sab- 
batarianism: n. a rigid observer of 
the Sabbath; one who keeps the 
Sabbath on the seventh day. 

Sabbatarianism (sab-a-ta/ri-an-izm) , 
n. the tenets and practices of the 
Sabbatarians. 

Sabbath (sab'ath), n. the seventh day 
of the week, observed by the Jews 
as a day of rest, commencing from 
sunset on Friday and ending at 
sunset on Saturday; the Christian 
Sunday . 

Sabbatical (sa-bat'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to, or resembling, the Sab- 
bath. Also Sabbatic. 

Sabbatical year (yer), n. among the 
ancient Jews, every seventh year, in 
which the lands and vineyards of the 
Israelites were allowed to remain 
fallow. In modern colleges a leave 
of absence with salary every seventh 
year. 

Sabellian (sa-bel'y an) , n. one of a tribe 
that dwelt in central Italy, from 
early times. The members of a sect 
which held that the Trinity alone 
is God, and that the three Persons 
were merely emanations from it. 



saber, sabre (sa/ber), n. a cavalry 
sword: v.t. to cut, wound, or kul 
with, or as with, a saber. 

Sabian (sa'bi-an),. adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, Sabianism. 

Sabianism (sa/bi-an-izm) , n. the 
worship of the heavenly hosts, as 
symbolical of the Deity. 

Sabine (sa'bin), adj. pertaining to an 
Italian race, subsequently merged 
into the Roman. 

sable (sa'bl), n. a kind of weasel of 
marten valued for its handsome, 
dark, glossy fur; it is found chiefly in 
Siberia, and the true sable (Russian 
sable) is very costly, when compared 
with the North American or Japa- 
nese animals; in heraldry, black: adj, 
dark-colored; black. 

sabot (sa-bo'), n. a wooden shoe worn 
by the peasantry of France, &c. 

sabotage (sa'bo r tazh'), n. injury to the 
work or establishment of an employer 
by workmen to reduce output and 
enforce demands. 

Sac (sak)~ n. a member of a now extincf 
tribe of Algonquin Indians. 

sac (sak), n. a bag or membranous 
receptacle; cyst; an ancient privi- 
lege of a lord of a manor to hold a 
court. 

saccade (sak-ad'), n. a sudden check 
with the bridle; strong pressure of 
the bow of a violin against the 
strings. 

saccharine (sak'a-rin), adj. pertaining 
to, or having the qualities of, sugar: 
n. the uncrystallized sugar of malt- 
wort. Saccharine is a coal-tar prod- 
uct, discovered by Dr. Ira Rem- 
sen. It is three hundred times 
sweeter than cane sugar and hence 
is used by those who are com- 
pelled by disease to eat no sugar. 
[Latin.] 

saccharize (sak'a-rlz), v.t. to convert 
into sugar. Also saccharify. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SACCHAROID 



717 



SADDLERY 



saccharoid (sak'a-roid),- adj. having 
a texture resembling loaf-sugar. 

saccharometer (sak-a-rom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for determining the 
quantity of sugar in liquids. 

saccholactic (sak-o-lak'tik) , adj. ob- 
tained from the sugar of milk; mu- 
cic acid. 

saccule (sak'ul), n. a little sac or cyst. 

sacerdotal (sas-er-do'tal) , adj. per- 
taining to priests or to the priest- 
hood; priestly. [Latin.] 

sacerdotalism (sas-er-do'tal-izm), n. 
sacerdotal spirit or system ; tendency 
to emphasize the priestly office or its 
sacred character. 

sacer do tally (sas-er-do'ta-li) , adv. in a 
sacerdotal manner. 

sachem (sa/chem), n. a North Amer- 
ican Indian chief. 

sachet (sa-sha/), n. a small bag or 
cushion filled with a perfume. 
[French.] 

sack (sak) , n. a bag, especially a large 
coarse bag, for holding grain, &c; 
quantity contained by a sack; loose 
garment or cloak; a Spanish dry 
wine; plunder or pillage by soldiery 
of a town taken by storm; dismissal 
(with the): v.t. to plunder or pillage; 
ravage; dismiss from service. 

sackbut (sak'but), n. an ancient 
musical instrument of the lyre kind; 
a sort of trombone. 

sackcloth (£ak'kloth), n. coarse mate- 
rial of which sacks are made; coarse 
rough cloth worn as a token of 
mourning. 

sackful (sak'fool), n. the quantity a 
sack will hold. 

sacking (sak'ing), n. coarse material 
used for making sacks. 

sacrament (sak'ra-ment) , n. a sign 
or pledge of grace; an outward and 
visible sign of an inward and spir- 
itual grace, instituted by Jesus 
Christ; holy baptism, the eucharist, 
Lord's supper. [Latin.] 

sacramental (sak-ra-men'tal) , adj. 
pertaining to, or constituting, a 
sacrament; solemnly pledged. 

sacramentally (sak-ra-men'ta-li) , adv. 
in a sacramental manner. 

sacred (sa/kred) , adj. pertaining to 
religion or to religious uses. 

sacrifice (sak'ri-fls) , n. the act of sac- 
rificing or offering to a deity, es- 



pecially a victim on an altar; that 
which is so offered; destruction or 
giving up one thing for another; 
goods sold at a loss: v.t. to offer to 
God or a deity in worship; destroy 
or surrender to gain some other 
object; devote with loss; kill; sell 
at a loss: v.i. to offer sacrifice. 

sacrificial (sak-ri-fish'al) , adj. per- 
taining to, consisting in, or offering, 
sacrifice. Also sacrificatory. 

sacrificially (sak-ri-fish'a-H) , adv. by 
sacrifice. 

sacrilege (sak'ri-lej), n. the crime of 
appropriating to one's self or to sec- 
ular use what is consecrated to God 
or religion; breaking into a church 
and committing felony. 

sacrilegious (sak-ri-le'jus) , adj. vio- 
lating sacred things; guilty of 
sacrilege; profane. 

sacrilegist (sak'ri-le-jist) , n. one guilty 
of sacrilege. 

sacring-bell (sa'kring-bel) , n. the 
sanctus-bell, rung when the Host is 
elevated at high mass. 

sacrist (sa'krist), n. a cathedral offi- 
cial who copies the music for the 
choir; minor canon; sacristan. 

sacristan (sak'ris-tan), n. one who 
has the care of church vessels and 
movables. 

sacristy (sak'ris-ti) , n. an apartment 
in a church where the sacred vessels, 
vestments, &c, are kept; vestry. 

sacrosanct (sak'ro-sangkt) , adj. pre- 
eminently sacred or inviolable.' 

sacrum (sa/krum), n. a triangular- 
shaped bone at the base of the ver- 
tebral column. 

sad (sad), adj. [comp. sadder, superl. 
saddest], full of grief; mournful; 
sorrowful ; dark-colored. 

sadden (sad'n), v.t. to make sad or sor- 
rowful; tone down: v.i. to become 
sad. 

saddle (sad'l), n. a seat, usually of 
leather, for riding on horseback; 
anything resembling a saddle; block 
of wood nailed to the lower yard- 
arm: v.t. to place a saddle upon; 
burden or embarrass. 

saddle-bow (sad'l-bo), n. the pieces 
which form the pommel or arched 
part of a saddle. 

saddlery (sad'ler-i) , n. the business of a 
saddler; articles made by a saddler. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



SADDUCEE 



718 



SAIVA 



Sadducee (sad'ti-se), n. one of the an- 
cient Jewish sect or school that 
adhered to the written law and de- 
nied the resurrection of the dead. 

safari (sa-far'e), n. a word of Arabic 
origin, meaning an expedition and 
all its belongings. 

safe (saf), adj. free from danger, in- 
jury, or damage, secure; securing 
from harm; no longer dangerous; 
sound; sure: n. a fire- or burglar- 
proof iron or steel chest. [Old 
French.] 

safe-conduct (saf-kon'dukt) , n. a 
guard or passport which ensures a 
safe passage. 

safeguard (saf'gard), n. one who, or 
that which, guards or protects; de- 
fense; protective warrant granted 
to a foreigner: v.t. to protect or 
guard safely. 

safely (saf'li), adv. in a safe manner. 

safety (saf'ti), n. freedom from danger, 
injury, or damage; safe keeping; a 
bicycle with medium-sized wheels of 
equal height. 

safety-lamp (saf 'ti-lamp) , n. a wire- 
gauze covered lamp used in mines. 

safety-valve (saf 'ti-valv) , n. an auto- 
matic valve in a boiler which opens 
when the steam exceeds a certain 
pressure. 

saffron (saf 'run), n. a bulbous plant 
of the genus Crocus, the dried stig- 
mas of which yield a deep yellow 
dye; deep yellow: adj. saffron-col- 
ored. 

sag (sag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sagged, 
p.pr. sagging], to sink down or 
yield; incline from an upright or 
horizontal position; incline to lee- 
ward: v.t. to cause to give way or 
incline. 

sagacious (sa-ga/shus) , adj. mental- 
ly quick and discerning; judicious; 
wise; acute. 

sagacity (sa-gas'i-ti) , n. a readiness 
of apprehension; discriminative in- 
telligence; acute practical judgment. 

sagamore (sag'a-mor), n. a North 
American Indian chief. 

sagas (sa'gaz), jt.pl. a class of prose 
epics embodying the myths and he- 
roic tales of the ancient Scandi- 
navians. 

sage (saj), adj. wise; discerning; 
well-judged; discriminating; charac- 



terized by wisdom; grave: n. a man 
of experienced wisdom and of ven- 
erable age; an aromatic herb. 

sagely (saj'li), adv. in a sage manner. 

sageness (saj'nes), n. wisdom; sa- 
gacity. 

sago (sa'go), n. a kind of granulated 
food-starch from the pith of certain 
palms. 

sagoin (sa-goin'), same as saguin. 

saguaro (sa-gwar'o), n. the giant 
cactus of Mexico. 

saguin (sag'win) , n. a South American 
monkey. Also sagoin, sagouin. 

sagum (sa'gum), n. an ancient Ro- 
man military cloak. 

sahib (sa-heb'), n. a term of address 
used in India and Persia to a Euro- 
pean gentleman; feminine, sahiba 
(sa-heb'a). 

saic (sa'ik), n. a Turkish or Grecian 
vessel common in the Levant. 

said (sed), p.t. & p.p. of say. 

saiga (si'ga), n. the antelope of the 
Russian steppes. 

sail (sal), n. a sheet of canvas spread 
to catch the wind by means of which 
a vessel is driven forward in the 
water; ship or vessel; an excursion 
in some vessel : v.i. to be moved by a 
sail or sails; commence a voyage; 
swim; glide through the air; pass 
smoothly along: v.t. to pass over in 
a ship ;_ navigate. 

sailer (sal'er), n. a vessel that sails, 
with special reference to its speed, 
or manner of sailing. 

sailing (sal'ing), n. the art of naviga- 
tion; the act of moving through 
water, or of setting sail. 

sailor (sal'er), n. a mariner; seaman. 

saint (sant), n. a holy or sanctified 
person; one eminent for piety and 
virtue, especially one canonized by 
the Church of Rome; one blessed in 
heaven: pi. a name applied to them- 
selves by the Mormons: v.t. to can- 
onize: v.i. to act as a saint. [French.] 

sainted (sant'ed), p.p. canonized: adj. 
pious; holy; departed to heaven. 

saintliness (sant'li-nes) , n. the quality 
of being saintly. 

saintly (sant'li), adj. like, or befitting, 
a saint. 

sais (sas), n. a native servant in India. 

saiva (sl'va), n. a devotee of the 
deity Siva. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, ^en. 



SAJOU 



719 



SALPRUNELLA 



sajou (sa-joo'), n. a South American 
monkey. 

sake (sak), n. end; purpose; cause; 
account; regard; reason. 

saki (sak'i), n. Japanese rice-beer; a 
South American monkey, with a 
non-prehensile hairy tail. 

sal, a prefix meaning salt, as sal- 
volatile, aromatic spirit of ammonia. 

salaam (sa-lam/), n. an Oriental 
form of salutation or respect, mean- 
ing "peace." [Arabic] 

salable (sal'a-bl), adj. marketable. 

salacious (sa-la'shus) , adj. lustful; 
impure. 

salacity (sa-las'i-ti), n. lustfulness. 
Also salaciousness. 

salad (sal'ad), n. raw herbs cut up 
and dressed with vinegar, oil, &c. 

salad-days (sal'ad-daz), n.pl. years of 
youthful inexperience. 

salamander (sal'a-man-der) , n. an 
amphibious animal resembling a 
newt, and fabled by the ancients 
to live in fire. [French.] 

salamandrine (sal-a-man'drin) , adj. 
resembling a salamander; fire-resist- 
ing or -enduring. 

salaried (sara-rid), p. adj. having a 
salary. 

salary (sal'a-ri), n. recompense, usu- 
ally periodically, for services ren- 
dered; stipend. 

sale (sal), n. the act of selling; ex- 
change of a commodity for an agreed 
price; market; auction; demand. 

salicin (sari-sin), n. & bitter substance 
extracted from the willow and pop- 
lar; the acid (salicylic acid) is used 
as an antiseptic. 

Salic law (sal'ik law), n. law of the 
Salian Franks excluding females from 
succession to the French throne. 

salience (sa/li-ens), n. the state of 
being salient. 

salient (sa'li-ent), adj. leaping; prom- 
inent; noting any^ angle less than 
two right angles; in heraldry, in a 
leaping position; the advanced wedge 
or body of attacking troops. 

saliferous (sa-lif'er-us), adj. yielding 
salt. 

salina (sa-ll'na), n. a salt-marsh; 
salt-works. [Latin.] 

salination (sal-i-na'shun), n. the act 
of steeping or washing in salt liquor. 

saline (sa'lln), adj. consisting of, 



containing, or like, salt: n. a salt- 
spring. 

saliva (sa-ll'va), n. the watery fluid 
or spittle secreted in the mouth. > 

salival (sa-li'val), adj. pertaining to or 
secreting saliva. Also salivary. 

salivant (sal'i-vant), adj. exciting 
salivation: n. a substance to excite 
salivation. 

salivate (sal'i-vat), v.t. to. produce an 
abnormal secretion in the mouth of. 

salivation (sal-i-va/shun), n. the act of 
producing an abnormal secretion of 
saliva. 

sallet (sal'et), n. a light helmet. 

sallow (sal'o), adj. of a pale, sickly, 
yellow color; a small tree of the 
willow kind. 

sally (sari), n. [pi. sallies (sal'iz)], 
a sudden rushing forth of troops to 
attack the besiegers; sudden out- 
bur ct of wit or fancy; excursion; 
wild gaiety: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sallied, 
p.pr. sallying], to rush out^as troops 
from a besieged town; issue or rush 
forth suddenly. 

sallyport (sal'i-port), n. a postern or 
passage for troops to sally out. 

salmagundi (sal-ma-gun'di) , n. a 
compound of chopped meats with 
other ingredients, seasoned, &c; 
medley. [French.] 

salmi (sal 'mi), n. a ragout of roasted 
game and other ingredients stewed 
in wine. [French.] 

salmon (sam'un), n. a marine fish 
of the genus Salmo, which ascends 
fresh-water rivers to _spawn. 

salmon- peel (sam'un-pel), n. sl young 
salmon. 

salmon- trout (sam'un-trout), n. a 
sea-trout, resembling the salmon, 
but of smaller size. 

salon (sa-16ng'), n.a saloon^ fine art 
gallery: pi. fashionable circles or 
assemblage_s J [French.] 

saloon (sa-loon'), n. a hall or state 
apartment; large reception room; 
fine art exhibition; bar-room or 
grogshop. 

salpicon (sal'pi-kon), n. chopped 
meat, bread, and vegetables, re- 
cooked in sauce. 

salpinx (sal'pingks), n. the eusta- 
chian tube. [Greek.] 

salprunella (sal-proo-nel'a), n. nitrate 
of potash fused and cast into balls. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue. hut ; think, ^en. 



SALSIFY 



720 



SAMPHIRE 



salsify (sal'si-fi), n. a plant of the 
aster family, which from the flavor 
of its edible root is called oyster- 
plant and vegetable oyster. 

salt (sawlt), n. chloride of sodium, 
used for seasoning and the preserva- 
tion of meat, &c, obtained from the 
earth or by the evaporation of sea 
water; anything like salt; the com- 
bination of an acid with a base; 
wit; piquancy (attic salt); a sailor: 
v.t. to sprinkle or season with salt: 
adj. flavored, seasoned, or impreg- 
nated, with salt. 

saltant (sal'tant), adj. leaping; danc- 
ing; in heraldry, same as salient. 

saltarello (sal-ta-rel'o) , n. a viva- 
cious Spanish and Italian dance; 
music for such a dance. 

saltatory (sal'ta-to-ri) , adj. dancing. 

salt-cellar (sawlt 'sel-ar), n. a small 
dish for holding salt. 

saltern (sawl'tern), n. a salt manu- 
factory. 

salt-horse (sawlt-hors'), n. salted beef 
or pork. [Sailors' slang.] 

saltier, saltire (sal'ter), n. a St. 
Andrew's cross. [French.] 

saltish (sawl'tish), adj. somewhat salt. 

saltless (sawlt 'les), adj. without salt; 
insipid. 

saltpetre (sawlt-pe'tr), n. the com- 
mercial name for nitre. It is im- 
portant in the manufacture of gun- 
powder. [French.] 

salubrious (sa-loo'bri-us), adj. healthy. 

salubrity (sa-loo'bri-ti), n. healthf ill- 
ness. Also salubriousness. 

salutarily (sal'u-ta-ri-li), adj. in a 
salutary manner. [Latin.] 

salutariness (sal'ii-ta-ri-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being salutary. 

salutary (sal'u-ta-ri) , adj. healthful; 
wholesome; beneficent. 

salutation (sal-u-ta/shun), n. act or 
manner of saluting; greeting, or act 
of paying respect. 

salutatory (sa-lu'ta-to-ri) , adj. salut- 
ing; greeting: n. the opening oration 
at the commencement in American 
schools and colleges; any address of 
welcome. 

salute (sa-luf), n. a mark of military 
respect shown by raising the hand 
to the helmet, &c; a kiss; greeting; 
salvo of artillery, lowering of a 
flag, &c, as a mark of honor: v.t. 



to address with kind wishes; wel- 
come; greet with a kiss or bow; 
honor by a salvo of artillery, low- 
ering a flag, &c: v.i. to make a 
salute. [Latin.] 

salvability (sal-va-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being salvable. 

salvable (sal'va-bl), adj. capable of be* 
ing saved. 

salvage (sal'vaj), n. compensation 
given to those who assist at saving 
a vessel or cargo at sea; the goods or 
vessel saved. 

salvarsan (sal'var-san) , n. an arsenical 
compound for the treatment of syph- 
ilis introduced by Dr. Paul Ehrlich; 
also known as 606. 

salvation (sal-va/shun) , n. the act of 
saving; spiritual deliverance from 
sin and death. [Latin.] 

Salvation Army (ar'mi), n. a religious 
organization formed on a quasi-mili- 
tary model. 

Salvationist (sal-va/shun-ist), n. a 
member of the Salvation Army. 

salve (sav), n. a healing ointment; a 
remedy or soothing application. 

salver (sal'ver), n. a tray on which 
anything is presented. 

salvo (sal'vo) , n. a discharge of a num- 
ber of pieces of artillery, intended 
as a salute; general, simultaneous 
cheering; {in law) an exception or 
reservation. 

sal-volatile, see under sal. 

Samaritan (sa-mar'i-tan) , adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, Sa- 
maria, or the Samaritans; noting 
certain characters used by the He- 
brews prior to the captivity: n. a 
native of Samaria; a kind, charita- 
ble person (Luke x. 30-37) . 

sambur (sam'ber), n. the elk of the hill- 
country of India. 

same (sam), adj. identical in kind or 
degree; exactly alike; before-men- 
tioned. 

sameness (sam'nes), n. identity; simi- 
larity. 

samovar (sam'o-var), n. a Russian 
tea-urn. 

samp (samp), n. hulled Indian 
corn. 

sampan (sam'pan), n. a Chinese fish- 
ing boat, frequently used as a resi- 
dence. 

samphire (sam'fer), n. a marine plant 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SAMPLE 



721 



SANGUIFY 



growing usually on cliffs, and used 
as a pickle. 

sample (sam'pl), n. a specimen; 
model; pattern; part shown as in- 
dicative of the quality of the whole: 
v.t. to show something similar; take 
a sample of 

sampler (sam'pler), n. a pattern; a 
piece of ornamental needlework for 
practice, &c. 

sample-room (sam'pl-room), n. a 
room in a hotel where liquors are 
secretly dispensed. [American slang.] 

sanability (san-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being sane. Also 
sanablene_ss. 

sanable (san'a-bl), adj. curable. 

sanativeness (san'a-tiv-nes) , n. power 
of healing. [Latin.] 

sanatorium (san-a-to'ri-um), n. a 
health retreat ; an institution for the 
care of invalids or the treatment of 
particular diseases. 

sanatory (san'a-to-ri) , adj. conducive 
to health. 

sanctincation (sangk-ti-fi-ka'shun) , 
n. the act of sanctifying ; # state of 
being sanctified; consecration. 

»anetifier (sangk'ti-f I-er) , n. one who 
sanctifies. [Latin.] 

sanctimonious (sangk-ti-mo'ni-us) , 
adj. having the appearance of, or 
affecting, sanctity; hypocritical. 

sanction (sangk'shun) , n. the act of 
ratifying, or giving authority to; 
authority; custom: v.t. to give sanc- 
tion to; countenance. 

sanctitude (sangk'ti-tud) , n. holiness. 

sanctity _ (sangk'ti-ti) , n. purity ; % in- 
violability ; sacredness ; solemnity ; 
a saint. 

sanctuary (sangk'tu-a-ri) , m n. [pi. 
sanctuaries (sangk'tu-a-riz)], the 
most retired and sacred part of a 
temple; consecrated place; temple; 
part of a church around the altar; 
inviolable asylum; shelter; refuge. 

sanctum (sangk'tum), n. sl sacred or 
private place. 

sanctum sanctorum (sangk-to'rum) , 
n. a most holy place; in the Jewish 
Temple, the Holy of Holies; a place 
of the utmost privacy. 

sanctus bell (sangk'tus bel) , n. a bell 
rung at the more solemn parts of the 
mass. 

sand (sand), n. fine particles of 



crushed or worn rock: pi. tracts oi 
sand; hours or time one has to live: 
v.t. to sprinkle with sand. 

sandal (san'dal), n. a kind of shoe 
fastened by straps to the foot; a 
loose slipper; the official shoe of a 
Roman Catholic prelate or abbot. 

sandaled (san'dald), adj. wearing san- 
dals. 

sandalwood (san'dal-wood), n. a 
white-;Colored, odoriferous wood, 
used in cabinet-making. Sandal 
and sandalwood designate also 
any one of a number of trees grown 
in India and Burmah, from which 
oil of a delicate and delightful flavor 
is extracted. 

sandarac (san 7 da-rak) , n. a kind of 
resin or gum, used in varnishes. 
Also sandarach. 

sander ling (san'der-ling), n. a small 
wading-bird. 

sanders (san'derz), n. red sandalwood. 

sandiver (san'di-ver) , n. a saline scum 
which forms on glass when fused; 
glass-gall. 

sandix (san'diks), n. sl kind of red 
lead. 

sandpiper (sand'pi-per), n. a name 
for various birds of the snipe and 
woodcock family. 

sandwich (sand'wich), n. two thin 
slices of bread with ham, &c, be- 
tween; anything like a sandwich: 
v.t. to place between two other 
persons or things. The name comes 
from Lord Sandwich (about 1660). 

sandy (sand'i), adj. composed of, 
abounding in, of the color of, or 
covered with sand; shifting; un- 
stable. 

sane (san), adj. mentally sound or 
healthy. 

saneness (san r nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sane. 

sang, p.t. of sing. 

sangaree (sang-ga-re r ) , n. a beverage 
of wine or brandy and water spiced 
with nutmeg. 

sangfroid (sang-frwa/) , n. cool in- 
difference or composure. [French.] 

sanguiferous (sang-gwifer-us), adj. 
conveying blood. [Latin.] 

sanguify (sang'gwi-fi) , v.i.[p.t. & p.p. 
sanguined, p.pr. sanguifying], to 
form or produce blood: v.t. to con- 
vert into blood. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
46 hue, hut; think, then. 



SANGUINARY 



722 



SARACENIC 



sanguinary (sang'gwi-na-ri), adj. at- 
tended with much bloodshed; blood- 
thirsty; murderous; cruel. 

sanguine (sang'gwin), adj. warm and 
ardent in temper; hopeful; confi- 
dent: n. blood color: v.t. to stain 
with blood. 

sanguinely (sang'gwin-li) , adv. in a 
sanguine manner. 

sanguineness (sang'gwin-nes) , n. the 
quality or state of being sanguine; 
plethora; heat or ardor of tempera- 
ment; hopefulness. 

sanguineous (sang-gwin'e-us) , adj. 
pertaining to, abounding with, or 
constituting, blood; of a blood 
color. 

Sanhedrim g (san-he'drim), n. the 
great judicial council of the ancient 
Jews, composed of seventy-one 
priests, scribes, and elders, presided 
over by the high priest. Also 
Sanhedrin. 

sanies (sa'ni-ez), n. a thin reddish 
discharge from a wound or sore. 

sanitarian (san-i-ta'ri-an), adj. of 
or pertaining to the laws of health; 
having regard to the public health: 
n. one versed in, or devoted to, sani- 
tary studies; an advocate or pro- 
moter of sanitary measures. 

sanitarium (san-i-ta/ri-um), n. a 
sanatorium, especially one where the 
treatment is phophylactic instead of 
therapeutic. [Latin.] 

sanitary (san'i-ta-ri) , adj. pertaining 
to, connected with, or tending to 
promote, health, especially by legis- 
lative enactment; hygienic. 

sanitation (san-i-ta'shun) , n. hygiene. 

sanity (san'i-ti), n. saneness. 

sank (sangk), p.t. of sink. 

sansculotterie (sanz-koo-lot're), n. 
the French Revolutionists collec- 
tively; extreme republicanism. 

sansculottes (sanz-koo-lof), n. a fel- 
low without breeches, that is to say, 
wearing only a workman's blouse; 
a term of contemnt applied to the 
French Revolutionists. 

sans- gene (sang- j an r ) , n. a state of irre- 
sponsibility ; carelessness. [French.] 

Sanskrit (san'skrit), n. the ancient 
sacred language of the learned Hin- 
dus. Also see Prakrit. 

Santa Glaus (san'ta klaws) ; n. in 
nursery folk-lore, the friend of 



children who brings presents on 
Christmas Eve. [Dutch.] 

sap (sap), n. the watery circulating 
juice of a plant; alburnum of a 
tree; vital fluid; an excavated 
trench for approaching a fort; an 
ardent student: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
sapped, p.pr. sapping], to deprive of 
vitality; undermine: v.i. to study 
ardently, as for an examination; 
proceed by secretly undermining. 

sap-head (sap'hed), n. a term of re- 
proach for one who is thought to 
be silly or unintelligent. So sappy. 

sapid (sap 'id), adj. savory. 

sapience (sa/pi-ens), n. knowledge; 
wisdom. [Latin.] 

sapient (sa'pi-ent), adj. wise; saga- 
cious. 

sapless (sap'les), adj. without sap; 
without energy; nerveless. 

sapling (sap 'ling), n. a young tree. 

sapodilla (sap-6-cUTa) , n. a tropical 
tree yielding a large fruit, the seeds 
of which are used in medicine. 

saponaceous (sap-o-na/shus), adj. re- 
sembling, or having the qualities of, 
soap; unctuous. 

saponification (sa-pon-i-fi-ka/shun) , 
n. conversion into soap. [Latin.] 

saponify (sa-pon'i-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
saponified, p.pr. saponifying], to con- 
vert into soap by combination with 
an alkali. 

saporific (sap-o-rif'ik), adj. produc- 
ing taste. 

saporous (sap'o-rus), adj. having, or 
stimulating flavor. 

sappan (sap'an), n. an Asiatic dye- 
wood. 

sapper (sap'er), n. one who saps; a sol- 
dier employed in sapping or digging 
trenches. 

sapphire (saf'ir), n. a precious stone 
of a blue color, a variety of corun- 
dum. 

sappiness (sap'i-nes), n. the quality 
of being sappy. 

sappy fcap'i).. adj. full of sap; juicy. 

sappy (sap'i), adj. silly, conceited, 
foolish. 

saraband (sar'a-band) , n. a Spanish 
dance; music for such a dance. 

Saracen (sar'a-sen), n. the mediaeval 
name for an Arab or Mohamme- 
dan. 

Saracenic (sar-a-sen'ik) , adj. per- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SARCASM 



723 



SATIETY 



taining to, or characteristic of, the 
Saracens. [French.] 

sarcasm (sar'kazm), n. a bitter, cut- 
ting, satirical expression. [French.] 

sarcastic (sar-kas'tik), adj. bitterly 
satirical. Also sarcastical. 

sarcastically (sar-kas'ti-ka-li) , adv. 
in a sarcastic manner. 

sarcenet (sars'net), n. a thin, fine kind 
of woven silk, used for ribbons, lin- 
ings, &c. Also_ sarsenet. 

sarcocarp (sar/ko-karp), n. the fleshy 
part of a fruit. 

sarcocol (sar'ko-kol) , n. an inspissated 
sap or gum-resin of an African tree. 
Sarcocollin. 

sarcode (sar'kod), n. animal proto- 
plasm. 

sarcoderm (sar'ko-derm), n. the fleshy 
layer between the interior and ex- 
terior covering of a seed. 

sarcodic (sar-kod'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting of, sarcode. 

sarcoid (sar'koid), adj. flesh-like. 

sarcoHne(sar'ko-lin) , adj. flesh-colored. 

sarcolite (sar'ko-lit) , n. a flesh-colored 
mineral occurring in the volcanic 
rocks of Vesuvius. 

sarcological (sar - ko - lo j ' i - kal) , adj. 
pertaining to sarcology. 

sarcology (sar-kol'o-ji), n. that part of 
anatomy that treats of the soft 
parts of the body. 

sarcoma (sar-ko'ma), n. a fleshy 
tumor. Also- sarcosis. 

sarcophagous (sar-kof 'a-gus) , adj. 
feeding on flesh. 

sarcophagus (sar-kof 'a-gus) , n. a 
limestone used by the Greeks for 
coffins, having the property of eating 
away the flesh ; a stone coffin. 

sarcotic (sar-kot'ik), adj. flesh-forming. 

sard (sard), n. a precious stone, a 
deep blood-red variety of carnelian. 

sardine (sar-den'), n. a species of pil- 
chard, abundant in the Mediterra- 
nean, and preserved in oil for ex- 
portation; (sar 'din) a precious stone 
mentioned in Rev. iv., the sardius. 

sardonic (sar-don'ik) , adj. forced, 
bitter, or heartless: said # of a laugh 
or smile; from a Sardinian herb, 
reputed to cause convulsive motions 
of the cheek and lips when eaten. 
Also sardonian. 

sardonyx (sar'do-niks) , n. a variety 
of agate. 



sargasso (sar-gas'o), n. the floating 
sea- or gulf- weed of the North At- 
lantic. Also sargassum. 

sarment (sar'ment), n. a prostrate fili- 
form stem or runner of a plant. 

sarsaparilla (sar-sa-pa-ril'a) ? n. a 
twining shrub found in Mexico, &c, 
the root of which is used as a medi- 
cine. [Spanish.] 

sarsenet (sars'net), same as sarcenet. 

sartorial (sar-to'ri-al) , adj. pertaining 
to a tailor. [Latin.] 

sartorious (sar-to'ri-us), n. the muscle 
of the thigh by means of which the 
legs can be crossed; the tailor's 
muscle. 

sash (sash), n. a band, ribbon, or 
scarf, worn round the waist or oyer 
the shoulder; a frame for holding 
panes of glass: v.t. to furnish with 



sasin (sas'in), n. the Indian antelope. 

sassafras (sas'a-fras), n. a tree allied 
to the laurel, with a fragrant root, 
wood, and flowers. 

sassoline (sas'o-lin), n. native boracic 
acid. Also sassohn. 

sat, p.t. of sit. 

Satan (sa'tan), n. the Devil. [French.] 

satanic (sa-tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, Satan; diabolical; 
infernal; very malicious. 

satanism (sa'tan-izm) , n. the evil 
disposition of Satan ; a sect of persons 
who worship Satan, holding services 
in his honor, reading the prayers of 
the Church backward, defiling the 
Eucharist, and in every way dis- 
playing a satanic and diabolical 
spirit. 

satchel (sach'el), n. a small bag for 
carrying books, papers, &c; any 
handbag. [Old French.] 

sate (sat), v.t. to satisfy the appe- 
tites or desires of. 

sateen (sa-ten'), n. a woolen or cot- 
ton fabric made in imitation of 
satin. 

satellite (sat'el-it), n. a small planet 
revolving round a larger one; an 
obsequious attendant. > [Latin.] 

satiable (sa'shi-a-bl) , adj. capable of 
being gratified or satiated. [Latin.] 

satiate (sa'shi-at), v.t. to fill, or grat- 
ify fully; surfeit; glut: adj. glutted. 

satiety (sa-ti'e-ti) , n. fulness of grati- 
fication beyond desire; repletion. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

line, hut ; think, then, 



SATIN 



724 



SAUSAGE 



satin (sat/in), n. a closely woven 
glossy silk: adj. made of, or like, 
satin. [French.] 

satinet (sat-in-ef), n. a thin kind of 
satin; a glossy cloth woven with wool 
and cotton made to resemble satin. 

satiny (sat'in-i), adj. like satin. 

satire (sat'ir), n. a species of poetry 
in which vice and folly are held up 
to ridicule by sarcasm, burlesque 
and parody. [Latin.] 

satiric (sa-tir'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or -containing, satire; addicted to 
satire. Also satirical. 

satirically (sa-tir'i-ka-li), adv. in a 
satiric manner. 

satirist (sat'i-rist) , n. a writer of 
satire; one who satirizes. 

satirize (sat'i-nz), v.t. to assail or 
ridicule with satire and mockery. 

satisfaction (sat-is-f ak'shun) , n. the 
act of satisfying; the state of being 
satisfied; contentment; gratification; 
payment; redress ^conviction. 

satisfactory (sat-is-f ak'to-ri) , adj. 
giving satisfaction or content; mak- 
ing redress; relieving the mind from 
doubt or uncertainty. [Latin.] 

satisfy (sat'is-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. satis- 
fied, p.pr. satisfying], to gratify to 
the fullest degree; free # from doubt 
or uncertainty; pay in full; dis- 
charge: v.i. to give satisfaction; 
make atonement or payment. # 

satrap (sa/trap), n. a kind of viceroy 
among the ancient Persians. 

satrapy (sa/tra-pi), n. the government 
or jurisdiction of a satrap. 

saturable (sat'Q-ra-bl), adj. capable 
of being saturated. 

saturant (sat'u-rant), adj. impregnat- 
ing to the full: n. a substance that 
neutralizes acid in the stomach. 

saturate (sat'u-rat), v.t. to soak or im- 
bue. 

saturation (sat-u-ra'shun) , n. the act 
of saturating; the state of being sat- 
urated; impregnation of one sub- 
stance by another until the latter 
can contain no more. 

Saturday (sat'er-da), n. the seventh 
day of the week named after the 
Roman god, Saturn. 

Saturn (sat 'era), n. the planet next 
beyond, and next in magnitude to, 
Jupiter; the ancient Italian god of 
seed-time and harvest. 



Saturnalia (sat-er 7 na'li-a) , n. an an- 
cient Roman festival in honor of the 
god Saturn, in which all classes, in- 
cluding slaves, took part: hence un- 
restrained revelry. 

Saturnalian (sat-er-na/li-an) , adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
the Saturnalia; dissolute; riotously 
mirthful. 

Saturnian (sa-ter'ni-an), adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, the 
god Saturn, or to the golden age of 
purity and happiness; a name given 
to an ancient form of Latin verse. 

saturnine (sa'ter-nm) , adj. under the 
influence of the planet Saturn; dull; 
morose; gloomy; phlegmatic. 

satyr (sa'ter) , n. a sylvan Greek deity, 
attendant on Bacchus, represented 
with long, pointed ears, short horns, 
a man's body, and the legs of a goat. 

sauce (saws), n. a liquid condiment 
or seasoning for food; any mixture 
used as a relish; pertness: v.t. to 
put sauce into; render pungent; 
treat with pertness. [French.] 

sauce-box (saws'boks), n. a pert, im- 
pudent person. 

saucer (saw'ser), n. a shallow piece of 
china, &c, in which a tea or coffee 
cup is placed. 

saucily (saw'si-li), adv. in a saucy 
manner. 

sauciness (saw'si-nes), n. impudent 
pertness or boldness. " 

saucy (saw'si), adj. [comp. saucier, su- 
perl. sauciest], pert; impudent. 

sauerkraut (sour'krout) , n. a pickle 
of chopped cabbage packed in layers 
with salt between, which causes fer- 
mentation. [German.] 

saul (sawl), n. an Indian timber tree, 
used for building purposes, and 
yielding the resin called dammar. 

saunter (san'ter or sawn'ter), v.i. to 
wander about idly; loiter; linger: 
n. a place for sauntering; idle walk 
or ramble. 

saurian (saw'ri-an), n. any individ- 
ual of the Sauria, an order of four- 
legged reptiles having the body fur- 
nished with scales, as the crocodile 
and lizard. 

sauroid (saw'roid), adj. lizard-like. 

saury (saw'ri), n. a kind of pike. 

sausage (saw'saj), n. the gut of an 
animal stuffed with seasoned minced 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



SAUTE 



725 



SCABIES 



meat; minced meat seasoned with 
sage, salt, pepper, &c. [French.] 

saute (so : ta'), n. a method of cooking 
by tossing the material in a frying 
pan of particular construction. 

sauterne (so-tern'), n. a, French white 
wine. 

savable (sav'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being saved. 

savage (sav'aj), adj. uncivilized; wild; 
cruel; fierce; pitiless; uncultivated; 
enraged: n. % a human being in a 
rude, uncivilized state; barbarian; 
a fierce, brutal person. [French.] 

savagely (sav'aj-li), adv. in a savage 
manner. 

savagery (sav'aj-ri), n. the state of be- 
ing wild or uncivilized; barbarism; 
brutal roughness. 

savanna (sa-van'a), n. an extensive 
open plain or meadow. Also sa- 
vannah. [Old Spanish.] 

savant (sa-vang'), n. a man of learn- 
ing or science. [French.] 

save (sav), v.t. to bring out of dan- 
ger or preserve from evil; rescue; 
deliver from spiritual death; pre- 
vent; lay by; take advantage of: 
v.i. to be economical: prep, except; 
not including. m 

saveloy (sav'e-loi), n. a sausage made 
of highly seasoned pork, and then 
dried before eating. 

savin (sav'in), n. an evergreen tree 
or shrub with a dark foliage with 
bluish-green berries: the young 
leaves and branches yield an active 
volatile oil used in medicine. Also 
savine. 

saving (sav'ing), # adj. preserving; 
frugal; parsimonious; reserving: n. 
an exception or reservation: pi. 
money, &c, saved: prep, with ex- 
ception in favor of. 

savingly (sav'ing-li), adv. in a saving 
manner. 

savior (sav'yer), n. one who saves. 

Saviour, n. Jesus Christ, the Re- 
deemer (with the). 

savoir-faire (sav-war-far'), n. instinc- 
tive knowledge of what is correct. 

savonette (sav-o-nef) , n. a hard ball 
of toilet soap, composed of various 
ingredients. [French.] 

savor (sa'ver), n. flavor; taste; rel- 
ish; scent; characteristic property: 
v.i. to have a particular flavor or 



smell; exhibit tokens of: v.t. to taste 
or smell with delight. 

sayoriness (sa'ver-i-nes), n. the qual- 
ity of being savory. 

savory (sa'ver-i), n. an aromatic plant. 

savoy (sa-voi'), n. a kind of winter 
cabbage with crisp curled leaves. 

saw (saw), n. a cutting steel instru- 
ment with a toothed edge; a proverb 
or wise saying: v.t. to cut with, or 
as with, a saw: v.i. to be cut with a 
saw: p.t. of see. 

sawfish (saw'fish), n. a fish with a long 
bony snout furnished with spines or 
teeth. 

sawfly (saw'fll), n. an insect with a 
saw-like apparatus for depositing ita 



sawyer (saw'yer), n. one who saws tim- 
ber into planks; a tree in a river, 
whose branches, partly above water, 
sway up and down by the force of 
the current. 

saxhorn (saks'horn), n. a musical 
wind instrument, used in military 
bands. 

Saxon (saks'n), adj. pertaining to the 
Saxons, a race of people formerly 
inhabiting North Germany, their 
country or language; Anglo-Saxon: 
n. a member of the Saxon race ; a 
native of the kingdom of Saxony in 
Germany. 

saxophone (saks'o-fon), n. a brass 
musical instrument with a single 
reed and clarinet mouthpiece, 
y (sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. said (sed), p.pr. 
saying], to utter in words; declare; 
speak; decide; allege; pronounce; 
intone: v.i. to speak; relate; answer: 
imper. tell me: n. something said; 
speech; remark. 

saying (sa'ing), n. the act of speak- 
ing; expression; saw; adage. 

scab (skab), n. an incrustation formed 
over a wound; a contagious disease 
in sheep; a workman who refuses 
to join a strike, or who takes the 
place abandoned by a striker. 

scabbard (skab'ard), n. the sheath in 
which the blade of a sword is kept: 
v.t. to put into a scabbard. 

scabbiness (skab''i-nes), n. scabby 
state. 

scabby (skab'i), adj. covered with, or 
full of, scabs; affected with scab. 

scabies (ska/bi-ez), n. the itch. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SCABROUS 



726 



SCANT 



scabrous (ska'brus), adj. rough to the 
touch; uneven; dotted; scaly. 

scad (skad), n. the shad or horse 
mackerel. 

scaffold (skaf'old), n. sl temporary 
timber stage or structure; an ele- 
vated platform for the execution 
of a criminal: v.t. to furnish or sup- 
port with a scaffold. 

scaffolding (skaf 'old-ing) , n. a scaf- 
fold ; materials for erecting scaffolds ; 
framework. 

scalable (skal'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being scaled. 

scalawag (skal'a-wag), n. a scamp; 
scapegrace. [Americanism.] 



Holy Land; a curving or recess: 
v.t. to cut the edge or border of, in 
scallops or curves. [French.] 

scalloped- oysters (skol'opt-ois'terz) , 
n.pl. oysters baked with bread 
crumbs, &c. 

scalp (skalp), n. the skin on the top 
of the head from which the hair 
grows; the skin and hair of the 
head torn off by the North Ameri- 
can Indians in token of victory: 
vi. to deprive of the scalp: v.i. to 
make a small quick profit by slight 
fluctuations ' of the market; to sell 
railway tickets at less than the com- 
pany's rates. [Latin.] 



scald (skawld), v.t. to burn with hot scalpel (skal'pel), n. a small keen- 
liquid or steam; injure by contact edged knife used in surgery. 

. with any hot fluid; expose to violent scalper (skal'per), n. one who scalps; a 

heat over a fire or hot liquid: n. a person who buys and sells the un- 

s burn or injury to the skin or flesh used parts of railway tickets, 

from a hot liquid or steam; scab or scaly (skal'i), adj. covered with, or 

scurf on the head; one of the old like, scales; mean; caddish. 

Scandinavian poets, who recited or scammony (skam'o-ni), n. 



an in- 
spissated sap obtained from the 
root of a species of convolvulus, used 
as a cathartic. 
scamp (skamp), n. a rascal; worth- 
less fellow; rogue: v.t. to execute or 
perform in a superficial or careless 
manner and with bad material, 
a balance; an instrument or ma- scamper (skam'per), v.i. to run with 
chine for weighing; the small bony speed; hasten away: n. a hasty 
or horny plates covering a fish, cer- flight. 

tain reptiles, and insects; any thin scan (skan), v.t. [p.t. & j).p. scanned, 
plate or layer; the thin oxide which p.pr. scanning], to examine by count- 
ing the metrical feet or syllables; 
scrutinize or examine carefully. 
scandal (skan'dal), n. offense occa- 
sioned by the faults of another; 
something uttered that is false and 
injurious to the reputation; oppro- 
brium; defamation. [French.] 
tive to fruit-trees: v.t. to strip or scandalize (skan'dal-iz) , v.t. to offend 
clear of scales; weigh; climb over, by some supposed improper action 
as by a ladder; clamber up; ascend or conduct. 
by steps or by climbing: v.i. to scandalous (skan'dal-us) , adj. giving 
separate and come off in layers. offense to the conscience or moral 
[Latin.] sense; exciting condemnation or op- 

scalene (ska-len'), adj. having the probrium. 

sides and angles unequal; said of a Scandinavian (skan-di-na/vi-an) , adj. 
triangle. pertaining to Scandinavia, its lan- 

scallop (skorop), n. a marine bi- guage, literature, or people. Also 
valve fish, having the edge of its Scandian. 
shell in the form of a series of scant (skant), adj. [comp. scanter, 



sang heroic poems (also skald). 
scaldic (skawld'ik), adj. pertaining 

to, or composed by, the scalds. Also 

skaldic. 
scalding (skawld'ing) , p. adj. burning 

as witha hot liquid or steam. 
scale (skal), n. the dish of a balance; 



forms on the surface of iron forg- 
ings; incrustation on the interior of 
a boiler; a series of steps; gradu- 
ated measure; series of all the tones 
[Music]; relative dimensions; basis 
for a numerical system; a scale- 
insect, or bark-louse, very destruc- 



curves; the shell was formerly worn 
by pilgrims who had visited the 



superl. scantest], not full or abun- 
dant; scarcely sufficient: v.t. to 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SCANTILY 



727 



SCAVENGE 



stint; treat illiberally; limit: v.i. to 
fail or become diminished. 

scantily (skant'i-li) , adv. in a scanty 
manner. 

scantiness (skant'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being scanty. Also 
scant ness. 

scantling (skant'ling) , n. a piece of 
timber cutor sawn of small size; the 
size to which a piece of timber is to 
be cut. 

scanty (skant'i), adj. [comp. scantier, 
swperl. scantiest], narrow; barely suf- 
ficient; s_cant. 

scape (skap)^ n. the shaft of a col- 
umn where it leaves the base: v.t. & 
v.i. to escapeJPoet.] 

scapegoat (skap'got), n. among the 
ancient Jews one of the two goats 
determined by lot, over whose head 
the high priest confessed the sins 
of the people, after which it was 
sent away into the wilderness: hence 
one who bears the blame for others. 

scapegrace (skap'gras), n. a graceless, 
unprincipled fellow. 

scapple (skap'l), v.t. to rough-dress 
(stone) preparatory to hewing. 

scapula (skap'u-la), n. the shoulder- 
blade. [Latin.] 

scapular (skap'u-lar), adj. pertaining 
to the scapula or shoulder; in the 
Roman Catholic Church, part of the 
habit of certain religious orders; 
two pieces of cloth worn over the 
shoulders from motives of devotion. 
Also scapulary. [Latin.] 

scar (skar), n. a mark caused by a 
wound; mark or blemish; a pre- 
cipitous rock or bank; the parrot- 
fish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scarred, p : pr. 
scarring], to mark with, or as with, 
a scar: v.i. to form a scar. 

scarab (skar'ab), n. a lamellicorn 
beetle, scarabaeus; a gem or seal 
cut in the form of a beetle worn as 
a charm by the ancient Egyptians. 

scarce (skars), adj. not common; not 
plentiful; not equal to the demand. 

scarcely (skars'li), adv. seldom; rarely; 
with difficulty. 

scarceness (skars'nes), n. the state of 
being scarce. Also scarcity . # 

scare (skar), v.t. to strike with sud- 
den terror; frighten: n. a sudden 
fright or panic. 

scarecrow (skar'kro), n. anything fan- 



tastic set up in fruit gardens, &c, to 
scare away birds; a vain cause of 
terror. 

scarf (skarf), n. a light handkerchief 
or tie for the neck; sash: v.t. throw 
on loosely; dress with a scarf; to 
unite (two pieces of timber) at the 
ends by a kind of dovetail. 

scarfing (skarf 'ing), n. the formation 
of a beam out of two pieces of tim- 
ber. 

scarf skin (skarf 'skin) , n. the cuticle. 

scarification (skar-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. 
the act of scarifying. 

scarificator (skar'i-fi-ka : ter), n. a siu> 
gical instrument used in scarifying. 

scarifier (skar'i-fi-er), n. one who, or 
that which, scarifies; a scarificator; 
an agricultural instrument for stir- 
ring the soil. 

scarify (skar'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scari- 
fied, p.pr. scarifying], to scratch or 
cut; make small incisions in by a 
lancet or scarificator: as, to scarify 
the skin; to stir up and prepare for 
planting: as, to scarify the soil. 

scarlatina (skar-la-te'na) , n. scarlet 
fever of a mild form. 

scarlet (skar 'let), n. a bright red color; 
cloth of such a color: adj. of a scar- 
let color. 

scarlet fever (fe'ver), n. contagious 
febrile disease characterized by a 
scarlet eruption. 

scarlet runner (run'er), n. a variety 
of bean. 

scarp (skarp), n. a slope or declivity, 
nearly perpendicular; the slope of a 
ditch at the foot of a parapet: v.t. 
to cut perpendicularly or nearly so, 

scary (ska'ri), adj. causing, or sub- 
ject to, sudden fright. 

scathe (ska^/i), v.t. to injure or hurt: 
n. injury or harm. 

scathing (ska^'ing), adj. injurious; 
hurtful; very severe or bitter. 

scatter (skat'er), v.t. to strew or throw 
loosely about; disperse or dissipate: 
v.i. to be dispersed or dissipated. 

scatterbrained (skat 'er-br and) , adj. 
giddy. 

scaup (skawp), n. a species of duck. 

scavage (skav'aj), n. garbage, muck, 
and street dirt of all sorts which a 
scavenger removes. 

scavenge . (skav'enj), v.t. to cleanse, 
as streets, from mud and filth. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SCAVENGER 



728 



SCHOOL 



scavenger (skav'enj-er), n. a man em- 
ployed to clean the streets; any ani- 
mal that devours refuse or any other 
deleterious matter, as the scavenger- 
beetle, the fiddler crab, the buzzard, 
&c. [Old French.] 

i scenario (sha-na're-o), n. the sketch 
of a plot or chief incidents of a li- 
bretto or play. [Italian.] 

scene (sen), n. the time, place, or cir- 
cumstance, &c, in which anything 
occurs: part of a play; the imagi- 
nary place where the action of a 
play is supposed to take place; spec- 
tacle; exhibition; display of feeling 
or passion between two or more per- 
sons. 

scenery (sen'er-i), n. the appearance 
of anything presented to the vision; 
general aspect; combination of nat- 
ural views; painted representation 
on a stage. 

scenic (sen'ik), adj. pertaining to scen- 
ery or to the stage; dramatic. Also 
scenic al. 

seenographic (sen-o-graf'ik), adj. 
drawn in perspective. 

scenographically (sen-6-graf 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in perspective. 

scenography (sen-og'ra : fi) , n. the art 
of drawing in perspective. 

scent (sent), n. odor; sense of smell; 
chase followed by means of the 
scent: v.t. to perceive by the olfac- 
tory nerves; smell; perfume: v.i. to 
hunt animals by the sense of smell. 

scepter, sceptre (sep'ter), n. a staff 
borne by a sovereign as the emblem 
of authority; royal mace: v.t. to in- 
vest with regal authority. [Greek.] 

schatchen (shat'shen), n. one whose 
business it is to arrange marriages; 
a marriage-broker. [Yiddish.] 

schedule (sked'ul), n. a written or 
printed paper or parchment contain- 
ing a list, or inventory; list or docu- 
ment annexed to a larger instru- 
ment, as a will, &c: v.t. to place in 
a schedule. 

schematic (ske-mat'ic) , adj. typical 
or archetypical in nature; showing a 
general plan and consistent con- 
stitution of the whole. Thus "a 
schematic mollusk," one complying 
or showing a general likeness to other 
mollusks. 

scheme (skem), n. a connected com- 



bination of things for the attain- 
ment of a certain end; plan; con- 
trivance; purpose; plot: v.t. to de- 
sign or plan; plot: v.i. to form a 
scheme or plan. [Greek.] 

Schiedam (ske-dam'), n. Holland gin: 
also known as schnapps. [German.] 

schiller (shil'er), n. the peculiar 
bronze-like luster in certain minerals. 

schism (sizm), n. a split or division, 
especially permanent division or 
separation in the Christian Church; 
sin of causing such a division. 

schismatic (siz-mat'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, or 
implying, schism. Also schismat- 
ical: n. one who creates or takes 
part in a schism. [Greek.] 

schist (shist), n. any rock that splits 
into slates or slabs. [French.] 

schistose (shist'os), adj. like schist; 
fissile. 

Schizomycetes (skiz-6-mi-se'tez), n. 
a class of very small organisms, as 
bacteria, &c. 

schnapps (shnaps), n. Holland gin, 
the same as Schiedam. 

scholar (skol'er), n. a student; dis- 
ciple; man of letters; an undergrad- 
uate on the foundation of a college. 

scholarly (skol'er-li), adj. like a 
scholar: adv. in the manner of a 
scholar. 

scholarship (skol'er-ship), n. high at- 
tainments in literature or science; 
learning; erudition; maintenance for 
a scholar, awarded by an educational 
institution. [Graeco-Latin.] 

scholastic (sko-las'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to a scholar or to schools; scholar- 
like; characteristic of the mediaeval 
schoolmen; formal. 

scholasticism (sko-las'ti-sizm), n. 
the scholastic philosophy of the 
Mediaeval Period; relating largely 
to logic, metaphysics, and formal 
theology that the people generally 
could not understand. 

scholiast (sko'li-ast), n. a commen- 
tator or annotator, especially of the 
classics. 

scholium (sko'li-um), n. [pi. scholia 
(sko'li-a)], a marginal or explanatory 
note, especially on the text of a 
classic author. 

school (skool), n. a place where in- 
struction is given; scholars or pu- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, 'merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SCHOOLING 



729 



SCOOP 



pils collectively; a mediaeval sem- 
inary for teaching theology, logic, 
and metaphysics ; disciples of a par- 
ticular teacher; canon, precepts, or 
body of opinion; examination hall; 
any means of knowledge; a shoal or 
great number, as of fish: v.t. to 
train or instruct; chide or admon- 
ish. [Late Latin.] 

schooling (skool'ing), n. strict educa- 
tion. 

schoolman_(sko6rman), n. [pi. school- 
men (skool'men)], a philosopher of 
the Middle Ages. 

schooner (skoon'er), n. a vessel with 
two masts, sometimes three, rigged 
fore and aft; a tall_ beer-glass. 

Schottische (sho-tesh'),. n. a dance 
in 2/4 time, and resembling the polka, 
though a little slower in the move- 
ment. 

schweitzerkase (shvits'er-ka-ze), n. 
Swiss 3heese. 

sciagraph (si'a-graf), n. the vertical 
section of a building showing its in^ 
terior. 

sciagraphy (si-ag'ra-fi) , n. the art or 
i science cf projecting or delineating 
shadows as they fall in nature. 

sciatic (si-at'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
affecting, the hip. 

sciatica (sl-at'i-ka), n. neuralgia of the 
sciatic nerve. 

science (si'ens), n. systematized'knowl- 
edge of any one department of mind 
or matter; acknowledged truths and 
laws, especially as demonstrated by 
induction, experiment, or observa- 
tion. 

scientific (si-en-tif 'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, used in, or skilled in, science; 
skilful. 

scientifically (si-en-tif'i-ka-li), adv. in 
a scientific manner. 

scientism (si'en-tizm), n. the theories 
and practices of scientists. 

scientist (sl'en-tist), n. one skilled in, 
or devoted to, science. 

scilicet (siTi-set), adv. namely. [Lat- 
in.] 

scimitar (sim'i-ter), n. an Oriental 
sword with a curved blade having 
its edge on the convex side. Also 
scimeter. [Old French.] 

scintilla (sin-tiTa), n. a spark; the 
least particle; a trace. 

scintillate (sin'til-at), v.i. to emit 



sparks, fire, or igneous particles; 
twinkle. [Latin.] 

scintillation (sin-ti-la/shun) , n. the 
act of scintillating; a spark or flash; 
twinkle. 

sciolism (si'o-lizm), n. superficial 
knowledge. [Latin.] 

scion (sl'on), n. the sprout or shoot 
of a plant; a descendant; heir. 

scioptic (si-op'tik), adj. pertaining to 
the art of exhibiting luminous im- 
ages in a darkened room or camera 
obscura. Also scioptric. 

sciopticon (si-op'ti-kon), n. a magic 
lantern for exhibiting photographs. 

scire facias (si-re fa/shi-as), a writ 
to enforce the execution of judg- 
ments, &c, or to annul them. 
[Latin, "Make them understand."] 

scissors (siz'erz), n.pl. a cutting in- 
strument resembling shears but 
smaller. 

scissors-telescope (siz'erz-tel'e-skop) , 
n. a stereotelescope of a type fre- 
quently employed in military opera- 
tions, with its arms in a scissors-like 
arrangement ; much used in the 
European War, 1914-1916. 

sclerosis (skle-ro'sis), n. the harden- 
ing of a tissue of the body, as in the 
membrane of the eye, or those of 
the brain. 

sclerotic (skle-rot'ik) , adj. hard; not- 
ing the firm white outermost mem- 
brane of the eyeball. 

sclerotitis (skle-ro-tl'tis) , n. inflam- 
mation of the sclerotic coat. 

scoff (skof), n. an expression of scorn 
or contempt; ridicule; derision: v.i. 
to exhibit scorn or contempt: v.t. to 
treat or address with derision. 

scoffer (skof 'er) , n. one who treats an- 
other with mockery and ridicule. 

scold (skold), v.i. to chide sharply or 
rudely; rail in a loud or violent 
manner: v.t. to find fault with: n. 
one who habitually scolds, especially 
a rude, clamorous woman. 

scollop, same as scallop. 

sconce (skons), n. a bulwark; small 
fort; protection; a fixed hanging or 
projecting candlestick; tube in a 
candlestick for inserting the candle; 
the head; mulct or fine; a small, 
thin cake of oatmeal, &c. [Gaelic] 

scoop (skoop), n. a large ladle; deep 
shovel; kind of scuttle: v.i. to take 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
* 9 hue, hut ; think, then. 



SCOOT 



730 



SCRAP 



out or up with a scoop; ladle out; 
make hollow. 

scoot (skoot), v.i. to walk or run 
hastily. 

scope (skop), n. room or opportunity 
for free outlook or action; aim or 
intention; design: a Greek suffix 
meaning an instrument for viewing, 
as microscope. 

scopolamine (skop'o-lam-in) , n. an 
anaesthetic and soporific recently em- 
ployed to secure painless childbirth 
[twilight sleep]. It is an alkaloid, 
identical with hyoscine. 

scorbutic (skor-bu'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or affected by, scurvy. 

scorch (skorch), v.t. to burn or roast 
superficially; cause pain by heat; 
to go at a high rate of speed. 

scorcher (skorch'er), n. something 
that goes at high speed, as a race- 
horse or automobile; the driver of 
same. [Colloq.] 

scorching (skorch'ing) , v. going at 
racing speed. 

score (skor), n. a notch made as a 
reckoning; the number 20; line or 
groove; bill; account; behalf; sepa- 
rate parts of a musical work: v.t. to 
notch or furrow; keep account of. 

scoria (sko'ri-a), n. [pi. scoriae (-e)], 
volcanic cinder; slag formed after 
the fusion of metallic ores. 

scoriaceous (sko-ri-a/shus), adj. per- 
taining to, or resembling, scoria. 

scorn (skorn), n. extreme and lofty 
contempt; haughty disdain; object 
of contempt: v.t. to hold in extreme 
contempt or disdain. 

scorner (skorn'er), n. one who scorns, 
especially one who holds religion in 
derision. 

scornful (skorn 'fool), adj. full of scorn; 
contemptuous ; disdainful. 

scorpion (skor'pi-un), n. an indi- 
vidual of the genus Scorpio, fur- 
nished with lobster-like claws, and 
armed with a poisonous sting in the 
tail; a painful scourge. 

Scot (skot), n. a Scotchman. 

Scotch (skoch), adj. pertaining to 
Scotland, its inhabitants, or its dia- 
lect. Also Scottish. 

scotch, n. a wedge, &c, to prevent 
slipping or rolling; a slight cut: v.t. 
to cut or wound superficially. 

scotia (sko'ti-a), n. the hollow 



molding in the base of an Ionic 
column. 

Scotticism (skot'i-sizm), n. a Scottish 
idiom. 

scoundrel (skoun'drel), n. a man 
without honor or virtue; low, worth- 
less fellow. 

scour (skour), v.t. to clean by fric- 
tion; cleanse from grease, dirt, and 
make bright; pass swiftly along; 
search thorough^; purge. 

scourge (skerj), n. a whip with 
thongs used as a punishment: v.t. to 
whip severely; afflict or harass 
greatly. 

scout (skout), n. a person sent out to 
obtain and bring in information, es- 
pecially of the movements, &c, of 
an enemy; a college servant; in 
cricket, a fielder: y.i. to act as a 
scout: v.t. to treat with scorn. 

scovel (skuv'l), n. a mop for sweep- 
ing a baker's oven. 

scow (skou), n. a large flat-bottomed 
boat with square ends: v.t. to trans- 
port in a scow. 

scowl (skoul), v.i. to wrinkle the brows 
in frowning or displeasure; look 
sullen or angry: n. the wrinkling of 
the brows in displeasure or anger; 
frown. 

scrabble (skrab'l), v.i. to scrawl or 
scribble; make irregular, unmeaning 
marks: v.t. to mark with irregular 
lines or letters. 

scrag (skrag), n. anything thin, lean, 
or rough; something merely skin 
and bones ; to choke. [Slang.] 

scraggily (skrag'i-li) , adv. in a scraggy 
manner. 

scragginess (skrag'i-nes) , n. scraggy 
state or quality. 

scraggy (skrag'i), adj. lean, thin 
and rough ; rough, with irregular 
points. 

scramble (skram'bl), v.i, to clamber 
with the hands and feet; seize or 
catch hold of anything with eager- 
ness and roughness: v.t. to toss to- 
gether at random; mix and cook in 
a confused mass: as, to scramble 
eggs: n. a rude, eager struggle; act 
of scrambling. 

scranch (skranch), v.t. to grind with 
the teeth with a crackling sound; 
craunch. 

scrap (skrap), n. a small or detached 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, but ; think, then. 



SCRAPBOOE 



731 



SCRIPT 



piece; fragment; a scrimmage: v.i. 
to engage in a scrimmage. [CoMoq.] 

scrapbook (skrap'book), n. a blank 
book for the pasting in of newspaper 
extracts, &c. 

scrape (skrap), v.t. to make a harsh 
or grating noise on; rub with some- 
thing sharp; clean by rubbing; re- 
move by scraping; gather laborious- 
ly by small gains _ or savings: v.i. 
barely succeed, as in passing an ex- 
amination; play awkwardly or in- 
harmoniously on the violin; bow by 
awkwardly drawing back the foot: 
n. the act, noise, or effect of scrap- 
ing; a drawing back of the foot 
awkwardly; difficulty; perplexity. 

scraper (skrap'er), n. one who, or that 
which, scrapes; an instrument for 
scraping; an awkward violinist 
miser. 

scrapple (skrap'l), n. a dish, famous 
in Philadelphia and its vicinity. It 
consists of beef and pork hashed fine, 
and after Indian meal has been 
stirred into it, it is then fried in 
thin slices. 

scratch (skrach), v.t. to mark or 
tear the surface of with something 
pointed; wound slightly; tear or dig 
with the claws; erase; remove the 
name of (especially that of a horse) 
from a race: v.i. to use the nails or 
claws in tearing or digging; score 
by a fluke: n. a mark or tear made 
by scratching; a superficial wound; 
a kind of wig; a line across the prize 
ring, up to which boxers are brought 
when they commence fighting: adj. 
taken at haphazard. 

scratches (skrach'ez), n.pl. dry scabs 
between the heel and pastern-joint 
of a horse. 

scratch race (ras), n. a race in which 
the competitors are unrestricted by 
conditions or are chosen by lot. 

scrawl (skrawl), v.t. & v.i. to write or 
draw irregularly or hastily; scrib- 
ble: n. hasty, irregular, or illegible 
writing; scribble. 

scrawny (skraw'ni), adj. lean and 
bony; raw-boned; wasted. 

scream (skrem), n. a sharp, shrill 
cry as of fear or pain: v.i. to utter 
such a cry. 

screamer (skrem'er) , n. a South Amer- 
ican wading-bird; an exaggerated 



statement, or excessively funny 
joke. 

screech (skrech), n. a harsh, shrill 
cry: v.i. to utter a harsh, shrill cry. 

screed (skred), n. wooden rules for 
running moldings; loud, shrill sound; 
a fragment or piece; a harangue; a 
piece of poor prose or verse. 

screen (skren) , n. a light movable par- 
tition for protection ; coarse sieve ; the 
surface on which a moving picture is 
thrown; a partition separating the 
chancel from the rest of a church: v.t. 
to shelter or conceal; protect; pass 
through a coarse sieve. 

screw (skroo), n. a cylinder of metal 
or wood grooved spirally ; one of the 
six mechanical powers; screw-pro- 
peller: v.t. to press with a screw; 
apply a screw to; twist; force or 
squeeze; oppress by_ exactions. 

screw-propeller (skroo-pro-pel'er), n. 
a spirai-bladed wheel at the stern of 
a steam-vessel for propelling it; the 
vessel thus propelled. 

scribble (skrib'l), v.t. to write has- 
tily and carelessly: v.i. write care- 
lessly and without regard to correct- 
ness: n. hasty, careless writing. 

scribbler (skrib'ler), n. one who scrib- 
bles; a literary hack, or petty author. 

scribe (skrib) , n. a writer; clerk; aman- 
uensis; a teacher or copyist of the 
Jewish law. [Latin.] 

scribe (skrib), v.t. to cut, mark, or bcre 
with a sharp instrument; to adjust 
(in joinery). 

scriber (skrlb'er), n. a sharp pointed 
instrument for scribing. 

scrim (skrim), n. a kind of fabric of 
cotton or linen for making blinds, 
&c. 

scrimmage (skrim'aj), n. a general 
row or tussle. 

scrimp (skrimp), v.t. to make small, 
narrow, or short; limit or straiten: 
v.i. to be parsimonious or miserly: 
adj. short; narrow; curtailed: n. a 
niggard or miser. 

scrimpness (skrimp'nes) , n. scanti- 
ness. 

scrip (skrip) , n. a satchel ; schedule ; 
certificate; writing; certificate of 
stock subscribed to a bank or other 
company. 

script (skript), n. a piece of writing; 
style of writing; type in imitation 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book , 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SCRIPTURAL 



732 



SCUM 



of writing; original document or in- 
strument. 

scriptural (skrip'tur-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, contained in, or according to, 
the Scriptures; Biblical. 

scripturalism (skrip'tti-ral-izm), n. 
adherence to the letter of the Scrip- 
tures. 

scripturally (skrip'tu-ra-li), adv. in a 
scriptural manner. 

Scripture (skrip'tur) , n. sacred writing ; 
Biblical text: pi. the books of the 
Old and New Testaments: the 
Bible. 

scrivener (skriv'ner), n. one who 
draws up contracts, prepares writ- 
ings, &c. ; formerly a broker or finan- 
cial agent. 

scrofula (skrof'u-la), n. a disease 
caused by the formation and deposi- 
tion of tubercle in the organs and 
tissues of the body; king's evil. 

scrofulous (skrof'u-lus), adj. pertain- 
ing to, of the nature of, or affected 
with, scrofula. 

scroll (skrol), n. a roll of paper or 
parchment; a convoluted spiral or- 
nament ; a flourish to a signature. 

scrotum (skro'tum), n. the pouch 
which contains the testes. 

scrouge (skrouj), v.t. to crowd or 
squeeze. 

scrub (skrub), v.t. [pret. & p.p. 
scrubbed, p.pr. scrubbing], to rub 
hard; wash with rubbing or a wet 
brush: v.i. to clean or scour: n. one 
who labors hard and lives meanly; a 
sorry fellow; a worn-out brush: adj. 
mean or small; untrained; in base- 
ball or foot-ball, a scrub-team is a 
body of players got together hastily 
for purposes of practice. 

scrubby (skrub 'i), adj. mean and 
small; stunted in growth; covered 
with brushwood; unshaven. 

scruff (skruf), n. the nape of the 
neck. 

scrunch (skrunch), v.t. to crunch. 

scruple (skroo'pl), n. 1-3 of a dram, 
or 20 grains; hesitation, especially 
from conscientious motives: v.i. to 
hesitate from conscientious motives. 

Scrupulosity (skroo-pu-los'i-ti) , n. 
the state or quality of being scrupu- 
lous; nice or conscientious regard to 
exactness or propriety; precision. 
. Also scrupulousness. 



scrupulous (skroo'pu-lus), adj. full of 
scruples; conscientious; exact; care- 
ful; strict. 

scrutinize (skroo'ti-niz), v.t. to in- 
spect or examine closely. 

scrutinous (skroo'ti-nus) , adj. closely 
inspecting or examining; precise; 
careful; captious. 

scrutiny (skroo'ti-ni) , n. close inspec- 
tion or examination; minute in- 
quiry ; examination of votes recorded 
at an election. 

scud (skud), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scudded, 
p.pr. scudding], to run quickly; run 
before a gale of wind with little or 
no sail spread: n. the act of scud- 
ding; vapory clouds driven by the 
wind. 

scuffle (skuf '1) , v.i. to fight or strug- 
gle confusedly, especially hand to 
hand: n. a struggle for mastery with 
close grappling; confused conflict; 
fight. 

scull (skul), n. one of a pair of short 
oars; an oar used at the stern of a 
boat to propel it: v.i. to impel a 
boat with a scull or sculls. 

scullery (skul'er-i), n. [pi. sculleries 
(skul'er-iz)], a place where culinary 
utensils, &c, are kept and cleansed. 

scullion (skul'yun) f> n. a servant em- 
ployed in the menial work of a scul- 
lery. 

sculpin (skul'pin), n. a North Ameri- 
can fish with a large head furnished 
with sharp spines. 

sculptor (skulp'ter), n. one who 
practices the art of sculpture. Fem- 
inine, sculptress. 

sculptural (skulp'tu-ral), adj. per- 
taining to sculpture. 

sculpture (skulp'tur), n. the art of 
carving, cutting, or hewing stone or 
other material into images of men, 
animals, &c; carved work or figure: 
v.t. to represent in, or fashion by, 
sculpture. 

sculpturesque (skulp-tiir-esk'), adj. 
resembling, or having the character 
of, sculpture. 

scum (skum), n. extraneous matter 
or impurities which rise to the sur- 
face of liquids when boiled or fer- 
mented ; scoria of metals in a molten 
state; anything worthless or vile: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scummed, p.pr. scum- 
ming], to form a scum: v.t. to clear 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SCUPPER 



733 



SEAL 



impurities from the surface of; 
skim. 

scupper (skup'er), n. a hole or tube 
in the side of a ship to carry off deck 
water. 

scurf (skerf), n. minute, white, flaky 
scales formed on the skin, especially 
on the scalp; dandruff; loosely ad- 
herent matter. 

scurff (skerf), n. the bull-trout. 

scurfiness (skerf' i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being scurfy. 

scurfy (skerf 'i), adj. [cqmp. scurfier, 
superl. scurfiest], pertaining to, pro- 
ducing, covered with, or like, scurf. 

scurrile (skur'il), adj. befitting a 
buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly op- 
probrious or jocosely indecent. 

scurrility (skur-il'i-ti) , n. [pi. scurrili- 
ties (skur-il'i-tiz)], vulgar, vile, or 
indecent jocularity. [Latin.] 

scurrilous (skur'il-us) , adj. using the 
low, indecent language of the vul- 
gar; mean; foul-mouthed; vile; con- 
taining low indecency or abuse. 

scurry (skur'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scur- 
ried, p.pr. scurrying], to hasten or 
move rapidly along: n. hurried move- 
ment. 

scurvily (sker'vi-li), adv. in a scurvy 
manner. 

scurviness (sker'vi-nes) , n. scurvy 
state or quality; meanness. 

scurvy (sker'vi), adj. affected by 
scurvy; scabby; vile; contemptible; 
mean; paltry: n. a condition of 
anaemia, caused by deficiency of 
vegetable food or lime juice, causing 
great weakness, emaciation, &c. 

scut (skut), n. the short, erect tail of 
a fox, deer, &c. 

scutch (skuch), v.t. to dress (flax or 
cotton) by beating. 

scutcheon (skuch'un), n. an escutch- 
eon; shield for a keyhole. 

scutt (skut), n. any frowsy, ill-be- 
haved person. [Erse.] 

scuttle (skut'l), v.i. to hasten or 
hurry: v.t. to cut a hole or holes in 
(a ship) to sink it: n. a quick or 
short run ; a pan for holding coals ; 
lid or door closing or covering an 
opening in a roof, &c; hatchway or 
small opening in the deck of a ship. 

scutum (sku'tum), n. [pi. scuta 
(sku'ta)], a shield; a shield-like plate. 

jcymitar, same as scimitar. 



scythe (sith), n. a curved cutting in* 
strument used for mowing grass, &c> 

Scythian (sith'i-an), adj. pertaining 
to ancient Scythia, along the Black 
Sea, to its language, or its inhabit^ 
ants. 

9 sdeath (sdeth), interj. a mediaeval 
exclamation expressing impatience 
or disdain. [Contracted from " God's 
death!"] 

sea (se), n. an expanse of salt water, 
less in extent than an ocean, and 
usually forming a part of, or con- 
necting with, an ocean or larger sea; 
an inland body of water ; the ocean ; 
a billow or large wave ; swell of the 
ocean in a tempest; a large quan- 
tity; the great brazen laver of the 
Jewish Temple. 

sea-bar (se'bar), n. the sea-swallow, 

sea-hat (se'bat), n. a kind of flying- 
fish. 

sea- hear (se'bar), n. the polar bear. 

sea-calf (se'kaf), n. the common seal. 

sea-cow (se'kou), n. the manatee; du- 
gong; walrus. 

sea- cucumber (se-ku'kum-ber), n 
the trepang. 

sea-devil (se-dev'il), n. a fish with a 
large head and great mouth, the sea- 
angler. 

sea-dog (se'dog), n. the common seal 
an old sailor. 

sea-elephant (se-el'e-f ant) , n= a va- 
riety of seal with a proboscis some- 
what like_ that of the elephant. 

seafarer (se'fa-rer), n. a sailor. 

seafaring (se'f ar-ing) , adj. following 
the occupation of a sailor. 

sea-fennel (se-fen'el), n. samphire. 

sea-fox (se'fpks), n. a variety of shark- 
sea-gage (se'gaj), n. the draught of a 
ship; a self -registering apparatus 
for deep-sea soundings. 

sea-hog (se'hog), n. the porpoise. 

sea-horse (se'hors), n. the walrus; the 
hippocampus. 

seal (sel), n. a carnivorous marine 
mammal, valuable for its skin and 
oil; a stamp or die engraved with 
some device, motto, or image, used 
for making an impression in relief 
on wax, &c; wax or other soft sub- 
stance set to an instrument, and 
impressed with a seal; any act oi 
confirmation or ratification; that 
which seals or fastens; drain-trap 3 



tte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ' 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SEA-LEGS 



734 



SECESSIONIST 



v.t. to fasten with a seal; set or af- 
fix a seal to; ratify or confirm; keep 
secure or secret; among the Mor- 
mons, to set apart an additional 
wife. 

sea- legs (se'legz), n.pl. ability to walk 
on a ship's deck, when the vessel is 
pitching or rolling. 

sea-lemon (se'lem-un), n. a marine 
gasteropodus mollusk of the genus 
Doris. 

sea- leopard (se'lep-ard), n. a variety 
of seal. 

sea- lion (se'li-un), n. a name for sev- 
eral large species of seals. 

seam (sem), n. the line formed by the 
sewing of two pieces of material to- 
gether; line of junction or union; 
narrow vein between two thicker 
strata; thin layer; piece of needle- 
work: v.t. to form a seam upon or 
of; join with a seam; scar; knit 
with a particular kind of stitch: v.i. 
to crack open. 

sea-mew (se'mu), n. a species of gull. 

seamless (seniles) , adj. without a seam ; 
all of one piece. 

seamstress (sem'stres), n. a needle- 
woman. 

seamy (sem'i), adj. showing, or like, 
seams. 

seamy- side (sem'i-sid), n. the worst 
side. 

seance (sa-angs'), n. a session as of 
some deliberative body ; a meeting of 
spiritualists for evoking manifesta- 
tions; a select scientific gathering. 

sea- pheasant (se'fez-ant), n. the 
pin-tail duck. 

sea-purse (se'pers), n. the horny en- 
velope of the skate, and certain 
sharks, in which they deposit their 

sear (ser), v.t. to burn to dryness on 
the surface; cauterize; brand; ren- 
der callous or insensible. 

search (serch), v.t. to seek for; go 
over and examine; explore; inspect: 
v.i. to make inquiry; seek: n. theact 
of seeking or looking for something: 
investigation; examination; pursuit, 
quest. 

search-light (serch'lit), n. an electric 
light so arranged that by revolving 
it a tract of land or sea can be seen 
at night. 

search-warrant (serch'wor-ant), n. a 



warrant issued by a magistrate au- 
thorizing a police officer to search a 
house for stolen property. 

seared (serd), adj. hardened; cal- 
lous ; indifferent ; cauterized. 

seascape (se'skap), n. a picture rep- 
resenting a scene at sea. 

season (se'zn), n. any particular time 
as distinguished from others; one of 
the four divisions of the year: v.t. to 
mature ; prepare by drying and hard- 
ening, or removing natural juices; . 
render palatable; spice moderately; * 
v.i. to become mature, acclimated, 
inured, or seasoned. 

seasonable (se'zn-a-bl) , adj. occurring 
or done in good, or proper, time; op- 
portune. 

seasonableness (se'zn-a-bl-nes) , n. 
the state or quality of being season- 
able. 

seasonably (se'zn-a-bli), adv. oppor- 
tunely. 

seasoning (se'zn-ing) , n. that which is 
added to give relish or piquancy to 
food ; anything added to increase en- 
joyment. 

seat (set), n. that on which anyone 
sits; chair; post or authority; sta- 
tion; site; residence; mansion: reg- 
ular or appropriate place of sitting; 
posture on horseback, &c; place in 
Congress or other legislative body: 
v.t. to place on a seat; cause to sit 
down; establish; place in any site 
or position; instal; fix. 

secant (se'kant), adj. cutting into v 
two parts: n. a right line from the 
center of a circle through one ex- 
tremity of an arc, produced till it 
meets the tangent from the other 
extremity of the same arc ; the num- 
ber expressing the ratio of this line 
to the radius of the circle. [Latin.] 

secco (sek'o), n. painting on dry plas- 
ter: adj. dry. [Italian.] m 

secede (se-sea) , v.i. to withdraw from 
fellowship, communion, or associa- 
tion. 

seceder (se-sed'er) , n. one who se- 
cedes. 

secession (se : sesh'un) , n. the act of 
seceding; withdrawal or separation 
from the communion or association 
of others; withdrawal of a State 
from the Federal Union. 

Secessionist (se-sesh'un-ist) , n. an up- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; booD, book ; 

hue, hut ; thick, then. 



SECLUDE 



735 



SECTARY 



holder of secession; one who took 
part with the Southern States in the 
Civil War of 1861-65. 

seclude (se-klood'), v.t. to keep apart 
from the company or society of oth- 
ers; exclude. 

seclusion (se-kloo'zhun), n. separa- 
tion or withdrawal from the society 
of others ; privacy. 

seclusive (se-kloo'siv), adj. keeping in 
seclusion. 

second (sek'und), adj. immediately 
following the first; next to the first 
in order of place, or time; next in 
value, excellence, merit, dignity, or 
importance; inferior; subordinate- 
being of the same kind as another 
that has preceded; below in pitch 
[Music]: n. one or that next the 
first in place, rank, excellence, or 
power; one who attends on the prin- 
cipal at a duel; backer; the l-60th 
part of a minute of time or of a de- 
gree: pi. coarse flour: v.t. to follow; 
act as an assistant or supporter of; 
assist; support, as a motion, &c, by 
adding ones voice to that of the pro- 
poser. [Latin.] 

secondarily (sek'und-a-ri-li) , adv. in a 
secondary manner or degree. 

secondariness (sek'und- a-ri-nes) , n. 
the state or quality of being second- 
ary. 

secondary (sek'und- a-ri) , adj. suc- 
ceeding next in order to the first; of 
second place, origin, &c; not pri- 
mary; subordinate; inferior; de- 
puted; revolving round a primary 
planet ; noting rocks intermediate 
between the Primary and Tertiary, 
the Mesozoic : n. a delegate or deputy. 

secondary battery (bat'er-i), n. a 
storage battery. In military lan- 
guage, a battery placed to support 
another which occupies the firing 
point and has heavier artillery. 

secondary- color (sek'und-a-ri-kul'- 
er), n. a color produced by the mix- 
ture of two primary colors in equal 
proportions. 

secondary -tints (sek'und-a-ri-tintz) , 
n.pl. subdued tints, as grey. 

secrecy (se'kre-si), n. [pi. secrecies 
(se'kre-siz) ], the state or quality of 
being hidden; concealment; retire- 
ment; solitude; habit of keeping 
secrets; discretion. 



secret (se'kret), adj. hidden or con- 
cealed; removed from sight; kept 
from the knowledge or view of all 
except those concerned; silent; pri- 
vate: n. that which is concealed; 
something unknown o'r undisclosed. 

secretarial (sek-re-ta'ri T al) , adj. per- 
taining to, or befitting, a secre- 
tary. 

secretary (sek're-ta-ri) , n [pi. secre- 
taries (sek''re-ta-riz) ], a confidential 
person employed to assist another 
in conducting correspondence, &c; 
one who transacts the business of a 
Government department, company, 
&c. ; an escritoire. 

secretary-bird (sek're-ta-ri-berd), n. a 
South African predatory bird having 
a crest of feathers which resemble, 
when depressed, pens stuck in the 
ear 

secretaryship (sek're-ta-ri-ship), n. 
the office, or term of office, of a sec- 
retary. 

secrete (se-kref), v.t. to hide or con- 
ceal; separate from the blood, sap, 
&c. 

secretion (se-kre'shun) , n. the act of 
secreting or separating from a circu- 
lating fluid; any substance or fluid 
secreted. 

secretive (se-kre'tiv) , adj. given to 
secrecy; causing, or promoting se- 
cretion. 

secretiveness (se-kre'tiv-nes) , n. the 
quality of being secretive; the phren- 
ological organ which impels to se- 
crecy, reserve, or concealment. 

secretory (se-kre'to-ri) , adj. perform- 
ing, or connected with, the office of 
secretion. 

sect (sekt), n. a number of persons 
who, following a teacher or leader, 
are united by # a common attachment 
to some particular religious or phil- 
osophical doctrines. 

sectarian (sek-ta'ri-an) , adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, a 
sect: n. a member of a sect; dissen- 
ter. 

sectarianism (sek-ta'ri-an-izm), n. the 
spirit, tendency, or principles of a 
sect; adherence to some particular 
sect. 

sectarianize (sek-ta'ri-an-Iz) , v.t. to 
imbue with a sectarian spirit, &c. 

sectary (sek'ta-ri), n. [pi. sectaries 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SECTILE 



736 



SEDGY 



(sek'ta-riz) ], a member or adherent 
of a sect ; sectarian. 

sectile (sek'til), adj. capable of being 
cut. 

section (sek'shun), n. the act of cut- 
ting, or separation by cutting; part 
or division; slice; the line formed by 
the intersection of two surfaces ; divi- 
sion or subdivision of a chapter or 
statute; distinct part of a country, 
people, community, or class; one of 
the squares of 640 acres each into 
which public lands are divided; 
l-36th of a township; division of a 
genus; vertical plan of any struc- 
ture as it would appear if cut by # an 
intersecting plane; part of a musical 
period. [Latin.] 

sectionalism (sek'shun-al-izm) , n. lo- 
cal patriotism. 

sectionally (sek'shun-a-li) , adv. in a 
sectional manner. 

sector (sek'ter), n. that part of a 
circle included between two radii 
and the arc; a mathematical instru- 
ment for laying down plans, meas- 
uring zenith distances, &c. 

sectorial (sek-to'ri-al), adj. adapted 
for cutting; noting one molar tooth 
on each side of both jaws, having the 
crown adapted for cutting. 

secular (sek'u-lar), adj. pertaining to 
this present world, or to things not 
sacred; worldly; temporal; extend- 
ing over, or occurring in, a long 
period of time; not bound by mo- 
nastic vows: n. an ecclesiastic not 
bound by monastic vows; a layman; 
a church official whose duties are 
confined to the vocal department of 
the choir. [Latin.] 

secularism (sek'u-lar-izm) , n. the 
principles or tenets of the secular- 
ists. 

secularist (sek'u-lar-ist) , n. one who 
objects to religious teaching in ele- 
mentary schools; one who, discard- 
ing the forms of religion, maintains 
that the duties and problems of this 
present life should be the primary 
objects of man's concern. 

secularity (sek-u-lar'i-ti) , n. supreme 
attention to the things of the present 
life; worldliness. 

secularization (sek-u-lar-i-za'shun) , 
n. the act of secularizing. 

secularize (sek'u-lar-iz), v.t. to con- 



vert from sacred to secular or com- 
mon use; render worldly or unspirit- 
ual ; convert from regular or monastic 
into secular as in France of late 
years. 

secund (se'kund), adj. arranged on 
one side only; unilateral. 

secure (se-kur'), adj. free from fear 
or danger; safe; protected; confi- 
dent; relying upon (with of): v.t. 
to make safe; protect; guarantee; 
make fast; confine effectually; gain 
possession of; put beyond hazard of 
losing or not receiving (with against 
or from). [Latin.] 

securely (se-kur'li), adv. in a secure 
manner. 

security (se-kur'i-ti), n. [pi. securities 
(se-kur'i-tiz)] , the state or quality 
of being secure; freedom from fear 
or danger; assurance; certainty; 
something given to secure the fulfil- 
ment of a contract; pledge; evidence 
of debt or property; one who be- 
comes surety for another; something 
given or done to secure good be- 
havior. 

sedan (se-dan'), n. a portable covered 
chair or vehicle for the conveyance 
of one person, used in the eighteenth 
century, and carried by two men by 
means of a pole on either side. Also 
sedan-chair. 

sedate (se-daf), adj. calm; composed; 
quiet; seriousj unruffled. # [Latin.] 

sedately (se-dat'li), adv. in a sedate 
manner. 

sedateness (se-dat'nes), n. tranquil- 
lity; composure. 

sedative (sed'a-tiv), adj. allaying 
nervous irritation and irritability; 
assuaging pain: n. medicine having 
such an effect. 

sedentarily (sed'en-ta-ri-li), adj. in a 
sedentary manner. 

sedentariness {sed'en-ta-ri-nes), n. 
the quality or state of being seden- 
tary. m y 

sedentary (sed'en-ta-ri), adj. accus- 
tomed to pass much time in a sit- 
ting posture ; characterized by much 
sitting; remaining in one place; in- 
active. 

sedge (sej), n. a coarse grass of the 
genus Carex, growing in swamps. 

sedgy (sej'i), adj. overgrown with 
sedge. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



^1 



SEDILIA 



737 



SEGMENTATIOJN 



sedilia (se-dil'i-a), n.pl. seats on 
either side of the altar set apart for 
the clergy. 

sediment (sed'i-raent) , n. the matter 
which subsides or settles at the bot- 
tom of a liquid; dregs; lees. 

sedimentary (sed-i-ment'a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or formed by, or con- 
sisting of, sediment. 

sedition (se-dish'un) , n. any offense 
against the state less grave than in- 
surrection or treason; tumultuous 
assembly of people in opposition to 
lawful authority; the stirring up of 
such opposition. [Latin.] 

seditious (se-dish'us) , adj. pertaining 
to, of the nature of, or characterized 
by, sedition. 

seduce (se-dus'), v.t. to entice from the 

Eaths of rectitude, duty, or virtue, 
y flattery, promises, &c; persuade 
to a surrender of chastity. 

eeducement (se-diis'ment), n. the 
act of seducing; seduction; means 
employed to seduce. 

seducer (se-dus'er), n. one who seduces, 
especially one who persuades a wom- 
an to surrender her chastity. Fem- 
inine seductress. 

seducible (se-dus'i-bl), adj. capable of 
being seduced. 

seduction (se-duk'shun) , n. the act of 
seducing; the act or crime of induc- 
ing a woman to surrender her chas- 
tity. 

seductive (se-duk'tiv), adj. tending to 
seduce or lead astray; enticing. 

seductively (se-duk'tiv-li), adv. in a 
seductive manner. 

seductiveness (se-duk'tiv-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being seductive. 

sedulity (se-du'li-ti) , n. steady dili- 
gence. [Latin.] 

sedulus (sed'u-lus), adj. steadily in- 
dustrious and persevering in busi- 
ness and endeavor; diligent; un- 
tiring. 

see (se), n. the authority of the Pope 
or papal court; diocese or jurisdic- 
tion of an archbishop or bishop: v.t. 
[p.t. saw, p.p. seen, p.pr. seeing], to 
perceive by the eye; observe; per- 
ceive mentally; experience; pay a 
visit to; meet or associate with; es- 
cort or accompany: v.i. to have the 
faculty of sight or of perceiving; 
discern; examine; take care or heed. 



seed (sed), n. that part of a plant 
that contains the embryo of the fu- 
ture plant; semen; first principle or 

. source; offspring; descendants; race 
or birth: v.i. to sow, or shed the 
seed: v.t. to sprinkle with seed. 

seediness (sed'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being seedy; shabbiness; 
exhaustion or wretchedness. 

seedy (sed'i), adj. abounding with, or 
run to, seeds; having the flavor of 
weeds; shabby; exhausted and mis 
erable. 

seeing (se'ing), n. the act or power 
of sight: conj. inasmuch as; consid- 
ering; since. 

seek (sek), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. sought c 
p.pr. seeking], to go in search of c 
look for; resort to; inquire for: v.i. 
to make search or inquiry; try or 
endeavor. 

seem (sem), v.i. to appear; look; 
have the resemblance of truth or 
fact; pretend. 

seeming (sem'ing) , adj. apparent ; spe- 
cious: n. appearance; show, espe= 
cially false show. 

seemliness (sem'li-nes), n. the state 01 
quality of being seemly; propriety, 
decency; comeliness. 

seemly (sem'li), adj. fit or becoming, 
decent ; proper ; comely ; suited to the 
object, occasion, purpose, or char= 
acter. 

seen (sen), p.p. of see. 

seer (ser), n. one who foresees future 
events; prophet; one who sees. 

seesaw (se'saw), n. a reciprocating 
motion; a game played with a plank 
balanced on some support enabling 
those who sit at each end to move 
up and down alternately: v.i. to 
move up and down with a recipro* 
eating motion. 

seethe *(seth) , v.t. to boil; decoct 01 
prepare for food in a hot liquor: v.i, 
to be hot; be in a condition of boil- 
ing. 

segment (seg'ment), n. a part divided 
or set off; section; a part cut off 
from a figure by a line or plane: v.i. 
to divide into segments. 

segmental (seg-ment'al), adj. per= 
taining to, consisting of, or like, a 
segment. 

segmentation (seg-men-ta/shun) , n. 
the act of dividing into segments. 



6te. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book l 
49 hue, hut ; think, then. 



SEGREGATE 



738 



SELL 



state of being divided into seg- 
ments. 

segregate (seg're-gat), v.t. to sepa- 
rate from others. 

segregation (seg-re-ga'shun), n. the 
act of segregating; state of being 
segregated. 

Seidlitz (sed'litz), adj. noting effer- 
vescent powders used as a gentle 
aperient: n. a sparkling mineral 
water, whose source is at Seidlitz 
in Bohemia. 

seignior (sen'yer), n. a title of honor 
in use in Southern Europe; a lord 
or fee of a manor. 

seigniorage (sen'yer-aj), n. something 
claimed or taken by virtue of sover- 
eign prerogative ; a charge levied on 
bullion brought by private persons 
to the mint to be coined. 

seigniorial (sen-yor'i-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to the lord of a manor. 

seine (san), n. a large fishing-net. 

seismic (sis'mik), adj. pertaining to, 
or produced by, an earthquake. 

seismograph (sis'mo-graf), n. an in- 
strument for recording the undula- 
tory motions, duration, and direction 
of an earthquake. Also seismome- 
ter, seismoscope. [Greek.] 

seismographic (sis-mo-graf'ik), adj. 
indicated by a seismograph. 

seismography (sis-mog'ra-fi), n. a de- 
scription of earthquakes. 

seismologist (sis-mol'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in seismology. 

seismology (sls-mol'o-ji), n. the scien- 
tific study of earthquakes. 

seizable (sez'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being seized. 

seize (sez), v.t. to take possession of 
forcibly or suddenly; grasp; snatch; 
take hold of; comprehend. 

seizin (sez 'in), n. the act of taking pos- 
session; thing possessed; possession. 
Also seisin. 

seizor (sez'er), n. in law, one who takes 
possession. 

seizure (sez'ur), n. the act of seizing; 
sudden attack, as of a disease. 

selah (se'la), n. a Hebrew word used 
in the Psalms, supposed to indicate 
a pause. 

seldom (sel'dum), adv. rarely. 

select (se-lekf), adj. more valuable 
or excellent than others; chosen or 
picked out as more valuable than 



others; nicely chosen; choice; supe- 
rior: v.t. to take by preference from 
among others; choose. 

selection (se-lek'shun), n. the act of 
selecting; the thing selected. 

selectman (se-lekt'man), n. [vl. select- 
men (se-lekt'men)], one of a board 
of town officials concerned with its 
management, the enforcement of lo- 
cal laws, care of the poor, &c, 
elected annually in New England. 

selector (se-lekt'er), n. one who 
selects. 

selenate (sel'e-nat), n. a salt of 
selenic acid. 

selenic (se-len'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
containing, or derived from, sele- 
nium. 

selenium (se-le'ni-um), n. a non- 
metallic elementary substance, re- 
sembling lead. 

selenocentric (se-le-no-sen'trik), adj. 
as seen or calculated from the center 
of the moon. 

selenograph (se-le'no-graf), n. & map 
or delineation of the moon's sur- 
face. 

selenographic (se-le-no-graf'ik), adj. 
pertaining to selenography. 

selenography (se-le-nog'ra-fi), n. a 
description of the moon, its features, 
and phenomena; the art of delineat- 
ing the moon's surface. [Greek.] 

self (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)], 
one's own person; personal interest; 
personality; personification; iden- 
tity; selfishness: adj. very; particu- 
lar. 

self- consciousness (self-kon'shus- 
nes), n. a strong thought of one's self 
at all times ; a feeling that others are 
watching you and your acts as very 
important. 

selfish (selfish) , adj. attentive only to 
one's own interests; influenced in 
actions from motives of private ad- 
vantage; egotistical. 

self-sufficiency (self-suf-ish'en-si), n. 
the state of being or feeling sufficient 
for one's own needs. 

sell (sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sold, p.pr. 
selling], to transfer to another for 
. an equivalent, as property, goods, 
&c; make a matter of sale or bar- 
gain of; vend; betray for a pecuni- 
ary reward* v.i. to practice selling; 
be sold: n. & hoax; an imposition. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

htie r hut ; think, then. 



SELTZER WATER 



739 



SENSATIONALISM 



Seltzer water (selt'zer waw'ter), n. a 

mineral water, mildly stimulative. 

selvage (sel'vaj), n. the edge of cloth 
so closed by complicating the threads 
as to prevent raveling; woven bor- 
der. Also selvedge. 

selvages (sel-va-je'), n. a kind of skein 
of rope yarns, used for stoppers, 
&c. 

selvedged (sel'vejd), adj. having a sel- 
vage. Also selvaged. 

selves, pi. of self. 

semaphore (sem'a-for), n. a tele- 
graphic apparatus for signaling by 
means of arms, lanterns, flags, &c. 

semblance (sem'blans), n. likeness; re- 
semblance; exterior; appearance. 

semen (se'men), n. sperm; seed of 
plants. 

semester (se-mes'ter) , n. a half-year 
course, as in a university. 

semi, a Latin prefix meaning half, 
partially. 

semibreve (sem'i-brev) , n. a note 
equal to four crotchets. 

semicolon (sem'i-ko-lon), n. a mark 
in punctuation (;). 

seminal (sem'i-nal) , adj. pertaining to, 
containing, or consisting of, seed; 
primary; radical; original. 

seminary (sem'i-na-ri), n. [pi. semi- 
naries (sem'i-na-riz)], a place of edu- 
cation; school, academy, or college. 

semi- tangent (sem'i-tan'jent), n. the 
tangent of half an arc. 

Semite (sem'it), n. one of the Semit- 
ic race; a descendant of Shem: adj. 
Semitic. 

Semitic (se-mit'ik), adj. pertaining 
to Shem, or to his descendants; not- 
ing, or belonging to, one of the great 
divisions of races and languages to 
which Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, 
Assyrian, &c, belong. 

sempstress (semp'stres), n. a woman 
who does needlework. 

sen (sen), n. a small Japanese coin. 

senary (sen'a-ri), adj. of, or contain- 
ing, 6. 

Senate (sen'at), n. the upper house 
of Congress or of a State legisla- 
ture; the upper house of legislature 
in various countries; a body of el- 
ders, elected or appointed in ancient 
Rome from the nobility and invested 
with supreme legislative authority. 

senate (sen'at), n. an assembly or 



body of elders; a legislative body 
generally. 

senator (sen'a-ter), n. a member of a 
senate. 

senatorial (sen-a-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to, or befitting, a senator or a 
senate; entitled to elect a senator. 

send (send), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sent, p.pr. 
sending], to throw, cast, or impel; 
cause to go in any manner ; dispatch ; 
cause to be or happen ; grant ; inflict ; 
v.i. to dispatch a messenger; pitch, 
as a vessel. 

Senegalese (sen'e-gal'ez), n. a native 
of the French African colony of Sen- 
egal. Negro Senegalese troops were 
largely employed by the French army 
in the European War, 1914-1916. 

senile (sen'il), adj. pertaining to, char- 
acteristic of, or occasioned by, old 
age. [Latin.] 

senility (sen-iri-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being senile ; old age. 

senior (sen'yer), adj. prior in age, 
dignity, = rank, or office; elder: n. 
one older than another; one older in 
dignity, rank, or office; a student in 
the fourth or final year of his college. 

seniority (sen-yor 'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being senior. 

senna (sen'a), n. the dried leaves of 
several plants of the genus Cassia, 
used as a cathartic medicine. 

sennight (sen 'it), n. the space of seven 
nights and days. 

sennit (sen'it), n. braided cordage. 

senor (sa-nyor'), n. a Spanish title 
of courtesy, equivalent to Mr. or 
Sir. Feminine sefiora (sa-nyo'ra). 

senorita (sa-nyo-re'ta), n. a Spanish 
title of courtesy given to a young 
lady, equivalent to Miss; a young 
lady. 

sensate (sen'sat), adj. perceived by or 
through the senses. [Latin.] 

sensation (sen-sa'shun) , n. perception 
by the senses; an impression made 
on the mind or brain by the senses; 
spiritual or physical affections; state 
of excited feeling or interest, or its 
cause. 

sensational (sen-sa/shun-al) , adj. per- 
taining to, having, or causing, sensa- 
tion; fitted to excite great interest; 
emotional. 

sensationalism (sen-sa/shun-al-izm) 
n. sensational writing or language; 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, ^Aen. 



SENSATIONALIST 



740 



SENTIMENTALISM 



the philosophical doctrine that our 
ideas are the outcome of impressions 
originating solely in sensation and 
consist of sensations transformed. 

sensationalist (sen-sa'shun-al-ist) , n. 
an advocate of philosophical sensa- 
tionalism; a sensational writer or 
speaker. 

sense (sens), n. the faculty by which 
objects are perceived physically, or 
mentally; discernment; understand- 
ing; conviction; good mental capac- 
ity; correct judgment; opinion; 
meaning; signification; moral per- 
ception. 

senseless (sens'les), adj. incapable of 
sensation; without sensibility or 
feeling; unconscious; foolish; stupid; 
nonsensical; opposed to reason or 
sound judgment. 

sensibility (sen-si-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. sen- 
sibilities (sen-si-bil'i-tiz)], the state 
or quality of being sensible; acute- 
ness of perception or emotion; deli- 
cacy of feeling; capacity of being sen- 
sitive. Also sensibleness. 

sensible (sen'si-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing perceived by the senses or the 
mind; having moral perception; 
easily affected; delicate; judicious; 
reasonable; intelligent. 

sensibly (sen'si-bli) , adv. in a sensible 
manner; with intelligence or good 
sense; appreciably. 

sensitive (sen'si-tiv) , adj. having keen 
sense or feeling ; quickly and acute- 
ly alive to impressions from exter- 
nal objects; easily affected or moved; 
pertaining to, or depending upon, 
sensation. 

sensitively (sen'si-tiv-li) , adv. in a sen- 
sitive manner. 

sensitiveness (sen'si-tiv 7 nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being sensitive. 
Also sensitivity. 

sensitize (sen'si-tlz), v.t. to render sen- 
sitive; render capable of being acted 
upon by the actinic rays of the sun, 
X-rays, &c. 

sensorial (sen-so'ri-al) , adj. pertaining 
to the sensorium. Also sensory. 

sensor i- motor (sen'so-ri-mo'ter) , adj. 
relating or pertaining to sense and 
motion. Opposite to idiamotor. 

sensorium (sen-so'ri-um), n. the cen- 
tral seat of sensation or conscious- 
ness ; the brain. 



sensual (sen'shu^al) , adj. pertaining 
to, consisting in, or affecting, the 
senses; not spiritual or intellectual; 
carnal; voluptuous; devoted to the 
indulgence of the passions or appe- 
tites. 

sensualism (sen'shQ-al-izm) , n. sensu- 
ality ; the philosophical doctrine that 
all ideas or operations of the under- 
standing have their origin in sensa- 
tion and are transformed sensations. 

sensualist (sen'shu-al-ist) , n. one who 
is sensual; a believer in the doctrine 
of sensualism. 

sensuality (sen-shu-al'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being sensual; in- 
dulgence of the bodily appetites. 

sensualize (sen'shu-al-Iz) , v.t. to make 
sensual; debase by the indulgence of 
carnal gratifications. 

sensuous (sen'shu-us) , adj. pertaining 
to, or addressed to, the senses; con- 
nected with sensible objects; full of 
passion. 

sent, p.t. & p.p. of send. 

sentence (sen'tens), n. judgment, 
opinion, or decision; judgment pro- 
nounced by a court; series of words 
so arranged as to convey a complete 
thought, followed by a dot or full 
point: v.t. to condemn by judgment 
of a court. 

sententious (sen-ten'shus) , adj. short 
and energetic; terse; comprising 
sentences; abounding in axioms or 
maxims. 

sentience (sen'shi-ens) , n. the state or 
quality of being sentient. Also 
sentiency. 

sentient (sen'shi-ent) , adj. having the 
faculty or faculties of sensation and 
perception. 

sentiment (sen'ti-ment) , n. a thought 
prompted by passion or feeling; 
opinion; thought; feeling; sensibil- 
ity; prevailing- feeling; maxim; a 
toast; thought expressed in striking 
language; sentence or passage ex- 
pressive of some wish. 

sentimental (sen-ti-men'tal), adj. 
having, expressing, or given to, sen- 
timent; appealing to sentiment 
rather than reason; artificially or 
affectedly tender; romantic. 

sentimentalism (sen-ti-men'tal-izm) , 
n. the quality of being sentimental. 
Also sentimentality. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SENTIMENTALIZE 



741 



SEQUENCE 



sentimentalize (sen-ti-men'tal-iz) , 
v.i. to think or act in a sentimental 
manner; affect sentiment. 

sentimentally (sen-ti-men'ta-li) , adv. 
in a sentimental manner. 

sentinel (sen'ti-nel) , n. m one who 
watches or guards, especially a sol- 
dier on guard: v.t. to furnish with, or 
as with, a sentinel; watch over or 
guard. 

sentry (sen'tri), n. [pi. sentries (sen'- 
triz)], a sentinel, guard or watch. 

sepal (sep'al or se'pal), n. one of the 
leaf-like divisions of the calyx en- 
closing the corolla of a flower. 

separability (sep-a-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. the 
quality of being separable or divisible. 

separable (sep'a-ra-bl), adj. capable of 
being separated or divided. 

separate (sep/a-rat), v.t. to part or di- 
vide; disunite; disconnect; set apart 
from a number for a particular pur- 
pose; withdraw: v.i. to part; be dis- 
united; withdraw from each other: 
adj. divided from the rest; discon- 
nected; not united; distinct. # 

separately (sep'a-rat-li), adv. in a sep- 
arate state or manner. 

separation (sep-a-ra/shun) , n. the act 
of separating; state of being sepa- 
rated; disconnection; legal disunion 
of married persons ; repeal of a 
union between two or more coun- 
tries or states. 

sepia (se'pi-a), n. [pi. sepias (se'pi-az)], 
the European cuttle-fish; a dark- 
brown pigment prepared from the 
black secretion or ink of the cuttle- 
fish. 

sepoy (se'poi), n. [pi. sepoys (se'poiz)], 
an Indian native employed as a sol- 
dier in the British service in India. 

sepsin (sep'sin), n. a toxinous pto- 
main. 

sepsis (sep'sis), n. infection by patho- 
genic bacteria; a putrefactive con- 
dition. 

sept, a prefix meaning seven, as sept- 
angular: adj. having seven angles. 

September (sep-tem'ber), n. the ninth 
month of the year. In the Roman 
year, beginning with March, it was 
the seventh month, hence its name. 

septemvir (sep-tem'ver) , n. [pi. sep- 
temviri (sep-tem'vi-ri) ], in ancient 
Rome, one of seven men associated 
together in office. 



septenary (sep'te-na-ri), adj. consist- 
ing of, or lasting, seven years. 

septenate (sep'te-nat), n. a period of 
seven years; the period during which 
the President of the French Republic 
holds office: adj. growing in sevens. 

septennial (sep-ten'i-al) , adj. occur- 
ring once in, or containing, seven 
years. 

septennially (sep-ten'i-a-li) , adv. once 
in seven years. 

septet (sep-tef), n. a musical com- 
position for seven voices. Also 
septette. 

septfoil (sept'foil), n. the plant tor- 
ijientil; in architecture, an orna- 
mental f oliation with 7 lobes ; a sym- 
bolical figure composed of 7 equal 
segments of a circle typical of the 7 
sacraments of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

septi, a Latin prefix meaning seven, as 
septilateral: adj. seven-sided. 

septic (sep'tik), adj. haying the power 
to promote putrefaction: n. a sub- 
stance having such an effect. 

septicemia, septicaemia (sep-ti-se'- 
mi-a), n. blood-poisoning, caused by 
the absorption of septic matter into 
the circulation. Also septemia, sep- 
taemia. 

septillion (sep-til'yun) , n. m in the 
French system of numeration, fol- 
lowed in the United States, a niim- 
ber expressed by unity with 24 
ciphers annexed; in the English sys- 
tem, a number expressed by unity 
with 42 ciphers annexed. 

septin (sep'tn), same as sepsin. 

septuagenarian (s e p-t u-a-j e-n a/r i- 
an), n. a person seventy years old. 

septuagenary (sep-tu-aj'e-na-ri), adj. 
consisting of 70: n. the number 70. 

Septuagesima (sep-tu-a-jes'i-ma), n. 
the third Sunday before Lent. 

septuple (sep'tu-pl), adj. sevenfold. 

sepulcher, sepulchre (sep'ul-ker), n. 
a grave or tomb; place of burial: 
v.t: to bury; entomb. 

sepulchral (se-pul'kral) , adj. pertain* 
ing to a sepulcher, or to monuments 
erected to the dead; deep, grave, or 
hollow toned. 

sepulture (sep'ul-tur), n. burial. 

sequel (se'kwel), n. succeeding part 
or result; continuation; consequence. 

sequence (se'kwens), n. order of suc- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SEQUENT 



742 



SERGEANCY 



cession; series; result; suit of cards 
in the same order; regular alternate 
succession of similar chords. 

sequent (se'kwent), adj. following; 
consequent: n. a sequence. 

sequentially (se-kwen'sha-li) , adv. by 
succession. 

sequester (se-kwes'ter) , v.t. to sepa- 
rate from the owner for a time; 
take possession of the property of 
another until some claim is paid or 
established; withdraw; seclude: v.i. 
to renounce, as a widow any interest 
in the estate of a husband. Also 
sequestrate. 

sequestered (se-kwes'terd) , adj. se- 
cluded: retired. 

sequestration (se-kwes-tra/shun) , n. 
the act of sequestering, especially the 
act of seizing property by the State 
during dispute or for the benefit of 
creditors; the collecting of the fruits 
of a benefice during a vacancy for 
the use of the next incumbent; re- 
tirement; seclusion. 

sequestrator (sek'wes-tra-ter) , n. one 
who sequesters property or takes 
possession of it for a time. 

sequin (se'kwin), n. a gold coin first 
issued by the Venetian republic in 
the thirteenth century. Its coinage 
continued until it became known 
over all Europe. Its value was 
about $2.25 in United States gold. 

Sequoia (se-kwoi'a) , n. a genus _ of 
gigantic trees of the cypress family, 
comprising the redwood and " big 
tree " of California. 

seraglio (se-ral'yo), n. the palace of 
the late Sultan of Turkey at Con- 
stantinople, especially that part 
where the women are kept; a harem. 

serai (se-ra'i), n. in the East, a pal- 
ace; seraglio; caravansary or inn. 

seralbumin (ser-al-bu'min) , n. the 
albumin of the blood. 

serang (se-rang'), n. the boatswain of 
a crew of Lascars; the captain of a 
small vessel in the Malaysian 
waters. [Malay.] 

serape (sa-ra/pa), n. a Mexican 
blanket or shawl worn by men. 

serapeum (ser-a-pe'um) , n. a temple 
of Serapis, there being several of 
them of great antiquity and grand- 
eur in Egypt to-day. 

seraph (ser'af), n. [pi. seraphs, sera- 



phim (ser'af s, ser'a-fim)], an angel 
of the highest order. 



seraphic (se-raf'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, composed of, or like, seraphs; 
sublime; angelic. 



seraphically (se-raf'i-ka-li), adv. in the 
manner of a seraph. 

Seraphim (ser'a-fim), n. plural of 
seraph. Order of the Seraphim, a 
royal order of Sweden. 

seraphine (ser'a-fen), n. a kind of 
small harmonium. 

Serapis (ser-a/pis), n. a manifesta- 
tion of the Egyptian deity Apis when 
he appeared as a bull in the upper 
world. 

seraskier (ser-as-ker'), n. a Turkish 
general or commander of land forces, 
especially the commander-in-chief or 
minister of war. Also serasquier. 

Serbonian (ser-bo'ni-an) , adj. not- 
ing the lake or bog of Serbonis in 
ancient Egypt, which appeared like 
solid land, but engulfed those who 
ventured upon it: hence pertaining 
to any difficulty or complication 
from which there is no way of ex- 
trication. 

sere (ser), ad. dry; wiltered [Poet.]. 

serein (se-rang'), n. fine rain that 
falls from a clear sky. 

serenade (ser-e-nad') , n. evening mu- 
sic in the open air; music sung or 
played by a lover in a spirit of gal- 
lantry under the window of a lady; 
piece of music for such an occasion: 
v.t. to entertain with a serenade. 

serene (se-ren'), adj. clear and calm; 
unclouded; placid; unruffled. 

serenely (se-ren'li), adv. in a serene 
manner; unruffled; calmly. 

serenity (se-ren'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being serene; calmness of 
mind; equanimity of temper; cool- 
ness, composure. Also sereneness. 

serf (serf), n. the lowest class of ser- 
vants or slaves "in the Middle Ages, 
who were attached to the land and 
transferred with it; a villein or feu- 
dal slave; formerly in Russia, one 
of the peasant class- [Latin.] 

serfage (serf'aj), n. the state or condi- 
tion of a serf. Also serfdom ; serfism. 

serge (serj), n. a twilled woolen stuff. 

sergeancy (sar'jen-si) , n. the office 
of a sergeant. Also sergeantcy, ser- 
geantship. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SERGEANT 



743 



SERVIETTE 



sergeant (sar'jent), n. a non-commis- 
sioned officer ranking next above a 
corporal. [French.] 

sergeant-major (sar'jent-ma/jer), n. 
a warrant officer who is attached to 
each company or troop and assists 
the adjutant. 

serial (se'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or 
consisting of, a series; published in 
successive parts or numbers: n. a 
periodical; a tale issued in parts. 

serially (se'ri-a-li), adv. in a series. 

seriatim (ser-i-a/tim), adv. in regular 
order. 

seric (ser'ik), adj. belonging to the 
Chinese whom the Romans called 
Seres and from whom they got their 
first silk by way of India. _ 

sericeous (se-rish'us), adj. silky. 

sericulture (ser'i-kul-tur), n. the cul- 
ture of silkworms. 

series (se'rez), n. a number of things 
or events standing or succeeding in 
order, and connected by a like rela- 
tion; sequence; an infinite number 
of terms in succession, increasing or 
diminishing in a certain ratio. 

serin (ser'in), n. a kind of fincbu 

serio-comic (se-ri-o-kom'ik), adj. hav- 
ing a mixture of seriousness and 
comicality. m See tragi-comic. 

serious (se'ri-us), adj. grave in man- 
ner or disposition; in earnest; not 
trifling; religious; solemn. 

sermon (ser'mun), n. a discourse on 
a text of Scripture; homily; serious 
exhortation. 

sermonize (ser'mun-iz) , v.i. to com- 
pose or write a sermon; preach: v.t. 
to preach a sermon to. 

serosity (se-ros'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being serous; the thin 
watery fluid part of the blood exud- 
ing from serum. 

serous (se'rus), adj. pertaining to se- 
rum; thin; watery. 

serpent (ser'pent), n. a reptile of the 
order Ophidia, with a very long 
body without feet, and moving by 
contractions and undulations of the 
body; a bass wind instrument; a 
kind of firework; a subtle, treacher- 
ous, malicious person. [Latin.] 

serpentine (ser'pen-tm) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, like, or having the qualities 
of, a serpent; moving or winding 
like a serpent; zigzag; subtle: n. a 



rock composed of a hydrated silicate 
of magnesia, susceptible of a fine pol- 
ish (with the) . Serpentine, an artificial 
lake in Hyde Park, London, named 
from its windings and curves. It 
covers fifty acres and was created by 
order of Queen Caroline, wife of 
George II, in 1730. 

serpent- worship (ser'pent-wer'ship) , 
or ophiolatry (of-i-ol'a-tri), the 
worship of the snake, traces of which 
strange religion are found in almost 
every country in the world, but 
more clearly in India, where the 
Brahmins say that the great serpent 
Naga was nearly allied to the gods, 
Vishnu and_Siva. 

serrate (ser'at), adj. notched on the 
edge like a saw. Also serrated. 

serried (ser'id), adj. crowded; pressed 
together. 

serum (se'rum), n. the thin yellowish 
fluid secreted by the serous mem- 
branes. 

serumtherapy (se-rum-ther'a-pi), n. 
treatment of infectious diseases by 
inoculation with the serum of ani- 
mal blood in which the pathogenetic 
bacteria have been _ attenuated or 
weakened by successive infusion. 

servant (ser'vant), pi. one who is in 
the personal service of another; a 
domestic; a subordinate. 

serve # (serv) , v.t. to work or perform 
duties for; yield obedience to; wait 
on; treat or requite; present (a 
writ): v.i. to be a servant; to suit; 
be in subjection; discharge the du- 
ties of an office or employment. 

service (ser'vis), n. the condition or 
occupation of a servant; duty re- 
quired or performed in any office; 
naval or military duty ; spiritual obe- 
dience and reverence; course of 
dishes at # table; waiting at table; 
labor, assistance, or kindness to an- 
other; number of conveyances ply- 
ing between places ; musical composi- 
tion for devotional use; profession 
of respect. 

serviceable (ser'vis-a-bl) , adj. useful; 
beneficial. 

serviceableness (ser' vis-a-bl-nes) , n. 
the state or quality of being service- 
able. 

serviette (ser-vi-ef), n. sl table-nap- 
kin. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



* 



SERVILE 



744 



SEVENTEEN 



servile (ser'vil), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or befitting, a 
slave or servant; meanly submissive 
or obsequious; cringing; fawning; 
not belonging to the original root; 
not sounded; said of a letter. 

servilely (ser'vi-li), adv. in a servile 
manner. 

servility (ser-vil'i-ti) , n. mean submis- 
sion m or obsequiousness ; baseness. 
Servileness. 

servitude (ser'vi-tud) , n. the condi- 
tion of a servant or slave; state of 
slavish dependence; bondage. 

sesame (ses'a-me), n. a plant yield- 
ing flat seeds from which an oil is 
expressed. 

sesamoid bones (ses'a-moid bonz), 
n.pl. small bones formed at the ar- 
ticulation of the great toes, fingers, 
&c. 

sesqui, a Latin prefix meaning a 
whole and a half, as ses^moxide, an 
oxide containing three atoms of 
oxygen and two atoms of a metal. 

sessile (ses'il), adj. without a foot- 
stalk. [Latin.] 

session (sesh'un), n. the actual sitting 
or assembling of a court, council, 
or legislative body; the time be- 
tween the first meeting and the pro- 
rogation, dissolution, or final ad- 
journment of a parliament, congress, 
or legislature. 

sessional (sesh'un-al) , adj. pertaining 
to a session, especially of an ecclesias- 
tical court. 

sesterce (ses'ters), n. an ancient Ro- 
man coin, value about four cents. 

sestertium (ses-ter'shi-um) , n. a sum 
of 1,000 sesterces. 

sestet (ses'tet), n. the last six lines of 
the second division of a sonnet. 

set(set), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. set, p.pr. set- 
ting], to place or put in any po- 
sition; fix; plant; make stable; 
render motionless; spread, as sails; 
replace; make to agree with some 
standard; start by fixing the key- 
note; regulate or adjust; value; as- 
sign or prescribe; mark (game); 
compose, as type, &c. : v.i. to sink be- 
low the horizon; strike root; be fixed 
closely or firmly; congeal; apply 
one's self; flow or tend; start (with 
out): adj. fixed or established; reg- 
ular; determined; firm; formal; ob- 



stinate; immovable: n. the act of 
setting; direction; number of per- 
sons associated together; clique; 
number of things of the same kind 
intended for use together; a young 
plant for growth; number of persons 
necessary to execute a quadrille; 
descent below the horizon; flow; per- 
manent twist; in lawn tennis, a 
series of as many games as will en- 
able one side to win six. 

settee (se-te')» n. a long seat with a 
back for several persons; a Medi- 
terranean single-decked vessel with . 
a very long, sharp prow, and lateen 
sails. 

setter (set'er), n. one who, or that 
which sets; a species of hunting- 
dog. 

setting (set'ing), n. the act of one who, 
or that which, sets; direction of a 
current of wind; that which sets or 
holds, as the mounting of a jewel; 
hardening. 

settle (set'l), v.t. to place or set in a 
fixed State ; establish ; cause to sink 
or subdue; free from uncertainty; 
compose; fix by a legal act; liqui- 
date; pay; clear of dregs; make 
pure or clear; colonize: v.i. to be- 
come fixed, stationary, or perma- 
nent; descend or stop; grow calm 
or clear; sink to the bottom, or by 
its own weight; cease from agita- 
tion; adjust differences or accounts; 
marry and establish a home. 

settle (set'l) , n. an old-fashioned bench 
with a back. 

settlement (set'1-ment), n. the act or 
state of being settled; establishment 
in life, business, condition; jointure 
granted to a wife; liquidation, pay- 
ment, or adjustment; subsidence; a 
colony newly settled ; legal residence. 

settler (set'ler), n. sl colonist; some- 
thing that finally settles or decides a 
contest. 

set-to (set-too'), n. a contest in box- 
ing; argument. 

seven (sev'n), n. the sum of six and 
one; the symbol representing seven 
units : adj. consisting of one more i 
than six. 

sevenfold (sev'n-fold), adv. seven 
times as much. 

seventeen (sev'n-ten), adj. one more 
than sixteen. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SEVENTEENTH 



745 



SEXTON 



seventeenth (sev'n-tenth) , adj. noting 
the next after the sixteenth. 

seventh (seventh), adj. next in order 
after the sixth: n. one next in order 
after the sixth; one of seven equal 
parts; the interval of five tones and 
a semi-tone. 

seventieth (sev'n-ti-eth),^'. next in 
order after the sixty-ninth: n. one 
of seventy equal parts. 

seventy (sev'n-ti), n. [pi. seventies 
(sev'n-tiz)], the sum of ten times 
seven; the symbol representing sev- 
enty units. 

seven-up (sev-n-up'), n. a card game. 

sever (sev'er), v.t. to divide or sep- 
arate with violence; cut open or 
through; keep distinct or apart: 
v.i. to make a separation or dis- 
tinction; be rent asunder; part; dis- 
tinguish. 

several (sev'er-al), adj. distinct; sepa- 
rate; consisting of a number more 
than two, but not many; different; 
various. 

severally (sev'er-a-li) , adv. separately; 
individually. 

severalty (sev'er-al-ti), n. a state of 
separation from the rest, or from all 
others. 

severance (sev'er-ans) , n. the act of 
severing; the state of being severed; 
separation; partition. 

severe (se-ver'), adj. strictly adher- 
ing to rule; strict; austere; rigid; 
harsh; grave; serious; inclement; in- 
flexible; painful; critical^ [Latin.] 

severely (se-ver'H), adv. in a severe 
manner. 

severity (se-ver'i-ti) , n. [pi. severities 
(se-ver'i-tiz)], the quality of being 
severe; harshness; rigor; gravity; ex- 
actness; strictness; inclemency. 

Sevres (sa/vr), n. a highly glazed 
china or porcelain manufactured at 
Sevres, France. 

sew (so), v.t. [p.t.& p.p. sewed or 
sewn, p.pr. sewing], to unite or 
fasten together with a needle and 
thread: v.i. to practice sewing. 

sewage (sti'aj), n. the foul matter 
carried off by a sewer. 

sewer (su'er), n. a pipe or channel to 
carry off the used or surface water 
and foul matter of a town, &c; 
(so'er), one_who_ sews. 

sewerage (su'er-aj), n. drainage by 



sewers; the system of sewers of a 
town, &c. 

sex, a Latin prefix meaning six, as 
sexennial: adj. occurring once in, or 
lasting, six years. 

sex (seks), n. the physical distinction 
between male and female ; one of 
the two divisions of animals and 
plants, based on such distinction; 
women in general (with the) . 

sexagenarian (seks-a-je-na/ri-an), n» 
one who is sixty years old. 

sexagenary (seks-aj'e-na-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, or noting, the number 60. 

Sexagesima (seks-a-jes'i-ma), n. the 
second Sunday before Lent, about 
sixty days before Easter. [Latin.] 

sexagesimal (seks-a-jes'i-mal), adj. 
pertaining to, or based on, the num- 
ber 60. 

sex-hygiene (seks 'hi- j en'), n. educa- 
tional and other measures for main- 
taining mental and physical health in 
relation to sex. 

sexless (seks'les), adj. having no sex; 
neuter. 

sex-problem (seks'prob-lem), n. a 
term applied to many questions that 
arise as to the relation of the sexes, 
for instance, celibacy, marriage, in- 
continence, the right to vote, di- 
vorce, etc. 

sextain (seks'tan), n. a six-lined 
stanza. 

sextant (seks'tant), n. the sixth part of 
a circle; an instrument for measur- 
ing angular distances between ob- 
jects, used especially at sea for de- 
termining latitude and longitude. 

sextet, sextette (seks-tet'), n. a band 
of six singers or players. _ 

sextile (seks'til), adj. noting the as- 
pect or position of two planets when 
distant from each other 60°. 

sextillion (seks-til'yun) , n. in the 
French system of enumeration, fol- 
lowed in the United States, the 7th 
power of a thousand = 1 with 21 
ciphers annexed; in the English 
sj'stem, a million raised to the 6th 
power = 1 with 36 ciphers annexed. 

sexto (seks'to), n. [pi. sextos (seks'- 
toz)], a book consisting of sheets 
each of which is folded into six 
leaves. 

sexton (seks'tun) , n. an inferior official 
of a church whose duty it is to at- 



fcte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
50 hue, hut ; think, then. 



SEXTUPLE 



746 



SHAKER 



tend to burials, the church, &c. 
Fern, sextoness. 

sextuple (seks'tu-pl), adj. sixfold. 

sexual (seks'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, based on, or dis- 
tinguishing, sex; pertaining to the 
organs of generation. 

sexuality (seks-ii-al'i-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being distinguished by 
sex. 

sexualize (seks'ii-a-llz) , v.t. to attri- 
bute sex to. 

sexually (seks'u-a-li), adv. in a sexual 
manner; with reference or relation 
to sex. 

shabbily (shab'i-li), adv. in a shab- 
by manner. 

shabbiness (shab'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being shabby. 

shabby (shab'i), adj. [comp. shabbier, 
superl. shabbiest], threadbare or 
worn, as clothes; mean in appear- 
ance or conduct ; despicable. 

shack (shak), n. shabby old house; 
hut; log cabin, but often built with 
very expensive carelessness and sim- 
plicity. Same as bungalow. 

shack (shak), n. liberty of winter 
pasturage from harvest to seed- 
time; a tramp. 

shackle (shak'l), n. anything that 
confines the hands or legs or ob- 
structs free action, as gyves ; fetters ; 
handcuffs; the bar of a padlock: 
v.t. to fetter; embarrass or hinder; 
unite or fasten with a shackle. 

shad (shad), n. an anadromous fish, 
valued as food. 

shade (shad), n. comparative ob- 
scurity caused by the interception 
of the rays of light; darkness; a 
shady place; gradation of light; 
screen or cover; the soul after death: 
pi. wine vaults: v.t. to screen from 
light or heat; shelter; paint in ob- 
scure colors; mark with gradation of 
light or color. 

shadily (shad'i-li), adv. in a shady 
manner. 

shading (shad'ing), n. the act of mak- 
ing a shade; representation of light 
and shade. 

shadow (shad'o), n. shade within de- 
fined limits; shade or deprivation of 
light representing on a surface the 
forms of the body which intercepts 
the rays of light; dark part of a pic- 



ture; obscurity or darkness; protec- 
tion or security ; reflected image ; 
faint representation ; inseparable 
companion; small degree; a detect- 
ive: v.t. to shade; darken or cloud; 
conceal or screen; represent typi- 
cally; attend closely as a shadow; 
follow and watch closely, as a de- 
tective. 

shadowiness # (shad'o : i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being shadowy. 

shadowing (shad'o-ing) , n. shading. 

shadowy (shad'o-i), adj. full of, or 
causing, shade or shadows ; sheltered 
from light or heat; dim; unreal; typi- 
cal. 

shady (shad'i), adj. [comp. shadier, 
superl. shadiest], abounding in, or 
causing, shade; sheltered from the 
glare of light or heat; pertaining to 
darkness; dubious; equivocal. 

shaft (shaft), n. an arrow; anything 
resembling an arrow; the long nar- 
row entrance to a mine; carriage- 
pole; handle; part of a chimney; 
body of a column between the base 
and the capital. 

shafting (staffing) , n. a system of 
shafts for transmitting power. 

shag (shag), n. a kind of tobacco; 
rough, woolly hair; a bushy mass. 

shagginess (shag'i-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being shaggy. 

shaggy (shag'i), adj. rough with long 
hair or wool; rough; rugged. 

shagreen (sha-gren'), n. the skins of 
various animals, as horses, don- 
keys, prepared without tanning, and 
grained to resemble the skins of 
sharks; the rough skin of sharks 
and dogfishes prepared as leather: 
adj. made of shagreen. [Turkish.] 

shah (sha), n. the sovereign of Persia. 

shake (shak), v.t. [p.t. shook, p.p. 
shaken, p.pr. shaking], to cause to 
shiver; move with a quick, short 
motion; agitate; make afraid; give 
a tremulous note; to vibrate: v.i. 
to tremble or quake. 

shakedown (shak'doun), n. a tem- 
porary bed. 

shaken (shak'n), p. adj. agitated; 
cracked or split. 

Shaker (shak'er), n. one of a religious 
communistic sect that practices 
dancing in worship. Feminine, Sha- 
ker ess. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SHAKERISM 



747 



SHARPEN 



Shakerism (shak'er-izm) , n. the doc- 
trines or tenets of the Shakers. 
Shakespearean (shak-sper' e-an) , adj. 
pertaining to, resembling, or char- 
acteristic of, Shakespeare or his 
works. Also Shakespearian, Shak- 
spearian. 

shakiness (shak'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being shaky. 

shako (shak'o) , n. a kind of military cap. 

shaky (shak'i), adj. [comp. shakier, 
superl. shakiest], in a shaking con- 
dition; feeble; full of cracks; un- 
sound. 

shale (shal), n. a husk; a laminated 
argillaceous rock. 

shall (shal), v.i. & auxil. [p.t. should 
(shood)], to be under obligation: 
used in the future tense of the verb. 

shalloon (shal-oon') , n. a kind of twilled 
worsted stuff. 

shallop (shal'op), n. a schooner-rigged 
two-masted boat; a small boat or 
canoe. 

shallot (shal'ot), n. the eschalot. 

shallow (shal'o), adj. having little 
depth; not profound; superficial; 
trifling; a flat place where the water 
is not deep; shoal: v.i. to become 
shallow. 

sham (sham), n. a trick, fraud, or 
make-believe; imposture; counter- 
feit: adj. feigned; false; unreal: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. shammed, p.pr. sham- 
ming], to make false pretenses: v.t. 
to make a pretense of in order to de- 
ceive. 

shamble (sham'bl), v.i. % to walk 
awkwardly and unsteadily; shuffle: 
n.pl. a slaughter-house; meat-mar- 
ket. 

shambling (sham'bling) , n. an awk- 
ward, unsteady pace. 

shame (sham), n. a painful sensation 
caused by the sense of guilt, im- 
propriety, or dishonor; that which 
causes shame; reproach incurred or 
suffered; modesty or decorum: v.t. 
to make ashamed; cause to blush; 
cover with disgrace. 

shamefaced (sham'fast), adj. bashful. 

shameful (sham 'fool), adj. causing 
shame; disgraceful; indecent. 

shamefully (sham'foo-li), adv. in a 
shameful manner. 

shameless (sham'les), adj. devoid of 
shame; indifferent to disgrace. 



shammer (sham'er), n. one who 
shams. 

shammy (sham'i),_n. chamois. 

shampoo (sham-poo'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
shampooed, p.pr. shampooing], to 
rub and press (the limbs and joints) 
after a hot bath ; to cleanse and rub 
(the head) with soap, &c. : n. the act 
of shampooing. 

shampooer (sham-po§'er) , n. one who 
shampoos. 

shamrock (sham'rok^, n. a trefoil 
clover plant: the Irish national em- 
blem. 

shanghai (shang'hl), a well-known 
brand of large domestic fowls, with 
feathers on their legs: v.t. to drug a 
sailor or otherwise make him insensi- 
ble, and then to ship him as one of a 
crew that lacks men. [From Shang- 
hai, China.] 

shank (shangk), n. the leg from the 
knee to the ankle; long part of any 
instrument ; body of a type. 

shanty (shan'ti), n. a rude hut. 

shapable (shap'a-bl), adj. that may 
be shaped; shapely. 

shape (shap), n. the form or figure 
of a thing; external appearance; pat- 
tern: v.t. to make into a particular 
form; fashion ^regulate; conceive. 

shapeless (shap'les), adj. without 
shape ; ill-formed. 

shapeliness (shap'li-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being shapely. 

shapely (shap'li), adj. well-formed; 
symmetrical; comely. 

shard (shard) , n. a potsherd. 

share (shar), n. a portion or part; 
part allotted or belonging to one; 
dividend; plowshare: v.t. to part 
among two or more; divide; take or 
possess in common; partake of or 
use with others: v.i. to have a share 
or part. 

sharehroker (shar'bro-ker) , n. one 
who deals in railway or other shares. 

shark (shark), n. a large voracious 
fish with sharp teeth; a rapaciou3, 
artful man-eater. 

sharp (sharp) , adj. having a very thin 
edge or fine point ; terminating in an 
edge or point; very thin; peaked or 
ridged; keen; severe; acute; subtle: 
n. a character (£) in music which 
raises a note a semitone. 

sharpen (sharp 'en), v.t. to make sharp 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, tfften. 



SHARPER 



748 



SHELTER 



or sharper ; give edge or point to ; make 
more acute: v.i. to become sharp; 
play tricks in bargaining. 

sharper (sharp 'er) , n. a cheat; swind- 
ler. Also sharp, as a card-3harp. 

shatter (shat'er), v.t. to break into 
many pieces at once; crack or rend; 
overthrow; dissipate* n.pl. broken 
fragments. 

shave (shav), v.t. to cut or pare off 
with a razor or other sharp-edged 
instrument; cut in thin slices; skim 
along or near the surface of; plun- 
der or fleece: v.i. to use the razor 
in removing hair: n. a thin slice; 
the operation of shaving; an in- 
strument for shaving hoops, &c. 

shaver (shav'er), n. one who, or that 
which, shaves; a barber; a young- 
ster. 

shaving (shav'ing) n. the act of one 
who shaves ; a thin slice pared off. 

shawl (shawl), n. a square cloth of 
various materials used as a loose 
outer covering for the shoulders, 
&c: v.t. to cover or wrap with a 
shawl. 

shawm (shawm), n. an ancient wind 
instrument. [Low Latin.] 

shea (she'a), n. a tropical tree yield- 
ing a kind of butter or solid oil. 

sheaf (shef), n. [pL sheaves (shevz)], 
a quantity of grain bound together; 
a bundle ; number of arrows sufficient 
to fill a quiver: v.t. to gather or bind 
into sheaves. 

shear (sher), v.t. [p.t. sheared, p.p. 
sheared or shorn, p.pr. shearing], to 
cut or clip, especially with shears; 
reap: v.i. to use shears: n.pL a cut- 

• ting instrument operating like scis- 
sors, but larger; an apparatus for 
raising heavy weights. 

shear-steel (sher'stel), n. a kind of 
fine steel, specially tempered, &c. 

shear- water (sher'waw-ter) , n. a kind 
of gull. 

sheath (sheth), n. a scabbard; any 
sheath-like covering. 

sheathe (sheth), v.t. to put into a 
sheath or scabbard ; case with a pro- 
tecting covering. 

sheave (shev), n. a grooved wheel in a 
block or pulley over which the rope 
runs. 

shebang (she-bang'), n. a house of ill- 
repute, or one that is dilapidated; a 



broken-down wagon; widely, almost 
anything of present concern. [Slang.] 

Shechinah (she-ki'na), n. the. visible 
presence of Jehovah manifested 
from the mercy-seat and reflected 
from the overshadowing cherubim. 
Also Shekinah. 

shed (shed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shed, p.pr. 
shedding], to pour out or diffuse; 
cause to flow out; emit: v.i. to let 
fall or cast off seed: n. a slight build- 
ing. 

sheen (shen), n. a brightness; splen- 
dor; adj. bright, glittering. Also 
sheeny: v.i. to shine or glisten. 

sheep (shep), n., s. & pi. any ruminant 
animal of the genus Ovis, valued for 
its wool and flesh; a foolish, bash- 
ful fellow: pi. God's people, as be- 
ing under the care of the Good Shep- 
herd, Jesus Christ. 

sheepish (shep'ish), adj. awkward, 
clumsy, shy. 

sheer (sher), adj. pure; unmixed; very- 
thin or transparent; precipitous: v.i. 
to deviate from the proper course. 

sheet (shet), n. a large thin slice of 
anything; broad piece of linen to 
cover a bed; broad piece of paper; 
letter; newspaper; broad expanse 
or surface; rope attached to a sail 
to extend it; open space in the bow 
or stern of a boat. 

sheik (shek, or shak), n. the head o* 
a Bedouin family, tribe, or clan. 
[Arabic] 

shekel (shek'el), n. an ancient Jew- 
ish coin or weight: pi. money. 

Shekinah (shek-i'na), v.i. to dwell. 
Same as Shechinah. [Hebrew.] 

sheldrake (shel'drak), n. a kind of 
duck. Fern, shelduck. 

shelf (shelf), n. [pi. shelves (shelvz)], 
a flat ledge or board for holding 
anything; a sandbank or flat pro- 
jecting ledge of rock. 

shell (shel), n. a hard outside cover- 
ing; any framework; rough kind of 
coffin; a hollow projectile; lightly 
constructed boat: v.t. to strip off or 
remove the shell of; take out of the 
shell; separate from the ear or cob; 
throw shells upon or into: v.i. to fall 
off, as a shell. 

shellac (shel-ak'), n. crude resin lac 
melted and formed into thin plates. 

shelter (shel'ter), n. that which pro- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SHELTIE 



749 



SHIP 



tects or shields; security; asylum; 
harbor; defense; protector: v.t. to 
protect or shield from injury or vio- 
lence; conceal: v.i. to take or give 
shelter. 

Sheltie (shel'ti), n. a Shetland pony. 

shelve (shely), v.t. to place on a 
shelf; furnish with a shelf; dismiss 
from service, or postpone indefinite- 
ly: v.i. to incline gradually; slope. 

shelving (shelving), n. materials for 
shelves; shelves collectively. 

Sheol (she'ol), n. among the Hebrews 
the place of departed spirits; Ha- 
des. 

shepherd (shep'erd), n. one who tends 
sheep; a pastor. Fern, shepherdess: 
v.t. to tend as a shepherd. 

sherbet (sher'bet), n. a cooling bev- 
erage of water and fruit juices sweet- 
ened, &c. 

sheriff (sher'if), n. the chief executive 
officer of a shire (in England) or 
county. 

sheriffalty (sher'if -al-ti) , n. the office 
or jurisdiction of a sheriff. Better, 
shrievalty. 

sherry (sher'i) , n. a dry amber-colored 
wine, originally obtained from Xeres, 
Spain. 

sherry-cobbler (sher'i-kob'ler), n. a 
drink composed of water, ice, slices 
of lemon and sherry. [American.] 

shew, same as show. [Archaic] 

shibboleth (shib'o-leth), n. a word 
which was made the criterion to dis- 
tinguish the Ephraimites from the 
Gileadites, the former not being 
able to pronounce sh (Judges xii.): 
hence the criterion of a party. 

shied (shld), p.t. & p.p. of shy. 

shield (sheld), n. a broad piece of de- 
fensive armor, carried on the left 
arm; defense or protection; an es- 
cutcheon: v.t. to protect with, or 
as with, a shield; ward off or avert. 

shift (shift), n. a turning from one 
thing to another; change; substitu- 
tion; chemise: v.t. to change the 
place of; dress in fresh clothes : v.i. 
resort to expedients; to alter or 
change. 

shiftless (shift 'les), adj. destitute of 
expedients; having no means of live- 
lihood; lazy; improvident. 

shifty (shift'i), adj. full of expedients; 
changeable. 



shikar (she-kar'). v.i. to be a hunter or 
woodsman. [East Indian.] 

shikar ri (she-kar'ri), n. a hunter, 
woodsman, or forester. 

shillalah (shil-la/la) , n. an oaken cud- 
gel. Also shillelah, shillelagh. [Irish.] 

shilling (shil'ing), n. a British silver 
coin, valued at about 24 cents. 

shilling shocker (shil'ing shok'er), a 
cheap sensational novel. [English.] 

shilly-shally (shil'i-shal'i) , adv. in an 
irresolute, undecided manner: v.i. to 
hesitate: act irresolutely. 

Shiloh (shi'lo), n. the Messiah. [He- 
brew.] 

shimmer (shim'er), v.t. to shine un- 
steadily or tremulously; flicker: n. 
a tremulous gleam; flicker. 

shimose (shi'mos), n. an explosive 
used by the Japanese in naval bat- 
tles, capable of terrible execution. 

shin (shin), n. the forepart of the leg 
between the ankle and knee; shank: 
v.i. to climb a tree, &c, by means of 
the hands and legs. 

shindy (shin'di), n. an uproar; spree; 
fancy. 

shine (shin), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shone, 

g.pr. shining], to emit rays of light; 
e bright or beautiful; be distin- 
guished, eminent, or conspicuous: 
v.t. to cause to shine by reflected 
light: n. sunshine; bright weather; 
row ; prank ; fancy for a person. 

shingle (shing'gl), n. a thin piece of 
wood used for roofing; coarse, round, 
water- worn gravel: pi. a cutaneous 
disease which spreads round the 
body like a belt : v.t. to cover or roof 
with shingles. ~ 

shining (shin'ing), adj. emitting light; 
beaming; radiant; illustrious; dis- 
tinguished. 

Shintoism (shin'to-izm), n. the native 
religion of Japan, a system of nature 
and ancestor worship, associated 
with which is the pecuhar reverence 
paid to the Mikado. Also Shinto. 

Shintoist (shin'to-ist), n. an adherent 
of Shintoism. 

shiny (shin i i) l adj. [corny, shinier, 
superl. shiniest], diffusing light; 
bright. 

ship, a suffix meaning office, state, dig- 
nity, art, or skill, as lordship, horse- 
manship. 

ship (ship), n. any large vessel for 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SHIPBOARD 



750 



SHORTLY 



the conveyance of passengers or 
merchandise, especially one with 
three masts and square-rigged : # v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. shipped, p.pr. shipping], 
to place on board a ship; carry by 
water; put in its place or proper 
position: v.i. engage for service on 
board ship. 

shipboard (ship'bord), n. the deck of a 
ship. 

shipshape (ship'shap), adj. in good 
order: adv. neatly. 

shirk (sherk), v.t. to avoid; get off; 
slink away from. 

shirt (shert), n. an undergarment. 

shirting (shert'ing), n. material for 
making shirts. 

shirtwaist (shert 'wast), n. a woman's 
overgarment or blouse. 

shivaree (shiv-a-re') , n. a word derived 
from the Low Latin, charivarium, and 
meaning in general a noisy gathering 
with grotesque costumes and dis- 
cordant instruments of music. 
Specifically it is restricted to the 
reception of a bride and groom on 
their home-coming. 

shiver (shiv'er), v.i. to tremble; to 
quiver as from cold or fear. 

shoal (shol), n. a large number of fish 
swimming together; a sand-bank; a 
shallow. 

shocking (shok'ing), adj. causing to 
shake or tremble; extremely offen- 
sive or disgusting. 

shod, p.t. of shoe. 

shoddy (shod'i), n. the wool of old 
woolen fabrics torn to pieces and 
remade with an admixture of fresh 
wool into new cloth: adj. made of 
shoddy; not genuine; sham. 

shoe (shoo), n. [pi. shoes (shooz)], a 
low covering for the foot, usually of 
leather; a horseshoe; anything in the 
shape of a shoe: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shod, 
p.pr. shoeing], to furnish with a shoe 
or shoes; tip. 

shoeless (shoo'les), adj. devoid of 
shoes; having no shoes. 

shone (shon), p.t. & p.p. of shine. 

shook (shook), p.t. of shake: n. a set 
of staves and headings for a cask 
ready to be set up; set of boards for 
a sugar-box: v.t. to pack in shooks. 

shoot (shoot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shot, 
p.pr. shooting], to let fly or dis- 
charge with a sudden force, as a 



bullet, &c; strike with a shot; hurl; 
emit; kill game in or over: v.i. to 
protrude or project; be shot or pro- 
pelled forcibly; rush along; sprout; 
be affected with darting pains: n. a 
young branch or growth; chute. 

shooting (shooting), n. the act of one 
who shoots; wounding and killing 
with a firearm; sensation of darting 
pain: adj.^ pertaining to, or suitable 
for, shooting. 

shop (shop), n. a building where goods 
are sold by retail; place where me- 
chanics carry on their trade: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. shopped, p.pr. shopping], 
to visit shops to purchase goods. 

shoplifting (shop'lift-ing), n. steal- 
ing goods from a shop. [Colloq.] 

shore (shor), n. the coast or land ad- 
jacent to the sea, &c; a prop or sup- 
port: v.t. to support by a shore or 
shores. 

shoring (shor'ing), n. the act of sup- 
porting or strengthening by a shore; 
props collectively. 

shorn (shorn), p.t. of shear. 

short (short), adj. [comp. shorter, su- 
perl. shortest], not long either in 
space or time; near at hand, inad- 
equate; defective; deficient; not te- 
nacious; abrupt ; petulant ; brief ; brit- 
tle; crumbling in the mouth; not 
prolonged in sound: pi. ground grain 
sifted finer than bran: adv. abruptly; 
quickly. 

shortage (short 'aj), n. a deficiency in 
an account. 

shortcake (short'kak), n. a cake 
shortened with butter or lard, then 
baked. 

short-circuit (short-ser'kit) , v.i. to 
break off an electrical current so that 
it does not complete its entire course: 
v.t. to short-circuit is to kill by sud- 
denly breaking the electrical current 
when some one may be in contact 
with the wire: ri. a broken electric 
current. 

shortcoming (short-kum'ing) , n. a 
deficiency; a remissness in any duty. 

shorten (short 'n), v.t. to make short 
or shorter in time, extent, or meas- 
ure. 

shorthand (short'hand), n. a system 
of writing by abbreviated symbols. 

shortly (short 'li), adv. soon; quickly; 
curtly. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



SHORTNESS 



751 



SHRILL 



shortness (shqrt'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being short. 

short-sighted (short-sit'ed) , adj. the 
same as near-sighted; myopia. 

shot (shot), n. m [pl. shots and shot], the 
act of shooting; discharge of a fire- 
arm, &c; missile, especially a bul- 
let or ball; small balls of lead for 
killing game ; a marksman; range of 
a missile: v.t. to load with shot: p. adj. 
intoxicated. 

shot-gun (shot 'gun), n. a light gun 
for shooting birds and small game, 
with a charge of shot instead of a bul- 
let or bullets. 

shot-silk (shot'silk), n. a silk fabric 
having the warp and weft of two 
colors, thus presenting changeable 
tints. 

should (shood), p.t. of shall. 

shoulder (shol'der), n. the articula- 
tion connecting the human arm, or 
the foreleg of a quadruped, to the 
body ; that which resembles a shoul- 
der; a prominence; support: pi. the 
upper part of the back: v.t. to take 
upon the shoulder; assume the re- 
sponsibility of; jostle or thrust 
about with the sho_ulder. 

shoulder-strap (shol'der-strap) , n.a 
mark of military or naval rank in 
the nature of a strap over the shoul- 
der, with some device to show the 
grade to which the bearer has at- 
tained. 

shout (shout), n. a loud and sudden 
cry or outburst of joy, triumph, en- 
couragement, &c: v.i. to utter a 
loud and sudden cry: v.t, to utter 
with a shout. 

shove (shuv), n. a forcible push: v.t. 
to push along; drive before one: v.i, 
to push forward or off. 

shovel (shuVl), n. an implement with 
a broad scoop and a handle for lift- 
ing and throwing coal, &c. : v.t. to 
take and throw up with a shovel; 
gather up with, or as with, a shovel. 

shovel-board (shov'l-) or shuffle- 
board (shuf'1-bord), n. a game pop- 
ular in the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries. It consists in sliding over 
a smooth surface (a table, for in- 
stance), a number of disks, which 
the players propelled with the hand, 
holding in the palm a piece 01 
money. If the player succeeded in 



sliding a disk into a hole or com- 
partment, he wins the amount of 
money that he held in his hand. In 
modern times, the game is played on 
platforms or the decks of ships, with 
large wooden disks which are shoved 
by poles. See horse-billards. 

show (sho), v.t. [p.t. showed, p.p. 
shown, p.pr. showing], to present to 
view; display; disclose; make clear; 
guide; direct; teach; confer or be- 
stow: v.i. to appear; manifest one's 
self: n. the act of showing; expos- 
ure to _ sight ; ostentatious display ; 
exhibition or spectacle; pretense. 

shower (shou'er), n. a fall of rain or 
hail of short duration; copious fall 
or supply of anything: v.t. to water 
copiously with rain; bestow liberal- 
ly: v.i. to rain in showers. 

showeriness (shou'er-i-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being showery. 

showery (shou'er-i) , adj. raining or 
abounding in showers. 

showily (sho'i-li), adv. in a showy man- 
ner. 

showiness (sho'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being showy; ostentation; 
parade. 

showy (sho'i), adj. ostentatious; gay. 

shrank, p.t. of shrink. 

shrapnel- shell (shrap'nel-shel), n. a 
projectile filled with bullets and a 
bursting charge. 

shred (shred), n. a long narrow piece 
torn or cut off; piece or fragment: 
v.t. to tear into small pieces. 

shrew (shroo), n. sl scolding, vexa- 
tious woman; a small, insectivorous, 
burrowing animal, resembling a 
mouse. 

shrewd (shrood) , adj. sharp-witted or 
clever in practical affairs; of nice 
discernment ; _sagacious ; sly ; astute. 

shrewish (shroo'ish), adj. like a shrew. 

shriek (shrek), v.i. to utter a shriek: 
n. a sharp, shrill outcry. 

shrievalty (shrev'al-ti) , n. the office 
or jurisdiction of a sheriff. Also 
shrivalty. 

shrift (shrift), n. confession to a 
priest; absolution. 

shrike (shrik), n. a bird that preys 
on small birds and insects and im- 
pales them on thorns to eat them 
conveniently; the butcher-bird. ; 

shrill (shril), adj. sharp and pierc- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SHRIMP 



752 



SIBILANT 



ing in tone: v.i. to utter an acute, 
piercing sound. 

shrimp (shrimp), n. a small shell- 
fish allied to the lobster; anything 
very small of its kind; a dwarf. 

shrine (shrin), n. a case or recepta- 
cle in which sacred relics are de- 
posited; any sacred place or hal- 
lowed object; an altar: v.t. to place 
in a shrine. 

shrink (shringk), v.i. [p.t. shrank, p.p. 
shrunk, p.pr. shrinking], to contract 
spontaneously; become wrinkled; 
withdraw; recoil: v.t. to cause to con- 
tract: n. contraction; withdrawal. 

shrinkage (shringk'aj), n. the act of 
shrinking; contraction; decrease in 
value. 

shrive (shriv), v.t. [p.t. shrived or 
shrove, p.p. shriven, p.pr. shriving], 
to confess and absolve: v.i. to receive 
confession. 

shrivel (shriv'l), v.i. to be drawn into 
wrinkles; contract: v.t. to cause to 
contract into wrinkles. 

shroud (shroud), n. a winding sheet 
or covering for the dead; anything 
that covers or conceals: pi. a set of 
large ropes supporting the masts: 
v.t. to cover with, or as with, a 
shroud; conceal. 

shrove (shrov), p.t. of shrive. 

Shrove Tuesday (ttiz'da), n. the 
Tuesday next before Ash Wednes- 
day. 

shrub (shrub), n. a woody plant of 
less size than a tree; a kind of 
beverage of lemon juice, spirit, &c. 

shrubbery (shrub 'er-i), n. [pi. shrub- 
beries (shrub'er-iz)], a collection of 
shrubs; plantation of shrubs. 

shrug (shrug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shrugged, 
p.pr. shrugging], to contract or draw 
up (the shoulders) to express doubt, 
contempt, dislike, &c: v.i. to raise 
the shoulders: n. a raising or con- 
tracting of the shoulders. 

shrunk (shrungk), p.t. & p.p. of 
shrink. 

shrunken (shrungk'en) , p. adj. shriv- 
eled up. 

shuck (shuck), n. a shell or husk: v.t. 
to deprive of shells or husks. 

shudder (shud'er), n. a trembling with 
fear or horror; cold shivering: v.i. to 
feel a cold tremor from fear or hor- 
ror; quake. 



shuddering (shud'er-ing) , . p.adj. 
trembling as with fear or horror. 

shuffle (shuf'l), v.t. to push from one 
to another; change the relative po- 
sitions of: v.i. to change the order 
of cards in a pack; evade fair ques- 
tions; prevaricate; drag the feet in 
walking or dancing: n. the act of 
shuffling; artifice or evasion; slov- 
enly, irregular gait. 

shuffle-board. See shovel-board. 

shuffler (shuf'ler), n. one who shuffles. 

shuffling (shuf'ling), adj. moving with 
a slovenly, irregular gait ; evasive. 

shun (shun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shunned, 
p.pr. shunning], to avoid; keep 
clear of; escape from; neglect; de- 
cline. 

shunt (shunt), v.t. to turn off, on, or 
as on, a side rail: v.i. to be turned 
aside: n. a turning off to a side rail; 
a short side-rail. [Briticism.] 

shut (shut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shut, p.pr. 
shutting], to close so as to prevent 
entrance or exit; prohibit or bar; 
exclude; close over: v.i. to become 
closed: adj. closed. 

shutter (shut'er), n. one who, or that 
which, shuts; a movable screen for 
a window. 

shuttle (shut'l), n. an instrument 
used in weaving; sliding thread- 
holder in a sewing machine. 

shuttlecock (shut'1-kok), n. a cork 
stuck with feathers and driven with a 
battledore. 

shy (shi), adj. [comp. shyer, superl. 
shyest], timid; shunning approach; 
cautious, reserved; suspicious; mod- 
est: v.i. to start aside from fear: 
v.t. to throw side wise with a jerk; 
fling: n. the act of starting aside 
from fear ; a side throw. 

shyly (shi'li), adv. in a shy manner. 

shyness (shi'nes), n. the state of being 
shy. 

shyster (shis'ter), n. one who carries 
on legal business in a mean and 
tricky manner. 

si (se), the seventh note of the scale 
[Music]. 

Siamese (si-a-mez'), adj. pertaining to 
Siam, its language, or inhabitants. 

sibilance (sib'i-lans), n. the state or 
quality of being sibilant. Also sib- 
ilancy. 

sibilant (sib'i-lant), adj. making, or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SIBILATION 



753 



SIGN 



uttering, a hissing sound: n. a sibi- 
lant letter, as s, z. 

sibilation (sib-i-la'shun) , n. utter- 
ance with a hissing sound. 

nibyl (sib'il), n. a woman endowed 
with a spirit of prophecy. 

sibylline (siWi-len), adj. pertaining to, 
uttered, or written by, a sibyl. 

sic (sik), adj. such [Scotch]: adv. thus 
[Latin]. 

siccative (sik'a-tiv) , adj. drying. < 

sice (sis), n. the number six at dice. 

sick (sik), adj. ill in health; affected 
with nausea; indued to vomit; dis- 
gusted; indisposed; set apart for the 
sick. ' 

sicken (sik'n), v.i. to become sick; fall 
ill; be filled with disgust; decay or 
languish: v.t. to make sick; disgust. 

sickening (sik'n-ing) K adj. making sick; 
disgusting ; nauseating. 

sickish (sik'ish), adj. somewhat sick or 
ill; exciting disgust. 

sickle (sik'l), n. a reaping hook. 

sickliness (sik'li-nes) , n. the state of 
being sickly or in bad health. 

sickly (sik'li), # adj. ailing; weak; ha- 
bitually indisposed; producing dis- 
ease. 

sickness (sik'nes) , n. the state of being 
sick or in bad health * illness ; dis- 
eased condition. 

sida (si'da), n. a ligneous Indian fiber 
used as a substitute for hemp and flax. 

side (sid), n. the broad and long part or 
surface of a thing as distinguished 
from the end; margin; edge; part of a 
man or animal between the shoulder 
and hip; slope or declivity; party; 
position; line of descent; aspect; af- 
fectation or self-assertion [Eng. 
slang]: v.i. to embrace the cause or 
tenets of one party against another: 
v.t. to stand at the side of. 

sideboard (sid'bord) , n. a piece of din- 
ing-room furniture for holding din- 
ing utensils. 

sidelong (sid'long), adv. obliquely: adj. 
lateral. 

sidereal (sl-de're-al) , adj. pertaining 
to the stars ; astral ; measured by the 
apparent motion of the stars. 

sidereal year (yer), n. the time oc- 
cupied by # the earth in completing 
its revolution round the sun. 

sidewalk (sid'wawk), n. a way for the 
use of pedestrians. 



side- wheel (sid'hwel), n. a paddle 
wheel at the side of a steamboat. 

side- wheeler (sid-hwel'er) , n. a steam- 
boat having side-wheels. 

siding (sid'ing), n. a railroad track by 
the side of the main track, for 
switching, &c: adj. taking sides. 

sidle (sid'l), v.i. to go or move side fore- 
most. 

siege (sej), n. the surrounding and in- 
vesting of a place by an army to 
compel its surrender; continued 
effort to obtain possession; floor of 
a glass furnace: v.t. to besiege. 

sienna (si-en'a), n. red or brown clay 
obtained from Siena, Italy: used as a 
pigment. 

sierra (se-er'a), n. a chain of moun- 
tains with serrated ridges. 

siesta (se-es'ta), n. midday or after- 
dinner nap. [Spanish.] 

sieve (siv), n. sl utensil for separating 
the finer from the coarser parts of a 
substance. 

siffleur (si-fler'), n. a professional 
whistler. Fern, siffleuse. [French.] 

sift (sift), v.t. to separate with, or as 
with, a sieve; scrutinize. 

sigh (si), v.i. to inhale and respire 
with a long, deep, and audible 
breathing; grieve; lament: v.t. to 
express by sighs; mourn: n. the 
act of sighing. 

sight (sit), n. the act of seeing; per- 
ception: visibility; judgment; men- 
tal view; spectacle; view; space 
seen; a small piece of metal on a 
gun, &c, to guide the eye in aiming; 
large number or quantity: v.t. to 
see, adjust the sight of. 

sightless (sit'les), adj. blind: devoid 
of sight. 

sightliness (sit'li-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being sightly. 

sightly (sit'li), adj. pleasing to the eye. 

sigmoid (sig'moid), adj. curved like 
the letter s. 

sign (sin), n. a mark, token, or sym- 
bol; that by which anything is 
known or represented; visible rep- 
resentation ; memorial ; indication; 
the twelfth part of the zodiac; 
omen; wonder; signboard: v.t. to 
represent with a sign; signify; af- 
fix a signature to; ratify by writing 
one's own name; convey formally: 
v.i. to make a sign or signal. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
48 hue, hut ; think, then. 



SIGNAL 



754 



SILT 



signal (sig'nal), n. a sign for giving 
notice, especially at a distance; 
something to attract the eye or ear: 
adj. memorable; distinguished; re- 
markable; pertaining to signals: v.t. 
to convey by signals ; make signals to. 

signalize (sig'nal-iz), v.t. to make 
especially conspicuous. 

signatory (sig'na-to-ri) , adj. signing: 
n. one who signs or subscribes, es- 
pecially for a state. 

signature (sig'na-tur), n. name of a 
person written by himself; sign- 
manual; mark or stamp impressed; 
flats or sharps after the clef to in- 
dicate the key [Music]. 

signboard (sm'bord), n. a board 
placed conspicuously to call public 
attention to something advertised. 

signet (sig'net), n. a seal, especially 
that used by a sovereign in sealing 
documents under sign-manual. 

significance (sig-nif 'i-kans), n. mean- 
ing or import; consequence. Also 
significancy. 

significant (sig-nif 'i-kant) , adj. de- 
signed or adapted to signify; ex- 
pressive or suggestive; important: 
n. a token or symbol. 

signification (sig-ni-fi-ka/shun), n. the 
act of signifying; that which is 
signified; meaning. 

significator (sig-nif 'i-ka-ter) , n. one 
who, or that which, signifies. 

significatory (sig-nif 'i-ka-to-ri) , adj. 
having signification 

signify (sig'ni-fi), y.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. sig- 
nified, p.pr. signifying], to show by 
a sign, mark, or token; denote; 
make known; involve; manifest: 
v.i. to be of_ consequence. 

signiory (sen'yc-r-i), n. dominion; 
lordship; estate; aristocracy. [Ital- 
ian.] 

sign- manual (sin-man'u-al) , n. a 
signature, especially a royal signa- 
ture. 

signor (sen'yor), n. sir [Italian]. Also 
signior. Fern, signora (sen-yor'a). 

signorina (sen-yor-e'na) , n. Miss. 
[Italian.] 

sign- post (sln'post), n. a board placed 
at intervals along the highway to 
direct the passer-by to his destina- 
tion. 

Sikh (sek), n. one of a warlike race 
inhabiting the Punjab in India. 



silage (sil'aj), same as ensilage. 

silence (si'lens), n. entire absence 
of sound; having no sound; taci- 
turnity; obscurity; oblivion: v.t. to 
make silent; reduce to silence by 
irrefutable arguments; cause to 
cease firing; restrain from the ex- 
ercise of any function, especially 
preaching. [Latin.] 

silent (si'lent), adj. noiseless; not 
speaking; not pronounced; taci- 
turn; quiet. 

silesia (si-le'shi-a) , n. a kind of lin- 
en cloth. 

silex (si'leks), n. flint. 

silhouette (sil-oo-ef), n. the out- 
line or profile filled in with black: 
v.t. to represent by a silhouette. 

silica (sil'i-ka), n. silicon dioxide. 

silicate (sil'i-kat), n. a salt of silicic 
acid. 

silicated (siri-ka-ted) , adj. combined 
or impregnated with silica. 

silicic (si-lis'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
derived from, compounded with, or 
like, silica. 

silico, a Greek prefix denoting the 
presence of silicon, as si^cofluoride. 

silicon (siri-kon), n. a non-metallic 
element. [Greek.] 

silk (silk), n. a fine, soft, tenacious 
thread spun by certain caterpillars, 
as that of Bombyx mori ; cloth made 
of silk; garment made of silk: adj. 
pertaining to, or made of, silk. 

silken (silk'en), adj. made of, or like, 
silk. 

silkiness (silk'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being silky. 

silky (sihVi), adj. pertaining to, made 
of, or resembling, silk; silken. 

sill .(sil), n. the foundation of any- 
thing in timber or stone, especially 
a timber at the bottom of a door or 
window; a young herring. % 

sillibub (sil'i-bub)', n. a mixture of 
cream, wine, or cider, forming a 
soft curd. Also syllabub. 

silliness (siFi-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being silly. 

silly (sil'i), adj. [comp. sillier, superl. 
silliest], weak in intellect; foolish; 
indiscreet. 

silo (silo), n. a store pit for green 
fodaer, potatoes, &c. 

silt (silt), n. mud or sand deposited 
by running or standing water: v.t. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SILURIAN 



755 



SINE 



to fill up or obstruct with silt: v.i. 
to percolate 1 

Silurian (si : lu'ri-an), adj. pertaining 
to a division of the Paleozoic era, 
sometimes called the era of inverte- 
brates. # 

silvan (sir van), adj. pertaining to, in- 
habiting, or growing in, a wood oi 
grove; rustic; woody. Also sylvan. 

silver (sil'ver), n. a soft, white, me- 
tallic element, used for coins and 
articles of plate, &c; money, any- 
thing resembling silver in brightness 
or color: adj. pertaining to, or made 
of, silver; soft and clear, as the 
voice; gentle: v.t. to cover or coat 
with silver. 

silvery (sir ver-i), adj. covered with, 
containing, or like, silver; soft and 
clear; bright. 

simian (sim'i-an). adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic oi, or like an ape: n. 
an ape or monkey. 

similar (sim'i-lar), adj. having a gen- 
eral likeness or correspondence; 
alike. 

similarity (sim-i-lar'i-ti), n. resem- 
blance. 

simile (sim'i-le), # n. [pi. similes (sim'- 
i-lez) j, a likening bj r comparison to 
illustrate something. 

simmer (sim'er), v.t. & v.i. to boil 
gently. 

simony (sim'o-ni), n. the act t or 
crime of buying or selling ecclesias- 
tical preferment; corrupt presenta- 
tion of any one to a benefice: from 
Simon Magus, Acts viii., 18. 

simoom (si-mqom'), n. a hot, dry, 
suffocating wind which blows from 
the deserts of Arabia, &c, laden 
with minute particles of sand. Also 
simoon. [Arabic] 

simous (si'mus), adj. having a flat 
or snub nose. 

simper (sim'per), v.i. to smile in an 
affected or silly manner: n. affected 
or silly smile. 

simple (sim'pl), adj. [conip. sim- 
pler, superl. simplest], single, not 
complex; undivided; not blended or 
compounded; pure; plain; un- 
adorned; sincere; natural; unaf- 
fected; intelligible; clear; weak in 
intellect; humble; plain: n. some- 
thing unmixed or not compounded; 
a medicinal herb. [Lexicon.] 



simpleton (sim'pl-tun), n. one who ia 
foolish or of weak intellect. 

simplicity (sim : plis'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being simple; artlessness 
of mind; freedom from duplicity; 
absence of excessive or artificial or- 
nament; clearness: innocence; folly. 

simplification (sim-pli-fi-ka/shun), n. 
the act of simplifying. 

simplify (sim'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
simplified, p.pr. simplifying], to make 
simple; render less complex; make 
plain or easy. 

simply (sim'pli), adv.m a simple man- 
ner; without addition; only; mere- 
ly; foolishly or weakly. 

simulacrum (smi-u4a'krum), n. an 
effigy; image; likeness; ghost. [Latin.] 

simulate (sim'u-lat), v.t. to pretend or 
counterfeit ; assume the likeness of. 

simulation (sim^-u-la'shun), # n. the 
act of _ simulating or feigning that 
which is not true. 

simultaneity (sim-ul-ta-ne'i-ti), n. 
sameness of time. 

simultaneous (sim-ul-ta'ne-us) , adj. 
happening, done, or existing at the 
same time. 

sin (sin), n. wilful transgression of 
the Divine law; neglect of the laws 
of morality and religion; violation 
of propriety; transgression ; iniquity: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sinned, p.pr. sin- 
ning], to commit sin; transgress or 
offend. 

Sinai tic (si-na-it'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or given at, Mt. Sinai. 

sinapism (sin'a-pizm), n. a mustard 
plaster. [Latin.] 

since (sins), adv. from that time; be- 
fore this or now: prep, from the time 
of; after: conj. because; seeing that; 
considering. 

sincere (sin-ser'), adj. true; honest; 
not falsely assumed; genuine; frank; 
upright; pure; adulterated. 

sincerely (sin-ser'li) , adj. in a sincere 
manner. 

sincerity (sin-ser'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being sincere; freedom 
from hypocrisy or pretense. Also 
sincereness. 

sine (sin), n. sl straight line drawn 
from one extremity of the arc of a 
circle perpendicular to the diameter 
passing through the other extremity : 
a prefix meaning without, as smecure 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hti«\ hut : think, /7>en. 



SINECURE 



756 



SIRDAR 



(sm'e-kur), any office or position for 
which pay is received without an 
equivalent in work rendered. 

sinecure (sin'e-kur), n. an office or 
position with an income attached to 
it but no necessary work. [Latin.] 

sinew (sin'u), n. a tendon; anything 
supplying strength. 

sinewy (sin'u-i), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or like, sinew; vigor- 
ous ; tough. 

sinful (sin'fool), adj. full of sin; 
wicked; impious; unholy. m 

sinfully (sin'f oo-li) , adv. in a sinful 
manner. 

sing (sing), v.i. [p.t. sung, sang, p.p. 
sung, p.pr. singing], to utter melo- 
dious sounds; make a shrill or hum- 
ming noise; celebrate in verse or 
poetry; cry out: v.t. to celebrate in 
song; chant. 

singe (sinj), v.t. to burn slightly or 
on the surface: n. a slight burn. 

single (sing'gl), adj. consisting of one 
only; alone; separate; unmarried; 
performed by one person or one on 
each side; straightforward; sincere; 
honest: v.t. to select (one person or 
thing) from others; separate: n. a 
unit: pl.^ reeled and twisted filaments 
of silk; in lawn tennis, a game with 
only one player on each side. 

singleness (sing'gl-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being single; sincerity. 

singleton (sing'gl-tun) , n. a single 
card of any suit held by a player at a 
deal, as at whist. 

singly (sing'gli), adv. individually; par- 
ticularly. 

singsong (sing'song), n. bad singing 
or poetry; monotonous or drawling 
tone: adj. monotonous. 

singular (sing'gti-lar) , adj. not com- 
plex or compound ; alone ; noting one 
person or thing; uncommon; unus- 
ual; strange; extraordinary; emi- 
nent; peculiar; odd; unique: n. in 
Grammar, the number denoting one 
person or thing. 

singularity (sing-gti-lar'i-ti) , n. [pi. 
singularities (sing-gu-lar'i-tiz)], the 
state or quality of being singular; 
peculiarity ; oddity. 

sinister (sin'is-ter), adj. inauspicious; 
unlucky; evil; ill-omened; corrupt; 
dishonest; on the left hand or 
side. 



sink (singk), v.i. [p.t. sunk, sank, p.p. 
sunk, sunken, p.pr. sinking], to fall 
or go downwards; fall to the bot- 
tom; descend lower and lower; de- 
cline gradually; enter deeply; sub- 
side: v.t. to cause to sink; make by 
digging; lower in value or amount; 
reduce or extinguish by payment: 
n. a drain to carry off dirty or su- 
perfluous water. 

sinless (sin'les), adj. free from sin. 

sinner (sin'er), n. one who sins; an 
offender ; transgressor ; one who is un- 
regenerate. 

sinnet (sin'et), n. a yarn bound round 
ropes to prevent friction. Also sen- 
net. 

Sinology (si-nol'o-ji), n. the system- 
atized knowledge of the Chinese lan- 
guage, literature, laws, and history. 
[From the Greek Sines, a name for 
the Chinese.] 

sinter (sin'ter), n. crystallized rock 
precipitated from mineral water; 
scale from hammered iron. 

sinuate (sin'u-at), adj. having the 
margin alternately curved inward 
and outward. 

sinuosity (sin-Q-os'i-ti), n. a wavy line; 
the character of being sinuous. 

sinuous (sin'u-us), adj. bending in and 
out; winding; crooked. 

sinus (si'nus), n. a bay or recess; 
cavity or depression; fistula. [Latin.] 

Sioux (su), n.pl. a tribe of Indians 
whose racial home is in the two 
Dakotas. 

sip (sip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sipped, p.pr. 
sipping], to imbibe in small quan- 
tities; drink out of; draw into the 
mouth; taste: v.i. to drink a small 
quantity; take a fluid with the lips: 
n. the act of sipping; taste. 

siphon (si'fon), n. a bent pipe or 
tube having one end longer than the 
other, used for drawing off liquids 
from a higher to a lower level; the 
respiratory tube of a mollusk ; a 
siphon bottle: v.t. to convey or draw 
off by a siphon. Also syphon. 
[Latin.] 

siphonage (si'fon-aj), n. the action of 
a siphon. 

Sir (ser), n. the title of a baronet or 
knight; a term of respect. [French.] 

sirdar (ser-dar'), n. in India, a chief; 
as an Anglo-Indian title it means the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SIRE 



757 



SIZABLE 



commander-in-chief of the British 
forces in India. 

sire (sir), n. sl title of respect used 
in addressing the sovereign; father; 
head of a family; male of beasts: 
v.t to procreate. [French.] 

sireasis (sir-i'a-sis) , n. sunstroke; also 
exposure to the sun for remedial 
purposes. [Greek.] 

siren (si'ren) , n. one of certain fabulous 
nymphs in Southern Italy said to 
have sung with such sweetness that 
mariners were irresistibly lured to 
their destruction; hence a woman 
dangerous from her fascinating, en- 
ticing wiles; a foghorn, a South 
American eel-like amphibian: adj. 
pertaining to, characteristic of, or 
like, a siren; bewitching. [Greek.] 

sirene (si-ren'), n. an instrument for 
ascertaining the number of vibra- 
tions per second corresponding to a 
note of given pitch. 

Sirius (sir'i-us), n. the dog-star. 

sirloin (ser'loin), n. the loin, or upper 
part of the loin, of beef. 

sirocco (si-rok'o), n. [pi. siroccos (si- 
rok'oz)], a hot, relaxing wind, from 
the Libyan deserts. 

sirrah (sir'a), n. a term of reproach 
or contempt. [French.] 

sisal-grass (sis'al-gras) , n. the pre- 
pared fiber of the American aloe, 
used for cordage, &c. 

siskin (sis'kin), n. a kind of finch. 

siss (sis), n. a hissing noise: v.i. to 
make a hissing noise. 

sister (sis'ter), n. a female born of 
the same parents as another person; 
a female fellow-Christian; a female 
of the same religious society, order, 
or community; nun; one of the same 
kind or condition. 

sisterhood (sis'ter-hood) , n. sisters 
collectively; number of females be- 
longing to the same religious so- 
m ciety, &c. 

sister-in-law (sis'ter-in-law) , n. [pi. 
sisters-in-law], the sister of one's hus- 
^bandorwife; wife of one's brother. 

Sisyphean (sis-i-fe'an) , adj. pertaining 
to Sisyphus, condemned by Pluto to 
roll to the top of a hill a stone which 
incessantly fell back when it had 
reached the summit: hence inces- 
santly recurring; vainly toilsome. 
[Greek.] 



sit, v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sat, p.pr. sitting], 
to rest on the lower part of the 
trunk of the body; perch; rest or lie; 
repose on a seat ; press or weigh ; 
occupy a seat officially; be officially 
engaged; incubate; hold a session: 
v.t. to sit upon; snub. 

site (sit), n. local position or situa- 
tion; ground-plot. 

sitting (sit'ing), adj. resting on the 
haunches; perching; incubating: n. 
the state, posture, or act of one who 
sits; a seat in a church, &c; a ses- 
sion; time during which one sits; 
set of eggsfor incubation. 

situate (sit'u-at), adj. placed. 

situated (sit'u-a-ted), adj. having a 
position; placed with respect to any 
other object. 

situation (sit-u-a/shun) , n. position; 
locality; circumstances; office; em- 
ployment. 

sitz-bath (sits'bath), n. a bath for 
bathing in a sitting posture. 

Siva (se'va), n. a god in the Hindu 
triad, appearing with Brahma and 
Vishnu. Siva is the destroying god, 
and his emblem is a bull. See 
Brahma. 

six (siks), adj. one more than five: n. 
the number greater by one than five; 
the symbol representing 6 units. 

sixfold (siks 'fold), adj. six times as 
many or as much. 

sixpence (siks'pens), n. sl small Brit- 
ish silver coin, value six pennies, or 
123^ cents. 

sixpenny (siks'pen-i) , adj. worth six- 
pence. 

sixscore (siks'skor), n. & adj. six times 
twenty. 

six-shooter (siks-shoot r er). n. a six- 
chambered revolver. 

sixteen (siks'ten), adj. fifteen and one 
more. 

sixteenmo (siks'ten-mo), n. sexto- 
decimo. 

sixteenth (siks'tenth), adj. next in or- 
der after the fifteenth. 

sixth (siksth), adj. first after the fifth. 

sixtieth (siks'ti-eth) , # adj. next in or- 
der after the fifty-ninth. 

sixty (siks'ti), n. [pi. sixties (siks'tiz)], 
the product of six and ten: adj. ten 
times six. 

sizable (siz'a-bl), adj. of considerable 
or suitable size. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, bookj 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SIZAR 



758 



SKILLFULL 



sizar (sizar), n. at Cambridge Uni- 
versity and Trinity College, Dublin, 
an undergraduate student who was 
unable to meet his own expenses, 
so that in part-payment of his fees, 
he rendered certain services to the 
officers of the institution. 

size (slz), n. a kind of thin, weak 
glue; magnitude or bulk: v.t. to pre- 
pare or cover* with size; adjust or 
arrange according to size or bulk; 
separate by means of a sieve. 

sizzle (siz'l), v.i. to make a hissing 
sound; to suffer from heat: n. a 
hissing sound. 

skald, same as scald. 

skate (skat), n. a kind of flat fish of 
the ray family; a metallic runner 
fitted in a frame for fastening to the 
boot to slide over ice: v.i. to slide on 
skates; an old and worn out horse; 
a term of reproach or dislike as 
"a cheap skate. " [Slang.] 

skedaddle (ske-dad'l), v.i. to run 
away, especially in terror. 

skeg (skeg), n. the after part of a 
screw vessel or a projection from it, 
to hold the rudder as may be neces- 
sary. 

skein (skan), n. a quantity of thread, 
silk, &c, coiled together. 

skeleton (skel'e-tun), n. the bones 
of an animal separated from the 
flesh; framework of anything; out- 
line; a secret annoyance; very thin 
person. 

skeletonize (skel'e-tun-iz) , v.t. to 
make a skeleton of. 

skeleton-key (skel'e-tun-ke') , n. a 
thin light key, the center parts of 
which have been almost wholly filed 
away. 

skeptic (skep'tik), n. one who doubts 
the truth of any doctrine or system; 
one who doubts the existence of God 
or revelation; an adherent of philo- 
sophical skepticism. [Greek.] 

skeptical (skep'ti-kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characteristic of, a skeptic; 
characterized by skepticism; doubt- 
ing the existence of God or Divine 
revelation. 

skeptically (skep'ti-ka-li), adv. in a 
skeptical manner; with doubt. 

skepticism (skep'ti-sizm), n. incredu- 
lity; doubt; the doctrine that no 
facts can be known with certainty 



beyond the range of experience; un- 
belief in any particular doctrine or 
system. 

sketch (skech), n. an outline; first 
rough draft; preliminary study: v.t. 
to draw the outline or give principal 
features of; make a sketch of: v.i. 
to make sketches. 

sketchily (skech'i-li) , adv. in a sketchy 
manner. 

sketchiness (skech'i-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being sketchy; 
incompleteness. 

sketchy (skech'i), adj. outlined; un- 
finished. 

skew (sku), adj. oblique; twisted: adv. 
obliquely. 

skewbald (horse) (sku'bald), adj. 
same as piebald, except that the 
animal is less presentable because 
his spots are white. 

skewer (sku'er), n. & pin of wood or 
metal for securing meat, &c, in 
form when roasting: v.t. to fasten 
with, or as with, a skewer. 

ski (ske), n.pl. long narrow nieces of 
wood with one end curved in front, 
used as snow-shoes. [Scandina- 
vian.] 

skiagraph (ski'a-graf ) , same as ra- 
diograph. [Greek.] 

skiagraphy (ski-ag'ra-fi) , same as 
radiography. 

skid (skid), n. a sliding wedge or 
drag to retard the motion of a ve- 
hicle by pressure against the wheel; 
a fender to protect the side of a 
ship: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skidded, p.pr. 
skidding], to cause to move on, or 
protect with, a skid; retard by a 
skid: v.i. to slip along obliquely. 

skiddaw (skid'aw) , n. the black guille- 
mot. 

skied (skid), p.t. & p.p. of sky. 

skiff (skif), n. a small fight boat. 

skill (skil), n. expertness in any art 
or science; aptitude; power to dis- 
cern and execute. 

skilled (skil'd), adj. having the 
knowledge and ability which come 
from experience; possessing skill. 

skillet (skil'et), n. & small culinary ves- 
sel. 

skillful (skil'fool), adj. having, or dis- 
playing, skill* expert in any art or 
science; discriminating; clever; dex- 
terous. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SKILLING 



759 



SLACK 



skilling (skil'ing), n. the bay of a barn 
or slight addition to a cottage. 

skilly (skil'i), n. a kind of thin oatmeal 
broth in which meat has been boiled. 

skim ^skim), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skimmed, 
p.pr. skimming], to remove the scum 
from; brush ^ the surface of lightly: 
v.i. to pass lightly over; read super- 
ficially. 

skimmer (skira'er), n. one who, or 
that which, skims; a perforated 
ladle; a marine bird. 

skimp (skimp), v.t. to do carelessly 
or superficially: v.i. to be parsimo- 
nious: adj. scanty. 

skin (skin), n. the external covering 
of an animal body; hide; bark or 
rind; anything resembling a skin: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skinned, p.pr. skin- 
ning], to remove or strip the skin 
from; flay; fleece; cover with, or as 
with, skin; reduce to extremities by 
cheating, &c: v.i. to become covered 
over with skin. 

skinflint (skin'flint) , n. a niggard. 

skinful (skin'fool) , n. a stomachful. 

skink (skingk),^. a kind of lizard. 

skinniness (skin'i-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being skinny. 

skinny (skin'i), adj. consisting only of 
skin; very lean. 

Skip (skip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skipped, 
p.pr. skipping], to leap lightly over; 
omit: v.i. to leap or bound lightly; 
pass over unnoticed: n. a light leap 
or bound; omission; a wicker basket. 

Skipper (skip'er), n. one who, or that 
which, skips; the cheese maggot; 
the master of a merchant vessel; 
sea-captain. 

Skipping-rope (skip'ing-rop), n. a 
rope or length of braided hemp that 
children use in their play, which 
consists in leaping in quick succes- 
sion over the rope while holding one 
end in each hand. 

Skirmish (sker'mish), n. a slight 
combat or irregular fight between 
two small parties; contest: v.i. t to 
fight slightly or in small parties; 
fight irregularly. 

skirr (sker), v.t. to pass over rap- 
idly. 

skirt (skert), n. the lower and lbose 
part of a coat, dress, or other gar- 
ment; part below the waist; upper 
petticoat; midriff of animals; mar- 



gin or border: v.t. to cover with a 
skirt; border; run or pass along the 
edge of: v.i. to be on the border. 

skirting (skert'ing), n. skirts collec- 
tively; material for skirts; a narrow 
vertical board placed round the mar- 
gin of a floor. 

skit (skit), n. brief satire; burlesque. 

skittish (skit'ish), adj. shy; easily 
frightened; volatile; vivacious; wan- 
ton. 

skittles (skit'lz), n.pl. ninepins. 

skiver (skiv'er), n. a paring tool for 
leather; sheepskin split for book- 
binding, &c. 

skulk (skulk), v.i. to withdraw into 
a corner for concealment; lurk; 
avoid work in a cowardly manner: 
n. a skulker; a number of foxes to- 
gether. 

skull (skul), n. the bony case inclos- 
ing the brain of a vertebrate ani- 
mal. 

skunk (skungk), n. an American car- 
nivorous animal allied to the weasel, 
which emits a foetid secretion when 
pursued; a vile, contemptible fel- 
low: v.t. to defeat (an opponent) 
as at cards. 

sky (ski), n. [pi. skies (skiz)], the 
apparent vault of the heavens; re- 
gion of clouds surrounding the 
earth; climate or weather: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. skied, p.pr. skying], to raise 
in the air; hang very high. 

sky-born (ski'born) , adj. heaven-born. 
[Poet.] 

sky-hoot (ski-hoot'), v.i. to rush as in 
a great ship, over the ocean. [Kip- 
ling.] 

skylark (ski'lark), n. a species of lark 
that mounts high in the air and 
sings as it soars. 

skylarking (ski'lark-ing), n. running 
about the rigging of a ship in sport ; 
frolicking. 

skyscraper (ski'skxa-per) , n. a lofty 
building; a triangular sail next 
above the royal. 

slab (slab), n. a flat piece of any- 
thing, especially marble or stone; a 
puddle; mire: adj. thick; glutinous. 

slabber (slab'er), n. saliva: v.i. to let 
saliva or liquid fall from the mouth. 

slab-sided (slab'sl-ded) , adj. flat-sided; 
tall and lanky. 

slack (slak), adj. relaxed or loose; 



ate, arm, a t, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



/ 



SLACKEN 



760 



SLEAZY 



inattentive; easy or moderate; not 
busy; backward: n. that part of 
anything, as a rope, &c, that hangs 
loose. 

slacker (slak'er), n. one who shirks; 
used largely in England during the 
European war to designate those 
who avoid military duty. 

slag (slag), n. the dross of a metal; 
vitrified cinders. 

slaggy (slag'i), adj. pertaining to, or 
like, slag. 

slake (slak), v.t. to quench; extin- 
guish; mix with water: v.i. to be 
mixed with water. 

slam (slam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slammed, 
p.pr. slamming], to shut violently 
and with a loud noise ; m put down 
with force and ]oud noise: v.i. to 
strike violently or noisily: n. a vio- 
lent and noisy banging; an attack 
by ridicule. 

slander (slan'der), n. a false or ma- 
licious report; verbal defamation: 
v.t. to defame or calumniate. 

slanderous (slan'der-us) , adj. utter- 
ing slanders. 

slang (slang), n. a colloquial lan- 
guage or expression current at any 
particular period; jargon of some 
particular calling or class in so- 
ciety: v.t. to address with slang; 
abuse with vulgar language. 

slant (slant), n. an inclined plane; a 
sarcastic remark; a passing breeze: 
v.t. to give a sloping direction to: 
adj. inclined from a straight line. 

slanting (slant'ing), adj. oblique. 

slap (slap), n. a blow given with the 
open hand: y.t. [p.t. & p.p. slapped, 
p.pr. slapping], to strike with the 
open hand or with anything broad: 
adv. with a sudden, violent blow ; 
direct; quick. 

slapdash (slap'dash), adv. in a bold, 
careless, or random manner. 

slapjack (slap'jak), n. a kind of flat 
batter cake. 

siash (slash), n. a long cut; random 
cut ; slit in old costumes : vl. swampy 
or wet lands: v.t. to cut oy striking 
violently and at \ random ; cut into 
long slits; cut with a whip: v.i. to 
strike violently and at random. 

slashing (slashing), adj. sarcastic; se- 
vere. 

slat (slat), n. a thin, narrow strip of 



wood or metal used for fastening 
together larger pieces. 

slatch (slach), n. the slack of a rope; 
passing breeze. 

slate (slat), n. any rock that splits 
into thin plates; thin stone for roof- 
ing; tablet of stone for writing upon; 
list of candidates, prepared for nom- 
ination or election: v.t. to cover with 
slate ; register for a political appoint- 
ment; criticise fiercely. 

slatt (slat), n. a slab of stone used as 
a veneer. 

slattern (slat'ern), n. a careless, slov- 
enly woman. 

slatternly (slat'ern-li) , adj. slovenly; 
untidy: adv. awkwardly; untidily. 

slatting (slat'ing), n. the violent flap- 
ping of anything hanging loose in 
the wind; slats collectively. 

slaty (slat'i), adj. like slate. 

slaughter (slaw'ter), n. great de^ 
struction of life by violence; car** 
nage; killing of oxen, &c, for hu- 
man food: v.t. to slay or kill with 
violence ; kill (beasts) for the market. 

Slav (slav), n. one of the great divi- 
sions of the Aryan family or lan- 
guage: adj. Slavonic. 

slave (slav), n. a human being held 
in bondage; serf; drudge; one under 
the power or influence of another: 
v.i. to work like a slave; toil or 
drudge. 

slaver (slay'er), n. a vessel or trader 
engaged in the slave trade. 

slavery (slav'er-i), n. [pi. slaveries 
(slav'er-iz)], the state of entire sub- 
jugation to the will of another; condi- 
tion of a slave. 

slavey (slav'i) , n. a maidservant. 

Slavic (slav'ik), same as Slavonic. 

slavish (slavish), adj. pertaining to; 
befitting, or characteristic of, a slave. 

Slavonic (sla-von'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to the Slavs, their literature, or lan- 
guage. Also Slavonian, Slavic. 

slaw (slaw), n. sliced cabbage served 
as a salad. 

slay (sla), v.t. [p J. slew, p.p. slain, 
p.pr. slaying], to kill or put to death 
with a weapon; destroy suddenly or 
with violence. 

sleave (slev), n. the knotted or en- 
tangled part of silk or thread; floss. 

sleazy (sla/zi), adj. lacking firmness of 
texture; flimsy; worn thin. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, Jften. 



SLED 



761 



SLINK 



sled (sled), n. a carriage or vehicle 
mounted on runners for traveling 
over snow or ice. Also sledge: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. sledded, p.pr. sledding], 
to convey or transport on a sled. 

sledding (sled'ing), n. the act of trans- 
porting on, or conveying by, a sled; 
snow fit for the running of sleds. 

sledge (slej), n. a large, heavy ham- 
mer ; another form of sled. 

sledge-hammer. Same as sledge. 

sleek (slek), adj. smooth; glossy. 

sleeky (slek'i), adj. of a sleek appear- 
ance; fawning. 

sleep (slep), n. slumber; rest; death: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slept, p.pr. sleeping], 
to take rest in sleep; be motionless 
or inactive; be dead; spin rapidly 
and smoothly. 

sleeper (slep'er), n. one who sleeps; a 
piece of timber supporting a railway 
track; a sleeping car. 

sleepily (slep'i-li), adv. in a sleepy 
manner. 

sleepiness (slep'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being sleepy. 

sleeping-sickness (slep'ing sik'nes), 
n. a disease, usually fatal, found es- 
pecially on the west coast of Africa, 
marked by persistent sleepiness, 
wasting of tissues and dropsical 
symptoms, caused by a trypanosome, 
a parasite, which enters the blood 
through the bite of the tse-tse fly. 

sleepless (slep'les), adj. without sleep; 
wide-awake. 

sleeplessness (slep'les-nes) , n. the 
state of being unable to sleep; in- 
somnia. 

sleepy (slep'i), adj. [comp. sleepier, su- 
perl. sleepiest], inclined to, or over- 
come by, sleep; drowsy; sluggish; 
lethargic. 

sleet (slet), n. rain mingled with snow 
or hail: v.i. to hail or snow with rain 
mingled. 

sleetiness (slet'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being sleety. 

sleety (slet'i) , adj. consisting of, or like, 
sleet. 

sleeve (slev), n. the part of a gar- 
ment that covers the arm: v.t. to 
furnish with sleeves. 

sleigh (sla) , another form of sled. 

sleight (slit), n. dexterity; cunning; 
artful trick. 

slender (slen'der), adj. small or nar- 



row in proportion to the length or 
height; feeble; slim; moderate. 

sleuth (slooth), n. the track of a man 
or b^ast as known by the scent; a 
detective. [Icelandic] 

sleuthhound (slooth'hound) , n. a 
bloodhound. 

slew (sloo), p.t. of slay. 

slice (slis), n. a thin broad piece of 
anything; a thin broad knife for 
taking up or serving fish; a spatula: 
v.t. to cut into thin broad pieces; 
cut into parts; divide. [Old French.] 

slick (slik), adv. immediately; com- 
pletely: n. metal ore, especially gold, 
crushed and prepared for working 
smooth; spacious in a cheap way. 

slide (slid), v.i. to pass smoothly over 
a surface without leaving it; glide; 
pass inadvertently or unobserved; 
slip: v.t. to thrust along; cause to 
slip: n. a smooth surface of ice for 
sliding upon; smooth declivity; pic- 
ture on glass for exhibition on a 
screen; fall of a mass of rock or 
snow down a mountain; a grace of 
two smqjl notes moving by de- 
grees. 

sliding-scale (slid'ing-skal) , n. a vari- 
able scale of wages or prices accord- 
ing to the state of trade. 

slight (slit), adj. feeble; inconsider- 
able; unimportant; not severe; tri- 
fling; slender: n. neglect; oversight: 
v.t. to disregard as of little value; 
neglect. 

slim (slim), adj. [comp. slimmer, su- 
perl. slimmest], of small diameter; 
weak; unsubstantial; slender. 

slime (slim), n. glutinous mud; any 
viscous substance. 

sliminess (slim'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being slimy. 

slimy (slim'i), adj. consisting of, cov- 
ered over with, or like, slime. 

sling (sling), n. an instrument for 
throwing stones; a throw; hanging 
bandage for an injured arm: v.t. 
[p.t. &p.p. slung, p.pr. slinging], to 
hurl with, or as with, a sling; hang 
so as to swing. 

slink (slingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slunk, 
p.pr. shnking], to creep away as if 
ashamed; sneak off; miscarry: said 
of beasts: v.t. to cast prematurely: 
said of beasts : adj. produced prema- 
turely; lean [Scotch]: n. the young 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



SLINKY 



762 



SLUE 



of a beast prematurely born, espe- 
cially a calf; a sneak. 

slinky (slingk'i), adj. thin. 

slip, (slip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slipped, p.pr. 
slipping], to glide or slide; miss one's 
foothold; fall down; escape observa- 
tion; enter by oversight; move out 
of place; depart or escape: v.t. to con- 
vey secretly; cause to move quickly 
and smoothly; omit; part from a 
branch or stem: n. the act of slip- 
ping; an oversight or omission; in- 
aiscretion; strip; twig from a stock; 
scion; a kind of petticoat; outer cov- 
ering or case; liquid potter's clay; 
an incline for launching ships; a 
young sole; a fielder in cricket; a 
narrow pew or bench: pi. part of a 
theater at the sides of the stage. 

slipper (slip'er), n. one who, or that 
which, slips; a kind of loose shoe. 

slipperiness (slip'er-i-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being slippery. 

slippery (slip'er-i), adj. non-adhesive; 
without firm hold or footing; unsta- 
ble; smooth; cunning. 

slipshod (slip'shod), adj. wearing 
shoes or slippers down at the heel; 
slovenly. 

slit (slit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slit orslitted, 
p.pr. slitting], to cut lengthwise or 
into long strips; split: n. a long cut; 
narrow opening. 

slither (slider), v.i. to slide. 

sliver (sliv'er or sliv'er), v.t. to cut 
into long thin, or very small pieces: 
n. a splinter. 

sloam (slom) , n. a layer of earth be- 
tween seams of coal. 

slob (slob), n. a person (usually a 
woman) who is fat, untidy, and 
stupid. 

slobber (slob'er), same as 3labber. 

sloe (slo), n. a small bitter plum. 

slogan (slo'gan), n. the war-cry or 
gathering-cry of a Highland clan. 

sloop (sloop), n. a one-masted vessel 
with a fore-and-aft rig. [Dutch.] 

slop (slop), n. water carelessly spilled; 
puddle; poor liquor or liquid food: 
pi. dirty water; ready-made clothing; 
seaman's outfit: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
slopped, p.pr. slopping], to soil by 
letting liquid fall upon. 

slope (slop), n. an oblique direction; 
surface inclining gradually down- 
wards: v.t. to form with a slope; in- 



cline or slant; direct obliquely: v.i. 
to takean oblique direction; run off. 

slosh (slosh), v.t. to throw about any 
liquid in a careless way: v.i. to 
splash. 

slot (slot), n. a broad, flat wooden 
bar; bolt; narrow aperture; mortise; 
deer's track; trap-door of a stage; 
valley: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slotted, p.pr. 
slotting], to groove; trace by a slot. 

sloth (sloth), n. idleness; habitual in- 
dolence; a South American arboreal 
quadruped which walks slowly on 
the ground. 

slothful (sloth 'fool), adj. lazy; inac- 
tive. 

slothfully (sloth'foo-li), adv. lazily; 
indolently. 

slouch (slouch), n. a hanging down, 
as of the head or other parts of the 
body; ungainly, clownish gait; awk- 
ward, dull fellow: v.t. to cause to 
hang down; depress at the side: v.i. 
to walk in a clumsy, heavy, awkward 
manner. 

slough (slou), n. a deep muddy place; 
bog. 

slough (sluf), n. the cast-off skin of 
a serpent; the part that separates 
from a foul sore: v.i. to separate in 
dead matter from the sound flesh; 
come off, as the matter formed over 
a sore. 

slough (sloo), n. drainage-stream and 
marsh in a prairie. 

Slovak (slo'vak), n. one who belongs 
to the Slavic people; a dialect of the 
Slavs. 

sloven (sluv'en), n. one who is ha- 
bitually untidy in his dress and neg- 
ligent of cleanliness; one who is 
negligent of order and neatness. 

slovenliness (sluv'en-li-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being slovenly. 

slow (slo) , adj. not quick or rapid in 
motion; dilatory; not prompt or 
quick; behind in time; not progres- 
sive; dull. 

slowworm (slo'werm), n. a small 
snake-like reptile; the blind-worm. 

sioyd, sloid (sloid), n. a system of 
manual training. [Swedish.] 

sludge (sluj), n. slush; mire. 

sludgy (sluj'i), adj. slushy; miry. 

slue (sloo), v.t. to turn about a fixed 
point, as a spar, &c; twist round: 
v.i. to turn about (with round). 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SLUG 



763 



SMELL 



slug (slug), n. a shelless mollusk, al- 
lied to the land-snail; a sluggard; a 
kind of oval bullet: pi. half -roasted 
ore. 

sluggard (slug'erd), n. one who is 
habitually lazy and idle. 

slugger (slug'er), n. a pugilist who 
fights without a knowledge or ap- 
plication of the rules and technical- 
ties of scientific boxers, but relies 
solely on his strength and endur- 
ance. 

sluggish (slug'ish), adj. habitually 
lazy and idle; dull; slothful; inac- 
tive; slow. 

sluice (sloos), n. a gate for excluding 
or regulating the flow of water in a 
canal, &c; stream of. water issuing 
through a flood-gate: v.t. to wash 
with water from, or as from, a sluice; 
wet copiously. [French.] 

slum (slum), n. a low, dirty street or 
district of a city or town, inhabited 
by the very poor or criminal classes: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slummed, p.pr. slum- 
ming], to visit slums as a fashionable 
amusement. 

slumber (slumjber), v.i. to sleep light- 
ly; doze; be in a state of inactivity 
or negligence. 

slump (slump), n. gross amount or 
mass; a bog; a sudden fall, as of 
shares, &c: v.t. to lump or throw 
into a single lot : v.i. fall or sink sud- 
denly. 

slung, p.t. of sling. 

slunk, p.t. of slink. 

slur (sler), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slurred, 
p.pr. slurring], to sully; soil; con- 
taminate; pass over superficially; 
disparage; pronounce indistinctly; 
sing or perform in a fight, gliding 
manner [Music]: n. a stain; slight 
reproach or disgrace; stigma; a 
mark ( ^ — s ) connecting notes that 
are to be sung or played legato. 

slush (slush), n. haK-melted snow; a 
greasy lubricating mixture. 

slut (slut), n. a dirty, untidy woman. 

sluttish (slut'ish), adj. untidy and 
dirty. 

sly (sfi), adj. [comp. slyer, superl. sly- 
est], artfully cunning; underhand 
and crafty; meanly insidious. 

slyly (sll'fi) , adv. in a sly manner. 

slyness (slrnes), n. the state of being 
sly. 



smack (smak), n. a quick, smart 
blow; loud kiss; quick, sharp noise 
with the lips; flavor; taste; a one- 
masted coasting or fishing vessel: 
v.t. to kiss with a quick sharp noise; 
strike with a quick, smart blow: 
v.i. make a noise with the lips after 
tasting something. [Dutch.] 

small (smawl), adj. m [comp. smaller, 
superl. smallest], "little in quantity 
or degree; inconsiderable; of little 
worth or ability; not large or ex- 
tended in dimensions; narrow-mind- 
ed; mean: n. the slender part of any- 
thing. 

small pica (pi'ka), n. a size of print- 
ing-type (see type). 

smallpox (smawl'poks), n. a conta- 
gious, feverish disease, character- 
ized by eruptions upon the skin. 

smalt (smawlt), n. a deep blue pig- 
ment. 

smart (smart), adj. causing a quick, 
sharp pain; poignant; sharp; clev- 
er; accomplished; brilliant; witty; 
vivacious; pretentious; showy; brisk; 
obtained by sharp practices: n. a 
quick, pungent, lively pain; poi- 
gnant grief: v.i. to feel a lively, pun- 
gent pain; endure punishment. 

smarten (smart'n), v.t. to make smart 
or spruce. 

smart-money (smart 'mun-i), n. mon- 
ey paid by a person to free him from 
some unpleasant difficulty, espe- 
cially a recruit from his enlistment; 
money allowed to wounded soldiers 
and sailors. 

smash (smash), v.t. to break in pieces 
by violence; crush: v.i. to become 
bankrupt: n. a breaking to pieces; 
bankruptcy. 

smasher (smash'er), n. one who, or 
that which, smashes. 

smatter (smat'er), v.i. to talk super- 
ficially or ignorantly; have a super- 
ficial knowledge of anything. 

smattering (smat'er-ing), n. super- 
ficial knowledge. 

smear (smer), v.t. to overspread with 
anything unctuous, viscous, or adhe- 
sive; daub; pollute: n. a blot or 
stain. 

smectite (smek'tit), n. fuller's earth. 

smell (smel), v.t. [p.t.& p.p. smelled 
or smelt, p.pr. smelling], to perceive 
by the nose; obtain the scent of: v.i. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SMELLING 



764 



SMUT 



to affect the nose or olfactory nerves; 
exercise the sense of smell: n. that 
quality of bodies which affects the 
sense of smell ; odor. 

smelling (smel'ing), n. the sense of 
smell. 

smelt (smelt), n. a small salmonoid 
fish: v.t. to fuse, as an ore, to sepa- 
rate the metal. 

smerky (smerk'i), adj. jaunty; spruce. 

smerlin (smer'lin), n. a kind of bach. 

smew (smu), n. a migratory diving 
bird of the duck family; the white 
nun. 

smilax (smi'laks), n. a climbing plant 
of the lily family from South Africa. 

smile (smll), v.i. to express pleasure, 
moderate joy, love, or kindness by 
the countenance; look gay, cheerful, 
or happy; express slight contempt 
by a smile; favor: v.t. to express by 
a smile: n. the act of smiling; a look 
of pleasure, kindness, happiness, or 
slight contempt: a drink of liquor. 

smirch (smerch), v.t. to smear; dirty. 

smirk (smerk), v.i. to smile affectedly 
or conceitedly: n. an affected smile: 
adj. spruce. 

smite (smit), v.t. [p.t. smote, p.p. 
smitten, p.pr. smiting], to strike, as 
with the hand or a weapon; kill; 
overthrow in battle; blast; chasten; 
affect with any passion: v.i. to 
strike. 

smith (smith), n. one who forges 
metal with a hammer; worker in 
metals. 

smithereen (smi^-er-en') , n. a small 
bit caused by a general breakage. 
Colloq.] 

smithing (smith 'ing), n. the art or 
process of working or forging metals 
into shape : 

smithy (smith'i), n. a smith's work- 
shop. 

smock (smok), n. a chemise; smock- 
frock. 

smock-frock (smok'frok), n. an agri- 
cultural laborer's loose outer shirt. 

smokable (smok'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being smoked. 

smoke (smok), n. the vapor or sub- 
stance that escapes when a sub- 
stance is burned; vapor; exhala- 
tion; act of smoking; pipe or cigar; 
foolish talk: v.t. to apply smoke to; 
hang up in smoke; dry, scent, or 



medicate by smoke; inhale and puff 
out the smoke of; expel by smoke; 
detect or ferret out: v.i. to emit 
smoke; burn tobacco in a pipe, &c; 
inhale and puff out smoke. 

smokeless (smok-les), adj. without 
smoke. Applied to an explosive 
which emits no smoke, as smokeless 
powder. 

smoke-stack (smok'stak), n. an up- 
right pipe or funnel on an engine or 
ship. 

smokily (smok'i-li), adj. in a smoky 
manner. 

smokiness (smok'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being smoky. 

smoking (smok'ing), p.adj. emitting 
smoke; used for smoking in. 

smolder (smol'der), v.i. to burn 
slowly or smoke without vent; exist 
in a stifled condition. 

smolt (smolt), n. a young salmon 
that has acquired its silver scales. 

smooth (smoof/i), adj. not rough; 

. even surfaced; f rictionless ; gently 
flowing; glossy; bland; soothing; 
flattering: v.t. to make smooth; ren- 
der easy; calm; regulate: v.i. to be- 
come smooth: n. the act of making 
smooth; smooth part of anything; a 
meadow. 

umote (smot), p.t. of smite. 

smother (smu^'er), v.t. to destroy 
the life of by suffocation; stifle; 
suppress or conceal: v.i. to be suffoj 
cated: n. stifling smoke or thick 
dust. 

smoulder, same as smolder. 

smudge (smuj), n. a smear or stain; 
suffocating smoke; a smoldering fire 
of damp combustibles emitting dense 
smoke for the purpose of keeping off 
mosquitoes: v.t. to smear or stain; 
blacken or stifle with smoke. 

smudginess (smuj'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being smudged. 

smug (smug), adj. affectedly precise 
or prim; spruce. 

smuggle (smug'l), v.t. to import or 
export secretly without paying cus- 
tom-house duties; convey or intro- 
duce clandestinely: v.i. to practice 
smuggling. 

smut (smut), n. a spot or stain made 
by soot or similar dirty matter; bad, 
soft coal; a fungoid disease affect- 
ing cereal grain; obscenity: v.t. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 






SMUTTILY 



765 



SNIVEL 



[p.t. & p.p. smutted, p.pr. smutting], 
to soil or blacken with, or as with, 
smut: v.i. to become converted into 
smut; give off smut. 

smuttily (smut'i-li), adj. in a smutty- 
manner. 

smuttiness (smut'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being smutty. 

smutty (smut'i), adj. soiled or stained 
with smut; affected with smut; ob- 
scene. 

snack (snak), n. a slight, hasty repast. 

snacot (snak'et) , n. a pipefish. 

snaffle (snaf'l), n. a_ bridle consisting 
of a joint in the middle and rings at 
the ends: v.t. to put a snaffle in the 
mouth of. 

snag (snag), n. a short rough branch; 
knot; trunk of a tree fixed in the 
bed of a river: v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. 
snagged, p.pr. snagging], to injure 
or destroy by contact with a snag. 

snagged (snag'd), adj. full of, or cover- 
ed with, snags. Also snaggy. 

snail (snal), n. a slimy, slow-creepmg 
gasteropod of the genus Helix: 
hence any slow-moving person; 
drone. 

snake (snak), n. a serpent: v.t. to 
wind round spirally; to draw out. 

snakish (snak'ish), adj. t snake-like. 

snaky (snak'i), adj. pertaining to, or 
having the characteristics of, a 
snake; deceitful; sly; cunning; in- 
sinuating. 

snap (snap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snapped, 
p.pr. snapping], to break short or 
instantaneously; produce a sharp, 
sudden sound; utter sharp, angry 
words; miss fire: v.t. to break at 
once ; crack ; bite suddenly and un- 
expectedly: n. the act of snapping: 
noise made by snapping; spring 
catch; sudden and sharp spell, as of 
weather; that which can be easily 
snapped up; a soft snap (college 
slang): pi. & kind of crisp cak?! 
adj. brisk:; offhand; made or done 
without due notice ; unfair. 

snapdragon (snap'drag-un), n. _ a 
plant with a corolla that shuts with 
a snap when opened; a social game 
in which raisins are snatched from 
a bowl of burning brandy. 

Snappish (snap/ish), adj. apt to snap 
or eager to bite; sharp in retorting; 
peevish; caustic; easily irritated. 



snapshot (snapshot), n. a quick 
shot with gun or rifle; instantane- 
ous photography. 

snare (snar), n. a running noose to 
catch an animal; an entangling de- 
vice ; the gut stretched across a drum- 
head: v.t. to catch or entangle with. 

snarl (snarl), v.i. to growl like an 
angry # dog; speak surlily: v.t. to 
complicate or entangle, as thread or 
hair: n. the act of snarling; growl; 
angry contention or quarrel; a com- 
plicated entanglement of hair, &c. 

snatch (snach), v.t. to take or seize 
abruptly and suddenly or without 
permission; seize and carry away: 
v.i. to attempt to seize anything 
suddenly (with at) : n. a hasty catch 
or seizing. 

sneak (snek), v.i. to creep or steal 
away privately or meanly; slink; 
act with servility and meanness; 
steal: n. a mean, servile fellow; 
petty thief. 

sneer (sner), v.i. to show contempt 
by some facial expression; insinu- 
ate contempt by a covert expres- 
sion; scoff: n. an indirect expres- 
sion of contempt or scorn. [Dutch.] 

sneeze (snez), v.i. to emit a sudden 
and violent rush of air through the 
mouth and nostrils, audibly and con- 
vulsively: n. the act of sneezing. 

snicker (snik'er), n. a half -suppressed 
laugh; a giggle: v.i. to laugh slyly; 
giggle. 

sniff (snif), v.i. to draw in the breath 
through the nose, often as an ex- 
pression of contempt: v.t. to smell 
or scent: n. the act of sniffing. 

snigger (snig'er), same as snicker. 

sniggle (snig'l), v.i. to fish for eels 
by thrusting the baited hook into 
their holes. 

snip (snip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. snipped, 
p.pr. snipping], to cut or clip off at 
once, as with scissors: n. a single 
cut with scissors; small piece. 

snipe (snip), n. a long-billed fen 
fowl; curbstone broker. 

sniper (snip'er), n. one who shoots from 
an individual ambush, or irregularly, 
at an enemy, as a sharpshooter, 
either soldier or civilian. 

snivel (smVel), v.i. to run at the 
nose; cry, as a child: n. mucus run- 
ning from the nose; cant. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SNIVELER 



766 



soc 



sniveler (sniv'el-er) , n. one who 
snivels. 

snob (snob), n. sl vulgar person who 
apes gentility; vulgar upstart; jour- 
neyman shoemaker; knobstick. 

snobbish (snob'ish), adj. pertaining 
to, characteristic of, or like, a snob. 

snobbishness (snob'ish-nes), n. vul- 
gar or ostentatious show. Also 
snobbery ,_snobbism. \ 

snood (snood), n. a ribbon for bind- 
ing up the hair of a maiden [Scotch] ; 
hair-line to connect a fishing-line 
with the hook. 

snooze (snooz), v.i. to nap: n. a nap. 

snore (snor), v.i. to breathe through 
the nostrils with roughness or 
hoarseness in sleep: n. a noisy 
breathing in sleep. 

snout (snout), n. the projecting nose 
of a beast; nose of a man (in con- 
tempt). 

snow (sno), n. frozen particles of 
vapor in the atmosphere in the form 
of white feathery flakes: v.i. to fall 
in snow. [Dutch.] 

snowbird (sno'berd), n. an Arctic 
bird, the snow-bunting. 

snowdrop (sno'drop), n. a bulbous 
plant with pretty white flowers. 

snowfall (sno'fawl), n. the quantity of 
snow which falls during a given time. 

snow-line (sno'lm), n. the lowest 
limit of perpetual snow. 

snowy (sno'i), adj. white like snow; 
covered with, or abounding in, snow; 
pure. 

snub (snub), v .t. [p.t. & p.p. snubbed, 
p.pr. snubbing], to check or repri- 
mand with sarcasm or asperity; 
treat with designed contempt: n. an 
intended slight; reprimand. 

snub-nosed (snub'nozd), adj. having 
a short, flat nose. 

snuff (snuf), v.t. to draw in through 
the nose; smell or scent; take the 
snuff off, as a candle: v.i. to snort or 
sniff; take snuff into the nostrils: 
n. powdered tobacco inhaled through 
the nose; charred part of the wick 
of a candle. 

snuffle (snuf'l), v.i to speak or breathe 
hard through the nose when ob- 
structed: n. a speaking through the 
nose when obstructed ; affected nasal 
twang; cant: pi. obstruction of the 
nostrils by mucus. 



snuffy (snuf'i), adj. soiled with snuff. 

snug (snug), adj. [comp. snugger, su- 
perl, snuggest], concealed; lying 
close and warm; compact and con- 
venient: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snugged, 
p.pr. snugging], to lie close and 
warm (with up or together) . 

snuggery (snug'er-i), n. [pi. snugger- 
ies (snug'er-iz) ], a warm, cosy place. 

snuggle (snug'l), v.i. to lie close for 
warmth and comfort. 

so (so), adv. in a like manner or de- 
gree; in high. degree; as has been 
stated; for this reason; therefore; 
more or less : conj. on condition 
that; if; therefore: inter j. stop! 

soak(sok), v.t. to cause to suck in 
moisture; steep in a fluid; wet thor- 
oughly: v.i. to become saturated or 
steeped in fluid; drink excessively. 

soaker (sok'er), n. an habitual drunk- 
ard. 

soap (sop), n. a compound of oils or 
fats and an alkali used for washing 
and cleansing: v.t. to rub over, or 
wash, with soap ; wheedle. 

soapiness ( op/i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being soapy. 

soapstone (sop'ston), n. a variety of 
steatite. 

soapy (sop'i), adj. covered with, or 
like, soap; soft and smooth. 

soar (sor), v.i. to fly aloft, as a bird; 
mount upwards with wings; rise in 
thought or imagination: n. sl lofty 
flight. 

sob (sob), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sobbed, p.pr. 
sobbing], to sigh in a convulsive man- 
ner with tears: v.t. to utter with a 
sob: n. a convulsive sigh; lamenta- 
tion. 

sobbing (sob'ing), n. the act of sighing 
with a short convulsive heaving of 
the breast. 

sober (so'ber)^ adj.^ habitually tem- 
perate, especially in the use of in- 
toxicating liquors; self-possessed; 
calm; steady; sedate: v.t. to make 
sober: v.i. to become sober. [Latin.] 

sobriety (so-bri'e-ti) , n. habitual tem- 
perance; calmness^ seriousness. 

sobriquet (so-bre-ka') , n. a nickname. 
[French.] 

soc (sok), n. certain privileges of ten- 
ants under the feudal system; the 
feudal lord's power of holding a 
court in a district. Also soke. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

htle, hut ; think, then. 



SOCIABILITY 



767 



SOL 



sociability (so-sha-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being sociable; 
disposition to associate and • con- 
verse with others. Also sociable- 
ness. [Latin.] 

sociable (so'sha-bl), adj. disposed to 
associate and converse with others; 
social; companionable; affable : n. a 
kind of yehicle; tricycle or bicycle 
for two riders; a social gathering % 

sociably (so'sha-bli), adv. in a socia- 
ble manner. Socially. 

social (so'shal), adj. pertaining to men 
as living in society; inclined to 
friendly intercourse, and conversa- 
tion; convivial; growing in groups 
or masses; living in communities. 

socialism (so'shal-izm), n. an eco- 
nomic theory or system of the re- 
construction of society on the basis 
of cooperation of labor and commu- 
nity of property. 

socialist (so'shal-ist), n. an advocate 
of socialism. 

socialistic (so-shal-is'tik) ; adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, so- 
cialism. Also socialist. 

sociality (so-shi-ari-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being social. Also so- 
cialne s. 

socialize (so'shal-iz), v.t. to render so- 
cial; regulate according to social- 
istic principles. _ 

society (so-sl'e-ti) , n. [pi. societies 
(sq-si'e-tiz)], a number of persons 
united for a common interest; peo- 
ple collectively who live in any re- 
gion at any given period ; fraternity ; 
company; the more cultivated por- 
tion of any community in its social 
relations, &c. 

sociological (so-shi-o-loj'ik-al)^ adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
sociology. 

sociologist (so-shi-ol'o-jist), n. a stu- 
dent of sociology. 

sociology (so-shi-ol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
ence of the constitution, evolution, 
and phenomena of human society; 
social science. 

sock (sok), n. a light shoe worn by the 
classic actors of comedy; a short 
stocking; warm inner sole. 

sockdolager (sok-dol'a-jer), n. a blow 
on the jaw; a conclusive argument; 
whopper. 

socket (sok'et) , n. a hollow into which 



something is fitted; hollow of a can- 
dlestick. 

socle (so'kl), n. a plain plinth form- 
ing a low pedestal ; base of a statue, &c, 

Socratie (so-krat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to Socrates, especially to his method 
of teaching by question and answer. 

sod (sod), n. turf; sward: v.t. to cover 
with sod; turf. m . 

soda (so'da), n. impure carbonate of 
soda; sodium oxide. 

soda-water (so'da-waw-ter), n. aerated 
water containing bicarbonate of 
soda and flavored with fruit syrups, 
or containing ice-cream. See sondhi. 

sodden (sod'n), adj. boiled; satu- 
rated: v.i. to be soaked or seethed: 
v.t. to saturate. 

sodic (so'dik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, sodium. 

sodium (so'di-um), n. a metallic ele- 
ment 

sofa (so 'fa), n. a, long seat with stuffed 
bottom, back, and arms. 

soffit (sof'it), n. a small paneled ceil- 
ing; under part of a cornice pre- 
senting a flat surface. [French.] 

soft (soft), adj. easily yielding to pres- 
sure; malleable; smooth to the 
touch; not glaring; impressionable; 
effeminate; quiet; easy; couiteous; 
mild; kind; somewhat weak in in- 
tellect: n. a foolish person: adv. 
softly; quietly: inter j. gently! stop! 

soften (sof'n), v.t. to make soft or 
softer; tone down; palliate; as- 
suage; render less rude or offensive; 
make effeminate; melt: v.i. to be- 
come soft or softened. 

soggy (sog'i), adj. soaked; wet. 

soi-disant (swa-de-zang') , adj. self- 
styled; calling himself; would-be; 
pretended. [French.] 

soil (soil), n. the top stratum of the 
earth's surface; land; dirt; manure; 
stain: v.t. to make dirty; stain or 
mar: v.i. to become soiled. 

soiree (swa-ra'), n. an evening party 
for conversation and social inter- 
course; public evening entertain- 
ment with refreshments. [French.] 

sojourn (so'jern or so-jern'), v.i. to 
dwell for a time: n. a temporary 
residence. 

Sol (sol), n. the sun. 

sol (sol), n. the fifth note of the dia- 
tonic scale. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SOLACE 



768 



SOLITAIRE 



solace (sol'as), n. comfort in sorrow; 
consolation: v.t. to comfort in sor- 
row. 

solano (so-la'no), n. a hot oppressive 
wind in the Mediterranean. [Span- 
ish.] 

solar (so'lar), adj. pertaining to, meas- 
ured by, or proceeding from, the sun. 

solarize (so'lar-Iz), v.t. to expose too 
long in the earner a^ [Latin.] 

solar-year (so'lar-yer) , n. the period 
during which the earth makes one 
complete revolution round the sun, 
365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 52 
seconds. 

sold (sold), p.t. & p.p. of sell. 

solder (sod'er), n. a metallic alloy for 
uniting metals: v.t. to unite by a 
fusible metallic cement ; join. 

soldier (solder), n. a person engaged 
in military service; a private as dis- 
tinguished from an officer; man of 
military skill: v.i. to serve or act as 
a soldier; make a pretense of work. 

sole (sol), n. the underside of the 
foot; bottom of a boot or shoe, &c; 
bottom of anything; a flat fish of 
the genus Solea: v.t. to furnish with, 
or as with, a sole: adj. alone; being 
or acting by one's self; unmarried. 

solecism (sol'e-sizm), n. a breach of 
the rules of syntax, or idiom of a 
language; impropriety; absurdity. 

solely (sol'li), adv. alone; singly. 

solemn (sol'em), adj. characterized 
by religious rites or ceremonies; in- 
spiring awe; serious; devout; for- 
mal; attended with a serious appeal 
to God. [French.] _ 

solemnity (sol-em'ni-ti) , n. [pi. sol- 
emnities (sol-em 'ni-tiz) ], a religious 
rite or ceremony ; ceremony adapted 
to inspire awe; gravity; impressive- 
ness; affected or mock seriousness. 

solemnization (sol-em-ni-za/shun), n. 
the act of solemnizing. 

solemnize (sol'em-niz), v.t. to per- 
form with ceremonies; celebrate. 

solenoid _ (so'len-oid) , n. an electro- 
magnetic helix. 

sol-fa (sol-fa/), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sol- 
faed, p.pr. sol-faing], to sing or vo- 
calize the diatonic scale to the sylla- 
bles do, re, mi, fa, &c. 

solfatara (sol-fa-ta'ra), n. a volcanic 
vent, which emits sulphurous and 
other vapors. [Italian.] 



solfeggio (sol-fad'jo), n. the system of 
arranging the musical scale with the 
syllables do, re, &c, instead of the 
letters, A, B, &c. Also solfeggiare. 

solferino (sol-fer-e'no), n. a bright, 
deep pink aniline colc^. 

solicit (so-lis'it), v.t. to ask for with 
earnestness; entreat; invite or sum- 
mon; endeavor to obtain: v.i. to can- 
vass. [Latin.] 

solicitation (so-lis-i-ta'shun), n. the 
act of soliciting; importunity; the 
offense of inciting to a felony; of- 
fense of accosting by a prostitute. 

solicitor (so-lis'it-er), n. one who so- 
licits; a person legally qualified to act 
for another in a court of law; an 
attorney; a canvasser. 

solicitorship (so-lis'it-er-ship), n. the 
office or rank of a solicitor. 

solicitous (so-lis'i-tus), adj. eager; 
anxious; apprehensive; concerned. 

solicitude (so-lis'i-tud), n. the state of 
being solicitous; concern; anxiety; 
carefulness. 

solid (sol'id), adj. having the parti- 
cles so close or firmly adhering as to 
resist impression; compact; cubic; 
not hollow; dense; heavy; weighty; 
just; unanimous: n. a body having 
its constituent particles firmly ad- 
hering together. [Latin.] 

solidarity (sol-i-dar'i-ti), n. com- 
munity of interests and respon- 
sibilities. 

solidification (sol-id-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of solidifying, the state of 
being solidified. 

solidify (sol-id'i-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
solidified, p.pr. solidifying], to make 
solid: v.i. to harden. 

solidity (sol-id'i-ti) , n. density; com- 
pactness; stability; truth; moral 
firmness. 

soliloquize (so-lil'o-kwiz), v.i. to ut- 
ter a soliloquy. ' [Latin.] 

soliloquy (so-lil'o-kwi), n. [pi. solilo- 
quies (so-lil'o-kwiz)], a talking or 
discourse to one's self; a written 
composition of the nature of a mono- 
logue. 

solipsism (so'lip-sizm), n. the most 
overpowering Egoism; the highest 

Eoint that Egoism can attain; the 
elief by any one that he is himself 
the entire universe. 
solitaire (sol-i-tar) : n. a game played 



ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boor, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SOLITARILY 



769 



SONATINA 



by one person ; a stud ; precious stone 
in single setting; hermit. 

solitarily (sol'i-ta-ri-li), adv. in a soli- 
tary manner. [Latin.] 

solitariness , (sol'i-ta-ri-nes), ft. the 
state of being solitary. 

solitary (sori-ta-ri) , adj. living by 
one's self; lonely; single; done, 
passed, or suffered alone; remote; 
unoccupied; gloomy. 

solitude (soFi-tud), n. the state of be- 
ing by one's self; loneliness; seclu- 
sion; desert. 

solo (so'lo), n. [pl : solos (so'loz)], an 
air, or musical piece performed oy a 
single instrument or by one vocalist. 

solograph (sol'6-graf), ft. a sun-print. 

soloist (so'lo-ist), ft. one who per- 
forms or sings a solo. 

solstice (sol'stis), ft. that point in the 
ecliptic at which the sun is farthest 
from the equator, north in summer, 
south in winter. 

solstitial (sol-stish'al) , adj. pertaining 
to, or happening at, a solstice. 

solubility (sol-u-bil'i-ti) , n. the state, 
quality, or degree of being soluble 
or dissolvable. [Latin.] 

soluble (soru-bl), adj. capable of being 
dissolved in a fluid; capable of solu- 
tion. 

solution (so-lu'shun) , ft. the act of 
dissolving by means of a fluid; de- 
liverance; explanation. 

solvability (sol-va-biri-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being solvable; 
solvency. 

solvable (sol'va-bl) , adj. capable of be- 
ing solved. 

solve (solv), v.t. to -explain; clear 
up; remove. 

solvency (sol'ven-si), ft. the state or 
quality of being solvent. 

solvent (sol'vent), ft. any liquid that 
dissolves another substance: adj. 
able to discharge just claims or 
debts; having the power of dis- 
solving. 

somatology (so-ma-tol'6-ji), ji. the 
science of the general principles of 
matter, and its properties. [Greek.] 

somber (som'ber), adj. dull; melan- 
choly; dark; gloomy. 

sombrero (som-bra/ro), ft. a kind of 
broad-brimmed hat. [Spanish.] 

sombrous (som'brus), adj. gloomy; 
dull. 



some (sum), a suffix meaning like, 
same, as winsome, gladsome, &c: 
adj. more or less; expressing an in- 
determinate number, person, or 
quantity; one or the other; about. 

somebody (sum'bod-i), n. some per- 
son; a person of importance. 

somehow (sum'how), adv. in one way 
or another; by some means. 

somersault (sum'er-sawlt), ft. a leap 
in which a person turns with his 
heels over his head. 

something (sum'thing), ft. a thing un- 
known, or not specified; part or por- 
tion; indefinite quantity or degree: 
adv. in some degree. 

sometime (sum'tim), adv. at a time in- 
definitely; formerly; once. 

somewhat (sum'hwot), ft. more or 
less: adv. in some degree or extent. 

somewhere (sum'hwar), adv. in one 
place or another. 

somewhile (sum'hwll), adv. once; for 
a while. 

somewhither (sum'hwi£/i-er) , adv. to 
some indeterminate place. 

somnal (som'nal), n. a white crys- 
talline powder in the final form, a 
coal-tar product, and used as a 
hypnotic. [Latin.] 

somnambulism (som-nam'bu-lizm) , 
ft. the act or practice of walking 
in sleep. 

somnambulist (som-nam'bu-list) , n. 
a sleep-walker. 

somniferous (som-nif 'er-us) , adj. caus- 
ing sleep. 

somnipathy (som-nip'a-thi) , ft. sleep 
caused by some external influence, 
as mesmerism. 

somnolence (som'no-lens), ft. sleepi- 
ness; drowsiness. Also somnolency. 

somnolent (som'no-lent) , adj. inclined 
to sleep. 

son (sun), n. a male child, or de- 
scendant; male issue of a parent, 
father or mother; pupil; native or 
inhabitant of a particular country. 

Son, ft. Jesus Christ; the Savior, (com- 
monly with the). 

sonant (so'nant), adj. sounding; vo- 
cal. 

sonata (so-na/ta), n. a musical com- 
position for one instrument, espe- 
cially the pianoforte. [Italian.] 

sonatina (so-na-te'na), ft. a short, sim- 
ple sonata. 



ate, arm. at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
49 hue, hut ; think, then. 



SONDHI 



770 



SORE 



sondhi (son'di), n. ice-cream into 
which a syrup is poured, together 
with nuts, or such fruits as cherries, 
strawberries, peaches, &c. See also 
college ice. Also sundae and sun- 
day. 

song (song), n. & lyrical poem or bal- 
lad; any poetical strain; ooetry; 
poem; notes of birds; mere trifle. 

songster (song'ster), n. one skilled in 
singing; a singing bird. Fern, song- 
stress. 

soniferous (so-nif'er-us), adj. pro- 
ducing, or conveying, sound. 

son-in-law (sun'in-law), n. [pi. 
sons-in-law (sunz 'in-law)], the hus- 
band of one's daughter. 

sonnet (son'et) , n. a short lyric 
poem of fourteen lines, each of five 
accents, with varying rhymes. 

sonneteer (son : et-eV), n. a composer 
of sonnets; minor poet: v.i. to com- 
pose sonnets. 

sonometer (so-nom'e-ter) , n. an ap- 
paratus for showing the relation be- 
tween musical notes, or testing the 
capacity of the auditory nerves. 

sonorific (so-no-rif 'ik) , adj. produc- 
ing sound. [Latin.] 

sonorous (so-no'rus), adj. giving a 
clear sound when struct; resonant; 
loud-sounding ; vocal ; deep-toned. 

sonship (sun'ship), n. the state or 
position of being a son. 

soon (soon), adv. in a short time; 
quickly; easily; early; without de- 
lay. 

soot (soot), n. finely divided carbon. 

sooth (sooth), n. truth. 

soothe (sooth), v.t. to please or calm 
with soft words or blandishments; 
comfort; allay; pacify; assuage. 

soothsay (sooth'sa), v.i. to predict or 
foretell. 

soothsayer (sooth 'sa-er) , n. one who 
foretells or prognosticates. 

soothsaying (sooth'sa-ing) , n. the art 
or practice of foretelling or making 
predictions. 

sootiness (soot'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sooty. 

sooty (soot'i), adj. [comp. sootier, su- 
perl, sootiest], pertaining to, pro- 
ducing, or like, spot; dusky, black. 

sop (sop), n. anything steeped, dipped, 
or softened in a liquid, especially in 
broth; something given to pacify: 



v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sopped, p.pr. sop- 
ping], to steep or dip in a liquid. 

sophism (sof'izm), n. a specious but 
fallacious argument; fallacy. 

sophist (sof'isi), n. one of a body of 
men in ancient Greece (fifth century 
B. C.) who taught philosophy, elo- 
quence, and politics; a fallacious or 
captious reasoner. m [Greek.] 

sophistical (so-fis'ti-kal), adj. per- 
taining to, or m characteristic of, a 
sophist; fallaciously subtle; quib- 
bling. Also sophistic. 

sophisticate (so-fis'ti-kat) , v.t. to 
render worthless by adulteration; 
pervert; vitiate. 

sophistry (sof 'js-tri) , n. [pi. sophis- 
tries (sof'is-triz)], specious but falla- 
cious reasoning; unsound argument. 

sophomore (sof'o^mor), n. a student 
in his second academic year at col- 
lege. [Americanism.] 

sopor (so'por), n. deep sleep from 
which a patient is aroused with dif- 
ficulty. [Latin.] 

soporific (so-po-rif'ik), adj. causing, 
or tending to induce, sleep: n. an 
opiate or anodyne. 

soppy (sop'i), adj. soaked or satu- 
rated with a liquid; very wet. 

soprano (so-pra'no), n. [pi. sopranos, 
soprani (so-pra'noz, so-pra'ne) ], the 
highest kind of female voice; a 
singer with such a voice. 

sorh (sorb), n. the European moun- 
tain-ash, yielding a fruit called 
rowans. 

sorbefacient (sor-be-fa'shi-ent), adj. 
producing absorption. [Latin.] 

sorcerer (sor'ser-er), n. a magician, 
wizard, or enchanter. Fern, sor- 
ceress. [Old French.] 

sorcery (sor'ser-i), n. [pi. sorceries 
(sor'ser-iz)], divination by the aid of 
evil spirits; witchcraft; magic; en- 
chantment. 

sordid (sor'did), adj. mean; vile; base; . 
niggardly; meanly avaricious. 

sore (sor), adj. tender or painful to 
the touch; inflamed; painful; sensi- 
tive; susceptible of irritation; heavy; 
grievous; severe; distressing: adv. 
grievously; severely; deeply: n. a 
painful or diseased part in an animal 
body; ulcer; wound; sorrow; trou- 
ble; a hawk of the first year; a buck 
of the fourth year. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SORE-HEAD 



771 



SOURISH 



sore-head (sor'hed), ft. a discontented 
person. 

sorely (sor'li), adv. in a sore manner. 

soreness (sor'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sore; tenderness. # 

sorghum (sor'gum), n. a cane : like 
grass resembling broom corn, yield- 
ing sugar; molasses prepared from 
the juice of sorghum. [Spanish.] 

sorority (so-ror'i-ti) , n. a word that 
corresponds antithetically to fra- 
ternity; a club or association for 
women only. _ [Latin.] 

sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. a well-known 
club founded by Mrs. J. C. Croly in 
New York, March, 1868, and incor- 
porated in 1869. The first woman's 
club ever established. 

sorrel (sor'el), n. a dock-like plant of 
the genus Rumex; a reddish-brown 
color. 

Sorrento work (sor-en'to werk), # ft. 
carved ornamental fretwork in olive- 
wood with inlaid decorations. 

sorrily (sor'i-li), adv. in a sorry manner. 

sorriness (sor'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sorry. 

sorrow (sor'o), n. mental pain or un- 
easiness caused by loss, disappoint- 
ment, &c; grief; distress; unhappi- 
less; regret; affliction: v.i. to feel 
mental pain or uneasiness; grieve; 
lament; be sad. 

sorrowful (sor'o-fool), adj. full of, or 
showing, sorrow; sad. 

sorrowfully (sor'o-foo-li) , adv. in a 
sorrowful manner. 

sorry (sor'i), adj. [comp. sorrier, superl. 
sorriest], feeling regret for the loss 
of some good; v.xed; pained; mean; 
worthless. 

sort (sort), n. a kind or species; class, 
rank, or order; manner; degree: v.t. 
to separate and place in different 
divisions or classes; select: v.i. to 
consort or associate. 

sortie (sor'te), n. the issuing of a 
body of troops from a besieged place 
to attaek_the besiegers. [French.] 

so-so (so'so), adv. in a mediocre man- 
ner; neither good nor bad. 

sot (sot), n. a habitual drunkard. 

sottish (sot'ish), adj. like a sot; stu- 
pid; infatuated_. 

sotto voce (so'to vo'cha), adv. in an 
undertone; with a moderate or re- 
strained tone of voice. [Italian.] 



soubrette (soo-bret'), n. a female ser- 
vant or attendant; in comedies, a 
lady's maid who acts the part of an 
intriguing girl. [French.] 

souchet (soo-sha') , n. fish served up in 
the water in which.it has been boiled. 

sough (sou, or suf), ft. a hollow mur- 
mur or whist ling, as of the wind: 
v.i. to murmur or whistle. 

sought (sawt), p.t.k p.p. of seek. 

soul (sol), n. the spiritual, rational, and 
immortal part in man; reason or in- 
tellect; conscience; fife; essence; 
moving or inspiring power; courage; 
human being. 

soulful (sol'fool), adj. full of soul or 
feeling. 

soulless (sol'les), adj. without a soul; 
senseless, spiritless"; dull; mean. 

sound (sound), adj. whole; entire; 
unbroken; healthy; not decayed; 
founded oh truth or right; ortho- 
dox; solvent; firm; safe; strong; 
legal; valid; laid on with force: n. 
the impression made on the ear by 
the vibrations of the air; noise; re- 
port; noise without signification; a 
strait or narrow passage of water; 
swimming bladder of a fish; the 
cuttlefish: v.t. to measure or ascer- 
tain the depth of: cause to make a 
noise; utter audibly; play udoh; ex- 
amine or try; probe: v.i. to make 
a noise or sound; play upon an in- 
strument; be spread or published. 

sounding (sound 'ing), n. the ascer- 
taining of the depth of water: adj. 
causing sound; resonan f . 

sounding-board (sound'ing-bord), n. 
a thin board in musical instruments 
for increasing the sound. 

soundless (sound'les), adj. silent. 

soup (soop), ft. a kind of broth, and 
having a great number of varieties. 

sour (sour), adj. having an acid, sharp, 
or astringent taste: changed so as to 
become rancid; disagreeable; cross; 
morose: v.t. to cause to become sour: 
v.i. become morose, peevish, or dis- 
contented; to turn from sweet to 
sour. 

source (sors), n. that from which any- 
thing arises or originates: spring or 
fountain; first cause: original. 

sour-erout, same as sauerkraut. 

sourish (sour'ish), adj. somewhat 
sour. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not : boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SOUSE 



772 



SPANNER 



souse (sous), n. pickle made with salt; 
anything steeped or preserved in 
pickle; a plunging in water: v.t. to 
steep in pickle; plunge into water; 
6trike with sudden violence: v.i. to 
make a sudden attack: adv. with sud- 
den violence. 

soutache (sqo-tash'),. n. sl kind of 
braid used in trimming. 

soutane (soo-tan'), n. a priest's cas- 
sock. 

south (south), n. that one of the 
four cardinal points of the compass 
directly opposite the north: adv. to- 
ward the south: v.i. to turn or move 
toward the south ; come to the merid- 
ian: adj. pertaining to the south. 

South, n. the southern portion of the 
United States (with the). 

southern (su^/i'ern), adj. pertaining 
to, situated in, or proceeding from 
or toward the South. 

Southerner (su^'ern-er), n. a native 
of the South. 

Southron (su^'run) ? n. an English- 
man. [Scotch.] 

souvenir (soo-ve-ner') , n. a memento 
or keepsake. [French.] 

sovereign (sov'- or suv'rin), adj. royal; 
supreme in power ; possessing su- 
preme dominion; effectual: n. a 
king, emperor, or queen; a British 
gold coin = 20s. [French.] 

sovereignty (sov' or suv'rin-ti), n. 
supreme power or dominion. 

sow (sou), n. a female pig; oblong 
pieceof metal. 

sow (so), v.t. [p.L sowed, p.p. sown, 
p.pr. sowing], to scatter, as seed 
upon the earth; propagate; dissemi- 
nate; scatter on or over: v.i. to scat- 
ter seed for growth. 

soy (soi), n. a kind of fish sauce. 

spa (spa), n. a spring of mineral water; 
a watering-place, many of which are 
called spas; but the oldest in Europe 
is the fashionable Belgian resort, 
Spa, which first bore the name more 
than a thousand years ago. 

space (spas), n. extension; room; in- 
terval between lines; quantity of 
time; short interval: v.t. in print- 
ing, to make intervals between (lines 
or words) by separating them with 
thin pieces of type-metal. [Latin.] 

spacial (spa'shal), adj. pertaining to 
space. Also spatial. 



spacious (spa'shus), adj. extending far 
and widej roomy ; vast in extent. 

spade (spad), n. an implement for 
digging, &c, consisting of a broad 
blade of iron with a handle; one of 
a suit of cards having one or more 
figures resembling a spade; a hart 
three years old: v.t. to dig or work 
with a spade. 

spaghetti (spa-get 'i), n. a cord-like 
paste, smaller than macaroni. 

spalpeen (spal'pen), n. a scamp, 
[Irish.] 

span (span), n. the space from the 
thumb to the end of the little finger 
when extended ; nine inches ; a short 
space of time; spread or extent of an 
arch, &c, between its abutments or 
supports; yoke of oxen or horses; 
pair of horses similar in color har- 
nessed together: v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. 
spanned, p.pr. spanning], to meas- 
ure by the span of the hand ; reach 
from one side to the other; fetter or 
hobble: v.i. to be matched for run- 
ning in harness. 

spandrel (span'drel), n. a triangular 
space between the shoulder of an 
arch, and the rectangular figure 
formed by the moldings over it. 

spangle (spang'gl), n. a small plate 
or boss of shining metal; any glit- 
tering ornament, especially for a 
dress: v.t. to set or adorn with, or 
as with, spangles. 

Spaniard (span'yerd), n. a native of 
Spain. 

spaniel (span'yel), n. a variety of dog. 

Spanish (span'ish), adj. pertaining to 
Spain, its language, or to its in« 
habitants. 

Spanish-fly (span'ish-fll) , n. cantha- 
rides. 

Spanish- main (span'ish-man), n. the 
name formerly applied to the south- 
ern part of the Caribbean sea, and 
adjacent coast. 

spank (spangk), v.t. to strike with 
the open hand; slap: v.i. to move 
quickly: n. & sounding slap. 

spanker (spangk'er), n. one who, or 
that which, spanks: the after-sail of a 
ship or barque. 

spanking (spangk'mg-) . adj. moving 
with a quick, livel> step, dashing; 
stout; large. 

spanner (span'er), n. a wrench for 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boou, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SPAR 



r73 



SPECIAL 



tightening up or loosening the nuts 
on screws. 

spar (spar), n. a lustrous crystalline 
mineral; a general name for a mast, 
yard, boom, &c; a contest at box- 
ing, or in words: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
sparred, p.pr. sparring], to box; con- 
test in words. 

spare (spar), v.t. to use in a frugal 
manner; part with without incon- 
venience; omit; treat tenderly: v.i. 
to live frugally; forbear or forgive: 
adj. thin or lean; scanty; parsimo- 
nious; superfluous; reserved. 

sparing (spar'ing), adj. frugal; abste- 
mious. 

spark (spark), n. a small particle o* 
fire or ignited substance thrown off 
in combustion; small shining body 
or transient light; small portion of 
anything active or vivid; gay young 
fellow; beau. 

sparkle (spark'l), v.i. to emit sparks; 
glisten; scintillate; flash; coruscate. 

spark-plug (spark'plug), n. an appa- 
ratus for exploding the gas in a 
gasolene motor by means of an 
electric spark. Also sparker. 

6parling (spar'ling), n. a smelt. 

sparrow (spar'o), n. a well-known 
small bird of the Passerine family. 

sparse (spars), adj. thinly scattered; 
not dense; set or planted here and 
there. 

sparsely (spars'li), adv. in a sparse man- 
ner. 

sparseness (spars'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sparse; thinness. 

Spartan (spar'tan), adj. pertaining 
to Sparta; hardy; undaunted; se- 
vere. 

sparterie (spar'ter-i) , n. articles spun 
or woven of esparto grass. 

spasm (spazm) n. a sudden, violent, 
involuntary contraction of the mus- 
cles. [Greek.] 

spasmodic (spaz-mod'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or consisting in, spasms; 
convulsive; violent but short-lived. 
Also spasmodical. 

spasmodically (spaz-mod'i-ka-li), adv. 
in a spasmodic manner. 

spat (spat), n. the spawn of shellfish, 
especially the oyster; a quarrel: pi. 
spatter-dashes. 

spate (spat), n. a sudden heavy flood 
caused by heavy rains. 



spatial, same as spacial. 

spatter (spat'er), v.t. to sprinkle with 
a liquid; defame: v.i. to undergo or 
cause scattering or splashing in 
drops or small quantities: n. a small 
splash. 

spatterdashes (spat'er-dash-ez) , n.pl. 
leather leggings for riding ; gaiters. 

spatter- work (spat'er-werk), n. a 
method of producing in effect of a 
design, by carelessly spattering ink 
or coloring matter over a surface. 

spatula (spat'u-la), n. a broad, flat, 
thin, flexible knife for spreading 
plasters, paints, &_c. [Latin.] 

spatulate (spat'u-lat), adj. spatula- 
shaped. 

spavin (spav'in) , n. a disease of horses, 
characterized by a swelling in the 
hock joint, causing lameness. 

spawn (spawn), n. the ova of fishes, 
oysters, &c; mycelium of fungi; off- 
spring or product: v.i. to produce 
and deposit spawn; deposit eggs, as 
fish, &c. ; used contemptuously of a 
family. 

spawner (spawn'er) , n. a female fish. 

speak (spek), v.i. [p.t. spoke, p.p. 
spoken, p.pr. speaking], to utter 
articulate sounds; said of human 
beings; talk; say; utter a discourse 
or speech; make mention; convey 
ideas; tell; sound: v.t. to utter ar- 
ticulately; declare or pronounce; 
publish. 

speaker (spek'er), n. one who speaks; 
one who delivers a discourse in pub- 
lic; the presiding officer of the popu- 
lar branch of a legislative body, as 
of congress or a state legislature. 

speaking (spek'ing), p. adj. uttering 
speech; life-like: n. the act of utter- 
ing words. 

spear (sper), n. a long-pointed weapon 
of war and the chase used for thrust- 
ing or throwing ; a lance with barbed 
prongs for spearing fish; a shoot, as 
of grass: v.t. to pierce, or kill, with a 
spear: v.i. to shoot into a long stem. 

spear-grass (sper'gras), n. long stiff 
grass, as, Kentucky blue-grass. 

spearwort (sper'wert), n. a species of 
ranunculus. 

spec (spek), abbr. for speculation. 

special (spesh'al), adj. pertaining to, 
or constituting, a species; designed 
for a particular purpose; different 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SPECIALISM 



774 



SPECULATION 



from others ; distinctive ; uncom- 
mon; appropriate; limited in range 
or extent; specific: n. a special train. 

specialism (spesh'al-izm), n. devotion 
to a particular and restricted branch 
of knowledge, science, &c. [Latin.] 

specialist (spesh'al-ist), n. one who 
devotes himself to a particular 
branch of a profession, &c. 

speciality (spesh-i-al'i-ti), n. [pi. spe- 
cialities (spesh-i-al'i-tiz)], the spe- 
cial or distinctive mark of a person 
or thing; special department, &c. 

specialization (spesh-al-i-za/shun) , n. 
application to a special function or 
use ; act of specializing. 

specialize (spesh'al-iz), v.t. to particu- 
larize; assign to a specific use or 
function. 

specially (spesh'a-li) , adv. in a special 
manner; particularly. 

specialty (spesh'al-ti) , n. that for 
which a person is noted or disting- 
uished ; special contract or obligation. 

specie (spe'shi), n. coined money. m 

species (spe'shez), n. a group of indi- 
viduals agreeing in common attri- 
butes and called by a common name; 
a sub division of a genus ; kind ; sort. 

specific (spe-sif'ik), adj. pertaining to 
a species; definite or particular; pre- 
cise: n. a remedy for a particular 
disease. 

specifically (spe-sif 'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
specific manner. 

specification (spes-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of specifying; detailed state- 
ment of particulars. 

specify (spes'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. speci- 
fied, p.pr. specifying], to mention or 
name particularly; designate ver- 
bally, so as to distinguish from other 
things. 

specimen (spes'i-men), n. a sample; a 
part of something to show the qual- 
ity, &c, of the whole. 

specious (spe'shus), adj. appearing 
well at first sight; plausible; osten- 
sible; fair. 

speck (spek), n. a spot; flaw; blem- 
ish; small particle; blubber: v.t. to 
spot. 

speckle (spek'l) , n. a small spot in any- 
thing different in substance or color 
from the thing itself: v.t. to varie- 
gate with spots of a different color 
to that of the thing itself. 



spectacle (spek'ta-kl) , n. something 
exhibited to view, especially some- 
thing unusual or worthy of notice; 
pageant; exhibition: pi. an optical 
instrument with two lenses mount- 
ed in a frame to assist the vision. 

spectacular (spek-tak'u-lar) , adj. per- 
taining to shows or exhibitions; 
adapted to excite wonder or admira- 
tion by scenic effect. [Latin.] 

spectator (spek-ta/ter) , n. a beholder. 

specter, spectre (spek'tr), n. & ghost 
or apparition. 

spectral (spek'tral), adj. ghostly; per- 
taining to, or produced by, the spec- 
trum. 

spectroheliograph (spek'tro-he'li-o- 
graf ) , n. an instrument used in photo- 
graphing the sun, its prominences 
and its gaseous envelopes. 

spectrology (spek-trol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
ence of spectrum analysis^ 

spectroscope (spek'tro-skop), n. an 
optical instrument for forming and 
examining spectra. 

spectroscopical (spek-tro-skop'i-kal) , 
adj. pertaining to the spectroscope. 
Also spectroscopic. 

spectroscopy (spek-tros'ko-pi) , n. that 
branch of science connected with the 
use of the spectroscope and spec- 
trum analysis. 

spectrum (spek'trum), n. [pi. spectra 
(spek'tra)], the colored and other 
'rays of light separated by refraction 
through a prism and exhibited on a 
screen, &c. 

spectrum analysis (a-nal'i-sis) , n. the 
determination of the chemical or 
physical composition of a body by 
means of the spectrum of light which 
it gives forth or which passes through 
it: each substance in the spectrum 
having its own particular system of 
lines. 

specular (spek'u-lar) , adj. having m a 
smooth reflecting surface, as a mir- 
ror or speculum. 

speculate (spek'u-lat) , v.i. to consider 
or meditate upon; purchase stock, 
land, goods, &c, out of the usual 
order of trade with a view to sell 
them at an enhanced profit by an 
expected rise in the market. 

speculation (spek-u-la'shun) , n. in- 
tellectual examination ; theory ; pur- 
chase of stock, goods, &c, out of the 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SPECULATIVE 



775 



SPHERULE 



regular order of trade for future 
sale at an enhanced price; game at 
cards. 

speculative (spek'u-la-tiv), adj. per- 
taining to, or given to, speculation; 
contemplative; theoretical; risky. 

speculator (spek'u-la-ter), n. one who 
engages in speculation. 

speculum (spek'u-lum), n. [pi. specula 
(spek'u-la)J, a mirror, especially a 
concave mirror used as a reflector; a 
surgical instrument for dilating cer- 
tain passages of the body and throw- 
ing light m by reflection within them 
for examination, &c. 

sped, i .t. &,_p.p. of speed. 

speech (spech), n. the faculty of ut- 
tering articulate sounds or words; 
expression of thought in words; act 
of speaking; particular language or 
dialect; formal discourse in public; 
oration. 

speechless (spech'les), adj. unable to 
speak; mute. 

speed (sped), n. velocity; swiftness; 
quickness; success: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
sped, p.pr. speeding], to make haste; 
move quickly; fare: v.t. to prosper; 
favor; despatch quickly; execute; 
aid. 

speedometer (sped-om'e-ter), n. an 
instrument showing the velocity of a 
moving vehicle. 

speedy (sped'i), adj. [comp. speedier, 
superl. speediest], not dilatory or 
slow; prompt; quick; hasty. 

spell (spel), n. a charm or incanta- 
tion; time during which a person 
works; duration: v.i. to form words 
with the proper letters, either orally 
or in writing: v.t. to write, repeat, 
or point out the proper letters of; 
read with difficulty (with out). 

spellbinder (sperbln-der) , n. a name 
of humorous signification, meaning 
an orator who is said to " bind as 
by a spell." 

speller (spel'er), n. one who spells; a 
spelling-book. 

spelling (spel'ing), p.adj. pertaining 
to spelling: n. orthography. 

spelt (spelt), n. a kind of grain. 

spelter (spelt'er), n. zinc. 

spencer (spen'ser), n. a kind of short 
jacket; a four-cornered fore-and-aft 
sail. 

Spencerian (spen-ser'i-an) , adj. re- 



lating to the philosophy of Herbert 
Spencer: n. one who is a follower of 
Spencerianism. * 

Spencerism (spen'ser-izm), n. the 
philosophical system advocated by 
Herbert Spencer in his works, es- 
pecially the application of the prin- 
ciples of evolution. 

spend (spend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spent, 
p.pr. spending], to lay out, as money; 
give for any purpose; dispose of; 
consume; drain of force or strength: 
v.i. to incur expense. m v 

spendthrift (spendthrift) , adj. prodi- 
gal; extravagant^ n. one who is 
prodigal or lavish in expenditure. 

sperm (sperm), n. the seminal fluid 
of animals; spermaceti; spawn of 
frogs and fishes. [French.] 

spermaceti (sper-ma-se'ti) , n. & white 
waxy substance obtained from the 
head of the sperm-whale. 

spermatic (sper-mat'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to semen. Also spermatical. 

spermatozoon (sper-ma-to-zo'on), n. 
the germ cell in animals and plants. 

spermoderm (sper'mo-derm), n. the 
outer coat or testa of a seed. 

spew (spii), v.i._to vomit. 

sphenoid (sfe'noid), adj. wedge- 
shaped. [Greek.] 

sphere (sfer), n. a globe or globular 
body; the concave or expanse of the 
heavens; circuit or range of knowl- 
edge, influence, action, &c; place 
of existence; social position; a solid 
body contained under a single sur- 
face, each point of which is equi- 
distant from a central point. 

spherical (sfer'i-kal), adj. globular, 

spherically (sfer'i-ka-li), adv. in the 
form of a sphere. m 

sphericity (sfe-ris'i-ti) , n. roundness. 

spherics (sfer'iks) , n. spherical geome- 
try and trigonometry. 

spherograph (sf er'o-graf ) , n. an in- 
strument for the practical applica- 
tion of spherics to navigation. 

spheroid (sfe'roid), n. a body resem- 
bling a sphere but not quite round. 

spheroidal (sf e-roid'al) , adj. like a 
spheroid. 

spherometer (sfe-rom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the curva- 
ture of round surfaces, and the 
thickness of small bodies. 

spherule (sfer'til), n. a little sphere. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met * mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book l 

hue, hut; think, then. 



SPHINCTER 



776 



SPIRAL 



sphincter (sfingk'ter) , n. m a muscle 
that mioses an orifice which it sur- 
roands. • 

Sphinx (sfingks), n. [pi. sphinxes 
(sfingks'ez)], a fabled monster hav- 
ing the head of a woman and the 
body of a lioness; a person of enig- 
matical character or policy, from the 
custom of the Sphinx of proposing 
riddles to travelers and destroying 
those who could not solve the enig- 
mas. [Greek.] 

spicate (spl'kat), adj. having, or ar- 
ranged in the form of, a spike or 
ear. Also spicated. [Latin.] 

spice (spis), n. any aromatic and 
pungent vegetable used for season- 
ing food; relish; small quantity 
giving flavor to a greater: v.t. to 
season or flavor with, or as with, 
spice; tincture. 

spiceless (spls'les), adj. without spice; 
tame. 

spicily (spis'i-li) , adv. in a spicy manner. 

spiciness (spis'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being spicy. 

spick and span (spik and span') , adj. 
new. 

spicular (spik'u-lar), adj. dart-like. 

spiculate (spik'u-lat), adj. covered 
with, or having, spicules. 

spicule (spik'ul), n. a slender sharp- 
pointed body. 

spicy (spi'si), adj. [comp. spicier, 
swperl. spiciest], flavored with, con- 
taining, or having the qualities of, 
spice; aromatic; fragrant; pungent; 
racy. 

spider (spi'der), n. any individual of 
the genus Arachnida that spins webs 
to ensnare its prey; something like 
a spider. 

spiflicate (spif 'li-kat) , v.t. to threaten 
in jest some awful and mysterious 
punishment. 

spigot (spig'ot), n. a pointed piece 
of wood used to stop the vent-hole 
of a cask or pipe of a faucet. 

spike (spik), n. a large kind of nail; 
anything like a spike; ear of grain: 
v.t. to fasten with spikes; stop the 
vent of (a cannon) by driving a spike 
into it. 

spikelet (splk'let), n. a small spike. 

spikenard (splk'nard), n. an aromatic 
plant from which an oil, the ancient 
nardos, is extracted. 



spiky (splk'i), adj. spike-like; set with 
spikes. 

spill (spil), n. a thin strip of paper 
or wood for lighting a lamp, &c; a 
tumble or overthrow: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
spilled, spilt, p.pr. spilling], to suffer 
to run or fall out of a vessel: v.io 
to fall out. 

spiller (spil'er), n. one who spills; a 
kind of fishing-line. 

spillikin (spiri-kin), n. a small peg 
of wood, &c, used for making scores 
in a game: pi. a game played with 
spillikins. 

spin (spin), v.t. [p.t & p.p. spun, p.j)r a 
spinning], to draw out and twist 
into threads; protract; draw out te- 
diously; cause to whirl rapidly; 
form by drawing out and twisting 
the materials of: v.i. to practice 
spinning; whirl; issue in a small 
stream ; move swiftly, as a bicycle : 
n. the act of spinning; single ef- 
fort ; a bicycle run. 

spinach (spin'aj), n. an esculent vege- 
table. 

spinal (spi'nal), adj. pertaining to the 
spine. 

spindle (spin'dl), n. the long thin rod 
used in spinning wheels for twisting 
the thread; any axis of revolution. 

spine (spin), n. in vertebrates, the 
backbone. [Old French.] 

spinel (spin'el), n. a mineral of va- 
rious colors, allied to corundum. 

spineless (spm'les) , adj. m having no 
backbone; lacking decision o£ char- 
acter. 

spinet (spin'et), n. a keyed instru- 
ment, allied to the harpsichord, but 
smaller. 

spinif erous (spi-nif r er-us) , adj „ 
thorny. Also spinose, spinous. 

spink (spingk), n. a kind of finch. 

spinneret (sphVer-et), n. an organ 
with which certain insects form their 
webs or silk. 

spinning- jenny (spin'ing-jen-i), n. a 
machine for spinning cotton. 

spinster (spin'ster), n. an unmarried 
woman. 

spiny (spin'i), adj. full of spines. 

spiracle (spir/a-kl), n. any minute 
passage which serves for inhaling 
or exhaling air or other fluid. 

spiral (spi'ral), adj. winding around 
a center like the thread of a screwy 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book i 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SPIRALLY 



777 



SPLASH 



tapering or pointed like a spire: n. 
a curve or curved line receding con- 
tinually from the center about 
which it revolves. [Latin.] 

spirally (spl'ra-li), adv. in a spiral 
form. 

spirant (spl'rant), n. a name applied 
to those consonants in which the 
breath is not entirely stopped in 
articulating. 

spire (splr) , n. a slender stalk or blade ; 
a tapering body; winding line; 
steeple; top: v.i. to shoot forth or 
up like a spire. 

spirit (spir'it), n. the soul; the in- 
telligent, immaterial, immortal part 
of man; life; disembodied soul; appa- 
rition; courage; energy; vivacity; 
power of mind, moral and intellect- 
ual; genius; real meaning; essence; 
any liquid produced by distillation; 
alcohol: j)l. intoxicants, as brandy, 

- &c; liveliness"; natural vivacity: v.t. 
to take away suddenly or secretly. 
[Latin.] 

Spirit, n. the third person in the 
Trinity; the Holy Ghost. 

spirited (spir'it-ed), adj. full of spirit 
or life; animated; vivacious; lively. 

spiritism (spif it-ism) , n. the science 
of spiritualistic phenomena. 

spiritless (spif it-les), adj. without 
spirit; depressed; dejected. 

spirit-rapping (spir'it - rap ' ing) , n. 
raps heard in spiritualistic seances. 

spiritual (spif it-u-al) , adj. > incor- 
poreal; not material; possessing the 
nature or qualities of a spirit; men- 
tal or intellectual; pure; holy; 
heavenly-minded; not lay or tem- 
poral; ecclesiastical. 

spiritualism < (spif it-u-al-izm) , n. the 
state of being spiritual; the philo- 
sophical doctrine that nothing is real 
except soul or spirit; the belief that 
certain alleged phenomena, as rap- 
ping, table-turning,. trances, &c, are 
caused by the presence of departed 
spirits who thus manifest their pres- 
ence; the tenets and practices of 
spiritualists. 

spiritualist (spir'it-u-al-ist), n. a be- 
liever in spiritualism. 

spiritualistic (spir-it-ii-al-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to, produced by, or char- 
acteristic of, spiritualism. 

spirituality (spir-it-u-al'i-ti) , n. the 



state or quality of being spiritual; 
spiritual nature; essence as distin- 
guished from matter; that which 
belongs to the church or religion. 

spiritualization (spir-it-u-al-i-za'- 
shun), n. the act of spiritualizing. 

spiritualize (spif it-u-al-iz), v.t. to free 
from sensuality ; make spiritual ; give 
a spiritual meaning to. 

spiritually (spif it-u-a-li) , adv. in a 
spiritual manner; like a spirit. 

spirituelle (spir-it-u-el'), adj. refined; 
ethereal; pure. 

spirituous (spif it-u-us) , adj. t having 
the quality of spirit; pure; immate- 
rial; alcoholic; ardent. 

spirograph (spi'ro-graf ) , n. an instru- 
ment for recording graphically res- 
piratory movements. 

spirometer (spl-rom'e-ter), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the capacity 
of the lungs. 

spit (spit), n. a long pointed rod on 
which meat is roasted; small point 
of land or a long narrow shoal run- 
ning into the sea: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
spitted, p.pr. spitting], to thrust a 
spit through; impale: [p.t. spit or 
spat], eject or throw out: v.i. eject 
saliva from the mouth; drizzle, as 
-rain. 

spite (spit), n. ill-will or hatred tow- 
ard another, with the desire to 
thwart or injure; petty malice; 
grudge: v.t. to try to injure or 
thwart; annoy. 

spite-fence (spiff ens), n. a fence 
built by one of two neighbors, in 
such a way as to shut off the other's 
air and light, or else mar the at- 
tractiveness of his estate. 

spiteful (spit 'fool), adj. full of spite; 
malicious; malignant. 

spitefully (spif f oo-li) , adv. in a spite- 
ful manner. 

spitfire (spif fir), n. a very violent 
or passionate person. 

spittle (spif 1) : n. saliva; sputum. 

spitz-dog (spitz'dog), n. a small va- 
riety of Pomeranian dog. 

spizzerinktum (spiz-zer-ingk'tum) , n. 
vim; go; intense energy; the over- 
mastering will to succeed. 

splash (splash), v.t. to spatter with 
water, mud, &c: v.i. to dash water 
about: n. water or slush thrown 
upon anything; a noise as from 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
52 hue, hut ; think, then. 



SPLATTER 



778 



SPONSION 



water thrown up, or by anything 
striking in or upon a liquid. 

splatter (splat'er), v.t. to splash. 

splatterdash (splat'er-dash), n. up- 
roar; noise: pi. same as spatter- 
dashes. 

splay (spla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. splayed, 
p.pr. splaying], to dislocate, as the 
shoulder bone of a horse; slope or 
slant : n. a sloped surface : adj. turned 
or spreading outwards. 

spleen (splen), n. a soft vascular or- 
gan near the large extremity of the 
stomach, supposed by the ancients 
to be the seat of anger, melancholy, 
or vexation: hence a fit of ill-hu- 
mor, melancholy, or latent spite. 

spleget (splej'et), n. a wet cloth for 
washing a wound. 

splendent (splen'dent) , adj. brilliant; 
illustrious; shining; very conspicu- 
ous. [Latin.] 

splendid (splen'did) , adj. magnificent ; 
very bright; brilliant; famous; he- 
roic; celebrated; sumptuous. 

splendor (splen'der), n. the appear- 
ance of anything splendid; magnifi- 
cence; pomp. 

splenetic (splen-et'ik), adj. fretful; 
peevish; melancholy. 

splenic (splen'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the spleen. 

splice (splis), v.t. to unite, as two 
ropes, by interweaving the strands; 
connect, as pieces of wood or metal, 
by overlapping parts and making 
them fast together; to unite in mar- 
riage: n. the union of ropes, &c, by 
interweaving or joining. [Dutch.] 

splint (splint), n. a splinter; a thin 
piece of wood to keep a broken 
bone, &c, in position; a hard ex- 
crescence on the shank-bone of a 
horse. 

splint-coal (splint'kol) , n. a variety 
of coal with a slaty structure. 

splinter (splin'ter), n. a thin piece of 
wood, &c, split or rent off length- 
wise; fragment: v.t. to split or rend 
into long thin pieces; shiver: v.i. to 
be rent into splinters. 

splintery (splint'er-i) , adj. of, or like, 
splinters. 

split (split), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. split, p.pr. 
splitting], to divide lengthwise; tear 
asunder violently; cleave; rupture; 
disunite: v.i. burst with laughter 



(figuratively) ; betray confidence ; 
throb or ache violently. 

splotch (sploch), n. a stain; daub. 

splurge (spier j), n. a great display. 

splutter (splut'er), v.i. to speak has- 
tily and confusedly ; scatter ink upon 
a paper, as with a bad pen: n. a 
confused noise; stir; commotion. 

spoffish (spof'ish), adj. bustling about 
trifling matters. 

spoil (spoil), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spoiled, 
spoilt, p.pr. spoiling], to take away 
by force; plunder; corrupt; vitiate; 
ruin; destroy: v.i. to become use- 
less; decay: n. that which is taken 
from another by violence; pillage; 
plunder ;_ booty. [Old French.] 

spoke (spok), n. one of the bars of a 
wheel connecting the nave or center 
with the felly or rim; round of a 
ladder: v.t. to furnish with spokes: 
p.t. of speak. 

spoken (spok'n), .adj. uttered in 
speech; oral; speaking: p.p. of speak. 

spokeshave (spok'shav), n. a kind of 
double-handled plane for dressing 
curved work. 

spoliation (spo-li-a/shun) , n. the act 
of plundering or robbery, especially 
in time of war; injury done to a 
document. 

spondaic (spon-da/ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to a spondee. [Greek.] 

spondee (spon'de), n. a poetic foot of 
two long syllables ( ) . 

spondyl (spon'dil), n. a vertebra. 

sponge (spunj), n. the porous, elas- 
tic, fibrous framework of any spe- 
cies of Spongida; any substance re- 
sembling sponge; a mop for cleans- 
ing a gun after its discharge; point 
of a horseshoe; parasite: v.i. to suck 
in like a sponge; live upon others: 
v.t. cleanse or wipe with a sponge; ob- 
tain by mean arts without cost. 

sponginess (spun'ji-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being spongy. [Latin.] 

spongious (spun'ji-us), adj. sponge- 
like. 

spongy (spun'ji), adj. flexible and full 
of small cavities; like a sponge; hav- 
ing the quality of imbibing fluids; 
wet and soft ; rainy. 

sponsion (spon'shun), n. the act of 
becoming surety for another; an en- 
gagement on behalf of a state pend- 
ing ratification . 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : 

hue, hut : think, £7* en. 



SPONSON 



779 



SPOT 



sponson (spcn'sun), n. the triangular 
space before and abaft the paddle- 
boxes of a steamboat; one of the 
armored projections with gun ports 
of a warship. [Latin.] 

sponsor (spon'ser), n. a surety; a god- 
father or godmother. [Latin.] 

sponsorial (spon-so'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to a sponsor. 

sponsorship (spon'ser-ship) , n. state 
or position of being a sponsor. 

spontaneity (spon-ta-ne'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being spontaneous; ten- 
dency in animal and vegetable organ- 
isms to undergo changes irrespective 
of environment. [Latin.] 

spontaneous (spon-ta'ne-us), adj. pro- 
ceedfng from # natural disposition or 
impulses ; acting by internal impulse 
or natural law. 

spoof (spoof), n. money. Also 'oof. 
[English_ slang.] 

spook (spook), n. a ghost. 

spool (spool), n. a hollow cylinder 
surrounded with a ridge at each end 
on which thread, &c, are wound: 
v.t. to wind on a spool. 

spoon (spoon), n. a small domestic 
implement consisting of a hollow 
bowl and handle for dipping in 
liquids and conveying them to the 
mouth, &c; a simpleton; a^ club 
used in golf: v.t. to take up in, or 
as in, a spoon: v.i. to act the part 
of a demonstrative lover. 

spoonbill (spoon'bil), n. a wading 
bird of the heron family with a 
spoon-like bill. 

spooney (spoon'i), n. a simpleton. 
See spoon. 

spoonful (spoon'f ool) , n. [pi. spoon- 
fuls (spoon'foolz)], as much as a 
spoon will hold ; small quantity. 

spoonily (spoon'i-li) , adv. in a spoony 
manner. 

spoony (spoon'i), n. a simpleton: adj. 
weak-minded; demonstratively fond. 

spoor (spoor), n. the track or trail 
of any wild animal. 

sporades (spor'a-dez), n.pl. stars not 
included in any constellation. 

sporadic (spo-rad'ik), adj. occurring 
separately or apart from others of 
the same kind; single. Also spo- 
radical. [Latin.] 

sporadically (spo-rad'i-ka-li) , adv. in 
a sporadic manner. 



sporadic disease (diz-ez'), n. & dis- 
ease, usually epidemic, attacking 
only a few in a particular district 
and not spreading. 

spore (spor), n. a minute grain in 
cryptogamous plants which performs 
the function of a seed; a minute 
ovoid body in certain organisms 
which gives rise to new organisms 
by germination. [Greek.] 

sporran (spor'an), n. the furry pouch 
worn in Highland costume in front 
of the kilt. 

sport (sport), n. diversion; jest; 
mirth; mockery; play; outdoor rec- 
reation, as hunting, shooting, &c; 
athletics and games of skill for 
which prizes are given or money 
staked; an animal or plant which 
deviates in its organism from the 
normal condition: v.i. to play or 
frolic; trifle; practice field diver- 
sions: v.t. to divert; exhibit or wear 
in public. 

sportful (sport 'fool), adj. full of sport; 
indulging in mirth or play; merry; 
frolicsome. 

sporting (sport 'ing), p. adj. pertaining 
to, characteristic of, or engaging in, 
sport or sports. 

sporting man (man), n. [pi. sporting 
men], a fast man; gambler; a sports- 
man. 

sportive (spor'tiv), adj. frolicsome; 
merry. 

sportively (spor'tiv-li), adv. in a 
sportive manner ._ 

sportiveness (spor'tiv-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being sportive; 
disposition to mirth. 

sportsman (sports'man), n. [pi. 
sportsmen (sports 'men)], one who 
pursues the sports of the field, as 
hunting, &c. Fem_. sportswoman. 

sportsmanship (sports'man-ship), n. 
skill or practice in field sports. 

sporule (spor'ul), n. a granule with a 
spore. 

spot (spot), n. a blot or mark; dis- 
colored place or stain; blemish; dis- 
grace or reproach; locality; place; 
small part of a different color; dark 
place on a luminous disc, as of the 
sun or a planet; mark on a billiard 
table where the red ball is placed; 
spot-stroke: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spotted, 
p.pr. spotting], to mark with spots; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SPOTLESS 



780 



SPRINKLING 



discolor; stain; disgrace or blemish; 
mark or note so as to recognize; de- 
tect. 

spotless (spot'les), adj. without any- 
physical blemish or spot; morally 
untainted, and having no blame. 

spot light (lit), n. an • adjustable 
calcium light for throwing a shift- 
ing light on a stage, so as to keep 
a player within its rays. 

spot-stroke (spot'strok), n. a particu- 
lar stroke off the red ball when on the 
spot. 

spotter (spot'er), n. a detective. 

spottiness (spqt'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being spotted. 

spotty (spot'i), adj. marked with, or 
full of, spots. 

spousals (spou'zals), n.pl. marriage; 
nuptials. [Old French.] m 

spouse (spouz), n. a married person. 

spout (spout), n. the projecting mouth 
of a vessel; pipe for conducting a 
liquid; lift or shoot: v.t. to throw 
out forcibly and abundantly, as 
from a pipe ; pawn : v.i. issue with vio- 
lence, as from a pipe. 

sprag (sprag), n. a young salmon or 
cod. 

sprain (spran), n. an excessive strain 
of the muscles or ligaments of a 
joint without dislocation: v.t. to 
overstrain (the muscles or ligaments 
of a joint) without dislocation. 

sprang, p.t. of spring. 

sprat (sprat), n. a small fish. 

sprawl (sprawl), v.i. to stretch the 
body carelessly when in a horizontal 
position; lie; stretch or toss out the 
limbs or move awkwardly; open ir- 
regularly, as cavalry; spread in an 
irregular manner, as a plant. 

spray (spra), n. a small shoot or 
branch of a tree, or a collection of 
them; small particles of water driv- 
en or dashed in the air; jet of fine 
medicated water, perfume, &c.\ v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. sprayed, p.pr. spraying], 
to throw spray upon. 

spread (spred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spread, 
p.pr. spreading], to extend in all di- 
rections; propagate; unfurl; open; 
emit; scatter; set or furnish with 
provisions: v.i. to be extended or 
propagated: n. extent; table fur- 
nished with provisions; feast. 

spread-eagle (spred'e-gl) , adj. de- 



fiantly bombastic : n. the figure of an 
eagle with its wings elevated and its 
legs extended: the heraldic emblem 
of the United States. 

spree (spre), n. a merry frolic; ca- 
rousal. 

sprig (sprig), n. a small twig or shoot; 
scion; headless brad or nail; orna- 
ment in the form of a spray: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. sprigged, p.pr. sprig- 
ging], to work or adorn with sprigs; 
drive brads into. 

spright (sprit), n. a sprite. 

sprightliness (sprit'li-nes), n. vivac- 
ity. 

sprightly (sprit'li), adj. [comp. spright- 
lier, superl. sprightliest], vivacious; 
brisk ; animated ; airy, gay : adu. with 
vivacity. 

spring (spring), v.i. [p.t. sprang, p.p. 
sprung, p.pr. springing], to arise; 
originate; appear; shoot up; leap; 
bound; dart; start or rise up sud- 
denly; fly back; issue or proceed; 
warp: v.t. to start or rouse; cause to 
spring up; explode; crack; strain; 
cause to close suddenly; leap over; 
cause to open : n. sl leap or bound ; 
an elastic body used for various 
mechanical purposes; a flying back 
with elastic force ; source ; a fountain 
of water; one of the four seasons of 
the year when plants begin to grow; 
crack in a mast, &c. 

springbok (spring'bok), n. the South 
African gazelle. 

springe (sprinj), n. a gin or noose. 

springiness (spring'i-nes), n. elas- 
ticity; sponginess. 

springing (springing), n. the act or 
process of leaping; growth, the point 
at which an arch unites with its sup- 
port. 

springless (spring'les), adj. without 
springs; rigid. 

springtide (spring'tid), n. the tide 
which happens at or near the new 
and full moon ; springtime. m 

springy (spring'i), adj. elastic; light; 
spongy. 

sprinkle (spring'kl), v.t. to scatter in 
small drops ; baptize with a few drops 
of water; cleanse or purify: v.i. to 
rain in small drops: n. a sprinkling. 

sprinkling (spring'kling) , adj. scat- 
tering in small drops: n. a small 
quantity distributed in small drops; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SPRINT 



781 



SQUARE 



a small quantity distributed or scat- 
tered, as of people, &c. 

sprint (sprint), n. sl run for a short 
distance at full speed: v.i. to run at 
full speed. 

6printer (sprint'er). n. a fast runner. 

6prit (sprit), v.i. to bud or sprout : n. 
a sprout or shoot ; a small spar which 
raises diagonally the peak of the sail 
of a boat. 

sprite (sprit), n. a spirit; a shade; a 
ghost. 

sprout (sprout), v.i. to germinate; 
shoot, as the seed of a plant: n. a 
shoot; budjpL Brussels sprouts. 

spruce (sproos), n. a fir tree of the 
genus Picea; wood of the spruce 
tree; a fermented beverage made 
from spruce leaves, &c: adj. smart; 
trim; neat; dandified: v.t. to dress 
with affected neatness. 

spruceness (sproos'nes), n. the state 
or quality of being spruce. 

sprung, p.t. & p.p. of spring. 

spry (sprl), adj. nimble; sharp. 

spud (spud), n. a short stout knife; a 
potato. 

spug (spug), n. a member of the Society 
for Prevention of Useless Giving. 

spume (spurn), n. froth; foam: v.i. 
to foam. 

spun, p.t. & p.p. of spin. 

spunk (spungk), n. touchwood; mettle. 

spunky (spungk'i), adj. mettlesome; 
plucky. 

spur (sper), n. a rowel with sharp 
points worn on the heel of boots for 
inciting a horse; any incentive to 
action; largest root of a tree; some- 
thing projecting; stiff, sharp spine 
on a cock's leg, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.Q 
spurred, p.pr. spurring], to pricS 
with a spur; incite to action;, hasten: 
v.i. to travel with haste ; push on. 

spurious (spu'ri-us), adj. not genu- 
ine; counterfeit; illegitimate; false. 

spurn (spern), v.t. to drive away, as 
with the foot; reject with contempt; 
treat with disdain : e v.i. to manifest 
contempt in rejecting anything: n. 
disdainful rejection. 

spurt (spert), v.i. to issue forth sud- 
denly or violently in a stream or 
jet; make a sudden brief effort: v.t. 
to throw out in a stream or jet: n. 
a sudden or forcible ejection of a 
liquid; brief, sudden effort. 



sputter (sput'er), v.i. to throw out 
moisture in scattered drops; speak 
rapidly and indistinctly; spit: v.t. 
to emit in small particles with a 
crackling or spluttering noise: n. 
moist matter thrown out in small 
drops. 

sputum (spu'tum), n. saliva; spittle. 

spy (spi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spied, p.pr. 
spying], to discover, especially at a 
distance; gain sight of; detect; ex- 
plore; examine secretly: v.i. to scru- 
tinize; play the spy: n. a person who 
in time of war enters the enemy's 
camp to gain information as to its 
movements, &c; one who keeps 
watch on others; secret agent. 

spy-glass (spl'glas), n. a small tele- 
scope. 

squab (skwob), n. a person of short, 
fat figure; kind of sofa; stuffed 
cushion; nestling of a pigeon: adj. 
short and fat; bulky: adv. with a 
heavy fall. 

squabble (skwob '1), v.i. to wrangle 
or dispute in a noisy manner: v.t. to 
disarrange : said of type set up : n. a 
noisy wrangle ; dispute. 

squab-pie (skwob'pi), n. pigeon-pie. 

squad (skwod), n. a small party of 
soldiers assembled for drill, &c; any 
small party. [Old French.] 

squadron (skwod'run), n. a division of 
a regiment of cavalry, comprising 
two troops; detachment of war ves- 
sels employed on some particular 
service. 

squalid r (sk wo Fid), adj. extremely 
dirty; foul ; poverty-stricken. 

squall (skwawl), n. sl sudden and vio- 
lent gust of wind, often accom- 
panied with rain, sleet, &c. ; a loud 
scream: v.i. to scream or cry vio» 
lently. 

squally (skwawl'i), adj. gusty. 

squaloid (skwa'loid), adj. shark-like. 

squalor (skwa'lor), n. foulness, dirt. 

squamoid (skwa^moid), adj. scaly. 

squamose (skwa'mos), adj. covered 
with, or like, scales. Also squamous. 

squander (skwon'der), v.t. to spend 
lavishly or wastefully; dissipate: v.i. 
to be wasteful or prodigal. 

square (skwar), n. a parallelogram 
having 4 equal sides and 4 right an- 
gles; anything nearly resembling a 
square; an area of 4 sides having 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SQUARELY 



782 



STAB 



houses on each side; square body of 
troops; a mathematical instrument 
for measuring right angles; product 
of a number multiplied by itself: 
adj. having 4 equal sides and 4 equal 
angles; forming a right angle; hav- 
ing a straight front; true; upright; 
honest; just; well-set; stout: v.t. to 
form with 4 equal sides and 4 equal 
angles; multiply by itself; reduce to 
a given standard; adjust; regulate; 
make even; place at right angles 
with the keel: v.i. to accord or agree 
(with with); fit; assume a boxing 
attitude (with up). [Old French.] 

squarely (skwar'li), adv. in a square 
form. 

square measure (mezh'er), n. the 
square of a lineal measure. 

squareness (skwar'nes), n. the state 
or quality of being square. 

square-rigged (skwar'rigd), adj. hav- 
ing the sails extended on yards sus- 
pended horizontally by the middle. 

square-root (skwar'root) f> n. that 
number or quantity which, multi- 
plied by itself, produces the given 
number or quantity, as 2 is the 
square root of 4. 

squash (skwosh), v.t. to crush, espe- 
cially into a flat mass or pulp: n. 
something soft and easily crushed; 
something unripe and soft; unripe 
pea cod; shock of soft bodies; sud- 
den fall of a soft body; a gourd. 

squashiness (skwosh'i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being squashy. 

squashy (skwosh'i), adj. easily 
crushed; soft. 

squat (skwot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. squat- 
ted, p.pr. squatting], to sit down on 
the hams or heels; cover or lie close, 
as an animal; to settle on public 
land; settle on the land of another 
without a title: adj. sitting on the 
hams and heels; crouching: n. the 
posture of one who squats; small 
vein of ore. 

squatter (skwot'er), n. one who 
squats; one who settles on new or 
uncultivated land without a title; in 
Australia and New Zealand, one who 
leases land for pasturing sheep from 
the Government. 

squaw (skwaw), n. a North Ameri- 
can Indian woman or wife. 

squawk (skwawk), v.i. to utter a 



loud, harsh noise: n. a harsh 
squeak. 

squeak (skwek), v.i. to utter a short 5 
shrill, sharp cry; make a sharp dis- 
agreeable noise; break silence; con- 
fess: n. a short, shrill, sharp cry; a 
sharp disagreeable noise. 

squeal (skwel), v.i. to cry with a 
sharp, shrill, prolonged sound; to 
turn informer: n. a sharp, shrill, pro- 
longed sound. Jlcelandic] 

squeamish (skwem'ish), adj. sickish 
at stomach; easily disgusted; nice 
to excess in taste; fastidious about 
trifles; scrupulous. 

squeegee (skwe'je), n. a hoe-shaped 
implement with an india-rubber edge 
or plate for cleaning pavements, &c. 

squeezable (skwez'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being squeezed. 

squeeze (skwez), v.t. to press between 
two bodies; crush; embrace forcibly; 
compress; force by compression; 
cause to pass: v.i. to press; push be- 
tween close bodies: n. the act of 
squeezing; compression between bod- 
ies; facsimile in some soft substance; 
a forcible embrace. 

squelch (skwelch), v.t. to crush; si- 
lence: n. a heavy blow. 

squib (skwib), n. a kind of firework; 
petty lampoon; sarcastic publica- 
tion: v.i. to use or write squibs or 
sarcastic reflections; contend in 
petty dispute. 

squid (skwid), n. a name for various 
10-armed cephalopods; cuttlefish. 

squill (skwil), n. a genus of plants 
allied to the lily, used in medicine. 

squint (skwint), adj. looking ob- 
liquely; said of the eyes: v.i. to see 
or look obliquely; have the vision 
distorted: v.t. to cause to squint: n. 
the act or habit of looking obliquely. 

squire (skwir) , n. (see esquire) . Often 
used of a justice of the peace; a 
country-gentleman, a farm owner. 

squirm (skwerm), v.i. to wriggle; 
writhe. 

squirrel (skwer'el), n. a small, agile, 
reddish-brown rodent with a long 
bushy tail. 

squirt (skwert), v.t. to eject in a 
stream from a small orifice; spurt: 
n. a small stream or jet; an instru- 
ment for ejecting water, &c. 

stah (stab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stabbed 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book i 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STABILITY 



783 



STAKE 



p.pr. stabbing], to pierce with, or as 
with, a pointed weapon; kill or 
wound; injure secretly, or by. mali- 
cious falsehood or slander: 'v.i. to 
pierce; inflict a wound: n. a thrust 
or wound with a sharp-pointed 
. weapon; a malicious injury done 
secretly. 

stability (sta-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being stable or firm; firm- 
ness of character; strength of pur- 
pose or resolution; fixedness. Also 
stableness. 

stable (sta'bl), adj. fixed; firm; con- 
stant: n. a building for lodging 
horses, cows, &c. : v.t. to put or keep 
in a stable: v.i. to dwell or shelter, 
as in a stable. 

stabling (sta/bling), n. the act of put- 
ting into a stable; accommodation. 

Stack (stak), n. a large quantity of 
hay, corn, wood, &c, piled up in cir- 
cular or regular form; number of 
chimneys standing together: v.t. to 
pile into a stack. 

Stadium (sta/di-um), n. [pi. stadia 
(sta'di-a)], a Greek linear measure = 
606 M ft. ; the course for foot-races 
at the Olympic games: hence a race- 
course. [L^tin.] 

staff ( taf), n. [pi. m staves, staffs 
(stavz, stafs)], a stick carried for 
support in walking or for defense: 
support; p~op; pole, handle, or bar; 
wand as a badge of office; stanza or 
a series of verses; the five lines and 
four spaces between them on which 
music is written; flagstaff; an es- 
tablishment of officers attached to an 
army or its commander; number of 
persons engaged in any undertaking 
or work. 

Stag (stag), n. the male of the red 
deer; male of the ox kind, castrated 
at a certain age; an outside irregu- 
lar dealer in stocks. 

6tag-beetle (stag'be-tl) , n. a beetle 
having, in the male, mandibles re- 
sembling a stag's horn. 

stage (staj), n. an elevated platform, 
especially in # a theater ; place of 
scenic entertainments or representa- 
tions; the theatrical profession; place 
of rest on a journey; field of action; 
degree of progress; coach: v.t. to put 
on the stage, as a play. [Old French.] 

stager (sta'jer), n. a horse for .draw- 



ing a stage coach; one who has long 
acted on the stage of life; a person 
practiced in cunning; one who is 
experienced; a player. 

stagger (stag'er), v.i. to totter or 
reel; begin to doubt, weary or give 
way; hesitate: v.t. to cause to totter 
or reel; shock; make less confident: 
n. a sudden reeling or tottering: pi. 
a disease of horses and cattle, some- 
times called the " blind staggers"; 
vertigo. 

staging (staj'ing), n. a temporary 
structure of boards and posts; busi- 
ness of running and managing stage 
coaches; style of play production. 

stagnancy (stag 'nan-si) , n. the state 
or quality of being stagnant. 

stagnant (stag'nant), adj. not flowing, 
or running in a stream; motionless; 
not brisk; torpid; dull. [Latin.] 

stagnate (stag'nat), v.i. to cease to 
flow or run; be motionless; become 
torpid, inactive, or dull; become im- 
pure or foul. 

stagnation (stag-na'shun) , n. the 
state or quality of being stagnant. 

stagy (sta/ji), adj. characteristic of 
the stage; unreal. 

staid (stad), adj. sober; sedate; regu- 
lar; steady; not volatile. 

stain (stan), v.t. to blot; spot; tinge 
with color; dye, soil with guilt or 
infamy; tarnish; pollute: v.i. to take 
stains; become stained: n. discolora- 
tion; spot of color different _ from 
the ground; spot or blot; taint of 
guilt or infamy; cause of reproach ._ 

stainless (stances), adj. without stain, 
or taint. 

stair (star), n. one of a series of steps 
for ascending to a higher level; a 
step: pi. a flight of steps. 

staircase (star'kas), n. a set of steps in 
a house with railings, &c. 

staith (stath), n.an elevated staging 
upon a wharf with a line of rails for 
discharging coals, &c. 

stake (stak), n. a post or strong 
stick sharpened at one end and fixed 
in the ground; palisade; post to 
which a person condemned to be 
burnt was secured; hence martyr- 
dom; that which is pledged, wa- 
gered, or put to hazard; prize con- 
tested for; small anvil: v.t. to fasten 
or support with stakes ; defend with, 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STAKE-HOLDER 



784 



STAND 



or mark out the limits of, with 
stakes; wager or pledge. 

stake-holder (stak'hol-der) , n. a per- 
son who holds money entrusted to 
him by two parties to a wager. 

stalactite (stal-ak'tit) , n. an icicle- 
Hke incrustation 01 carbonate of 
lime, &c, formed by percolation in 
caverns, &c. [Greek.] 

stalagmite (stal-ag'mit), n. a cone of 
carbonate of lime, &c, formed on 
the floor of a cavern in a similar 
manner to a stalactite. [Greek.] 

stale (stal), adj. not fresh or new; 
vapid; tasteless; worn out by use 
or familiarity; trite; common; de- 
cayed; past the prime: v.t. to make 
stale; wear out: v.i. to discharge 
urine; said of horses. 

stalemate (stal'mat), n. the position 
of a king in chess, when he cannot 
move without being placed in check: 
v.t. to subject to stalemate; bring to 
a stand. 

staleness (stal'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being stale. 

stalk (stawk), v.t. to pursue stealthily 
and under cover so as to kill, as 
game: v.i. to walk with high and 
proud steps; walk behind a stalking- 
horse: n. the stem or main axis of a 
plant; support which attaches a 
flower or fruit to a plant or tree; 
anything like a stalk; a high, proud, 
stately step. 

stalking-horse (stawk'ing-hors) , n. a 
horse, or figure of a horse, behind 
which a hunter conceals himself from 
his game; a mask. 

stall (stawl), n. that part of a stable 
where a horse or ox is kept and fed; 
a bench or table where goods are ex- 
posed for sale; small house or shed 
where business is carried on; seat 
of a church dignitary in the choir of 
a cathedral; canonry; reserved seat 
in a theater, &c: v.t. to place or 
keep in a stall; to hold back a train: 
v.i. to kennel, as dogs. 

stallage (stawl'aj), n. rent paid for a 
stall; right of erecting a stall at a 
fair. 

stallion (stal'yun), n. an uncastrated 
male horse kept for breeding. 

stalwart (stawl'wert), adj. sturdy; 
strong; tall and stout; brave; dar- 
ing. 



stamen (sta'men), n. the male organ 
of a flower. 

stamina (stam'in-a), n.pl. tone and 
vigor of the animal system; back- 
bone; power of endurance. 

staminal (stam'in-al) , adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting in, stamens or 
stamina; tonic. 

staminiferous (stam-in-if'er-us), adj. 
bearing stamens. 

stammer (stam'er), v.i. to hesitate 
or falter in speaking, especially from 
an impediment in speech; stutter: 
v.t. to utter or pronounce with dif- 
ficulty or hesitation: n. difficulty in 
pronouncing or speaking; stutter. 

stammering (stam'er-ing) , n. imper- 
fect utterance in speech: adj. hesi- 
tating in speech. 

stamp (stamp), v.t. to strike with the 
sole of the foot by thrusting it down- 
wards; crush or pulverize; impress; 
fix deeply ; make valid ; affix a stamp 
to; coin: v.i. to strike or beat the 
foot forcibly on the ground: n. the 
act of stamping; die; the impres- 
sion made ; official mark on dutiable 
things; small piece of paper having 
a certain device and value impressed 
upon it by government, required le- 
gally to be affixed to a letter, docu- 
ment, &c; currency; character or 
reputation; authority. 

stampede (stam-ped'), n. & sudden 
panic seizing a herd of animals caus- 
ing them to run violently away; any 
sudden flight or rush: v.t. to cause 
to take to sudden flight: v.i. to start 
off in a panic. [Spanish.] 

stanch (stanch), adj. firm; constant; 
trustworthy; zealous: v.t. to stop 
the flowing of, as blood. Also 
staunch. [Old French.] 

stanchion (stan'shun), n. a support 
or post of iron or wood. [Old French.] 

stand (stand), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. stood, 
p'.pr. standing], to be erect; occupy 
a certain position; cease to move; 
be at rest or fixed; continue; re- 
main without injury or ruin; be 
safe; not to fail or yield; be obsti- 
nate; be firm; be placed; become a 
candidate; hold a course at sea; 
continue in force; stagnate: v.t. to 
endure; sustain; abide by; set in an 
erect position; nay for: n. a stop 
or halt; interruption; station for the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STANDARD 



787 



STARRY 



hire of vehicles; raised platform for 
spectators ; small table ; state of per- 
plexity or difficulty ; resistance. 

standard (standard), n. an ensign or 
flag, especially a national ensign; 
that which is established by author- 
ity as a fixed rule or measure ; estab- 
lished rule or model; criterion; a 
standing tree not supported by a 
wall; proportion of weights of fine 
metal and alloy established by au- 
thority. 

standardize (stand'erd-iz), v.t. to 
make conform to a standard; to regu- 
late by a standard. 

standing (stand'ing), n. the act of 
stopping or of being erect on the 
feet; duration; maintenance of posi- 
tion ; reputation ; rank or status : adj. 
remaining erect; stagnant; lasting; 
established or settled; fixed. 

stand-oft (stand'of), n. sl draw or tie: 
v.t. to hold in abeyance. 

stand-patter (stand-pat'er) , n. one 
who stands by the existing order of 
things, especially in politics, refusing 
to accept change or reform, particu- 
larly of the tariff. 

standpoint (standpoint), n. a posi- 
tion from which one views things. 

standstill (stand'stil) , n. a complete 
pause. 

stanhope (stan'hop or 'up), n. & light 
two- wheeled carriage without a top. 

stannary (stan'a-ri), n. \pl. stanna- 
ries (stan'a-riz)], a, tin mine or 
works: adj. pertaining to tin mines. 

stannic (stan'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or got from, tin. [Latin.] 

stanniferous (stan-if'er-us), adj. 
yielding tin. 

stannous (stan'us), adj. of, pertaining 
to, or containing, tin. 

stanza (stan'za), n. a number of lines 
or verses connected with and ad- 
justed to each other, usually ending 
in a pause ; part of a poem containing 
every variation of measure in the 
poem. 

stapes (sta'pez), n. the stirrup bone 
of the ear. 

staple (sta'pl), n. the chief produc- 
tion or industry of a country or dis- 
trict^ settled market or emporium; 
principal element or topic ; unmanu- 
factured or raw material, as cot- 
ton, flax, or wool fiber; loop of metal 



for holding a bolt, &c: adj. chief; 
regularly produced; established in 
commerce: v.t. to sort according to 
its staple^ as cotton, &c. 

stapler (sta'pler), n. one who deals in 
staple commodities; a wool sorter. 

star (star), n. any celestial body, es- 
pecially one that is self-luminous; 
anything resembling a star ; a planet 
supposed to influence a person's des- 
tiny; an ornamental rayed badge; 
an asterisk (*) ; a person of distin- 
guished eminence, especially in the 
theatrical profession: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. starred, p.pr. starring], to set 
or adorn with stars: u.i. to shine as 
a star; be preeminent; appear as 
principal actor among inferior play- 
ers. 

starboard (starHbord), n. the right- 
hand side of a vessel looking towards 
the bow: adj. pertaining to, or lying 
on the right side of a vessel: v.t. to 
put to the right or starboard side of a 
vessel. 

starch (starch), n. a widely diffuse 
vegetable substance: used for laun- 
dry purposes, &c: v.t. to stiffen with 
starch; make stiff ._ 

Star Chamber (cham'ber), n. an an- 
cient civil and criminal court at 
Westminster, notorious for its des- 
potism and injustice during the reign 
of Charles I. 

starched (starcht), adj. stiffened with 
starch; formal; precise. 

starchy (starch'i), adj. consisting of 
starch; stiff; formal; precise. 

stare (star), n. a fixed look with wide- 
open eyes; a starling: v.i. to look 
with fixed eyes wide open ; look ear- 
nestly; be very conspicuous; stand 
out prominently: v.t. to gaze at. 

stark (stark), adj. stiff; strong: adv. 
wholly or completely. 

starless (star'les), adj. without stars. 

starling (starling), n. a passerine 
bird of the genus m Sturnus; piles 
driven round the piers of a bridge 
for its protection. 

starred (stard), p. adj. decorated with 
stars; influenced by the stars. 

starriness (star'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being starry. 

starry (star'i), adj. abounding in, con- 
sisting of, or proceeding from, stars; 
star-shaped. 



***<*, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STARSTONE 



788 



STATUE 



starstone (star'ston), n. a variety of 
sapphire; also star-sapphire. 

start (start), v.i. to be moved or 
twitched suddenly, as by sudden 
alarm, &c; shrink; move abruptly; 
set out; commence a race, career, 
&c; loosen: v.t. to originate or set 
going; rouse suddenly from conceal- 
ment ; empty ; dislocate ; punish with 
a rope's end: n. the act of starting; 
outset; a sudden motion or twitch; 
sudden fit or excitement; quick 
spring; starting post. 

star throat (star'throt), n. a humming- 
bird. 

startle (start'l), v.i. to move suddenly 
as by an alarm; to feel sudden alarm; 
v.t. to frighten suddenly; shock. 

starvation (star-va'shun) , n. the state 
of being starved. 

starve (starv), v.i. to suffer extreme 
hunger; perish with hunger or cold: 
v.t. subdue by famine; destroy by 
want of any kind. 

starveling (starv'ling) , adj. hungry; 
weak; lean: n. a thin, weak, pining 
animal or plant. 

stasis (sta/sis), n. arrest of the cir- 
culation of blood in the vessels. 

state (stat), n. circumstances or con- 
dition; position or situation-; case; 
quality; pomp; principal persons 
constituting the government of a 
country; legislature; whole body of 
people united under one government ; 
civil power: adj. pertaining to the 
body politic; used on state occa- 
sions; ceremonial: v.t. to express 
the details of; represent fully in 
words; narrate. [Old French.] 

State, n. one of the federated com- 
monwealths composing the United 
States. 

statecraft (stat'kraf t) , n. diplomatic 
and political skill. 

stated (stat'ed), adj. fixed; regular. 

statedly (stat'ed-li), adv. at fixed 
times. 

stateliness (stat'li-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being stately; majestic 
appearance. 

stately (stat'li), adj. [comp. statelier, 
mperl. stateliest], grand; majestic; 
dignified; displaying state or dignity. 

statement (statement), n. the act of 
stating; that which is stated; narra- 
tive or recital. 



stater (sta'ter), n. a gold coin of an 
cient Greece. 

stateroom (stat'room), n. a reserved 
cabin in a steamer or sleeping car. 

statesman (stats 'man), n. [pi. states- 
men (stats'men)], one who is skilled 
in public affairs and the art of gov- 
ernment; politician. 

statesmanship (stats'man-ship), n. 
the qualification or skill of a states- 
man. 

state- trial (stat'tri-al), n. a trial for 
political offenses. 

static (stat'ik), adj. pertaining to 
bodies at rest or in equilibrium ; act- 
ing by mere weight without produc- 
ing motion. Also statical: n.pl. that 
branch of mechanics which treats of 
the equilibrium, pressure, weight. 
&c, of bodies at rest. [Greek.] 

statically (stat'i-ka-li), adv. in a stati- 
cal manner. 

station (sta'shun), n. place where a 
person or thing stands; position; 
rank or condition of life; class or 
order; place on a railway for pas- 
sengers or goods ; district police of- 
fice; military quarters; post for war- 
vessels: v.t. to place in a certain post, 
rank, or situation; appoint or assign. 

stationary (sta/shun-a-ri) , adj. fixed; 
not moving ;_ not improving. 

stationer (sta'shun-er), n. one who 
sells paper, pens, pencils, writing 
materials, &c. [Latin.] 

stationery (sta/shun-er-i), n. sta- 
tioner's articles. 

statist (sta'tist), n. a statistician^ 

statistic (sta-tis'tik), adj. pertaining 
to statistics. Also statistical. 

statistically (sta-tis'ti-ka-li), adv. by 
statistics. 

statistician (stat-is-tish'an), n. one 
skilled in statistics. 

statistics (sta-tis'tiks), n. the science 
of the classification and arrange- 
ment of facts relating to the condi- 
tion of a people or class, domestic 
economy, health, longevity, &c. 

stator (sta'ter), n. the part of a dy- 
namo or motor which remains at 
rest. 

statuary (stat'u-a-ri), n. a sculptor; 
the art of carving statues; statues 
collectively. 

statue (stat'u), n. the representation of 
a living being sculptured or modeled 



ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mlt ; note, north, not ; boon, book ' 

hue, hut; think, /ftpn. 



STATUESQUE 



789 



STEELINESS 



in some solid material: v.t. to form 
a statue of; place, as a statue. 

statuesque (stat-u-esk'), adj. having 
the characteristics of a statue ; immo- 
bile. 

statuette (stat-u-et'). n. a little statue. 

stature (stat'ur), n. the natural height. 

status (sta/tus), n. condition; social 
standing or place; rank. 

status quo (kwo), present or previ- 
ous condition or position. [Latin.] 

statutable (stat'u-ta-bl) , adj. made 
or introduced by statute; according 
to law or statute. 

statutably (stat'u-ta-bli) , adv. con- 
formably to statute. 

statute (stat'ut), n. a law expressly 
enacted by the legislature of a coun- 
try or state ; written law ; an act of a 
corporation or of its founders, de- 
signed to be a permanent rule. 

statutory (stat'u-to-ri) , adj. enacted 
by statute; depending on statute for 
its authority. 

stave (stav), n. [pi. staves (stavz)], 
one of the thin narrow strips of 
wood forming the sides of a cask; a 
pole or piece of wood of some length ; 
the five parallel lines and the four 
contained spaces on and within 
which the notes and rests are writ- 
ten [Music]: pi. of staff: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. staved, stove, p.pr. staving], 
to break a hole in; burst; pour out; 
delay or put off. 

Stay (sta), n. a large, strong rope 
which stiffens and supports a mast; 
stop or stand; prop or support; 
abode or continuance in a place: pi. 
pair of corsets: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stayed, p.pr. staying], to hold up or 
support; sustain; endure; restrain; 
delay; tack: v.i. to remain or abide; 
wait; rest; stand still; continue; 
cease; hold out or last. 

stead (sted), n. the place or room 
which another had or might have. 

steadfast (sted'fast), adj. firmly fixed 
or established ; steady ; constant ; uni- 
form. 

steadily (sted'i-li), adv. in a steady 
manner. 

steadiness (sted'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being steady. 

steady (sted'i). adj. [comp. steadier, su- 
perl. steadiest], fixed; regular; firm; 
constant in feeling or purpose; reso- 



lute; undeviating; unwavering; uni- 
form: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. steadied, p.pr. 
steadying], to make or keep steady 
or firm; make constant or resolute; 
regulate: inter j. be fixed. 

steak (stak), n. a slice of beef, &c, 
for broiling. 

steal (stel), v.t. [p.t. stole, p.p. stolen, 
p.pr. stealing], to take by theft or 
feloniously; take without leave or 
right; withdraw or convey clan- 
destinely; gain secretly and gradu- 
ally: v.i. to commit theft; slip in and 
out unperceived. 

stealth (stelth), n. secret means em- 
ployed to accomplish an object; un- 
derhand procedure. 

stealthily (stelth'i-li), adv. in a 
stealthy manner. 

stealthiness (stelth'i-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being stealthy. 

stealthy (stelth'i), adj. [comp. stealth- 
ier, superl. stealthiest], done or per- 
formed by stealth; clandestine; sly. 

steam (stem), n. vapor into which 
water is cnanged when heated to 
boiling-point; vapor: any exhala- 
tion: v.i. to emit steam; rise or pass 
off in steam; move by steam: v.t. to 
apply steam to. 

steamer (stem/er), n. a vessel pro- 
pelled by steam; road locomotive; 
an apparatus for steaming articles. 

steaminess (stem'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being steamy ; mistiness. 

steamy (stem' i) ,' ad j . consisting of, or 
like, steam. 

stearate (ste'a-rat), n. any salt of 
stearic acid. 

stearic (ste-ar'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or obtained from, stearin. 

stearin (ste'a-rin), n. a constituent of 
most animal and some vegetable 
fats; tallow. 

steatite (ste'a-tit), ft. soapstone. 

steed (sted), n. a horse, especially one 
which is spirited. 

steel (stel), ft. iron refined and com- 
bined with carbon; any instrument 
of steel; anything made of steel; 
anything of extreme hardness; a 
chalybeate medicine: adj. made of, 
or resembling, steel: v.t. to overlay, 
edge, or tip with steel; make hard 
or invulnerable; render like steel. 

steeliness (steTi-nes) , ft. the state or 
quality of being steely. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut : think, then. 



STEELING 



790 



STERE 



steeling (steTing), n. the process of 
overlaying, edging, or pointing with 
steel; acierage. 

steely (stel'i), adj. made of, or like, 
steel; hard; inflexible; colored like 
steel. 

steelyard (stel'yard) , n. a kind of bal- 
ance, consisting of a single weight 
moved along a graduated beam. 

steening (sten'ing), n. a lining of 
stone, brick, &c, of a well or similar 
structure. 

steep (step), adj. rising or descending 
with great inclination; precipitous: 
n. a precipitous place: v.t. to soak in 
a liquid; dip; imbue. 

steeple (ste'pl), n. a tower or turret 
tapering to a point ; spire. 

steeple-chase (ste'pl-chas) , n. a cross- 
country horse-race over ground 
where many obstructions and ob- 
stacles — such as ditches, narrow 
bridges, and piles of stone — are or 
have been placed. It is really rough 
riding as a pastime. 

steepled (ste'pld), adj. furnished with, 
like, or_ adorned with, a steeple. 

steer (ster), n. a young male of the ox 
kind; bullock: v.t. to direct the 
course of (a vessel) with the helm; 
control; guide: v.i. to direct a ship 
in its course; move; be governed. 

steerage (ster'aj), n. the act or prac- 
tice of steering; that part of a ship 
allotted to the poorer passengers. 

steerage- way (ster'aj-wa), n. rate of 
motion through the water of a vessel 
sufficient to enable her to feel the 
effect of the helm. 

steeve (stev), n. the angle of elevation 
of a bowsprit with the horizon. Also 
called steeving. 

stegomyia (steg'o-mi-ya) , n. the ge- 
nus of mosquitoes which transmit 
the germs of yellow fever. [Greek.] 

stein (stm), n. a stone beer-mug hold- 
ing something less than a quart. 

steinbock (stm'bok), n. a small an- 
telope of South Africa. Also steen- 
bok. 

stele (sta/la), n. an upright tablet of 
stone, often beautifully sculptured. 
It was the commonest form of monu- 
ment for the dead among the 
Greeks. 

'stellar (stel'ar), adj. pertaining to 
stars; astral; starry. Also stellary. 



stellate (stel'at), adj. star-like; radi- 
ated. [Latin.] 

stem (stem), n. the principal axis of 
a tree or plant; anything resem- 
bling a stem; race; pedigree; prog- 
eny; branch of a family; the fore- 
part of a vessel; the unchangeable 
part of an inflected word; the up- 
right or downright line joined to 
the body of a note [Music]: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. stemmed, p.pr. stem- 
ming], to resist or check; dam up: 
v.i. to move forward against an ob- 
stacle. 

stemple (stem'pl), n. a crossbar of 
wood in a mining shaft for ascending 
and descending. 

stencil (stench), n. a strong offensive 
odor. 

stencil (sten'sil), n. a thin plate of 
metal with a pattern, &c, cut out, 
used for marking, &c: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. stenciled, jp.pr. stenciling], to 
mark or color with a stencil. 

stenograph (sten'o-graf), n. writing 
in shorthand: v.t. to write or report 
in shorthand. [Greek.] 

stenographer (stcn-og'ra-fer), n. a 
shorthand writer. Also stenogra- 
phist. 

stenographic (sten-o-graf'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or written in, short- 
hand. 

stenography (stcn-og'ra-fi), n. the art 
of writing in shorthand. 

Stentor (sten'ter), n. a person with a 
very powerful voice: from the Greek 
herald in the Trojan war. 

stentorian (sten-to'ri-an), adj. ex- 
tremely loud. 

step (step), n. the distance measured 
by the foot in walking or running; 
pace; small distance; footstep; ac- 
tion ; measure ; procedure ; gait ; stair ; 
round of a ladder: pi. portable 
framework of stairs^ v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
stepped, p.pr. stepping], to make a 
movement by a single change of 
the position of the foot; walk; ad- 
vance or retire by pacing; go or 
come as by chance; walk slowly: 
v.t. to set, as the foot ; measure by 
steps; fix, as a mast: prefix denoting 
relation by marriage only. 

steppe (step), n. & name for the vast 
barren plains of Russia. 

stere (star), n. in the metric system 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STEREO 



791 



STIACCIATO 



a unit of cubic measure = 35.31 
cubic feet. 

stereo, a Greek prefix meaning solid, 
firm, as stereogram, a picture repre- 
senting objects on a plane surface 
as if in relief: n. an abbr. of stereo- 
type. Also stereograph. 

stereography (ster-e-og'ra-fi) , n. the 
art of repressing solids by lines on a 
flat surface. 

stereometer (ster-e-om'e-ter) , n. an 
instrument for measuring the solid 
contents of a body; an instrument 
for determining specific gravity. 

stereopticon (ster-e-op'ti-kon), n. a 
magic-lantern showing photographic 
slides as if in relief. 

stereoscope (ster'e-o-skop) , n. a bi- 
nocular optical instrument by means 
of which two pictures appear as one 
and stand out in relief . 

stereoscopic (ster-e-o-skop'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to, characteristic of, or 
adapted to, the stereoscope. 

stereo telescope (ster'e-o-tel'e-skop) , 
n. a binocular telescope that can be 
arranged accurately to determine dis- 
tances, employed in the European 
War, 1914-1916, as a range-finder. 

stereotype (ster'e-o-tip), n. a metal 
plate cast from a mold taken from 
a page of movable types: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p stereotyped, p.pr. stereotyp- 
ing], to cast or print in stereotype; 
fix permanently: adj. pertaining to, 
or done by, stereotype. 

sterile (ster'il), adj. barren: pro- 
ducing little or no crop; destitute of 
ideas. 

sterility (ster-il'i-ti) , n. barrenness; 
infecundity. [French.] 

sterilization (ster-il-i-za'shun), n. the 
act or process of rendering ster- 
ile; state of being sterile. 

sterilize (ster'il-iz), v.t. to make ster- 
ile; deprive of the power of repro- 
duction, as bacteria. 

sterling (sterling), adj. pure; unadul- 
terated; genuine; noting English 
money of standard value; of high 
merit. 

stern (stern), adj. harsh or severe in 
countenance or manners; austere; 
unrelenting; steadfast; being in the 
stern: n. the after part of a vessel. 

sternal (ster'nal), adj. pertaining to 
the sternum. 



sternsheets (stern'shetz), n. that part 
of a boat furnished with seats for 
passengers. 

sternum (ster'num), n. the breast 
bone. [Latin.] 

sternway (stern 'wa), n. movement of 
a vessel backwards. 

stertorous (ster' to-rus) , adj. charac- 
terized by deep snoring. 

stet (stet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stetted, p.pr. 
stetting], to mark with the word 
stet (let it stand) on a proof, indi- 
cating that something marked for 
omission is to remain. 

stethometer (steth-om'e-ter) , n. an 
apparatus for measuring the exter- 
nal movements of the walls of the 
chest during respiration. [Greek.] 

stethoscope (steth'o-skop), n. an in- 
strument for examining the chest, or 
ascertaining diseases of the chest by 
sound produced in the thorax. 

stethoscopic (steth-o-skop'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or by means of, the 
stethoscope. Also stethoscopical. 

stethoseopy (steth-os'ko-pi), n. ex- 
amination by the stethoscope. 

steve (stev), v.t. to stow in a ship's 
hold. 

stevedore (steVe-dor) , n. % one who 
loads or unloads a vessel in port, or 
stows cargo in a ship's hold. [Span- 
ish.] 

stew (stu), v.t. to boil slowly or with 
a simmering heat: v.i. to be boiled 
slowly or gently: n. a dish pre- 
pared by stewing; a store-pond: pi. 
a brothel. 

steward (stu'erd), n. one who man- 
ages the domestic concerns of a 
family or institution; manager of a 
large estate or farm; person em- 
ployed at a hotel, club, or on board 
ship to superintend culinary affairs ; 
a college official who superintends 
the kitchen arrangements; a fiscal 
agent; an officer of the royal house- 
hold; manager at races, sports, &c. 

stewardess (stti'erd-es), n. a woman 
who attends to female passengers on 
board ship. 

stewardship (stu'erd-ship) , n. the 
office of a steward; management. 

sthenic (sthen'ik), adj. characterized 
by morbid activity of the heart and 
blood vessels. [Greek.] 

stiacciato (ste-at-cha/to) , n. in sculp- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STIBIAL 



792 



STING 



ture, the lowest kind of relief. 
[Italian.] 

s tibial (stib'i-al), adj. like antimony. 

stibialism (stib'i-al-izm), n. antimo- 
nial poisoning. 

stibium (stib'i-um), n. antimony. 

sticcado (sti-ka'do), n. a musical in- 
strument of wooden bars of gradu- 
ated lengths, played with a small 
mallet. 

Stick (stik), n. a small branch or shoot 
cut off a tree; walking stick; staff; 
printer's composing-stick; thrust or 
stab with a pointed instrument; an 
incompetent or dull speaker: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. stuck, m p.pr. sticking], 
to stab or thrust; pierce; fasten; fix 
in; make to cohere; attach; set with 
something pointed; compose or set 
up (type): v.i. to be fixed; remain; 
cleave; adhere; be fastened by 
piercing; be stayed; hesitate (with 
at). 

stickiness (stik'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being sticky. 

stickle (stik'l), v.i. to wrangle or con- 
tend pertinaciously, especially on in- 
sufficient grounds, for something of 
little importance. 

stickleback (stik'1-bak), n. a spiny- 

' backed fish. 

sticky (stik'i), adj. [comp. stickier, su- 
per!, stickiest], adhesive; glutinous; 
viscous. 

stiff (stif), adj. not easily bent; rigid; 
inflexible; stubborn; not liquid or 
fluid; strong; violent; not natural 
or easy; constrained; affected; for- 
mal; severe; not written with ease. 

stiffen (stif'n), v.t. to make stiff ; make 
more thick or viscous; make tor- 
pid: v.i. to become stiff; grow more 
obstinate. 

stiffening (stif'n-ing), n. the act of 
making stiff; material for making 
anything stiff. 

stiff-necked (stif'nekt), adj. inflexibly 
obstinate; stubborn. 

stifle (stif'l), v.t. to suffocate; smother; 
extinguish; deaden; suppress or con- 
ceal: v.i. to be suffocated; n. the 
first joint above a horse's thigh, next 
the buttock. 

stigma (stig'ma), n. [pi. stigmas, stig- 
mata (stig'maz, stig'ma-ta)], a mark 
made with a branding-iron; mark of 
infamy or disgrace; a letter in the 



earlier Greek alphabet representing 
st; the receptive upper part of the 
pistil of a flower on which the pollen 
which f ertilizes it falls : pi. the coun- 
terparts of the marks of the wounds 
in Christ's body, supposed to be im- 
pressed on the bodies of certain 
saints (stigmata). [Greek.] 

stigmatize (stig'ma-tiz), v.t. to mark 
with a stigma or brand; hold up to 
disgrace, reproach, or infamy. 

stile (stil), n. & set of steps to pass 
from one side of a fence or wall, 
&c, to the other; the gnomon of a 
sun-dial; an upright piece in fram- 
ing or paneling. 

stiletto (sti : let'o), n. a small dagger 
with a thin, rounded, and pointed 
blade; pointed instrument for mak- 
ing eyelet holes. 

still (stil), adj. at rest; without mo- 
tion; quiet; calm; silent; not effer- 
vescent: adv. to this time; neverthe- 
less; always; after that: v.t. to make 
still; calm; render motionless: n. an 
apparatus for distilling liquids; a 
room for keeping the products of 
the still. 

stillness (stil'nes), n. silence; motion- 
lessness. 

stilt (stilt), n. a pole of wood with a 
rest for the foot ; used in pairs in 
walking : v.t. to set or raise on stiltSo 

stilted (stilt'ed), adj. inflated; pom- 
pous. 

Stilton (stil 'tun), n. a rich kind of 
English cheese. 

stimulant (stim'u-lant) , adj. serving 
to stimulate; producing transient in- 
crease of vital energy: n.pl. medi- 
cines or alcoholic beverages having 
such an effect. [Latin.] 

stimulate (stim'u-lat) , v.t. to excite or 
rouse; animate; goad; encourage; 
excite greater vitality in: v.i. to act 
as a stimulus. 

stimulative (stim'u-la-tiv) , adj. hav- 
ing the power of stimulating: n. any- 
thing that stimulates. 

stimulator (stim'u-la-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, stimulates. 

stimulus (stim'u-lus) , n. [pi. stimuli 
(stim'u-li)], that which stimulates; a 
spur; anything exciting to action; 
incentive; stimulant. 

sting (sting), n. the sharp-pointed, 
poisonous weapon with which cer- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; Dote, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STINGAREE 



793 



STOCKADE 



tain animals and insect, are fur- 
nished ; one of the stiff, sharp-pointed, 
hollow hairs of certain plants; any- 
thing that gives acute mental or 
physical pain; the thrust of a sting: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stung, p.pr. stinging], 
to pierce or wound with, or as with, 
a sting; cause acute pain to; goad. 
stingaree (sting-ga-re') , n. the sting- 
ray- 

stinging (sting'ing), p. adj. piercing, as 
with a sting; acutely painful; pun- 
gent; adapted for stinging. 

stingless (sting'les), adj. without a 
sting. 

stingy (stin'ji), adj. [comp. stingier, 
superl. stingiest], close and covet- 
ous; meanly avaricious; miserly; 
niggardly. 

stink (stingk), v.i. [p.t.^ & p.p. stunk, 
p.pr. stinking], to emit a strong, of- 
fensive odor: v.t. to cause to stink: 
n. a strong, offensive odor; disgust- 
ing smell; an unpleasant exposure. 

stinking (stingk'ing) , p.adj. emitting a 
stink. 

stint (stint), < v.t. to restrain within 
certain Limits: v.i. to stop or cease: 
n. a limit; quantity assigned. Also 
stent, and in slang, stunt. 

stipe (stip), n. the stalk of a frond 
or of a pistil; stem of a fungus. 
Also stipes. 

stipend (sti'pend), n. salary, espe- 
cially clerical income. [Latin.] 

stipendiary (stl-pen'di-a-ri) , adj. re- 
ceiving stipend or salary: n. one 
who performs services for a salary. 

stipple (stip'l), v.t. to engrave by 
means of dots; paint by small, short 
touches. 

stippler (stip'ler), n. a brush used for 
stippling. 

stipulate (stip'ti-lat), v.t. to arrange or 
settle definitely or by special men- 
tion. 

stipulation (stip-u-la'shun) , n. the act 
of stipulating; contract, agreement, 
or bargain; a special condition in a 
contract. 

stipulator (stip'ii-la-ter), n. one who 
stipulates, contracts, or covenants. 

stipule (stip 'til) , n. a small leaf -like ap- 
pendage at the base of petioles. 

stir/ster), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stirred, p.pr. 
stirring], to put into motion; move; 
incite; agitate; animate; rouse; in- 



stigate: v.i. to move or exert one 7 g 
self; be in motion; change place; 
rise in the morning: n. bustle; agita- 
tion; tumult; noise; public disturb- 
ance; excitement. 

stirabout (ster'a-bout), n. oatmeal 
porridge. 

stirk (sterk), n. a young bull or heifer, 

stirps (sterps), n. [pi. stirpes (ster'« 
pez)], family; race; stem; root. 

stirrer (ster'er), n. one who stirs. 

stirring (ster'ing), n. the act of mov- 
ing: adj. busy; bustling; exciting; 
stimulating. 

stirrup (stir'up or ster'up), n. an iron 
hoop suspended by a strap in which 
a horseman sets his foot when he 
mounts or rides. 

stitch (stich), n. a single pass of a 
needle and thread through^ anything 
made by sewing; link of yarn in 
knitting; sudden sharp, local pain; 
a furrow: v.t. to form stitches in; 
unite by stitches; form (land) into 
furrows: v.i. to practice stitching. 

stitching (stich'ing), n. the act of 
sewing; work sewn; formation of 
land into furrows. 

stithy (stith'i), n. a smith's forge; 
anvil. 

stive (stiv), v.t. to make close, hot, 
or sultry; stuff up; pack or press 
closely together: v.i. to be stifled. 

stiver (stiVer), n. a Dutch coin, value 
two cents: hence anything of little 
value. 

stoa (sto'a), n. a portico or porch. 

stoat (stot), n. a kind of weasel. 

stoccade (sto-kadO, n. a thrust in 
fencing. [French.] 

stock (stok), n. the trunk or stem of 
a tree or plant; pillar; log, or post; 
trunk into which a graft is inserted; 
a blockhead; race, family, or line- 
age; fund; capital; share of a pub- 
lic debt; store; cattle; stiff cravat; 
part of a firearm to which the bar- 
rel and lock are attached; founda- 
tion of soups, &c; a kind of flower: 
pi. a wooden frame in which the 
legs of criminals were confined; pub- 
lic funds; shares of capital in a cor- 
porate company; frame on which a 
ship is built: v.t. to store up; fill; 
supply: v.i. to take in or obtain sup- 
plies: adj. kept in stock; permanent, 

stockade (stok-ad'), n. a line of posts 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut : think, ffcen. 



STOCKFISH 



794 



STOOL 



used as a barrier for defense or en- 
closure for cattle: v.t. to surround 
with, or defend by, a stockade. 

stockfish (stok'fish), n. salted and 
dried fish. 

stockiness (stok'i-nes), n. the quality 
of being stocky. 

stockinet (stok-i-nef), n. an elastic 
textile fabric. 

stocking (stok'ing), n. a close-fitting 
covering for the foot and leg. 

stockjobber (stok'job-er), n. one who 
deals or speculates in stocks and 
shares. 

stockstill (stok'stil), adj. motionless. 

stocky (stok'i), adj. short; stout; like a 
shrimp. 

stodgy (stoj'i), adj. wet; clumsy; 
smug. 

stogy (sto'gi), n. a long, thin-rolled 
cigar of a coarse grade. 

Stoic (sto'ik), n. a disciple of the 
Greek philosopher Zeno, who taught 
that a wise man should be governed 
by the reason, subdue all passions, 
and be indifferent to pleasure or 
pain: one who proposes such doc- 
trines: adj. pertaining to the Stoics; 
indifferent to pleasure or pain. Sto- 
ical. [Greek.] 

stoically (sto'i-ka-li), adv. in a stoical 
manner. 

stoichiometry (stoi-ki-om'e-tri), n. 
the science of estimating the atomic 
weights, &c, of chemical elements 
and their compounds. 

stoicism (sto'i-sizm), n. the doctrines 
and maxims of the Stoics; real or 
assumed insensibility to pleasure or 
pain. 

stoke (stok), v.t. maintain and tend 
the fire in: as, to stoke a furnace: 
v.i. to act as a stoker. 

stoker (stok'er), n. one who supplies 
fuel to, and attends to the furnace of, 
an engine ; a fireman. 

stola (sto'la), n. [pi. stolse (sto'le)], a 
long, loose garment worn by Roman 
matrons. 

stole (stol), n. a stola; a long narrow 
scarf fringed at the ends, worn by 
bishops, priests and deacons; a 
woman's long fur garment for the 
neck and shoulders: p.t. of steal. 

stolen (storh), p.p. of steal. 

stolid (stol'id), adj. stupid; dull; im- 
passive. 



stolidity (stol-id'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being stolid ; intellectual 
dulness. 

stolon (sto'lon), n. a trailing branch 
or creeping sucker which sends down 
roots. 

stoma (sto'ma), n. [pi. stomata (sto'- 
ma-ta)], a minute breathing-pore or 
aperture. 

stomach (stum'ak), n. the principal 
organ of digestion in the body; ap- 
petite; inclination; haughtiness: v.t, 
to resent; put up with. [French.] 

stomacher (stum'a-ker), n. an orna- 
mental breast-covering, once worn 
by women. 

stomachic (sto-mak'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, exciting or strengthening the 
stomach: n. a strengthening medi- 
cine for the stomach. 

stomatic (sto-mat'ik), n. a medicine 
for diseases of the mouth. 

stone (ston), n. a hard mass of earthy 
or mineral matter; gem; material of 
stone used for building, &c; calcu- 
lus; hard seed shell of certain fruits; 
a weight of varying value, usually 
14 lb. avoirdupois; insensibility; 
hardness: v.t. to pelt or kill with 
stones ; free_ from stones, as fruit . # 

Stone Age (aj), n. the period of civ- 
ilization when stone weapons, im- 
plements, &c, were used prior to in- 
troduction of bronze. 

stone-blind (ston 'blind), adj. quite 
blind. 

stonechat (ston'chat), n. a small 
British bird. 

stonecutting (ston'kut-ing), n. hew- 
ing or dressing stone. 

stoneware (ston'war), n. a coarse kind 
of pottery baked hard and glazed. 

stonewort (ston'wert), n. a plant of 
the genus Chara. 

stonily (ston'i-li),- adv. in a stony man- 
ner. 

stoniness (ston'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being stony. 

stony (ston'i), adj. [comp. stonier, su- 
perl. stoniest], pertaining to, of the 
nature of, or like, stone; rocky; 
hard; cruel; inflexible; pitiless. 

stood, p.t. of stand. 

stool (stool) , n. a seat without a back 
for one person, usually supported with 
3 legs; the seat used in evacuating 
the bowels ; evacuation of the bowels. 



ete, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



STOOL-PIGEON 



795 



STRABOTOMY 



stool-pigeon (stool'pij'un), n. one 
who acts as a decoy for another; 
like a decoy duck in shooting. 

stodp (stoop), v.i. to bend the body 
downward and forward; descend 
from rank or dignity; submit; con- 
descend; sweep down on prey: n. in- 
clination downward and forward; 
descent from dignity ; condescension ; 
fall of a bird upon its prey; stair- 
way, veranda, or porch with seats. 

stop (stop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p stopped, 
p.pr. stopping], to hinder, check, or 
impede; render impassable; inter- 
cept; desist from; regulate the 
sounds of; deduct; suspend: v.i : to 
cease from any motion or action ; 
reside temporarily: n. the act of 
stopping; state of being stopped; 
cessation; a device for arresting or 
limiting musical sounds; series of 
organ pipes; mark used in punctua- 
tion: inter j. stay! cease! 

stopgap (stop 'gap), n. a temporary 
expedient. 

stoppage (stop'aj), n. the act of stop- 
ping; state of being stopped; ob- 
struction; deduction from pay. 

stopper (stop'er), n. one who, or that 
which, stops; that which closes a 
vent or hole. 

stopping (stop'ing), n. the act of halt- 
ing; stoppage; something that fills 
up, or closes. 

stopple (stop'l), n. a cork or plug: v.t. 
to close with_a stopple. 

storage (stor'aj), n. safe keeping of 
goods in a warehouse, &c; price for 
storage. _ 

storax (sto'raks), n. a balsamic resin. 

store (stor), n. a large number or 
great quantity; stock accumulated; 
abundance or plenty; warehouse; 
shop: pi. naval and military arms, 
ammunition, clothing, provisions, 
&c: v.t. to furnish or supply with 
stores; gather in quantities; accu- 
mulate; hoard up; warehouse. 

storeroom (stor'room), n. a room in 
which provisions or other things are 
kept. 

storied (stored), adj. furnished with 
stories; told in a story. 

stork (stork), n. a large wading bird, 
with long legs and large pointed bill. 

storm (storm), n. a violent atmos- 
pheric disturbance; tempest; heavy 



fall of rain, snow, or hail; violent 
commotion or agitation; tumult; ca- 
lamity; violent assault on a fortified 
place: v.t. to attack with violence or 
open force: v.i. to blow violently; 
be angry or rage. 

stormily (storm'i-li) , adv. in a stormy 
manner. 

storminess (storm'i-nes) , n. the state 
of tempest. 

storming (storm'ing), n. the taking of 
a fortified place by a vio^nt and open 
assault: p.adj. violently angry or 
raging. 

stormless (storages), adj. free from 
storms. 

stormy (storm'j), adj. [comp. stormier, 
superl. stormiest], characterized by, 
or proceeding from, storms ; tempest- 
uous; violent/ 

Storthing (stort'ing), n. the Norwe- 
gian Parliament. 

story (sto'ri), n. [pL stories (sto'riz)], a 
fictitious narrative; pretty tale; 
short romance; history; stage or 
floor of a building; division of a 
house reached by one flight of stairs. 

stoup (stoop), n. a flagon; receptacle 
for holy water; a liquid measure. 

stout (stout), adj. corpulent; thick- 
set; stormy; lusty; brave; resolute: 
n. a strong_kind of porter. 

stovaine (sto'vane), n. an anaesthetic 
injected into spinal cord, producing 
insensibility, in lower or upper ex- 
tremities. 

stove > (stov) , n. an apparatus for en- 
closing a fire for cooking or heating; 
hothouse: v.t. heat or dry, as in a 
stove: p.t. of stave. 

stovepipe (stov'pip), n. a pipe lead- 
ing from a stove to a chimney. An 
old-fashioned high hat was called a 
" stovepipe hat " (about 1840-1860), 

U . b. 

stow (sto), v.t. to fill by packing 
closely; lay up; pack. 

stowage (sto'aj), n. the act of stowing: 
state of being stowed; accommoda- 
tion for stowing things; money paid 
for stowage. 

stowaway (sto'a-wa), n. one who con- 
ceals himself on a vessel leaving 
port to obtain a free passage. 

strabismus (stra-bis'mus), n. squint- 
ing. [Greek.] 

strabotomy (stra-bot'o-mi) , n. a sur- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STRADDLE 



796 



STRATAGEM 



gical operation for the removal of 
squinting. 

Straddle (strad'l), v.t. to stand or sit 
astride of : y.i. to stand or walk with 
the legs wide apart. 

Stradivarius (strad-i-va/ri-us) , n. a 
stringed instrument or specifically a 
violin made by Antonio Stradivari of 
Cremona (1650-1737). 

straggle (strag'l), v.i. to wander from 
the direct course or way; ramble; 
rove; roam idly about; be dispersed 
or scattered; occur at intervals. 

straggler (strag'ler), n. an idle person; 
a vagabond; a soldier who does not 
keep his place while on the march. 

6tragulum (strag'u-lum), n. the man- 
tle, or spreading out of the wings of a 
bird. 

straight (strat), adj. not crooked; 
right, as a line stretched between 
two points; direct; upright; undi- 
luted; consistent in support of a 
candidate or party: adv. in a straight 
manner; direct; at once. 

straighten (strat'en), v.t. to make 
straight. 

straightforward (strat-f or'werd) , adj. 
not deviating; honest; open. 

straight- spoken (strat 'spo-ken) , adj. 
plain-spoken. 

straightway (strat'wa), adv. at once. 

strain (stran), n. stock; lineage; race; 
descent; tune or melody; manner of 
speech or action; a violent effort; 
injury by overexertion: v.t. to put to 
its utmost strength ; draw ; stretch ; in- 
jure by overtasking ; make uneasy or 
unnatural; filter: v.i. to make violent 
efforts. 

strainer (stran'er), n. one who, or that 
which, strains; an apparatus for fil- 
tering. 

strait (strat), adj. narrow; not broad; 
confined; distressful; difficult: n.pl. 
a narrow passage of water connect- 
ing two seas; difficulty; poverty. 

straiten (strat'en), v.t. to make nar- 
row; contract; confine; put into dif- 
ficulties; embarrass: v.i. to become 
narrow. 

strait- jacket Ustrat'jak-et), n. a kind 
of garment for confining mad or de- 
lirious persons. Also strait-waist- 
coat. 

strait-laced ^ (strat 'last) , adj. laced 
tightly; strict in manners or morals. 



strake (strak), n. the iron tire by 
which the felloes of a wheel are se- 
cured; continuous line of planking 
of a vessel from stem to stern; a 
trough for washing broken ore. 

stramonium (stra-mo'ni-um), n. the 
thorn-apple, commonly called jim- 
son-weed. [Greek.] 

strand (strand), n. the shore of a sea, 
ocean, or large lake ; one of the divi- 
sions or twists of a rope: v.t. to drive 
or force upon the sea-shore ; run 
aground; bring into a state of em- 
barrassment: v.i. to be lifted or be 
driven ashore. 

Strand (strand), n. a famous and 
crowded street in London, leading 
down into the old City and the 
Bank of England. 

strange (stranj), adj. belonging to 
another country; not domestic; 
novel; unusual; reserved; inexperi- 
enced; unfamiliar. [Old French.] 

strangely (stranj 'li), adv. in a strange 
manner. 

strangeness (stranj 'nes), n. the state 
or quality of being strange. 

stranger (stranj 'er), n. a foreigner; 
guest or Visitor; one who is un- 
known or acquainted; one not ad- 
mitted to fellowship. 

strangle (strang'gl), v.t. to choke; sup- 
press or stifle: pi. a disease in horses. 

strangle-hold (strang'gl-hold), n. in 
wrestling a grip which suffocates by 
compressing the wind-pipe. 

strangulation (strang-gti-la'shun), n. 
the act of strangling; state of being 
strangled; suffocation; close con- 
striction. 

strangury (strang'gti-ri) , n. painful 
voiding of urine by drops. 

strap (strap), n. a long, narrow piece 
of leather or cloth; razor-strop: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. strapped, p.pr. strapping], 
to fasten or bind" with a strap ; beat 
with a strap. 

strapper (strap 'er), n. one who uses a 
strap ; a person unusually tall. 

strapping (strap 'ing), adj. tall; strong; 
well-made; handsome. 

strass (stras), n. a kind of colorless 
glass used in making artificial gems. 

strata, pi. of stratum. 

stratagem (strat'a-jem), n. a device 
or scheme for defeating an enemy, 
especially in war; an artifice or plan 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STRATEGIC 



797 



STRLE 



for deception of any kind, or for gain- 
ing some advantage. [Greek.] . 

strategic (stra-tej'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or effected by, strategy or arti- 
fice. Also strategical: n.pl. the sci- 
ence of military warfare. 

strategy (strat'e-ji) , n. strategics; use 
of artifice or stratagem in carrying 
out some design. 

stratification (strat-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. 
the process of being arranged or de- 
posited in layers. 

stratified (strat'i-fid), adj. arranged in 
strata. 

stratiform (strat'i-f orm) , adj. strata- 
like. 

stratify (strat'i-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stratified, p.pr. stratifying], to form, 
deposit, or arrange, in strata or lay- 
ers. 

stratum ' (stra'tum), n. [pi. strata 
(stra'ta)], a bed of earth or rock, 
consisting generally of a series of lay- 
ers; an artificial layer. [Latin.] 

stratus (stra/tus), n. a cloud appar- 
ently resting horizontally on the 
earth's surface. 

straw (straw), n. the stalk of grain; 
bundle of such stalks when cut and 
thrashed ; anything proverbially 
worthless; mere trifle. 

strawberry (straw'ber-i) , n. [pi. straw- 
berries (straw'ber-iz)], a plant of the 
genus Fragaria and its well-known 
fruit. 

straw- worm (straw'werm) , n. the 
caddis-worm. 

strawy (straw'i), adj. pertaining to, 
made of, or like, straw. 

stray (stra), v.i. to wander from limits 
or the direct path; deviate; err; v.t. 
to mislead: adj. gone astray; wan- 
dering. [Old French.] 

streak (strek), n. a line of color dif- 
ferent from the ground color; stripe: 
v.t. to form, or mark with, streaks; 
stripe. 

streaky (strek'i), adj. having streaks; 
with alternate layers of fat and lean. 

stream (strem), n. a current of water 
or other fluid ; anything flowing out 
of a source; river, rivulet, or brook; 
drift or tendency: v.L to issue or 
flow in a stream; run in a current; 
issue forth. 

streamer (strem 'er), n. a long narrow 
flag or pennon; the aurora borealis. 



streamless (strem'les), adj. devoid of 
streams. 

streamlet (strem'let) , n. a little 
stream; a rivulet; a rill. 

stream-tin (strem 'tin), n. diluvial ore 
in tin mines. 

streamy (strem'i), adj. abounding in, 
or full of , streams ; flowing in streams. 

street (stret), n. a public road in a 
city or town fined with houses on 
either side. 

street Arab (ar'ab), n. a neglected 
child who lives in the streets. 

street-car (stret'kar), n. a car that 
runs on a street-railway. _ 

street-railway (stret-ral'wa), n. a rail- 
way laid on the surface of the 
. streets, distinguished from a rail- 
road, elevated road, or sub-way road. 

strength (strength), n. the state or 
quality of being strong; active or 
passive power; muscular force; vigor; 
p/)wer of endurance or resistance; 
toughness; numbers or amount of 
any body, as an army; vigor of style; 
intensity, as of light or color; legal 
or moral force ; potency of liquors. 

strengthen (strengthen), v.t. to make 
strong; confirm; cause to increase in 
power or security: v.i. to become 
stronger. 

strenuous (stren'u-us) , adj. urgent 
or eagerly pressing; ardent; zeal- 
ous; strong; vigorous; bold; ear- 
nest; valiant. [Latin.] 

stress (stres), n. urgency; strain; pres- 
sure; force; importance; weight; 
violence; force of utterance. 

stretch (strech), v.t. to draw out to a 
greater length or width; extend or 
expand; strain; exaggerate: v.i. to 
be extended; reach; sail by the wind 
under press of canvas : n. the act of 
stretching; state of being stretched; 
strain; effort; extension; direction; 
utmost extent of meaning. 

stretcher (strech'er), n. one who, or 
that which, # stretches; a footboard 
used in rowing ; a frame or litter for 
carrying the sick or dead. 

stretchy (strech'i), n. elastic; easily 
stretched. 

strew (stroo), v.t. to spread by scat* 
tering; scatter loosely. 

striae (stri'e), n.pl. fine thread-like 
lines; slight furrows; fillets between 
the channels of columns. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, ^en. 



STRIATE 798 STRONG 

striate (strl'at), adj. marked, or & p.p. strung, p>.pr. stringing], to 

formed with, striae. furnish with strings; put in tune; 

stricken (strik'en), p. adj. far ad- thread on a string; file; deprive of 

vanced: p. p. of strike. [Latin.] strings. 

strict (strikt), adj. vigorous; exact; stringency (strin'j en-si), n. the state 

severe; nice to an extreme; careful; or quality of being stringent, 

rigidly interpreted; straight and stringent t (strin'jent), adj. severe; 

narrow. rigid; strict; binding; tense. 

stricture (strik'tur), n. a morbid con- stringiness (string'i-nes) , n. the state 

traction of any passage of the body, or quality of being stringy. u 

especially of the urethra; censure or stringy (string'i), adj. consisting of, or 

adverse criticism. like, string; filamentous; viscid. 

stride (strid), n. a long step; straddle: strip (strip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stripped, 

v.i. to walk with long steps; strad- p.gr. stripping], to make naked; de- 

dle: v.t. to pass by long steps. # pnve of a covering; skin or peel; 

strident (stri'dent), adj. harsh; shrill; rob or pillage; bereave; take away; 

grating or creaking. [Latin.] milk dry: vi. to undress: n. a long 

stridulation (strid-u-la/shun) , n. the narrow piece; trough for washing 

power possessed by certain male in- ore; waste, as destruction of fences, 

sects of making shrill sounds by the stripe (strip), v.t. to variegate with 

friction of parts of their bodies. lines of different colors; form the 

stridulous (strid'u-lus) , adj. produc- stripes upon; lash or whip: n. a 

ing a shrill, harsh, creaking sound. line or long narrow division of any- 

strife (strif), n. contention for su- thing of a different color to the 

periority; discord; conflict; quarrel; ground: stroke or weal made by a 

enmity; war. whip, <xc; party badge or color. 

striga (strl'ga), n. [pi. strigse (stri'je)], stripling (stripping), n. a youth, 

the fluting of a column: pi. small, strive (striv), v.i. to make exertions 

upright, stiff hairs, swelled at their or efforts; labor hard or earnestly; 

bases. [Latin.] _ aim; struggle; contend in emula- 

strigil (strij'il), n. an instrument for tion. [Old French.] 

scraping, used by the ancients after strobile (strob'il), n. the cone or 

the bath. [Latin.] fruit of the pine-tree. 

strike (strlk), v.t. [p.t. struck, p.p. strocal (stro'kal), n. a glassmaker's 

struck, stricken, p.pr. striking], to shovel, 

hit with a blow or with force; dash; strode (strod), p.t. of stride, 

collide; pass quickly; lower or take stroke (strok), n. a knock or blow; 

down; notify by sound; affect calamity or affliction; sudden effect; 

strongly or sensibly; produce by a hostile blow or attack; touch of a 

blow or friction; coin or mint; pencil or pen; sound of a clock; 

ground; light upon; make, as a bar- length of the rectilinear motion of a 

gain: v.i. to make a quick blow or piston, &c; sweep of an oar; the 

thrust; hit; sound by being struck; principal oarsman in a boat who 

pay homage, as by lowering a flag or sets the time to the rowers: v.t. to 

sail in token of respect or submis- rub gently with the hand in one 

sion; cease from work: n. cessation direction; soothe. 

of work for higher wages; an instru- stroll (strol), v.i. to wander on foot; 

merit for leveling a measure, as of ramble or rove idly: n. a leisurely 

grain; four bushels; direction of the ramble, 

outcrop of a stratum. stroller (strol'er), n. one who strolls; 

Striking (striking), adj. affecting with an itinerant player; vagrant. 

strong emotions; impressive; forci- stroma (stro'ma), n. [pi. stromata 

ble; wonderful; surprising. (stro'ma-ta)], the basis of an organ 

String (string), n. a small cord or or tissue. 

line; cord of a musical instrument; strong (strong), adj. having strength; 

flprd on which things are filed; se- robust; healthy; vigorous; having 

ries of things connected: v.t. [p.t. power of endurance; powerful; vio- 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



STRONGHOLD 



799 



STUDIOUS 



lent; muscular; affecting the senses; 
ardent; well-fortified; rising to high- 
er prices. 

stronghold (strong'hold) , n. a fort- 
ress. 

strontia (stron'shi-a) , n. an oxide of 
strontium. [Greek.] 

strontium (stron'shi-um) , n. a me- 
tallic element forming the base of 
strontia. 

strop (strop), n. a strip of leather for 
sharpening razors: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stropped, p.pr. stropping], to sharp- 
en on a strop. 

strophe (stro'fe), n. that part of a 
song or dance in the ancient Greek 
drama performed by the chorus in 
turning from the right to the left; 
the first of two stanzas. [Greek.] 

strophic (stro'fik), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, strophes. 

stroud (stroud), n. a coarse blanket 
used by the North American Indians. 

strove (strov), p.t. of strive. 

struck, p.t & p.p. of strike. 

structural (struk'tii-ral), adj. per- 
taining to structure. 

structure (struk'tur), n. an edifice or 
building; manner or form of build- 
ing; form; make; arrangement of 
parts or organization of a vegetable 
or animal substance. [Latin.] 

struggle (strug'l), v.i. to use violent 
efforts with contortions of the body; 
strive with effort; be in pain or 
agony; contend: n. a violent effort 
with contortions of the body; pain 
or agony; labor; contest. 

Strum (strum), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
strummed, p.^r. strumming], to play 
badly and noisily on a stringed in- 
strument. 

struma (stroo^ma), n. scrofula. 

strumous (stroo'mus), adj. scrofulous. 

strumpet (strum'pet), n. a prostitute. 

strung, p.t. & p.p. of string. 

strut (strut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. strut- 
ted, p.pr strutting], to walk with 
affected dignity: n. a proud step or 
walk with the head erect; a support 
of timber. 

Struthio (stroo'thi-o), n. a genus of 
birds, containing the ostriches. 

strychnic (strik'nik), adj. pertaining 
to, derived from, or containing, 
strychnine. [Greek.] 

strychnine (strik'nin), n. a highly 



poisonous alkaloid extracted from 
nux vomica. 

stub (stub), n. the stump of a tree; a 
stub-nail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stubbed, 
p.pr. stubbing], to grub up by the 
roots; root out; strike against some 
fixed obstacle: as, to stub one's toe. 

Stubbed (stub'd), adj. short and thick. 
Also stubby. 

stubbiness (stub'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being stubby. 

stubble (stub'l), n. short stalks or 
stumps of grain left in the ground 
after reaping. 

stubborn (stub'ern), adj. inflexibly 
headstrong ; obstinate ; contumacious ; 
refractory; not easily worked or 
melted, as a metal. 

stubby (stub'i), n. short and thick; 
stiff and bristling. 

stub-nail (stub'nal), n. a short, thick 
nail. 

stucco (stuk'o), n. [pi. stuccoes (stuk'- 
oz)], plaster used as a coating for 
walls or internal decorations; work 
executed in stucco: v.t. to overlay, 
or decorate, with stucco. [Italian.] 

stuck (stuk), p.t. & p.p. of stick. 

stuck-up (stuk'up), adj. conceited. 

stud (stud), n. an ornamental knob 
or button; large-headed ornamental 
nail; an upright beam or scantling* 
collection of breeding horses and 
mares; place where they are kept; 
horses kept for racing, hunting, &c: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. studded, p.pr. stud- 
ding], to adorn with, or as with, 
studs; set with detached ornaments 
or prominent objects. 

studding (stud'ing), n. material for 
studs or joists; studs or joists col- 
lectively. 

studding-sail (stud'ing-sal),^. a light 
sail # set at the side of a square sail 
to increase its area in light winds. 

student (stti'dent), n. one who is en- 
gaged in study; scholar; one de- 
voted to books or learning; system- 
atic observer. 

studhorse (stud'hors), n. a stallion. 

studied (stud'id), adj. qualified by 
study; well-read; precise or normal; 
premeditated. 

studio (stu'di-o), n. artist's work- 
room. [Italian.] 

studious (stu'di-us), adj. devoted to 
study or the acquisition of knowl- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



/ 



STUDY 



800 



STURDINESS 



edge; diligent; designed; deliberate; 
careful (with of). 

study (stud'i), n. the application of 
the mind to acquisition of knowl- 
edge ; any particular branch of learn- 
ing; sketched ideas of a painter, &c, 
for his future instruction or im- 
, provement; a room set apart for a 
study: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. studied, p.pr. 
studying], to apply the mind closely 
to a subject; endeavor diligently: 
v.t. to examine closely in order to 
learn thoroughly; con over; devote 
one's thoughts to. 

stufa (stoo'fa), n. a jet of steam is- 
suing from a fissure in the earth. 

stuff (stuf), n. materials out of which 
anything is made; textile fabrics; 
furniture; goods; refuse matter; 
nonsense: v.t. to fill by crowding 
something into; press or pack; fill 
with seasoning; fill the skin of (a 
dead animal) for preservation in its 
natural form: v.i. to eat glutton- 
ously. 

stuffiness (stuf'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being stuffy. 

stuffy (stuf'i), adj. close or ill- ventilat- 
ed; sulky. 

stultification (stul-ti-fi-ka/shun) , n. 
the act of stultifying; the state of 
being stultified. [Latin.] 

stultifier (stul'ti-fi-er), n. one who 
stultifies. 

stultify (stul'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stul- 
tified, p.pr. stultifying], to render 
foolish; make nugatory. 

stumble (stum'bl), v.i. to trip up or 
fall in walking; light (with on or 
upon); slide into error or crime: n. 
a trip in walking or running; fail- 
ure or blunder. 

stumbling-block (stum'bling-blok) , 
n. any impediment or obstacle that 
may cause one to fall; figuratively, 
that which may give offence. 

stump (stump), n. that part of a 
tree which remains in the ground 
after the trunk is cut down; part 
remaining after amputation, &c; 
an artist's soft pencil or rubber; 
one of three posts of the wicket at 
cricket: v.t. to lop off; reduce to a 
stump; defeat: v.i. travel about 
making speeches for electioneering 
purposes; to walk clumsily. 

stump-speaker (stump-spek'er) , n. 



one who harangues the people on 
some current question, usually po- 
litical. 

stump-speech (stump-spech'), n. an 
electioneering speech. 

stumpy (stump'i), adv. full of stumps; 
short and thick. 

stun (stun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stunned, 

g.pr. stunning], to render senseless 
y, or as by, a blow; confuse with 
noise; surprise completely; astonish. 

stung, p.t. & p.p. of sting; in collo- 
quial language, used of one who has 
been worsted, or made to appear 
ridiculous. 

stunk, p.t. & p.p. of stink. 

stunning (stun'ing), adj. remarkably 
fine or large. 

stunt (stunt), v.jt. to check in growth 
or progress: v.i. to become stunted: 
n. a check in growth; something 
stunted; an allotted task; a per- 
formance. 

stupe (stup), n. flax, flannel, &c, 
steeped in warm water or medica- 
ments, used as a compress, &c. 

stupefacient (stup-e-fa'shi-ent), n. 
a narcotic. [Latin.] 

stupefaction (stup-e-fak'shun), n. 
the act of stupefying; state of being 
stupefied; insensibility; torpor; stu- 
pidity. 

stupef active (stup-e-f ak'tiv) , adj. 
causing stupefaction. 

stupefier (stup'e-fl-er), n. one who, 
or that which, stupefies. 

stupefy (stup'e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stupefied, p.pr. stupefying], to de- 
prive of sensibility; make stupid; 
dull. 

stupendous (stu-pen'dus), adj. over- 
coming the senses by its vastness; 
astonishing. [Latin.] 

stupid (stu'pid)-, adj. deficient in 
understanding; insensible; dull; silly; 
nonsensical. [Latin.] 

stupidity (stu-pid'i-ti) , n. extreme 
dulness of perception or understand- 
ing; crass ignorance; folly. 

stupor (stu'per), n. suspension or 
great diminution of sensibility; 
numbness; lethargy; intellectual in- 
sensibility. 

sturdily (ster'di-li), adv. in a sturdy 
manner. 

sturdiness (ster'di-ness) , n. the state 
or quality of being sturdy. . 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



STURDY 



801 



SUBJECT 



sturdy (ster'di), adj. hardy; robust; 
stout; strong; stubborn; vigorous; 
forcible. 

sturgeon (ster'jun), n. a large, cartil- 
aginous fish of the genus Acipenser, 
the roes of certain species of which 
are made into caviare, and isin- 
glass from the air-bladder. [French.] 

stutter (stut'er), v.i. to speak with 
hesitation or stammering: v.t. to 
utter in a stammering manner: n. 
hesitation or stammering in speech. 
Also stuttering. 

sty (sti), n. a pen or enclosure for 
swine; a filthy or mean place; a 
kind of boil upon the eyelid: v.t. 
[p.t. & ^.p. stied, p.pr. stying], to 
shut up in a filthy or mean place. 

Stygian (stij'i-an), adj. pertaining 
to the Styx, the river of Hades, 
over which the dead were ferried 
by the boatman Charon: hence in- 
fernal; hellish. [Greek.] 

style (stil), n. a pointed instrument 
used by the ancients for writing 
upon wax tablets; the gnomon of a 
dial; appellation or title; distinc- 
tive manner of writing with regard 
to the choice of words, &c; manner 
of speaking; characteristic mode of 
expression or execution; method of 
reckoning time; fashion; manner; 
the stalk between the ovary and 
stigma of a flower; a probe: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. styled, p.pr. styling], to 
designate or name. [Latin.] 

styliform (stil'i-f orm) , adj. like a 
style. 

stylish (stiFish), adj. fashionable; 
modish. 

stylist (stll'ist) , n. a master of literary 
style. 

stylistic (stil-is'tik), adj. having an 
individual quality of writing or 
speaking; relating to style. 

stylobate (stil'o-bat), n. an uninter- 
rupted base below a range of col- 
umns. [Greek.] 

stylograph (stll'o-graf ) , n. a stylo- 
graphic pen. 

stylogxaphic (stll-o-graf 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or used in, a stylographic 
pen, or stylography. 

stylography (stl-log'ra-fi) , n. a meth- 
od of writing or tracing by means 
of a style. 

styloid (sti'loid), adj. resembling a 



style or pen; pertaining to a par- 
ticular bone [Greek.] 

styptic (stip'tik), adj. stopping bleed- 
ing. 

styracine (stir'a-sin) , n. a crystal- 
line substance obtained from storax. 
Also styracin. 

suable (su'a-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing, or liable to be, sued. 

suasible (sw r a'si-bl), adj. easily per- 
suaded. 

suasion (swa'zhun), n. persuasion. 

suasive (swa/siv), adj. persuasive. 

suave (swav), adj. pleasant in man- 
ner. [Latin.] 

suavity (swav'i-ti), n. urbanity; gen- 
tleness. 

sub, a Latin prefix meaning under, 
beneath , below, slightly. 

subacid (sub-as'id), adj. slightly acid. 

subaltern (sub-awl'tern) , n. a com- 
missioned officer under the rank of 
captain': adj. inferior. 

subalternate (sub-awl-ter'nat) , adj. 
successive. 

subaudition (sub-aw-dish'un), n. the 
understudy of something not ac- 
tually expressed in words. That 
which is read between the lines. 

subbass (sub'bas), n. in an organ a 
six foot or thirty-two pedal stop. 

subconscious (sub-kon'shus) , adj. 
faintly, vaguely conscious. 

subdivide (sub-di-vld'), v.t. to divide 
a part. 

subdominant (sub-dom'i-nant), n. 
in music the note just below the 
dominant. 

subdue (sub-du'), .£>.£. to overcome or 
conquer; vanquish; reduce; lower; 
tone down. 

subjacent (sub-j a/sent), adj. lying 
under or below; situated lower but 
not directly beneath. 

subject (sub'jekt), adj. under the 
power or control of another; sub- 
ordinate; disposed; liable: n. one 
who is under the power or control 
of another ; that which is treated in 
writing, speaking, &c; theme; topic; 
design; a dead body for dissection; 
substance; material; theme of a 
proposition: the Ego, as distin- 
guished from the non-Ego or object; 
theme of a movement [Music]: v.t. 
(sub-jekt'), to bring under the power 
or control of; render subordinate; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
SI hue, hut ; think, then. 



SUBJECTION 



802 



SUBSCRIBE 



enslave; subjugate; render liable; 
expose. 
subjection (sub-jek'shun), n. the act 
of subjecting; state of being sub- 
jected. 

subjective (sub-jek'tiv), adj. pertain- 
ing to the subject as opposed to the 
object; derived from one's own con- 
sciousness. 

subjectively (sub-jek'tiv-li), adv. in a 
subjective manner. 

subjectiveness (sub-jek'tiv-nes), ft. 
the state or quality of being sub- 
jective. Also subjectivity. 

subjectivism (sub-jek'tiv-izm), ft. the 
philosophical doctrine that knowl- 
edge is relative or purely subjective. 

subjoin (sub-join'), v.t. to affix. 

subjugate (sub'jii-gat), v.t. to conquer 
by force; bring under dominion. 

subjugation (sub-ju-ga/shun), n. the 
act of subjugating; state of being 
subjugated. 

subjugator (sub'ju-ga-ter), ft. one 
who subjugates. 

subjunctive (sub-jungk'tiv), adj. not- 
ing a form of the verb expressive of 
contingency, condition, or hypothe- 
sis. 

sublimate (sub'li-mat), v.t. to convert 
(a solid), by heat into vapor, which 
on cooling returns to the solid state; 
refine and exalt. 

sublimation (sub-li-ma'shun) , ft. the 
act of sublimating. 

sublime (sub-llm'), adj. awakening 
feelings of awe and reverence; high 
in place or excellence; exalted in na- 
ture; elevated in manner or style: 
n. that which is awe-inspiring in 
works of nature or art ^s distin- 
guished from the beautiful (with 
the): v.t. to dignify or exalt; ren- 
der noble: v.i. to be capable of sub- 
limation. 

sublimely (sub-lim'li) , adv. in a sub- 
lime manner. 

subliminal consciousness (sub-lim'- 
i-nal kon'shus-nes) , n. that which is 
beneath the threshold of conscious 
knowledge. 

sublimity (sub-lim'i-ti) , n. loftiness of 
style or sentiment; elevation; moral 
grandeur; excellence. Also sub- 
limeness. 

submarine (sub'ma-ren) , adj. under 
water; submerged: ft. a naval vessel 



that is constructed to be navigated 
beneath the surface of the water. 

submerge (sub-meij'), v.t. to place un- 
der water; overwhelm: v.i. to be, or 
lie, under water. 

submersible (sub-mer'si-bl) , adj. ca- 
pable of being submerged: n. a sub- 
marine. 

submersion (sub-mer'shun) , n. the 
act of submerging ; state of being sub- 
merged. Also submergence. 

submission (sub-mish'un), n. the act 
of submitting or yielding; obedience. 

submissive (sub-mis'iv) , adj. yielding 
to authority; obedient; humble. 

submissiveness (sub-mis 'iv-nes) , ft. 
the state or quality of being sub- 
missive. 

submit (sub-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sub- 
mitted, p.pr. submitting], to yield to 
the authority of another; surren- 
der; resign; refer to; comply with: v.i. 
to be subject; yield. 

submitter (sub-mit'er), ft. one who 
submits. 

submultiple (sub-mul'ti-pl) , ft. a num- 
ber or quantity which is contained 
in another a certain number of times 
exactly, as 4 is the submultiple of 28. 

subnormal (sub-nor'mal) , adj. less 
than normal. 

subordinate (sub-or'di-nat), adj. infe- 
rior in rank, value, power, or im- 
portance: ft. one who is inferior to 
another in rank, &c. : v.t. to place in 
a lower order; render subject. 

subordinately (sub-or'di-nat-li), adv. 
in a subordinate manner. _ 

subordination (sub-6r-di-na'shun) , ft. 
the act of subordinating or placing 
in a lower order; subjection; state of 
being subordinate; inferiority of 
rank, position, &c. 

suborn (sub-orn'), v.t. to procure or in- 
duce to commit perjury; procure by 
indirect means or by secret collu- 
sion. 

subornation (sub-6r-na'shun) , n. the 
act of inducing a person to commit 
perjury by bribes or persuasion. 

subpoena (sub-pe'na), n. a writ com- 
manding the attendance of a person 
in court as a witness under a pen-, 
alty: v.t. to serve with a subpoena. 

subscribe (sub-skrnV), v.t. to write or 
annex (one's name) to a paper or 
document; give or promise (a sum 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SUBSCRIPTION 



803 



SUBTREASURY 



of money) for some object by writ- 
ing one's name; publish (a book) 
by subscription: v.i. to give consent. 

subscription (sub-skrip'shun), n. the 
act of subscribing; name subscribed; 
signature; sum of money subscribed. 

subsequence (sub 'se-k wens), n. the 
act or state of being subsequent. 

subsequent (sub'se-kwent), adj. fol- 
lowing or coming after in time' or or- 
der; posterior. 

subserve (sub-serv'), v.t. to be sub- 
servient to; promote; serve instru- 
ment ally. 

subsessile (sub-ses'il), adj. having 
very short foot-stalks. 

subside (sub-sid'), v.i. to sink or fall to 
the bottom; tend downward, set- 
tle; abate; become tranquil or calm. 

subsidence (sub 'si-dens), n. the act of 
subsiding or sinking down; down- 
ward tendency. 

subsidiarily (sub-sid'i-a-r:-li) , adv. so 
as to assist. 

subsidiary (sub-sid'i-a-ii), adj. aux- 
iliary ; furnishing additional supplies : 
n. an auxiliary. 

subsidize (sub'si-dlz), v.t. to furnish 
with a subsidy. 

subsidy (sub'si-di), n. [pi. subsidies 
(sub'si-diz)], pecuniary aid granted 
by one government to another, es- 
pecially for war expenses; public 
grant or subvention to aid an enter- 
prise for the public convenience^ 

subsist (sub-sist'O . v.i. to have exist- 
ence; to retain the present state; 
inhere; have the means of livelihood. 

subsistence (sub-sist'ens) , n. means of 
support ; maintenance ; livelihood ; 
inherence. 

substance (sub'stans), n. matter or 
material; characteristic and essen- 
tial part of anything; purport; 
wealth or property. 

substantial (sub-stan'shal), adj. be- 
longing to, or having, substance; 
containing the essential parts; solid; 
material; corporeal; having consid- 
erable wealth or property: n.pl. es- 
sential parts. 

substantially # (sub-stan'sha-li) , adv. 
in a substantial manner; essentially. 

substantiate (sub-stan'shi-at), v.t. 
to establish the truth of by proof 
or competent evidence. 

substantival (sub-stan-ti'val) , adj. 



pertaining to, or of the nature of, a 
substantive. 

substantive (sub'stan-tiv), adj. ex- 
pressing existence; real; essential: n. 
that part of speech which expresses 
the existence of anything material 
or immaterial; noun. 

substantively (sub'stan-tiv-li), adv 
in a substantive manner; essen- 
tially; as a substantive or noun. 

substitute (sub'sti-tut), v.t, to put in 
the place of another; change: n. one 
who, or that which, is put in the 
place of another. 

substitution (sub-sti-tu'shun) , n. the 
act of substituting; state of being 
substituted. 

subsume (sub-sum'), v.t. to include un- 
der a more general class or under 
something else. 

subtangent (sub-tan'jent)^ n. the 
part of the axis of a curve intercept- 
ed between the tangent and the ordi- 
nate. 

subtend (sub-tend'), v.t. to extend un- 
der or be opposite to. 

subter, a Latin prefix _meaning under. 

subterfuge (sub'ter-fuj), n. an eva- 
sion or artifice; trick; shift. 

subterranean (sub-ter-a'ne-an) , adj, 
below the surface or beneath the 
earth. Also subterraneous. 

subtile (sut'l), adj. thin; delicately 
constructed; fine; delicate; refined: 
acute; cunning; artful. 

subtilely (sut'l-li), adv. in a subtile 
manner. 

subtileness (sut'1-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being subtile. Also sub- 
tility. 

subtle (sut'l), adj. artful; insinuat- 
ing; crafty. 

subtlety (sut'l-ti), n. acuteness of in- 
tellect; cunning; shrewdness. Sub- 
tleness. 

subtract (sub-trakf) , v.t. to with- 
draw or take away, as a part from a 
whole; deduct. 

subtraction (sub-trak'shun) , n. the 
act of subtracting. 

subtractive (sub-trak'tiv) , adj. tend- 
ing, or having power, to subtract. 

subtrahend (sub'tra-hend), n. the 
quantity or number to be sub- 
tr acted from another. 

subtreasury (sub-trezh'u-ri), n. a 
branch of the United States Treas- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, udrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SUBTRIPLE 



804 



SUDORIFIC 



ury. There is a sub treasury in 
the cities of New York, Chicago, 
San Francisco, and New Orleans. 

nub triple (sub-trip '1), adj. containing 
a third. 

subulate (su'bu-lat), adj. awl- 
shaped. 

suburb (sub'erb), n. an outlying dis- 
trict of a city or town; environs 
(usually pi). 

suburban (sub-er'ban) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, in, or living within, the 
suburbs. 

subvention (sub-ven'shun) , n. a gov- 
ernment grant or subsidy. 

subversion (sub-ver'shun) , n. the act 
of subverting; overthrow; ruin. 

subversive (sub-ver'siv), adj. tending 
to subvert. 

subvert (sub-vert'), v.t. to turn upside 
down; ruin; overthrow; corrupt. 

6ubvertible (sub-vert 'i-bl) , adj. cap- 
able of being subverted. 

subway (sub'wa), n. an underground 
passage or railroad. 

sue, another form of sub. 

succeed (suk-sed'), v.t. to take the 
place of; follow: v.i. to follow in 
order; obtain one's wishes; be suc- 
cessful; accomplish something at- 
tempted; end with advantage; pros- 
per. 

success (suk-ses'), n. the prosperous 
termination of any enterprise; pros- 
perity. 

successful (suk-ses'fool) , adj. ending 
in success; prosperous; fortunate. 

successfully (suk-ses'foo-li) , adv. in a 
successful manner. 

succession (suk-ses'shun), n. the act 
of following in order; lineage; act 
or right of coming in the place of 
another; rotation, as of crops. 

successional (suk-ses'shun-al) , adj. 
pertaining to, or implying, succes- 
sion; consecutive. 

successive (suk-ses'iv) , adj. following 
in uninterrupted order; legitimate; 
consecutive. 

successively (suk-ses 'iv-li), adv. con- 
secutively. 

successor (suk-ses 'er), n. one who 
succeeds or follows in the place or 
character of another. 

succinct (suk-singkt'), adj. tersely ex- 
pressed. 

succor (suk'er), v.t. to help or relieve 



when in difficulty or distress; aid: 
n. relief; aid. 

succotash (suk'o-tash) , n. a dish of 
green maize and beans boiled to- 
gether. 

succula (suk'u-la), n. an axis or cylin- 
der without a drum, with staves to 
move it round. 

succulence (suk'u-lens), n. juiciness. 

succulent (suk'u-lent) , adj. juicy : said 
of plants replete with juices. 

succumb (suk-kum'), v.i. to yield; 
submit. 

succursal (suk-ker'sal) , adj. annexed 
and assistant, as a chapel of ease. 

such (such), adj. the same that, or as 
referred to; denoting a particular 
person or thing ; certain ; very great. 

suck (suk), v.t. to draw in with the 
mouth: v.i. to draw milk from the 
breast: n. the act of sucking; milk 
drawn from the breast. 

sucker (suk'er), n. one who, or that 
which, sucks; piston of a pump; a 
tube through which anything is 
drawn; shoot of a plant from the 
lower part of the stem; a sweet; a 
native of Illinois. [Slang.] 

sucking (suk'ing), adj. drawing with 
the mouth or with an instrument; 
very young. 

suckle (suk'l), v.t. to nurse at the 
breast. 

suckling (suk'ling), n. an unweaned 
child or animal. 

sucrose (su'kros), n. cane-sugar. 

suction (suk'shun), n. the act or pro- 
cess of sucking; act of drawing 
fluids by the removal of the atmos- 
pheric pressure. 

suctorial (suk-to'ri-al), adj. adapted 
to, or living by, sucking. 

sudarium (su-da/ri-um) , n. the cloth 
on which Christ is said to have mi- 
raculously impressed his image when 
He wiped his face with it on the 
way to Calvary. [Latin.] 

sudation (su-da'shun) , n. the act of 
sweating. 

sudatorium (su-da-to'ri-um), n. a 
sweating bath. 

sudden (sud'n), adj. happening un- 
expectedly; instantaneous; without 
notice; quick. 
sudoriferous (su-dor-if'er-us), adj. 

secreting perspiration. [Latin.] 
sudorific (su-dor-if'ik), adj. causing 



ate, arm, at, awl 



ine, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, booki 
hue, hut ; think, then. 



SUDRA 



805 



SULLEN 



perspiration: n. a medicine produc- 
ing such aa» i riect. 

Sudra (^soo'driiy, n. the lowest of the 
four great castes into which the 
Hindus are divided. 

suds (sudz), n.pl. soapy water. 

sudsy (sud'zi), adj. like suds. 

sue (su), v.t. to prosecute at law: v.i. 
to entreat ; beg ; petition ; pay court ; 
institute legal proceedings (with 
for). _ 

suet (su'et), n. the hard fat around the 
kidneys and loins of sheep and oxen. 

suffer (suf'er), v.t. to feel with a 
sense of pain; undergo; bear; be af- 
fected by; allow; tolerate: v.i. to 
feel pain or punishment; be in dis- 
tress; endure loss or injury. [Latin.] 

sufierable (suf 'er-a-bl) , adj. that may 
be allowed or tolerated; permissible. 

sufferance (suf 'er-ans) , n. patience 
under pain ; toleration ; negative 
consent; permission. 

suffering (suf 'er-ing) , n. the state of en- 
during physical or mental pain; dis- 
tress; loss or injury endured. 

suffice (suf -Is'), v.i. to be sufficient: 
v.t. to satisfy. [Latin.] 

sufficiency (suf-ish 'en-si) , n. the state 
or quality or being sufficient; com- 
petence; self-confidence; conceit. 

sufficient (suf-ish'ent), adj. equal to 
any end or purpose; adequate; 
competent. 

suffix (suf'iks), n. a letter or syllable 
added at the end of a word; affix: 
v.t. (suf-iks'), to add, as a letter or 
syllable at the end of a word. 

suffocate (suf'o-kat), v.t. to choke by 
stopping respirationj smother; stifle. 

suffocation (sui-o-ka'shun) , n. the 
act of suffocating; state of being 
suffocated. [French.] 

suffragan bishop (suf'ra-gan bish'- 
up), n. a bishop inferior to a bishop 
at the head of a diocese; an assis- 
tant bishop. 

suffrage (suf 'raj), n.yote, or right to 
vote; franchise; voice or vote given 
on a controverted subject : pi. united 
prayer of a congregation. 

suffragette (suf-ra-jef), n. a woman 
who demands the suffrage or right 
to vote. 

suffuse (suf-fuz'), v.t. to spread over 
as with a fluid or a color. 

sugar (shoog'er), n. a sweet crystal- 



line substance obtained from the 
sugar-cane, beet, &c; any substance 
resembling sugar; flattery: adj. per- 
taining to, like, made of, or yield- 
ing, sugar; sweet: v.t. to sprinkle or 
mix with sugar; sweeten; flatter. 

sugary (shoog'er-i), adj. like, composed 
of, or fond of, sugar; sweet. 

suggest (su-jest'), v.t. to introduce 
indirectly to the mind or thoughts; 
hint; insinuate; allude or refer to: 
v.i. to make suggestions. 

suggestion (su-jes'chun), n. the act of 
suggesting ; thing _ suggested ; hint. 

suggestive (su-jes'tiv)^ adj. contain- 
ing, or full of, suggestion. 

suggestively (su-jes'tiv-li), adv. by 
way of suggestion. 

suicidal (su-i-sid'al), adj. pertaining 
to, or partaking of, suicide. 

suicidally (su-i-sid'a-li), adv. in a 
suicidal manner. 

suicide (su'i-sid) , n. a person who kills 
himself; self-murder; ruin of one's 
own interests. [Latin.] 

suit (sut), n. a set of things corre- 
spondent to each other, as of the 
same kind; petition or prayer; 
courtship; one of four sets of a pack 
of cards; an action or process at 
law for the recovery of a right or 
claim: v.t. to be fitted to; fall in 
with; accommodate; please: v.i. to 
correspond or accord; agree. 

suitability (sut-a-biri-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being suitable. Also 
suitableness. 

suitable (sut'a-bl), adj. fitting; appro- 
priate. 

suitably (sut-a-bli), adv. in a suitable 
manner ._ 

suite (swet), n. a retinue or compa- 
ny: series; set, as of rooms, furni- 
ture, &c. [French.] 

suitor (sut'er), n. a petitioner; sup- 
plicant: lover; party to a lawsuit. 

sulcate (sul'kat), adj. grooved. 

sulk (sulk), V.i. to be sulky. 

sulkily (sulk'i-li), adv. in a sulky man- 
ner. 

sulkiness (sulk r i-nes) , n. the state of 
being sulky. 

sulky (sulk'i), adj. [comp. sulkier, su- 
perl, sulkiest], silently sullen: n. a 
kind of two-wheeled carriage. 

sullen (suTen), adj. morosely silent; 
gloomily angry; dismal; heavy. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SULLY 



806 



SUN 



sully (sul'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sullied, 
p.pr. sullying], to tarnish or soil; 
dirty; stain: n. a tarnish or stain. 

sulphate (sul'f at), n. a salt of sulphu- 
ric acid. [Greek.] 

sulphide (sul'fld), n. a compound of 
sulphur with a metal or other ele- 
ment. 

sulphite (sul'fit), n. a salt of sulphur- 
ous acid. 

sulphur (suFfer), n. a non-metallic ele- 
ment, brittle and of yellow color, 
insoluble in water, but fusible by 
heat. 

sulphurate (sul'f er-at) , v.t. to com- 
bine with, or subject to the action 
of, sulphur: adj. pertaining to, or of 
the color of, sulphur. 

sulphurator (sul'f er-a-ter) , n. an ap- 
paratus for bleaching by the fumes 
of sulphur. 

sulphureous (sul-fu're-us), adj. con- 
sisting of, impregnated with, or hav- 
ing the qualities of, sulphur. Also 
sulphurous. 

sulphuret (sul-fu-ref), same as sul- 
phide. 

sulphuretted (sul'f ti-ret-ed) , adj. com- 
bined with sulphur. 

sulphuric (sul-f u'rik) , adj. obtained 
from, or containing, sulphur. 

sulphuric acid (as'id), n. a heavy, 
corrosive liquid composed of sul- 
phur, oxygen, and water; oil of 
vitriol. 

sulphurous acid (sul'fu-rus as'id), n. 
an acid composed of 2 parts of oxy- 
gen and 2 parts of sulphur. 

sulphury (sul'f er-i), adj. like sulphur. 

sultan (sul'tan), n. the title of a Mo- 
hammedan sovereign, especially the 
sovereign of the Ottoman Empire, 
before the Turkish revolution of 
1910. Feminine sultana. [Arabic] 

sultanate (sul'tan-at), n. the rule or 
dominion of a sultan. 

sultanship (suT tan-ship), n. the office, 
rank, or dignity of a sultan. 

sultrily (sul'tri-li), adv. oppressively. 

sultriness (sul'tri-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being sultry. 

sultry (sul'tri), adj. [camp, sultrier, 
superl. sultriest], very hot, close, 
and oppressive; close and heavy 
with a moist heat. 

sum (sum), n. the aggregate of two 
or more things taken together; 



whole; total; quantity of money, 
substance; compendium; utmost de- 
gree; arithmetical problem for solu= 
tion: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. summed, p.pr, 
summing], to add into one amount ^ 
condense into few words. [French.] 

sumac (su'mak), n. a plant or shrub 
the dried leaves and roots of which 
are used in tanning, dyeing, and 
medicine. [French.] 

summarily (sum'a-ri-li), adv. in a 
short way or method; concisely. 

summarize (sum'a-riz), v.t. to state 
concisely. [Latin.] 

summary (sum'a-ri), adj. brief; 
laconic; compendious; done in a 
short way or method: n. an abridg- 
ment; compendium. 

summation (sum-a'shun) , n. the act 
of forming a total; aggregate. 

summer (sum'er), n. that part of the 
year which comprises the hottest 
months, June, July, and August; & 
large piece of timber to receive the 
ends of the joists; horizontal girder: 
v.i. to pass the summer: v.t. to feed 
or keep during the summer. 

summit (sum'it), n. the top or highest 
point. 

summon (sum'un), v.t. to cite or call 
by authority ; command to appear in 
court; invite; rouse to exertion: 
n.pl. a citation to appear in court on 
a certain day; document containing 
such a citation; authoritative call. 

sumpit (sum 'pit), n. the poisoned ar- 
row used with a sumpitan. 

sumpitan (sum'pi-tan), n. a kind of 
long blowpipe, used by the Malays. 

sumptuary (sump'tu-a-ri), adj. per- 
taining to, or regulating, expense. 

sumptuary laws (lawz), n.pl. laws 
to limit excessive expenditure on 
dress or other luxuries. 

sumptuous (sump'tu-us) , adj. ex- 
pensive; costly; luxurious; magifi- 
cent. [Latin.] 

sun (sun), n. the lumirous body 
around which the earth, and other 
planets, &c, of the solar system re- 
volve; the source of light and heat 
to the earth; any center of a system 
of worlds; anything like the sun in 
splendor or power; sunshine: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. sunned, p.pr. sunning], 
to expose to the sums rays; warm 
or dry in the sun. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book $ 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SUNBONNET 



807 



SUPERFICIALITY 



sunbonnet (sun'bon-et), n. sl bonnet 
of light material, projecting beyond 
the face as a protection from sun- 
burn. 

sunburst (sun'berst), n. a large and 
brilliant diamond ornament. 

sundae (sun'de), n. common spelling 
for sondhi. See sondhi. 

Sunday (sun/da) , n. the first day of the 
week, the Christian Sabbath, or 
Lord's Day: adj. pertaining to Sun- 
day. 

Sunday School (skool), n. a school 
for religious instruction, connected 
with some church. 

sunder (sun'der), v.t. to divide or 
rend. 

sundew (sun'du), n. a plant of the 
genus Drosera, whose leaves secrete 
a dew-like viscid fluid. 

sundial (sun'dl-al), n. a device for 
measuring time by means of an 
upright piece of stone or metal upon 
a dial where the shadow moves the 
hours in a scale. 

sundries (sun'driz), n.pl. numerous 
small or miscellaneous articles or 
matters. 

sundry (sun'dri) , adj. various ; several. 

sung, p.p. of sing. 

sunk (sungk), p.t. & p.p. of sink. 

sunken (sungk'en), adj. lying on the 
bottom of the sea; fallen or pressed 
down. 

sunless (sun'les), deprived of sun- 
light; in shadow. 

Sunna (sun'a), n. a collection of oral 
laws and precepts of Mohammed 
handed down by tradition, and es- 
teemed as of equal value with the 
Koran by the Sunnites. 

sunniness (sun'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sunny. 

Sunnites (sun'Its), n.pl. the orthodox 
Mohammedans who regard the Sun- 
na as equally binding with the Ko- 
ran. 

sunny (sun'i), adj. pertaining to, like, 
proceeding from, or exposed to, the 
sun; bright; warm; cheerful. 

sunrise (sun'riz), n. the apparent 
rising of the sun in the East. 

sunset (sun 'set), n. the apparent 
setting of the sun in the West. 

sunshine (sun'shm), n. the light or 
rays of the sun; warmth; bright- 
ness. 



sun-spot (sun'spot), n. a dark spot 
appearing on the sun within 35° 
of the equator. 

sunstroke (sun'strok), n. a kind of 
apoplexy, caused by the intense heat 
of the sun's rays. 

sup (sup), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. supped, 
p.pr. supping], to take into the 
mouth with the lips; sip: v.i. to 
take supper: n. a small mouth- 
ful. 

super, a Latin prefix meaning over r 
above, beyond, in excess. 

super (su'per), n. a supernumerary; 
a theatrical attendant or actor with- 
out a part. 

superable (su'per-a-bl) , adj. that may 
be overcome. 

superabundance (sii - per - a - bun'- 
dans), n. an excessive amount of 
anything. 

superannuate (su-per-an'u-at), v.t. 
to pension on account of old age or 
infirmity. 

superannuation (su-per-an-u-a'shun) , 

• n. the state of being superannuated; 
pension granted to one who is 
superannuated. 

superb (su-perb'), adj. grand; proud; 
stately; elegant; first-rate; sumptu- 
ous. 

supercargo (su-per-kar'go) , n. a per- 
son or officer in a merchant vessel 
who superintends the cargo and 
commercial affairs of a ship during 
its voyage. 

superciliary (su-per-sil'i-a-ri) , adj. 
pertaining to, or situated above, the 
eyebrow. 

supercilious (su-per : sil'i-us) , adj. 
haughty; proud; disdainful; dic- 
tatorial; overbearing. 

superdreadnought (su'per - dred'- 
nawt), n. the largest type of "all- 
big-gun" battleship, larger and more 
recent than a dreadnought. 

supererogation (su-per-er-o-ga'shun) , 
n. the performance of more than is 
required by duty._ 

supererogatory (su-per-e-rog'a-t o-ri) , 
adj. performed beyond what is re- 
quired by duty. 

superficial (su-per-fish'al) , adj. per- 
taining to, or being on the surface; 
slight; not deep; unlearned. 

superficiality (su-per-fish-i-al'i-ti) , n. 
the state or quality of being super- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



SUPERFICIES 



80S 



SUPERVENE 



ficial; slight knowledge. Also super- 
ficialness. 

superficies (su-per-flsh'i-ez), n. super- 
ficial area or exterior face of a body. 

superfine (su'per-f In) , adj. of extreme 
delicacy or fineness 1 _ 

superfluity (sU-per-floo^i-ti) , n. [pi. 
superfluities (su-per-floo'i-tiz)], super- 
abundance; excess. 

superfluous (su-per'floo-us) , adj. more 
than enough or necessary; excessive. 

superfrontal (su-per-fron'tal) , n. that 
part of an altar-cloth which hangs 
over the frontal. 

superheat (su-per-het') , v.t. to heat 
to an extreme degree; heat (steam) 
until it resembles a perfect gas. 

superhuman (su-per-hu'man) , adj. 
more than human. 

superimpose (su-per-im-poz'), v.t. to 
place on something else. 

superinduce (su-per-in-dus') , v.t. to 
bring in or upon as an addition to 
something elsej superadd. 

superintend (su-per-in-tend') , v.t. to 
have, or exercise the charge or over- 
sight of; direct or control. 

superintendence (su. - per - in - ten'- 
dens), n. supervision; oversight; con- 
trol. 

superintendent (su-per-in-ten'dent) , 
n. one who superintends; overseer. 

superior (su-pe'ri-er) , adj. higher or 
above in place, position, rank, dig- 
nity, office, or excellence; stronger; 
surpassing others; unconquered; 
preferable ; beyond the power or in- 
fluence of; placed above another or- 
gan: n. one who is superior to oth- 
ers; one of higher rank or position; 
head of a religious house. 

superiority (su-pe-ri-or'i-ti) , n. the 
state or quality of being superior; 
preeminence; advantage. 

superlative (su-per' la-tiv) , adj. supe- 
rior to all others; highest in degree: 
n. a word expressing the highest de- 
gree of anything. 

superlatively _ (su-per'la-tiv-li) , adv. 
in a superlative manner. 

superlativeness (su-per'la-tiv-nes), n. 
the state or quality of being super- 
lative. 

supernal (su-per'nal) , adj. pertaining 
to, or situated in, a higher place or 
region; celestial. 

supernatural (su-per-nat'u-ral), adj. 



beyond, or exceeding, the powers 01 
laws of nature. 

supernaturalism (su-per-nat'u-ral- 
izm), n. the state or quality of 
being supernatural; the doctrine 
that revelation is the only means by 
which man acquires the knowledge 
of God. 

super naturalist (su-per-nat'u-ral-ist) , 
n. one who believes in the doctrine 
of supernaturalism. 

supernumerary (su-per-num'er-a-ri) , 
n. [pi. supernumeraries (su-per-num'« 
er-a-riz)], a person or thing beyond 
the stated or required number: adj. 
exceeding the number stated or re- 
quired. 

superphosphate (su-per-fos'fat), n„ 
a phosphate containing the greatest 
quantity of phosphoric acid capable 
of entering into combination with 
the base. 

superpose (su-per-poz'), v.t. to place 
over or upon. 

superroyal (su-per-roi'al) , adj. noting 
a size of paper larger than royal, 
27^x 20 y 2 in. 

superscribe (su-per-skrib' ) , v.t. to 
write or inscribe, or engrave on the 
outside or top. 

superscription (su-per-skrip'shun), n. 
the act of superscribing; the address 
or direction. 

supersede (su-per-sed') , v.t. to set 
aside or render null and void by 
superior power; come into, or take, 
the place of. 

superstition (su-per-stish'un) , n. rev- 
erence for, and belief in, the super- 
natural, or objects which are not 
worthy of worship; false worship or 
religion; extreme observance of re- 
ligious rites or ceremonies. 

superstitious (su-per-stish'us) , adj. 
pertaining to, characterized by, pro- 
ceeding from, or addicted to, super- 
stition; overscrupulous and extreme 
in religious rites or ceremonies. 

superstructure (su-per-struk'tur) , n. 
anything built or founded on some- 
thing else; a building. 

supertonic (sii-per-ton'ik), n. in 
music, the note next above the 
keynote. 

supervene (sti-per-ven') , v.i. to come 
upon as something extraneous; oc- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; luV»u, book 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SUPERVISE 



809 



SURAH 



supervise (su-per-viz'), r -t. to oversee. 
supervision (su-pe v -vizh'un) , n. the 

act of supervising; superintendence. 

supervisor (su-per-viz'er), n. an over- 
seer . 

supervisory (su-per-vl'zo-ri) , adj. ex- 
ercising supervision. 

supine (su-pln'), adj. lying on the 
back; indolent; car_eless; inatten- 
tive; negligent: n. (su'pm), a Latin 
verbal noun, ending in um, and w. 

supinely (su-pln'li), adv. in a supine 
manner. 

supineness (su-pm'nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being supine. 

supper (sup'er), n. the evening meal. 

supplant (sup-plant'), v.t. to displace 
and take the place of, as by craft; 
supersede. 

supple (sup'l), adj. flexible; yielding; 
servile: v.t. to make supple: v.i. to 
grow pliant. 

supplement (sup'le-ment), v.t. to add 
something to; fill up or supply: n. 
something added to render anything 
more complete or supply defects or 
errors; appendix; the quantity by 
which an arc or angle falls short of 
a semicircle. 

supplemental (sup-le-men'tal), # adj. 
serving as a supplement ; additional. 
Supplementary. 

suppleness (sup'1-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being supple; pliancy. 

suppliant (sup'li-ant), adj. beseech- 
ing; entreating; suing: n. one who 
supplicates; humble petitioner. Also 
supplicant. 

supplicate (sup'li-kat), v.t. to ask or 
peg humbly and earnestly; address 
in prayer; beseech; implore. 

supplication (sup-li-ka'shun), n. the 
act of supplicating; humble and 
earnest prayer or entreaty. 

supplicatory (sup'li-ka-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, containing, or of the 
nature of, supplication. 

supplier (sup-h'er), n. one who, or 
that which, supplies. 

supply (sup-ll'), v.t. [j).t. & p.p. sup- 
plied, p.pr. supplying], to furnish 
with what is required; provide; 
serve instead of; fill: n. [pi. supplies 
(sup-liz')], the act of supplying; 
thing supplied; amount of money or 
food required for daily necessaries, 
as of an army, &c. (usually pi.). 



support (sup-port 7 ), v.t. to sustain; 
bear up: endure; uphold; favor; 
second; incur; carry on; provide 
for or nourish: n. the act of sup- 
porting; that which supports; main- 
tenance; livelihood; aid. m 

suppose ~(sup-poz'), v.t. to imagine; 
admit without proof; assume as true; 
think. 

supposition (sup-po-zish'un) , n. the 
act of supposing; thing supposed; 
assumption. 

supposititious (sup-poz-i-tish'us) , adj. 
supposed or imaginary; not genuine; 
counterfeit. 

suppository (sup-poz'i-to-ri), n. a med- 
icated mass, usually in the form of a 
cone, for introduction into some cav- 
ity of the body, where it dissolves. 

suppress (sup-pres'), v.t. to subdue; 
crush; keep in or down; quell; con- 
ceal; restrain the publication of; 
arrest the normal secretions of. 

suppression (sup-presh'un), n. the act 
of suppressing; stoppage; conceal- 
ment; omission. 

suppressor (sup-pres'er), n. one who 
suppresses. 

suppurate (sup'u-rat), v.i. to generate 
pus. 

suppuration (sup-u-ra/shun) , n. the 
act of generating pus; pus generated 
in a sore. 

suppurative (sup'u-ra-tiv), adj. tend- 
. ing to produce, or accompanied by, 
suppuration: n. a medicine to pro- 
mote suppuration. 

supra, a Latin prefix meaning above, 
beyond, over, as_s?/pmlapsarian. 

suprarenalin (su-pra-ren'a-lin) , n. an 
extract made from the suprarenal 
glands, a pair of small ductless bodies 
situated at the top of the kidneys. It 
is employed to check a dangerous 
hemorrhage. 

supremacy (su-prem a-si), n. the 
state or quality of being supreme; 
highest authority. 

supreme (su-prem'), adj. highest in 
power or authority; most excellent; 
extreme; utmost. 

supremely (sfi-prem'li), adv. in a 
supreme manner. 

sur, a Latin prefix, meaning over, 
beyond, above, upon. 

surah (soo'ra), n. a soft, twilled silk 
fabric; a chapter of the Koran. 



ate, iirin, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SURAT 



810 



SURRENDER 



surat (soo-rat'), n. a kind of short 
coarse cotton. 

surbase (ser'bas), n. a cornice, or 
series of moldings, on the top of the 
base of a pedestal, &c. 

surcease (ser-ses'), v.i. (with from), to 
cease entirely. 

surcharge (ser-charj'), v.t. to over- 
load: n. an excessive load or charge. 

surcingle (ser'sing : gl) , n. a girth, belt, 
or girdle for passing around the body 
of a horse and securing the saddle 
or some burden, &c; girdle of a 
cassock. 

surcoat (ser'kot), n. a coat worn over 
another coat or garment. 

surd (serd), n. zl mathematical 
quantity that cannot be expressed 
by rational numbers, or has no root, 
as 3 3: adj. not expressible by ra- 
tional numbers; involving surds; 
uttered with the breath. 

sure (shoor), adj. fit to be depended 
upon; certain; reliable; infallible; 
firm; safe. 

sure footed (shoor-foot'ed), adj. not 
given to stumbling; not liable to err. 

surely (shoor'li), adv. certainly; with- 
out risk, hazard, or doubt. * 

sureness (shoor'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sure; certainty. 

surety (shoor'ti), n. [pi. sureties 
(shoor'tiz)], certainty; security 
against loss or damage; guarantee; 
hostage; one who becomes jointly 
bound with another; bail. 

suretyship (shoor 'ti-ship) t> n. the 
state of being surety; obligation of 
being bound to answer for another. 

surf (serf), n. the swell of the sea 
that breaks and foams upon the 
shore or the rocks. 

surface (ser'fas), n. the exterior part 
or m upper face of anything ; super- 
ficies; outside. 

surf-boat (serf'bot), n. a strong, light 
boat for landing through the surf . 

surfeit (ser'fit), n. excess in eating 
or drinking; sickness caused by such 
excess: v.t. to feed to excess and 
sickness. 

surf-man (serf man), n. a boatman 
of a surf -bo at. 

surfy (serf'i), adj. covered with surf. 

surge (serj), n. a large wave or bil- 
low; great roll; swell: v.i. to roll 
or rise high. 



surgeon (ser'jun), n. a medical prac- 
titioner, especially one who prac- 
tices surgery. [French.] 

surgery (ser'jer 7 i), n. the act and art of 
treating injuries or diseases by man- 
ual operations; place where a sur- 
geon operates or keeps his medi- 
cines. 

surgical (ser'ji-kl), adj. of or pertain- 
ing to surgery. 

surliness (ser'li-nes) , n. surly be- 
havior, 

surly (ser'li), adj. [comp % surlier, su- 
perl. surliest], gloomily morose; 
rough; uncivil; churlish: snarling; 
ill-natured. 

surmise (ser-miz'), n. guess or conjec- 
ture; suspicion: v.t. to imagine 
without certain knowledge; suspect; 
conjecture; fancy. 

surmount (ser-mounf) , v.t. to rise 
above; overcome; conquer; van- 
quish; exceed. 

surname (ser'nam), n. a name added 
to the baptismal names; family 
name: v.t. to give the family name 
to. 

surpass (ser-pas'), v.t. to exceed; ex- 
cel; go beyond in excellence or bad- 
ness. 

surplice (ser'plis), n. a white garment 
worn over their other dress by the 
clergy of the Roman Catholic, Epis- 
copal and other churches in some of 
their ministrations. 

surplus (ser'plus), n. that which re- 
mains over and above what is re- 
quired; excess: adj. exceeding what 
is required. 

surprise (ser-priz'), n. the act of 
taking unawares ; astonishment ; sud- 
den emotion, confusion, or perplex- 
ity: v.t. to take unawares; confuse 
or perplex; assail unexpectedly; 
astonish, [French.] 

surprise party, (par-ti), n. a party 
who visit the house of a mutual 
friend unexpectedly, each bringing 
some article of food for supper. 

surprising (ser-priz 'ing), adj. causing 
surprise or astonishment; extraor- 
dinary. 

surrender (ser-ren'der) , v.t. to yield to 
the power of another; give up on 
compulsion; cede; resign : # v.i. to 
yield; give up one's self into the 
power of another: n. the act of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SURREPTITIOUS 



811 



SUSTENTATION 



yielding into the power or possession 
of another; a yielding or giving up. 
surreptitious (ser-rep-tish'us) , adj. 
done by stealth or fraud; unauthor- 
ized. [Latin.] 

surrey (ser'i), n. a covered four-wheeled 
carriage, open at the sides, but 
having curtains that may be rolled 
down. 

surrogate (ser'o-gat), n. the deputy 
of a bishop, who is authorized to 
issue marriage licenses. 

surround (ser-round'), v.t. to enclose 
on all sides; encompass; environ; 
invest: n. a precipitous place where 
animals are surrounded and driven 
over and captured. 

surroyal (ser-roi'al) , n. the crown ant- 
ler of a stag. 

surtax (ser'taks), n. an additional tax: 
v.t. (ser-taks') to impose a surtax on. 

surtout (ser-toot'). n. a wide-skirted 
coat reaching below the knees. 

surveillance (ser-val'yans), n. watch; 
oversight; inspection. [French.] 

survey (ser-va'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sur- 
veyed, p.pr. surveying], to inspect 
or take a view of ^overlook; examine; 
measure and estimate, as land: n. 
(ser'va), the act of surveying; par- 
ticular view or examination; cus- 
toms district. 

surveying (ser-va 'ing) , n. the art or 
business of measuring land. 

surveyor (ser-va/er), n. one who # sur- 
veys; one whose business it is to 
measure land. 

survival (ser-vl'val) , n. continuance 
beyond the life of another; any an- 
cient use, custom, or belief continu- 
ing to the present day. 

survive (ser-viv'), v.t. to live longer 
than; outlive: v.i. to remain alive. 

survivor (ser-viv'er) , n. one who out- 
lives another; the longer-lived of two 
joint tenants, &c. 

survivorship (ser-vrv'er-ship) , n. the 
state of outliving another; a re- 
versionary benefit contingent upon 
some surviving life. 

bus, prefix, another form of sub. m 

susceptibility (sus-sept-i-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the state or quality of being suscept- 
ible; impressibility; sensibility; ca- 
pability. Also susceptibleness. 

susceptible (sus : sept'i-bl) , adj. can- 
able of admitting something addi- 



tional, or any change, influence, 
affection, &c; easily acted upon; 
impressible. Also susceptive. 

susceptibly (sus-sept'i-bh) , adv. in a 
susceptible manner. 

suslik (sus'lik), n. a squirrel-like ro- 
dent. 

suspect (sus-pekt'), v.t. to have a 
suspicion of; imagine to exist; con- 
jecture; mistrust: n. (sus'pekt) a per- 
son suspected to be guilty of some 
crime. 

suspend (sus-pend'), v.t. to make to 
hang by anything; delay; inter- 
rupt; cause to cease for a time; 
debar temporarily. 

suspender (sus-pend 'er), n. one who, 
or that which, suspends: pi. braces. 

suspense (sus-pens'), n. a state of un- 
certainty, doubt, or anxiety; inde- 
cision; act of withholding the judg- 
ment; temporary cessation of a 
man's right. 

suspensible (sus-pen'si-bl) , adj. cap- 
able of being suspended, or held 
from sinking. 

suspension (sus-pen'shun), n. the act 
of suspending; state of being sus- 
pended; a keeping in doubt; uncer- 
tainty; delay; interruption; tem- 
porary privation of power, office, 
privilege, or rights; continuation of 
a note from one chord to another 

•J [Music]. 

suspensor (sus-pen'ser) , n. something 
that suspends; a suspensory. 

suspensory (sus-pen'so-ri) , adj. that 
suspends: n. a suspensory band, or 
pouch. 

suspicion (sus-pish'un) , n. the act of 
suspecting; distrust; want of con- 
fidence; imagination of something 
wrong on slight or insufficient proof; 
hint; very small quantity. 

suspicious (sus-pish'us) , adj. full of, 
inclined to, or cherishing, suspicion; 
open to, or exciting, suspicion; 
doubtful. 

sustain (sus-tan'), v.t. to hold up or 
support; maintain; keep; support; 
nourish; bear; endure; strengthen. 

sustained (sus-tand'), adj. maintained 
at a certain pitch or level; uniform. 

sustenance (sus'ten-ans), n. that 
which supports life; food; main- 
tenance or support. 

sustentation (sus-ten-ta/shun), n. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SUSURRUS 



812 



SWARTHINESb 



the act of sustaining; support or 
maintenance. 

susurrus (su-sur'us), n. a gentle 
whisper as of a light breeze or the 
distant humming of bees. [Latin.] 

sutler (sutler), n. a person who fol- 
lows an army and sells provisions, 
liquor, &c., to the troops. [Dutch.] 

Sutras (soo'traz), n.pZ. certain apho- 
risms summarizing the teaching of 
the Brahmans, and giving the es- 
sence of their doctrines in short, 
connected sentences, 

suttee (sut-e'), n. a Hindu widow 
who immolates herself on the funer- 
al pile of her deceased husband; a 
form of widow sacrifice, formerly 
common among the Hindus, in 
which the wife was burnt with her 
deceased husband on his funeral 
pile. Now forbidden by British law. 

sutteeism (sut-e'izm), n. the practice 
or rite of self-immolation among 
Hindu widows. 

sutural (su'tu-ral), adj. pertaining 
to, or situated at, a suture. [Latin./ 

suture (su'tur), n. the drawing to- 
gether of the edges of a wound by 
sewing; lines of junction of the 
bones of the skull; seam at the 
union of two margins of a plant. 

suzerain (su'ze-ran), n. a feudal 
lord, to whom fealty is due; supe- 
rior or paramount ruler. 

suzerainty (su'ze-ran-ti) , n. the office, 
or dignity, of a suzerain; paramount 
authority. 

swab (swob), n. a mop for cleaning 
decks, floors, &c; clumsy person or 
lubber: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swabbed, 
p.pr. swabbing], to rub or clean 
with a swab. 

swaddle (swod'l), v.t. to swathe or 
bind tightly, especially infants. 

swaddling-clothes (swod'ling-kloz) , 
n. a long strip of linen or cotton to 
bandage an infant. 

swag (swag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swagged, 
p.pr. s wagging], to sink down by its 
own weight; hang heavily; sag: n. 
an unequal, hobbling motion ; thieves' 
booty. 

swagger (swag'er), v.i. to bully or 
bluster; strut haughtily or with af- 
fected superiority: n. an affected or 
insolent manner of walking; noisy 
boastfulness. 



swain (swan), n. a peasant; rustic? 
lover; sweetheart. 

swallow (swol'o), n. a well-known 
migratory passerine bird; any spe- 
cies of swift resembling the swal- 
low; groove round a tackle-block; 
the gullet or esophagus; voracity' 
as much as can be swallowed at 
once: v.t. to take into the stomach 
through the esophagus; absorb; en- 
gulf; engage entirely; retract; put 
up with: v.i. to perform the act of 
swallowing. 

swallow- tailed (swol'6-tald), adj. like 
a swallow's tail; having ^pering or 
forked skirts. 

swam, p.t. of swim. 

swamp (swomp), n. wet or boggy 
land; soft, low land saturated with 
water: v.t. to plunge, overwhelm, or 
sink in, or as in, a swamp; overset 
or sink in water ; plunge into inex- 
tricable difficulties; ruin. 

swampy (swomp'i), adj. consisting of, 
or like, a swamp. 

swan (swon), n. a web-footed bird of 
the genus Cygnus, with a very long 
neck, and remarkable for its grace 
in swimming. 

swansdown (swonz'doun), n. a ma- 
terial that is actually or apparently 
the down of a swan, used for 'ress- 
trimming. 

swanskin (swon'skhV, n. a kind of 
soft, fine-twilled flannel; very thick, 
closely-woven woolen cloth used by 
printers. 

swan- song (swon 'song), n. the last 
work of a poet or musician, from the 
fabled dying song of the swan. 

swap (swop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swapped, 
p.pr. swapping], to exchange or 
barter: n. barter; a blow or stroke. 

sward (swawrd), n. the grassy sur- 
face of land. 

sware (swar), old p.t. of swear. 

swarm (swawrm), v.i. to throng to* 
gether in a crowd ; collect and rise 
from the hive: said of bees; breed 
multitudes; to climb a tree, &c, by 
embracing it with the arms and leg^ 
alternately (with up): n. a cluster 
of insects, especially bees; crowd or 
multitude in motion. 

swarthily (sworth'i-li) , adv. with a 
swarthy hue. 

swarthiness (sworth'i-nes) , n. the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SWARTHY 



813 



SWELL 



^tate or quality of being swarthy. 
Also swartness. 

gwarthy (sworth'i), adj. of a dark or 
tawny hue; dark-skinned. Also 
swart, swart h. 

swash (swosh), n. a dashing or 
splashing of water: v.i. to dash or 
splash water about. 

swashing (swosh 'ing), adj. crushing; 
slashing. 

swashy ( swosh 'i), adj. soft like fruit 
too ripe. 

swat (swot), v.t. to smite (colloq.) : n. 
a loose blow with the open hand. 

swath (swawth), n. a line or ridge of 
grass or grain as cut down by the 
mower; sweep of a scythe in mow- 
ing. 

swathe (swa^), v.t. to bind with a 
bandage or roller; wrap: n. a ban- 
dage or roller. 

sway (swa) ti d. [p.t. & p.p. swayed, 
p.pr. swaying] f> to move backwards 
and forwards; influence by power or 
moral force; bias; govern: v.i. to 
incline on one side; be drawn by 
weight: n. the swing or sweep of a 
weapon; cast of the balance; any- 
thing moving with power and bulk ; 
rule; dominion; authority; con- 
trol; inclination or weight on one 
side. 

swear (swar), v.i. [p.t. swore, sware, 
p.p. sworn, p.pr. swearing], to make 
a solemn declaration by appealing 
to God for the truth of what is 
affirmed; give evidence on oath; 
use profane language: v.t. to utter or 
affirm by appeal to God; cause to 
take, or bind by, an oath. 

sweat (swet), n. the moisture which 
exudes from the pores of the skin; 
toil; exertion: v.i. to exude moisture 
through the pores of the skin; per- 
spire; labor; drudge: v.t. to cause 
to sweat; oppress by employing at 
an unfair rate of wages. 

sweater (swet'er), n. & heavy knitted 
outer garment, worn in^ athletic 
sports. 

sweatshop (swet'shop), n. a house 
or apartment whose residents do 
home work for dealers at unfairly 
low wages. 

Swedenborgian (swe-den-bor'ji-an) , 
adj. pertaining to, or characteristic 
of, the doctrines of Swedenborg, a 



Swedish mystic, the founder of the 
New Jerusalem Church. 

sweep (swep)_, v.t. [p.t. 6z p.p. swept, 
p.pr. sweeping], to brush, rub over, 
or clean, with a broom, &c; drive 
or carry along or off with force; 
strike with a long stroke; touch in 
passing: v.i. to pass with violence, 
speed, or pomp; pass with celerity 
or force; move along with a long 
reach: n. the act of sweeping; gen- 
eral destruction; range; extent; di- 
rection of a curve; rapid survey 
with the eye; extent of a stroke; 
chimney-sweeper; large oar; black- 
guard. 

sweepstakes (swep'staks), n.pl. tae 
whole money or other things 
staked or won at a horse-race or in 
gaming. 

sweet (swet), adj. pleasing to the 
senses, as smell, taste, &c; tasting 
like sugar; luscious; fragrant; me- 
lodious; soft; gentle; kind; oblig- 
ing; loved; not stale or putrid; 
fresh; not salted: n. a term of en- 
dearment: n.pl. confectionery; home- 
made wines. 

sweetbread (swet 'bred), n. a calf's 
pancreas; delicate kind of fowl. 

sweet-briar (sweVbir-er) , n. a thorny 
shrub of the rose kind; eglantine. 

sweet-corn (swet'korn), n. a kind of 
maize of a sweet taste, extensively 
used as a table food. 

sweeten (swet'n), v.t. to make sweet; 
render mild, kind, grateful, or pleas- 
ing; render less painful, difficult, or 
laborious; palliate: v.i. to become 
sweet. 

sweet-flag (swet'flag), n. an aromatic 
plant with sword-shaped leaves; 
calamus. 

sweetheart (swet'hart), n. a lover; one 
who is the object of a lover's af- 
fection. 

sweetish (swet'ish), adj. somewhat 
sweet. 

sweetmeat (swet 'met), n. a confec- 
tion made wholly or partly of sugar. 

sweet- potato (swet-po-ta'to) , n. a 
plant and its edible root; yam. 

sweet-william (swet-wil r yam) , n. % a 
beautiful flowering plant of the pink 
kind. 

swell (swel), v.i. [p.t. swelled, p.p. 
swelled, swollen, p.pr. swelling], to 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book 3 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SWELLING 814 SWIVEL 

expand or enlarge; increase in bulk; smooth, easy, gliding manner; with 

be inflated; rise and increase by great success or without hindrance, 

degrees; be puffed up; grow in vio- swindle (swin'dl), v.t. to cheat grossly 

lence: v.t. to heighten; cause to rise and deliberately under pretense of 

or increase; inflate; dilate: n. ex- fair dealing: n. a gross fraud, 

tension of bulk; act or state of swell- swindling (swin'dling) , adj. cheating 

ing; gradual increase of sound; grossly. 

gradual elevation of land; a dis- swine (swln), n. any animal of the 

tinguished personage; fop: adj. genus Sus wLh bristly skin an 

dandified. long snout; pig. 

swelling (swel'ing), p.adj. becoming swing (swing), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swung, 
inflated; turgid: n. the act of in- p.pr. swinging], to wave or vibrate 
creasing in bulk ; tumor or any mor- to and fro ; oscillate ; practice swing- 
bid enlargement. ing; float round with the tide; be 

swelter (swel'ter), v.t. to perspire pro- hanged: v.t. to move to and fro; 

fusely; faint with excessive heat. wave loosely^ brandish: n. the act 

eweltry (swel'tri), adj. sultry. or state of swinging; contrivance fo; 

swept, p.t. & p.p. of sweep. swinging to and fro; full course. 

swerve (swerv), v.i. to turn aside swinge (swinj), v.t. to whip or thrash: 

from any prescribed line or rule of n. sweep or swing of any thing in 

duty ; deviate, incline. movement ; sway ; influence. 

swerving (swerving), n. deviation. swingle (swing'gl), v.t. to cleanse 

swift (swift), adj. moving far in a (flax) by beating: v.i. to dangle: n 

short time; rapid; quick; ready; that part of a flail which strikes the 

sudden: adv. rapidly: n. a bird al- grain. 

lied to the swallow; a species of swingletree (swing'gl-tre) , n. th' 

moth; the common newt. crossbar of a carriage, &c, to the 

swifter (swift'er), n. a rope for confin- ends of which the traces of the horse 

ing the bars of the capstan in their are fastened. 

sockets; the foremost or aftermost swinish (swm'ish), adj. pertaining 

shroud; a rope used as a fender to to, like, or characteristic of, swine; 

a boat. bestial. 

swig (swig), v.t. to drink greedily of swink (swingk), v.i. to toil; drudge, 

any intoxicating drink. swipe (swip), n. a vigorous blow at 

swill (swil), v.t. to drink greedily or cricket or golf; sweeping blow: r>L 

grossly; inebriate: n. drink taken thin or small beer: v.i. & v.t. to de- 

in excessive quantities; liquid food liver a strong blow; hit out with 

for animals, particularly the refuse great force at cricket, &c; take and 

or leavings of the kitchen, as given carry away; purloin, 

to swine. swirl (swerl), v.i. to rush along in, 

swim (swim), v.i. [p.t. swam, swum, or form, eddies: n. a whirling or 
p.p. swum, p.pr. swimming], to float eddying motion, 
on water or other liquid; move pro- swish (swish), v.t. to lash; flog, 
gressively in the water by the Swiss (swis), adj. pertaining to Swit- 
hands and feet; glide smoothly; zerland, its language, or its inhabi- 
overflow; be dizzy: v.t. to cause to tants. [German.] 
swim or float: n. the act of swim- switch (swich), n. a long, thin, flexi- 
ming. ble rod; a movable rail for trans- 
swimmer (swim'er), n. one who swims; ferring a railway carriage, &c, from 
water-spider; water-fowl; pro tuber- one line to another; a device for 
ance on a horse's leg; a kind of connecting one electric circuit with 
dumpling. m m another: v.t. to lash or flog; shunt. 

swimming (swim'ing), n. the act or Switzer (swit'ser), n. Swiss. 

art of floating or moving progres- swivel (swiv'l), n. something fixed 

sively in the water by the hands and in another body so as to turn round 

feet. m in it; twisting link in a chain; a 

swimmingly (swim'ing-li), adv. in a kind of small cannon which turns 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SWIZZLE 



815 



SYMMETRY 



ona pivot: v.t. &v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
swiveled, p.pr. swiveling], to turn 
on a swivel or pivot. 

swizzle (swiz'l), same as swig. 

swollen (swol'n), p.p. of swell. 

swoon (swoon), v.i. to sink into a 
fainting fit, with apparent suspen- 
sion of the vital and mental pow- 
ers: n. the act of swooning; syn- 
cope. 

swooning (swoon 'ing), n. the act of 
fainting. _ 

swoop (swoop), v.t. to fall upon and 
seize at once, as prey: v.i. to catch 
prey while on the wing: n. a sudden 
falling upon and seizing. 

sword (sord), n. a keen -edged wea- 
pon for cutting and thrusting; de- 
struction by war ; emblem of author- 
ity, power, justice, or vengeance. 

swore (swor), p.t. of swear. 

sworn (sworn), p.p. of swear: adj. 
bound by an oath. 

Sybarite (sib'a-rit), n. an effemi- 
nate voluptuary: from the inhabi- 
tants of Sybaris, Italy, an ancient 
Greek city noted for its luxury. m 

Sybaritic (sib-a-rit'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, like, or characteristic of, a 
Sybarite. [Greek.] 

sycamine (sik'a-min), n. the black 
mulberry-tree. 

sycamore (sik'a-mor), n. a tree of the 
maple family; the fig-mulberry of 
the East; the button wood. 

sycee (si-se'), n. pure native silver 
cast into small hemispherical ingots 
by the Chinese, and used as silver 
currency. 

sycophancy (sik'o-f an-si) , n. obse- 
quious or servile flattery. [Greek.] 

sycophant (sik'o-f ant) , n. a mean or 
servile flatterer, especially of great 
men; parasite. 

syenite (sl'e-nit), n. a granitic roc.^ 
found at Syene in Egypt. 

syllabary (sil-a-ba/ri), n. a list of 
characters representing syllables ; like 
an alphabet. [Greek.] 

syllabic (sil-ab 'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting of, a syllable. 

syllabically (sil-ab 'i-ka-li), adv. in 
syllables. 

syllabify (sil-ab 'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
syllabified, p.pr. syllabifying], to 
form into syllables. 

syllable (sil'a-bl), n. that part of a 



word which can be uttered distinct- 
ly by a single effort of the voice; 
anything proverbially concise. 

syllabub, same as sillibub. 

syllabus (sil'a-bus), n. a table of con- 
tents; compendium of the heads of 
a discourse; abstract. 

syllogism (sil'o-jizm), n. an argument 
stated in logical form, consisting of 
three propositions, the first two be- 
ing called the premises, major and 
minor, and the last the conclusion 
which contains the matter to be 
proved. [Greek.] 

syllogistic (sil-o-jis'tik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, a syllogism. 
Also syllogistical. 

syllogistically (sil-o-jis'ti-ka-li), adv. 
in a syllogistic form. 

sylph (silf), n. an imaginary being in- 
habiting the air; fairy. 

sylvan, same as silvan. 

sym, Greek prefix, another form of syn. 

symbiosis (sim-bi-o'sis), n. the more 
or less permanent united life of 
certain animal and vegetable organ- 
isms rendering mutual service to 
each other. 

symbiotic (sim-bi-ot'ik), adj. per- 
taining to symbiosis. 

symbol (sim'bol), n. an emblem or 
sign representing something else; 
type; mark or character used as an 
abbreviation ; a creed. 

symbolic (sim-bol'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, serving as, or of the nature of, a 
symbol: n.pl. the study of creeds. 
Also symbolical. 

symbolically (sim-bol'i-ka-li), adv. 
by symbols. 

symbolism (simlDol-izm), n. the use 
of, or the being represented by, sym- 
bols; science of creeds. 

symbolize (sim'bol-iz), v.t. to repre- 
sent by a symbol: v.i. to have a 
typical resemblance ; agree. 

symmetrical (sim-met'ri-kal) , adj. 
having corresponding parts or rela- 
tions; harmonious; proportionate. 
Also symmetric. 

symmetrically (sim-met'ri-ka-li) , adv. 
in a symmetrical manner. 

symmetrize (sim'e-triz), v.t. to make 
symmetrical. 

symmetry (sim'e-tri), n. the due pro- 
portion of the several parts of a 
body to each other; harmony or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



SYMPATHETIC 



816 



SYNOPSIS 



adaptation of parts to each other; 
proportion. 

sympathetic (sim-pa r thet'ik) ; adj. per- 
taining to, expressing, or inducing, 
sympathy; compassionate. Also sym- 
pathetica!. 

sympathetically (sim-pa-thet'i-ka- 
li), adv. in a sympathetic manner. 

sympathize (sim'pa-thlz), v.i. to have 
a mutual feeling with another; be 
compassionate. 

sympathy (sim'pa-thi) , n. mutual 
feeling of pleasure or pain; compas- 
sion; reciprocal action of the organs 
of a body. 

symphonic (sim-f on'ik) , adj. agreeing 
in sound; pertaining to a sympho- 
ny. Also symphonious. 

symphony (sim'fo-ni), n. [pi. sympho- 
nies (sim'fo-niz)], harmony of sound; 
a musical composition for a full 
band of instruments; instrumental 
introduction or ending of a vocal 
composition. 

symposium (sim-po'zi-um) , n. [pi. 
symposia (sim-po'zi-a)], a banquet; 
a drinking together; merrymaking ; 
an article in a magazine in which 
various writers express their views 
on some given topic. 

symptom (simp'tom), n. that which 
indicates the existence of something 
else of which it is the effect; token 
or sign. 

symptomatic (simp-to-mat'ik) , adj. 
pertaining to, serving as, or indicat- 
ing, a symptom. Also symptomat- 
cal. 

symptomatic ally (simp-to-mat 'i-ka- 
li), adv. by symptoms. 

syn, a Greek prefix meaning with, to- 
gether, as si/nantherous : adj. having 
stamens united by their anthers. 

symeresis (sin-er'e-sis) , n. the con- 
traction of two vowels into one. 

synagogical (sin-a-goj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to a synagogue. 

synagogue (sin'a-gog), n. a religious 
assembly of Jews for worship; Jew- 
ish place of worship. 

synchronism (sing'kr5-nizm) , n. con- 
currence in time of two or more 
events ; tabular arrangement of con- 
temporaneous historical events. 

synchronize (sing'kro-niz), v.t. to 
cause to agree in time: v.i. happen 
simultaneously . 



synchronous (sing'krq-nus) , adj. hap- 
pening at the same time. Also syn- 
chronal. 

synclinal (sing'kli-nal), adj. noting a 
line or axis formed when strata dip 
in opposite directions and meet in a 
common central point or line. 

syncopate (sing'ko-pat), v.t. to con- 
tract by omitting a letter or letters 
from the middle of (a word) ; unite 
(the last note of one bar to the first 
note of the next) by a slur. 

syncopation (sing-ko-pa'shun), n. the 
act of syncopating. 

syncope (sing'ko-pe), n. the omission 
of a letter or letters from the middle 
of a word ; fainting caused by inter- 
ruption of the heart's action. 

syncretic (sin-kret'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or characteristic of, syncre- 
tism. 

syncretism (sin'kre-tizm), n. the at- 
tempt to blend opposite and contra- 
dictory tenets into one system to 
produce union and concord. 

syndie(sin'dik), n. a government offi- 
cial invested with varying powers 
in different countries; chief magis- 
trate; municipal or other official. 

syndicate (sin'di-kat), n. a body of 
syndics; a combination of capital- 
ists to promote some, special under- 
taking or speculation. 

synecdoche (sin-ek'dp-ke) , n. a rhe- 
torical figure in which the whole is 
put for a part, or a part for the 
whole. u 

synod (sin'od), n. a council or meeting 
of ecclesiastics for consultation on 
religious matters; a church council 
composed of several presbyters. 

synodal (sin'od-al), adj. pertaining to 
a synod or synods. 

synodic (sin-od'ik) , adj. pertaining to, 
or transacted by, a synod. Also 
synodical. 

syndicalism (sin'di-kal-izm) , n. revo- 
lutionary trade unionism having its 
origin in the movement of the French 
"syndicats" (labor unions) to over- 
turn the existing organization of 
society by the "general strike of 
members." 

synonym (sin'o-nim), n. a word hav- 
ing nearly the same signification as 
another. 

synopsis (sin-op 'sis), n. a general or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



SYNOPTIC 



817 



SZOPELKA 



collective view of any subject; sum- 
mary. 

6ynoptic ( sin-op 'tik), adj. giving a gen- 
eral view of the whole or principal 
parts of a thing. Also synoptical. 

synoptically (sin-op 'ti-ka-li), adv. in 
a synoptical manner. 

syntactic (sin-tak'tik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or arranged according to, the 
rules of syntax. Also syntactical. 

syntactically (sin-tak'ti-ka-li), adv. 
in a syntactical manner. 

syntax (sin'taks), n. that part of 
grammar which teaches of the proper 
construction and arrangement of 
words in a sentence. 

synthesis (sin'the-sis) , n. [pi. synthe- 
ses (sin'the-sez)], composition or 
putting of two or more things to- 
gether: opposed to analysis; the 
method or process of deducing and 
combining complex ideas from simple 
ones. 

synthetic (sin-thet'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to synthesis. Also synthetical. 

synthetically (sin-thet'i-ka-li), adv. 
by synthesis. 

syntonin (sin'to-nin) , n. muscle 
flbrine. 

syntonize (sin-to'nlz), v.t. to attune 
or direct wireless telegraphic mes- 
sages in a given direction. 

syphilis (sif'i-lis), n. venereal disease. 

syphilitic (sif-i-lit'ik) , adj. pertaining 
to, of the nature of, or affected with, 
syphilis. 

syphiloid (sif'i-loid), adj. resembling 
syphilis. 

syphon, another form of siphon. 

syren, another form of siren. 

Syriac (sir'i-ak), adj. pertaining to 
Syria, its inhabitants, or language. 
Also Syrian, 



Syringa vsi-ring'ga). n. a genus of 
plants, including the lilac. 

syringe (sir'inj), n. a small tube 
with a handle and worked like a 
pump: v.t. to inject or cleanse with 
a syringe. 

syrup (sir 'up), n. a saturated or 
medicated solution of sugar in wa- 
ter; liquid refuse of sugar. m [French.] 

system (sis'teni), n. combination of 
parts in a whole; orderly arrange- 
ment according to some common 
law; collection of rules and princi- 
ples; connected body of principles 
in science or art; method of trans- 
acting business. 

systematic (sis-tem-at'ik), adj. me- 
thodical; according to system. Also 
systematical. 

systematically (sis-tem-at'i-ka-li) ,adv, 
in a systematic manner. 

systematize (sis'tem-a-tiz) , v.t. to re- 
duce to a s_ystem. 

systole (sis'to-le), n. the shortening of 
a long syllable; contraction of auri- 
cles and ventricles of the heart for 
expelling the blood and circulating 
it through the body. 

systyle (sis'til), adj. having columns 
so arranged that they are distant 
two diameters from each other ; 
having a row of columns set closely 
together. 

syzygy (siz'i-ji), n. [pi. syzygies 
(siz'i-jiz)], the point at which the 
moon or a planet is in conjunction 
with, or in opposition to, the sun; 
times of new and full moon. 

szaibelyite (sa-bel'yrt), n. & white 
hydrous magnesium borate found in 
small translucent nodules. 

szopelka (tzo-pel'ka), n. the Rus- 
sian oboe. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book [ 
53 hue, hut ; think, then. 



T 



T, the twentieth letter of the English 
alphabet, practically identical in 
appearance with the Phoenician, 
Greek, and Roman character. As 
a pictograph it was drawn to re- 
semble a cross, and its Semitic name 
tau means a cross. Phonetically, it 
is properly styled an unvoiced al- 
veolar explosive. The digraph th 
indicates sometimes the voiced spir- 
ant as in this, and sometimes the 
voiceless spirant as in thin. Few 
foreigners can readily detect the 
difference between the two sounds. 
As a symbol in music, t stands 
usually for tempo (time), and some- 
* times for tenor. 

tab (tab), n. a shoe latchet; tag; 
border of a woman's cap. 

tabard (tab'ard), n. a loose garment or 
mantle worn over armor; herald's 
coat. [Old French.] 

tabasco (ta-bas'ko), n. a pungent sauce 
made of red peppers. 

tabasheer (tab-a-sher'),~?i. a siliceous 
substance found in the stems of bam- 
boos and certain grasses, used in 
the East as a medicine. [Hindu.] 

tabby (tab'i), adj. brindled; having a 
variegated, wavy, m or watered ap- 
pearance: n. a kind of wavy or 
watered silk; mixture of stone or 
shell with mortar; tabby-cat : # v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. tabbied, p.pr. tabbying], 
to water or cause to look wavy. 

tabby-cat (tab'i-kat), n. a brindled cat. 

tabbying (tab'i-ing) , n. the process of 
passing fabrics under a calender to 
give them a watered, wavy appear- 
ance. 

tabef action (tab-e-f ak'shun) , n. the 
act or condition of wasting away. 

tabernacle (tab'er-nak-1), n. a tempo- 
rary dwelling, movable residence, or 
tent ; the human body as the tem- 
porary dwelling of the soul; the 
movable structure or place of wor- 



ship carried by the Israelites in the 
wilderness; receptacle for the con- 
secrated Host in Roman Catholic 
Churches; place of worship: v.i. to 
sojourn. [Latin.] 

tabernacle- work (tab'er-nak-1-werk) , 
n. sculptured tracery or canopy 
work. 

tabes (ta/bez), n. a gradual wasting 
away of the bodyj atrophy. 

tablature (tab'la-tur), n. a painting 
on walls or ceilings; single piece 
comprehended in one view; division 
of the skull into two tables. 

table (ta'bl), n. a flat smooth board, 
furnished m with legs; flat surface; 
persons sitting at a repast or en- 
tertainment; fare; entertainment; 
tablet; index or syllabus: pi. col- 
lection of many particulars brought 
into one view; collection of numbers 
or figures methodically arranged; 
the Ten Commandments, consist- 
ing of two tables; Holy Eucharist or 
Lord's Supper; simple member or or- 
nament, usually rectangular: pi. 
backgammon: adj. pertaining to a 
table: v.t. to catalogue or index; 
lay or place on a table (as a report) 
for future consideration. [French.] 

tableau (ta-blo'), n. [pi. tableaux or 
tableaus (ta-bloz')], a striking and 
vivid representation. [French.] 

tableau vivant (ye-vang'), n. a liv- 
ing picture ; a picturesque represen- 
tation by one or more silent and 
motionless performers suitably cos- 
tumed and posed. 

table d'hote (ta-bl dot'), n. a meal 
for several persons at the same hour 
and at a fixed price; an ordinary. 

tableland (ta/bl-land) , n. a plateau. 

tablet (tab 'let), n. small table; medi- 
cine in the form of a small flat disk; 
small flat piece of ivory, &c, for 
memoranda ; ancestral monument ; 
small flat cake, as of soap, &c. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TABLE-TALK 



819 



TAGLIA 



table-talk (ta'bl-tawk), n. infor- 
mal conversation at meals; often, 
however, instructive and entertain- 
ing. 

table-turning (ta'bl-tern-ing) , n. the 
movement of tables said to be 
caused by the agency of spirits. 

tablier (tab-li-a'), n. a kind of large 
apron or small overskirt. 

tabloid (tab'loid), n. a small tablet or 
something resembling a tablet. 
[A proprietary medical term.] 

taboo and tabu (ta-boo'), n. a reli- 
gious rite formerly prevalent among 
the Polynesians by which persons 
and things wore rendered sacred and 
inviolable; ban; prohibition: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. tabooed, p.pr. tabooing], 
to forbid reproach to, or use of. 

tabor (ta/bcr), n. a small drum, 
beaten with one stick. Also tabour. 

taboret (tab'o-ret), n. a small tabor; 
an ornamental cushioned stool. 

taborine (tab'o-rin), n. a side-drum; a 
drum-head in a hoop of wood with 
jingles to increase the noise; tam- 
bourine. [Old French.] 

tabular (tab'u-lar), adj. pertaining 
to, or in the form of, a table; 
formed in plates or laminae ; set down, 
computed, or arranged in, tables or 
schedules. 

tabulate (tab'u-lat), v.t. to reduce to, 
or arrange in, tables or synopses; 
shape with a flat surface. 

tacamahae (tak'a-ma-hak), n. a kind 
of resin from the balsam poplar. 

tache (tach), n. a button; loop; 
catch, clasp, or other fastening. _ 

tachometer (ta-kom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for measuring velocity. 

tachymeter (ta-kim'e-ter), n. a sur- 
veyor's instrument for making rapid 
measurements. [Greek.] 

tacit (tas'it), adj. implied, but not 
expressed verbally. 

taciturn (tas'i-tern), adj. habitually 
silent. [Latin.] 

taciturnity (tas-i-ter'ni-ti), n. habitual 
silence. 

tack (tak), n. a small broad-headed 
nail; supplement or appendage; di- 
rection of a vessel in regard to the 
trim of her sails: v.t. to fasten with 
tacks; fasten slightly; attach: v.i. 
to change the coarse of a vessel by 
shifting the position of her sails. 



tackey (tak'i), adj. ill-condition, shab= 
by. [Southern U. S.] 

tackle (tak'l), n. the ropes, rigging r 
&c, of a vessel; apparatus for rais- 
ing or lowering heavy weights con= 
sisting of pulleys and ropes; imple- 
ments or gear: v.t. to harness; seize 
or lay hold of; deal with or attack 
vigorously. 

tackling; (tak'ling), n. the furniture of 
the masts and yards of a vessel; in- 
strument of action; gear. 

tact (takt), n. nice discernment and 
delicate skill in saying and doing ex- 
actly what is expedient or suitable 
in given circumstances. [Latin.] 

tactic (tak'tik), adj. pertaining to 
the art of tactics. Also tactical. 

tactician (tak-tish'an) , n. one skilled 
in tactics. 

tactics (tak'tiks), n. naval and mili- 
tary evolutions; science of disposing 
and maneuvering naval and military 
forces for battle. 

tactile (tak'til), adj. perceptible by 
the touch; capable of being touched, 

tactility (tak-til'i-ti) , n. perceptibil- 
ity by the touch. 

tactless (takt'les), adj. without tact; 
blundering. 

tactual (tak'tu-al), adj. pertaining to 
the organs of touch. 

tadpole (tad'pol), n. the young 
aquatic larva of an amphibian, espe- 
cially that of the frog. 

tael (tal), n. a Chinese money of ac- 
count, value about $1.05; a weight 
of 1 1-3 oz. 

taffeta (taf'e-ta), n. a fine, thin, 
glossy silken fabric. [French.] 

taffrail (taf'ral), n. the upper flat part 
of the stern of a ship; rail round a 
ship's stern. Also tcfferel. 

taffy (taf'i), n. molasses candy; toffy; 
flattery. 

tana (taf'i-a), n. rum distilled from 
molasses. [Malay.] 

tag (tag), n. a point of metal at the 
end of a string or a lace; something 
small attached to another; anything 
paltry or mean; a children's game: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tagged, p.pr. tag- 
ging], to fix a tag to; append or 
tack on; follow closely and persist- 
ently. [Scotch.] 

taglia (tal'ya,), n. a peculiar com* 
bination of pulleys. [Italian.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book^ 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



w 



TAHR 



820 



TALLOW 



tahr (tar), n. the Himalayan wild 
goat L 

tail (tal), n. the end of the backbone 
of an animal's body, usually hang- 
ing loose; hinder, or inferior part of 
anything; anything pendant; lumi- 
nous appendage of the nucleus of 
a comet; v.i. to depart one alter an- 
other, as a_ crowd (with off), 

tallage (tal'aj), n. See tallage. 

tailboard (tal'bord), n. the movable 
board at the rear of a cart or wagon. 

tailing (taring), n. the part of a pro- 
jecting stone or brick inserted in a 
wall; refuse of stamped ore thrown 
behind the rail of the washing ap- 
paratus: pi. for the lighter parts of 
grain separated from the seed in 
threshing and winnowing; chaff. 

tailless (tal'les) , adj. lacking a tail. 

tailor (tal'er) , n. one whose business is 
to cut out and make men's clothes 
and ladies' costumes. Feminine tai- 
lor ess. 

taint (tant), n. corruption; infec- 
tion; spot or stain; disgrace: v.t. to 
imbue or impregnate with anything 
noxious; infect; corrupt: v.i. to be 
corrupted by incipient putrefaction. 

Taj Mahal (taj ma-hal'), n. the 
famous mausoleum of white marble 
built by the Emperor Shah Jehan 
(1628-58) at Agra, India, and con- 
taining the tombs of his favorite 
wife, Mumtazi Mahal, and of himself. 

take (tak), v.t. [pi. took, p.p. taken, 
p.pr. taking], to lay or seize hold 
of; obtain; receive mentally; cap- 
ture; engage or interest; choose; 
use or require; catch; assume; con- 
duct or lead; transport; tolerate; 
swallow; note or take down; make 
or perform (a journey or walk): 
v.i. to have recourse; have the in- 
tended effect ; please: n. the amount 
or quantity received or caught, espe- 
cially fish. 

taker (tak'er), n. one who takes, 
seizes, or captures; one who accepts 
a bet. 

taking (taking), adj. attractive; allur- 
ing; pleasing; infectious: n. the act 
of gaining possession; seizure; agi- 
tation: pi. receipts. 

talapoin (tal'a-poin), n. a Buddhist 
monk of Ceylon, Siam, &c; kind of 
monkey. 



talaria (ta-la/ri-a) , n.pl. the small 
wings attached to the ankles of Mer- 
cury or Hermes, the messenger of 
the gods. [Latin.] 

talc (talk), n. a hydrous silicate of 
magnesia occurring in thin flakes. 

tale (tal), n. a narrative or story; 
fable; anecdote; reckoning; number 
reckoned. 

tale-bearer (tal'bar-er) , n. one who 
tells tales maliciously; an informer. 

talent (tal'ent), n. among the an 
cients, a weight, coin, or sum of 
money of varying value; mental ca- 
pacity; eminent ability; skill; clev- 
erness; gift. [Latin.] 

talented (tal'ent-ed) , adj. endowed 
with talentsor eminent ability. 

talesman (talz'man), n. a person 
summoned to_ make up a jury. 

talipes (tal'i-pez), n. club-foot. 

talipot (tal'i-pot), n. the gigantic fan- 
palm of Ceylon and India. Also 
taliput. [Anglo-Indian.] 

talisman (tal'is-man), n. [pi. talis- 
mans (tal'is-manz)], a magical figure 
cut in metal or stone supposed to 
possess magical virtues in averting 
evil, &c; something that produces 
an extraordinary effect. [Aiabic] 

talismanic (tal-is-man'ik), adj. per- 
taining to, or having the properties 
of, a talisman; magical. 

talk (tawk), v.i. to utter words; 
speak familiarly; converse; prattle: 
v.t. to utter; make a subject of con- 
versation: n. familiar converse; col- 
loquy; subject of discourse; rumor. 

talkative (tawk'a-tiv), adj. addicted 
to much talking. 

talkatively (tawk'a-tiv-li) , adv. in a 
talkative manner. 

talkativeness (tawk'a-tiv-nes), n. the 
quality of being talkative. 

talking (tawk'ing), n. the act of con- 
versing: adj. loquacious. 

talking - machine (tawk'ing - ma- 
chen), n. any machine that repro- 
duces the human voice. 

tall (tawl), " adj. high in stature; 
lofty; extravagant. 

tallage (tal'aj ), n. tax or toll. Also 
tailage. 

tallow (tal'o), n. the melted fat of 
oxen and sheep; candle-grease: v.t, 
to grease or smear with tallow; fat- 
ten. [Old Dutch], 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TALLY 



821 



TANDEM 



tally (tal'i), n. [pi. tallies (tal'iz)], a 
stick notched to match another stick, 
used for keeping accounts ; one thing 
made to match or suit another: v.t. 
to make to correspond: v.i. to be 
fitted; match. 

tally-ho (tal'i-ho), inter j. & n. the 
huntsman's cry to incite his hounds; 
a four-in-hand coach. [French.] 

tallyman (tari-man), n. [pi. tallymen 
(tal'i-men)], one who sells goods to 
be paid for by instalments. 

tally-shop (tal'i-shop), n. a shop where 
goods are sold on the tally-system. 

tally- system (tal'i-sis-tem) , n. the 
practice of selling goods on credit 
to be paid for by instalments. 

talmi-gold (tal'mi-gold) , n. Abyssin- 
ian gold; cheap imitation of gold. 

Talmud (tal'mud), n. the book which 
contains the whole body of the Jew- 
ish civil and canonical laws and tra- 
ditions, with the commentaries and 
speculations of the Rabbis, consist- 
ing of two parts, the Mishnah and 
Gemara. [Chaldaic.] 

Talmudic (tal-mud'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or in, the Talmud. Also 
Talmudical, Talmudistic. 

Talmudist (tarmud-ist) , n. one learned 
in the Talmud. 

talon (tal'on), n. the claw of a bird 
of prey ; an ogee molding. 

talpa (tal'pa), n. a tumor on the 
head. 

talus (ta/lus), n. the ankle-bone; 
sloping part of a work; sloping heap 
of broken rocks accumulated at the 
foot of a cliff. [Latin.] 

tamability (tam-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being tamable. 
Tamableness. 

tamable (tam'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being tamed. 

tamale (ta-ma'le), n. a kind of dump- 
ling, made of minced chicken and 
corn-meal, seasoned with red pepper, 
wrapped in corn-husks, and boiled 
or cooked by steam. _ [Mexican.] 

tamandua (ta-man'du-a), n. the 
small ant-eater of South America. 

tamarack (tam'a-rak), n. the Amer- 
ican black larch. 

tamarin (tam'a-rin), n. a South Amer- 
ican monkey with a squirrel-like tail. 

tamarind (tam'a-rind) , n. a legumin- 
ous and lofty tropical tree, yielding 



long pods which contain a soft acid 
pulp. [Latin.] 

tamarisk (tam'a-risk) , n. a tree 01 
shrub of the genus Tamarix, with 
small pink or white flowers and 
feathery branches. 

tambac, same as tombac. 

tambour (tam'ber), n. a drum-like 
frame on which a kind of embroidery 
with threads of gold, silver, and silk 
are worked in the figures of flowers, 
&c; drum; the naked part of cer- 
tain capitals of drum-like appear- 
ance; enclosure of stockade work: 
v.t. to embroider with, or upon, a 
tambour. [French.] 

tambourine (tam-ber-en'), n. a small 
hand-drum with little cymbals in- 
serted in the hoop ; a sprightly French 
stage dance. 

tame (tarn), adj. domesticated; spir- 
itless; insipid: v.t. to bring from a 
wild to a domesticated state; subdue, 

tameless (tam'les), adj. wild; not 
capable of being tamed. 

taminy (tam'i-ni), n. a kind of woolen 
or worsted cloth. 

tarn o'shanter (tam : o-shan'ter), n 
a woolen cap fitting tightly about the 
head with a large flat top. [Scottish J 

tamp (tamp), v.t. to block up witti 
clay or similar material the blast- 
hole in a rock to direct the course of 
the explosion; drive in or down by 
repeated gentle strokes. 

tampan (tarn 'pan), n. a venomous 
South African tick. 

tamper (tarn 'per), v.i. to meddle so as 
to injure or alter anything; use brib- 
ery; try small expeiiments. 

tampion (tamp'i-on), n. a stopper, 
especially for the mouthpiece of a 
cannon. Also tompion. 

tam-tam (tam'tam), same as tom- 
tom. 

tan (tan), n. the bark of the oak or 
other trees bruised and broken by a 
mill for tanning hides: adj. tan-col- 
ored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tanned, p r pr, 
tanning], to convert (a hide) into 
leather by steeping it in an infusion 
of bark or tannin; make brown by 
exposure to the sun; beat: v.i. tc 
become sunburnt. 

tandem (tan'dem), adv. with two 
horses or persons one before the 
other: n. a vehicle with two hor see 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

biif\ hut : think, theu. 



TANG 



822 



TAPIOCA 



harnessed one before the other; a 
bicycle or tricycle for two, one riding 
before the other. 

tang (tang), n. a strong taste or 
flavor ; something that leaves be- 
hind a taste peculiar to itself; that 
part of a knife, fork, tool, &c, 
which is inserted into the handle; 
sound or tone: v.i. to make a ringing 
sound. 

tangency (tan'jen-si), n. a contact or 
touching. [Latin.] 

tangent (tan'jent), adj. touching: n. 
a straight line that meets or touches 
a circle or curve, but when produced, 
does not cut it. 

tangential (tan-jen'shal), adj. per- 
taining to, or in the direction of, a 
tangent. 

tangerine (tan-jer-en'), n. a small or- 
ange. 

tanghin (tang'gin), n. a Madagascar 
tree, from the seeds of which a power- 
ful poison is obtained ; the ordeal-tree. 

tangible (tan'ji-bl), adj. perceptible 
to the touch; capable of being pos- 
sessed or realized; evident; real. 

tangle (tang'gl), v.t. to interweave so 
as to render difficult to unravel; im- 
plicate; embarrass; entangle; com- 
plicate: v.i. to be entangled: n. a 
knot of things interwoven confus- 
edly in one another; complication; 
perplexity; a kind of seaweed with 
long broad fronds. 

tangly (tang'gli), adj. interweaved; 
covered with seaweed. 

tango (tang'o), n. a dance which re- 
cently achieved great popularity in 
the United States, danced in synco- 
pated time and introducing positions 
of considerable variety, some of 
which have aroused criticism on the 
score of immodesty. 

tank (tangk), n. a large cistern or 
reservoir for storing water or other 
liquid; a kind of armor-clad tractor 
equipped with guns of various kinds 
and capable of breaking down wire 
entanglements and traversing ground 
of the roughest sort. 

tanner (tan'er), n. one who tans hides. 

tannery (tan'er-i), n. [pi. tanneries 
(tan'er-iz)], a place where hides are 
tanned; process of tanning. 

tannic (tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
obtained from, oak-bark. 



tannic acid (as'id), n. an astringent 
principle in oak bark, and gall-nuts. 
Also tannin. 

tanning (tan'ing), n. the process of 
converting hides into leather. 

tansy (tan'zi), n. a bitter aromatic 
plant with small yellow flowers. 

tantalization (tan-tal-i-za'shun) , n. 
the act of tantalizing; state of being 
tantalized. [Latin.] 

tantalize (tan'tal-iz), v.t. to tease or 
torment by exciting hopes or fears 
which will not be realized; provoke: 
from the classic fable of Tantalus. 

tantalizing (tan'tal-Iz-ing), adj. teas- 
ing or tormenting. 

tantamount m (tan'ta-mount) , adj. 
equivalent in value or significa- 
tion. 

tantivy (tan-tiv'i), n. a gallop: adv. 
swiftly. 

tantrum (tan'trum), n. a sudden out- 
burst of temper or passion. 

tap (tap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapped, 
p.pr. tapping], to strike or touch 
lightly; broach (a vessel) to let out 
a fluid; put a new sole or heel on;, 
find a new outlet for; bore into: n. 
a gentle blow, or touch; pat; place 
where liquor is drawn and retailed; 
pipe through which liquor is drawn 
from a cask. 

tape (tap), n. a narrow band of linen 
or cotton cloth. 

taper (ta'per), n. small wax candle; 
small light: adj. growing smaller or 
regularly narrowed towards the 
point, or from the bottom to the 
top: v.i. to become gradually more 
slender: v.t. to narrow to a point. 

tapering (ta/per-ing), adj. gradually 
diminishing towards a point. 

tapestry (tap'es-tri), n. a textile 
fabric of wool or silk ornamented 
with a raised ; design, figures, &c. f 
used for hangings: v.t. [p.t : & p.p. 
tapestried, p.pr. tapestrying], to 
hang, or adorn with, tapestry. 

tapestry carpet (kar'pet), n. a 
kind of carpet somewhat resembling 
Brussels. 

tapeti (tap'et-i), n. a South American 
hare. 

tapeworm (tap'werm), n. a flat rib- 
bon-like intestinal worm (Taenia 
solium) . 

tapioca (tap-i-o'ka) , n. a farinaceous 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ;, 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TAPIR 



823 



TASIMETER 



food obtained from the root of the 
cassava. [Spanish.] 

tapir (ta'per), n. a South American 
quadruped allied to the hog. 

tapis (ta-pe'), n. a carpet. [French.] 

tappet (tap'et), n. a small lever or 
projection for changing or regulat- 
ing motion. 

tapping (tap'ing), n. a tap; act of tap- 
ping; a surgical operation for the 
relief of dropsy. 

taproot (tap 'root), n. the main root 
of a plant. 

taps (taps), n. the military bugle call 
at night meaning "lights out!" 
It is sounded also at the burial of a 
soldier. 

tapster (tap'ster), n. one whose busi- 
ness is to draw liquor from a cask. 

tar (tar), n. a thick, dark-biown, oily, 
viscous substance obtained by distil- 
lation from pine, or fir trees, coal, 
&c; a sailor: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tarred, 
p.pr. tarring], to smear with, or as 
with, tar. 

tarantass (tar-an-tas'), n, a large 
four-wheeled Russian springless car- 
riage. 

tarantella (tar-an-tel'a) , n. a wild, 
rapid Neapolitan dance; music for 
such a dance. 

tarantula (tar-an'tu-la) , n. a large 
spider whose bite was formerly sup- 
posed to produce an irresistible 
mania for dancing. _ [Italian.] 

taraxacin (tar-aks'a-sin) , n. the bitter 
crystalline principle of the root of 
the dandelion. _ 

tarboosh (tar-boosh') , n. a kind of 
red fez with a blue tassel worn by 
Orientals. 

tardily (tar'di-li), adv. slowly. 

tardiness (tar'di-nes), n. slowness of 
pace or motion; reluctance. 

tardy (tar'di), adj. [comp. tardier, su- 
perl. tardiest], moving with a slow 
pace or motion; dilatory; reluctant; 
late. 

tare (tar), n. darnel; weight of the 
cask, package, &c, which contains 
the commodity which is weighed 
with it and for which an allowance 
is made. 

target (tar'get), n. a small shield; 
butt or mark set up for rifle and ar- 
tillery practice. 

tariff (tar'if), n. sl schedule or table 



of dutiable goods, specifying the cu^ 
toms rates, &c, to be paid or al- 
lowed on articles exported or im- 
ported; a duty levied according tc 
such a schedule: v.t. to fix a duty on 

tarlatan (tar'la-tan), n. a thin, trans= 
parent dress-muslin. [Italian.] 

tarn (tarn), n. a small mountain 
lake; marsh. 

tarnish (tar'nish), v.t. to diminish 
the luster of; sully: v.i. to lose lus- 
ter; become dull. 

taro (tar'6), n. a plant of the Arum 
kind, the roots of which are used for 
food by the South Sea Islanders. 

tarpaulin (tar-paw 'lin ) , n. stout water- 
proof canvas. 

tarry (tar'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tarried, 
p.pr. tarrying], to stay behind; de- 
lay; linger. 

tarsal (tar'sal), adj. pertaining to 
the tarsus. 

tarsia (tar'si-a), n. a kind of mediaeval 
Italian wood inlaying. 

tarsus (tar'sus), n. [pi. tarsi (tar'si)], 
the instep, consisting of several 
bones: pi. the connective cartilages- 
of the eyelids; foot of an insect or 
crustacean. 

tart (tart), adj. sharp to the taste; 
acid; severe; keen: n. small open 
pie. 

tartan (tar'tan), n. woolen cloth, 
checkered with various colors; small 
Mediterranean coasting vessel: adj. 
made from, or like, tartan. 

tartar (tar'tar), n. the yellowish earthy 
substance deposited on the teeth. 

Tartar, n. an inhabitant of Tartary 
(also Tatar) ; a person of keen, ir- 
ritable temper. 

Tartarean (tar-ta're-an), adj. per- 
taining to Tartarus or Hell; in- 
fernal. [Latin.] _ 

tartar emetic (e-met'ik), adj. anti- 
mony combined with potassium and 
tartaric acid. 

tartaric acid (tar-tar'ik as'id), n. an 
acid found in the juice of grapes c 
berries, &c. 

Tartarus (tar'ta-rus) , n. the deep and 
sunless abyss of the infernal re- 
gions; Hades. 

tartly (tart'li), adv. in a sharp, acid,, 
unpleasant manner. 

tasimeter (ta-sim'e-ter) , n. an elec- 
trical instrument for measuring 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not: boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TASK 



824 



TAX 



minute variations in temperature, 
moisture, motion, &c. 

task (task), n. business or study im- 
posed by another; usually a definite 
amount; lesson to be learned; duty; 
burdensome employment: v.t. to im- 
pose a task upon; burden. [French.] 

taskmaster (task'mas-ter) , n. one who 
oversees the performance of a task. 

tassel (tas'l), n. a pendent ornament of 
silk, wool, &c; a male goshawk; 
pendent flower or head of certain 
plants, as maize. 

tasseled (tas'ld), p. adj. adorned with 
tassels. 

tasset (tas'et), n. armor protecting 
the front of the thigh. 

taste (tast), v.t. to perceive by the 
tongue* and palate; obtain pleasure 
from; test by eating or sipping a lit- 
tle; participate in; experience: v.i. 
to try by the palate; have a flavor; 
enjoy moderately: n. the sensation 
produced on the tongue and palate 
by something taken into the mouth ; 
quality or flavor; relish; trial; ex- 
periment; intellectual relish or dis- 
cernment of the sublime or beauti- 
ful; choice of pleasures, pursuits, 
&c; a sample. [Old French.] 

tasteful (tast'fool), adj. savory; char- 
acterized by, or showing, good taste. 

tastefully (tasff oo-li) , adv. in a taste- 
ful manner. 

tasteless (tast'les), adj. insipid; with- 
out taste. 

tastily (tast'i-li), adv. with good taste. 

tasty (tast'i), adj. showing taste; 
savory. 

tat (tat), n. coarse cloth made from 
jute; pony. [East Indian.] 

tatt (tat), v.t. to make by tatting. 

tatter (ta't'er), n. a loose hanging rag: 
pi. rags: v.t. to make ragged; rend. 

tatterdemalion (tat-ter-de-mal'yun) , 
n. a ragged fellow. 

tattie (tat'i), n. a split bamboo door 
or window screen, over which water 
is made to trickle to cool the air 
[East Indian]. Also tatty. 

tatting (tat'ing), n. a kind of narrow 
lace for edging, made with a small 
hand-shuttle; art of making such 
kind of lace. 

tattle (tat'l), v.i. to talk idly or trifling- 
ly; prate; tell tales or secrets: n. 
trifling or idle talk. 



tattoo (tat-too'), n. a beat of drum, es- 
pecially for warning soldiers to re- 
tire to their quarters; marks or fig- 
ures made by puncturing the skin 
with a needle and rubbing a stain or 
dye into the wounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
tattooed, p.pr. tattooing], to mark 
permanently (the skin) by punctur- 
ing it and staining .the wounds. 

tattooing (tat-too 'nig), n. the opera- 

. tion or practice of tattooing the 
body. [Dutch.] 

tau (tow), n. the Greek letter T. 

Taube (tow'be), n. a type of aircraft 
of bird-like shape [German Taube, 
dove]; the type came especially into 
notice through use by the Germans 
in the European War, 1914-1916. 

taught (tawt), p.t. & p.p. of teach. 

taunt (tant or tawnt), adj. lofty: n. 
bitter or sarcastic reproach; scoff; 
insulting invective: v.t. to reproach 
with bitter, sarcastic, or insulting 
language; revile. 

tauriform (taw'ri-form), adj. having 
the form of a bull. [Latin.] 

taut (tawt), adj. tight; stretched; 
snug; secure. 

tautog (taw-tog'), n. a North Amer- 
ican edible fish. 

tautological (taw-to-loj'ik-al), adj. of 
the nature of tautology. 

tautology (taw-tol'o-ji), n. repetition 
or sameness of words or ideas. [Latin.] 

tavern (tav'ern), n. an inn or public- 
house; a hotel. 

taw (taw), v.t. to dress (skins) to 
make them into leather: n. sl game 
at marbles; a marble to be played 
with. 

tawdrily (taw'dri-li) , adv. gaudily. 

tawdriness (taw'dri-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being tawdry. 

tawdry (taw'dri), adj. showy or fine 
without elegance"; gaudily dressed. 

tawniness (taw'ni-nes) n. the state or 
quality of being tawny. 

tawny (taw'ni), adj. of a yellowish- 
brown color. 

taws (tawz), n.pl. a leathern strap 
with one end cut into fringes, used 
as an instrument of punishment 
[Scotch]. Also tawse. 

tax (taks) , n. a rate or duty on income 
or property; excise; impost; bur- 
densome or oppressive duty: v.t. to 
impose a rate or duty upon for state 



ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



: 



TAXABILITY 



825 



TEDIOUS 



or municipal purposes; burden or 
oppress; accuse. 

taxability (taks-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being taxable. 

taxable (taks'a-bl), adj. subject or 
liable to taxation. 

taxation (taks-a'shun), n. the act of 
taxing; rate or tax imposed; system 
of raising revenues. 

taxicab (taks'i-kab) , n. an auto-cab that 
records the time and length of trip. 

taxidermist (taks'i-der-mist), n. one 
who is skilled in taxidermy. 

taxidermy (taks'i-der-mi),n. the art of 
stuffing and arranging specimens of 
natural history. _ [Greek.] 

taximeter (taks-im'e-ter), n. the 
recording device in_a taxicab. 

taxonomy (taks-on'o-mi) , n. that de- 
partment of natural history which 
treats of the laws and principles of 
classification. 

tazza (tat'sa), n. an ornamental cup 
or vase with a large shallow bowl, a 
foot L and sometimes handles. 

tea (te), n. the prepared leaves of the 
tea plant (Thea Sinensis) ; the bev- 
erage obtained by the infusion of 
the dried leaves; afternoon repast at 
which tea is served; an infusion of 
other substances, as beef: v.i. to 
take te_a. [Chinese.] 

teach (tech), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. taught, 
p.pr. teaching], to impart knowledge 
to; instruct; inform; cause to learn 
or acquire skill in: v.i. to give in- 
struction. 

teachable (tech'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being taught; docile. 

teacher (tech'er), n. one who teaches; 
an instructor. 

teaching (tech'ing), n. instruction. 

teacup (te'kup), n. a cup in which 
tea is served. 

teak (tek), n. a very hard durable 
timber obtained from an Indian tree. 

teal (tel), n. a species of small, wild, 
fresh-water duck. 

team (tern), n. two or more horses, 
&c, harnessed to the same vehicle 
for drawing; litter; 6rood; number 
of persons associated together to 
form a side in a game, or to perform 
a certain piece of work. 

teamster (tem'ster), n. the driver of 
a team. 

team-work (tem'werk), n. work done 



after practice together in a team, 
as base-ball, foot-ball, &c. 

tear (ter), n. a small drop of the 
watery fluid secreted by the lachry- 
mal gland of the eye; anything tear- 
like, or shaped like a tear. 

tear (tar), v.t [p.t. tore, p.p. torn, p.pr. 
tearing], to separate by violence; 
rend; disrupt; lacerate: v.i. to be 
rent; rave or rant: n. a rent. 

tearful (ter'fool), adj. shedding tears. 

tease (tez), v.t. to comb or unravel, 
as wool or flax; separate the fibers 
of; irritate or annoy; vex by petty 
requests or raillery: n. one who 
teases. _ 

teasel (te'zl), n. a biennial plant, with 
hooked burrs, which are used foi 
raising the nap of woolen cloth. 

teaspoon (te'spoon), n. a small spoon 
in size between a dessert and an 
afterdinner-coffee spoon. 

teat (tet), n. the nipple of the female 
breast; mammilla. 

techiness (tech'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being techy. 

technic (tek'nik), adj. pertaining to 
the mechanical arts; relating to art, 
science, or to a particular profes- 
sion. Also technical: n.pl. those 
branches of learning which relate to 
the arts ; doctrine of arts in general. 

technique (tek-nek'), n. artistic ex- 
ecution. [French, from Greek.] 

technological (tek-no-loj'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to technology. [Greek.] 

technologist (tek-nol'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in technology. 

technology (tek-nol'o-ji), n. the 
science of the industrial arts. # 

techy (tech'i), adj. peevish; irritable. 

tectonics (tek-ton'iks), n. the science 
or art of construction. 

ted (ted), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tedded, 
p.pr. tedding], to turn or spread for 
drying, as new-mown hay. 

teddy-bear (ted'i-bar), n. a name ap- 
plied to toy bears, in allusion to 
Theodore Roosevelt. 

Te Deum (te de'um), n. an ancient 
hymn of the Christian Church sung 
at matins and on occasions of thanks- 
giving: said to have been composed 
by Ambrosius, Bishop of Milan. 

tedious (te'di-us), adj. wearisome 
by continuance or repetition; tire- 
some. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



TEDIUM 



826 



TELESCRIPTOR 



tedium (te'di-um) , n. wearisomeness. 

tee (te), n. the mark aimed at in 
quoits and curling; in golf, a small 
mound upon which the ball is placed 
before first striking it, or "teeing- 
off"; nodule of earth from which 
the ball is struck at golf; umbrella- 
shaped flnial of a Buddhist tope; 
short piece of connective pipe. 

teem (tern), v.i. to be prolific; be 
full; be stocked to overflowing. 

teeming (tem'ing), p. adj. prolific. 

teen (ten), n. sorrow: pi. years of 
one's age ending in teen. 

teepee (te-pe'), n. a wigwam. 

teeter (te'ter), v.i. to see-saw. 

teeth, pi. of_ tooth. 

teething (teeing) , n. dentition. # 

teetotal (te-to'tal), adj. . pertaining 
to teetotalers or teetotalism. 

teetotaler (te-to'tal-er) , n. a total 
abstainer. 

teetotalism (te-to'tal-izm) , n. t entire 
abstinence from intoxicating liquors. 

teetotum (te-to'tum), n. an Indian 
amulet; a child's toy used in games 
of chance; a kind of refreshment 
house for the working classes. 

tegmen (teg'men), n. [pi. tegmina 
(teg'mi-na)], a covering; inner layer 
of the coating of a seed: pi. scaly 
coat of the leaf-buds of trees. 

tegument (teg'u-ment) , n. natural 
covering or envelope; skin. 

tehee (te-he r ), n. a titter: v.i. to tit- 
ter. 

teil (tel), n. the linden. 

teinoscope (ti'no-skop) , n. a prism- 
telescope for the correction of the 
chromatic aberration of light. 
[Greek.] 

telamon (tel'a-mon), n. [pi. tela- 
mones (tel-a-mo'nez)], a figure of a 
man, usually colossal, used as a col- 
umn or pilaster. [Latin.] 

telautograph (tel-aw'to-graf ) , n. a 
telegraphic instrument, invented by 
Elisha Gray, for reproducing writings 
or drawings at a distance. 

teledu (tel'e-doo), n. the stinking 
badger of Java and Sumatra. 

telegram (tel'e-gram) , n. a telegraphic 
communication. [Greek.] 

telegraph (tere-graf), n. an instru- 
ment or apparatus for communicat- 
ing intelligence rapidly between cer- 
tain points, especially by means of 



electricity: v.t. to convey by tele- 
graph. 

telegrapher (te-leg'ra-f er) , n. one who 
sends telegraphic messages; teleg- 
raphist. 

telegraphic (tel-e-graf 'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, done by means of, or 
communicated by, telegraph. 

telegraphically (tel-e-graf 'i-ka-li) ,adv. 
by telegraph. 

telegraphist (te-leg'ra-fist) , n. one 
skilled in telegraphy. 

telegraphone (te-leg'ra-f on), n. a 
voice-reproducing instrument in 
which # local magnetization is the 
agent instead of an indented record. 

telegraphy (te-leg'ra-fi) , n. the sci- 
ence m or art of constructing and 
working telegraphs. 

telekino (tel-e-ke'no), n. an appara- 
tus for transmission of electrical 
energy for power without a conduct- 
ing wire. 

telepathy (te-lep'a-thi), n. the trans- 
ference of thought from one person 
to another by the exercise of the 
will. [Greek.] 

telephone (tel'e-fon), n. an instru- 
ment for transmitting sound to a 
distance by means of electricity: 
v.t. & v.i. to communicate by tele- 
phone. [Greek.] 

telephonic (tel-e-f on'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or conveyed by means of, 
the telephone. 

telephonist (te-lef 'o-nist) , n. one 
who is skilled in, or operates, a tele- 
phone. 

telephot (tel'e-fot), n. an attach- 
ment for a camera which greatly 
minimizes distance. 

telephotography (tel-e-f o-tog'ra-fi) , 
n. the reproduction of distant photo- 
graphs by aid of the telegraph. 

telepost (tel'e-post) , m n. a system of 
telegraphing by aid of a punched 
tape by which messages are sent 
with great rapidity. 

telescope (tel'e-skop\, n. an optical 
instrument for viewing objects at a 
distance: v.t. to drive into one an- 
other, as railway carriages in col- 
lision. 

telescopist (tel'e-sko-pist) , n. one who 
is skilled in using the telescope. 

telescriptor (tel'e-skrip-tor) , m n. an 
electrically operated typewriter. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TELESTEREOG RAPH 



827 



TEN 



*.elestereo graph (tel-e-ster'e r 6-graf ) , 
n. an apparatus for telegraphic trans- 
mission of writing, drawings and 
photographs. 

tell (tel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. told, p.pr. 
telling], to express or" make known 
by words; narrate; enumerate; ex- 
plain; communicate; confess. 

teller (tel'er), n. one who tells, nar- 
rates, or communicates; a bank 
clerk whose duty is to receive and 
pay money over the counter. 

telling (tel'ing), n. the act of relating: 
adj. effective. 

telltale (tel'tal), adj. telling tales: n. 
a person who officiously or mali- 
ciously divulges the private con- 
cerns of others; an automatic de- 
vice for counting or indicating. > 

telluric (tel-u'rik), adj. pertaining 
to, or derived from, the earth or 
the metal tellurium. 

tellurium (tel-u'ri-um) , n. a rare ele- 
ment usually found associated with 
other metals. [Latin.] 

telotype (tel'o-tlp), n. an electric 
telegraph that prints the message. 

telpherage (i^l'fer-aj), n. a system of 
automatic naulage by electricity. 

temerity (te-mer'i-ti), n. foolhardi- 
ness; rashness; precipitancy. 

temper (tem'per), v.t. to modify or 
regulate; qualify; assuage; calm; 
bring to a due proportion; bring to 
a proper degree of elasticity or hard- 
ness: n. due proportion of different 
qualities or ingredients; state of a 
metal as to its hardness or elastic- 
ity; mental disposition; equanimity; 
mood; natural inclinations; heat of 
mind or passion; irritation. [French.] 

temperament (tem'per-a-ment)^ n. 
natural constitution or organization ; 
an unequal mixture of opposite or 
different qualities. 

temperamental (tem-per-a-ment'al) , 
adj. pertaining to temperament, 
especially to its abnormal phases. 

temperance (tem'per-ans), n. modera- 
tion, especially in respect to the ap- 
petites or passions; patience; so- 
briety; total abstinence. 

temperate (tem'per-at), adj. moderate; 
not characterized by passion or in- 
dulgence of the appetites; abstemi- 
ous; calm; not liable to excess of 
heat or cold. 



temperately (tem'per-at-li), adv. mod- 
erately. 

temperateness (tem'per-at-nes) , n, 
the state or quality of being tenv 
perate. 

temperature (tem'per-a-tur), n. state 
of a body with respect to sensible 
heat; degree of any quality. 

tempered (tem'perd), adj. constitu- 
tionally disposed; hardened. 

tempest (tem'pest), n. wind rushing 
with great violence, usually accom- 
panied by rain, hail, &c; hurricane; 
tumult. [Old French..] _ 

tempestuous (tem-pes'tu-us), adj. 
very stormy; pertaining to, or like, 
a tempest; violent. 

Templar (tem'plcr), n. one of a reli- 
gious and military order, especially 
in the twelfth century. 

template (tem'plat), n. a mold or 
pattern used by masons, brick- 
layers, &c, in cutting or setting out 
their work. Also templet. 

temple (tem'pl), n. an edifice for the 
worship of a deity or deities; resi- 
dence of a divinity; place of public 
worship; the flat part of either side 
of the head above the check-bones. 

temporal (tera'po-ral), adj. pertaining 
to time; secular; measured or re- 
stricted by time; civil or political, 

temporality (tem-po-ral'i-ti) , n. that 
which relates to temporal and 
secular routine spiritual affairs. 

temporarily (tem'po-ra-ri-li), adv. for 
a time. [Latin.] 

temporariness (tem'po-ra-ri-nes), n c 
the state of being temporary. 

temporary (tem'po-ra-ri), adj. exist- 
ing or continuing for a limited time 
or some special purpose. 

temporize (tem'po-riz), v.i. to comply 
with the times; yield to current 
opinion; parley; delay. 

tempt (tempt), v.t. to put to trial; 
test; persuade to evil; defy; allure; 
entice. [Latin.] 

temptation (temp-t a/shun) , n. the 
state of being tempted ; enticement, 
especially to evil. 

tempter (temp'ter), n. one who 
tempts; the Devil (with the). Fern. 
temptress. 

tempting (temp 'ting), adj. alluring ; 
seductive. 

ten (ten), adj. one more than 9^ 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book * 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TEN ABILITY 



828 



TENSION 



twice 5: n. the sum of 5 and 5; ten 
units. 

fcenability (ten-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state 
or quality of being tenable. Also 
tenableness. 

tenable (ten'a-bl), adj. capable of be- 
ing held, maintained, or defended. 

tenace (ten 'as), n. in whist, the hold- 
ing by the fourth hand of the best 
and third best of the suit led. 

tenacious (te-na'shus) , adj. holding 
fast or firmly; cohesive; tough; ob- 
stinate. [Latin.] 

tenacity (te-nas'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being tenacious ; cohesive- 
ness; adhesiveness. 

tenancy (ten'an-si), n. [pi. tenan- 
cies (ten'an-siz)], the holding of land 
or tenements on certain conditions 
and for a specified time; tenure. 

tenant (ten 'ant), n. one who holds 
lands or tenements on certain con- 
ditions and for a specified time; oc- 
cupant: v.t. to hold as a tenant. 

tenantry (ten'ant-ri), n. tenants col- 
lectively. [French.] 

tench (tench), n. a fresh-water fish 
of the carp kind. 

Jend (tend), v.t. to care for; attend; 
watch over or protect; accompany; 
swing at the turn of the tide: said 
of a vessel: v.i. to move in a par- 
ticular direction ; be directed to any 
end or purpose ; contribute. 

tendency (ten 'den-si ) , n. inclina- 
tion; aim; direction or course. 

tender (ten'der), adj. easily impressed 
or injured; sensitive; soft; not 
hard; weak and feeble; easily in- 
fluenced by love, pity, &c; com- 
passionate; pathetic; gentle; care- 
ful: n. a vehicle attached to a loco- 
motive containing coal and water; 
smaller vessel attending a larger 
one ; an offer or proposal for accept- 
ance; offer of a sum due in money 
under specified legal conditions: 
v.t. to offer for acceptance: v.i. to 
make an offer to do certain work or 
supply certain goods for a specified 
price. [French.] 

tenderfoot (ten'der-foqt), n. one who 
is new to life in a mining region or 
frontier district. 

tenderling (ten'der-ling) , n. one of 
the first horns of a deer; one made 
tender by excessive care or affection. 



tenderloin (ten'der-loin) , n. the ten- 
der part of a loin of beef, pork, &c; 
figuratively, the district in any city 
(originally New York) where money 
is easily made by criminals as often 
as by the officers of the law who con- 
done their acts. 

tenderness (ten'der-nes), n. kindness; 
benevolence ; sensibility ; pathos ; 
caution; soreness. 

tending (tend'ing), n. the act of at- 
tending; the swinging round of a 
vessel upon her anchor. 

tendinous (ten'din-us), adj. per- 
taining to a tendon; sinewy. 

tendon (ten 'dun), n. the hard bundle 
of fibers which connects the muscles 
to the bones. 

tendril (ten'dril), n. the slender, twin- 
ing part of a plant which attaches 
itself to a supporting body. 

tenement (ten'e-ment), n. a house, 
shop, land, &c, held by a tenant; 
dwelling house; suite of rooms; any 
kind of permanent property, as land, 
rents, &c. 

tenet (ten'et), n. a doctrine, dogma, 
opinion, or belief held or maintained 
as true. 

tenfold (ten 'fold), adj. & adv. ten 
times as much or as many. 

tennis (ten 'is), n. a game played with 
rackets. 

tenon (ten'un), n. the end of a timber 
cut wedge-shaped for fitting into a 
mortise in another timber: v.t. to 
form tenons in. 

tenor (ten'er), n. manner of con- 
tinuity; general tendency or drift; 
purport or substance; exact copy 
of a writing; the highest of adult 
male voices between bass and alto: 
adj. pertaining to, or adapted for, 
tenor. 

tenor- clef (ten'er-klef ) , n. the C clef, 
when placed on the third line of the . 
staff. 

tense (tens), adj. drawn tightly; 
rigid; not lax: n. a modification in 
the inflection of a verb, expressing 
time of action. [Latin.] 

tensely (tens'li), adv. with tension. 

tenseness (tens'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being tense. Also ten- 
sility. 

tensile (ten'sil), adj. ductile. 

tension (ten'shun), n. the act of 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TENSOR 



829 



TERMINUS 



stretching or straining; the state of 
being stretched; mental strain'; 
strong excitement of feeling; ex- 
pansive or elastic force. 

tensor (ten'ser), n. a muscle that 
stretches or tightens a membrane. 

tent (tent), n. a temporary shelter or 
habitation, usually of canvas, sup- 
ported by poles and ropes; Recha- 
bite lodge; plug or roll of lint for 
dilating a wound, &c; a variety of 
sacramental wine. [French.] 

tentacle m (ten 'ta-kl) , n. a process or 
organ in certain invertebrate ani- 
mals used for feeling, prehension, or 
locomotion. 

tentacular (ten-tak'u-lar) , adj. per- 
taining to tentacles. 

tentaculum (ten-tak'u-lum), n. [pi. 
tentacula (ten-tak'u-la)J, a tentacle. 

tentative (ten'ta-tiv) , adj. experimen- 
tal. [Latinj • 

tentatively (ten'ta-tiv-li) , adv. by 
experiment. 

tenter (ten'ter), n. a frame for stretch- 
ing cloth on by hooks; a tenter- 
hook: v.t. to hang or stretch on 
tenters. 

-tenter-hook (ten'ter-hook) , n. a 
sharp hooked nail; anything that 
painfully strains. 

tenth (tenth), adj. next in order af- 
ter the ninth; the ordinal of ten. 

tenuity (te-nu'i-ti) , n. thinness; rar- 
ity. [Latin.] 

tenuous (ten'u-us), adj. slender; not 
dense. 

tenure (ten'ur), n. conditions under 
which a tenement is held; right or 
manner of holding real estate; man- 
ner of holding; term of holding. 

tepefaction (tep-e-f ak'shun) , n. the 
act of warming or making tepid. 

tepefy (tep'e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tepe- 
fied, p.m. tepefying], to make tepid: 
v.i. to become tepid. [Latin.] 

tepid (tep'id), adj. moderately warm; 
lukewarm. 

tepidity (te-pid'i-ti) , n. moderate 
warmth. Also tepidness. 

ter, a Latin prefix meaning three times. 

teraph (ter'af), n. [pi. teraphim 
(teVa-fim)], a tutelary household god 
or image, consulted by the ancient 
Hebrews as an oracle. 

teratology (ter-a-tol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of biology which treats of 



malformations or deviations from 
the normal type of animal and plant 
structure. 

terce (ters), same as tierce. 

tercel (ter'sel), n. the male of the 
falcon. Also tassel. 

tercentenary (ter-sen'te-na-ri) , adj. 
comprising 300 years: n. a day or 
function commemorating some event 
occurring 300 years before. 

tercine (ter 'sin), n. the outer coat of 
the ovule of a plant; chorium. 

terebinth (ter'e-binth) , n. the turpen- 
tine-tree. 

terebinthine (ter-e-bin'thin) , adj. per- 
taining to, of the nature of, or like, 
turpentine. 

tergiversation (ter-jiv-er-sa'shun), n, 
evasion; subterfuge. < 

term (term), n. a limit or boundary; 
limited time; subject or predicate of 
a proposition; number of a com- 
pound mathematical quantity; ex- 
pression; condition or arrangement; 
word or expression noting something 
peculiar to an art or science; time 
during which the law courts are 
open; time during which instruc- 
tion is given in universities, schools, 
&c. ; time when rent is paid [Scotch]: 
pi. conditions or stipulations: v.t, 
to name, designate, or express. 

termagant (ter'ma-gant) , adj. noisy 
and violent: n. a noisy, violent wom- 
an. [Old French.] 

terminable (ter'mi-na-bl) , adj. liable 
to be terminated or brought to a close. 

terminal (ter'mi-nal) , adj. pertaining 
to the end or extremity; arranged 
according to the terminations: n. a 
limit or boundary; end; one of the 
ends of a conducting circuit of a 
dynamo, &c. [Latin.] 

terminate (ter'mi-nat), v.t. to limit or 
bound ; end : v. i. to be limited or ended . 

termination (ter-mi-na/shun), n. the 
act of terminating; a bound or limit ; 
end; conclusion or result; final syl- 
lable or letter. 

terminator (ter'mi-na-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, terminates; the 
dividing fine between the illuminat- 
ed and non-illuminated part of the 
moon. 

terminology (ter-miynol'o-ji) , n. the 
definition of technical terms. 

terminus (ter'mi-nus) , n. [pi. termim 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut : think, then. 



TERMITE 



830 



TESTAMENT 



(ter'mi-nl)], a limit or boundary; 
station at the end of a railway. 

termite (ter'mit), n. the white ant. 

termless (term'les), adj. of boundless 
extent or duration. 

tern (tern), n. an aquatic bird allied 
to the gull: adj. arranged in threes. 

ternary (ter'na-ri), adj. proceeding 
by, or consisting of, threes: n. the 
number 3. 

Terpsichorean (terp-si-ko-re'an) , adj. 
pertaining to Terpsichore or to 
dancing. [Greek.] 

terra (ter'a), n. the earth; earth. 

terrace (ter'as), n. a raisedlevel space 
or platform of earth with sloping 
sides, usually laid with turf; flat 
roof on an oriental house; large 
open balcony or gallery; row of 
houses: v.t. to form into a terrace^ 

terra cotta (kot'a), n. a composition 
of fine clay and sand used for stat- 
ues, &c, and hardened by heat; a 
work of art executed in terra cotta. 

terralig (ter'a-lig), n. an artificial 
fuel without odor or smoke. 

terrapin (ter'a-pin), n. a species of 
fresh-water tortoise, much esteemed 
for food. 

terraqueous (ter-a'kwe-us) , adj. con- 
sisting of land and water. [Latin.] 

terrene (ter-renO, adj. earthy; mun- 
dane. 

terrestrial (ter-es'tri-al), adj. pertain- 
ing to, existing on, or consisting of, 
earth; belonging to the present 
world; not celestial. ( [Latin.] 

terrestrially (ter-es'tri-a-li) , adv. in a 
terrestrial manner. 

terret (ter'et), n. one of the rings on 
a harness-pad through which the 
driving reins pass. 

terrible (ter'i-bl), adj. exciting or 

I causing fear or awe; dreadful; ex- 

• treme; severe. [Latin.] 

terribleness (ter'i-bl-nes) , n. dread- 
fulness. 

terribly (ter'i-bli), adv. violently; 
dreadfullv. 

terrier (ter'i-er), n. a breed of small 
doer<=;. 

terrify (ter'i-fi), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. terri- 
fied, p.pr. terrifying], to frighten or 
alarm exceedingly. 

territorial (ter-i-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to a territory; limited to a 
particular district. [Latin.] 



territorially (ter-i-to'ri-a-li) , adv. as 
regards territory. # 

territory (ter'i-to-ri) , n. [pi. territo- 
ries (ter'i-to-riz)], the extent of land 
within the jurisdiction of a state, 
sovereign, city, &c; large tract of 
land. 

Territory, n. an undeveloped region, 
under a temporary government, that 
ultimately may become a State; 
e.g. the United States and Canadian 
Territories. 

terror (ter'er), n. extreme fear; fright; 
one who excites extreme fear. 

terrorism (ter'er-izm) , n. a system of 
government by terror; intimidation. 

terrorist (ter'er-ist) , n. one who 
governs by terror, especially an 
agent of the revolutionary tribunal 
during the Reign of Terror in France. 

terrorize (ter'er-iz), v.t. to intimidate 
or coerce by terror. [Latin.] 

terry (ter'i), n. a heavy corded pile 
fabric. 

terse (ters), adj. elegantly and forci- 
bly concise. [Latin.] 

tersely (ters'li), adv. in a terse manner. 

terseness (ters'nes), n. quality of be- 
ing terse. 

tertian (ter'shan) , adj. occurring, or 
recurring, every third day: n. an in- 
termittent fever the paroxysms of 
which recur every third day. 

tertiary (teVshi-a-ri) , adj. of the third 
order, rank, or formation. [Latin.] 

tessellate (tes'el-at), v.t. to lay with 
squares or checkered work. [Latin.] 

tessera (tes'e-ra), n. [pi. tesserae 
(tes'e-re)], a cube of marble, glass, 
&c, used in mosaic work. [Latin.] 

test (test), n. anything by which the 
nature of a substance is tried; ex- 
amination by a cupel; standard; 
discrimination; proof: v.t. to put to 
the proof; compare with a stand- 
ard ; try ; refine in a cupel ; examine 
or try by means of a reagent. 

testa (tes'ta), n. [pi. testae (tes'te)]. 
the outer integument or covering of 
a seed; shelly covering of certain 
animals. [Latin.] 

testaceous (tes-ta'shus) , adj. consist- 
ing of, or having, a hard shell. 

testacy (tes'ta-si), n. the state or fact ; 
of leaving a valid will. 

testament (tes'ta-ment) , n. a solemn, 
authentic instrument in writing dis- 



ate. arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TESTAMENT 



831 



TEUTONIC 



posing of the estate of a person 
deceased; will. [Latin.] 

Testament, n. one of the two great 
divisions of the Bible. 

testamentary (tes-ta-men'ta-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, bequeathed by, or 
done by, a will. Also testamental. 

testate (tes'tat), adj. having left a 
will. 

testator (tes-ta/ter), n. one who makes 
and leaves a will. Fern, testatrix. 

tester (tes'ter), n. an old English 
coin, value 6d.; a flat canopy; one 
who tests. 

testicle (tes'ti-kl), n. one of the two 
glands which secrete the seminal 
fluid in males. 

testify (tes'ti-fl), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. testi- 
fied, p.pr. testifying], to bear wit- 
ness; make a solemn declaration; 
give evidence: v.t. affirm or declare 
solemnly on oath; bear witness to. 

testily (tes'ti-li), adv. in a testy man- 
ner. 

testimonial (tes-ti-mo'ni-al), n. sl 
writing or certificate bearing testi- 
mony to character, proficiency, &c; 
a present given as a token of respect ; 
acknowledgment of services ren- 
dered, &c: adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, testimony. 

testimony (tes'ti-mo-ni), n. [pi. testi- 
monies (tes'ti-mo-niz)], evidence; 
proof; solemn declaration: profes- 
sion; the two tables of the Law; 
divine revelation. 

testiness (test'i-nes), n. peevishness. 

testing (test'ing), n. the operation of 
refining gold and silver; assay; 
proof; trial. 

testis (tes'tis), n. [pi. testes (tes'tez)], 
a testicle. 

testudinal (tes-tu'di-nal), adj. tor- 
toiselike. 

testudinate (tes-tu'di-nat), adj. arched 
like a tortoise's shell. 

testudo_ (tes-tu'do), n. [pi. testudines 
(tes-tu'di-nez)], a protective cover- 
ing used, by the ancient Roman 
soldiers in besieging a city, by 
overlapping their shields ; a screen to 
shelter miners in places likely to 
cave in; an encysted tumor. [Latin. ] 

testy (tes'ti), adj. [comp. testier, su- 
perl. testiest], peevish; morose; ir- 
ritable. 

tetanus (tet'a-nus), n. lockjaw. 



tetchy, same as techy. 

tete-a-tete (tat-a-tat'),. n. private or 
confidential conversation; a kind of 
settee. 

tete-de-pont (tat-de pong'), n. [pi. 
tetes-de-pont], a work thrown up to 
defend the entrance of a bridge. 

tether (teth'er), n. a rope for con- 
fining an animal within certain lim- 
its; scope or freedom allowed: v.t. 
to confine, as an animal, within 
certain limits. 

tetra, a Greek prefix meaning four, as 
^^abranchiate: adj. having four 
branchiae or gills. 

tetrachord (tet'ra-kord), n. half of 
the octave scale [Music]; an in- 
strument with four strings. 

tetrad (tet'rad), n. the number 4; col- 
lection of four things; tetravalent 
radical or element. 

tetragon (tet'ra-gon), n. a plane figure 
with four sides and four angles. 

Tetragrammaton(tet-ra-grara'a-ton), 
n. the mystic number 4 symbolical 
among the ancient Jews of the Deity. 

tetrahedral (tet-ra-he'dral), adj. four- 
sided. 

tetrahedron (tet-ra-he'dron), n. a 
solid figure bounded by four tri- 
angles. 

tetralogy (te-tral'o-gi), n. in Greek a 
series of four dramas, the first three 
being tragic, and the closing one 
a so-called satyric play, ending 
happily. 

tetrameter (te-tram'e-ter), n. sl verse 
or line consisting of four measures. 

tetrapod (tet'ra-pod), n. sl four- 
footed insect. 

tetrarch (te'trark), n. a Roman gov- 
ernor whose jurisdiction extended 
over the fourth part of a province; 
petty prince. 

tetrarchate (te'trark-at), n. the office 
or jurisdiction of a tetrarch. Also 
tetrarchy. 

tetrastyle (tet'ra-stil), n. a building 
or portico with four columns in 
front. 

tetter (tet'er), n. a cutaneous disease 
characterized by itching and red- 
ness; herpes. 

Teuton (tu'ton), n. one of the Ger- 
man race. 

Teutonic (tu-ton'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the Teutons 



ate, arm> at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



r 



TEUTONISM 



832 



THEATRICAL 



or the Teutonic languages, Low 
German, Scandinavian, . and High 
German. 

Teutonism (tu'ton-izm) , n. a German- 
ism. 

texas (teks'as), n. the pilot-house, 
&c, on the hurricane deck of a 
steamer. . 

text (tekst), n. that on which a com- 
ment is written; original words of 
an author; verse, &c, of Scripture 
forming the subject of a sermon; 
topic; theme for composition, argu- 
ment, &c. : text-hand. [Old French.] 

text-book (tekst'book), n. a standard 
book of instruction. 

text-hand (tekst 'hand), n. a large 
hand in writing. 

textile (teks'til), adj. pertaining to, 
or formed by, weaving; capable of 
being woven. 

textual (teks'tu-al), adj. pertaining to, 
contained in,_or serving for, a text. 

texture (teks'tur), n. manner of weav- 
* ing; web; disposition of the several 
parts of a body in connection with 
each other; filaments or fibers inter- 
woven; tissue. 

thalamus (thal'a-mus), n. the place 
where a nerve originates or is sup- 
posed to originate; receptacle of a 
flower. [Greek.] 

thalassic (tha-las'ik), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or formed in, the sea. 

thalassography (thal-as-og'ra-fi) , n. 
the science of marine organisms. 

thaler (ta'ler), n. a German silver 
coin, value about 72 cents. 

Thalia (tha-le'a), n. the one of the 
nine Muses, who presided over 
comedy. 

thallium (thal'i-um), n. a rare me- 
tallic element. 

than (than), conj. used after the 
comparative degree of adjectives 
and adyerbs expressing diversity or 
comparison. 

thanage (than'aj), n. the district or 
jurisdiction of a thane. 

thanatoid (than'a-toid), adj death- 
like. [Greek.] 

thanatology (than-a-tol'o-ji), n. a 
treatise on, or the doctrine of, death. 

thane (than), n. a title of honor or 
dignity among the u Anglo-Saxons, 
held by persons having large terri- 
torial possessions. 



thaneship (than'ship), n. the dignity, 

state, or property of a thane. 

thank (thangk), v.t. to express grati- 
tude or obligation to. 

thankful (thangk'fool), adj. grateful. 

thankfully (thangk'foo-li), adv. grate- 
fully. 

thankless (thangk'les), adj. ungrate- 
ful; not gaming thanks. 

thanks (thangks), n.pl: an expres- 
sion of gratitude or obligation. 

thanksgiving (thangks-giv'ing), n. 
the act of expressing gratitude for 
favors and mercies; a public cele- 
bration of divine goodness; a day 
so set apart. 

Thanksgiving Dav (da), n. a day 
set apart annually, usually the last 
Thursday in November, for thanks- 
giving to God for national mercies. 

that (that), pron. & adj. [pi. those 
(thoz)], not this but the other: 
conj. because; since. 

thatch (thach), n. straw, reeds, &c, 
used for covering the roofs of cot- 
tages, stacks, &c: v.t. to cover with, 
or as with, thatch. 

thaumatrope (thaw'ma-trop), n. an 
optical toy for showing the per- 
sistence of an impression on the eye 
after the luminous object is with- 
drawn. [Greek.] 

thaumatur gic (thaw-ma-ter'jik), adj. 
pertaining to, or done by, thaumatur-. 
gy: n. legerdemain; magical feats. 

thaumatur gy (thaw'ma-ter-jji), n. 
the act of performing miracles; 
legerdemain; magic. 

thaw (thaw), v.i. to melt or become 
liquid, as ice or snow; become milder 
or more genial: v.t. to dissolve: n. 
the melting of ice or snow by rise 
of temperature. 

the (the), def. art. belonging to a partic- 
ular class, person' or thing. 

thearchy (tWar-ki), n. See theoc- 
racy. 

theater, theatre (the'a-ter), n. a pub- 
lic building where dramatic repre- 
sentations are given; large room 
arranged for lectures, anatomical 1 
demonstrations, &c; scene or sphere 
of action. [Greek.] 

theatrical (the-at'ri-kal) , adj. per- 
taining to, or adapted for, a theater, 
or scenic representations; resembling 
the manner of actors; histrionic, 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



THEATRICALLY 



833 



THEORY 



pompous: n.pl. dramatic perform- 
ances. 

theatrically (the-at'ri-ka-li) , adv. in a 
manner adapted for the stage. 

fhftatrophone (the-at'ro-fon), n. an 
automatic telephone connected with 
a theater by which a person may 
hear a dramatic performance while 
seated at home. 

thebaine (the'ba-in), n. a poisonous 
alkaloid found in opium. Also the- 
bin. 

Theban (the 'ban), adj. pertaining to 
Thebes, or to its inhabitants. 

Theban Year (yer), n. the ancient 
Egyptian year consisting of 365 
days, 6 hours. 

theca (the'ka), n. a sheath; seed-case 
of a fern. [Greek.] 

thee (the) j pron. objective case of 
thou. 

theft (theft), n. the act of stealing; 
robbery. 

theine (the'in), n. the bitter and vol- 
atile principle of tea, identical with 
caffeine in coffee. 

theirs (th&rz), pron. pi. possessive 
case of they. 

theism (the'izm), n. the belief in the 
existence of a God: opposed to 
atheist. _ [Greek.] 

theist (the'ist), n. one who believes in 
tne existence of a God: opposed to 
atheism. 

theistic (the-ist'ik), adj. pertaining to 
theism or theists. Also theistical. 

them (them), pron. the objective case 
of they. 

theme (them), n. the subject or topic 
of a discourse or dissertation; short 
essay on a given subject; radical of 
a noun or verb; series of notes se- 
lected as the subject of a new com- 
position [Musi?]. 

then (£/?en), conj. in consequence; 
therefore; in that case: adv. next; 
at that or another time; imme- 
diately. 

thence (thens), adv. from that place 
or time. 

theobromine (the-o-bro'min), n. an 
alkaloid contained in cacao-beans. 

theocracy (the-ok'ra-si), n. the govern- 
ment of a state by the immediate 
direction of God; the state thus 
governed. [Greek.] 

theociasy (the-ok'ra-si), n. a mixture 



of the worship of different deities, as 
of God and idols; the intimate 
union of the soul with God in con- 
templation. 

theocrat (the'o-krat), n. one living 
under a theocracy. 

theocratic (the-o-krat'ik), adj. per- 
taining to a theocracy; administered 
by the immediate direction of God. 

theodicy (the-od'i-si) , n. a vin- 
dication of the dealings of divine 
Providence, and the freedom of the 
uman will. 

theodolite (the-od'p-lit) , n. an instru- 
ment for measuring horizontal and 
vertical angles and ascertaining dis- 
tances and heights. 

theodolitic (the-od-o-lit'ik), a r lj. per- 
taining to, or ascertained by means 
of, the theodolite. 

theogony (the-og'o-ni), n. that branch 
of mythology which treats of the 
origin cr genealogy of ancient dei- 
ties*^ a poem treating of such gene- 
alogies. 

theologian (the-o-lo'ji-an), n. one 
versed in theology; professor of di- 
vinity; a divine. 

theological (the-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to theology. 

theology _(the-ol'o-ji), n. [j)l. theolo- 
gies (the-ol'o-jiz)], th3 science that 
treats of the existence, nature, and 
attributes of God, especially of 
man's relations to God; divinity. 

tbeophany (the-of'a-ni), n. sl mani- 
festation of God to man by actual 
experience. 

theorbo (the-or'bo), n. a kind of large 
lute with two necks. 

theorem (the'o-rem), n. a proposition 
to be proved. _ [Greek.] 

theoretical (the-o-ret'i-kal), adj. per- 
taining to, or depending on, theory; 
not practical; speculative. Also 
theoretic. 

theoretically (the-o-ret'i-ka-li), adv. 
in or by theory. _ 

theoretics (the-o-ret'iks), n.pl. the 
speculative part of a science. 

theorist (the'o-rist), n. one who theo- 
rizes; speculatist. 

theorize (the'o-riz), v.i. to form a the- 
ory or theories ; speculate. 

theory (the'6-ri), n.\pl. theories (the'= 
o-riz)], an exposition of the abstract 
principles of a science or art consid- 



ate, arm, at, awl; Hie, merge, met; mire, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 
&$ hue, hut : think, then 



THEOSOPHIC 



834 



THILL 



ered apart from practice; hypothesis; 
philosophical explanation of moral 
or physical phenomena. 

theosophic (the-o-sof 'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to theosophy or theosophists. 
Also theosophical. 

theosophism (the-os'o^fizm) , n. pre- 
tension to divine wisdom or illu- 
mination. 

theosophist (the-os'o-fist) , n. a be- 
liever in theosophy. Also theosoph. 

theosophy (the-os'6-fi) , n. a system of 
philosophy which professes to inves- 
tigate the unexplained laws of na- 
ture, the powers of man over nature, 
and the direct knowledge of God at- 
tained by extraordinary illumina- 
tion. 

therapeutic (ther-a-pu'tik) , adj. 
curative: n.pl. the art or science of 
curing diseases. 

there (#iar), adv. in that place; at 
that point or stage. 

thereafter # (£/iar-af 'ter) , adv. after- 
ward (in time). 

therefore (th&r' or £/ier'for), adv. & 
conj. for that or this reason; for 
that reason or purpose. 

thereupon y/iar-u-pon') , adv. in con- 
sequence. 

therm, a Greek prejix meaning heat. 
Also thermo. 

thermae (ther'me), n.pl. hot springs 
or baths. 

thermal (ther'mal), adj. pertaining to 
heat; warm. 

thermetrograph (ther-met'ro-graf ) , 
n. a self-registering thermometer. 
Also thermometrograph. 

thermometer (ther-mom'e-ter) , n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
degree of heat or temperature of 
bodies. 

thermometric (ther-mo-met'rik) , adj. 
pertaining to, made, or ascertained 
by, a thermometer. Also thermo- 
metrical. 

th er mometr i c ally (ther-mo-met 'ri- 
ka-li), adv. by means of a ther- 
mometer. 

thermopile (ther'mo-pil), n. an instru- 
ment for indicating slight variations 
of temperature. 

thermoscope m (ther'mo-skop) , n. an 
instrument indicating relative dif- 
ferences in temperature. 

thermostat (ther'mo-stat) , n. an 



automatic apparatus for regulating 
temperature. 

thermotie (ther-mot'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, or produced by, heat: 
n.pl. the science of heat. 

thermotropism (ther-mot'ro-pizm) , 
n. the phenomena exhibited by some 
plants of turning towards the sun 
or source of heat. 

thesaurus (the-saw'rus) , n. a store- 
house or treasury; lexicon or dic- 
tionary. 

these, pi. of this. 

thesis (the'sis), n. \pl. % theses^ (the'- 
sez)], an essay or dissertation on 
some particular subject; subject set 
a student on which to write prior to 
granting him a degree; the exercise 
itself; in logic, an affirmation. 

Thespian (thes'pi-an) , adj. pertaining 
to Thespis, the founder of Greek 
drama: hence dramatic. [Greek.] 

theta (tha/ta), n. the Greek th (0). 

theurgic (the-er'jik), adj. pertaining 
to theurgy or alleged magic. 

thews (thtiz), n.pl. muscles; strength. 

they'(thsi\, pi. of he, she, or it. 

thick (thik), adj. not thin; compact; 
dense; not clear or transparent; 
misty; muddy; indistinct; dull; 
very intimate; closely set; crowded; 
following in quick succession: adv. 
closely; indistinctly ; _ to a great 
depth; fast: n. the thickest part. 

thicken (thik'n), v.t. to make thick or 
thicker; render dense; inspissate; 
make dark or obscure: v.i. become 
thick or thicker. 

thickening (thik'n-ing) , n. something 
added to a liquid mass to make it 
thicker. 

thicket (thik'et), n a close wood or 
cluster of trees. 

thickset (thik'set), adj. closely plant- 
ed; having a thick body: n. a close, 
thick hedge. 

thief (thef), n. [pi. thieves (thevz)J, 
one who takes unlawfully what is 
not his own. 

thieve (thev), v.t. & v.i. to steal. 

thievish (thev'ish), adj. addicted to 
theft ; dishonest ; obtained by stealing. 

thigh (thi), n. the thick muscular 
part of the leg between the knee and 
the trunk. 

thill (thil), n. the shaft of a cart or 
other vehicle; floor of a coal mine. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



THILLER 



835 



THOROUGHFARE 



thiller (thil'er), n. the shaft horse. , 

thimble (thim'bl), n. a cup-shaped 
metallic protective cover for the fin- 
ger in sewing; anything like a thim- 
ble; an iron ring belonging to a sail, 
fitted to receive a rope. 

thimble- rig (thim'bl-rig) , n. a sleight- 
of-hand trick in which a pea is pre- 
tended to be hidden under one of 
three thimbles: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
-rigged, V t pr. -rigging], to cheat by 
means of the < thimble-rig t trick. 

thin (thin), adj. [comp. thinner, su- 
perl. thinnest], having little thick- 
ness; slim; slender; not dense or 
thick; not close or crowded; poor; 
slight ; meager ; not m full or well 
grown: adv. not thickly: v.t. to 
make thin; attenuate: v.i. to grow 
thin. 

thine (thm), pron. & adj. belonging 
to, relating to, or being the property 
of, thee. 

thing (thing), n. whatever is dis- 
tinct, or conceived to be distinct, 
from one's self or other intelligent 
beings; inanimate matter; part or 
portion; an object of pity and con- 
tempt: pi. clothes; furniture; lug- 
gage, &c. 

think (thingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
thought, p.pr. thinking], to have the 
mind occupied on some subject; 
form an opinion by reason; be- 
lieve; judge; intend or purpose; 
imagine; recollect; consider or re- 
flect; presume: v.t. to imagine. 

thinkable (thingk'a-bl) , adj. con- 
ceivable. 

thinking (thingk'ing) , adj. having the 
faculty of thought; capable of a 
regular train of thought: n. medita- 
tion; judgment. 

thinness (thin'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being thin. 

third (therd), adj. the next after the 
second: the ordinal of three; noting 
one of three equal parts: n. a third 
part of anything; an interval of three 
diatonic sounds and two intervals 
[Music]. 

thirst (therst),n. the sensation of a 
desire to drink; great desire for 
drink; drought; eager desire: v.i. to 
be thirsty. 

thirstily (therst'i-li) , adv. in a thirsty 
manuer. 



thirstiness (therst'i-nes), n. the state 
of being thirsty. 

thirsty (therst'i), adj. [comp. thirstier, 
superl. thirstiest], feeling thirst. 

thirteen (ther'ten), adj. 10 and 3: n. 
the number of lOand 3. 

thirteenth (ther'tenth) , adj. next in 
order after the twelfth: the ordinal 
of thirteen. 

thirtieth (ther'ti-eth) , adj. next in 
order after the twenty-ninth. 

thirty (ther'ti), adj. three times more 
than 10: n. the sum of three tens. 

this _(this), pron. & adj. [pi. these, 
(thez)], that which is present; that 
which is just now or last men- 
tioned. 

thistle (this'l), n. a plant with a 
prickly stem and leaves, of the genua 
Carduus. 

thither (thil'er), adv. to that place 
or end._ 

thole (thol), n. a pin set in the gun- 
wale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum 
for the oar. 

thong (thong), n. a thin leather strap 
or string for fastening something; 
striking part of a whip. 

thoracic (tho-ras'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the thorax. [Latin.] 

thorax (tho'raks), n. the chest, con- 
taining the heart, lungs, &c; breast- 
plate or cuirass. 

thorit (tho'rlt), n. an isometric 
mineral; a powerful high explosive. 

thorium (tho'ri-um), n. a rare me- 
tallic element. Also _ thorinum. 

thorn (thorn), n. a prickle or spine; 
prickly tree or shrub; anything that 
troubles or annoys; care. 

thornback (thorn 'bak) , n. a species of 
spiny ray or skate. 

thorny (thorn'i), adj. full of thorns; 
harassing; annoying. 

thorough (thur r o), adj. passing 
through or to the end; perfect; fin- 
ished; complete. 

thorough bass (bas), n. the science 
of harmony; an accompaniment to 
a continued bass by means of figures 
[Music]. 

thorough-bred (thur'o-bred), adj. 
of pure and unmixed breed; com- 
pletely instructed; accomplished; 
high-spirited. 

thoroughfare (thur'o-f ar) , n. a pas- 
sage from one street opening to 



7 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



THOROUGHLY 



836 



THRIVING 



.mother; an unobstructed way for 
traffic. 

thoroughly (thur'o-li), adv. com- 
pletely; fully. 

thorough-paced (thur'o-past), adj. 
going all lengths; complete. 

those, pi. of that. 

thou (thou), pron. [pi. you (u)], 2 per. 
sing, of I. 

though (tho), conj. granting, or sup- 
posing that; notwithstanding that; 
if: adv. nevertheless; however. 

thought (thawt), n. the act of think- 
ing ; that which the mind thinks ; 
meditation; study; care or anxiety: 
p.t. & p.p. of think. 

thoughtful (thawt Tool), adj. full of 
thought ; contemplative ; attentive ; 
considerate for others; anxious or 
careful. 

thoughtfully (thawtToo-li), adv. in a 
thoughtful manner; witn thought. 

thoughtless (thawt'les), adj. unthink- 
ing; heedless; inattentive; incon- 
siderate. 

thought- reader (thawt 're-der ) , n . 
one who practices thought-reading. 

thought-reading (thawt 're-ding), n. 
the act or art of discerning what an- 
other person is tninking of; mind- 
reading. 

thousand (thou'zand), adj. consisting 
of 1,000: n. 1,000; a large number. 

thousandth (thousandth), adj. next 
in order after 999th: the ordinal of 
1,000. 

thraldom (thrawrdum), n. serfdom; 
slavery. 

thrall (thrawl) , n. a slave ; serf. 

thrash (thrash), v.t. to beat out 
(grain) from the husk; beat or flog 
soundly: o.i to perform the opera- 
tion of thrashing; drudge. 

thrasher (thrash' er) , n. one who 
thrashes ; a species of shark, the sea- 
fox; a thrashing machine. 

thrashing (thrash'ing), n. the opera- 
tion of separating grain from the 
husk; a sound flogging. 

thread (thred), n. a very thin line or 
cord of flax, cotton, silk, or other 
fibrous substance twisted and drawn 
out; a filament; uniform tenor; 
something continued in . a long 
course; spiral part of a screw: v.t. 
to pass through the eye of; pierce 
through. 



threadbare (thred'bar), adj. worn to 
the threads; poverty-stricken; hack- 
neyed; dull. 

threat (thret), n. a menace: v.t. & 
v.i. to menace. 

threaten (thret 'n), v.i. to use threats: 
v.t. terrify by menaces. 

threatening (thret'n-ing), n. the act 
of one who threatens; menace: adj. 
indicating a menace or some im- 
pending evil. 

three (thre), adj. noting the sum of 
2 and 1 : n. a number the sum of 2 
and 1. 

threefold (thre'fold), same as thrice. 

threepence (thrip'ens), n. a small 
British silver coin, value 6 cents. 

threnody (thren'6-di) , n. a dirge. 

thresh, same as thrash. 

threshold (threshold), n. the sill of 
a door; entrance; door; place or 
point of entrance. 

threw (throo), p.t. of throw. m 

thrice (thris), adv. three times; re- 
peatedly. 

thrift (thrift), n. frugality; econom- 
ical management; good husbandry; 
increase of wealth; profit; a plant. 

thriftily (thrift'i-li), adv. in a thrifty 
manner. [Icelandic] 

thriftiness (thrift'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being thrifty. 

thriftless (thrift'les), adj. without busi- 
ness sense; neglectful of one's affairs. 

thrifty (thrift'i), adj. [comp. thriftier, 
superl. thriftiest], characterized by 
economy and good management; 
frugal. 

thrill (thril), v.t. to pierce; cause to 
have a shivering, tingling, or ex- 
quisite sensation: v.i. to penetrate, 
as something sharp; feel a sharp 
tingling or exquisite sensation run- 
ning through the whole body ; quiv- 
er: n. a thrilling sensation; quiver. 

thriller (thril'er), n. a cheap novel 
that excites the reader. [Slang.] 

thrive (thriv), v.i. [p.t % thrived, 
throve, p.p. thrived, thriven, p.pr. 
thriving], to prosper by industry, 
economy, and good management; 
increase or prosper in business, &c; 
grow rich; grow vigorously or lux- 
uriantly; increase or flourish. 

thriving (thriving), p. adj. increasing 
in wealth; prosperous or successful; 
growing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 






THROAT 



837 THUNDER 



throat (throt), n. the fore-part of 

the neck of an animal containing 

the windpipe and gullet ; contracting 

part of a vessel. &c. 
throatiness(throt'i-ness). n. gutteral thrush (thrush) 



ming], to fringe or put tufts on; play 
idly or unskillfully on (a stringed in- 
strument) with the fingers: v.i. to 
strum; drum. 



a sweet-songed 
bird of the genus Merula; a disease 
of infants characterized by minute 
white ulcers in the mouth and 
fauces; an inflammatory and sup- 
purating affection in the feet of 
horses. [Danish.] 
to be thrust (thrust), v.t. to nush or drive 
with force; urge or impel: v.i. /to 
push forward; enter by pushing; in- 
trude; attack with a pointed weap- 
on: n. a violent or sudden push; 
stab. 



utterance. 
throaty (throt'i), adj. guttural. 
throb (throb), v.i. to beat, as the 

pulse, with more than usual force; 

palpitate: n. a strong pulsation. 
throe (thro), n. agony; extreme pain 

especially in parturition: v.i 

in agony. 
thrombosis (throm-bo'sis), n. the 

obstruction of a blood-vessel by a 

clot of blood. [Greek.] 
throne (thron), n. a chair of state; 

sovereign power and dignity: v.t. to thrusting (thrust'ing), n. the act of 

place upon a throne; exalt. [Latin.] pushing with force or violence: pi. 
throng (throng), n. a multitude; white whey expressed from the 

crowd: v.t. to crowd or press to- curd. 

gether; annoy with numbers: v.i. to thud (thud), n. a dull sound produced 

come in multitudes. by a body falling on a comparatively 

throstle (thros'l), n. the song-thrush; a soft substance. 



machine for spinning wool and cotton. 
throstling (thros'lmg) , n. a disease in 

cattle, characterized by a swelling in 

the throat. 
throttle (throt'i), v.t. to strangle or 



thug (thug), n. one of a fraternity of 
robbers and assassins in India who 
practiced secret murder, as an act of 
propitiation to the goddess Kali; a 
ruffian. [Hindu.] 



choke by pressure on the windpipe: thuggee (thug-e'), n. the practice of 



n. the windpipe; a throt tie- valve 
throttle- valve (throt '1-valv), n. 



murder by the thugs, 
gism, thuggery. 



Also thug- 



valve in the steam-pipe of a boiler Thule (thu'le), n. the name given by 



for controlling the flow of steam to 
any apparatus 
through (throo), prep, from end to 



the ancient geographers to the most 
northern part of the world as then 
known. [Latin.] 



end of; between the sides of; in the thumb (thum), n. the short, thick 



midst of; among; by the agency of: 
adv. from end to end; from the be- 
ginning to the end. 



digit of the human hand: v.t. to 
handle awkwardly; soil with the 
thumb: v.i. to play awkwardly. 



throughout (throo-out'), adv. in every thumbscrew (thum'skroo), n. a screw 



part 

throve (throv), p.t. of thrive. 
throw (thro), v.t. [p.t. threw, p.p. 

thrown, p.pr. throwing], to fling or 



to turn with the finger and thumb; 
an instrument of torture for com- 
pressing the thumb. Also thumbi- 
kins. 



hurl; cast to a distance; cast in any thummim (thum'im), n.pl. & mys- 



manner; propel; overturn; put on 
hastily or carelessly; strip; shape 
or form roughly; give utterance to; 



terious symbol worn on the breast- 
plate of the Jewish high priest 
signifying perfection. [Hebrew/ 



produce; twist or wind: n. the act thump (thump), , n. a hard, # heavy 



of flinging or hurling; a cast of dice; 
distance a missile can be thrown; 
stroke, as of a slide-valve; potter's 
wheel. 
thrum (thrum), n. the end of a 
weaver's thread; coarse yarn: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. thrummed, p.pr. thrum- 



blow: v.t. to strike or beat with dull 

heavy blows: v.i. to fall or strike 

with a dull heavy blow. 
thumper (thump'er), n. one who, or 

that which, thumps; something huge; 

barefaced lie. 
thunder (thun'der), n. the noise ac- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book^ 

hue, hut; think, fften. 



THUNDERBOLT 



838 



TIDINGS 



companying a flash of lightning; 
loud noise; an alarming denuncia- 
tion or threat: v.i. to produce thun- 
der; make a loud noise: v.t. to utter 
with a loud and threatening voice. 

thunderbolt (thun'der-bolt), # n. a 
shaft of lightning; something re- 
sembling lightning in suddenness and 
terror; dreadful denunciation, es- 
pecially ecclesiastical censure; dar- 
ing or irresistible hero; a belemnite. 

thundering (thun'der-ing) , adj. emit- 
ting, or producing, a great noise like 
thunder; very great: n. the report ac- 
companying a discharge of lightning. 

thunderstruck (thun'der-struk) , p. 
adj. astonished or struck dumb by 
sudden amazement, &c. 

thundery (thun'der-i) , adj. produced 
by, or accompanied with, thunder. 
Also thunderous. 

thurible (thu'ri-bl), n. a censer. 

thurifer (thu'ri-f er) , n. one who at- 
tends the priest at mass, &c, and 
carries the thurible. 

Thursday (therz'da), n. the fifth day 
of the week. 

thus (thus), adv. in this or that man- 
ner; to this degree or extent; so: n. 
(thus) the resin of the spruce fir. 

thwack (thwak), v.t. to strike with 
something flat and heavy; thump: 
n. a heavy blow with something 
blunt and hard; thump. 

thwart (thwawvt), adj. crosswise; 
oblique: prep. & adv. across: n. a 
seat in a boat extending from side to 
side: v.t. oppose; run counter to; 
frustrate. 

thy (thl), pron. poss. case of thou. 

thyine (thi'in), adj. noting a kind of 
wood of the cedar family yielding a 
resin called sandarach. 

thylacine (thii'a-dn), n. the zebra 

, wolf of New Zealand. [Greek.] 

thyme (tim), n. a common aromatic 
herb of the genus Thymus. [Greek.] 

thyroid (thi'roid), adj. shield-shaped: 
noting one of the cartilages of the 
larynx. [Greek.] 

thyrsoid (ther'soid), adj. thyrsus- 
shaped. 

thyrsus (ther'sus), n. [pi. thyrsi 
(ther'si)], a staff or spear entwined 
with ivy and vine leaves and grapes 
with a cone at the top, carried at the 
festivals of Bacchus by his devotees. 



thyself (thi-self), emphatic *or fchy s 
[Greek.] . 

tiara (ti-a'ra), n. the triple crown 
worn by the Pope; a lofty headdress 
worn by the ancient Persians; the 
miter of the Jewish high priest; 
diadem. [French.] 

tibia (tib'i-a), n. the inner and larger 
of the two leg bones; shin-bone. 

tibial (tib'i-al), adj. pertaining to the 
tibia. [Latin.] 

tic (tik), n. neuralgia. Also tic-dou- 
loureux. 

tick (tik), n. a name for various par- 
asites which infest dogs, sheep, &c; 
a case for holding feathers, &c, for 
bedding; small mark; small, quick, 
distinct sound or beat; credit: v.i. 
to make a small, quick, distinct 
sound; go on credit: v.t. to mark off 
by a tick. 

ticket (tik'et), n. a label or card giving 
its possessor some specific right; la- 
bel specifying price, &c, of goods; 
printed list of candidates at an elec- 
tion: v.t. to distinguish by, or as by, 
a ticket. [French.] 

ticking (tik'ing), n. cloth used for 
bed-ticks. 

tickle (tik'l), v.t. to touch lightly so as 
to produce a thrilling sensation, usu- 
ally accompanied by laughter; grat- 
ify and amuse: v.i. to feel titilla- 
tion. 

tickler (tik'ler), n. one who, or that 
which, tickles ; something puzzling or 
difficult. 

ticklish (tik'lish) , adj. sensible to slight 
touches; easily tickled; critical; pre- 
carious; difficult; delicate to handle 
or achieve. 

tickseed (tik'sed), n. a common name 
for plants of the genera Corisper- 
mum and Coreopsis. 

tidal (tid'al) , adj. pertaining to the 
tides; ebbing and flowing like the 
tides. 

tide (tid), n. the regular rising and 
falling of the sea, rivers, &c; stream- 
time ; season ; turning point ; ten- 
dency; in mining, period of twelve 
hours: v.t. to drive with the stream: 
v.i. to work in or out of a river or 
harbor by drifting with the tide. 

tidily (tid'i-li), adv. in a tidy manner, 

tidiness (tid'i-nes), n. neatness. 

tidings (tld'ingz), n.pl. news. 



Ite, arm, at, r,wl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book \ 

bue, hut ; think, then. 



TIDOLOGY 



tidology (tid-ol'o-ji), n. the science of 
tides. 

tidy (tid'i), adj. [comp. tidier, superl. 
tidiest], kept or dressed in proper 
and habitual neatness; trim; neat; 
orderly: n. an ornamental cover lor 
the back of a chair, &c: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. tidied, p.pr. tidying], to make 
neat or tidy; put in proper order. 

tie (ti), n. a knot or fastening; bond; 
obligation; beam or rod for holding 
two parts together; equality in num- 
bers; knot of hair; curved line 
placed over or under two or more 
notes, signifying they are to be 
slurred, or be sounded as one 
[Music]: v.t. to fasten with, or as 
with, a cord; bind; restrict; unite, 
as notes [Music]: v.i. to make an 
equal score. 

tier (ter), n. a row or rank especial- 
ly one of two or more rows placed 
one above the other. [Old French.] 

tierce (ters), n. a cask of 42 gallons; 
sequence of three cards; thrust in 
fencing; a third [Music]. [Old 

French.] 

tiercel (ter'sel), n. sl male hawk. 

tiff (tif), n. a fit of anger; slight 
quarrel; small draught of liquor: 
v.i. to be in a fit. 

tiffany' (tif 'a- ni) , n. a thin gauze of silk. 

tiffin (tif 'in), n. a light luncheon. 
[Anglo-Indian.] 

tige (tezh;, n. the shaft of a column 
from the astragal to the capital. 

tiger (tl'ger), n. a large, fierce, rapa- 
cious quadruped of the genus Felis; 
a servant-boy in livery. [Latin.] 

tiger-flower (ti'ger-nou-er) , n. a flow- 
er of the Iris order, spotted yellow 
and orange. 

tiger-lily (ti'ger-lil-i) , n. a handsome 
lily having flowers spotted with 
orange. 

tiger- wood (ti'ger-wood),"n. a valuable 
wood yielded by a tree of British 
Guiana. 

tight (tit), adj. not loose; close; 
tenacious; compactly built; fitting 
close to the body; not leaky; taut; 
snug; parsimonious; ill-supplied or 
stringent; drunk: n.pl. closely fitting 
underclothing worn by actors. 

tighten (tit'n), v.t. to make tight. 

tigress (ti'gres), n. the female of the 
tiger. 



839 



TIMBER 



tigrine (ti'grin), adj. tiger-like. 

tigrish (tl'grish), adj. resembling a 
tiger; fierce. 

tilbury (til'bri), n. an old-fashioned 
gig. [English.] 

tilde (til'de), n. a mark (~) placed 
over n in Spanish words to indicate 
that between the n and the following 
vowel a y sound is to be introduced. 

tile (til), n. a thin slab of baked clay, 
used for roofing, &c; hat; door of a 
Masonic lodge: v.t. to cover with 
tiles; guard (the door of a lodge). 

tiler (til'er), n. one who roofs houses 
with tiles ; door-keeper of a Masonic 
lodge. Tyler. 

tiliaeeous (til-i-a'shus), adj. allied to, 
or like, the limetree. [Latin.] 

till (til), n. a money drawer in a 
desk or counter; a glacial deposit of 
unlaminated play, sand, and gravel: 
prep, to the time of: adv. to the time 
when: conj. to the degree that; un- 
til: v.t. to prepare (land) for seed, 
&c; cultivate. 

tillage (til'aj), n. land prepared for 
crops ; husbandry ; agriculture. 

tiller (til'er) , n. a husbandman ; handle 
or lever for turning the rudder of a 
vessel; a sprout springing from a 
root or stump. 

tilt (tilt), n. a tent; the cloth cover- 
ing of a cart or wagon; cover of a 
boat or stern awning; a thrust; a 
mediaeval military exercise or pag- 
eant in which the combatants on 
horseback attacked each other with 
lances; a tilt-hammer: upheaval of 
strata to a higher angle: v.t. to 
cover with an awning; point or 
thrust with, or as with, a lance; 
forge with a tilt-hammer ; raise on 
end; incline: v.i. to run or ride and 
thrust with a lance. 

tilth (tilth), n. cultivated land; til- 
lage ground. 

tilt-hammer (tilt'ham-er) , n. a heavy 
hammer used in iron foundries, 
worked by steam or hydraulic 
power. 

tilting (tilt'ing), n. the process by 
which blister-steel is rendered duc- 
tile; inclination forward; act of one 
who, or that which, tilts. 

timber (tim'ber) , n. the body or stem 
of a tree; wood suitable for build* 
ings, carpentry, shipbuilding, &c; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TIMBRE 



840 



TIP 



piece of wood for building or al- 
ready framed ; wooded land ; v.t. to 
furnish or construct with timber. 

timbre (tim'ber), n. tone or character 
of musical sound. [French.] 

timbrel (tim/brel), n. a kind of drum 
or tabret. [French.] 

time (tim), n. measure of duration, 
whether past, present, or future; 
particular period of duration; age 
or period during which anything oc- 
curred or a person lived; present 
life or existence; season; era; epoch; 
proper time; repetition; leisure; 
musical measure or duration of 
sounds; tense; hour of travail: v.t. 
to adapt to the time or occasion; do 
at the proper season; regulate or 
measure: v.i. to keep or beat time. 

timeliness (tim'li-nes) , n. seasonable- 
ness. 

timelock (tim'lok), n. a lock capable 
of being set by a clockwork attach- 
ment, so that it will not open except 
at the expiration of a certain time. 

timely (tim'li), adj. [comp. timelier, 
superl. timeliest], being or occurring 
in time; opportune. 

time-piece (tim'pes), n. any instru- 
^ ment for recording time. 

timid (tim'id), adj. wanting in cour- 
n age ; m faint-hearted; fearful. 

timidity (tim-id'i-ti) , n. want of 
courage. 

timist (tim'ist), n. one who keeps 
time. [Music] 

timorous (tim'er-us), adj. fearful of 
danger; full of scruples. # 

timothy grass (tim'o-thi gras), n. a 
valuable grass used for fodder. 

tin (tin), n. a silvery-white, soft, 
malleable, m and fusible metal; thin 
plates of iron covered with tin; a 
cylindrical vessel of tin; money: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. tinned, p.pr. tinning], to 
cover with tin, or with tinned iron; 
put into tins for preservation. 

tinamou (tin'a-moo), n. a South Amer- 
ican bird, resembling the partridge. 

tincal (ting'kal) , n. crude borax. 

tinctorial (tingk-to'ri-al), adj. per- 
taining to, relating to, or imparting, 
a color. [Latin.] 

tincture (tingk'tur), n. a tinge or 
shade of color; slight taste or quality; 
solution of any medicine in or by 
means of spirits of wine; fine or 



more volatile parts of a substance: 
v . t. to dy e or color ; tinge . [Latin . ] 

tinder (tin'der), n. any inflammable 
material used to kindle a fire from a 
spark, as rotten wood or scorched 
linen. 

tine (tin), n. a tooth or spike. 

tinfoil (tin'foil), n. tin beaten into 
thin leaf. 

ting (ting), n. a sharp, bell-like 
sound ; that part of a Chinese tem- 
ple which contains the idol. 

tinge (tinj), v.t. to stain or color; 
impregnate with something foreign; 
dye : n. a slight degree of some color, 
taste, or quality imparted to a sub- 
stance; tint. 

tingle (ting'gl), v.i. to feel a thrill- 
ing sensation, or pain: v.t. to ring; 
cause to tingle: n. a thrilling sensa- 
tion or pain. 

tinker (ting'ker), n. a mender of 
metal pots, kettles, &c: v.t. to patch 
up: v.i. meddle in an officious man- 
ner. 

tinkle (ting'kl), n. a small, quick, 
sharp, ringing sound: v.i. to make 
such a sound: v.t. to cause to give 
out a tinkle. 

tinned (tind), adj. covered with tin; 
packed or put up in tins. 

tin-plate (tin'plat), n. iron-plate 
coated with tin. 

tinsel (tin'sel) , n. a kind of cloth over- 
laid or interwoven with gold and 
silver; thin glittering metallic plate; 
anything showy but of little value; 
adj. showy to excess; superficial; 
outwardly fine but really worthless: 
v.t. to decorate with, or as with, 
tinsel; make outwardly gaudy. 

tint (tint), n. a slight coloring dis- 
tinct from the principal color; hue 
or shade': v.t. to give a slight color- 
ing to. 

tintinnabulation (t in-ti-nab-u-la '- 
shun), n. a tinkling sound, as of 
bells. [Latin.] 

tinto (tin'to), n. a red Madeira wine. 

tintometer (tin-tom'e-ter), n. an 
apparatus for estimating shades of 
color by comparison with standard 
shades or tints. 

tintype (tin'tip), same as ferrotype. 

tiny (ti'ni), adj. [comp. tinier, su- 
perl. tiniest], very small; puny. 

tip (tip), n. a point or top of any- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, £7ien. 



TIPCAT 



841 



TITLE 



thing small; end; ferrule or nozzle; 
anther; gentle stroke; small pres- 
ent; private hint, especially in bet- 
ting; tilt: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tipped, 
p.pr. tipping], to form a point to; 
cover the end of; strike lightly; give 
private hint to; give a small pres- 
ent to; tilt up. 

tipcat (tip'kat), # ft. a game played 
with a small piece of wood pointed 
at both ends. 

tipper (tip'er), ft. a kind of ale. 

tippet (tip'et), ft. a narrow cape, or 
covering of cloth or fur for the neck 
or shoulders. 

tipping (tip'ing), n. the peculiar artic- 
ulation given to the flute by the 
player's tongue striking the roof of 
the mouth. 

tippie (tip'l), v.i. to drink spirits or 
strong liquors habitually; drink fre- 
quently in small quantities: n. 
liquor. [Norwegian.] 

tipsily (tip'si-li), adv. in a tipsy man- 
ner. 

tipsiness (tip'si-nes), ft. the state of 
oeing tipsy. 

tipstaff (tip'staf), n. a constable. 

tipster (tip'ster), n. one who supplies 
private information about race- 
horses, &c. 

tipsy (tip 'si), adj. intoxicated. 

tipsy-cake (tip'si-jkak), n. sponge 
cake soaked in wine and stuck over 
with almonds. 

tiptoe (tip 'to) ,n. the end of a toe : adv. on 
tiptoe ; stealthily : v.i. to walk or stand 
on tiptoe; be on the strain, or alert. 

tiptop (tip'top), n. the highest point or 
degree; best of anything: adj. most 
excellent. 

tirade (ti-rad'), ft. a long, violent, 
declamatory speech; strain of cen- 
sure or reproof; filling of an inter- 
val by the intermediate diatonic 
notes. [Italian.] 

tire (tir), n. a band or hoop of iron 
or rubber binding the felloes of 
wheels: v.t. to exhaust the strength 
of by labor; weary or fatigue; ex- 
haust the patience of: v.i. to become 
weary or fatigued. 

tireless (tir'les), adj. incapable of 
fatigue; unwearied; lacking a tire 
(for a wheel). 

tiresome (tlr'sum), adj. wearisome; 
tedious; fatiguing; annoying. 



tiresomely (tir'sum-li), adv. in a tire* 
some manner. 

tiresomeness (tlr'sum-nes) , ft. the 
state or quality of being tiresome. 

tirwit (ter'wit), ft. the lapwing. 

Tisri (tiz'ri), n. the seventh month of 
the ecclesiastical, and first month of 
the Jewish civil year, corresponding 
to part of September and October. 
Also Tishri. 

tissue (.tish'oo), ft. a woven fabric, 
especially thin transparent silk usea 
for veiling, formerly interwoven with 
gold or silver threads; any thin or 
delicate texture or fabric ; thin cellu- 
lar organization of parts, consisting 
of forms closely como acted and per- 
forming special functions; connected 
series: v.t. to form tissue of; inter- 
weave. [French.] 

tissued (tish'ood), adj. variegated. 

tissue-paper (tish'oo-pa-per), n. very 
thin, gauze-like paper. 

tit (tit), n. morsel or bit; small horse i 
titmouse ; name for various species of 
small singing birds. 

Titanic (ti-tan'ik) , adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or like the Titans, 
the fabled giants of classic mythol- 
ogy: hence, huge; of enormous 
strength. [Latin.] 

titanium (ti-ta'ni-um) , n. a rare, and 
extremely hard metal, allied to tin: 
found in combination. 

titbit (tit 'bit), or tid-bit (tid'bit), ft. a 
choice morsel. 

tit- for- tat (tit-for-tat'), m ft. exact 
equivalent or fair retaliation. 

tithe (tith), n. the tenth part of any- 
thing, especially the tenth part of 
the annual increase of the profit 
arising from land, stock, &c, allotted 
to the support of the clergy; small 
part: v.t. to tax or levy a tithe of . 

tithing (tiding), n. the taking oj 
levying of tithes. 

titillate (tit'j-Iat), v.t. to tickle.. 

titillation (tit-i-la'shun) , n. a tickling 
or itching sensation or state of feel- 
ing. 

titivate (tit'i-vat), v.t. to make smart 
or adorn. 

titlark (tit'lark), n. any small singing 
bird of the genus Anthus. 

title (ti'tl), n. an inscription over or 
at the beginning of something serv- 
ing to designate it; name; appella- 



te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TITLE-DEED 



842 



TOILINETTE 



tion of dignity, rank, distinction, or 
preeminence; claim of right; presen- 
tation to a curacy as a condition of 
ordination: v.t. to entitle. Latin.] 

title-deed (ti'tl-ded), n. the instru- 
ment or written evidence of right of 
ownership of property. 

titmouse (tit'mous), n. [pi. titmice 
(tit 'mis)], a small, active, perching 
bird. Also tit. 

titrate (tit 'rat), v.t. to estimate or 
determine the strength of by volu- 
metric analysis. 

titration (ti-tra'shun) , n. volumetric 
analysis. 

titter (tit'er), v.i. to laugh with re- 
straint; giggle; see-saw: n. a re- 
strained laugh. 

tittle (tit'l), n. a small particle; iota. 

tittle-tattle (tit'l-tat'l), n. idle, tri- 
fling talk. 

titular (tit/u-lar), adj. existing in 
name or title only; nominal; having 
the title without the duties of an 
office. 

tmesis (tme'sis) , n. the separation of a 
compound word by the insertion of 
one or more words between its parts. 
[Greek.] 

to (too) , prep, noting motion towards ; 
in accordance with. 

toad (tod), n. a batrachian reptile, re- 
sembling the frog, of the genus 
Bufo. 

toadeater (tod'et-er), n. a sycophant. 

toadfish (tod'fish), n. a fish with a 
large head and wide mouth, of the 
genus Batrachus_. 

toadstone (tod'ston), n.^ a local name 
for a kind of basaltic or igneous 
rock; bufonite. 

toadstool (tod'stool), n. a name of 
numerous species of non-edible fungi 
of the genus Agaricus. 

toady (tod'i), n. a sycophant: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. toadied, p.pr. toadying], to 
fawn upon as a sycophant: v.i. to 
play the sycophant* 

toadyism (tod'i-izm), n. sycophancy. 

toast (tost), n. bread scorched or 
browned before the fire; one who is 
named when a health is drunk: v.t. 
to brown or heat at the fire; show 
honor to in drinking; name when a 
health is drunk. [Old French.] m 

tobacco (to-bak'o), n. an American 
plant of the genus Nicotiana, the 



dried leaves of which are used for 
smoking, chewing, or as snuff. 

tobacconist (to-bak'o-nist) , n. a deal- 
er in tobacco, cigars, &c. [W. Indian.] 

tobine (to'bin), n. a stout, twilled, 
dress silk. 

toboggan (to T bog'an), n. a kind of 
sledge in which one or more persons 
sit for sliding down snow-covered 
hills or inclines: v.i. to slide down- 
hill by means of a toboggan. 

toby (to'bi), n. a large stone mug for 
beer and ale. 

tocsin (tok'sin), n. an alarm-bell. 

to-day (too-da 7 ), n. the present day*. 
adv. on the present day. 

toddle (tod'l), vd. to walk with short, 
tottering steps like a child: n. a tod- 
dling walk. 

toddler (tod'ler) , n. one who toddles ; a 
young child. 

toddy (tod'i), n. a sweet juice obtained 
from certain palms; mixture of spir- 
it and water sweetened. 

to-do (too-doo'), n. stir; commotion; 
bustle. 

toe (to), n. one of the terminal mem- 
bers of the foot of a man or animal; 
forepart of a horse's hoof; a projec- 
tion: v.t. to touch, reach, or strike 
with the toe or toes. 

toffy (tof'i), n. a sweetmeat; taffy. 

toga (to'gaX n. [pi. togas (to'gaz), 
togae (to'je)], the loose outer gar- 
ment worn by the ancient Romans. 

toga vir ills (vi-rl'lis), n. the toga as- 
sumed by Roman youths at the age 
of fourteen. 

together (too-ge^'er) , adv. in com- 
pany or association; mutually; in 
union or concert ; uninterruptedly. 

toggery (tog'er-i), n. clothes; articles. 

toggle (tog'l), n. a small wooden pin 
tapering towards both ends and 
grooved round its center; button or 
frog. 

toggle-joint (tog'l-joint), n. an elbow 
or knee joint. 

toil (toil), n. labor oppressive to mind 
or body; fatiguing exertion; snare; 
net: v.i. to labor or work with pain 
or fatigue. 

toilet (toi'let), n. a covering of linen, 
silk, &c, spread over a bedroom or 
dressing-room table; dressing-table; 
style or manner of dressing; attire. 

toilinette (toi-li-net') , n. a cloth the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, tfften. 



TOILSOME 



843 



TONE 



weft of which is of woolen yarn and 
the warp of cotton and silk. [French.] 

toilsome (toil'sum), adj. laborious; 
wearisome. 

toilsomely (toil'sum-li) , adv. in a toil- 
some manner. 

toilsomeness (toil'sum-nes) , n. la- 
boriousness_. 

Tokay (to-ka'), n. a rich Hungarian 
wine. 

token (to'kn), a mark or sign; me- 
morial of affection, &c._: symbol of 
good faith or authenticity; piece of 
metal not coined by authority, but 
current by sufferance^ 

tola (tola), n. in British India, a 
weight for gold and silver = 180 
grains troy. 

told (told), p.t. & p.p. of tell. 

Toledo (to-le'do), n. a sword or sword- 
blade of the finest temper, made orig- 
inally at Toledo, Spain. 

tolerable (tol'er-a-bl) , adj. endurable; 
supportable; fairly good. 

tolerableness (tol'er-a-bl-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being tolerable. 

tolerably (tol'er-a-bli) , adv. passably. 

tolerance (tol'er-ans), n. endurance; 
toleration. 

tolerant (tol'er-ant) , adj. disposed to, 
or favoring, toleration. [Latin.] 

tolerate (tol'er-at), v.t. to endure; per- 
mit; allow so as not to hinder or 
prohibit. 

toleration (tol-er-a/shun) , n. the act 
of tolerating ; allowance of that which 
is not wholly approved; recognition 
of the right of private judgment in 
religious opinions and modes of wor- 
ship differing from those of the es- 
tablished Church; freedom from 
bigotry. 

toll (tol), n. the sound of a bell slow- 
ly repeated at short intervals; a 
duty or tax on travelers or goods 
passing along a public road or 
bridge; tax or duty paid for some 
privilege: v.i. to sound or ring slow- 
ly, as a bell; annul: v.t. to draw or 
lead._ 

tolu (to'lu), n. a balsam produced by a 
South American tree (Myroxylon 
toluifera) . 

tomahawk (tom'a-hawk) , n. a hatch- 
et used by the North American In- 
dians in war and the chase: v.t. to 
strike, or kill with a tomahawk. 



toman (to'man), n. a gold coin cur- 
rent in Persia, value about $1.76. 

tomato (to-ma/ or to-ma/ to), n. [pi. to- 
matoes (to-ma/ or-ma'toz)]^ a plant 
and its well-known fleshy fruit. For- 
merly called love-apple. [Spanish.] 

tomb (toom), n. a grave, or vault; 
monument erected to enclose and 
preserve the memory of the dead: 
v.t. to entomb. 

tombac (tqm'bak), n. an alloy of cop- 
per and zinc. 

tomboy (tom'boi), n. a wild, romping 
girl. 

tom-cat (tom'kat), n. a full-grown 
male cat. 

tomcod (tom'kod), n. a small edible 
fish of_the cod kind. 

tome (torn), n. a large book. 

tomentose (to-men'tos) , adj. covered 
so closely with hairs as to be scarcely 
discernible; nappy. Also tomen- 
tous. 

t omentum (to-men'tum) , n. the close- 
ly matted down on the leaves or 
stems of certain plants. [Latin.] 

tomfool (tom'fool), n. a great fool; 
silly trifler. 

tomfoolery (tom-f ool'er-i) , n. non- 
sense ; absurd trifles or ornaments. 

tomin (to'min), n. a jeweler's weight 
of 12 grains. 

Tommy Atkins (tom'i at'kinz), n. 
the generic name for the British pri- 
vate soldier. 

to-morrow (too-mor'o), 'n. the day fol- 
lowing the present day: adv. on the 
day following to-day. 

tompion (tom'pi-on), n. the stopper 
or plug of a cannon ; the iron button 
to which a charge of grape-shot is 
affixed. Also tampion. 

tomtit (tom'tit), n. the titmouse. 

tom-tom (tom'tom) , n. a drum flat at 
one end and convex at the other: 
used in Africa and the East Indies. 
Also tam-tam. 

ton (tun), n. 20 hundredweight; 40 
cubic feet in ship measurement; pre- 
vailing fashion (tong) . 

tonality (ton-al'i-ti) , n. key relation- 
ship; accuracy of pitch. [French.] 

tone (ton), n. sound, or character of 
sound; note; quality of the voice; 
state of the body with reference to 
the healthy performance of its ani- 
mal functions; harmony of the col- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, *7ien. 



TONE-DEAF 



844 



TOPHET 



ors of a painting; interval of sound; 
chant [Music]: v.t. to bring to a re- 
quired shade of color ; mitigate. 

tone-deaf (ton-def), adj. unable to 
distinguish between different tones. 

tongs (tongs), n.pl. & metal instru- 
ment with two jointed limbs for 
grasping anything. 

tongue (tung), n. the chief instru- 
ment of speech, and the organ of 
taste; power of speech; manner of 
speaking; dialect; idiom; discourse; 
mere words; fluency; clapper of a 
bell; anything resembling a tongue; 
promontory: v.t. to modulate or 
modify with the tongue; scold: v.i. 
talk; prate. 

tonic (ton'ik), adj. pertaining to, or 
based on, the key-note; increasing 
tension; strengthening: n. a strength- 
ening medicine. 

to-night (too-nif), n. the present 
night: adv. on the present night. 

tonite (to'nit), n. a powerful explo- 
sive. 

Tonka bean (tong'ka ben), n. the 
aromatic kernels of the fruit of a 
shrubby plant of Guiana, used for 
scenting snuff, &c. 

tonnage (tun'aj), n. the weight of 
goods carried in a boat or ship; car- 
rying capacity of a vessel ; duty or 
toll on vessels ; collective shipping of 
any port or country. 

tonneau (tun'o) , _ n. the body of an 
automobile, behind the chauffeur. 

tonsilitis (ton-sil-I'tis) , n. inflamma- 
tion of the tonsils. 

tonsils (ton'silz), n.pl. two almond- 
shaped glands situated at the two 
sides of the fauces of the throat. 

tonsorial (ton-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to shaving or to a barber. 

tonsure (ton'shur), n. the act of clip- 
ping the hair or of shaving the 
crown of the head; the corona thus 
worn by Roman Catholic clerics: 
v.i. to give the tonsure to. 

tontine (ton-ten/), n. a loan raised on 
life annuities with benefit accruing 
to the last survivor. 

too (too), adv. more than enough; like- 
wise; in addition; over and above; 
also. 

took, p.t. of take. 

tool (tool), n. an instrument of man- 
ual operation; one who acts as the 



instrument of another: v.t. to shape 
with a tool; drive, as a coach. 

tooling (tool'ing), n. workmanship 
performed with a tool: v.i. to drive 
rapidly. [English colloq.] 

toon (toon), n. the valuable dark 
wood of a large cedar tree of the 
East Indies and Australia. 

toot (toot), v.t. to sound, as a horn 
or flute : n. a blast on a horn. [Dutch.] 

tooth (tooth), n. [pi. teeth (teth)], one 
of the hard bony processes grow- 
ing in the jaws used for biting and 
chewing; any projection resembling 
a tooth; palate or taste: v.t. to in- 
dent or form into teeth. 

toothache (tooth'ak), n. pain in the 
teeth. 

toothless (tooth'les), adj. without 
teeth. 

toothsome (tooth'sum), adj. palata- 
ble. 

toothsomely (tooth'sum-li) , adv. pal- 
atably. 

toothsomeness (tooth 'sum-nes) , n. 
the quality of being toothsome. 

toothwort (tooth'wert) , n. a plant of 
various genera having indented 
leaves. 

top (top), n. the highest part; sum- 
mit; upper side or surface; highest 
person, place, or rank; crown of the 
head; small platform at the head of 
the lower mast; a child's toy: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. topped, p.pr. topping], 
to cover or place on the top; rise to 
the top of ; excel ; cut off the top of. 

topaz (to'paz), n. a crystallized min- 
eral of various colors used as a gem. 

topazolite (to-paz'o-lit), n. a variety 
of garnet. [French.] 

top-boots (top'bootz), n.pl. high 
boots with light-colored tops, used 
for riding, &c. 

tope (top), n. a mound-shaped Bud- 
dhist monument containing relics; 
grove of trees. [Hindu.] 

topee (to-pe'), n. a cork or pith hel- 
met. Also topi. 

toper (to'per), n. a drunkard. 

topgallant (top 'gal-ant), adj. situ- 
ated above the topmast : n. a topgal- 
lant mast or sail. 

tophamper (top'ham-per)* n. a ship's 
rigging, s^ars, &c. 

Tophet (to'fet), n. a place situated 
southeast of Jerusalem, in the Val- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 






TOPIC 



ley of Hinnom, where fire was burnt 
in honor of Moloch; subsequently 
made a burial place : hence hell. 

topic (top'ik), n. a subject of dis- 
course, conversation, or argument; 
theme. [French.] 

topical (top'i-kal), adj.^ pertaining to, 
or consisting of, a topic or topics ; re- 
lating to a place ; local. 

topically (top'i-ka-li), adv. in a topical 
manner; locally. 

top-knot (top 'not), n. a crest of hair 
or feathers on the top of the head. 

toplofty (top'lof-ti), adj. overbearing; 
arrogant. 

topmast (top 'mast), n. the second 
mast from the deck of a ship. 

topographer (to-pog'ra-fer), n. one 
who describes particular places in 
writing. [French_from Greek.] 

topographic (top-o-graf'ik), adj. de- 
scriptive of a particular place. Top- 
ographical. 

topographically (top-o-graf 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. in a topographic manner. 



845 



TORTOISE 



torture; anguish: v.t. (tor-menf) to 
put to extreme pain, physical or 
mental; torture; harass. [French.] 

tormentil (tor 'men-til), n. an astrin- 
gent root. 

torn (torn), p.t. of tear. 

tornado (tor-na/do), n. [pi. tornadoes 
(tor-na'doz)], a violent tempest or 
whirlwind_. [Spanish.] _ 

torose (to'ros), adj. swelling in knobs; 
uneven. 

torpedo (tor-pe'do), n. [pi. torpedoes 
(tor-pe'doz)], a submarine apparatus 
for destroying ships by explosion; 
kind of firework; the cramp-fish: v.t. 
to destroy by a torpedo. JLatin.] 

torpedo-boat (tor-pe'do-bot), n. a 
boat constructed to navigate under 
water and launch torpedoes at the 
enemy's ships or ram them. 

torpescent (tor-pes'ent), adj. becom- 
ing torpid. 

torpid (tor'pid), adj. numb; inactive. 

torpidity (tor-pid'i-ti) , n. inactivity; 
insensibility. [Latin.] 



topography (to-pog'ra-fi), n. the sci- torpify (tor'pi-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. torpi- 

fied, p.pr. torpifying], ' 



entific" description of a particular 

place, &c; the features of a region 

or locality. 
topping (top'ing), adj. rising above; 

surpassing: n. the act of cutting off 

the top. 
topple (top'l), v.t. to overturn: v.i. to 

fall forward ; tumble down. 
topsail (top 'sal), n. the sail second 

from the deck. 
topsy-turvy (top'siyter'vi), adv. in an 

inverted position; in confusion: adj. 

disordered; chaotic. 



to make tor- 
pid; Benumb. * 

torpor (tor'per), n. a numbness; inac- 
tivity. 

torque (tork), n. a twisted collar or 
necklace worn by certain ancient 
barbaric nations. [Latin.] 

torrefy (tor're-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tor- 
refied, p.pr. torrefying], to dry by 
fire; roast (ores). 

torrent (tor'ent), n. a violent and rap- 
id stream; heavy fall, as of rain; 
strong current, rising suddenly and 
rushing rapidly along. JLatin.] 



toque (tok), n. a close-fitting bonnet. 

tor (tor), n. high-pointed hill; jutting torrid (tor'id), adj. dried with heat; ex- 
rock, tremely hot; burning; parching. 

Torah (to'ra), n. the Mosaic law; Pen- torsion (tor'shun), n. the act of turn- 

tateuch. Also Thorah. m ing or twisting; the wrenching or 

torch (torch), n. a large light formed twisting of a body by lateral force 



of resinous wood, flax, &c, soaked 
in some inflammable substance, and 
carried in the hand; any light used 
in the manner of a torch; flambeau. 

tore (tor), p.t. of tear. 

toreador (tor-e-a-dor') , n. a bull 
fighter. [Spanish.] 

toreutic (to-roo'tik), adj. pertaining 
to carved or sculptured work, espe- 
cially to metallic work in basso- 
relievo. 

torment (torment), n. extreme pain; 



torso (tor'so), n. [pi. torsos, torsi 
(tor'soz, tor'se)], the trunk of a statue, 
especially one having the head or 
limbs mutilated. [Italian.] 

tort (tort), n. in law, any wrong, in- 
jury, or damage. [French.] 

tortile (tor'til), adj. bent; twisted' 
wreathed. 

tortilla (tor-tel'ya) , n. a thin unleav- 
ened cake ot maize baked on a neated 
iron plate. [Spanish.] 

tortoise (to^tis), n. a reptile of the 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



TORTUOUS 



846 



TOUT 



family Testudinidse with a very hard 
shell or test; a testudo. [French.] 

tortuous (tor'tti-us), adj. crooked; 
twisted; wreathed; underhand; in- 
direct; deceitful. 

torture (tor'tur), n. agony of mind or 
body; excruciating pain; pain in- 

. flicted as a punishment or as a means 
of extorting a confession: v.t. to pun- 
ish with, or as with, torture; put to 
the rack; excruciate; vex; wrest 
from the true meaning. 

torus (to'rus), n. a large semi-circu- 
lar molding in the base of a column; 
that part of a flower on which the 
carpels are seated. [Latin J 

Tory (to'ri), n. [pi. Tories (to'riz)], in 
English politics, a Conservative: adj. 
pertaining to Conservatives. 

Toryism (to'ri-izm), n. the principles 
of the Tories or Conservatives. 

toss (tos), v.t. to throw with the hand; 
throw upward; jerk; put into violent 
motion; cause to rise and fall: v.i. to 
roll or tumble; be tossed: n. a throw- 
ing upward or with a jerk. 

tossing (tos'ing), n. the act of throw- 
ing upward; a rolling or tumbling. 

toss-up (tos'up), n. the common prac- 
tice of throwing a coin into the air to 
decide a wager; hence, an equal 
chance. 

tot (tot), n. anything small or insig- 
nificant; a term of endearment: pi. 
a series of figures in column form to 
be added up as an exercise in rapid 
calculation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. totted, 
p.pr. totting], to add; count up. 

total (to'tal) , adj. whole; complete; 
full; not divided: n. the whole sum 
or amount; completeness. 

totality (to-tal'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being total; entire quan- 
tity, amount, or sum. [Latin.] 

totally (to'tal-i), adv. entirely; fully. 

tote (tot), v.t. to carry. 

totem (to'tem), n. an animal used as 
the symbol or name of a tribe or 
clan. 

totter (tot'er), v.i. to shake as if about 
to fall; be unsteady; stagger; reel. 

tottery (tot'er-i), adj. shaking as if 
about to fall; unsteady. 

toucan (too-kan'), n. a fruit-eating 
tropical bird with a long curved 
beak. 

touch (tuch), v.t. to come in contact 



with; perceive by feeling; handle 
slightly ; play ; reach ; attain to ; med- 
dle with ; to ask for a loan ; add a fight 
stroke to ; affect the senses or sensi- 
bility of; injure or. hurt: v.i. to be in 
contact; call in at a port: n. the act 
of touching; state of being touched; 
contact; sense of feeling; action of 
the hand on a musical instrument; 
tried qualities; emotion or affection; 
single stroke on a painting, &c. 

touchily (tuch'i-li), adv. peevishly. 

touchiness (tuch'i-nes) , n. irritability. 

touching (tuch'ing), adj. pathetic: n. 
the act of coming in contact with: 
prep, with respect to; concerning. 

touchstone (tuch'ston), n. Lydian 
stone or basanite, used for testing 
the purity of gold and silver ; hence a 
criterion. 

touchwood (tuch'wood), n. dried 
fungus or decayed wood which easily 
ignites and burns slowly. 

touchy (tuch'i), adj. irritable ; peevish. 

tough (tuf), adj. flexible without being 
brittle; not easily broken or frac- 
tured; able to endure hardship; 
strong; firm; tenacious; viscous; 
difficult; not easy to masticate: n. a 
rough. 

toughen (tuf'n), v.i. to grow or be- 
come tough: v.t. to make tough. 

toughish (tuf'ish), adj. somewhat 
tough. 

toupee (too-pe'), n. a small wig, or 
curl. [French.] 

tour (tqor), n. a circuitous journey; 
excursion; trip: v.i. to make a tour: 
v.t. to make a tour or circuit of: as, 
to tour the country. [French.] 

tourhillion (toor-bil'yun) , n . an orna- 
mental rotating firework. [French.] 

tourist (toor'ist), n. excursionist. 

tourmaline (toor'ma : lin), n. a trans- 
parent aluminous mineral of various 
colors, some varieties of which are 
used as gems. [French.] 

tournament (toor'na-ment) , n. a mock 
fight by knights on horseback; con- 
test of skill. _Also tourney. 

tourniquet (toor'ni-ket), n. a surgical 
instrument for compressing an ar- 
tery and arresting hemorrhage. 

tousle or touzle (touz'l), v.t. to pull 
about roughly; put in disorder. 

tout (tout), v.i. to look out for custo- 
mers: n. one who secretly watches 



ate, arm, at awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hfio, hut ; think, then. 



TOUT-ENSEMBLE 



S47 



TRACTAMAN 



racehorses in training, in order to 
give private information to his cli- 
ents to guide them in betting; a 
touter. 

tout- ensemble (too-tang-sam'bl), n. 
the general effect of a work of art, 
costume, &c, regarded as a whole. 

touter (tout'er), n. one who hangs about 
to secure custom for his employer, as 
of a hotel, a gambling house, ire. 

tow (to), n. the coarse part, of flax or 
hemp: v.t. to drag, as a vessel, 
through the water by means of a 
rope. 

towage (to'aj), n. the act of towing; 
price paid for towing. 

toward (to'erd), prep, in the direction 
of; with a tendency to; with respect 
to; adv. near; at hand. Also tow- 
ards. 

towel (tou'el) ;;. a cloth for wiping 
the hands, &c, after washing. 

toweling (tou'el-ing), n. cloth for 
towels. 

tower (tou'er), n. a lofty building, 
square or circular, usually flat on 
the top; fortress; high headdress worn 
by women in the seventeenth cen- 
tury: v.i. to rise to a great height; 
to be lofty. 

towering (tou'er-ing), adj. very high; 
elevated; violent; outrageous. 

town (toun), n. any collection of 
houses larger than a village, and not 
being a city. 

town-hall (toun'hawl), n. sl public hall 
for the official business of a town. 

township (toun'ship), n. the district or 
territory into which many of the 
States are divided and subordinate 
to the county. 

toxemia, toxaemia (toks-e'mi-a), n. 
blood poisoning. [Greek.] 

toxic (toks'ik), adj. poisonous. 

toxicant (toks'i-kant), n. sl poisonous 
substance of any kind. 

toxicologist (toks-i-kol'o-jist), ??. one 
skilled in toxicology. 

toxicology (toks-i-kol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
ence that treats of poisons, their ef- 
fects, antidotes, &c. 

toxicomania (toks-i-ko-ma'ni-a), n. a 
mania for intoxicating or poisonous 
drugs, as opium. 

toxin (toks'in), n. a poison produced 
by the action of bacteria upon or- 
ganic matter. 



toy (toi), n. a child's plaything; some- 
thing of no real value; bauble; play- 
thing: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. toyed, p.pr* 
toying], to dally amorously; trifle. 

trace (tras), n. a mark left by any- 
thing passing; footprint; small quan- 
tity: pi. the straps, &c, by which a 
vehicle is drawn by a horse: v.t. to 
delineate by marks; follow by tracks 
or footsteps: follow exactly. [French.] 

traceable (tras'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being traced. 

tracery (trasfer-i), n. an architectural 
ornamentation in Gothic structures. 

trachea (tra'ke-a), n. the windpipe: 
pi. the air-tubes in the bodies of in- 
sects (trachea?). [Greek.] 

tracheal (tra'ke-al) , adj. pertaining to 
the trachea. 

tracheotomy (tra-ke-ot'o-mi), n. the 
surgical operation of making an 
opening into the windpipe. 

traehitis (tra-ki'tis) , n. inflammation 
of the trachea. Also tracheitis. 

trachyte (trak'it), n. a term applied 
to the feldspathic class of igneous 
rocks. 

trachytic (tra-kit'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, consisting of, or resembling, 
trachyte. 

tracing (tra/sing), n. the act of one 
who traces; regular path; mechan- 
ical copy by marking on thin paper 
over the original. 

track (trak), n. a mark or impression 
left by the foot ; beaten path; course 
or way; course for racing; perma- 
nent way of a railroad: v.t. to pursue 
by following the footprints or marks 
left behind. [Dutch.] 

trackage (trak'aj), n. towage. 

trackless (trak'les), adj. pathless; un- 
trodden and unmarked by human 
feet. 

tract (trakt), n. a short treatise, usu- 
ally on some religious subject; region 
of indefinite extent; expanse. 

tractability (trakt-a-bil'i-ti), n. docil- 
ity. [Latin.] 

tractable (trakt'a-bl), adj. docile; easi- 
ly instructed or managed. 

Tractarian (trak-ta'ri-an), n. a move- 
ment in the Anglican Church about 
1840-45 toward Roman Catholi- 
cism. The greatest of the Tractari- 
ans was J. H. Xewman, afterwards 
Cardinal Xewman. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TRACTATE 



848 



TRAGEDY 



tractate (trak'tat), n. a small book or 
treatise. 

tractile (trak'til), adj. ductile. 

traction (trak'shun), n. the act of 
drawing; state of being drawn; at- 
traction. 

tractive (trak'tiv), adj. serving, or 
used, to draw along; pulling. 

tractor (trak'ter), n. that which draws 
or is used in drawing. 

tractrix (trak'triks) , n. a curve, the 
tangent of which is always equal to a 
given line. Also tractatrix, tractory. 

trade (trad), n. commerce; business; 
buying and selling for money; deal- 
ing by way of sale or exchange; 
traffic ; persons engaged in a particu- 
lar business: adj. pertaining to, car- 
ried on by, or characteristic of, a 
trade: pi. the trade winds: v.i. to 
carry on commerce; buy and sell; 
traffic: v.t. to sell or exchange in 
commerce. 

trade-mark (trad'mark), n. a dis- 
tinguishing device affixed by a mer- 
chant to his goods, to show his 
exclusive right. 

trade- price (trad'pris), n. the price 
of an article as charged to a retailer. 

trader (trad'er), n. one engaged in 
trade or commerce; a dealer in buy- 
ing and selling or barter. 

trade-sale (trad'sal), n. an auction by 
and for booksellers. 

tradesman (tradz-man), n. a shop- 
keeper. A merchant is called a 
trader, but not a tradesman. 

trades-union (tradz'tin-yun), n. an 
organized combination of workmen 
for protection of their interests in 
any particular trade or industry. 

trades- unionism (tradz-un'yun-ism), 
n. the principles and practices of 
trades-unions. 

trades- unionist (tradz-un'yun-ist), n. 
a member of a trades-union. 

trade- wind (trad'wind), n. a name 
given to winds in the torrid zone, and 
often a little beyond it, which blow 
from the same quarter throughout 
the year, unless when affected by 
local causes. Their general direc- 
tion is from N. E. to S. W. on the 
north side of the equator, and from S. 
E. to N. W. on the south side of the 
equator. 

trading (tra/ding), p.pr. trafficking; 



exchanging commodities by barter, 
or buying and selling them; carry- 
ing on commerce; as, a trading com- 
pany. 

tradition (tra-dish'un), n. the delivery 
of opinions, doctrines, practices, 
rites, and customs, from father to 
son, or from ancestors to posterity; 
the transmission of any opinions or 
practice from forefathers to descend- 
ants by oral communication, without 
written memorials. Thus, children 
derive their vernacular language 
chiefly from tradition. Most of our 
early notions are received by tradi* 
tion from our parents. [Latin.] 

traditional (tra-dish'un-al), adj. de- 
livered orally from father to son; 
communicated from ancestors to de- 
scendants by word only; transmitted 
from age to age without writing. 
[Latin.] 

traditionally (tra-dish'un-a-li), adv. 
by transmission from father to son, 
or from age to age. [Latin.] 

traduce (tra-dus'), v.t to slander 
[Latin.] 

traffic (traf'ik), n. trade; commerce, 
either by barter or by buying and 
selling. This word, like trade, com- 
prehends every species of dealing in 
the exchange or passing of goods or 
merchandise from hand to hand for 
an equivalent, unless the business of 
retailing be excepted. 

traffic, v.i. to trade; to pass goods 
and commodities from one person 
to another for an equivalent in 
goods or money; to barter; to buy 
and sell wares; to carry on commerce: 
v.t. to exchange in traffic. 

tragacanth (trag'a-kanth), n. a gum 
obtained from the tragacanthus oi 
goat's horn; it is used in coughs 
and catarrhs. [Latin.] 

tragedian (tra-ge'di-an), n. a writer or 
actor of tragedy. [Latin.] Fern, tra- 
gedienne (tra-ge T -di-enO . [French.] 

tragedy (traj'e-di), n. a dramatic 
poem representing some signal ac- 
tion performed by illustrious per- 
sons, and generally having a fatal 
issue. A fatal and mournful event; 
any event in which human lives are 
lost by human violence, more par- 
ticularly by unauthorized violence. 
[Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nCrth, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



TRAGIC 



849 



TRANCE 



tragic (traj'ik), adj. pertaining to 
tragedy; of the nature or character 
of tragedy; fatal to life; mournful; 
sorrowful; calamitous. 

tragically (traj'i-ka-li), adv. in a 
tragical manner; with fatal issue; 
mournfully; sorrowfully. 

tragi-comedy (traj-i-kom'e-di), n. 
a kind of dramatic piece in which 
serious and comic scenes are blended. 

tragi-comic (traj'i-kom'ik), adj. per- 
taining to tragi-comedy; partaking 
of a mixture of grave and comic 
scenes. 

trail (tral), n. the track or scent left 
by a hunter: v.t. to drag along the 
ground; to follow the scent of a 
hunter, or of game: v.i. to be drawn 
out at length. [Celtic-Latin.] 

train (tran), v.t. to draw along; to 
educate; to exercise; to discipline; 
to teach and form by practice; to 
form to a proper shape; to trace a 
lode to its head: n. something drawn 
along behind; the end of a robe, &c; 
an artifice; the after part of a gun- 
carriage; a retinue; a company of 
soldiers in order; a line of gun- 
powder prepared for discharging a 
much larger mass; a continuous line 
of cars on a railway; a number of 
cannon brought into the field. 
[French.] 

trainbearer (tran'bar-er), n. one who 
holds up a train. 

trainer (tran'er), n. one who trains up; 
an instructor; one who trains or 
prepares men, horses, &c, for 
athletic exercises. 

training (tran'ing), n. the act or pro- 
cess of drawing or educating; educa- 
tion. 

train-oil (tran 'oil), n. the oil procured 
from the blubber or fat of whales by 
boiling. 

traipse (traps), v.i. to walk sluttishly 
or carelessly. [A low word.] 

trait (trat), n. a stroke: a touch; a 
line; a feature. [French.] 

traitor (tra'ter), n. one who violates 
his allegiance and betrays his coun- 
try; one guilty of treason; one who, 
in breach of tiust, delivers his coun- 
try to its enemy, or any fort or place 
intrusted to his defense, or who sur- 
renders an army or body of troops to 
the enemy, unless when vanquished; 



or one who takes arms and levies 
war against his country; or one who 
aids an enemy in conquering hia 
country. Fern, traitress. See trea- 
son. [Old French.] 

traitorous (tra/ter-us), adj. guilty 
of treason; treacherous; perfidious; 
faithless; as, a traitorous officer or 
subject. 

trajectory (tra-jek'to-^ri), n. the curve 
which a body describes in space, as 
a planet or comet in its orbit, or a 
stone thrown upward obliquely in 
the air. [Latin.] 

tram (tram), n. one of the rails of a 
tramway; a tramway: v.i. to travel 
by tram-car. 

trammel (tram 'ml), n. a net used for 
hunting or fishing; a shackle for 
horses; anything that impedes prog- 
ress, action or freedom: v.t. to im- 
pede, hinder, shackle. 

tramontana (tra-mon-ta'na), n. a 
chilly north wind peculiar to the 
Mediterranean. [Italian.] 

tramontane (tra-mon-tan'), adj. liter- 
ally, lying or being beyond the 
mountain; foreign; barbarous. The 
Italians sometimes use this epithet 
for ultramontane, and apply it to 
the countries north of the Alps, as 
France and Germany, and particu- 
larly to their ecclesiastics, jurists, 
painters, &c; the French lawyers 
call certain Italian canonists tra- 
montane or ultramontane doctors; 
considering them as favoring too 
much the court of Rome. See 
ultramontane. 

tramp (tramp), v.i. to wander about; 
to stroll. [Dutch.] 

tramp or tramper (tramp'er), n. a 
stroller; a vagrant or vagabond. 

trample (tram'pl), v.t. to tread under 
foot ; to tread with pride, contempt, 
and insult. [Swedish.] 

trampoose (tram-poos'), v.t. to walk 
with labor, or heavily. 

tramway (tram'wa), n. a street rail- 
way; an electric street railway run- 
ning on steel rails. 

trance (trans), n. an ecstasy; a state 
in which the soul seems to have 
passed out of the body into celestial 
regions; in medicine, catalepsy, i. e.. 
total suspension of mental power ana 
voluntary motion; pulsation and 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 
54 hue, hut ; think, then. 



TRANEEN 



850 



TRANSFORMATION 



breathing continuing; muscles flex- 
ible; body yielding to and retaining 
any given position not incompatible 
with the laws of gravitation. 

traneen (tra-nen'), n. crested dog's 
tail grass. [Irish.] 

tranquil (tran'kwil), adj. quiet; calm; 
undisturbed; peaceful, not agitated. 

tranquillity (tran-kwil'i-ti), n. quiet- 
ness; a calm state; freedom from dis- 
turbance or agitation. [French.] 

tranquillize (tran'kwi-liz), v.t. to 
make tranquil or calm. 

tranquilly (tran'kwi-li) , adv. quietly; 
peacefully. 

trans, a Latin prefix meaning over, 
across, beyond, on the other side. 

transact (trans-akt'). v.i. to conduct 
matters; to treat; to manage. 

transaction (trans-ak'shun), ri. the 
doing or performing of any business; 
management of any affair. 

transactor (trans-ak'ter), n. one who 
performs or conducts any business. 

transalpine (trans-al'pm), adj. lying 
or being beyond the Alps in regard 



transcript (tran'skript) , n. a written 
copy from an original. 

transcription (tran-skrip'shun), n. a 
copy. 

transept (tran'sept) , n. that part of a 
church at right angles on either side 
to the chancel. 

transfer (trans-fer') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
transferred, p.pr. transferring], to 
convey from one person or place to 
another; convey, as a right, title, 
&c; produce by impression, as an 
engraving from a lithographic stone: 
n. (transfer) conveyance of a right, 
title, property, &c, from one person 
to another; deed by which such a 
transfer is executed; removal; a sol- 
dier transferred from one troop or 
company to another; drawing or 
writing printed off from one surface 
to another. 

transferability (trans-f er-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the quality of being transferable. 

transferable (trans-f er'a-bl) , adj. cap- 
able of being transferred. Also 
transferrible 



. 



to Rome, that is, on the north or transferee (trans : f er-e') , n. the person 



west of the Alps. 

transatlantic (trans-at-lan'tik) , adj. 
beyond or across the Atlantic Ocean. 

transcend (tran-send'), v.t. to rise 
above; surpass; surmount; excel; 
exceed. [Latin.] 

transcendency (tran-send'en-si) , n. 
the state or quality of being tran- 
scendent; supereminence. 

transcendent (tran-send'ent), adj. 
surpassing others in excellence ; not- 
ing, in the Kantian philosophy, spec- 
ulations concerning matters outside 
the range of the human intellect or 
experience. 

transcendental (tran-sen-dent'al) , 
adj. noting that which lies beyond 
the limits of experience or external 
to the senses; speculative; metaphys- 
ical; vague; supereminent. 

transcendentalism ( tr an-sen-dent '- 
al-izm), n. the Kantian philosophy 
which affirms that the primary prin- 
ciples of knowledge are ascertained 
by the investigation of that which is 
a priori, or independent of experi- 
ence; a religious movement in the 
United States (1839) associated with 
Emerson and Channing. 

transcribe (tran-skrnV), v.t. to copy. 



to whom anything is transferred. 

transference (ti ans-f er'ens) , n. the act 
of transference, as thought-transfer- 
ence. 

transferrer ( tr ans-f er'er), n. one who 
makes a transfer. 

transfiguration (trans-fig-fi-ra/shun) , 
n. a change of form or appearance, 
especially the supernatural change in 
the personal appearance of Jesus 
Christ on the Mount. 

transfigure (trans-fig'ur) , v.t. to change 
the outward form or appearance of . 

transfix (trans-fiks'), v.t. to pierce 
through. 

transfixion (trans-fik'shun) , n. the act 
of transfixing; state of being trans- 
fixed. 

transform (trans-form'), v.t. to change 
the shape or appearance of; convert 
or change the character of; trans- 
mute; metamorphose; change the 
form of (an algebraic equation) into 
another of different form without al- 
tering its value. 

transformation (trans-f or-ma'shun) , 
n. the act of transforming; state of 
being transformed; transmutation; 
metamorphosis; change of character; 
conversion. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TRANSFORMER 



851 



TRANSPIRATION 



transformer (trans-f orm'er) , n. an in- 
duction coil for raising or lowering 
electric pressure._ 

transfuse (trans-fuz'), v.t. to pour out 
of one vessel into another; instil; 
transfer, as blood, from the veins of 
a person or animal to those of an- 
other. 

transfusion (trans-f u'zhuh), n. the act 
of transfusing; state of being trans- 
fused. 

transgress (trans-gres') , v.i % to offend 
by the violation or infraction of any 
law, rule, &c; sin: v.t. break or vio- 
late. 

transgression (trans-gresh'un) , n. the 
act of violating any law or rule of 
moral duty; fault; offense; sin. 

transgressor (trans-gres'er), n. an of- 
fender. 

transient (tran'shent) , adj. fleeting; 
brief. 

transit (tran'sit), n. a passage through 
or over; passage of a heavenly body 
across the meridian of a place; pass- 
age of an inferior planet across the 
sun's disc. 

transition (tran-sish'un) ,n. thepassage 
from one place or state to another; 
change, as of key in music or of the 
subject of discourse. 

transitional (tran-sish'un-al) , adj. in- 
volving or denoting transition. 

transitive (tran'si-tiv) , adj. noting an 
action passing from a subject to an 
object. 

transitively (tran'si-tiv-li) , adv. in a 
transitive manner. 

transitiveness (tran'si-tiv-nes) , n. 
the state or quality of being transi- 
tive. 

transitorily (tran'si-to-ri-li) , adv. with 
a short continuance. 

transitoriness (tran'si-to-ri-nes) , n. 
shortness of duration. 

transitory (tran'si-to-ri) , adj. continu- 
ing but a short time; evanescent; 
fleeting; unstable. 

translate (trans-laf) , v.t. to render 
from one language into another; in- 
terpret; remove to another place or 
position; remove to heaven without 
dying. 

translation (trans-la'shun) , n. the act 
of translating; that which is trans- 
lated: removal; version: removal of 
a bishop from one see to another. 



translator (trans-la'ter), n. one who 
translates. 

transliteration (trans-lit-er-a'shun), 
n. the representation of the sounds in 
one language by the alphabetical signs 
of another; as Tidrj/ua (Greek) may 
be transliterated tithemi. 

translucent (trans-lu'sent) , adj. semi- 
transparent. 

transmigration (trans-ml-gra'shun), 
n. the passage from one place, state, 
or condition to another. Thus many 
have believed in the transmigration 
of souls, i. e., the soul, at death, en- 
tering another living body. See 
metempsychosis. 

tr admissibility (tr ans-mis-i-bil'i-ti) , 
n. the quality of being transmissible. 

transmissible (trans-mis'i-bl), adj. 
that may be passed from one to an- 
other, or through a body or sub- 
stance. 

transmission (trans-mish'un) , n. the 
act of transmitting ; the things trans- 
mitted; passage through. Also 
transmittal. 

transmit (trans-mit'), v.t [p.t.&, p.p. 
transmitted, p.pr. transmitting], to 
cause or suffer to pass over or 
through; send from one place or 
person to another. 

transmitter (trans-mit'er) K n. one 
who, or that which, transmits; a tele- 
graphic or telephonic sending instru- 
ment. 

transmutation (trans-mu-t a 'shun) f 
n. change from one form, nature, 
substance, or species, into another. 

transmute (trans-mut'), v.t. to change 
from one form, nature, substance, or 
species into another. 

transom (tran'som), n. a cross-beam 
over a door or over the sternpost of 
a vessel; horizontal mullion or cross- 
bar in a window. 

transparency (trans-par 'en-si), n. fpZ. 
transparencies (trans-par 'en-siz)], tne 
state or quality of being transpar- 
ent; a picture painted on a semi- 
transparent material through which 
a light shines. 

transparent (trans-par'ent) , adj. hav- 
ing the property of transmitting rays 
of light; clear. 

transpiration (tran-spi-ra'shun), ?u 
exhalation through the pores of the 
skin. 



ate, arm, at, awl 



me, merge, met : mite, mit : in 
hue, hut ; think, tlien 



>te, north, not ; boom boo! 



TRANSPIRE 



852 



TRAVELER 



transpire (tran-spir') , v.i. to be ex- 
creted through the pores of the skin; 
be exhaled; become known; come to 
pass; occur: v.t. to perspire; exhale. 

transplant (trans-plant'), v.t. to re- 
move and plant in another place ; re- 
move and establish. 

transplantation (trans-olan-ta'shun) , 
n. the act of transplanting. 

transport (trans-port'), v.t. to carry- 
across or from one place to another; 
banish as a criminal; carry away by 
violence of passion, or pleasure: n. 
(transport) conveyance for baggage 
or stores ; a vessel employed for car- 
rying troops, stores, &c, from one 
place to another; violent manifesta- 
tion of anger; rapture; ecstasy. 

transportation (trans-por-ta/shun) , 
ft. banishment for crime; convey- 
ance. 

transporting (trans-port'ing) , adj. 
ravishing; ecstatic. 

transpose (trans-poz') , v.t. to change 
the place or order of, by putting each 
in the place of the other ; change the 
key of; change (a term) from one 
side of an equation to the other by 
changing the sign. 

transposition (trans-po-zish'un) , n. 
the act of transposing ; state of being 
transposed. Also transposal. 

transubstantiation (tran-sub-stan- 
shi-a/shun), n. the doctrine that after 
consecration, the elements in the Eu- 
charist are converted into the veri- 
table body and blood of Christ. 

transude (trans-iid'), v.i. to pass or 
ooze through the pores or interstices 
of a substance. 

transverse (trans-vers') , adj. lying or 
being across or crosswise; broader 
than long. 

transversely (trans-vers'li) , adv. in a 
transverse direction. 

trap (trap), n. an instrument shut- 
ting suddenly with a spring for snar- 
ing game, vermin, and other ani- 
mals; snare; ambush; stratagem; a 
game played with a bat, ball, and 
shoe-shaped block of wood; a car- 
riage on springs; contrivance for 
preventing the escape of foul air 
from a drain; heavy igneous rock 
composed of feldspar, hornblende, 
&c: pi. baggage; portable articles: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trapped, p.pr. trap- 



ping], to catch in, or as in a trap; 
ensnare; take by stratagem; furnish 
with a trap: v.i. to set traps for 
game. 

trapeze (tra-pez'), ft. a swinging hori- 
zontal bar suspended at each end by 
a rope, used by gymnasts. 

trapezium (tra-pe'zi-um) , ft. a plane 
figure bounded by four right lines, of 
which no two are parallel; the out- 
ermost bone of the second row of 
the carpus. 

trapezoid (trap'e-zoid) , ft. a plane 
figure with four sides, having two 
sides parallel to each other. 

trapper (trap'er), n. one who traps ani- 
mals, especially to obtain the fur. 

trappings (trap'ingz), n.pl. orna- 
mented articles of dress; superficial 
decorations; ornaments for horses. 

Trappist (trap'ist), ft. a member of a 
Cistercian order, founded in 1140 by 
Rotrou at Soligny-la-Trappe. Their 
vow embraces silence, long prayers, 
and hard manual labor. 

trash (trash), n. refuse; worthless or 
useless matter; rubbish; decayed 
leaves and stems of the sugar-cane. 

trashiness (trash/i-nes), ft. the state 
or quality of being trashy. 

trashy (trash'i), adj. [comp. trashier, 
superl. trashiest], worthless, use- 
less. 

trass (tras) , ft. a tuf aceous alluvium or 
volcanic earth, used as a hydraulic 
cement. Also terras. 

traumatic (traw-mat'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to, applied to, suitable for, 
or produced by, wounds. 

travado (tra-va'do), n. a sudden squall 
accompanied with lightning and rain. 
[Spanish.] 

travail (trav'il or trav'al) , ft. labor with 
pain; severe toil; parturition: v.i. to 
suffer the pains of" childbirth. 

trave (trav), ft. a wooden frame for 
confining a horse while being shod. 

travel (trav'el), v.i. to journey, espe- 
cially to foreign or distant places; 
proceed; move: v.t. to journey over: 
ft. the act of journeying, especially 
to foreign or distant places: pi. an 
account of occurrences and things 
seen during a journey. 

traveler (trav'el-er) , n. one who trav- 
els; one who journeys from place to 
place to solicit custom for a mercan- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TRAVERSE 



853 



TREATY 



tile house; a ring that slides along a 
rope or spar. 

traverse (tra-vers'), adj. lying or be- 
ing across : adv. athwart ; crosswise : n. 
a cross piece; something lying or 
placed across something else; a gal- 
lery or loft of communication in a 
church or large building ; formal de- 
nial of the pleadings of the opposite 
party in a lawsuit; parapet and 
trench across a ditch; the turning 
of m a gun to command different 
points: v.t. to lay or place in a cross 
direction; thwart; multiply; travel 
or pass over; survey carefully; turn 
and point, as a piece of ordnance; 
plane across the grain; deny for- 
mally : v.i. to turn as on a pivot ; move 
round; tread or move crosswise. 

travesty (trav'es-ti) , n. [pi. travesties 
(trav es-tiz)], a burlesque or parody: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. travestied, p.pr. trav- 
estying], to burlesque or parody. 

trawl (trawl), n. a large net of pecu- 
liar construction used in deep-sea 
fishing: v.i. to fish with a trawl. 

trawler (trawler), n. one who trawls; a 
fishing vessel used in trawling. 

trawling (trawl'ing), n. the act or pro- 
cess of fishing with a net which drags 
along the bottom of the sea. 

tray (tra), n. [pi. trays (traz)], a broad, 
flat vessel for holding or carrying 
dishes, glasses, &c; salver. 

trayful (tra/fool), n. [pi. trayfuls 
(tra/foolz) ], as much as a tray will 
contain. 

treacherous (trech'er-us) , adj. be- 
traying a trust; perfidious; faithless. 

treachery (trech'er-i) , n. [pi. treacher- 
ies (trech'er-iz)], treasonable or per- 
fidious conduct; perfidy; violation of 
allegiance_or faith; treason. 

treacle (tre'kl), n. a syrup drained 
from sugar in the process of refining; 
molasses. 

tread (tred), v.i. [p.t. trod, p.p. trod- 
den, p.pr. treading], to step or walk, 
especially to walk with a more or 
less stately or measured step; copu- 
late, as birds: v.t. to walk on; crush 
under the feet; subdue or vanquish. 

treadle (tred'l), n. that part of a loom 
or other machine moved by the foot. 

treadmill (tred'mil), n. a large wheel 
driven by persons treading on the 
steps of the periphery. 



treason (tre'zn), n. the offense of be- 
traying the State or subverting the 
government of the State to which 
the offender belongs; rebellion. 

treasure (trezh'ur), n. accumulated 
wealth; abundance; plenty; some- 
thing highly valued: v.t. to lay up 
or collect for future use ; hoard ; value 
highly. 

treasurer (trezh'ur-er) , n. one who has 
the charge of a treasure; a public 
officer who receives the money col- 
lected from taxes, duties, &c; one 
who has charge of collected funds. 

treasurership (trezh'ur-er-ship), n. 
the office of a treasurer. 

treasury (trezh'ur-i) , n. [pi. treasuries 
(trezh'ur-iz)], a place or building 
where the public revenues are 
deposited and the public debts dis- 
charged; that department of a gov- 
ernment which has charge of the fi- 
nances ; the officials constituting such 
a department; collection of valuable 
information or facts. 

Treasury note (not), n. a demand note 
issued by the United States Treas- 
ury, and by law made a legal tender 
for all debts, public and private. 

treat (tret), v.t. to handle or manage 
in a particular manner; behave to- 
wards; entertain with food or drink 
without cost to the guests; discourse 
on; manage in the application of 
remedies: v.i. to discuss; negotiate; 
agree; give a gratuitous entertain- 
ment: n. an entertainment given as 
an expression of regard ; something 
which affords great pleasure. 

treating (tret'ing), n. the practice in 
America of inviting every one pres- 
ent, or some one special friend, to 
drink at the expense of the tr eater. 
Persons thus " treated " are sup- 
posed to treat back in their turn, so 
that the practice is favorable to in- 
toxication. 

treatise (tret'is), n. a written composi- 
tion on some particular subject, in 
which its principles are discussed or 
explained. 

treatment (tret'ment), n. act or man- 
ner of treating ; usage ; management ; 
manipulation. 

treaty (tret'i), n. [j)l. treaties (tret'iz)], 
the act of treating for the adjust- 
ment of differences or for forming 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TREBLE 



854 



TREfc i Lb 



an agreement; league or agreement 
between two states, &c; negotia- 
tion. 

treble (treb'l), adj. threefold; triple; 
pertaining to the highest vocal or 
instrumental part [Music] : n. the 
highest vocal or instrumental part; 
soprano: v.t. to make threefold: v.i. 
to become threefold. 

tree (tre), n. any woody plant having a 
single trunk and branches; anything 
resembling a tree; a piece of timber; 
cross: v.t. to drive to a tree; place in 
difficulty: v.i. to take refuge in a tree. 

tree-calf (tre'kaf), n. a brown calf 
binding for a book, with conventional 
lines, suggesting trees, stained into it, 
so as to produce a beautiful effect. 

treenail (ter'nal), n. a cylindrical 
wooden pin used for securing the 
planks of a ship to the timbers. 
Also trenail. 

trefoil (tre'foil), n. any plant of the 
genus Trifolium, including the clo- 
vers; an ornamental foliation used 
in architecture resembling three- 
leaved clover. 

trek (trek), v.i. to travel by wagon, 
especially in search of a new settle- 
ment: n. a journey by wagon. 
[South African Dutch.] 

trellis (trel'is), n. a structure or 
frame of lattice-work for supporting 
vines, &c. 

trellis- work (trel'is-werk) , n. small 
bars nailed together crosswise. 

tremble (trem'bl), v.i. to shake in- 
voluntarily, as with fear, cold, weak- 
ness, &c; shudder; totter; quaver, 
as sound: n. an involuntary shak- 
ing; shiver. 

trembling (trem'bling) , adj. shaking 
as with fear; quivering. 

tremendous (tre-men'dus) , adj. ex- 
citing fear or terror; dreadful; ter- 
rible; terrific; marvelous. 

tremolite (trem'o-lit) , n. a white va- 
riety of hornblende. 

tremolo (trem'o-lo), n. a tremulous or 
fluttering effect in vocal or instru- 
mental music; mechanical device in 
an organ by which a tremolo is pro- 
duced. 

tremor (trem'er), n. an involuntary 
trembling; quivering or vibratory 
motion. 

tremulous (trem'u-lus) , adj. trem- 



bling; quivering; shaking; affected 
with fear or timidity; vibratory. 

trench (trench), n. a long, narrow 
cut or ditch excavated in the earth; 
open ditch for draining; an excava- 
tion made to interrupt the advance 
of an enemy, or to cover the advance 
of troops to a besieged place: v.t. to 
form a ditch in; dig or cultivate 
deeply: v.i. to encroach. 

trenchant (trench/ant), adj. sharp; 
keen; severe. 

trencher (trench'er), n. one who 
trenches; a large wooden plate; 
trencher-cap. 

trencher-cap (trench'er-kap) , n. a 
college cap. 

trencherman (trench 'er-man) , n. one 
who is fond of eating. From the 
time when trenchers were used, and 
plates less known. 

trend (trend), n. inclination in <* 
particular direction; general tend- 
ency: v.i. to have a particular di- 
rection; tend; stretch. 

trepan (tre-pan'), n. a cylindrical 
saw of peculiar construction used in 
the operation of trepanning: v.i. 
[p m .t. & p.p. trepanned, p.pr. trepan- 
ning], to perform the operation of 
trepanning: v.t. to perforate with a 
trepan. 

trepang (tre-pang'), n. the beche-de- 
mer; the sea-slug. [Malay.] 

trepanning (tre-pan'ing), n. the sur- 
gical operation of making a perfora- 
tion in the skull and taking out a 
piece to remove pressure on the 
brain. 

trephine (tre-fin'), n. a surgical in- 
strument for removing a disk of 
bone from the skull: v.t. to operate 
on with a trephine; to trepan. 

trepidation (trep-i-da/shun) , n. an 
involuntary trembling; state of ter- 
ror or alarm; confused haste. 

trespass (tres'pas), v.i. to commit 
any offense; sin; enter unlawfully 
upon the land of another; intrude; 
violate any recognized rule of duty 
or social life: n. the act of trespass- 
ing; any offense or injury done to 
the person or property of another; 
transgression; sin. 

tress (tres), n. a braid or lock of 
hair. 

trestle (tres'l), n. a movable form 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book, 8 

, hue, hut; think, then. 






TRESTLE-BOARD 



855 



TRICHINA 



for supporting anything; frame of a 
table. 

trestle-board (tres'1-bord) , n. a 
draughtsman's designing board. 

trestle- bridge (tres'1-brii), n. a frame- 
bridge; a bridge of trestle-work. 

trestle- tree (tres'1-tre), n. one of two 
stout bars of timber secured hori- 
zontally to a mast to support the 
cross-trees. 

trestle-work (tres'1-werk) , n. a 
viaduct, pier, or scaffold supported 
on trestles connected together with 
crossbeams and braces. 

trevis (trev'is), n. a beam or cross- 
bar; a partition. 

trey (tra), n. a 3-spot at cards or dice; 
card with three spots. 

tri, a Grseco-Latin prefix meaning 
three, threefold, as Wangled, adj. 
having three angles. 

triable (tri'a-bl) ; adj. capable of be- 
ing tried or subjected to test. 

triad (tri'ad), n. a union of three; an 
element which can replace or direct- 
ly unite with three atoms of hydro- 
gen or similar monatonic element; 
the common chord of a tone with its 
third and fifth [Music]. 

trial (tri'al), n. an attempt or endeavor; 
examination by test or experience; 
test of virtue, &c, by suffering or 
temptation; proof; verification; state 
of being tried; judicial examina- 
tion. 

triandrian (trl-an'dri-an) , adj. hav- 
ing three equal and distinct stamens. 
Also triandrous. 

triangle (trf'ang-gl) , n. a plane figure 
bounded by three fines, and having 
three angles; a frame of three hal- 
berds to which offenders against 
military discipline were secured to 
ee iiogged; a musical instrument of 
steel in the form of a triangle, sound- 
ed by being struck with a rod. 

triangular (trl-ang'gu-lar) , adj. hav- 
ing three angles; shaped like a tri- 
angle. 

triangulate (tri-ang'gu-lat), v .t. to 
divide into triangles; survey by 
jneans of triangles. 

triangulation (tri-ang-gu-la'shun), n. 
the act of triangulating; the division 
of a district or a country into tri- 
angular portions, as in a trigono- 
metrical survey. 



tribal (tri'bal), adj. pertaining to, Of 
characteristic of. a tribe. 

tribalism (trl'bal-izm), n. the state of 
existing in tribes; tribal characterise 
tics or feeling. 

tribasic (tri-ba'sik), adj. noting an 
acid in which three equivalents of 
hydrogen have been replaced by a 
metal. 

tribe (trib), n. a family, race, or 
class, constituting a distinct _ por- 
tion of a people ; a family or series of 
generations descended from a com- 
mon ancestor, but kept distinct; na- 
tion of uncivilized people under one 
chief; a group of animals or plants 
intermediate between an order and 
a genus. 

tribrach (tri-brak), n. a poetic foot 
of three short syllables. 

tribulation (trib-u-ia/shun), n. se- 
vere affliction ; deep sorrow; acute 
trial. 

tribunal (tri-bu'nal) , n. the seat of 
a judge; court of justice. 

tribune (trib 'tin), n. an ancient Ro- 
man official elected by the people to 
safeguard their liberties; a bench or 
elevated place; raised stand or ros- 
trum from which speeches are deliv- 
ered. 

tribuneship (trib'un ship), n. the 
office or authority of a tribune; 
period during which a tribune held 
office. 

tributary (trib'u-ta-ri), adj. paying 
tribute; yielding supplies; contrib- 
uting to make up a greater object of 
the same kind: n. a state or govern- 
ment which pays tribute to a supe- 
rior; a stream or river flowing into 
a larger one. 

tribute (trib'ut), n. an annual or 
stipulated sum of money, &c, paid 
by one state to another; personal 
contribution made in token of ser- 
vices rendered or acknowledgment 
due. 

trice (tris), n. an instant: v.t. to 
haul; hoist and secure with a small 
rope. 

tricentenary (trf-sen'te-na-ri) , same 
as tercentenary. 

triceps (tri'seps), n. the great three- 
headed extensor muscle of the arm. 

trichina (tri-ki'na), n. [pi. trichinae 
(tri-kl'ne)], a nemotoid parasitic 



ate arm. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TRICHINOSIS 



856 



TRIGONOMETRY 



worm, which infests the muscles of 
swine and human beings. 

trichinosis (tri-ki-no'sis), n. the dis- 
ease produced by the presence of 
trichinae in the muscles and intes- 
tines. Also trichiniasis. 

trichology (tn'kol'o-ji), n. the sci- 
entific study of the hair, especially 
for the cure of baldness. 

trichord (tri'kord) , n. a three-stringed 
instrument; a piano having three 
strings to each key for the greater 
part of its compass. 

trichroism (tri'kro-izm), n. the prop- 
erty of certain crystals of transmit- 
ting various colors in three different 
directions. 

trick (trik), n. a stratagem or arti- 
fice; wile; vicious habit or practice; 
deception; imposition; legerdemain; 
clever contrivance to puzzle, amuse, 
or annoy; whole number of cards 
falling to the winner in one round: 
pi. frolic: v.t. to cheat; impose 
upon; deceive; delineate without 
color; decorate or set off (with out). 

trickery (trik'er-i), n. deception; 
cheating; fraud; imposture. 

trickily (trik'i-li) , adv. in a tricky man- 
ner. 

trickiness (trik'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being tricky. 

trickle (trik'l) , v.i. to flow gently down 
or in a small stream; run down in 
drops: n. a small gentle stream. 

trickster (trik'ster), n. & cheat; de- 
ceiver. 

tricksy (trik'si), adj. full of tricks; 
pretty. 

tricktrack (trik'trak), n. an old game 
resembling backgammon. 

tricky (trik'i) , adj. given to tricks; 
knavish; shifty; artful; cunning. 

triclinic (tri-klin'ik) , _ adj. having 
three unequal axes intersecting at 
oblique angles. 

triclinium (tn-klin'i-um) , n. [pi. tri- 
clinia (tri-klin'i-a)], a couch, usually 
accommodating three persons for 
reclining at meals; a dining-room 
furnished with couches on three 
sides. 

tricolor (tri'kul-er) , n. a national flag 
of three colors arranged in equal 
strips. 

tricontahedral (tri-kon-ta-he'dral) , 
adj. having thirty sides. 



tricuspid (tri-kus'pid), odj. having 
three points (cusps), as a molar 
tooth or a valve of the heart. 

tricycle (tri'si-kl), n. a three-wheeled 
modernized form of velocipede: v.i. 
to ride on a tricycle. 

trident (tri'dent), n. a scepter or spear 
with three prongs, especially the 
scepter of Neptune: hence sover- 
eignty of the sea. 

tridentate (tri-den'tat), adj. having 
three teeth or prongs. 

tried (trid), p. adj. proved; tested; 
trustworthy; faithful. 

triennial (trl-en'i-al) , adj. occurring 
in, or continuing for, three years. # 

triennially (tri-en'i-a-li) , adv. once in 
three years. 

trier (trl'er), n. one who tries or makes 
experiments; a judge; test. 

trifid (trl'fid), adj. three-cleft. 

trifle (tri'fl), n. anything of little value 
or importance; a light kind of dish 
made of s r onge-cakes soaked in 
sherry and covered with jam, cream, 
&c: v.i. to act or talk with levity; 
indulge in light or frivolous amuse- 
ments: v.t. to waste or fritter away. 

trifling (tri 'fling), adj. of small value 
or importance. 

trifoliate (tri-fo'li-at), adj. three- 
leaved. 

triforium (tri-fo'ri-um), n. the open 
gallery or arcade above the arches of 
a church, separating the nave arches 
from the aisles. 

trifurcate (tri-fer'kat), adj. three- 
forked. 

trig (trig), adj. trim; neat: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. trigged, p.pr. trigging], to skid 
or stop (a wheel) : n. a skid. 

trigamy (trig'a-mi), n. the state of be- 
ing thrice married. 

trigger (trig'er), n. a catch which, 
when pulled, releases the hammer of 
a gun. 

triglyph (tri'glif), n. an ornament of 
the Doric frieze placed directly over 
each column and at equal distances. 

trigonal (trig'6-nal), aaj. three-cor- 
nered. 

trigonometric (trig-o-no-met'rik) , adj. 
pertaining to, or done by, trigo- 
nometry. Trigonometrical. 

trigonometrically (trig-o-no-mef- 
ri-ka-li), adv. by trigonometry . # 

trigonometry (trig-o-nom'e-tri), n. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TRIHEDRAL 



857 



TRIPTYCH 



the science of measuring the sides 
and angles of triangles, and ascer- 
taining the relations between them 
by certain parts which are given. 

trihedral (trl-he'dral), adj. having 
three sides. 

trihedron (tri-he'dron), n. a figure 
having three sides. 

trilateral (tri-lat'er-al), adj. three- 
sided. 

trilaterally (trl-lat'er-a-li), adv. with 
three sides. 

trilinear (tri-lin'e-ar), adj. three- 
lined. 

trilingual (trl-ling'gwal) , adj. having 
the command of three languages. 

trilith (tri'lith), n. a monument 
formed by three stones, two upright 
and oneacross the others. Also tri- 
lithon. 

trill (tril), n. a shake or quaver of the 
voice: v.t. to sing with a quaver: v.i. 
to quaver. 

trillion (tril'yun), n. in the French 
system of numeration, followed in 
the United States, a unit with twelve 
ciphers annexed; in the English sys- 
tem, a unit with eighteen ciphers 
annexed. 

trilobite (tri'lo-bit) , n. t a fossil crus- 
tacean of the Palaeozoic period. 

trilogy (tril'o-ji), n. a series of three 
dramas each complete in itself, but 
forming one poetical and historical 
picture. 

trim (trim), adj. [comp. trimmer, sw- 
perl. trimmest], neat; compact; in 
good order or service : # v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. trimmed, p.pr. trimming], to 
decorate or adorn; make trim; ad- 
just; make smooth: v.i. to balance 
or fluctuate between parties. 

trimeter (trim'e-ter) , n. a line consist- 
ing of three meters (measures) . 

trimmer (trim'er), n. one who trims; 
time-server; joist into which others 
are framed. 

trimorphism (tri-m6r'fizm), # n. the 
property of # crystallizing in three 
forms; co-existence among individ- 
uals of the same species of three dis- 
tinct forms, unconnected by inter- 
mediate gradations. 

Trinitarian (trin-i-ta/ri-an) , adj. per- 
taining to the Trinity, or the doc- 
trine of the Trinity. 

Trinitarianism (trin-i-ta'ri-an-izm), 



n. the doctrine that there are three 
Persons in the Trinity. 

Trinity (trin'i-ti), n. the union of the 
Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost 
in one Godhead. 

Trinity Sunday (sun'da) , n. the Sun- 
day next after Whitsunday. 

trinket (tring'ket), n. anything small 
and of little value; small ornament 
or jewel. 

trinomial (tri-no'mi-al) , adj. consist- 
ing of three terms, connected by the 
sign + or — . 

trio (tre'o), n. a set of three; three 
united; composition for three voices 
or instruments. 

trional (tri'o-nal), n. a white crystal- 
line coal-tar product, eminently used 
in the form of a white powder, as a 
temporary remedy for insomnia. 

trip (trip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tripped, 
p.pr. tripping], to run or step light- 
ly or nimbly; take short, quick 
steps; stumble; err; take an excur- 
sion: n. a nimble, short step; stum- 
ble; mistake; journey. 

tripartite (trip'ar-tit or tri-par'tlt), 
adj. divided into three parts. 

tripe (trip), n. the stomach of a rumi- 
nating animalprepared for food. 

triplane (trl'plan), n.\ an aeroplane 
with three gliding planes. 

triple (trip'l), adj. threefold; consisting 
of three united; three times re- 
peated. 

Triple Alliance (trip'l al-i-ans), n. a 
defensive alliance between Germany, 
Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed 
in 1883. Italy withdrew just before 
declaring war on Austria-Hungary in 
1915 and joining the Allies in the 
European War. 

Triple Entente (trip'l an-tant), n. an 
understanding or informal agreement 
between Great Britain, France, and 
Russia. It was the basis for their 
accord in entering the European War 
in 1914. , 

triplet (xrip'let), n. three umted: pi. 
three children at one birth. 

tripod (tii'pod), n. a three-legged stool 
or table. 

tripoli (trip'o-li), n. an earthy sub- 
stance consisting of siliceous shells 
of diatoms. 

triptych (trip'tik), n. a, writing-tablet 
in three parts; a panel, usually an 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TRIREME 



358 



TROPICAL 






altar piece, consisting of three com- 
partments, two of them folding over 
the middle one which is fixed. 

trireme (tri'rem), n. an ancient gal- 
ley with three banks of oars. 

trisect (tri-sekf), v.t. to divide into 
three equal parts. 

trisection (tri-sek'shun) , n. division 
into three parts, especially an angle 
into three equal parts. 

trisyllable (tri-sil'a-bl), n. a word of 
three syllables. 

tritagonist (tri-tag'o-nist) , n. the 
third of the three actors in a Greek 
tragedy, who have lines to speak. 
[Greek.] 

trite (trit), adj. worn out; stale. 

tritely (trit-li), adv. in a trite manner. 

triteness (trit'nes), n. the quality of 
being trite. 

Tritheism (tri'the-izm), n. the doc- 
trine that the three Persons in the 
Trinity are three distinct Gods. 

Triton (tri'ton), n. in classical mythol- 
ogy, a sea-god, son of Neptune and 
Venus, — represented as a man with a 
dolphin's tail. 

triturate (trit/u-rat) , v.t. to rub, 
grind, or bruise to powder. 

trituration (trit-u-r a/shun), n. the act 
of triturating or reducing to powder. 

triumph (tri'umf), n. a grand pro- 
cession in honor of a general who 
has gained a decisive victory; state 
of joy at success; victory; conquest: 
v.i. to rejoice over success; obtain a 
victory. 

triumphal (tii-um'fal), adj. pertain- 
ing to, indicating, or in honor of, a 
triumph. 

triumphant (tri-um'f ant) , adj. re- 
joicing for victory; victorious. 

triumvir (tri-um'ver),n. [pi. triumviri 
(tri-um'vi-ri)], one of three men 
united in office. 

triumvirate (trl-um'vi-rat) , n. a coali- 
tion m of three men in office or au- 
thority. 

triune (tri'un), adj. three in G«<e. 

trivalent (triy'a-lent) , adj. capable of 
being combined with, or replaced by, 
three atoms of hydrogen. 

trivet (triv'et), n. a stand for holding a 
kettle, &c, near the fire. 

trivial (triv'i-al), adj. trifling; com- 
monplace. 

triviality (triv-i-al'i-ti), n. [pi. triviali- 



ties (triv-i-al'i-tiz)], the state Off 
quality of being trivial. 

trocha (trot'sha), n. a military high- 
road. 

trochee (tro'ke), n. sl medicinal loz- 
enge. 

trochee (trok'e), n. a metrical foot of 
two syllables; the first long, the sec- 
ond short. 

trochlear (trok'le-ar), adj. pulley-like: 
said of certain muscles. 

trod, p.t. of tread. 

troglodyte (trog'lo-dlt) , n. a cave 
dweller: said of certain tribes. 

Trojan (tro'jan), adj. pertaining to 
Troy. 

troll (trol), n. a giant or giantess of 
supernatural powers; sorceress; a 
kind of song; reel on a fishing-rod: 
v.t. to sing the parts of in succes- 
sion: v.i. to fish, as for pike, with a 
rod and line running on a reel. 

trolley (trol'i), n. a kind of truck; a 
grooved metal wheel traveling lq 
contact with a live electric wire. 

trolley car (kar), n. a car propelled 
by means of a trolley and an electric 
motor. 

trollop (trol 'up), n. a slattern. 

trombone (trom'bon), n. a large brass 
instrument of the trumpet kind. 

tromometer (tro-mom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring earth 
tremors. See seismograph. 

troop (troop), n. a multitude; small 
body of cavalry, usually 60; soldiers 
collectively; company of perform- 
ers: v.i. to march in a body; collect 
in crowds. 

trooper (troop r er), n. a cavalryman; 
troopship. 

trope (trop), n. a word or expression 
used in a sense different from its 
usual signification; figurative word. 

trophy (tro'fi), n. [pi. trophies (tro 7 - 
fiz)], a memorial of a victory; 
memento. 

tropic (trop'ik), n. one of the two 
small circles of the celestial sphere, 
situated at each side of the equator, 
at a distance of 23 Q 28' and parallel 
to it, within the limits of which the 
sun moves in his yearly course; re- 
gion between the tropics. 

tropical (trop'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated within, the tropics; fig- 
urative. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, bock ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TROPICALLY 



859 



TRUMPET 



tropically (trop'i-ka-li), adv. figura- 
tively. 

trot (trot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. trotted, 
p.pr. trotting], to move faster than 
a walk: v.t. to cause to trot: n. the 
pace of a horse a little faster than a 
walk; jogging pace. 

troth (troth), n. betrothal; fidelity. 

trotter (trot'er), n. a trotting horse; 
sheep's or pig's foot. 

trotyl (tro'til), n. an explosive com- 
pound of great power used in warfare, 
as in the European Vv'ar, 1914-1916, 
in bombs and mines. 

troubadour (troo'ba-door), n. one of 
a class of lyric poets who flourished 
in the south of France and north of 
Italy from the eleventh to the thir- 
teenth century. 

trouble (trub'l), n. mental agitation, 
distress, or worry; fault or inter- 
ruption in the stratum of a mine: 
v.t. to agitate, distress, or worry; 
give occasion of labor to. 

troublesome (trub'1-sum), adj. caus- 
ing trouble. Also troublous. 

trough (trof), n. a long, hollow ves- 
sel for holding a liquid, food, &c; 
anything hollow T ed out. 

trounce (trouns), v.t. to beat sound- 
ly- 
trouncing (trouns'ing) , n. a severe 
beating. 

troupe (troop), n. a company of per- 
formers. 

trousers (trou'zerz), n.pl. a garment 
worn by men and boys, from the 
waist to the ankles, and covering 
each leg separately. 

trousseau (troo-so'), n. [pi. trous- 
seaux (troo-soz')L a bride's outfit. 

trout (trout), n. a fresh-water fish 
allied to the salmon, but smaller. 

trouvere (troo-var'), n. poets who 
composed minor epics in the Middle 
Ages, and sang or recited them at 
courts or in the great castles of the 
nobles. [Old French.] 

trover (tro'ver), n. the gaining pos- 
session of goods by finding or other 
means; an action at law for goods 
found and not delivered on demand. 

trow (trou), v.i. to believe; trust. 

trowel (trou'el), n. a flat, triangular 
tool used for spreading mortar; a 
gardener's tool. 

troyweight (troi'wat), n. a weight 



of twelve ounces to the pound, used 
by goldsmiths and jewelers. 

truancy (troo'an-si) , n. playing tru- 
ant. 

truant (troo'ant), n. one who absents 
himself from school without leave; 
one who idles away from duty or 
business; loiterer: adj., pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, a truant. 

truce (troos), n. a temporary peace 
or cessation of hostilities; brief ces- 
sation. 

truck (truk), n. a wheeled vehicle for 
carrying goods; small wooden wheel; 
small wooden cap on the top of a 
flagstaff, &c; barter; garden vegeta- 
bles: v.t. to send by truck; peddle; 
hawk: v.i. to exchange commodities; 
barter; negotiate. 

truckle (truk'l), n. a small wheel or 
caster: v.t. trundle; move on rollers: 
v.i. to yield obsequiously to anoth- 
er's will. 

truckle-bed (truk'1-bed) , n. a trundle- 
bed. 

truculence (truk'u-lens) , n. ferocity. 

truculent (truk'u-lent) , adj. ferocious ; 
of fierce aspect. 

trudge (truj), # v.i. to travel on foot, 
especially with labor or fatigue. 

true (troo), adj. [comp. truer, super!. 
truest], conformable to fact; faith- 
ful or loyal; genuine; rightful; cor- 
rect. 

true-blue (troo'bloo) , adj. of inflexible 
honesty and fidelity. 

trufHe (truf'l), n. a fleshy under- 
ground fungus much esteemed as a 
table delicacy. 

truism (troo'izm), n. a self-evident 
truth. 

truly (troo'li), adv. in agreement with 
truth or fact ; precisely ; sincerely . 

trump (trump), n. a trumpet; a win- 
ning card; one of the suit of cards 
that takes any of the other suits; a 
genuine good fellow: v.t. to take 
with a trump card: v.i. to play a 
trump card. 

trumpery (trump 'er-i), n. worthless 
finery; rubbish: adj. worthless; in- 
significant. 

trumpet (trump'et), n. a metal wind 
instrument formed of a single curved 
tube; an organ stop: v.t. to publish 
by, or as by, the sound of trumpet; 
noise abroad; praise extravagantly. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TRUMPETER 860 TUBERCULAR 

trumpeter (trump 'et-er), n. one who trustfully vtrust'f oo-li) , adv. in a tru&t* 

sounds a trumpet; one who pro- ful manner. 

claims; self -flatterer ; a variety of trustiness (trust 'i-nes), n. the quality 

pigeon; an American swan. of being trusty. 

truncal (trung'kal) , adj . pertaining trusty (trust 'i) , adj. [comp. trustier, 

to the trunk. superl. trustiest], justly deserving 

truncate (trung'kat), adj. appearing confidence; faithful. 

as if cut off at the tip: v.t. (trung- truth (trooth), n. [pi. truths], agree- 

kat') to lop. _ ment with reality; eternal principle 

truncated (trung'ka-ted) , adj. cut off of right, or law of order; veracity; 

short. fidelity; fact. 

truncheon (trun'chun), n. a short truthful (trooth'fool), adj. according 

staff or cudgel; baton or staff of au- to, adhering to, or speaking, the 

thority: v.t. to beat with a trun- truth; reliable. 

cheon. truthfully (trooth 'f oo-li) , adv. in a 

trundle (trun'dl) , v.t. to roll along; truthful manner. 

roll, as on small wheels: n. a little try (tri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tried, p.pr. 

wheel; truck. trying], to exert strength; to en- 
trundle-bed (trun'dl-bed) , n. a low deavor; to make an effort; to at- 

bed that runs on casters. tempt: v.t. to examine; to prove by 

trunk (trungk), n. the stem of a experiment; to experience; to prove 

tree; body of an animal, as distin- by a test; to examine judicially; to 

guished from the head and limbs; purify; to refine; to strain (the literal 

main body of anything ; elephant's sense of the word) : n. an attempt or 

proboscis; large traveling box or experiment. 

chest; shaft of a column. trying (tri'ing), adj. afflictive; diffi- 

trunk-hose (trungk'hoz) , n. large cult. 

breeches reaching to the knees. try-sail (tri'sal), n. a sail used by a 
trunnion (trun'yun), n. one of the ship in a storm; literally, the strain- 
two bosses which project from the sail. 

opposite sides of a cannon. tryst (trist), n. a meeting; a promise 

truss (trus), n. a surgical apparatus to meet. 

for the relief of hernia; a bundle or Tsar, another form of Czar. (Caesar.) 

package; timbers fastened together Tsarina, same as Czarina. 

for the support of a roof; rope or tsetse (tset'se), n. an irritating Afri- 

iron for keeping the center of the can fly whose bite is fatal to oxen, 

lower yard to the mast; tuft of horses, &c._ 

flowers formed at the top of the T-square (te'skwar), n. a draughts- 
main stalk or stem of certain man's ruler. 

plants: v.t. to bind or pack close; tuatera (too-a-ta'ra) , n. a New Zea- 

skewer. land carnivorous lizard. 

trust (trust) , n. confidence; faith; tub (tub), n. a small cask; sponge 

credit; special reliance on presumed bath: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tubbed, p.pr. 

integrity; combination of capitalists tubbing], to plant or set in a tub; to 

to secure a monopoly ; an estate held wash. 

for the benefit of another: v.t. to tube (tub), n. a pipe; a hollow cylinder, 

place confidence in; rely upon; cred- used for the conveyance of fluids, 

it; sell upon credit to: v.i. to have and for various other purposes: v.t. 

trust in: adj. held in trust. to furnish with a tube. 

trustee (trus-te'), n. a person to tuber (tu'ber), n. a fleshy, rounded 

whom property or the management stem or root, usually containing 

of property is committed for the starchy matter. 

benefit of others. tubercle (tu'ber-kl), n. a small hard 

trusteeship (trus-te'ship) , n. the office local tumor; little tuber. 

or functions of a trustee. tubercular, tuberculous (tti-ber'ku- 

trustful (trust r fool) , adj. full of lar, tu-beVku-lus), adj. full of knobs 

trust; faithful. or tubercles. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TUBERCULIN 



861 



TUNGSTEN 



tuberculin (tu-ber'ku-lin), n. a liquid 
prepared from attenuated cultures 
of the tubercle bacillus, intended for 
inoculation as a cure for consump- 
tion; now used in testing cattle sus- 
pected of tuberculosis. 

tuberculosis (tu-ber-ku-lo'sis), n. a 
disease accompanied by the forma- 
tion of small tubercles in the tissues. 

tuberose (tub'roz), n. a plant with a 
tuberous root and a liliaceous 
flower. 

tuberous (tu'ber-us), adj. consisting 
of roundish, fleshy tubers. 

tubing (tu'bing), n. material for 
tubes. 

tubular (tuTm-lar), adj. having the 
form of a tube or pipe; consisting of 
a pipe. 

tuck (tuk), n. a long, narrow sword; a 
rapier; a kind of net; a fold in a 
dress; roll of a drum: v.t. to thrust 
or press in or together; to fold under. 

tucker (tuk'er), n. a small piece of 
linen for shading the breast of 
women. 

Tuesday (tiiz'dy), n. the third day 
of thejweek. 

tufa (too 'fa), n. sl soft or porous stone 
formed by depositions from water, 
usually calcareous. Also tuff. 

tuft (tuft), n. a collection of small 
things in a knot or bunch: v.k to 
separate into tufts; to adorn with 
tufts. 

tuft-hunter (tuft'hun-ter), n. a cant 
term in the English universities for 
a hanger-on to noblemen and persons 
of quality, so called from the tuft 
in the cap of the latter. The word 
has now the general meaning of a 
sycophant. 

tug (tug), v.t. to pull or draw with 
great effort: v.i. to labor; to strive; 
to struggle : n. a pull with the utmost 
effort; a steam- vessel used to tow 
ships; a steam-tug. 

tuition (tu-ish'un), n. guardianship; 
superintending care over a young 
person; the particular watch and 
care of a tutor or guardian over his 
pupil or ward; instruction; the act 
or business of teaching the various 
branches of learning; the money 
paid for instruction. 

tulip (tulip), n. a liliaceous plant with 
bell-shaped flowers. 



tulle (tul), n. a kind of silk open-work 
or lace. [French.] 

tumble (tum'bl), v.i. to roll; to roll 
about; to fall; to come down sud- 
denly and violently: v.t. to turn over; 
to turn or throw about for exami- 
nation or searching: n. a fall. 

tumbler (turn 'bier ), n. one who tum- 
bles; a large drinking glass; a variety 
of the domestic pigeon. 

tumbrel (tum'brel), n. a cart that 
may be tilted up; two- wheeled cov- 
ered cart for conveying tools, am- 
munition, &c, in a military train. 
Also tumbril. 

tumefy (tu'me-fi) , v.t. to cause to swell: 
v.i. to swell. 

tumid (tu'mid), adj. swollen; distend- 
ed; bombastic; pompous. 

tumidity (tu-mid'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being tumid. 

tumor (tu'mer), n. a morbid swelling 
or enlargement of any part of the 
body. 

tumult (tu'mult), n. the commotion 
of a number of people; noisy con- 
fusion; riot. 

tumultuous (tu-muTtu-us) , adj. char- 
acterized by, or full of, tumult; dis- 
orderly; agitated. 

tumulus (tu'mu-lus), n. [pi. tumuli 
(tu'mu-li)], an artificial hillock raised 
over a grave. [Latin.] 

tun (tun), n. a large cask; measure of 
wine = 252 gallons; fermenting vat 
of a brewery. 

tunable (tun'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being tuned; harmonious; melo- 
dious. 

tundra (toon'dra), n. a stretch of 
mossy, marshy, flat land in Northern 
Siberia. 

tune (tun) , n. & series of musical notes 
with unity of key-note; melody; 
short musical composition; just in- 
tonation; fit disposition or righl 
mood: v.t. to cause to produce the 
proper sounds; harmonize. 

tuneful (tun'fool), adj. musical; har- 
monious. 

tunefully (tun'foo-h), adv. harmoni 
ously. 

tuneless (tun'les), adj. without har 
mony; discordant. 

tuner (tun'er), n. one who tunes musi 
cal instruments. 

tungsten (tung'sten), n. a rare 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TU1NGSTIC ACID 



862 



TURN 



heavy, greyish-white metal. [Ger- 
man.] 

tungstic acid (tung'stik as'id), n. an 
acid of tungsten consisting of 1 
equivalent of tungsten and 3 of oxy- 
gen. 

tunic (tu'nik), n. an undergarment 
worn by both sexes of the ancient 
Romans; loose kind of frock worn 
by women and boys; military coat; 
membrane covering some organ ; cov- 
ering, as of a seed. 

tunicated (tu'ni-ka-ted) , adj. covered 
with a membrane. 

tunicle (tu'ni-kl), n. a small tunic; a 
close-fitting vestment worn by Ro- 
man Catholic bishops and sub-dea- 
cons. 

tuning-fork (tu'ning-f ork) , n. a 
forked piece of metal whose prongs 
vibrate with a regular frequency 
when struck. It is used to detect 
the pitch in music; also for making 
experiments in acoustics. 

tunnel (tun'el), n. a vaulted under- 
ground passage cut through a hill or 
under a river; funnel; shaft of a 
chimney; not wide at the mouth and 
ending in a point: v.t. to form a 
tunnel through or under. [French.] 

tunny (tun'i), n. [pi. tunnies (tun'iz)] s 
a large marine fish allied to tne mack- 
erel. 

tupelo (tu'pel-o), n. a North Ameri- 
can tree with red berries and a 
very hard wood. 

turacine (too'ra-sin), n. a red pig- 
ment. 

Turanian (tu-ra/ni-an) , adj. noting 
generally those languages and peo- 
ples not included in the Indo-Euro- 
pean and Semitic families. Among 
scientific linguists, however, the 
name is now generally discarded. 

turban (ter'ban), n. the headdress 
worn by Orientals, consisting of a . 
cap around which a sash is wrapped. 

turbary (ter'ba-ri), n. right of digging 
turf on the land of another; place 
where turf is dug. 

turbid (ter'bid), adj. muddy; thick. 

turbine (ter'bin), n. a wheel turning 
on a vertical axis and driven by 
steam or water. The principle of 
the turbine has been successfully ap^ 
plied to steam-navigation. 

turbit (ter'bit), n. a variety of pigeon. 



turbot (ter'bot), n. a large flat fish. 

turbulence (ter'bu-lens) , n. disorder; 
agitation. 

turbulent (ter'bu-lent), adj. tumultu- 
ous; agitated; insubordinate, riot- 
ous. 

Turco (ter'ko), n. an Arab or Moorish 
sharpshooter in the French army. 

Turcophile (ter'ko-fil) , n. a supporter 
of the Turks in their domination 
over the_ Slavonic Christians. 

tureen (tu-ren'), n. a deep table-ves 
sel for holding soup. 

turf (terf), n. the grassy surface of 
untilled land; race-course; occupa- 
tion of racing (with the) :v.t. to cover 
with turf. 

turfing (terf'ing), n. the laying down 
of turf. 

turfite (terf It), n. one who makes his 
living by, or is devoted to, horse- 
racing. 

turfy (terf'i), adj. abounding in, or 
like, turf. 

turgescence (ter-jes'ens), n. inflation. 

turgescent (ter-jes'ent), adj. growing 
inflated. [Latin.] 

turgid (ter'jid), adj. distended beyond 
the natural size ; inflated; bombastic. 

turgidity (ter-jid'i-ti), n. the state of 
being turgid. Also turgidness. 

Turk (terk), n. a native of Turkey; 
Mohammedan; a troublesome, mis- 
chievous boy. 

turkey (terk'i), n. a large edible bird of 
the order Gallinae. 

Turkish (terk'ish), n. the language or 
customs of the Turks; adj. pertain- 
ing to Turkey or the Turks. 

Turkish-bath (terk'ish-bath), n. a 
vapor bath in which sweating is in- 
duced by hot air, followed by 
douches, rubbing, kneading, etc. 

turmeric (ter'mer-ik), n. the root- 
stock of an East Indian plant, yield- 
ing a yellow color used in dyeing. 

turmoil (ter'moil), n. harassing labor; 
worrying confusion; noise. 

turn (tern), v.t. to cause or make to 
go round; change the direction of; 
change from one state to another; 
reverse; convert; transform; trans- 
late; make giddy; nauseate: v.i. to 
have a circular motion; be changed; 
move as on a pivot; recoil: n. the act 
of turning; movement in a circular 
direction; bend or curve; change of 



ate, arm, at, awl; ine, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; booD, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



TURNCOAT 



863 



TWIG 



direction; opportunity; good or evil 
act; short spell; form or cast; fright 
or shock; single twist or bend of a 
rope. [French.] _ 

turncoat (tern'kot), n. sl term of 
contempt for one who changes his 
party, or becomes a traitor to his 
country. 

turndun (tern'dun), n. a flat piece of 
wood shaped like a fish which when 
whirled in the air makes a roar- 
ing noise: used by certain savage 
races. 

turner (tern'er), n. m one who turns; 
one who turns articles in a lathe ; a 
kind of pigeon. 

turnery (tern'er-i), ft. articles made in 
the lathe. 

turning (tern'ing), n. the act of one 
who, or that which, turns; devia- 
tion; a winding. 

turnip (tern'ip), n. a well-known plant 
with a solid bulbous root. 

turnkey (tern'ke), n. a prison warder. 

turn-out (tern'out), n. a showing; a 
display; an outfit. 

turnover (tern'6-ver) , n. a small pie 
made by using half of the crust 
with fruit, and then turning the 
other half over it. 

turnpike (tern'plk), ft. a gate or bar 
to stop vehicles, and sometimes foot 
passengers, &c, until toll is paid. 

turpentine (ter'pen-tin) , n. the resin- 
ous or viscid juice of pine and fir 
trees. 

turpitude (ter'pi-tud) , ft. moral de- 
pravity. 

turquoise (ter'kwoiz), ft. a precious 
stone. 

turret (ter'et), ft. a small tower; 
cylindrical rotary steel tower on a 
man-of-war. 

turreted (ter'et-ed), adj. furnished 
with turrets. 

turtle (ter'tl), ft. a large edible sea- 
tortoise; the turtle-dove. 

turtle-dove (ter'tl-duv), ft. a species 
of dove, noted for its gentleness and 
tenderness. 

tush (tush), inter j. an expression of 
contempt, rebuke, or silence. 

tusk (tusk), n. m the long, pointed 
tooth on each side of the upper jaw 
of certain -mammals. 

tussle (tus'i), n. a scuffle: v.i. to scuffle 
or struggle. 



tussock (tus'ok), ft. a tuft, clump, c 
small hillock of grass; a species c 
tuffy grass, valuable for fodder. 
Also tussac. 

tussor (tus'sor), ft. an Eastern silk, 
heavier than pongee. 

tut (tut), inter j. hush! be quiet! 

tutelage (tu'te-laj), n. guardianship. 

tutelary (tu'te-la-ri) , adj. protecting. 

tutor (tu'ter), ft. a teacher; guardian: 
v.t. to instruct; train or discipline. 

tutorial (tu-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or exercised by, a tutor or in- 
structor. 

tutorship (tu'ter-ship), ft. the office of 
a tutor; guardianship. 

tutti-frutti (tiit'i-frut'i), ft. a con- 
fection consisting of, or flavored with, 
several kinds of fruit. 

tuxedo (tuks-e'do), ft. an informal 
dinner coat; a short sack coat used 
as a substitute for the full-dress 
coat. 

twaddle (twod'l), ft. silly talk: v.t. 
to talk in a silly or weak manner. 

twain (twan), n. & adj. two. 

twang (twang), ft. a sharp, quick, 
vibrating sound; affected nasal tone 
of voice: v.t. & v.i. to sound with a 
sharp, vibrating noise. 

tweak (twek), v.t. to pinch or pull 
with a sudden jerk and twist: ft. a 
sudden sharp pull or pinch. 

tweed (twed), ft. a soft, woolly cloth 
material. 

tweezers (twe'zers), n.pl. small pinch- 
ers for pulling out hairs. 

twelfth (twelfth), adj. next in order 
after the eleventh: ft. one of twelve 
equal parts. 

Twelfth Day (da), ft. Epiphany. 

twelvemo (twelv'mo), ft. duodecimo. 

twentieth (twen'ti-eth), adj. the or- 
dinal of twenty: n. one of twenty 
equal parts. 

twenty (twen'ti), adj. twice ten: n. 
the number which is one more than 
nineteen; a score. 

twice (twis), adv. two times; doubly. 

twiddle (twid'l), v.t. to twirl in a 
fight manner; touch lightly: v.i. to 
move with a quivering motion: n. 
a twist of the fingers. 

twig (twig), ft. a small shoot or 
branch: y.t. [p.t. & p.p. twigged, 
p.pr. twigging], to notice; under- 
stand: v.i. to comprehend. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



A 



TWILIGHT 



TYPEWRITER 



twilight (twi'lit), n. the faint light 
before sunrise and after sunset; 
partial illumination: adj. obscure; 
shaded. 

twilight sleep (twi'lit slep), n. a con- 
dition of semi-insensibility, with free- 
dom from pain in childbirth, attained 
through a method of applying the 
drugs morphine and scopolamine, 
originated at Freiburg. 

twill (twil), n. an appearance of 
diagonal lines in textile fabrics; 
fabric woven with a twill: v.t. to 
weave with diagonal lines. 

twin (twin), adj. double; closely re- 
sembling: n. one of two born at a 
birth; any person or thing very like 
another. 

twine (twin), v.t. to twist; wind 
round; unite closely: v.i. to be close- 
ly united by twisting: n. a twist; 
strong thread. 

twinge (twinj), v.t. to affect with a sud- 
den sharp pain; twitch: v.i. to suffer 
a twinge: v. a sudden sharp pain. 

twinkle (twing'kl), n. a quick mo- 
tion of the eye; short, tremulous 
light; an instant: v.i. to open and 
shut the eyes rapidly; blink; shine 
with a tremulous, sparkling light. 

twirl (twerl), v.t. to move or turn 
round rapidly; whirl: v.i. to rotate 
rapidly: n. a quick, circular mo- 
tion; convolution. 

twist (twist) , v.t. to unite or form 
by winding together; wind spirally; 
interlace; writhe or contort; cause 
to turn from a direct line: v.i. to be 
contorted; move in a curve: n. the 
act of twisting, or thing formed by 
twisting, as of silk or yarn; convolu- 
tion ; manner of twisting. 

twit (twit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. twitted, 
p.pr. twitting], to annoy by remind- 
ing of a fault, &c. ; upbraid. 

twitch (twich) , v.t. to pull with a 
sudden jerk: v.i. to contract or move 
quickly or spasmodically: n. a sud- 
den jerk or pull; short spasmodic 
convulsion. 

twitch- grass (twich'gras) , n. see 
quitch grass. 

twitter (twit'er), v.i. to make a suc- 
cession of small, tremulous sounds, 
as a bird; feel a tremulous, nervous 
motion: n. a small, tremulous noise; 
slight nervous agitation. 



two (too), adj. one and one: n. the 
number of one and one. 

twopenny (tup'en-i), adj. of the 
value of twopence; trumpery. 

two-step (too-step), n. a dance in two- 
two time, the first step of each mea- 
sure, called a "slide," being longer 
than the second. 

tycoon (ti-koon'), n. the title for- 
merly assumed by the commander- 
in-chief of the Japanese army. 

tying (ti'ing), p.pr. of tie. 

tympan (tim'pan), n. the parchment- 
covered frame on which sheets are 
laid to be printed. 

tympanic (tim-pan'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to a tympan or tympanum. 

tympanum (tim'pa-num) , n. the 
membranous wall which separates 
the internal from the external ear; 
the drum of the ear; flat triangular 
part of a pediment; hollow drum- 
shaped wheel. 

type (tip), v.t. to typify; reproduce 
by a typewriter: n. an emblem, sign 
or symbol; figure or design stamped 
on coin; distinguishing mark; gen- 
eral form or structure; original de- 
sign; a letter in metal or wood for 
printing from. Different sizes of 
printing types are indicated by dis- 
tinguishing names and by means of 
a unit of type measurement, which 
in the United States is one-twelfth 
of a pica. 

SIZES OP TYPE 

Brilliant = 3^ point. 

Diamond = 4 or 4J^ point. 

Pearl = 5 point. 

Agate = 5^ point. 

Nonpareil = 6 point. 

Minion = 7 point. 

Brevier = 8 point. 

Bourgeois = 9 point. 

Long primer = 10 point. 

Small pica = 11 point. 

Pica = 12 point. 

English = 14 point. 

Columbian = 16 point. 

Great primer = 18 point. 
type-metal (tip'met-al), n. an alloy 
of lead, antimony and tin for casting 
type. 
typewriter (tip ri-ter), n. a mechan- 
ical contrivance for producing let- 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



TYPHOID 



865 



TZIGANY 



ters by means of an inked ribbon 
and types; a typewriting-machine; 
an operator of a typewriting ma- 
chine. 

typhoid (tl'foid), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, typhus: n. an enteric fever 
occasioned by defective drains, &c. 

typhoon (ti-fqon'), n. a violent torna- 
do in the Chinese and Japanese seas. 

typhus (ti'fus), n. & contagious fever 
often occurring as an epidemic. 

typical (tip'i-kal), adj. representative; 
conforming to a type. 

typify (tip'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. typified, 
p.pr. typifying], to represent by an 
image or emblem; foreshadow. 

typist (ti'pist), n. one who operates 
a typewriting machine. 

typograph (ti'po-graf ) , n. a type-bar 
or line-setting machine. 

typographer (ti-pog'ra-f er) , n. a print- 
er. 

typographia (ti-po-graf' i-a) , n. mis- 
cellaneous printing matter; a print- 
er's instruction-book. 

typographical (ti-po-graf' i-kal) , adj. 
pertaining to the art of printing. 
Also typographic. 

typographically (ti-po-graf 'i-ka-li) , 
adv. by means of type; employed in 
printing. 

typography (tl-pog'ra-fi) , n. the art 
of printing. 

typology (ti-pol'o-ji), n. the doctrine 
of Scripture types or figures. 

typoscript (ti'po-skript) , n. type- 
written matter. 

typothetes (ti-poth'e-tez), or more 
often in the plural typothetae 
(ti-poth'e-te) , n. a typesetter; a 
printer. [Modern Latin, based on 
two Greek words.] 

typtology (tip-tol'o-ji), n. the ex- 
planation or interpretation of pre- 
sumed spirit messages or rappings. 

tyrannical (tl-ran'i-kal) , adj. pertain- 



ing to or characteristic of, a ty- 
rant; despotic; cruel. 

tyrannically (ti-ran'i-ka-li) , adv. in a 
tyrannical manner. 

tyrannize (tir'an-iz), v.i. to act like 
a tyrant; rule with oppressive se- 
verity. 

tyrannous (tir'an-us), adj. arbitrary; 
tyrannical. 

tyranny (tir'an-i), n. the government 
or conduct of a tyrant; severity; 
absolute monarchy imperiously ad- 
ministered. 

tyrant (ti'rant), n. an oppressor; des- 
pot. 

tyremesis (tir-em'e-sis) , n. the ejec- 
tion or vomit of curd-like matter. 

Tyrian (tir'i-an), adj. pertaining to 
ancient Tyre; of a rich purple color. 

tyriasis (ti-ri'a-sis) , n. a leprous dis- 
ease attended by tuberculous joints, 
inflammation of the subcutaneous 
tissue, and loss of hair. 

tyro (ti'ro), n. a beginner; novice. 

tyroglyphinae (tir-o-gli-fi'ne) , n. par- 
asitic mites found in decomposed 
cheese and other decaying sub- 
stances. 

Tyrolese (tir-o-lez'), adj. pertaining 
to the Tyrol or its natives. 

tyrolienne (tir-o-le-en') , n. a popular 
song of the Tyrolese mountaineers, 
accompanied with dancing. 

tyrolite (tir'o-lite), n. hydrous cop- 
per arsenate 

tyroma (ti-ro'ma), n. localized bald 
patches caused by fungous growth at 
the roots of the hair. 

tyrotoxicon (ti-ro-tok'si-kon) , n. a 
ptomaine poison found in decom- 
posed milk, cheese, ice-cream and 
like substances. 

tysonite (ti'son-ite), n. a fluoride of 
cerium discovered by S. T. Tyson. 

Tzigany (tsig'a-ni), n. a Hungarian 
gipsy. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, ^en. 



u 



U, the twenty-first letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet. It was developed by 
the Greeks to eke out the Phoenician 
alphabet for Hellenic use. In Latin 
U was the uncial and cursive form, 
while V was the capital. About 
1450 A.D. a distinction was made, 
when V represented the sound that 
we now give it, while U was the 
vowel; but for a time, the letters 
were used almost without recog- 
nition of their phonetic values. In 
English the original sound of U is 
that in rude, truth, &c, but it has also 
the values of yoo (as in educate), oo 
(as in rule) , short (as in rub) , or e (as 
in Turk). As a symbol in chem- 
istry, U represents the element ura- 
nium. 

ubiquitous (u-bik'wi-tus), adj. exist- 
ing everywhere; omnipresent. 

ubiquity (u-bik'wi-ti), n. omnipres- 
ence. 

U-boat, n. a German submarine [Ger- 
man Unterseeboot, under-sea-boat]. 

udder (ud'er).. n. the glandular organ 
of a mammal which secretes milk. 

ugh (uh), inter j. an exclamation of re- 
pugnance or disgust. 

ugliness (ug'li-nes), n. total absence 
of beauty; deformity, physical or 
moral. 

ugly (ug'li), adj. [comp. uglier, supcrl. 
ugh est], that which is offensive to 
the eye; deformed; morally repel- 
lent; ill-natured. 

uhlan (u'lan), n. one of a type of lan- 
cers in the German army having as a 
distinctive feature of their uniform 
the "tschapka," a helmet resembling 
the mortar-board cap worn by 
students. 

ukase (u-kas/), n. a Russian imperial 
decree having the force of a law. 

ulcer (ul'ser), n. a sore, attended with 
a secretion of pus. 

ulcerate (ul'ser-at), v.t. and i. to affect 
with or be formed into an ulcer. 



ulceration (ul-ser-a'shun), n. the pro- 
cess of forming into an ulcer. 

ulcerous (ul'ser-us), adj. ulcer-like. 

ulna (uTna), n. the larger of the two 
bones that form the fore-arm. 

ulnar (uTner), adj. pertaining to the 
ulna. 

ulster (ul'ster), n. a long, loose over- 
coat of coarse cloth. 

ulterior (ul-te'ri-er) , adj. lying be- 
yond or on the further side; more 
distant ; beyond something else either 
expressed or implied. 

ultima (urti-ma), n. the last syllable 
of a word. [Latin.] 

ultimate (ul'ti-mat), adj. being tho 
last ; utmost ; furthest ; extreme ; final. 

ultimately (ul'ti-mat-li) , adv. finally. 

ultimatum (ul-ti-ma'tum), n. [pi. 
ultimata, ultimatums (ul-ti-ma'ta, 
ul-ti-ma'tumz)], final conditions of- 
fered as the basis of an agreement 
prior to the declaration of hostilities. 

ultimo (ul'ti-mo), adv. in the month 
preceding the present. 

ultra (ul'tra), adj. extreme. 

ultramarine (ul-tra-ma-ren') , n. a 
beautiful, permanent, blue pigment, 
originally obtained from lapis-lazuli. 

ultramontane (ul-tra-mon'tan) , adj. 
being beyond the mountains (the 
Alps); pertaining to, or character- 
istic of, ultramontanism. 

ultramontanism (ul-tra-mon'tan- 
izm), n. extreme views of the Pope's 
authority and infallibility. 

ultra-violet rays (ul'tra-vi'o-let ras), 
n. invisible light rays lying beyond 
the violet of the visible spectrum 
more refrangible than the violet. 
They are applied in medicine because 
of their power to kill bacteria in su- 
perficial diseases. 

ululation (ul-u-la'shun) , n. a howling 
like a dog. 

umbel (um'bel), n. a fan-like inflo- 
rescence radiating from a common 
center. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



UMBELLIFEROUS 



867 



UNBOLT 



umbelliferous (um-bel-if'er-us) , adj. 
producing or bearing umbels. Um- 
bellate, umbellated. 

umber (um'ber), n. a brown pigment; 
the grayling: adj. of an olive-brown 
color. 

umbilical (um-bil-i'kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to, or formed like, the navel. 

umbilicus (um-bil-I'kus), n. the navel 
of the human body; a center. [Lat- 
in.] 

umbles (um'blz), n.pl. a deer's en- 
trails. 

umbo (um'bo), n. the boss of a shield; 
point of a bivalve-shell immediately 
above the hinge. [Latin.] 

umbra (um'bra), n. the dark cone of 
shadow projected from a planet or 
satellite on the side opposite to the 
sun; the dark central part of a sun- 
spot. 

umbrage (um'braj), n. screen of trees 
or foliage; offense. 

umbrageous (um-bra/jus), adj. shady. 

umbrella (um-brel'a) , n. a covered 
sliding frame carried in the hand as 
a screen agakist the rain or sun. 

umlaut (oom'lout), n. the change of 

. a vowel in one syllable through the 
influence of a vowel in the succeed- 
ing syllable. [German.] 

umpire (um/pir), n. a third party to 
whom a dispute is referred for set- 
tlement; one chosen in a game to 
see that its rules are observed: v.i. 
to act as umpire ._ 

unabated (un-a-ba/ted), adj. not di- 
minished; not lowered. 

unable (un-a'bl), adj. not having suf- 
ficient strength, power or skill. 

unabridged (un-a-brijd'), adj. not 
shortened; complete; full. 

unacquainted (un-a-kwan'ted) , adj. 
not acquainted; having no knowl- 
edge of (followed by with) . 

unadorned (un-a-dornd'), adj. not 
adorned; plain. 

unadulterated (un-a-durter-a-ted) , 
adj. unmixed; without alloy; pure. 

unaffected (un-a-f ek'ted) , adj. simple 
in manner; not showy. 

unalloyed (un-a-loid'), adj. unmixed; 
pure. 

unanimity (u-na-nim'i-ti) , n. agree- 
ment in opinion. 

unanimous (ti-nam'i-mus) , adj . agree- 
ing in opinion. 



unanswerable (un-an'ser-a-bl) , adj, 
impossible to answer ; conclusive. 

unapproachable (un-a-proch' a-bl), 
adj. that cannot be approached 01 
attained. 

unarm (un-arm'), v.t. to disarm. 

unarrayed (un-a-rad')> adj. not 
dressed; not arranged. 

unassailable (un-a-sa'la-bl), adj. in- 
contestable. 

unassuming (un-a-sum'ing), adj. not 
forward or arrogant; modest. 

unattached (un-a-tacht / ), n. not at* 
tached. 

unattainable (un-a-tan'a-bl), adj. be- 
yond one's reach. 

unau (u'naw), n. the two-toed sloth, 

unauthorized (un-aw'ther-Izd) , adj, 
without authority, or lawful per- 
mission. 

unavailing (un-a-vaTing), adj. of no 
avail; useless. 

unavoidable (un-a-void' a-bl), adj. 
that may not be avoided; inevit- 
able. 

unawares (un-a-warz'), adv. unmind- 
fully. 

unbalanced (un-bal'anst), adj. out 
of poise; mentally unsound. 

unbar (un-bar'), v.t. to remove a bar 
or hindrance from* to unfasten. 

unbearable (un-bar a-bl), adj. not to 
be tolerated. 

unbecoming (un-be-kum'ing) , adj. 
unsuited; unworthy of; not be- 
coming. 

unbelief (un-be-lef), n. skepticism. 

unbend (un-bend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. un- 
bent, p.pr. unbending], to free from 
flexure; relax; unfasten from the 
yards and spars : v.i. to become re- 
laxed; act with freedom or conde- 
scension. 

unbiased (un-bi'ast), adj. without 
prejudice; with no favor to one side 
or the other of two conflicting par- 
ties, or opinions. 

unbidden (un-bid'n), adj. not in- 
vited; not summoned. 

unbleached (un-biechf), adj. not 
bleached; yellow. 

unblemished (un-blem'isht), adj. 
without blemish; pure. 

unblushing (un - blush' ing), adj, 
shameless; impudent. 

unbolt (un-bolt'). v.t. to unfasten; to 
open. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book* 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



UNBOSOM 



UNDERCURRENT 



unbosom (un-booz'um), v.t. to relieve 
by telling one's hidden thoughts. 

unbounded (un-bound'ed), adj. not 
limited. 

unbridled (un-bri'dld), adj. not re- 
strained; unruly. 

unbroken (un-bro'kn), adj. whole; 
unsubdued; undisturbed. 

uncalled (un-kawld'), adj. not called 
or invited. 

uncanny (un-kan'i), adj. weird; mys- 
terious; dangerous; unpropitious. 
[Scotch.] 

unceasing (un-se'sing), adj. continual; 
ceaseless. 

uncertain (un-ser'tn), adj. change- 
able; doubtful^ not sure. 

unchain (un-chan'), v.t. to free from 
chains or bondage. 

uncharitable (un-char'i-ta-bl), adj. 
harsh; censorious. 

unchaste (un-chast'), adj. immodest; 
not chaste. 

unchecked (un-chekf), adj. unhin- 
dered; not restrained. 

uncial (un'shal), adj. pertaining to a 
large round form of letters used in 
ancient manuscripts. 

uncivil (un-siv'il), adj. rude; dis- 
courteous. 

unclasp (un-klasp'), v.t. to loose the 
clasp of; to undo. 

uncle (ung'kl), n. the brother of one's 
father or mother; husband of one's 
aunt; pawnbroker. 

unclean (un-klen'), ^dj. not clean; 
sinful. 

uncomfortable (un-kum'f 6r-ta-bl) , 
adj. uneasy; awkwardly situated. 

uncommon (un-kom'un), adj. not 
common; unusual. 

uncompromising (un - kom'pro - mi- 
zing), adj. unyielding; obstinate. 

unconcerned (un-kon-sernd'), adj. 

' not anxious; unsolicitous. 

unconditional (un-kon-dish' un-al), 
adj. absolute. 

unconquerable (un-kong' ker-a-bl), 
adj. that cannot be conquered. 

unconscionable (un-kon'shun-a-bl), 
adj. out of all reason or expecta- 
tion. 

unconscious (un-kon'shus), adj. not 
conscious of self; not perceiving. 

unconstitutional (un - kon - sti - tu'- 
shun-al), adj. not authorized or con- 
trary to the constitution. 



uncontrollable (un-kon-trol'a-bJ), 
adj. not capable of being controlled. 

unconventional (un-kon-ven' shun- 
al), adj. not conventional; free in 
one's ways. 

uncouple (un-kup'l), v.t. to loose from 
being coupled; to disconnect. 

uncouth (un-kooth')» adj. awkward, 
clumsy, grotesque. 

uncover (un-kuv'er), v.t. to remove 
the cover of; to expose. 

uncrowned (un-krownd'), adj. not 
crowned. 

unction (ungk'shun), n. the act of 
anointing as a symbol of consecra- 
tion; ointment; anything soothing; 
sham fervor or suavity. 

unctuous (ungk'shus), adj. oily; 
soothing; lenitive; extremely bland. 

undaunted (un-dan'ted), adj. bold; 
intrepid. 

undecagon (un-dek'a-gon), n. a plane 
figure with eleven sides or eleven 
angles. 

undeceive (un-de-sev'), v.t. to free 
from deception or mistake. 

undecennary (un-de-sen'a-ri) , adj. 
eleventh; once in eleven years. Un- 
decennial. 

undecided (un-de-si'ded), adj. irreso- 
lute. 

undefiled (un-de-fild'), adj. spotless; 
unpolluted. 

undefined (un-de-find'), adj. not pre- 
cisely explained. 

undemonstrative (un-de-mon' stra- 
tiv), adj. not showing feeling openly; 
reserved. 

undeniable (un-de-ni'a-bl) , adj. not 
to be denied; beyond a doubt. 

under (un'der), prep, beneath; sub- 
ordinate to; in subjection to; less 
than ; during the time of. 

underbid (un-der-bid'),. v.t. to offer 
less than, as at an auction. 

underbred (un-der-bred'), adj. lack- 
ing refinement. 

underbrush (un'der-brush), n. brush- 
wood or shrubs growing between 
trees; undergrowth. 

underclothes (un'der-klothz), n.pl. 
clothing worn under one's outer 
garments. 

undercurrent (un'der-kur-ent), n. a 
current below the surface of water; 
any influence or feeling not apparent 
on the surface. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, booL 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



UNDERCUT 



869 



UNDUTIFULLY 



undercut (un-der-kuf), v.t. to cut 
under; to strike a heavy blow up- 
ward. 

underestimate (un-der-es'ti-mat), v.t. 
to set too low a value on. 

underfed (un-der-fed'), adj. not suffi- 
ciently nourished. _ 

undergo (un-der-go'), v.t. to pass 
through or exrarience; suffer. 

undergraduate (un-der-grad'u-at) , n. 
a member of a university who has 
not taken his first degree. 

underground (un'der-ground), adj. 
situated below the surface of the 
ground. 

underhand (un-der-hand'), adj. done 
by meanness or fraud; clandestine. 

underlie (un-der-ll'), v.t. to lie be- 
neath; to be liable to. 

underline (un-der-lln'), v.t. to draw a 
line under. 

underling (un'der-ling), n. an in- 
ferior; a subordinate. 

undermine (un-der-nrin') , v.t. to 
weaken the base; to sap secretly. 

underneath (un-der-neth'), adv. be- 
neath; below. 

underpay (un-der-pa/), v.t. to give 
insufficient wages to. 

underpin (un-der-pm'), v.t. to support 
underneath; to prop. 

underrate (un-der-rat'), v.t. to under- 
estimate. 

undersign (un-der-sm'), v.t. to write 
or sign one's name under or at the 
foot of. 

understand (un-der-stand') , v.t. to 
perceive by the mind; be informed 
of; assume or imply; know by ex- 
perience: v.i. to have understanding; 
be informed. 

understanding (un-der-stand'ing) ,n. 
the rational faculties; intellect; in- 
telligence; wisdom; skill. 

understudy (un'der-stud-i), n. an 
actor who studies a role so that he 
may take the place of the actor play- 
ing it, if necessary. 

undertake (un-der-tak') , v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. undertook, p.pr. undertaking], to 
take under one's management; as- 
sume; attempt; answer for: v.i. to 
take upon one's self; guarantee. 

undertaker (un'der-tak-er) , n. one 
who undertakes to perform any office 
or business; one who manages 
funerals. 



undertaking (un-der-tak 'ing), n. any 
business or project a person engages 
to perform. 

undertone (un'der-ton), n. a low tone 
or color. 

undertow (un'der-to), n. the flow of 
wate/ in a direction opposite to the 
surface current. 

undervalue (un-der-val'u), v.t. to 
value below the real worth; to es- 
teem lightly. 

under-world (un' der - werld), n 
Hades; the lower classes of society. 

underwrite (un-der-rit'),. v.t. [p.L 
underwrote, p.p. underwritten, p.pr. 
underwriting], to subscribe one's 
name to for insurance; to follow the 
calling of an underwriter. 

underwriter (un'der-rit-er), n. one 
who insures, as subscriptions to 
stocks, bonds, etc., or shipping. 

underwriting (un'der-rit-ing) , n. the 
calling of an underwriter; insur- 
ance. 

undesirable (un-de-zi'ra-bl), adj. not 
to be wished for. 

undignified (un-dig'ni-fid), adj. not 
consistent with dignity. 

Undine (un-den'), n. a water-nymph. 

undo (un-doo'), v.t. to reverse what 
has been done; to open. 

undress (un-dres'), v.t. to disrobe; to 
strip: n. (un'dres), a loose dress; the 
dress worn by soldiers when off duty : 
adj. pertaining to ordinary dress as 
opposed to uniform. 

undue (un-du'), adj. improper; ex- 
cessive; not legaL 

undulate (un'du-lat), v.t. & v.i. to 
wave, or move like waves; vibrate. 

undulation (un-du-la'shun), n. a 
waving motion or vibration. 

undulatory (un'du-la-to-ri) , adj. un- 
dulating; vibratory. 

undulatory theory (the'o-ri), n. the 
theory that light is caused by vibra- 
tions transmitted through an ethe- 
real medium in wave-like undula- 
tions. 

unduly (un-duli), adv. not according 
to duty or propriety nor in proper 
proportion; excessively. 

undurable (un-du'ra-bl), adj. not 
durable; not lasting. 

undutiful (un-dti'ti-fool), adj. not 
obedient; not performing duty. 

undutifully (un-du 'ti-foo-li), adv. not 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hu^, hut ; think, then. 






UNDUTIFULNESS 



870 



UNESSENTIAL 



according to duty; in a disobedient 
manner. 

undutif ulness (un-du'ti-fool-nes), n. 
want of respect; violation of duty; 
disobedience. 

undying (un-dl'ing), adj. not dying; 
not perishing; not subject to death; 
immortal. 

unearned (un-ernd'), adj. not merited 
by labor or services; thus the late 
Henry George spoke of "the un- 
earned increment/ 'meaning that val- 
ue which comes to real estate from 
the general activity and enterprise 
of the neighboring population, while 
the owner of the real estate may 
have had no share in this activity or 
process of enrichment. 

unearth (un-erth'), v.t. to drive from 
the earth; to uncover, as a fox. 

unearthly (un-erth 'li), adj. not ter- 
restrial. 

uneasily (un-e'zi-li) , adv. with uneasi- 
ness or pain; with difficulty; not 
readily. 

uneasiness (un-e'zi-nes) , n. a moderate 
degree of pain; restlessness; want of 
ease; disquiet. 

uneasy (un-e'zi), adj. feeling some 
degree of pain; restless; disturbed; 
unquiet; giving some pain; as, an 
uneasy garment; disturbed in mind; 
somewhat anxious; unquiet. 

uneatable (un-e'ta-bl), adj. not eat- 
able; not fit to be eaten. 

uneaten (un-e'tn), adj. not eaten; not 
devoured. 

uneelipsed (un-e-klipst'), adj. not 
eclipsed; not obscured. 

unedifying (un-ed'i-fi-ing), adj. not 
edifying; not improving to the 
mind. 

uneducated (un-ed'u-ka-ted), adj. not 
educated; illiterate. 

uneffaced (un-ef-fasf), adj. not- ef- 
faced; not obliterated. 

unemancipated (un - e - man'ci - pa- 
ted), adj. not emancipated or lib- 
erated from slavery. 

unembarrassed (un-em-bar'rast), adj. 
not embarrassed; not perplexed in 
mind; not confused; free from pecu- 
niary difficulties or encumbrances; 
free from perplexing connection. 

unemotional (un-e-mo'shun-al)^ adj. 
not emotional; not readily giving 
way to feeling. 



unemphatic (un-em-fat'ik), adj. hav- 
ing no emphasis. 

unemployed (un-em-ploid'), adj. not 
employed ; not occupied ; not busy ; at 
leisure; not engaged; not being in 
use ; as, unemployed capital or money. 

unended (un-end'ed), adj. not ended. 

unending (un-end'ing), adj. not end- 
ing. 

unendowed (un-en-doud'), adj. not 
endowed; not furnishea; not in- 
vested; not furnished with funds. 

unendurable (un-en-du'ra-bl), adj. 
not to be endured; intolerable. 

unenervated (un-en'er-va-ted), adj. 
not enervated or weakened. 

unengaged (un-en-gajd'), adj. See 
disengaged. 

un-English (un-ing'glish), adj. not 
English. 

unenlightened (un-en-lit'nd), adj. 
not enlightened; not illuminated. 

unentangled (un-en-tang'gld), adj. 
See disentangled. 

unenterprising (un-en'ter-priz-ing), 
adj. not enterprising; indolent; slug- 
gish. 

unenumera ted (un-e-nu 'mer-a-t ed) . 
adj. not numbered; not included 
among enumerated articles. 

unenviable (un-en'vi-a-bl), adj. not 
enviable; not an object of envy. 

unenvied (un-en'vid), adj. not envied; 
exempt from the envy of others. 

unequal (un-e'kwal), adj. not equal; 
not even; not of the same size, length, 
breadth, quantity; not equal in 
strength, talents, acquirements; not 
equal in age or station; inferior; in- 
sufficient; inadequate; not uniform; 
disproportionate. 

unequal ed (un-e'kwald), adj. not to 
be equaled; unparalleled: unrivaled. 

unequipped (un-e-kwipt ), adj. not 
equipped. 

unequivocal (un-e-kwiv'o-kal), adj. 
not equivocal; not doubtful; clear; 
evident ; not ambiguous nor of doubt- 
ful signification; not admitting dif- 
ferent interpretations. 

uneradicable (un-e-rad'i-ka-bl), adj. 
not to be eradicated ; that cannot be 
eradicated. 

unerring (un-er'ing), adj. committing 
no mistake; incapable of error; infal- 
lible. 

unessential (un-es-sen'shal), adj. not 



ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



UNEVAPORATED 



871 



UNFEIGNED 



essential; not absolutely necessary; 

not of prime importance; not con-r 

stituting the essence._ 
unevaporated (un-e-vap'or-a-ted) , 

adj. not evapcrated. 
uneven (ua-e'vn), adj. not even; not 

level; not equal; not of equal length. 
unevenness (un-e'yn-nes), n. surface 

not level; inequality of surface. 
uneventful (un-e-vent'fool), adj. not 

eventful. 
unexaggerated (un-egz-aj' er-a-ted), 

adj. not exaggerated. 
unexampled (un-egz-am'pld), adj. 

having no example or similar case; 

having no precedent; unprecedented; 

unparalleled. 
unexceptionable (un-ek-sep 'shun-a- 

bl), adj. not liable to any exception 

or objection; unobjectionable. 
unexecuted (un-eks'e-kii-ted), adj. 

not performed; not done; as, a task, 

business, or project unexecuted. 
unexemplary (un-egz'em-pla-ri), adj. 

not exemplary; not according to 

example. 
unexercised (un-eks'er-sizd), adj. not 

exercised; not practiced; not dis- 
ciplined; not experienced. 
unexpected (un-ek-spek'ted), adj. not 

expected; not looked for sudden; not 

provided against. 
unexpectedly (un-ek-spek'ted-li), adv. 

at a time or in a manner not expected 

or looked for; suddenly. 
unexpended (un-ek-spen'ded), adj. 

not expended; not laid out. 
unexpired (un-ek-spird'), adj. not 

expired; not ended. 
unexplained (un-ek-spland 7 ), adj. not 

explained; not interpreted; not il- 
lustrated. 
unexplored (un-ek-splord'), adj. not 

explored; not searched or examined 

by the eye; unknown. 
unexplosive (un-ek-splo'siv), adj. not 

explosive. 
unexpressed (un-ek-spresf), adj. not 

expressed; not mentioned or named; 

not exhibited. 
unfading (un-fad'ing), adj. not liable 

to lose strength or freshness of col- 
oring. 
unfailing (un-faTing), adj. not liable 

to fail; not capable of being ex- 
hausted. 
unfair (un-far'), adj. not honest; not 



impartial; disingenuous; using trick 
or artifice. 

unfairly (un-far 'li), adv. not in a just 
or equitable manner. 

unfairness (un-far 'nes), n. dishonest 
or disingenuous conduct or practice; 
use of trick or artifice. 

unfaithful (un-fath'fool), adj. not 
observant of promises, \ vows, alle- 
giance, or duty; violating trust or 
confidence; treacherous; perfidious;] 
negligent of duty. 

unfaithfulness (un-fath'fool-nes), n. 
neglect or violation of vows, prom- 
ises, allegiance, or other duty; breach 
of confidence or trust reposed; per- 
fidiousness; treachery. 

unfaltering (un-f awrter-ing) , adj. not 
faltering; not failing; not hesi- 
tating. 

unfamiliar (un-fa-rmTyar), adj. not 
accustomed; not common; not ren- 
dered agreeable by frequent use. 

unf amiliarity (un-fa-mil-yar'i-ti), n. 
want of familiarity. 

unfashionable (un-fash'un-a-bl), adj. 
not fashionable; not according to 
the prevailing mode. 

unf ashionably (un-fash'un-a-bli), adv. 
not according to the fashion. 

unfasten (un-fas'tn), v.t. to loose; to 
unfix; to unbind; to untie. 

unfatherly (un-fa'2/ier-li), adj. not 
becoming a father; unkind. 

unfathomable (un-fai/i'um-a-bl), adj. 
that cannot be sounded by a line. 

unfathomed (un-fa^'umd), adj. not 
sounded; not to be sounded. 

unfavorable (un-fa'ver-a-bl), adj. not 
favorable; not propitious; not dis- 
posed or adapted to countenance or 
support; not propitious; not adapted 
to promote any object; not kind; 
not obliging; discouraging. 

unf avorableness (un-f a'ver-a-bl-nes) , 
n. unpropitiousness ; unkindness ; 
want of disposition to countenance- 
or promote. 

unf earing (un-fer'ing), adj. not fear- 
ing. 

unfeatured (un-f e 'turd), adj. wanting 
regular features; deformed. 

unfed (un-fed'), adj. not fed; not sup- 
plied with food. 

unfeeling (un-fel'ing), adj. insensible; 
void of sensibility; cruel; hard. 

unfeigned (un-f and'), adj. not feigned ; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut ; think, then. 



UNFELT 



872 



UNFREQUENTED 



not counterfeit; not hypocritical; 
real; sincere. 

unfelt (un-felf), adj. not felt; not per- 
ceived. 

unfenced (un-fensf), adj. deprived of 
a fence; not fenced; not inclosed; 
defenseless. 

unfermented (un-fer-men'ted), adj. 
not fermented ; not having undergone 
the process of fermentation; as 
liquor; not leavened; as bread. 

unfertile (un-fer'til), adj. not fertile; 
not rich; not having the qualities 
necessary to the production of good 
crops ; Darren ; unfruitful ; bare ; 
waste. 

unfetter (un-fet'er), v.t. to loose from 
fetters; to unchain; to unshackle; to 
fre^ from restraint; to set at liberty. 

unfettered (un-fet'erd), adj. un- 
chained; unshackled; freed from 
restraint; not restrained. 

unfilial (un-firyal), adj. unsuitable to 
a son or child; undutiful; not be- 
coming a child. 

unfilled (un-fild'), adj. not filled; not 
fully supplied. 

unfinished (un-fin'isht), adj. not 
finished; not complete; not brought 
to an end; imperfect; wanting the 
last hand or touch. 

unfit (un-fit'), adj. not fit; improper; 
unsuitable; unqualified. 

unfit (un-fif), v.t. to disable; to make 
unsuitable; to deprive of the 
strength, skill, or proper qualities 
for anything. 

unfitly (un-fit 'li), adv. not properly; 
unsuitably. 

unfitness (un-fit'nes), n. want of suit- 
able powers or qualifications, physi- 
cal or moral; as, the unfitness of a 
sick man for labor, or of an ignorant 
man for office. 

unfitted (un-fit 'ed), p.p. rendered un- 
suitable; disqualified. 

unfitting (un-fit 'ing), p.pr. rendering 
unsuitable; disqualifying; improper; 
unbecoming. 

unfix (un-fiks'), v.t. to loosen from any 
fastening; to detach from anything 
that holds; to unsettle; to unhinge. 

unflagging (un-flag'ing), adj. not 
flagging or drooping; retaining 
strength. 

unflattering (un-flat'ter-ing), adj. not 
flattering; not gratifying with ob- 



sequious behavior; not coloring the 
truth to please; not affording a 
favorable prospect; as, the weather 
is unflattering. 

unflinching (un-flinsh'ing), adj. not 
flinching; not shrinking; determined. 

unfold (un-fold'), v.t. to open folds; 
to expand; to spread out; to open 
anything covered or close ; to lay 
open to view or contemplation; to 
disclose; to reveal; to declare; to tell; 
to disclose; to display. 

unforbidden (un-for-bid'n), adj. not 
forbid; not prohibited; allowed; per- 
mitted; legal. 

unforced (un-forsf), adj. not forced; 
not compelled; not constrained; not 
urged or impelled; not feigned; not 
heightened; natural; easy. 

unforcihle (un-for'si-bl), adj. wanting 
force or strength. 

unfordahle (un-ford'a-bl), adj. not 
fordable; that cannot be forded, 
or passed by wading. _ 

unforeseeing (un-for-se'ing), adj. not 
foreseeing. 

unforeseen (un-for-sen'), adj. not 
foreseen; not foreknown. 

unforgetful (un-for-get'fool), adj. not 
forgetful. 

unforgivable (un-for-giv'a-bl), adj. in- 
capable of being forgiven. 

unforgotten (un-for-got'n), adj. not 
forgot; not lost to memory. 

unformed (un-formd'), adj. decom- 
posed or resolved into parts; not 
molded into regular shape. 

unforsaken (un-for-sak'n), adj. not 
forsaken; not deserted; not entirely 
neglected. 

unfortified (un-for'ti-fid), adj. not 
fortified; not secured from attack 
by walls or mounds; not guarded; 
not strengthened against tempta- 
tions or trials. 

unfortunate (un-for'tu-nat), adj. not 
successful; not prosperous. 

unf ought (un-fawf), adj. not fought. 

unfounded (un-foun'ded), adj. not 
founded; not built or established; 
having no foundation; vain; idle. 

unframed (un - framd'), adj. not 
formed; not constructed; not fash- 
ioned. 

unfrequented (un-fre-kwen'ted), adj. 
rarely visited; seldom resorted to oy 
human beings. 






Ute, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, hook ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



UNFRIENDLINESS 



873 



UNGUAL 



unfriendliness (un-frend'li-nes), n. 
want of kindness; disfavor. 

unfriendly (un-frend'li), adj. not 
friendly; not kind or benevolent; not 
favorable; not adapted to promote 
or support any object. 

unfrock (un-frok'), v.t. to divest of a 
gown; to silence a_priest. 

unfruitful (un-f root 'fool), adj. not 
producing fruit; barren; not pro- 
ducing offspring; not proline; bar- 
ren; not producing good effects or 
works; unproductive; not fertile. 

unfulfilled (un-fool-fild'), adj. not ful- 
filled; not accomplished; as, a proph- 
ecy or prediction. 

unfurl (un-ferl'), adj. to loose and un- 
fold; to expand; to open or spread. 

unfurnish (un-fer'nish), v.t. to strip 
of furniture; to divest; to strip; to 
leave naked. 

unfurnished (un - fer' nisht), m adj. 
stripped of furniture; degarnished; 
unsupplied with necessaries or orna- 
ments. 

ungainly (un-ganli), adj. not expert 
or dextrous; clumsy; awkward; un- 
couth. 

ungalled (un-gawld'), adj. unhurt; not 
galled. 

ungarrisoned (un-gar'i-sund), adj. 
not garrisoned; not furnished with 
troops for defense. 

ungear (un-ger'), v.t. to unharness; 
to strip of gear. _ 

ungenerous (un-jen'er-us), adj. not 
of a noble mind; not liberal; igno- 
minious. 

ungenerously (un-jen'er-us-li), adv. 
unkindly; dishonorably. 

ungentlemanly m (un-j en 'tl-man-li) , 
adj. not becoming a gentleman. 

ungently (un-jent'li), adv. harshly; 
with severity; rudely. 

ungifted (un-gift'ed), adj. not gifted; 
not endowed with peculiar faculties. 

ungilded (un-gild'ed), adj. not gilt; 
not overlaid with gold. 

ungird (un-gerd'), v.t. to loose from a 
girdle or band; to unbind. 

ungirt (un-gerf), adj. unbound; loose- 
ly dressed. 

unglaze (un-glaz'). v.t. to strip of 
glass; to remove the glass from 
windows. 

unglazed (un-glazd'), adj. destitute 
of glass; not furnished with glass; 



wanting glass windows; not covered 
with vitreous matter. 

ungloved (uu-gluvd'), adj. without 
glove or gloves. 

ungodliness (un-god'li-nes), n. im- 
piety; wickedness; disregard of God 
and his commands, and neglect of 
his worship; or any positive act of 
disobedience or irreverence. 

ungodly (un-godli), adj. wicked; im- 
pious; neglecting the fear and wor- 
ship of God, or violating his com- 
mands. 

ungovernable (un-guv'ern-a-bl), adj. 
that cannot be governed; that can- 
not be ruled or restrained. 

ungoverned (iin-guv'ernd),^ adj. not 
being governed; not subjected to 
laws or principles; not restrained or 
regulated; unbridled; licentious. 

ungowned (un-gound'), adj. not hav- 
ing or not wearing a gown. 

ungraceful (un-gras'fool), adj. not 
graceful; not marked with ease and 
dignity; wanting beauty and ele- 
gance. 

ungracious (un-gra'shus), adj. wicked; 
odious; hateful; offensive; unpleas- 
ing. 

ungrammatical (un-gram-at'i-kal), 
adj. not according to the established 
and correct rules of grammar. 

ungrateful (un-grat'fool), adj. not 
grateful; not feeling thankful for 
favors; not making returns, or mak- 
ing ill returns for kindness; making 
no returns for culture; unpleasing; 
unacceptable. 

ungratefulness (un-grat'fool-nes), 
adj. ingratitude; want of due feelings 
of kindness for favors received; ill 
return for good; disagreeableness; 
unpleasing quality. 

ungratified (un-grat'i-fid), adj. not 
gratified; not compensated; not 
pleased; not indulged. 

ungrounded (un-ground'ed), adj. 
without ground or basis; unreal; 
false. 

ungrudged (un - grujd'), adj. not 
grudged. 

ungrudging (un-gruj'ing), adj. not 
grudging; freely giving. 

ungual (ung'gwal), adj. a term ap- 
plied to such bones of the feet as 
have attached to them a nail, claw, 
or hoof. [Latin.] 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
58 hue, hut ; think, then. 



UNGUARDED 



874 



UNICORN 



unguarded (un-gard'ed), adj. not 
guarded ; not watched ; not defended ; 
having no guard; careless; negligent; 
not attentive to danger; not cau- 
tious; negligently said or done; not 
done or spoken with caution. 

unguent (un'gwent), n. ointment; a 
soft composition used as a topical 
remedy, as for sores, burns, and the 
like. An unguent is stiffer than a 
liniment, but softer than a cerate. 
[Latin.] 

unguided (un-gid'ed), adj. not guided; 
not led or conducted; not regulated. 

unhallowed (un-hal' od), adj. pro- 
faned; deprived of its sacred char- 
acter; profane; unholy; impure; 
wicked. 

unhand (un-hand'), v.t. to loose from 
the hand; to let go. 

unhandled (un-han'dld), adj. not 
handled; not treated; not touched. 

unhanged (un-hangd'), adj. not hung 
or hanged ; not punished by hanging. 

unhappiness (un-hap'i-nes), n. ^ mis- 
fortune; ill luck; infelicity; misery. 

unhappy (un-hap'i), adj. unfortunate; 
unlucky; not happy; in a degree 
miserable or wretched. 

unharassed (un-har'ast), adj. not 
harassed; not vexed or troubled. 

unhardened (un-hard'nd), adj. not 
hardened; not indurated; as metal; 
not hardened; not made obdurate. 

unharmed (un-harmd'), adj. unhurt; 
unin j ur ed ; unimpaired . 

unharmful (un-harm'fool), adj. not 
doing harm; harmless; innoxious. 

unharness (un-har'nes), v.t. to strip 
of harness; to loose from harness or 
gear; to disarm; to divest of armor. 

unhatched (un-hatcht'), adj. not 
hatched; not having left the egg; not 
matured and brought to light; not 
disclosed. 

unhealthful (un-helth'fool), adj. not 
healthful; injurious to health; in- 
salubrious ; unwholesome ; noxious ; 
abounding with sickness or disease; 
sickly. 

unhealthiness (un-helth'i-nes), n. 
want of health; habitual weakness 
or indisposition; unsoundness; want 
of vigor; unfavorableness to health. 

unhealthy (un-helth'i), adj. wanting 
health; wanting a sound and vigor- 
ous state of body; habitually weak 



or indisposed; unsound; wanting 
vigor of growth; sickly; abounding 
with disease; insalubrious; unwhole- 
some; adapted to generate diseases; 
morbid; not indicating health. 

unheard (un-herd'), adj. not heard; 
not perceived by the ear; not ad- 
mitted to audience; not known in 
fame; not celebrated. 

unhealed (un-het'ed), adj. not heated; 
not made hot. 

unheeded (un - hed' ed), adj. not 
heeded; disregarded; neglected. 

unheedful < (un-hed'fool), adj. not 
cautious; inattentive; careless. 

unhelmed (un-helmd')> adj. deprived 
of a helm; having no helm. 

unhelmeted (un-hermet-ed), adj. de- 
prived or destitute of a helmet. 

unhelpful (un-help'fool), adj. afford- 
ing no aid. 

unheroic (un-he-ro'ik), adj. not heroic; 
not brave. 

unhesitating (un-hez'i-tat-ing), adj. 
not hesitating; not remaining in 
doubt; prompt; ready. 

unhewn (un-hun'), adj. not hewn; 
rough. 

unhindered (un-hin'derd), adj. not 
hindered; not opposed; exerting it- 
self freely. 

unhinge (un-hinj'), v.t. to take from 
the hinges; to displace; to unfix by 
violence; to loosen; to render un- 
stable or wavering. 

unhistorical (un-his-tor'i-kal), adj. 
not historical. 

unholiness (un-ho'li-nes), n. want of 
holiness; an unsanctined state of the 
heart; impiety; wickedness; pro- 
fan eness. 

unholy (un-ho'li), adj. not holy; not 
renewed and sanctified; profane; not 
hallowed; not consecrated; common; 
impious; wicked; not ceremonially 
purified. 

unhook (un-hook'), v.t. to loose from 
a hook. 

unhoped (un-hopf), adj. not hoped 
for; not so probable as to excite hope. 

unhopeful (un-hop'fool), adj. such as 
leaves no room to hope. 

unhorse (un-hors'), v.t. to throw from 
horse; to. cause to dismount. 

unhurt (un-herf), adj. not hurt; not 
harmed' free from wound or injury. 

unicorn (u'ni-korn), n. an animal with 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon book s 

hue, hut; think, then. 



UNICYCLE 



875 



UNINTERESTING 



one horn; the unicorn, in heraldry, 
is the fabulous unicorn, represented 
with the figure of a horse and a single 
horn issuing from its forehead. 

unicycle (u-ni-sl'kl), n. an acrobat's 
cycle having but one wheel. 

uniform (u'ni-form), adj. having al- 
ways the same form or manner; not 
variable; of the same form with 
others; consonant; agreeing with 
each other; conforming to one rule 
or mode; having the same degree or 
state. 

uniform, n. sl dress of the same kind, 
by which persons are purposely 
assimilated who belong to the same 
body, whether military, naval, or 
any other. 

unif ormitarian (u-ni-f 6rm-i-t a 'ri-an) , 
n. a term applied to theorists in 
geology, who believe that existing 
causes, acting in the same manner as 
at the present time, are sufficient to 
account for all geological changes. 

uniformity (u-ni-form'i-ti), n. con- 
formity to a pattern or rule; resem- 
blance. 

uniformly (u'ni-form-li), adv. with 
even tenor; without variation. 

unify (u'ni-fi), v.t. to make_into one. 

unigeniture (u-ni-jen'i-tur), n. the 
state of being the only begotten. 

unilateral (u-ni-lat'er-al), adj. being 
on one side or party only; having one 
side. 

unimaginable (un-i-maj'i-na-bl), adj. 
not to be imagined; not to be con- 
ceived. 

unimaginative (un-i-maj' i-na-tiv), 
adj. not imaginative. 

unimagined (un-i-maj 'ind), adj. not 
imagined; not conceived. 

unimpaired (un-im-pard')* adj. not 
impaired; not diminished; not en- 
feebled by time or injury. 

unimpassioned (un-im-pash 'und) , 
adj. not endowed with passions; 
calm; not violent. 

unimpeachable (un-im-pech'a-bl), 
adj. that cannot be impeached; that 
cannot be accused; free from stain, 
guilt, or fault. 

imimpeached (un-im-pechf), adj. 
not impeached; not charged or ac- 
cused; fair. 

unimpeded (un-im-ped'ed), adj. not 
impeded; not hindered. 



unimportance (un-im-por'tans), n. 
want of importance. 

unimportant (un-im-por'tant), adj. 
not important ; not of great moment. 

unimposing (un-im-poz'ing),jzc(/. not 
imposing; not commanding respect. 

unimpressive (un-im-pres'iv), adj. 
not impressive; not forcible; not 
adapt ea to affect or awaken the 
passions. 

unimproved (un-im-proovd'), adj. 
not improved; not made better or 
wiser; not advanced in knowledge, 
manners, or excellence. 

unincumbered (un-in-kum'berd), adj. 
not encumbered; not burdened. 

uninfluenced (un-in'flu-ensd), adj. 
not influenced; not persuaded or 
moved by others, or by foreign con- 
siderations; not biased; acting 
freely. 

uninfluential (un-in-fm-en'shal), adj. 
not having influence. 

uninformed (un-in-formd'), adj. not 
informed; not instructed; untaught. 

uninhabitable (un-in-hab' it-a-bl), 
adj. not inhabitable; that in which 
men cannot live; unfit to be the 
residence of men. 

uninhabited (un-in-hab 'i-ted), adj. 
not inhabited by men; having no 
inhabitants. 

uninjured (un-in'joord), adj. not in- 
jured; not hurt; suffering no harm. 

uninspired (un-in-spird'), adj. not 
having received any supernatural 
instruction or illumination. 

uninsured (un-in-shurd'), adj. not 
insured; not assured against loss. 

unintellectual (un-in-tel-ekt'u-al), 
adj. not intellectual. 

unintelligent (un-in-tel'i-jent), adj. 
not having reason or consciousness; 
not possessing understanding. 

unintelligible (un-in-teri-ji-bl), adj. 
not intelligible; that cannot be un- 
derstood. 

unintended (un-in-tend'ed), adj. not 
intended; not designed. 

unintentional (un-in-ten'shun-al), 
adj. not intentional; not designed; 
done or happening without design. 

uninterested (un-in'ter-est-ed), adj. 
not interested; not having any in- 
terest or property in; having nothing 
at stake. 

uninteresting (un-in'ter-est-ing), adj. 



ate, arm, at. awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit ; note, north. Dot; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



1 



UNINTERRUPTED 



876 



UNIVERSALIST 



not capable of exciting an interest, 
or of engaging the mind or passions, 

uninterrupted (un-in-ter-rupt'ed) , 
adj. not interrupted; not broken; 
not disturbed by intrusion or avoca- 
tion. 

uninured (un-in-urd') , adj. not in- 
ured; not hardened by use or prac- 
tice. 

uninvested (un-in-vest'ed) , adj. not 
invested; not converted into some 
species of property less fleeting than 
money. 

uninvited (un-in-vit'ed) , adj. not in- 
vited; not requested; not solicited. 

uninviting (un-in-vlt'ing) , adj. not 
inviting. 

union (tin'yun), n. the act of joining 
two or more things into one, or the 
junction or coalition of things thus 
united; a trades-union. See trades- 
union. The junction or united 
existence of spirit and matter ; among 
painters, a symmetry and agreement 
between the several parts of a paint- 
ing; in architecture, harmony be- 
tween the colors in the materials of 
a building; States united, as the 
United States of America are called 
the Union. In the flag of the United 
States, a square portion at the upper 
left-hand corner, in which the stars 
are united on a blue ground, denoting 
the union of the States. 

unionism (un'yiin-izm) f n. see trades- 
unionism. 

Union- jack (un'yim-jak) , n. the device 
emblematic of union, which in a com- 
plete national flag occupies the upper 
left-hand corner, used alone as a flag. 

uniparous (u-nip'a-rus), adj. produc- 
ing one at a birth. 

unique (u-nek'), adj. sole; unequaled; 
single in its kind or excellence. 
[French.] 

unison (u'ni-sn), n. in music, an ac- 
cordance of sounds proceeding from 
an equality in the number of vibra- 
tions made in a given time by a 
sonorous body. Sounds of very 
different qualities and force may be 
in unison : as the sound of a bell may 
be in unison with a sound of a flute. 
Unison then consists in sameness of 
degree, or similarity in respect to 
gravity or acuteness, and is appli- 
cable to any sound, whether of in- 



struments or of the human organs. 
"In unison;" in agreement; in har- 
mony. 

unit (u'nit), n. one; a word w^hich de- 
notes a single thing or person; the 
least whole number; in mathematics, 
any known determinate quantity, 
by the constant repetition of which, 
any other quantity of the same kind 
is measured. 

Unitarian (u-ni-ta/ri-an), n. one who 
denies the doctrine of the Trinity, 
and ascribes divinity to God the 
Father only. 

Unitarianism (u-ni-ta/ri-an-izm), n. 
the doctrines of Unitarians, who 
deny the divinity of Christ. 

unite (u-nif), v.t. to put together or 
join two or more things, which make 
one compound or mixture; to join; 
to connect in a near relation or alli- 
ance. 

unite, v.i. to join in an act; to concur; 
to act in concert; to coalesce; to be 
cemented or consolidated; to com- 
bine; to grow together, as the parts 
of a wound. 

united (u-nit'ed), adj. joined; made 
to agree; cemented; mixed; attached 
by growth. 

unity (u'ni-ti), n. the state of being 
one; oneness. Unity may consist 
of a simple substance or existing 
being, as the soul; but usually it 
consists in a close junction of parti- 
cles or parts, constituting a body 
detached from other bodies. Unity 
is a thing undivided itself, but sep- 
arate from every other thing; con- 
cord; conjunction; agreement; uni- 
formity. 

univalve (ti'ni-valv), adj. having only 
one valve or shell: 11. a mollusk 
whose shell is composed of a single 
piece. 

universal (u-ni-ver'sal), adj. in logic, 
a universal is complex or incomplex. 
A complex universal is either a uni- 
versal proposition, as "every whole 
is greater than its parts/' or what- 
ever raises a manifold conception in 
the mind, as the definition of a rea- 
sonable animal. An incomplex uni- 
versal is w T hat produces one concep- 
tion onty in the mind, and is a 
simple thing respecting many. 

Universalist (u-ni-ver'sal-ist), n. one 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



UNIVERSE 



877 



UNPROVOKED 






who holds the doctrine that all men 
will be saved. 

universe (u'ni-vers), n. the collective 
name of heaven and earth and all 
that belongs to them; the whole 
system of created things. 

university (u-ni-ver'si-ti), n. an as- 
semblage of colleges established in 
any place, with professors for in- 
structing students in the sciences 
and other branches of learning, and 
where degrees are conferred. A 
university is properly a universal 
school, in which are taught all 
branches of learning in the various 
faculties of theology, medicine, law, 
political science, engineering, and 
the arts. 

unjust (un-jusf), adj. not just; 
partial. 

unkempt (un-kempf) , adj. uncombed ; 
rough. 

unkind (un-klnd'), adj. not kind; 
harsh; severe. 

unlawful (un-law'fool), adj. not ac- 
cording to law. 

unlearned (un-lernd'), adj. ignorant; 
illiterate. 

unless (un-les'), conj. except; if not. 

unlike (umllk'), adj. not like; having 
no resemblance. 

unlikelihood (un-llk'li-hood), n. im- 
probability. 

unlikely (un-llk'li), adj. not likely; 
improbable. 

unlimited (un-lim'i-ted), adj. not 
limited; boundless. 

unlock (un-lok'), v.t. to unfasten what 
is locked; toopen. 

unloose (un-loos'), v.t. to make loose; 
to set free. 

unlucky (un-luk'i), adj. not fortunate; 
ill-omened. 

unman (un-man'), v.t. [p.L & p.p. un- 
manned, p.pr. unmanning], to de- 
prive of courage or fortitude; emas- 
culate. 

unmanageable (un-man'aj-a-bl), adj. 
not easily controlled or directed. 

unmannerly (un-man'er-li), adj. ill- 
bred. 

unmarried m (un-mar'id), adj. not 
married; single. 

anrneaning (un-men'ing), adj. having 
no meaning; senseless. 

unmentionable (un-men'shun-a-bl) , 
adj. unworthy of mention. 



unmitigated (un-mit'i-ga-ted), adj. 
not abated: having full force. 

unmoved (un-moovd'), adj. not 
moved; firm; calm. 

unnatural (un-nat'u-ral), adj. not ac- 
cording to nature. 

unnecessary (un-nes'e-sa-ri), adj. not 
essential; useless. 

unnerve (un-nerv'), v.t. to deprive of 
strength or power; weaken. 

unob j ectionable (un-ob-j ek'shun-a- 
bl), adj. not liable to objection. 

unobservant (un-ob-zer'vant), adj. 
inattentive. 

unobtrusive (un-ob-troo'siv), adj. not 
obtrusive or forward. 

unparalleled (un-par'a-leld), adj. 
without parallel or precedent. 

unplaced (un-plasf), adj. not placed; 
not holding a governmental office; 
not among the first three at the end 
of a race. 

unpleasant (un-plez'ant), adj. not 
pleasant; disagreeable. 

unpopular (un-pop'u-lar), adj. dis- 
liked by the people. 

unprecedented (un-pre'se-den-ted) , 
adj. without precedent; unparal- 
leled in the past. 

unprejudiced (un-prej'u-dist), adj. 
not prejudiced; impartial ._ 

unpremeditated (un-pre-med'i-ta- 
ted), adj. not planned before- 
hand. 

unprepared (un-pre-pard'), adj. with- 
out preparation. 

unprepossessing (un-pre-po-zes'ing) , 
adj. not pleasing; not winning. 

unpretentious (un-pre-ten'shus), adj. 
not making pretense; modest. 

unprincipled (un-prin'si-pld), adj. 
without settled principles; unscru- 
pulous. 

unproductive (un-pro-duk'tiv), adj. 
not productive; inefficient. 

unprofessional (un-pro-fesh' un-al) v 
adj. having no profession; exceeding 
professional limits; contrary to the 
rules or ethics of a particular pro- 
fession. 

unprofitable (un-prof'i-ta-bl), adj, 
not profitable; serving no purpose. 

unpropitious (un-pro-pish'us), adj. 
not propitious; inauspicious. 

unprovoked (un-pro-vokf), adj. not 
having received provocation; un- 
called for. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, bco!? \ 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



UNPUBLISHED 



878 



UNSUITABLE 



unpublished (un-pub'lisht), adj. not 
made public; secret. 

unqualified (un-kwql'i-fld), adj. in- 
competent ; unrestricted . 

unquenchable (un-kwen'sha-bl), adj. 
that cannot be quenched or extin- 
guished. 

unquestionable (un-kwes'chun-a-bl) , 
adj. not to be questioned. 

unravel (un-rav'l), v.t. to separate; to 
unfold or explain. 

unreadable (un-red'a-bl), adj. not to 
be deciphered; too dull to be read. 

unready (un-red'i), adj. not prepared; 
slow; awkward. 

unreal (un-re'al), adj. not real; illu- 
sive. 

unreasonable (un-re'zn-a-bl), adj. not 
agreeable to reason; exceeding the 
bounds of reason. 

unreconciled (un-rek'n-sild), adj. not 
reconciled; not made consistent. 

unredeemable (un-re-dem'a-bl), adj. 
not capable of being redeemed. 

unregenerate (un-re-jen'er-at), adj. 
not renewed in heart through rejen- 
eration. 

unrelenting (un-re-lent'ing), adj. not 
relenting; inflexible; cruel. 

unreliable (un-re-ll'a-bl), adj. not to 
be relied on; untrustworthy. 

unremitting (un-re-mit'ing), adj. not 
remitting; continued; incessant. 

unreserved (un-re-zervd'), adj. not 
restrained; withholding nothing. 

unrest (un-resf), n. want of rest; dis- 
quiet of mind or body. 

unrestrained (un-re-strand'), adj. not 
restrained; licentious. 

unrighteous (un-rit'yus), adj. wicked; 
unjust. 

unrivalled (un~rl'vald), adj. without 
a rival or competitor; unique. 

unroll (un-rol'), v.t. to roll down; to 
open out: v.i. to become uncoiled or 
opened out. 

unruffled (un-ruf'ld), adj. not ruffled; 

. calm. 

unruliness (un-ru'li-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being unruly. 

unruly (un-m'li) , adj. disregarding re- 
straint or authority; ungovernable; 
turbulent. 

unsaddle (un-sad'l), v.t. to take the 
saddle off; to throw from the saddle. 

unsafe (un-saf), adj. not safe. 

unsaid (un-sed'j, adj. not said. 



unsatisfactory (un-sat-is-fak'to-ri) 8 

adj. not satisfying. 
unsavory (un-sa/vor-i), adj. tasteless; 

unpleasing. 
unscathed (un-skaiM'), adj. not 

harmed or injured. 
unschooled (un-skoold'), adj. not 

taught or trained. 
unscrupulous (un-skroo'pu-lus), adj. 

unprincipled. 
unseal (un-sel'), v.t. to remove the 

seal of; to open anything that is 

sealed. 
unseasonable (un-se'zn-a-bl), adj. noO 

in the proper season; untimely. 
unseemly (un-sem'li), adj. not seemly^ 

not becoming; indecent. 
unseen (un-sen r ), adj. not seen; in^ 

visible. 
unsettle (un-set ; l), v.t. to make un- * \ 

certain: v.i. to become unfixed. 
unsex (un-seks'), v.t. to deprive of the 

characteristic qualities of a woman. 
unshackle (un-shak , l), v.t. to set free. 
unshaken (yn-sha'kn), adj. not sha- 
ken; firm; steady. 
unsheathe (un-she^')* v.t. to draw 

from the scabbard, as a sword. 
unshod (un-shod'), adj. without shoes; 

barefoot. 
unshorn (un-shorn'), adj. unshaven; 

undipped. 
unsightly (un-sit'li), adj. not pleasing 

to the eye; ugly. 
unskilful (un-skirfool), adj. wanting 

skill or experience; awkward. 
unsophisticated (un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted) , 

adj. genuine; simple; inexperienced; 

unworldly, 
unsought (un-sawt'), adj. not sought; 

not solicited. 
unsound (un-sound r ), adj. not sound; 

dishonest; erroneous. 
unsparing (un-spar'ing), adj. not 

sparing; liberal; unmerciful. 
unspeakable (un-spek'a-bl), adj. not 

capable of being spoken, uttered or 

described. 
unstable (un-sta r bl), adj. not stable; 

infirm; unreliable. 
unsteady (un-sted r i), adj. not steady; 

changeable. 
unstudied (un-stud'id), adj. done 

without premeditation ; natural; 

easy. 
unsuitable (un-su r ta-bl), adj. not 

adequate; not fitting; unbecoming. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue f hut ; think, then. 



- 



UNSUSPECTED 



879 



UPPISH 



unsuspected (un-sus-pek'ted), adj. 

not suspected; not known. 
untamable (un-tam'a-bl), adj. not 

capable of being tamed. 
untamed (un-tamd'), adj. not tamed; 

not domesticated. 
untarnished (un-tar'nisht), adj. not 

tarnished or soiled. 
untaught (un-tawf), adj. not taught; 

illiterate. 
untenable (un-ten'a-bl), adj. not 

tenable; not defensible. 
untidy (un-tl'di), adj. not tidy or 

neat. 
until (un-tir), prep, till; to; as far as. 
untimely (un-tlm'li), adj. not timely; 

unseasonable. 
untiring (un-tir'ing) , adj. unwearied. 



unto (un'too), prep. to. 
untold (un-told'), adj. not t 
untoward (un-to'errl), adj. not easily 



guided; froward; awkward. 

untried (un-trid'), adj. not yet having 
stood trial; not tested. 

untrimmed (un-trimd'), adj. not 
adorned with trimmings. 

untrodden (un-trod'n), adj. not trod- 
den; unfrequented. 

untruth (un'trooth'), n. a falsehood. 

untutored (un-tii'terd), adj. unin- 
structed; raw; inexperienced. 

unusual (un-u'zhu-al), adj. strange; 
out of the ordinary; exceptional. 

unutterable (un-ut'er-a-bl), adj. in- 
capable of being uttered or expressed. 

unvarnished (un-var'nisht), adj. not 
varnished; not embellished; plain. 

unveil (un-vaT), v.t. to remove a veil 
from; to disclose; to reveal. 

unwarranted (un-wor'an-ted), adj. 
without warrant; not guaranteed. 

unwary (un-wa/ri), adj. not wary; not 
cautious. 

unwearied (un-we'rid), adj. not be- 
coming wearied; indefatigable. 

unwelcome (un-wel'kum), adj. not 
welcome; causing unhappiness. 

unwell (un-wel'), adj. not well; not in 
good health. 

unwholesome (un-hol'sum), adj. not 
wholesome; repulsive. 

unwieldy (un-wel'di), adj. not easily 
moved or handled. 

unwilling (un-wil / ing) i adj. not will- 
ing; reluctant. 

unwise (un-wiz'), adj. not wise; in- 
judicious; foolish. 



unwitting (un-wit'ing) , adj. not know« 
ing; unaware. 

unwomanly (un-woom'an~li), adj. not 
befitting or becoming a woman. 

unwonted (un-wun'ted), adj. not ac- 
customed; uncommon. 

unworldly (un-werld'li), adj. above 
worldly or selfish considerations. 

unworthy (un-wer'thi), adj. not 
worthy; unbecoming. 

unwritten (un-rit'n), n. not written;/ 
not formally recognized; formally ac-s 
cepted as " the unwritten law." \ 

unyielding (un-yeld'ing), adj. not 
yielding or bending; stiff; obstinate. 

unyoke (un-yok'), v.t. to loose from a 
yoke; to disjoin^ 

up (up), adv. on high; above the hori- 
zon; from a lower to a higher posi- 
tion. 

upas (u'pas), n. a tree, common in 
Java, with a poisonous juice. 

upbraid (up-braxT), v.t. to reproach. 

upbringing (up'bring-ing), n. the pro- 
cess of nourishing and training. 

upbuilding (up-bild'ing), n. the act 
of building up; edification. 

upcast (up'kast), adj. directed up^ 
wards: n. the ventilating shaft of a 
mine through which the air passes 
after circulating below. 

upheaval (up-hev'alV n. a lifting from 
below; a lifting of strata by some 
internal force 1 

upheave (up-hev'), v.t. to lift up from 
beneath. 

uphold (up-hold'), v.t. to support; 
maintain. 

upholster (up-hol/ster), v.t. to supply 
with house-furnishings. 

upholsterer (up-hol'ster-er) , n. one 
who supplies upholstery. 

upholstery (up-hol'ster-i), n. the busi- 
ness of an upholsterer; articles of 
house-furnishing. 

upland-cotton (up'land-kot'un), n. 
cotton with a short fiber. 

uplift (up-liff), v.t. to lift up or raise 
aloft: n. (uplift), the act of lifting 
up. 

upon (up-on'), prep, on; resting on the 
top or surface; relating to; noting 
assumption, security, or time. 

upper (up'er), adj. higher in place s 
rank, or dignity. 

uppish (up'ish), adj. arrogant; assum« 
ing. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think. tJicn. 



UPRIGHT 



880 



USEFUL 



upright (up'rit), adj. erect; just; hon- 
est; equitable; elevation of a build- 
ing; timber supporting a rafter. 

uprising (up-rlz'ing), n. the act of 
rising up; ascent; any strong out- 
burst of popular feeling. 

uproar (up'ror), n. noisy disturbance; 
bustle and clamor. 

uproarious (up-ror'i-us), adj. making 
great noise_and tumult. 

uproot (up-roof), v.t. to tear up by the 
roots; to destroy. 

upset (up-set'), v.t. to overthrow; put 
out of normal condition: n. (up 'set) 
the act of upsetting. 

upshot (up'shot), n. final result. 

Tipstart (up'start), n. one who sud- 
denly rises from a humble position to 
wealth or influence. 

up-to-date (up-too-dat'), adj. or adv. 
according to the latest dictates of 
fashion and conventionality. [Vul- 
gar.] 

uptown (up 'toun), adj. situated in, or 
living in, the upper part of a town. 

upturn (up-tern'), v.t. & v.i. to turn up. 

upwards (up'werdz), adv. towards a 
higher place or source. Also up- 
ward. 

uraemia, same as uremia. 

ursemic, same as uremic. 

uranin (u'ra-nin), n. a brownish-red 
dye. 

uranium (u-ra/ni-um) , n, a metallic 
element. 

uranography (ii-ra-nog'ra-fi), n. a 
description of the heavens, and the 
character and relation of the fixed 
stars; the construction of celestial 
maps, globes, &c. 

urao (oo-ra'o), n. a name for ^natron 
found in South America. 

urate (u'rat), n. a salt or uric acid. 

urban (er'ban), adj. pertaining to a 
city or town. 

urbane (er-ban'), adj. polite; refined. 

urbanity (er-ban'i-ti) , n. politeness; 
refinement. 

urceolate (er'se-o-lat) , adj. urn- 
shaped. 

urceolus (er-se'o-lus) , n. a small 
graceful urn with oval body. [Lat- 
in.] m m 

urchin (er'chin), n. originally a hedge- 
hog; a small boy. 

urea (u're-a), n. the chief solid con- 
stituent of the urine of mammals. 



uremia (u-re'mi-a), n. poisoning ol 
the blood by the presence of urea 
and other hurtful substances. 

uremic (u-re'mik), adj. pertaining to 
uremia. 

urge (erj), v.t. to incite; impel; pro- 
voke: v.i. act with earnestness; in- 
sist upon; allege proofs. 

urgency (erj 'en-si), n. pressure of ne- 
cessity; importunity. 

urgent (erj'ent), adj. pressing; calling 
for immediate attention. 

uric acid (u'rik as'id), n. a peculiar 
and characteristic substance found 
in urine. 

urim (u'rim), n.pl. a mystic ornament 
worn by the Jewish high priest, con- 
stituting, with the thummim, the 
oracle by which Jehovah declared 
his will. 

urinal (u'ri-nal), n. a place of conven- 
ience. 

urinary (u'ri-na-ri) , adj. pertaining to, 
or like, urine. 

urine (u'rin), n. the excretion from 
the kidneys. 

urinoscopy (u-ri-nos'ko-pi) , n. the 
diagnosis of disease by examination 
of the patient's urine. 

urn (ern), n. a roundish vessel of va- 
rious materials bulging in the mid- 
dle, usually with a foot or pedestal; 
a vessel in which the ashes of the 
dead are preserved. 

ursiform (er'si-f orm) , adj. bear-like. 

ursine (er'sin), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembling, a bear. 

urubu (oo'roo-boo) , n. the black vul- 
ture of Central America. 

us (us), prqn. objective of we. 

usable (u'za-bl), adj. that can be 
used. 

usage (u'zaj), n. mode of using; treat- 
ment; habitual or long continued 
use or custom. 

usance (u'zans), n. the time fixed 
for the payment of a bill of ex- 
change. 

use (us), n. the act of using; applica- 
tion of anything to a particular pur- 
pose; employment; custom or prac- 
tice; treatment: vd. (uz) to make 
use of; employ; avail one's self of; 
possess or enjoy for a time; habitu- 
ate: v.i. to be accustomed. 

useful (us'f ool) , adj. full of use, profit, 
or advantage; beneficial. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



USEFULLY 



881 



UXORIOUS 



usefully (us'foo-li), adv. in a useful 
manner^ 

useless (us'les), adj. having, or being 
of, no use. 

usher (ush'er), n. a doorkeeper; an 
officer who introduces strangers or 
walks before persons of rank; as- 
sistant master [English]: v.t. to in- 
troduce or escort (with in or forth). 

usual (u'zhu-al), adj. habitual; cus- 
tomary. 

usually (u'zhu-a~li) , adv. ordinarily. 

usufruct (u'su-frukt) , n. the tempo- 
rary use and enjoyment of lands and 
tenements belonging to another. 

usurer (u'zhur-er), n. one who lends 
money at an exorbitant rate of in- 
terest. 

usurious (u-zhu'ri-us), adj. practic- 
ing usury. 

usurp (u-serp'), v.t. to take possession 
of by force, or without right; ap- 
plied to seizure and use of office, 
functions, powers, rights, &c. 

usurpation (u-ser-pa'shun) , n. the act 
of usurping, especially the unlawful 
seizure of regal power. 

usurper (u-serp'er), n. one who usurps. 

usury (u'zhu-ri), n. interest on money 
beyond the current rate of interest; 
practice of lending money at exorbi- 
tant interest. 

utensil (u-ten'sil), n. an implement, 
especially one used for domestic or 
culinary purposes. 

uterine (Q'ter-in), adj. pertaining to 
the womb ; born of the same mother, 
but by a different father. 

uterus (u'ter-us), n. the womb. 

utilitarian (u-til-i-ta/ri-an), adj. per- 
taining to, or aiming at, utility: n. 
one who holds the doctrine of utili- 
tarianism. 



Utilitarianism (u-til-i-ta'ri-an-izm) , 
n. the doctrine that virtue is defined 
and enforced by its tendency to pro- 
mote the highest happiness of man- 
kind. 

utility (u-til'i-ti), n. usefulness; in- 
trinsic value. 

utilize (u'til-iz), v.t. to make useful or 
profitable. 

utmost (ut'most), adj. in the great- 
est degree; most distant; furthest; 
extreme: n. the extreme limit or ex- 
tent. 

Utopian (ti-to'pi-an), n. pertaining to 
the imaginary island, described by 
Sir Thomas More in his " Utopia,' ' 
where the most perfect system of 
laws and institutions existed: hence 
ideal; visionary ._ 

Utopianism (u-to'pi-an-izm) , n. ideal 
schemes for social happiness or per- 
fection. 

utter (ut'er), adj. entire; absolute; un- 
qualified; total: v.t. to speak; pro- 
nounce; publish abroad; circulate, 
especially counterfeit coins or 
notes. 

utterance (ut'er-ans), n. vocal expres- 
sion; speech; style of speaking. 

uttermost (ut'er-most) , adj. extreme; 
in the furthest, greatest, or highest 
degree: n. the furthest extent or de- 
gree. 

uvea (uVe-a), n. the posterior, dark 
colored layer of the iris. 

uvula (u'vu-la), n. the fleshy, conical 
body, attached to the soft palate, 
hanging at the back par*- of the 
tongue. 

uvular (u'vu-lar), adj. pertaining to 
the uvula. 

uxorious (uk-so'ri-us) , adj. foolishly 
or excessively fond of a wife. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; booiv book ; 
56 hue, hut ; think, then. 



V 



V, the twenty-second letter of the 
English alphabet. As to its his- 
tory see U. It may be noted that 
most words in English commencing 
with v have a foreign source. As 
a symbol, V in chemistry denotes 
the rare chemical element, vana- 
dium. 

vacancy (va/kan-si), n. [pi. vacan- 
cies (va/kan-siz)], state of being 
vacant or empty; listlessness ; un- 
occupied office; open or unoccupied 
space. 

vacant (va/kant), adj. empty; free 
from thought or reflection; not oc- 
cupied. 

vacate (va'kat), v.t. to make vacant; 
annul; give up the possession of. 

vacation (va-ka/shun) , n. the act of 
vacating; intermission of a stated 
employment, or judicial proceed- 
ings; school holidays. 

vaccinate (vak'si-nat) , v.t. to inocu- 
late with vaccine matter as a pro- 
tection against smallpox. 

vaccination (vak-si-na'shun), n. act 
of vaccinating. 

vaccinator (vak'si-na-ter) , n. one 
who vaccinates. 

vaccine (vak'sin), adj. pertaining to, 
or obtained from, cows; pertaining to 
cowpox or vaccination: n. a liquid 
taken from the udder of a cow af- 
fected with cow-pox; any anti-serum. 

vaccine therapy (vak'sin-ther'a-pi) , 
n. cure or prevention of disease by 
the use of vaccines. 

vacillate (vas'i-lat), v.i. to fluctuate 
in mind or opinion; be unsteady; 
waver. [Latin.] 

vacillation (vas-i-la/shun) , n. fluctua- 
tion of mind;_unsteadiness. 

vacuity (va-ku'i-ti), n. emptiness; 
vacant state_of mind or expression. 

vacuole (vak'u : ol), n. a small cell or 
cavity in the interior of organic cells 
or protoplasm. 

vacuous (vak'u-us), adj. empty; va- 
cant. 



vacuum (vak'u-um), n. a space devoid 
of all matter; void. 

vade mecum (va/de me'kum), n. a 
manual for ready reference. [Latin.] 

vagabond ( vag'a-bond) , adj. without 
fixed habitation; roaming; idle: n. 
a vagrant; scamp. [Latin.] 

vagary (va/ga-ry or va-ga/ri), n. [pi. 
vagaries (va'ga- or va-ga/riz)], a 
wild freak; whim. 

vagina (va-ji'na), n. the canal which 
leads from the external orifice to the 
uterus; sheath. [Latin.] 

vaginal (va-ji'nal), adj. pertaining 
to, or like, a vagina or sheath. 

vaginate (vaj'i-nat), adj. invested 
with a sheath. 

vagrancy (va'gran-si), n. a state of 
wandering without a settled home; 
habits andlife of a vagrant. 

vagrant (va'grant), adj. wandering 
from place to place without a settled 
home: n. a tramp. 

vague (vag), adj. indefinite; unsettled. 

vaguely (vag'li) , adv. in a vague man- 
ner. 

vagueness (vag'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being vague. 

vails (valz), n.pl. gratuities given to 
servants. 

vain (van), adj. [comp. vainer, su- 
perl. vainest], empty; unreal; de- 
ceitful; producing no good results; 
conceited; ostentatious. [Latin.] 

vainglorious (van-glo'ri-us), adj. elat- 
ed by one's achievements; boastful. 

valance (val'ans), n. hanging dra- 
pery for a bed, window, &c. 

vale (val), n. a tract of low land be- 
tween hills; valley. 

valedictorian (val-e-dik-to'ri-an), n. 
one who pronounces a farewell 
address; especially a student in a 
higher institution of learning who 
is chosen, either for high scholarship 
or popularity, to address his class 
at graduation. [Latin.] 

valedictory (val-e-dik'to-ri) , n. a part- 
ing address: adj. bidding farewell. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: 

hue, hut; think, then. 



VALENCE 



883 



VANTAGE 



valence (va'lens), n. the degree of 
combining power of an atom. 

Valenciennes (va-long-si-en'), n. a 
delicate lace made with a bobbin, 
and having the design of the same 
thread with the ground. [French.] 

valentia (va-len'shi-a), n. a waist- 
coat material. Also Valencia. 

valentine (val'en-tln), n. a, sweet- 
heart chosen on St. Valentine's day; 
love missive sent on February 14th. 

valerian (va-le'ri-an), n. % a plant of 
the genus Valeriana, with a valua- 
ble medicinal root. [Latin.] 

valet (vaFa or val'et), n. a servant who 
attends on a gentleman's person: 
v.t. to act as valet to. 

valetudinarian (val-e-tu-di-na/ri-an) , 
adj. sickly ; > seeking to recover 
health: n. an invalid. [Latin.] 

Valhalla (val-hal'a), n. in Scandina- 
vian mythology, the palace of immor- 
tality, in which the souls of heroes 
slain in battle dwell. [Icelandic] _ 

valiant (val'yant), adj.^ brave; heroic. 

valid (val'id), adj. having legal force; 
not weak or defective; sound; well- 
grounded. 

validity (va-lid'i-ti) , n. legal force; 
soundness ;_ strength ; justness. 

valise (va-les'), n. small portman- 
teau. [French.] 

vallation (val-la/shun) , n. a rampart. 

valley (val'i), n. [pi. valleys (val'iz)], a 
tract of land situated between ranges 
of hills or mountains, usually trav- 
ersed by a river. 

vallisneria (val-is-ne'ri-a) , n. a fresh- 
water plant. [Italian.] 

valor (val'er), n. bravery; intrepid- 
ity. 

valorous (val'er-us), adj. brave; in- 
trepid. 

valuable (val'u-a-bl), adj. possessing 
useful qualities; having value or 
worth; costly: n. a thing or posses- 
sion of value. [Old French.] 

valuation (val-u-a/shun), n. the act of 
valuing; estimated worth or price; 
estimation. 

value (vara), n. that which renders 
anything useful or estimable; price; 
importance; excellence: v.t. to esti- 
mate the worth of; appraise; es- 
teem. 

valued (val'ud), adj. highly esteemed 
or prized. 



valve (valv), n. a lid or cover open- 
ing in one direction and shutting hi 
another; one of the divisions of a 
shell. 

vamose (va-mos'e), v.i. to decamp. 
[Spanish.] 

vamp (vamp), n. the upper leather of 
a boot or shoe; a piece added to 
something old to give it a new ap- 
pearance; an improvised accompani- 
ment: v.t. to furnish with an upper 
leather; patch (with up); impro- 
vise an accompaniment to. 

vampire (vam'pir), n. a fabled de- 
mon or ghost that sucks the blood cf 
persons asleep ; a kind of bat. 

van (van), n. the front of an army or 
fleet ; a large covered wagon for 
moving household goods, &c. 

vanadium (va-na'di-um), n. a rare 
metallic element. 

vanadium steel (van-ad'i-um stel), n. 
steel containing vanadium. The ef- 
fect of adding vanadium to low- 
carbon steel is to raise its tensile 
strength. 

Vandal (van'dal), n. one of a Teu- 
tonic race inhabiting the south 
shores of the Baltic, noted for their 
fierceness and destruction of works 
of art. 

vandal (van'dal), n. one who is hos- 
tile to art or literature; one who 
ruthlessly destroys what is artistic 
or venerable. 

vandalism (van'dal-izm), n. hostility 
to works of art or literature; wanton 
destruction of what is artistic. 

vane (van) , n. a weather-cock. 

vang (vang), n. a rope for steadying 
the extremity of the peak of a gaff 
to the side of a ship. 

vanguard (van'gard), n. the advance 
guard of an army. 

vanilla (va : nil'a), n. the dried fruit 
ol an orchid, used for flavoring. 

vanish (vanish), v.i. to disappear. 

vanity (van'i-ti), n. [pi. vanities 
(van'i-tiz)], love of indiscriminate 
admiration; empty pride or conceit; 
fruitless desire or endeavor; idle 
show; emptiness. 

vanquish (vang'kwish), v.t to con- 
quer; subdue; refute in argument. 

vantage (van'taj), n. advantage; in 
lawn tennis, the first point after 
deuce. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think. //?en. 



VAPID 



884 



VAULT 



vapid (vap'id), adj. dull; insipid. 
vapidity (va-pid'i-ti) , n. the state or 

quality of being vapid. 
vapor (va'per), n. the gas into which 
most liquids and solids are converted 
by heat; steam; mist; whim: pi. 
hysteria; melancholia: v.i. to pass off 
in vapor; bully. 

vaporize (va'per-iz), v.t. to convert 
into vapor. 

vaporous (va/per-us), adj. full of, or 
like, vapor; unreal. 

vapory (va'per-i), adj. full of vapors. 

vaquero (va-ka'ro), n. a herdsman. 
[Spanish.] 

variability (va-ri-a-bil'iyti) , n. the 
state or quality of being variable; 
changeableness. Also variableness. 

variable (va/ri-a-bl) , adj. changeable; 
inconstant; fickle. 

variably (va'ri-a-bli) , adv. in a variable 
manner. 

variance (va'ri-ans), n. difference; 
quarrel. 

variant (va'ri-ant), adj. variable; dif- 
ferent: n. a different form of sub- 
stantially the same thing. 

variate (va/ri-at), v.t. to diversify. 

variation (va-ri-a'shun) , n. partial 
change; difference; inflection; devia- 
tion of the magnetic needle from the 
true north; tendency in organisms 
produced by the same parents to 
vary slightly. 

varicella (var-i-sel'a) , n. chicken- 
pox. 

varicocele (var'i-ko-sel) , n. a swelling 
of the veins of the scrotum or of the 
spermatic cord. 

varicose (var'i-kos), adj. abnormally 
swollen or enlarged; said of veins. 

varied (va/rid), adj. altered; partially 
changed; various. 

variegate (va'ri-e-gat) , v.t. to mark 
with different colors or tints; di- 
versify. 

variegation (va-ri-e-ga'shun) , n. di- 
versity of colors. 

variety (va-ri'e-ti) , n7 [pi. varieties 
(va-rl'e-tiz) ], intermixture or suc- 
cession of different things; variation; 
diversity; change; subdivision or pe- 
culiar form of a species. 

variola (va-ri'o-la^, n. smallpox. 

variorum (va-ri-o'rum)^ adj. noting 
an edition of a book with the notes 
of various commentators. 



various (va'ri-us), adj. different; sev- 
eral. 

varlet (var'let), n. formerly a serv- 
ant, footman, or page; a scoundrel. 

varnish (var'nish), n. a viscid, resinous 
liquid used for giving a gloss to 
wood or metal work: v.t. to cover 
with varnish; give a gloss to or over; 
palliate. [French.] 

vary (va'ri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. varied, 
p.pr. varying], to change; make of 
different kinds; alter: v.i. to under- 
go a change; alternate; swerve; dis- 
agree. 

vas (vas), n. a vessel or duct. 

vascular (vas'ku-ler) ^ adj. consisting 
of, or containing, vessels as part of a 
structure of animal and vegetable 
organisms. 

vase (vas or vaz), n. a vessel for va- 
rious purposes, especially one of an- 
tique or ornamental pattern. 

vasectomy (va-sek'to-mi) , n. cutting 
of the spermatic duct to render 
sterile, applied by law in certain 
states to defectiyes. 

vaseline (vas'e-lin), n. petroleum 
jelly. 

vaso-motor (va-so-mo ter) , adj. pro- 
ducing movement in the walls of ves- 
sels; vaso-motor nerves are those 
that pass from the vaso-motor 
nerves to the greater blood vessels. 

vassal (vas'al), n. a feudal tenant; 
bondman: adj. servile. [French.] 

vassalage (vas'al-aj), n. the state of 
being a vassal; political servitude; 
vassals collectively; territory held in 
vassalage. Also vassalry. 

vast (vast), adj. of great extent; great 
in number or degree; very spacious; 
immense: n. boundless space; empty 
waste; sea. 

vat (vat), n. a large tub or vessel, es- 
pecially one used . for brewing or 
leather making. 

Vatican (vat'i-kan), n. the palace of 
the Pope at Rome; the papal au- 
thority. [Latin.] 

Vaticanism (vat'i-kan-izm), n. ultra- 
montanism. 

vaudeville (vod'vil), n. a light, gay, 
or topical song; a short drama with 
comic songs. [French.] 

vault (vawlt), n. an arched roof; cel- 
lar; prison; cavern; tomb of ma- 
sonry; sky; leap: v.t. to shape as 






ate, arm, at, awl ; ine, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



VAULTED 



885 



VENDEMIAIRE 



a vault; arch : v.i. to leap, spring, or 
bound; exhibit feats of leaping. 

vaulted (vawlt'ed), adj. arched; con- 
cave. 

vaunt (vant or vawnt) , v.i. to boast : 
v.t. to brag of; display boastfully: 
n. a boast; vain display. 

vaunting (vawnt'ing), n. vainglorious 
boasting^ 

Veadar (ve'a-dar) , n. the thirteenth or 
intercalary month of the Jewish cal- 
endar. 

veal (vel), n. calf's fleshy 

vector (vek'ter), n. a directive quan- 
tity, as a straight line, force, or ve- 
locity. 

Veda (va'da), n. [pi. vedas (va/daz)], 
one of the four oldest sacred books 
or collection of hymns of the Hin- 
dus, of great antiquity, the basis of 
Brahmanism. 

Vedanta (va-dan'ta), n. a Hindu sys- 
tem of philosophy based on the Ve- 
das. 

vedette (ve-det'), n. a mounted senti- 
nel. Also vidette. 

veer (ver), v.i. to change direction, as 
the wind; wear: v.t. to turn; direct 
to a different course. 

vegetable ((vej'e-ta-bl), adj. pertain- 
ing to, having the nature of, pro- 
duced by, or consisting of, plants: 
n. a plant deriving its nourishment 
from the earth by means of roots; 
a plant or root cultivated for the 
table, &c. [Old French.] 

vegetarian (vej-e-ta'ri-an) , n. one who 
abstains from a meat diet and lives 
on fruit, vegetables, or farinaceous 
food: adj. pertaining to vegetarians 
or vegetarianism. 

vegetarianism (vej-e-ta'ri-an-izm) , n. 
the theory and practice of living as a 
vegetarian. 

vegetate (vej'e-tat), v.i. to grow as a 
plant ; live a useless, indolent life. 

vegetation (vej-e-ta'shun) , n. plants 
or vegetables collectively. 

vegetative (vej'e-ta-tiv), adj. grow- 
ing or having the power of growing, 
as plants. 

vehemence (ve'he-mens) , n. impetu- 
osity; violent ardor; animated fer- 
vor. Also yehemency. 

vehement (ve/he-ment) , adj. very vio- 
lent or forcible; passionate; ardent; 
energetic. 



vehicle (ve'hi-kl), n. any kind of car- 
riage or conveyance; a medium. 

vehicular (veVhik'u-lar) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or serving as, a vehicle. 

veil (val), n. a covering more or less 
transparent for the face; curtain or 
covering for concealment : v.t. to 
cover with, or as with, a veil; hide; 
conceal. 

vein (van), n. one of the vessels which 
convey blood from the arteries to the 
heart; branching rib of a leaf; seam 
of rock filled with metallic or mineral 
matter; train of thought; particular 
disposition, genius, or style: v.t. to 
fill or cover with, or as with, veins. 

veinous (van'us), adj. full of or pro- 
vided with veins. 

velar (ve'lar), adj. sounds that are 
made by contact of the tongue with 
the soft palate, or velum. 

velarium (ve-la/ri-um) , n. the great 
awning stretched over open theaters 
in ancient Rome. Also velum. 

veldt (velt), n. open country [South 
Africa]. Also veld. 

vellum (verum), n. fine parchment. 

velocipede (ve-los'i-ped) , n. a light 
carriage propelled by the feet: the 
original form of the bicycle. 

velocity (ve-los'i-ti) , n. [pi. velocities 
(ve-los'i-tiz)], speed; rate of move- 
ment of a body._ 

veloute (ve-loo'ta), n. a rich white 
sauce. [French.] 

velum (verum), n. the soft palate. 

velutinous (ve-hYti-nus) , adj. vel- 
vety; soft. 

velvet (vel' vet), n. a silk fabric with 
short, close, soft nap; fine down on 
the horns of young deer. 

velveteen (vel-ve-ten') , n. imitation 
velvet. 

venal (ve'nal)^ adj. that may be 
bought, or bribed; mercenary; of or 
pertaining to the veins. 

venality (ve-nal'i-ti) , n. prostitution 
of talents or services for money or 
reward. 

venation (ve-na'shun) , n. the arrange- 
ment of veins in a leaf, or insect's 
wing. 

vend (vend), v.t. to sell; offer for sale. 

vendace (ven'das), n. a small sal- 
monoid fish. 

vendee (ven-de'), n. the buyer. 

Vendemiaire (vang-da-miarO, n. a 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



VENDETTA 



886 



VERBAL 



month of the French Revolu- 
tionary Calendar; from Sept. 22 to 
Oct. 31. 

vendetta (ven-det'a) , n. a kind of 
blood-feud. 

vendible (ven'di-bl), adj. salable. 

vendor (ven'der), n. the seller. Also 
vender. 

vendue (ven-du'), n. a public sale or 
auction. [Old French.] 

veneer (ve-neV), v.t. to overlay with 
a thin slice of ornamental or more 
valuable wood: hence give a gloss 
to: n. a thin strip of superior wood 
for overlaying; outside show; pre- 
tense. [French.] 

venerable (ven'er-a-bl) , adj. worthy 
of being venerated or reverenced; 
rendered sacred by religious or lofty 
associations; title of an archdeacon. 

venerate (ven'er-at), v.t. to esteem as 
sacred; regard with the highest re- 
spect; revere. [Latin.] 

veneration (ven-er-a'shun), n. the 
highest degree of respect and rever- 
ence; respect associated with awe. 

venereal (ve-ne're-al) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or arising from, sexual inter- 
course; aphrodisiac. [Latin.] 

venery (ven'er-i), n. sexual inter- 
course; hunting. 

venesection (ven-e-sek'shun), n. the 
operation of opening a vein; phle- 
botomy. 

Venetian (ve-ne'shan) , adj. pertain- 
ing to Venice or its inhabitants. 

Venetian- blind (ve-ne'shan-blind') , n. 
a window-blind formed of long thin 
slats of wood. 

venetian-door (ve-ne'shan-dor'), n. a 
door with long narrow side-light s. # 

vengeance (venj'ans), n. the inflic- 
tion of pain on another for an in- 
jury received. 

vengeful (venj'fool), adj. vindictive; 
retributive. 

vengefully (yenj'foo-li), adv. in a 
vengeful spirit. 

venial (ve'ni-al), adj. pardonable. 

venially (ve'ni-a-li) , adv. pardonably. 

venison (ven'zn), n. deer's flesh. 

venom (ven'um), n. poison introduced 
into the system by a bite or sting; 
spite. [Old French.] 

venomous (ven'um-us), adj. full of 
venom; poisonous; malignant; spite- 
ful. 



venous (ve'nus), adj. pertaining to, 
contained in, or consisting of, veins. 
vent (vent), n. a small opening for 
the escape of air, &c; chimney-flue; 
outlet; rectum; utterance: v.t. to 
give an opening to. 

ventilate (ven'ti-lat), v.t. to open to 
the free passage of air; expose to 
free discussion. [Latin.] 

ventilation (ven-ti-la/shun) , n. the 
act of ventilating; state of being 
ventilated; free discussion. 

ventilator (ven'ti-la-ter) , n. a contriv- 
ance for regulating the free admis- 
sion of air. 

Ventose (vang-tos'), n. sl month of 
the French Revolutionary calendar; 
from Feb. 19th to March 20th. 

ventral (ven'tral), adj. pertaining to 
the belly. 

ventricle (ven'tri-kl) , n. a small 
cavity in an animal body. 

ventriloquism (ven-tril'o-kwizm), n. 
the act or art of speaking as from 
another source than the voice. 

ventriloquist (ven-tril'o-kwist) , n. one 
who practices ventriloquism. 

venture (ven'tur), n. an undertaking 
of chance or danger; risk; specula- 
tion: v.t. to risk; send on_a venture: 
v.i. to dare. 

venturesome (ven'tur-sum) , adj. in- 
trepid; rash. Also venturous. 

venturesomeness (ven'tur-sum-nes) , 
n. intrepidity; rashness. 

venturine (vent'ur-in) , n. a powder 
made of fine gold wire: used for 
japanning. 

venue (ven'u), n. the place where an 
action in law is laid. [French.] 

Venus (ve'nus), n. the daughter of 
Jupiter and Juno; the goddess of 
Beauty and Love. 

veracious (ve-ra/shus) , adj. truth- 
ful; true. 

veracity (ve-ras'i-ti) , n. truthfulness; 
truth. 

veranda (ve-ran'da) , n. a kind of cov- 
ered balcony or open portico sup- 
ported by light pillars. Also veran- 
dah. 

verb (verb), n. that part of speech 
which signifies to be, to do, or to 
suffer. 

verbal (verb'al), adj. expressed in 
words; oral; literal: n. a noun de- 
rived from a verb. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



VERBALISM 



887 



VERSIFICATION 



verbalism (verb'al-izm), n. something 

expressed verbally. 
verbally (verb'a-li), adv. orally; ver- 
batim. 
verbatim (ver-ba'tim) , adv. word for 
word. 

Verbena (ver-be'na), n. a genus of or- 
namental fragrant plants. 

verbiage (ver'bi-aj), n. verbosity. 

verbose (ver-bos'_), adj. wordy; prolix. 

Verbosely (ver-bos'li), adv. with ver- 
bosity. 

verbosity (ver-bos'i-ti) , n. the use of 
more words than are necessary. Also 
verboseness. 

verdancy (ver 'dan-si) , n. greenness; 
inexperience. 

verdant (veVdant), adj. green; fresh; 
inexperienced; gullible. 

verd-antique (yerd-an-tek') , n. sl 
green incrustation on ancient copper 
and brass coins; a beautiful mottled 
marble. [French.] 

verderer (veVder-er), n. an English 
official who has charge of the royal 
forests. 

verdict (ver'dikt), n. the finding of a 
jury on a trial; judgment; decision. 

verdigris (ver'di-gres), n. the blue- 
greeen substance which forms on 
copper or brass: used as a pigment. 

verditer (ver'di-ter) , n. a blue or 
green pigment. 

verdure > (ver'dur), n. freshness of 
vegetation. 

verge (verj), n. a rod, mace, &c, car- 
ried as an emblem of authority ; 
shaft of a column; spindle of a 
watch-balance; border or limit: v.i. 
to approach or come near. 

verger (verj'er), n. a sword or mace 
bearer; in England, an official who 
takes care of the interior of a church. 

verifiable (ver'i-f I-a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being verified. 

verification (ver-i-fi-ka/shun) , n. the 
act of proving to be true; confirma- 
tion; state of being verified. 

verify (ver'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. veri- 
fied, p.pr. verifying], to prove to be 
true; fulfil. 

verily (ver'i-li), adv. in truth; certain- 
ly. 

verisimilitude (ver-i-si-miri-tud), n. 
the appearance of truth; probability. 

veritable (ver'i-ta-bl) , adj. true; gen- 
uine. 



verity (ver'i-ti), n. [pi. verities (ver"~- 
i-tiz)], agreement with fact; truth 
reality. 
verjuice (ver'joos), n. an acid liquor 
expressed from unripe grapes, ap- 
ples, &c: hence sourness; tart- 
ness. 

vermicelli (ver-mi-seri) , n. the stifl 
paste or dough of fine flour made 
into tubes. 

vermicular (ver-mik'u-ler), adj. worm* 
like. Also vermiform. 

vermifuge (ver'mi-fuj), n. a medicine 
or substance to expel or destroy 
worms from or in the body. Also 
vermicide. 

vermilion (ver-mil'yim) , n. a brilliant 
red pigment: v.t. to color or dye 
with vermilion. 

vermin (ver'min) , n. noxious small ani- 
mals or insects, as rats, fleas, &c; 
low, despicable_ persons. 

vermuth (ver'mooth), n. a liqueur of 
absinthe, aromatic herbs, &c, for 
creating an appetite. 

vernacular (ver-nak'u-ler) . adj. per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, one's 
native country or language: n. na- 
tive idiom. 

vernal (ver'nal), adj. pertaining to, or 
appearing in, the spring. 

vernier (ver'ni-er), # n. a graduated 
scale that sub-divides the smallest 
divisions on a straight or circular 
scale. 

veronal (ver'o-nal), n. a coal-tar 
product, commercially used in the 
form of a white crystalline powder c 
as a sedative or for cephalalgia. 

versatile (ver'sa-til), adj. turning with 
ease^ from one thing, subject, or 
opinion to another; many-sided; va- 
riable. 

versatility (ver-sa-til'i-ti), n. quality 
of being versatile. 

verse (vers), n. a measured line of 
poetry; stanza; poetry; short > di- 
vision of any composition, especially 
of the chapters of the Bible; part of 
an anthem for performance by a 
single voice to each part. 

versed (verst), adj. skilled; converse 
ant. 

versicle (ver'si-kl), n. a little verse; 
short verse or text sung by priest 
and people alternately. 

versification (ver-si-fi-ka/shun), n. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



J 



VERSIFIER 



888 



VETERINARIAN 



the art or practice of composing 
metrical verses. 

versifier (ver'si-fi-er), n. a composer of 
verses. 

version (ver'shun), n. a translation 
from one language into another; 
particular account or description. 

verst (verst), n. the Russian mile = 
3,500 English feet. 

versus (ver'sus), prep, against. [Lat- 
in]. 

vertebra (ver'te-bra) , n. [pi. vertebrae 
(ver'te-bre)], a single bone of the 
spinal column. 

vertebral (ver'te-bral) , adj. pertaining 
to; or forming part of, the ver- 
tebrae. 

Vertebrata (ver-te-bra'ta) , n.pl. one 
of the great divisions of the animal 
kingdom, including those animals 
which have a bony or cartilaginous 
backbone. 

vertebrate (ver'te-brat), adj. belong- 
ing to the Vertebrata: n. one of the 
Vertebrata. 

vertex (ver'teks), n. [pi. vertices (ver'- 
ti-sez)], the top, summit, or crown; 
apex; zenith; point in any figure, 
opposite to, and most distant from, 
the base. 

vertical (ver'ti-kal) , adj. pertaining to, 
or situated at, the vertex; directly 
overhead; perpendicular to the plane 
of the horizon. 

vertically (ver'ti-ka-li), adv. perpen- 
dicularly. 

verticil (ver'ti-sil), n. a whorl. Also 
verticel. 

vertigo (ver'ti-go), n. giddiness. 

vertu (ver'too), n. artistic skill; hence 
works of art, curios, &c. [Italian.] 

vervain (ver'van), n. a plant of the 
genus Verbena; formerly supposed 
to possess magical properties and 
used in medicine. 

verve (verv), n. the enthusiasm which 
animates a poet or artist; spirit; 
energy. [French.] 

very (ver'i), adj. [comp. verier, superl. 
veriest], real; actual; true: adv. ex- 
tremely. 

vesication (yes-i-ka'shun) , n. the 
process of raising blisters on the skin. 

vesicatory (ves'i-ka-to-ri) , adj. raising 
blisters. 

vesicle (ves'i-kl), n. a bladder-like ves- 
sel or cavity; cyst; sac. 



vesicular (ves-ik'u-ler) , adj. consisting 

of vesicles; full of interstices. 
Vesper (ves'per), n. the evening star° 
Venus when appearing after sunset; 
evening. 
vespers (ves'perz), n.pl. the sixth 
hour of the Roman Breviary; even- 
ing songs. 
vessel (ves'el), n. a utensil for holding 
something, especially liquids; hollow 
structure made to float on water; 
ship; tube or canal in which the flu- 
ids of a body are contained; instru- 
ment; recipient. 
vest (vest), n. waistcoat; body gar- 
ment, usually with short sleeves: 
v.t. to clothe with, or as with, a gar- 
ment ; invest closely ; give fixed right 
of possession. 
vesta (ves'ta), n. a wax match. 
Vestal (ves'tal), adj. pertaining to, or 
sacred to, the Roman goddess Vesta; 
chaste; pure: n. a virgin; nun. 
Vestal Virgins (ver'jinz), n.pl. the six 
virgin priestesses who tended the sa- 
cred fire on the altar of the temple 
of Vesta, at Rome. 
vested (ves'ted), adj. clothed; fixed. 
vestibule (ves'ti-bul) , n. porch or en- 
trance into a house; small bony cav- 
ity of the ear. 
vestige (ves'tij), n. a mark left in pass- 
ing; track; remains of something 
pre-existent. 
vestment (vest'ment), n. a garment* 
especially a priestly garment; dress. 
vestry (ves'tri), n. [pi. vestries (ves'- 
triz)], a room in a church where 
ecclesiastical vestments, &c, are 
kept and parochial meetings held; 
meeting of parishioners for parish 
business. 
vestryman (ves'tri-man), n. [pi. ves- 
trymen (ves'tri-men)], a member of 
a vestry elected by the parishioners. 
vesture (ves'tur), n.' clothing; cover- 
ing. 
vetch (vech), n. a common name for 
leguminous plants used for green 
fodder, as tares. [English.] 
veteran (vet'er-an), adj. long exer- 
cised or experienced, especially in 
military life: n. one thus experienced. 
veteranize (vet'er-an-iz), v.i. to re-en- 
list. 
veterinarian (vet-er-i-na'ri-an), n. 
one who practices the art of healing 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 






VETERINARY 



VICTORIOUS 



diseases and injuries of domestic ani- 
mals. 

veterinary (vet'er-i-na-ri), adj. per- 
taining to the art of healing the dis- 
eases of domestic animals, as horses, 
&c. 

veto (ve'to), n. [pi. vetoes (ve'toz)], 
the right of stopping or preventing 
the enactment of a law; authorita- 
tive prohibition: v.t. to reject by 
veto; refuse assent to; prohibit. 

vex (veks), v.t. to irritate by small 
annoyances or provocations; harass; 
tease; agitate. _ 

vexation (veks-a'shun) , n. the act of 
vexing; state of being vexed; annoy- 
ance; worry. 

vexatious (veks-a'shus) , adj. causing 
vexation ; annoying ; troublesome ; 
harassing. 

vexed (vekst) , adj. much debated or 
contested, but not settled. 

vexing (veks'ing), p. adj. annoying; 
provoking. 

via (vl'a), adv. by way of. [Latin.] 

viable (vi'a-bl), adj. able to maintain 
life. 

viaduct (vl'a-dukt), n. an arched 
structure for conveying a railway, 
road, &c, over low ground. 

vial (vl'al), n. a small glass bottle or 
vessel : v.t. to put in a vial . Also phial. 

viands (vi'andz), n.pl. dressed meat; 
food. 

viaticum (vi-at/i-kum) , n. the Eu- 
charist administered in the Roman 
Catholic Church to a person in dan- 
ger of death. 

vibrant (vl'brant), adj. vibrating; res- 
onant. 

vibrate (vl'brat), v.i. to move back- 
wards and forwards ; oscillate ; shake ; 
quiver; swing; waver: v.t. to cause to 
quiver. 

vibration (vl-bra'shun) , n. the act of 
vibrating; oscillation; resonance. > 

vibratory (vi'bra-to-ri), adj. consist- 
ing in, or causing, vibrations. 

vicar (vik'er), n. a deputy; incumbent 
of an appropriated benefice, who re- 
ceives the small tithes. 

vicarage (vik^r-aj), n. the benefice, or 
residence, of a vicar. 

vicar- apostolic (vik'er-ap-o-stol'ik) , 
n. in the Roman Catholic Church a 
missionary bishop with powers di- 
rect from the Pope. 



vicar- general (vik'er-jen'er-al), n. the 
assistant of a bishop, who assists him 
in ecclesiastical suits and visitations. 

vicarious (vi-ka'ri-us) , adj. substi- 
tuted, or performed, in the place of 
another. 

vice (vis), n. a fault, defect, or blem- 
ish; immoral practice or habit; de- 
pravity ; immorality ; a vise. 

vice, prefix meaning in place of, second 
in rank. 

vicegerent (vis-je'rent), n. one de- 
puted by superior authority to exer- 
cise the functions of another. 

Vice-President (vis-prez'i-dent), n. 
the officer to succeed the President of 
the United States in case of death or 
incapacity; he is also President of the 
Senate. 

viceregal (vis-re'gal) , adj. pertaining 
to a viceroy. > 

viceroy (vis'roi), n. a governor of a 
country ruling in the name and by 
the authority of the sovereign. 

viceroyalty (vis^roi'al-ti), n. the office, 
dignity, or jurisdiction of a viceroy. 

vice versa (yi'se ver'sa), a Latin 
phrase meaning in the reverse order. 

Vichy water (ve'shi waw'ter), n. a 
mineral effervescent water. 

vicinage (vis'i-naj), n. a neighbor- 
hood. 

vicinity (vi-sin'i-ti) , n. nearness in 
place; proximity. 

vicious (vish'us), adj. characterized 
by vice or blemish ; faulty ; corrupt 
in moral principles or conduct; un- 
ruly; spiteful. 

vicissitude (vi-sis'i-tud), n. change. 

victim (vik'tim), n. a living being, usu- 
ally some animal, sacrificed to a 
•deity; some person or thing de- 
stroyed or injured in the pursuit of 
some object, or by some accident; 
dupe. 

victimize (vik'tim-iz), v.t. to make a 
victim of: swindle. 

victor (vik'ter), n. conqueror; one who 
wins or gains an advantage: Fem- 
inine victor ess. _ 

victoria (vik-to'ri-a) , n. a kind of car- 
riage for two persons. 

victorine (vik-to-ren') , n. a small fur 
tippet. 

victorium (vik-to'ri-um) , n. a re- 
cently discovered element. 

victorious (vik-to'ri-us) , adj. having 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge,, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 
59 hue, hut ; think, then. 



VICTORY 



890 



VINDICATION 



conquered in battle or contest; em- 
blematic of victory; triumphant. 

victory (yik'to-ri), n. [pi. victories 
(vik'to-riz)], the defeat of an enemy 
in battle, or an antagonist in a con- 
test. 

victual (vit'l), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vict- 
ualed, p.pr. victualing], to supply or 
store with provisions for food: n.pL 
food; meat. 

victual er (vit'l-er), n. one who pro- 
vides food; the keeper of a house of 
entertainment. 
"vicuna (vi-koon'ya), n. an animal of 
Mexico and Chili, allied to the llama, 
furnishing a fine, long, reddish wool. 

vide (vl'de), v.t. see. [Latin.] 

videlicet (vi-deri-set) , adv. to wit; 
namely. [Latin.] 

vidette, same as vedette. 

vie (vi), v.i. to strive for superiority; 
rival; endeavor. 

Viennese (ve-en-ez'), adj. pertaining 
to Vienna or to its inhabitants. 

view (vu), v.t. to look upon; see; re- 
gard attentively; survey mentally; 
examine intellectually; consider: n. 
the act of seeing; prospect; survey; 
purpose; mental or intellectual per- 
ception; sketch or picture; judg- 
ment; opinion. 

vigil (vij'il), n. a watching; devotion 
in the usual hours of sleeping; eve 
preceding a feast of the Church. 

vigilance (vij 'i-lans) , n. watchfulness; 
caution. . 

vigilanoe committee"(kom-it'e), n. a 
body of men who, in order to check 
lawlessness in a new community, 
unite to put it down by the strong 
•hand and without regular pro- 
cess of law. See lynch-law. 

vigilant (vij'i-lant), adj. attentive to 
discover and avoid danger; alert; 
cautious. 

vignette (vin-yef), n. a small en- 
graving not enclosed by a definite 
border; a portrait of the head and 
bust only. 

vigor (vig'er), n. physical or mental 
strength and energy; force. 

vigorous (vig'er-us), adj. full of physi- 
cal or mental strength and energy; 
robust; forcible. 

vihara (vi-ha'ra), n. a Buddhist tem- 
ple or monastery. 

viking (vi'king), n. one of the old 



Scandinavian pirates, who (eighth 

to tenth centuries) ravaged the 

coasts of Europe. 
vile (vll), adj. worthless; despicable; 

morally base or impure; wicked. 
vilely (vnTi), adv. in a vile manner. 
vileness (vil'nes), n. baseness. 
viliner (vilT-f I-er) , n. & defamer. 
vilify (vil'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vilified, 

g.pr. vilifying], to defame; debase 
y slander. 

villa (vil'a), n. a country seat; subur- 
ban residence. 

village (vil'aj), n. a small assemblage 
of houses, less than a town but larger 
than a hamlet. 

villager (vil'aj-er), n. an inhabitant of 
a village. 

villain (virin or vil'an) , n. originally a 
serf or feudal tenant of the lowest 
class; scoundrel. 

villainous (viran-us), adj. character- 
ized by extreme depravity; vile; 
mean. 

villainy (vil/an-i), n. extreme deprav- 
ity; atrocious wickedness. 

villanage (vil'an-aj), n. the state or 
condition of a serf. Also villeinage . 

villein, same as villain. 

villi (viri), n.pl. long, straight, soft 
hairs on plants; velvet-like hairs set 
closely together. 

villous (viFus), adj. covered with 
long, thin, soft hairs; downy; 
shaggy. 

vim (vim), n. energy; swift use of 
power. [Latin.] 

vinaceous (vi-na/shus) , adj. pertain- 
ing to, or like, grapes or wine; 
wine-colored. 

vinaigrette (vin-a-gref), n. a small 
perforated box of gold, &c, for hold- 
ing aromatic vinegar or smelling- 
salts. [French.] 

vincible (vin'si-bl), adj. capable of 
being conquered or overcome. 

vinculum (ving'ku-lum) , n. a bond 
of union; tie; horizontal bar placed 
over several algebraical quantities to 
indicate they are to be treated as one. 

vindicate (vin'di-kat) , v.t to prove 
to be valid ; defend successfully ; as- 
sert a right to; justify. 

vindication (yin-di-ka'shun) , n. justi- 
fication against denial, censure, or 
oppression; defense; support by 
proof. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



VINDICATOR 



891 



VIRUS 



vindicator (vin'di-ka-ter) , n. one who 
vindicates. 

vindicatory (vin'di-ka-to-ri), adj. serv- 
ing to vindicate, justify, or punish. 

vindictive (vin-dik'tiv), adj. given to, 
or prompted by, revenge. 

vindictively (vin-dik'tiv-li) , adv. in a 
vindictive manner. 

vine (vm), n. any woody, climbing 
plant of the genus Vitis, especially 
the common grape. 

vinegar (vin'e-ger), n. an acid ob- 
tained by fermentation from wine, 
beer, &c: hence anything sour, actu- 
ally or metaphorically. 

vinery (vnVer-i), n. a place where 
grapes are cultivated artificially. 

vineyard (vin'yard), n. a plantation 
of vines producing grapes. 

vinic (vi'nik), adj. pertaining to wine. 

vin-ordinaire (vang-or-de-nar') , n. 
a kind of claret; the common wine 
of France. [French.] 

vinous (vi'nus), adj. pertaining to, 
having the qualities of, or like, wine. 

vintage (vin'taj), n. the yearly crop 
or produce of the grape; wine pro- 
duced in one season. 

vintner (vint'ner), n. wine merchant. 

viol (vi'ol), n. a four-stringed musical 
instrument played with a bow. 

viola (ve-o'la), n. the tenor violin. 

violable (vl'o-la-bl) , adj. capable of 
being violated or broken. 

violate (vI'o-lat), # v.t. to transgress; 
break forcibly; injure; ravish; out- 
rage; desecrate; treat with irrever- 
ence; disturb. _ 

violation (vl-o-la'shun) , n. the act of 
violating, infringing, _ or injuring; 
rape; outrage; act of irreverence or 
profanation. 

violator (vi'o-la-ter), n. one who vio- 
lates. 

violence (vi'o-lens), n. physical or 
moral force; vehemence; unjust 
strength or power; applied to any 
purpose; assault^ outrage; crime; 
rape; eagerness; infringement. 

violent (vl'o-lent) , adj. urged or driven 
by force; vehement; impetuous; 
forcible ;_ furious ; severe. 

violet (vi'o-let), n. a plant of the genus 
Viola; a color like that of the violet. 

violin (vl-o-lin') , n. a four-stringed 
musical instrument, played with a 
bow. 



violinist (vl : 6-lin'ist), n. a performer 
on the violin. 

violoncellist (ve-o-lon-chel'ist), n. a 
performer on the violoncello. 

violoncello (ve-o-lon-chel'o), n. a 
large four-stringed instrument of 
the viol class. 

violone (ve-6-lo'na), n. a double-bass 
viol. [Music] 

viper (Yi'per), n. a venomous serpent 
of various species; a crafty, malig- 
nant person. 

viperous (vl'per-us), adj. viper-like; 
malignant. 

virago (vl-ra'go), n. a bold, turbulent 
woman. 

virgin (ver'jin), n. a woman who has 
preserved her chastity; maiden; the 
Virgin Mary (with the): adj. t per- 
taining to, or becoming, a virgin; 
chaste; modest; pure; new; un- 
mixed. 

virginal (ver'jin-al), adj. maidenly; 
chaste: n. a sixteenth century musi- 
cal instrument. 

virginity (ver-jin'i-ti), n. the state of a 
virgin; maidenhood; virgin purity. 

virile (vir'il), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, mature manhood; 
masculine; manly; procreative. 

virility (vir-il'i-ti), n. manhood; power 
of procreation. 

virtu, same as vertu. 

virtual (ver'tu-al), adj. in essence or 
effect, though not in fact ; having the 
efficacy without the material or sen- 
sible part. 

virtually (ver'tu-a-li) , adv. practically. 

virtue (ver'tu), n. rectitude; strength; 
efficacy; valor; chastity; legal force. 

virtuoso (ver-tu-o'so), n. [pi. virtuosi 
(ver-tu-o'se)], one skilled in the fine 
arts, antiquities, &c; a skilled per- 
former on a musical instrument. 

virtuous (ver'tu-us), adj. possessing, 
or exhibiting, virtue ; moral ; 
chaste. 

virulence (vir'u-lens) , n. the state or 
quality of being virulent; extreme 
bitterness. 

virulent (vir'u-lent) , adj. very poison- 
ous or venomous; actively injurious 
to life or health; bitter in enmity; 
malignant. 

virus (yl'rus), n. organic, contagious, 
or poisonous matter, by which dis- 
ease or poison is introduced into the 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book.; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



VIS 



892 



VITRIFY 



system; something that acts as a 
moral poison. 

vis (vis), n_. power; force. [Latin.] 

visage (viz'aj), n. the countenance. 

vis-a-vis (ve-za-ve'), w. one who is 
face to face with another: adv. face 
to face. [French.] 

viscera (vis'er-a), n.pl. the intestines. 

visceral (vis'er-al), adj. pertaining to 
the viscera. 

viscid (vis'id), adj. sticky; glutinous. 

viscidity (vis-id 'i-ti), n. stickiness; 
glutinousness. Also viscosity. 

viscount (vi'kount), n. a nobleman 
next in rank below an earl. Fem- 
inine viscountess. [French.] 

viscous (vis'kus), adj. adhesive or 
glutinous. [Latin.] 

viscus (vis'kus), n. an entrail. 

vise (vis), n. a two-jawed instrument 
for holding work. 

Vishnu (vish'nu), n. one of the gods 
of the Hindu triad. In later times, 
the supreme god, the creator. 

visibility (viz-i-bil'i-ti) , n. percepti- 
bility. Also visibleness. 

visible (viz'i-bl), adj. perceptible by 
the eye, in view; obvious; apparent. 

Visigothic (viz-i-goth'ik) , adj. per- 
taining to the Visigoths, a branch of 
the Goths that settled in Southern 
France and Spain. 

vis inertise (in-er' shi-e) , n. the re- 
sistance in a body either to change 
its state of rest or state of motion. 

vision (vizh'un), n. the act or sense 
of seeing; sight; object of sight; di- 
vine revelation; apparition; creation 
of the imagination. [French.] 

visional (vizh'un-al) , adj. pertaining 
to vision. 

visionary (vizh'un-a-ri) , adj. existing 
only in the imagination; unreal: n. 
an unpractical schemer. 

visit (viz 'it), n. the act of calling to 
see another; brief stay of friendship, 
courtesy, or business; official inspec- 
tion: v.t. to call upon; inspect offi- 
cially; overtake or chastise: v.i. to 
be in the habit of making calls; 
maintain social intercourse. 

visitant (viz'i-tant), n. a visitor. 

visitation (viz-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of 
visiting; official visit; infliction of 
good or evil; retributive affliction. 

visite (ve-zef), n. a light lace or silk 
cape for summer wear. [French.] 



visitor (viz'i-ter), n. one who visits; 
official inspector. 

visor, see vizor. 

vista (vis'ta), n. [j)l. vistas (vis'taz)], 
a view, especially through an 
avenue; the trees forming such an 
avenue. # 

visual (vizh'u-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or used in, sight. [Old French.] 

visualize (vizh'u-al-iz), v.t. to make 
visible; see in fancy. 

vital (vl'tal), adj. pertaining to, sup- 
porting, or necessary to, life; mor- 
tal; essential. [Latin.] 

vitalism (vl'tal-izm), n. the theory 
which refers vital phenomena to a 
vital, as distinct from a merely physi- 
cal, force. 

vitality (vi-tal'i-ti) , n. vital force. 

vitalize (vi'tal-iz), v.t. to endow with 
life; animate. 

vitally (vi'tal-i), adv. essentially. 

vitals (vi'talz), n.pl. the organs of the 
body essential to life, as the heart, 
lungs, &c. 

vitamine (vit'am-in), n. a substance 
that occurs in various food-products, 
especially in the outer coats of ce- 
reals, which apparently is an essential 
element in rendering these foods 
healthy. Its absence from polished 
rice is ascribed as the cause of the 
^ disease beri-beri. 

vitascope (vi'ta-skop) , n. an appa- 
ratus for projecting kinetographic 
pictures in life size upon a canvas. 

vitellin (vl-tel'in) , n. the albumenoidal 
substance in the yolk of eggs. 

vitellus (vl-tel'iis) , n. the yolk of an egg. 

vitiate (vish'i-at), v.t. to render faulty 
or defective; taint; deprave; annul. 

viticulture ( vit'i-kul-tur) , n. vine cul- 
ture. 

vitreous (vit're-us), adj. consisting of, 
^ like, or obtained from, glass. 

vitrescent (vi-tres/ent) , adj. capable 
of being turned into or becoming like 
glass. 

vitrie (vit/rik), adj. glass-like. 

vitrif action (vit-ri-f ak'shun) , n. the 
art or process of vitrifying. 

vitrif orm (vit'ri-form), n. having the 
form or appearance of glass. 

vitrify (vit'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vitri- 
fied, p.pr. vitrifying], to convert by 
heat and fusion into glass: v.i. to be 
converted into glass. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 






VITRIOL 



893 



VOLLEY 



vitriol (vit'ri-ol), n. the popular name 
for sulphuric acid. 

vituperate (vl-tu'per-at) , v.t. to cen- 
sure abusively. 

vituperation (vi-tu-per-a/shun), n. 
abusive censure. 

vituperative (vi-tu'per-a-tiv) , \ adj. 
characterized by, or containing, 
abuse. 

viva (ve'va), inter j. hurrah! [Italian.] 

vivacious (vi-va'shus), adj. lively; gay. 

vivacity (vl-vas'i-ti) , n. liveliness; ani- 
mation. 

vivarium (vi-va'ri-um), n. a place for 
the artificial keeping of animals in 
their natural state._ [Latin.] 

viva voce (vi'va vo'se), orally. [Latin.] 

vive (vev), inter j. long life or success to! 
[French.] 

vivid (viv'id), adj. life-like; realistic; 
forming brilliant images. 

vivify (viv'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vivi- 
fied, p.pr. vivifying], to endue with 
life; quicken. 

viviparous (vi-vip'a-rus) , adj. pro- 
ducing young alive. 

vivisect (viv-i-sekf), v.t. to dissect 
the living body of. 

vivisection (viv-i-sek'shun) , n. the dis- 
section of a living animal for scien- 
tific study. 

vivisectionist (viv-i-sek'shun-ist), n. 
one who practices or upholds vivisec- 
tion. Also vivisect or. 

vixen (viks'n), n. a female fox; quar- 
relsome, ill-tempered woman. 

viz. (viz), adv. namely. [From the 
Latin videlicet.] 

vizier (vi-zer'), n. a high officer or 
councilor of state in Mohammedan 
countries. 

vizor (vl'zer), n. the upper movable 
part of a helmet; the fore-piece of a 
cap. 

vocable (vo'ka-bl), n. a word; term. 

vocabulary (vo-kab'u-la-ri), n. [pi. vo- 
cabularies (vo-kab'u-la-riz)], a col- 
lection of words of a language, sci- 
ence, &c, arranged alphabetically 
and explained; words used. 

vocal (vo'kal), adj. pertaining to, full 
of, or endowed with, voice or speech; 
oral; having a vowel character; pro- 
duced in the larynx. 

vocalist (vo'kal-ist), n. a singer. 

vocalize (vo'kal-iz), v.t. to form into 
voice; utter distinctly. 



vocally (volcal-i), adv. with the voice* 

vocation (vo-ka'shun), n. calling; oc- 
cupation. 

vocative (vok'a-tiv) , m adj . noting the 
case of a noun, adjective, or pro- 
noun in which a person or thing ig 
addressed: n. the vocative case. [In 
Latin, the fifth case of the noun.] 

vociferate (vo-sif 'er-at) , v.i. to clamor; 
bawl: v.t. to utter with a loud voice. 

vociferation ( vo-sif -er-a 'shun) , n. vio- 
lent outcry. 

vociferous ( vo-sif 'er-us), adj. clamor- 
ous; noisy. 

vodka (yod'ka), n. a Russian intoxi- 
cant distilled from rye. 

voe (vo), n. a fiord; creek. 

vogue (vog), n. fashion. 

voice (vois), n. sound uttered by the 
mouth, especially by a human being; 
utterance or mode of utterance: fac- 
ulty of speech; language; expressed 
opinions; vote or suffrage: v.t. to 
give utterance or expression to. 

voiceless (vois'les), adj. without voice; 
speechless. 

void (void), adj. empty; wanting: v.t. 
to nullify; declare vacant; quit; to 
emit or_send out: n. a vacuum. 

volant (vo'lant), adj. flying; nimble. 

Volapiik (vo-la-puk'), n. a system of 
universal language for commercial 
intercourse. 

volatile (vol'a-til), adj. easily passing 
into the aeriform state; diffusing 
freely; lively; sprightly; fickle. 

volatility (yol-a-til'i-ti) , n. the state or 
quality of being volatile. 

volatilize (vol'a-til-iz) , v.t. to render 
volatile; evaporate. 

volcanic (vol-kan'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, proceeding from, or produced by 6 
a volcano. [Italian.] 

volcanize (vol'kan-iz), v.t. to subject 
to volcanic action. 

volcano (vol-ka'no), n. [pi. volcanoes 
(vol-ka/noz) ], a conical hill or 
mountain^ from^ which the products 
of volcanic action are ejected with 
great heat in the form of lava, &c. 

volition (vo-lish'un) , n. the act or 
power of willing or exerting choice. 

volitive (vol'i-tiv), adj. pertaining to, 
or having the power of, will. 

volley (vol'i), n. [pl. t volleys (vol'iz) ], 
the simultaneous discharge of a num- 
ber of small-arms; explosive burst; 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



VOLT 



894 



VOUCHER 



return of a ball at tennis before it 
reaches the ground; bowling a ball 
full to the top of the wicket: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. volleyed, p.pr. volley- 
ing], to discharge with, or as with, a 
volley: v.i. to be thrown out at once; 
return a ball before it touches the 
ground. [French.] 

volt (volt), n. the sudden wheeling of a 
horse; sudden leap to avoid a thrust 
in fencing; standard unit of electro- 
motive force. 

voltaic (vol-ta/ik), adj. pertaining to 
electricity generated by chemical ac- 
tion or galvanism. 

voltameter (vol-tam'e-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for measuring the work of 
a voltaic current. < 

volubility (vol-u-bil'i-ti) , n. excessive 
fluency of speech. 

voluble (voru-bl), adj. fluent in 
speech. 

volume (vol'um), n. a single book; 
space occupied, measured in cubic 
units; mass or bulk; quantity or full- 
ness of voice or tone: pi. a great 
deal. 

volumetric (vol-u-met'rik), adj. meas- 
ured by volume. 

voluminous (vol-u'mi-nus) , adj. ex- 
tensive; copious; consisting of, or 
having produced, many books. 

voluntarily (vorun-ta-ri-li) , adv. spon- 
taneously. 

voluntary (vol'un-ta-ri) , adj. acting 
from choice or free will ; spontane- 
ous; designed; gratuitous: n. an 
organ solo played before, during, or 
after, a church service. 

volunteer (vol-un-ter'), n. one who en- 
ters into any service of his own free 
will, especially military service; a 
foreigner who gives his services in 
exchange for board and residence: 
v.i. to offer one's services volunta- 
rily, especially for military service: 
v.t. to offer or bestow without con- 
straint or compulsion. 

voluptuary (vo'lup-tu-a-ri), n. one 
given to sensual enjoyments or lux- 
ury: adj. devoted to luxury or 
pleasure. [Latin.] 

voluptuous (vo-lup'tti-us), adj. given 
to the enjoyment of sensual pleas- 
ures or luxury; sensual; exciting 
sensual desires. 

volute (vo-iuf), n. sl spiral scroll 



forming the chief feature of the 
Ionic capital._ 

voluted (vo-lut'ed), adj. having a 
spiral scroll. 

vomit (vom'it), v.i. to eject the con^ 
tents of the stomach by the mouth: 
v.t. to throw up from the stomach; 
discharge with violence: n. matter 
ejected by the stomach; an emetic. 

vomiting (vom'it-ing), n. the act of 
ejecting matter from the stomach. 

vomito (vo'me-to), n. yellow fever in 
its most acute form. [Spanish.] 

voodoo (voo-doo'), n. a system of 
magic and superstitious rites, said 
to be accompanied with cannibal- 
ism and human sacrifices, prevalent 
among certain negro races. 

voracious (vo-ra/shus), adj. greedy 
in eating; ravenous; rapacious. 

voracity (vo-ras'i-ti), n. the quality of 
being voracious. 

vortex (vor'teks), n. [pi. vortices 
(vor'ti-sez)], the hollow and circular 
form assumed by a liquid when set 
in rotation ; whirlpool. 

votary (vo'ta-ri), n. _ [pi. votaries 
(vo'ta-riz)], one addicted to some 
particular pursuit or condition of 
life; one consecrated by a vow. 

vote (vot), n. an expression of choice 
or preference for some particular 
candidate for an office, &c, by ballot 
or other method of suffrage ; decision 
by the majority: v.t. to choose by 
suffrage; characterize: v.i. to give 
a vote._ [Latin.] 

voter (vot'er), n. an elector. 

voting (voting), n. expression of opin- 
ion or preference by suffrage. 

voting- machine (vot'ing-ma-shen), n. 
a machine, related in principle of 
operation to the cash-register and 
counting machines, for recording and 
counting automatically the votes at 
an election. It usually has a vertical 
key-board and the voter records his 
choice by pressing a key opposite the 
name of his candidate or party. 

votive (vot'iv), adj. given, consecrated, 
or promised by vow. 

vouch (vouch), v.t.. to attest; guar- 
antee. [Old French.] 

voucher (vouch'er), n. one who gives 
attestation or witness; a document 
guaranteeing the accuracy of ac- 
counts. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



VOUCHSAFE 



895 



VYING 



vouchsafe (vouch-saf ') , v.t. to , con- 
descend to_ grant; concede. 

voussoir (voo-swar'), n. one of the 
wedge-like stones forming the arch 
of a bridge. 

vow (vou), n. a solemn promise or 
pledge to fulfil some engagement 
hereafter, especially one made^ to 
God; pledge of fidelity or affection; 
v.t. to promise solemnly; consecrate 
to God : v.i. to make a solemn promise. 

vowel (vou'el), n. a simple vocal 
sound; a letter representing such a 
sound: adj. vocal. 

voyage (voi'aj), n. a journey by 
water from one country or pl^ce to 
another: v.i. to make a voyage: v.t. 
to travel or pass over. 

voyager (voi'aj -er) , n. a traveler by 
water. 

voyageur (vwa-ya-zher'), n. sl Cana- 
dian boatman. 

vraisemblance (vra-sang-blangs') , n. 
an appearance of truth. 

vulcanite (vuTkan-it), n vulcanized 
india-rubber. 

vulcanize (vul'kan-Iz) , v.t. to change 
the properties of (india-rubber) by 
combination with sulphur, white 
lead, and other substances, render- 
ing it hard and non-elastic. 

vulgar (vul'ger), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or used by, the 
multitude of common people; com- 
mon; general vernacular; plebeian; 
unrefined; coarse; mean: n. the un- 
educated or unrefined class. 

vulgar fractions (frak'skunz), n.pl. 
common fractions; expressed by 
placing the numerator above the de- 
nominator, with a horizontal or ob- 
lique line between. 



vulgarian (vul-ga'ri-an), n. a rich per- 
son with vulgar ideas. 

vulgarism ( vul'ger : izm), n. a vulgar 
phrase or expression. 

vulgarity ( vul-gar'i-ti) , n. coarseness 
of manners or language. 

Vulgate (vul'gat), n. an ancient Latin 
version of the Scriptures in use in 
the Roman Catholic Church, made 
originally by St. Jerome: adj. per- 
taining to, or contained in, the Vul- 
gate. 

vulgus (vul'gus), n. the vulgar or 
common people; a short Latin verse 
composed as a daily exercise in Eng- 
lish classical schools. [Latin.] 

vulnerability (vul-ner-a-bil'i-ti) , n. 
the quality of being vulnerable. Also 
vulnerableness. [Latin.] 

vulernable (vul'ner-a-bl) , adj. capable 
of being wounded; susceptible of 
wounds or injury. 

vulpecide or vulpicide (vul'pe-sid) , 
n. a killer of foxes contrary to 
sporting ethics. 

vulpine (vul'pin) , adj. pertaining to, 
like, or characteristic of, a fox; cun- 
ning. 

vulpinite (vul'pin-it) , n. a variety of 
gypsum susceptible of a fine polish. 

vulture (vul'tur), n. a large, carnivo- 
rous, voracious _bird of prey. 

vulturine (vul'tur-in) , adj. vulture- 
like. 

vulva (vulVa), n. an entrance or 
opening; the female generative or- 
gan. [Latin.] 

vulviform (vul'vi-form) , adj. like a 
cleft with projecting edges. t 

vying (vi'ing), p.adj.^ competing; em- 
ulating; practicing in rivalry; striv- 
ing for superiority. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



w 



W, the twenty-third letter in the 
English alphabet, formed by writ- 
ing two v's or u's, to transliterate 
the vocalic v in Latin (sounded 
like our w). Traces of the character 
are found as early as the seventh 
century; and it was generally 
adopted in the thirteenth century. 
As a chemical symbol it stands for 
tungsten, the German name of which 
is Wolframium. 

wabble, same as wobble. 

wacke (wak'e), n. a German miner's 
name for a soft earthy variety of 
trap-rock. 

wad (wod), n. a mass of soft or flex- 
ible material used for stuffing gar- 
ments; small mass of tow, &c, used 
for keeping the powder, &c, in place 
in a gun; a kind of plumbago; a 
slang term for money: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. wadded, p.pr. wadding], to form 
into, or stuff with, a wad. 

waddie (wod'i), n. a thick club used 
by the Australian aborigines. Also 
waddy. 

wadding (wod'ing), n. a soft stuff of 
loose texture used for stuffing gar- 
ments, etc. 

waddle (wod'l), v.i. to move from side 
to side in walking: n. a clumsy, rock- 
ing gait. 

waddler (wod'ler),n.one who waddles. 

wade (wad), v.i. to walk through any 
substance that yields to the feet, as 
water, snow, etc.: v.t. to ford. 

wady (wod'i), n. the m channel of a 
watercourse which is dry except 
in the rainy season. Also wadi. 

wafer (wa'fer), n. a small colored 
paste disk for securing letters, etc.; 
small disk of unleavened bread used 
in the Eucharist in the Roman 
Catholic Church. 

waffle (wof'l), n. a soft indented cake, 
baked in an iron utensil over a 
flame or coals. 



waft (waft), v.t. to bear along on a 
buoyant medium: v.i. to float. 

wag (wag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. wagged, 
p.pr. wagging], to move backwards 
and forwards: v.t. to cause to oscil- 
late: n. the act of wagging; a droll, 
humorous fellow. 

wage (waj), v.t. to engage in, or 
carry on, especially war; venture: 
n. payment for service rendered; 
hire (usually pi.). 

wage- earner (waj'ern-er), n. a man or 
woman that works for a wage, with- 
out any definite period of employ- 
ment. 

wagen-boom (va/gen-boom), n. a 
South African tree yielding a tough 
wood, used for wagon wheels. Also 
wagon-tree. 

wager (wafer), n. a subject on which 
bets are laid; something staked on 
an issue: v.t. to hazard to stake: 
v.i. to bet. 

waggery (wag'er-i), n. mischievous 
merriment; tricks of a wag; good- 
humored sarcasm. 

waggish (wag'ish), adj. humorous; 
sportive. 

waggle (wag'l), v.i. & v.t. to move 
from side to side: n. a movement 
from side to side. 

Wagnerism (vag'ner-izm), n. the 
theory of Richard Wagner (1813- 
1883) regarding music, which makes 
of equal importance the orchestra, 
the vocal interpretations and the 
words. 

wagon (wag'un), n. a four-wheeled 
heavy vehicle for carrying goods, 
agricultural produce, &c. [Dutch.] 

wagoner (wag'un-er), n. the driver of 
a wagon. 

wagonette (wag-un-ef), n. a light, 
open, four-wheeled pleasure carriage. 

wagtail (wag'tal), n. a small bird. 

waif (waf), n. anything found with- 
out an owner; a homeless wanderer. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WAIL 



897 



WAND 



wail (wal), v.t. to lament: v.i. to ex- 
press sorrow audibly: n. loud lamen- 
tation. Also wailing. 

wain (wan),_n. a wagon. 

wainscot (wan'skut) , n. paneled wood- 
en lining on walls: v.t. to line with 
paneled boarding. 

wainscoting (wan'skut-ing) , n. ma- 
terial used to_wainscot a house. 

wainwright (wan'rit), n. a maker of 
wagons ._ 

waist (wast), n. the narrowest part 
of the body just below the ribs; mid- 
dle part. 

waistcoat (wes'kut), n. a short, 
sleeveless garment for men covering 
the chest and waist. 

wait (wat)_, v.i. to stay in expecta- 
tion; lie in ambush; watch; remain 
quiet; follow someone; attend: v.t 
to await; postpone. 

waiter (wafer) , n. a servant in attend- 
ance at table; salver or tray. Fem- 
inine waitress. 

waiting (wat'ing), adj. serving; at- 
tendant. 

waits (watz), n.pl. nocturnal musi- 
cians who perform in the streets of 
an English town at Christmas- 
tide. 

waive (wav), v.t. to give up a claim 
to; forego. 

wake (wak), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. waked 
or woke, p.pr. waking], to be awake; 
be roused from sleep ; cease to sleep ; 
be active: v.t. to rouse from sleep; 
revive; watch: n. a vigil; watching 
of a dead body prior to burial ; track. 

wakeful (wak'fool), adj. watchful. 

waken (wak'n), same as wake. 

Waldenses (wal-den'ses) , n.pl. a re- 
ligious movement, beginning in the 
eleventh century and headed by 
Peter Waldo (Pedro Valdez) which 
has nourished in the Cottian Alps 
until the present time. 

wale (wal), n. a mark left by the 
stroke of a whip, &c; v.t to mark 
with a wale. 

walk (wawk), v.i. to advance by al- 
ternate steps; go at a moderate 
pace; take exercise; go restlessly 
about; pursue a certain course of 
life or action: v.t. to traverse; cause 
to walk: n. act or manner of walk- 
ing; step or pace; road; place for 
pedestrian exercise; course of life 



or action; deportment; frequented 
track. 

walker (wawk'er), n. a professional 
pedestrian. 

walk out (wawk'out), n. the beginning 
of a strike, when the artisans leave 
their places and go into the street. 

wall (wawl), n. a structure of stone, 
brick, &c; side of a building; ram- 
part; means of protection: v.t. to 
enclose with, or as with, a wall; de- 
fend or protect. 

wallaba (wawl'a-ba), n. a tree of 
Guiana, yielding a valuable deep- 
red timber. 

wallet (wol'et), n. a bag or knap- 
sack; a pocketbook. 

wall-eye (wawl'i), n. an eye, the iris 
of which is white: said of horses. 

wallflower (wawl'nou-er) , n.a plant of 
the genus Cheiranthus with sweet- 
scented flowers; one who, at a ball 
or party, takes no part. 

Walloon (wal-qon') , n. one of a mixed 
Italic-Teutonic-Celtic people inhab- 
iting the South-eastern part of 
Belgium. 

wallop (wol'up), v.i. to boil with a 
continued bubbling: v.t. to beat 
soundly: n._ablow; gallop. [Scotch.] 

wallow (wol'o), v.i. to roll one's body 
in the mire; tumble or roll in any- 
thing soft; live in vice or filth: n. a 
kind of rolling walk ; a place to which 
an animal resorts to wallow. 

walnut (wawl'nut), n. a tree of the 
genus Juglans, yielding an edible 
fruit and valuable wood L _ 

Walpurgis Night (val-poor'gis nit), 
n. the eve of May Day, when witches 
are supposed to hold high revelry . 

walrus (wol'rus), n. zl large, carniv- 
orous, marine mammal with power- 
ful tusks; called by sailors, "sea- 
hog." 

waltz (wawltz), n. a kind of dance; 
music for such a dance: v.i. to dance 
a waltz. 

wampee (wom-pe'), n. a fruit much 
esteemed by the Chinese. 

wampum (wom'pum), n. beads made 
of shells, used by the North x\meri- 
can Indians as money and for orna- 
mental belts. 

wan (won), adj. pale; sickly. 

wand (wond), n. a long, slender rod; 
staff of authority. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
57 hue, hut ; think, then. 



WANDER 



898 



WARREN 



wander (won'der), v.i. to ramble 
about aimlessly; stroll; depart from; 
be delirious. 

wanderer (won'der-er) , n. one who 
strays; a nomad. 

wanderoo (won-der-oo'), n. a large 
bearded_ monkey of Southern India. 

wane (wan), v.i. to grow less; de- 
crease: said of the illuminated part 
of the moon; fail: n. the decrease of 
the illuminated part of the moon. 

wanghee (wang-he'), n. a bamboo 
imported from Japan and China, 
used for walking-sticks, &c. 

wanness (won'nes), n. wan condition. 

want (wawnt), n. absence or scarcity 
of what is needed or desired; defi- 
ciency; necessity; penury: v.t. to be 
destitute of; have need of; desire: 
v.i. to be deficient; not to be pres- 
ent; come short. 

wanting (wawnt'ing), adj. deficient; 
absent. 

wanton (won'tun), adj. licentious; 
lustful; unrestrained; roving; sport- 
ive; luxurious; trifling: n. a lasciv- 
ious man or woman. 

wapiti (wop'i-ti), n. the American 
elk. [Indian.] 

war (wawr) (< n. a contest between 
states carried on by force; armed 
conflict; state of hostility; enmity: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. warred, p.pr. war- 
ring], to make war; fight; strive 
violently. 

warble (wawr'bl), v.t. & v.i. to sing 
in a trilling or quavering manner; 
sing, as birds; utter musically: n. a 
soft, sweet flow of melodious sounds; 
carol. 

warbler (wawr'bler), n. one who war- 
bles ; a singing-bird. 

warbling (wawr'bling), adj. singing; 
quavering. 

war-cry (wawr'cri), n. a summons to 
battle; in politics, some catching 
phrase that is shouted by the par- 
tisans who approve its sentiments. 

ward (wawrd), v.t. to guard; defend 
from danger; turn aside (with off): 
v.i. to be vigilant; act on the de- 
fensive: n. guard; defense; particu- 
lar division of a city or town; cus- 
tody; person entrusted to the care 
of a guardian. 

warden (wawrd 'en), n. a guardian; 
keeper; head official; churchwarden. 



warder (wawrd'er), n. keeper; guard. 

wardrobe (wawrd'rob), n. portable 
closet for clothes; wearing apparel. 

wardroom (wawrd'room) , n. a cabin 
for naval lieutenants. 

warehouse (war'hous), n. sl building 
for storing goods: v.t. to deposit in 
a warehouse. 

wares (warz), n. merchandise; goods. 

warfare (wawr'far), n. hostilities; war; 
contest ; military life or service. 

warily (war'i-li), adv. cautiously. 

wariness (war'i-nes), n. caution. 

warlock (wawr'lok), n. a wizard. 

warm (wawrm), adj. having heat in 
a moderate degree; subject to heat; 
zealous; excited; passionate; well- 
off: v.t. to make warm; excite: v.i. 
to become warm. 

warm-blooded (wawrm'blud-ed), adj. 
denoting animals whose temperature 
ranges 98° to 112° Fahr. 

warm colors (kul'erz), n.pl. colors 
having yellow or red for their 
basis. 

warmth (wawrmth), # n. moderate 
heat; earnestness or irritability; ani- 
mation; glowing effect produced by 
the use of warm colors. 

warn (wawrn), v.t. to give notice of 
possible danger; caution; expostu- 
late; summon by authority. 

warning (wawrn'ing), n. caution 
against danger; previous 'notice ; no- 
tice to quit. 

warp (wawrp), n. the threads which 
extend lengthwise in the loom, and 
are crossed by the woof; towing- 
rope; a twist out of the true shape: 
v.t. to turn or twist out of shape; 
pervert; arrange (yarns) on a warp 
beam ; tow or move (a vessel) with a 
warp attached to some fixed object; 
run, as yarn, off the winches into 
hulks to be tarred: v.i. to swerve or 
deviate. 

warping (wawrp 'ing), n. preparation 
of the warp; fertilization of estuary 
land by flooding it with water. 

warrant (wor'ant), v.t. to guarantee; 
give assurance to; authorize; main- 
tain; mark as safe; assure: n. a com- 
mission giving authority; writ for 
arresting a person; voucher; security. 

warranty (wor'an-ti), n. guarantee; 
security. [Old French. 1 

warren (wor'en), n. an enclosure for 



ate arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : not?, north, not; boon, book; 

hfie, hut ; think, ///en. 



WARRIOR 



899 



WATER-LEVEL 



protecting game or animals, espe- 
cially rabbits; fish preserve. 

warrior (wawr'i-er), n. a soldier; 
fighter. [Old French.] 

wart (wawrt), n. a dry excrescence on 
the human skin and certain animals. 

warty (wawrt'i), adj. having warts. 

wary (wa/ri), adj. [comp. warier, su- 
perl. wariest], cautious; circumspect. 

was (waz), p.t. of be. 

wash (wosh), v.t. to cleanse with 
water; cover with water; overlay 
with thin metal; cover with a thin 
coat of color; cleanse from moral 
pollution: v.i. to cleanse by wash- 
ing: n. the act of washing; waste 
liquor; alluvial matter; shallow part 
of an arm of a sea or of a river ; bog 
or marsh; cosmetic lotion. 

washable (wosh'a-bl), adj. that can be 
washed without injury. 

washer (wosh'er), n. one who, or that 
which, washes; ring of metal, leath- 
er, &c. # , used to secure the tightness 
of a joint, screw, &c. 

washerwoman (wosh'er-woo-man) , n. 
a woman who washes garments for 
others and for pay. 

washing (wosh'ing), n. the act of 
cleansing with water ; clothes washed 
at one time. 

wash-out (wosh'out), n. a chasm or 
deep groove made by the rushing of 
water. 

wasp (wosp), n. a winged insect with 
a sharp sting; peevish, irritable per- 
son. 

waspish (wosp'ish), adj. petulant and 
irritable; slender-waisted. 

wassail (wos'el), n. a merry-making 
accompanied with drinking, especial- 
ly at Christmas-time ; liquor of ale, 
apples, and sugar: v.i. to carouse. 

waste (wast), v.t. to destroy wan- 
tonly; diminish; squander; impair: 
v.i. to be diminished: adj. lying un- 
used ; unproductive ; devastated ; 
un tilled: n. the act of wasting; dissi- 
pation of property; useless expendi- 
ture; uncultivated country; refuse. 

wasteful (wast'fool), adj. causing 
waste; spending property extrava- 
gantly or uselessly. [Old French.] 

wastefully (wast'f oo-li) , adv. in a 
wasteful manner. 

wastrel (wos'trel), n. a waif; a profli- 
gate. 



watch (woch), n. close observation: 
guard; vigilance; sentry; attendance 
without sleep; watchman; division 
of the night; period during which 
part of a crew are on duty on deck 
(4 hours); pocket timepiece: v.i. to 
be or keep awake; keep guard; act 
as an attendant: v.t. to tend; guard; 
keep in view. 

watchful (woch'fool), adj. vigilant; 
wary. 

watchfully (woeh'f oo-li) , adv. in a 
watchful manner. 

watchmaker (woch'mak-er) , n. one 
who makes clocks and watches, or 
who repairs them. 

watchman (woch'man), n. a man 
employed either by a community or 
by private individuals to watch over 
public or private property. 

watchword (woch'werd), n. a pass- 
word. 

water (waw'ter), n. a colorless, in- 
odorous, transparent fluid, consist- 
ing of 2 volumes of hydrogen to one 
of oxygen; rain; sea; any collection 
of water; luster of a diamond; urine: 
v.t. to supply with water; irrigate; 
wet with water; dilute: v.i. to get 
or take in water; have a longing 
desire. 

watercourse (waw'ter-kors), n. a 
course or channel for water. 

watercress (waw'ter-kres), n. a creep- 
ing herb of the mustard family, grow- 
ing in streams and clear, cool water; 
used for making salads. 

water-cure (waw'ter-ktir), n. see un- 
der hydr-, and hydropathy. 

watered (waw'terd), adj. supplied 
with water ; sprinkled ; having a wavy 
appearance. 

watered stocks (stoks), n.pl. securi- 
ties whose nominal amount has been 
increased without any corresponding 
payment of cash. 

waterfall (waw'ter-fawl), n. a body of 
water falling over a precipice; a 
cataract; a cascade. 

water-gauge (waw'ter-gaj), n. an in- 
strument for measuring the quantity 
or height of water. 

wateriness (waw'ter-i-nes), n. watery 
condition. 

watering-place (waw'ter-ing-plas), n. 
a pleasure resort for bathing, &c. 

water-level (waw'ter-lev-el), n. the 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WATER-LINE 



900 



WEAKFISH 



level formed by the surface of still 
water; a leveling instrument in 
which water is used. 

water-line (waw'ter-lm), n. the line 
on a ship to which the water rises; 
a water-mark. 

water-logged (waw'ter-logd), adj. sat- 
urated or filled with water so as to be 
unmanageable: said of a ship. 

watermain (waw'ter-man), n. a great 
underground pipe supplying water 
in cities. 

water-mark (waw'ter-mark) , n. a 
mark showing the height to which 
water has risen; a number of trans- 
lucent lines running through paper, 
usually as the trade mark of the 
manufacturer, and produced by 
shaking the gauze into cylinders 
while the paper is still in a pulpy 
state. 

water-power (waw'ter-pou-er), n. the 
weight or momentum of water used 
to drive machinery. 

waterproof (waw'ter-proof), adj. per- 
mitting no water to enter: n. a 
storm-coat. 

Water-shed (waw'ter-shed), n. in 
physical geography, the line of sep- 
aration between two basins or val- 
leys. 

waterspout (waw'ter-spout) , n. a 
great column of moving spray or 
mist with considerable masses of wa- 
ter in the lower parts, forming a 
whirlwind over the sea. 

watery (waw'ter-i), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, water; transparent or thin; 
tasteless; tearful. 

watt (wot), n. an electrical unit of 
power. 

Watteau (wat-to'), adj. referring to 
Antoine Watteau (1684-1721), the 
French painter, or the costume 
shown in his famous pictures in min- 
iatures, on fans, &c. 

wattle (wot'l) , n. a twig or flexible rod ; 
a hurdle of interwoven rods; fleshy 
lobe under the throat of a fowl, tur- 
key, &c; kind of acacia: v.t. to twist 
or interweave (twigs or rods) one 
with another: n. bird with wattles. 

wattlebird (wot'1-berd), n. an Aus- 
tralian honey-eating bird. 

waul (wawl), n. the cry of a cat. 

wave (wav), n. the alternate rising 
and falling of water above its nat- 



ural level; undulation; state of vi< 
bration propagated through a sys- 
tem of particles or elastic medium: 
v.i. to move like a wave; undulate: 
v.t. to brandish; beckon. 

wavelite (wa'vl-lit), n. a mineral, hy- 
drous phosphate of alumina. 

waver (wav'er), v.i. to move to and fro; 
vacillate; hesitate or be undeter- 
mined. 

wavering (wav'er-ing), adj. hesitating; 
undecided. 

waviness (wav'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality_ of being wavy. 

wavy (wav'i), adj. rising and swelling 
in waves; full of waves; undulating. 

wax (waks), n. beeswax; any tena- 
cious substance like beeswax; ceru- 
men of the ear; rage: v t. to smear, 
rub, or join, with wax: v.i. to in- 
crease in size; become. 

waxbill (waks'bil), n. a finch with a 
red conical bill resembling wax. 

waxen (waks'en), adj. made of, like, or 
consisting of, wax. 

uaxiness (waks'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being waxy. 

waxwing (waks'wing), n. a small bird 
the secondary quills of whose wings 
are tipped with small horny appen- 
dages resembling sealing-wax. 

wax- works (waks'werks), n. works 
made of wax, especially figures rep- 
resenting men and women. 

waxy (waks'i), adj. consisting of, or 
like, wax; adhesive; angry. 

way (wa), n. a road; route; progres- 
sion; motion; course; length of 
space ; distance ; relative position or 
motion; tendency; advance in life; 
manner; will; plan. 

wayfarer (wa/far-er), n. one who 
travels on foot. 

waylay (wa/la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. way- 
laid, p.pr. waylaying], to beset by 
the road orin "ambush. 

wayward (wa/werd), adj. perverse; 
fro ward. 

we (we), pron., pi. of I. 

weak (wek), adj. wanting strength, 
vigor, spirit, discernment, or wis- 
dom; feeble; soft; pliant; unforti- 
fied; vacillating. 

weaken (wek'n), v.t. to make weak; 
reduce in quality or strength: v.i. to 
become weak. 

weakfish (wek'fish), n. an edible 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WEAKLING 



901 



WEE 



American fish, silvery, with streaks 
that undulate across the body. 

weakling (wek'ling), n. a person of 
no physical or moral force. 

weak verb (verb), n. a verb the p.t. 
& p.p. of which are formed by add- 
ing ed or d. 

weal (wel), n. welfare; prosperity; 
mark of a stripe: v.t. to mark with 
stripes. 

weald (weld), n. a wood or forest; 
wold. 

wealth (welth), n. riches; affluence. 

wealthily (welth'i-li) , adv. richly. 

wealthiness (welth/i-nes) , n. opulence. 

wealthy (welth'i), adj. [comp. 
wealthier, superl. wealthiest], rich; 
affluent. 

wean (wen), v.t. to accustom and 
reconcile to a want or deprivation of 
the breast; alienate the affections 
from any object or habit. 

weapon (wep'n), n. any instrument 
of offense or defense. 

wear (war), v.t. [p.t. wore, p.p. worn, 
p.pr. wearing] , to impair or waste by 
time, usage, friction, &c; carry as 
covering on the body; put (a vessel) 
on another tack; bear or carry: v.i. 
to be wasted or worn by friction or 
usage; last under use: n. the act of 
wearing; state of being worn. 

wearily (wer'i-li), adv. in a weary 
manner. 

weariness (wer'i-nes), n. the state of 
being wearied. 

wearisome (wer'i-sum), adj. fatiguing; 
tedious. 

weary (wer'i), adj. [comp. wearier, su- 
perl. weariest], worn out physically 
or mentally; having the patience ex- 
hausted; causing weariness; irk- 
some: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wearied, p.pr. 
wearying], to wear out or make 
weary; harass by something irk- 
some: v.i. to become weary, tired or 
fatigued; become impatient. 

weasand (we'zand), n. the wind- 
pipe. 

weasel (we'zel) , n. a small carnivorous 
animal with short legs and a long 
body. 

weather (wetfi'er), n. the state of 
the atmosphere with respect to cold, 
heat, wet, dryness, &c: v.t. to ex- 
pose to, or season by exposure to, 
the air; endure or resist bravely: v.i. 



to undergo change by the action of 
the weather. 

weather- cock (wetfi'er-kok) , n. a 
vane. 

weather- gage (we^'er-gaj), n. the 
situation of a vessel when to the 
windward of another. 

weather-helm (we^/i'er-helm), n. a 
term applied to a vessel when she is 
inclined to come near to the wind. 

weather-side (weth'er-sid), n. that 
side of a vessel under sail on which 
the wind blows. 

weave (wev), v.t. to twist or inter- 
lace, as threads, together; form, as 
cloth, in a loom; compose or fabri- 
cate: v.i. to practice weaving; work 
with a loom. 

weaver (wev'er), n. one who weaves. 

weazen (we'zn), n. sharp and thin; 
withered. 

web (web), n. texture of threads, or 
thread-like materials ; anything care- 
fully contrived; tissue or texture; 
large roll of paper for newspapers; 
membrane uniting the fingers and 
toes in many water-birds and am- 
phibians: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. webbed. 
p.pr. webbing], to unite or surround 
with, or as with, a web ; entangle. 

webbing (web'ing), n. a narrow woven 
fabric of cotton or flax. 

Websterian (web-ste'ri-an), adj. per- 
taining to Daniel Webster, in politics 
or oratory; otherwise, pertaining 
to Noah Webster; resembling him. 

wed (wed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wedded 
or wed, p.pr. wedding], to marry; 
unite together: v.i. to contract mar- 
riage. 

wedding (wedding), n. marriage; nup- 
tial ceremonies or festivities. 

wedge (wej), n. a piece of wood or 
metal, thick at one end and thin at 
the other, used for rending or com- 
pressing, &c; one of the mechanical 
powers; mass of metal: v.t. to 
cleave, force, drive, or fasten, witfk 
a wedge; press closely. 

Wedgewood ware (wej 'wood war), ru 
a superior kind of semi-vitrified pot- 
tery, invented by Josiah Wedgewood 
(1730-95). 

wedlock (wed'lok), n. matrimony. 

Wednesday (wenz'da), n. the fourth 
day o_f the week. 

wee (we), adj. very small. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WEED 



902 



WENCH 



weed (wed), n. any plant growing 
uncultivated or noxious to cultivated 
crops; anything useless or trouble- 
some: pi. a widow's mourning gar- 
ments; a cigar or tobacco: v.t. to 
free from weeds, or anything offen- 
sive or hurtful. 

weediness (wed'i-nes), n. the state of 
being weedy. 

weedy (wed'i), adj. pertaining to, or 
consisting of, weeds; long-legged, 
thin, and lank. 

week (wek), n. a period of seven 
days. 

weekday (wek'da), n. any day of the 
week except Sunday. 

weekly (wek'li) , adj. continuing for, or 
produced within, or happening in, a 
week: adv. once a week: n. [pi. 
weeklies (wek'liz)], a; periodical is- 
sued once a week. 

ween (wen), v.i. to think; fancy. 

weep (wep), v.i. to express grief by 
shedding tears: v.t. to lament; pour 
forth. 

weeping (wep'ing), n. the act of shed- 
ding tears; discharging a liquid in 
small drops. 

weever (we'ver), n. a kind of fish. 

weevil (we'vl), n. a small beetle, the 
larvae of which are very destructive 
to grain, &c. 

weft (weft), n. the woof or piling of 
cloth crossing the warp. 

weigh (wa), v.t. to ascertain the 
weight of; examine by the balance; 
reflect on carefully: v.i. to have 
weight; bear heavily: n. a certain 
quantity by weight. 

weight (wat), n. the quality of being 
heavy; gravity; quantity of matter 
as ascertained by the balance; a 
definite mass of metal for ascertain- 
ing the weight of other bodies; 
mass; something oppressive; pres- 
sure; power; importance. 

weightily (wat'i-li), adv. in a weighty 
manner; heavily; impressively. 

weightiness (wat'i-nes), n. heaviness; 
importance; force. 

weighty (wat 'i), /id/, [corny, weightier, 
superl. weightiest], having weight; 
heavy; ponderous; momentous; im- 
portant; serious. 

weir (wer), n. a dam across a stream 
to raise the level of the water; en- 
closure of twigs, &c, for catching fish. 



weird (werd), adj. pertaining to, or 
connected with, fate or destiny; su- 
pernatural; caused by magical influ- 
ence: n. a spell or charm. 

welcome (wel'kum), adj. received 
with gladness or hospitality; pro- 
ducing gladness; free to enjoy gra- 
tuitously: n. kind reception to a 
guest or newcomer: v.t. to salute 
with kindness; receive with hospi- 
tality. 

weld (weld), v.t. to unite together by 
hammering or fusion, as two pieces 
of heated iron. 

welfare (wel'far), n. prosperity; hap- 
piness. 

welkin (wel'kin), n. the sky. 

well (wel), n. a spring or fountain; 
shaft sunk to reach a supply of 
water or other liquid; something re- 
sembling a well in shape: v.i. to flow 
or issue forth: adv. right; justly; 
suitably ; adequately ; favorably ; 
far; not a little: adj. good in condi- 
tion or circumstances; fortunate; 
sound in body; healthy; safe. 

well- hred (wel-bred') , adj. refined in 
manners; cultivated. 

Welling tonia (wel-ing-to'ni-a), n. _ a 
name for the big trees of California. 

Wellingtons (wel'ing-tunz), n.pL 
long-legged boots. 

well-spring (wel'spring), n. a source 
of water that does not fail. _ 

Welsh (welsh), adj. pertaining to 
Wales, its inhabitants, or language: 
n. the people of Wales collectively; 
the language of Wales. 

Welsh-rabbit (welsh-rab'it), n. melt- 
ed cheese spread upon toast, 

welt (welt), n. a narrow strip of 
leather around a shoe between the 
upper leather and sole: v.t to fur- 
nish with a welt. 

welter (welt'er), v.t. to roll in mud or 
foul matter; wallow: v.t. to cause to 
rise and fall, as waves: n. that in 
which any person or animal welters: 
adj. pertaining to, or noting, the 
most heavily weighted race of a 
meeting. 

welwitschia (wel-wich'i-a), n. an Afri- 
can plant producing only two large 
leaves. 

wen (wen), n. a fleshy and movable 
tumor. 

wench (wench), n. a young girl or 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut j think, then. 



WEND 



903 



WHELP 



maiden: usually in an invidious or 
bad sense; female colored servant. 

wend (wend), v.i. to go; pass: v.t. to 
direct (one's way or course). 

went, p.t. of go. 

wept, p.t. & p.p. of weep. 

were (wer), p.t. pi. of be. 

werewolf (wer'woolf), n. # a person 
transformed into a wolf in form or 
appetite, either permanently or at 
certain periods. Also werwolf. 

wert (wert), 2 per. sing, of were. 

Wesleyan (wes'li-an), adj. pertaining 
to John Wesley or to Wesley anism: 
n. a Wesleyan Methodist. 

Wesleyanism (wes'li-an-izm) , n. the 
doctrines and church polity of the 
Beet of Arminian Methodists, found- 
ed by John Wesley, 1739; Method- 
ism. 

west (west), n. one of the four cardinal 
points, exactly opposite the east; 
point where the sun appears to set: 
adj. pertaining to, situated at, lying 
toward, proceeding toward, or com- 
ing from, the west: adv. towards the 
west. 

West, n. the Occident; country or re- 
gion lying west of any particular 
place. 

western (west'ern) , adj. tending to, or 
passing toward, the west. 

westward (west'werd), adv. towards 
the west. Also westwards. 

wet (wet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wetted or 
wet, p.pr. wetting], to make wet; 
saturate or moisten with water or 
some other liquid: n. water; mois- 
ture; rainy or misty weather; a 
drink: adj. containing, consisting of, 
or soaked with, water or some other 
liquid; very damp; rainy or misty. 

wether (weth'er), n. a castrated ram. 

wetness (wet'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being wet; humidity; 
moisture. 

wet-nurse (wet'ners), n. a nurse who 
suckles the child of another. 

wey (wa) , n. a unit of weight or meas- 
ure, varying with different articles. 

whack (hwak), n. a smart resounding 
blow; large piece: v.t. to strike with a 
smart resounding blow. 

whacker (hwak'er), n. one who 
whacks; something very large, espe- 
cially a lie. 

whale (hwal), n. a large mammal of 



the Cetacea, many species of which 
yield oil and whalebone; a fish of 
great size. 

wharf (hwawrf), n. [pi. wharfs or 
wharves (hwawrf s, hwawrvz)], a 
quay or erection on the shore of a 
harbor, river, &c, for discharging or 
taking in cargoes, passengers, &c. 

wharfinger (hwawrf 'in-jer), n. the 
owner of a wharf. 

what (hwot), pron. that which; the 
thing that; now great; something: 
adj. of what sort, character, &c. 

whatnot (hwot'not), n. an article of 
furniture with shelves for books, or- 
naments, &c. 

wheat (hwet), n. an annual cereal 
grain from which flour is manufac- 
tured. 

wheatear (hwet'er), n. a small migra- 
tory singing bird, with a conspicuous 
white patchat the base of its tail. 

wheaten (hwet'n) , adj. made of wheat. 

wheedle (hwe'dl), v.t. to entice with 
flattering words; cajole; coax. 

wheel (hwel), n. a circular frame or 
solid piece of wood or metal turning 
on its own axis; any wheel-shaped 
mechanical contrivance; an old in- 
strument of torture; a circular re- 
volving firework: v.t. to cause to 
rotate; convey on wheels: v.i. to 
turn on, or as on, an axis. 

wheelbarrow (hweTbar-o), n. a bar- 
row with one or more wheels. 

wheeler (hweTer), n. one who wheels; 
the horse nearest to the wheels of a 
carriage. 

wheelman (hwel'man), n. [pi. wheel- 
men (hwel'men)], a cyclist; a steers- 
man. 

wheelwright (hwel'rit), n. sl maker of 
wheels and wheeled carriages. 

wheeze (hwez), v.i. to breathe hard 
and audibly: n. a puffing or blowing, 
as in labored breathing. 

wheezing (hwez'ing), n. the act of 
breathing hard and audibly. 

wheezy (hwez'i), adj. affected with 
wheezing. 

whelk (hwelk), n. a large marine 
gasteropod. 

whelm (hwelm), v.t. to overwhelm. 

whelp (hwelp) , n. the young of a dog, 
lion, fox, &c; cub: v.i. to bring forth 
young: said of the female of certain 
animals, as the dog. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WHEN 



904 



WHIPPER-IN 



when (hwen), adv. at, or after, the 
time that; at what time; although. 

whence (hwens), adv. from what 
place, source, or origin; how. 

where (hwar), adv. at which place or 
places; whither. 

whereabouts (hwar'a-bouts) , adv. 
about where, interj. or conj.: n. an 
indefinite place. 

whereas (hwar-az'), adv. when in fact 
or truth; since. 

wherefore (hwar'f or) , adv. for which or 
what reason; why. 

wherry (hwer'i), n. a light, shallow 
boat, sharp at both ends; 'small- 
decLed fishing-vessel; liquor made 
from the juice of crab-apples after 
the verjuice is expressed. 

whet (hwet), v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. whet- 
ted, p.pr. whetting], to sharpen, es- 
pecially by rubbing or fraction; 
stimulate. 

whether (hweZft'er), pron. which of 
two: conj. which of two alterna- 
tives (followed by or) . 

whetstone (hwet'ston) , n. a stone for 
sharpening edged tools, &c. 

whey (hwa), n. the thin, sweet, wa- 
tery part of milk, after separation 
from the curd. 

which (hwich), pron. a word of in- 
terrogation in all genders; the rela- 
tive serving as the neuter of who. 

whifi (hwif), n. a sudden breath of air, 
Bmoke, &c, as from the mouth; light 
puff; kind of outrigged boat: v.L to 
puff or emit in whiffs. 

whiffet (hwif'et), n. a useless trifler. 

whiffle (hwif'l), v.i. to veer about like 
the wind; be fickle or unsteady; 
prevaricate. 

whiffletree (hwif '1-tre) , sameasswin- 
gletree. 

whiffling (hwif 'ling), n. evasion; pre- 
varication. 

"Whig (hwig), n. one of a political 
party in the United States that fa- 
vored a protective tariff, and was 
succeeded by the present Republican 
party ; one of an English political 
party which originated in the seven- 
teenth century, now called the Lib- 
eral party: adj. pertaining to Whigs. 

-while (hwil), n. space of time; dura- 
tion: conj. during the time that: v.t. 
to cause to pass; spend; usually fol- 
lowed by away. 



whilom (hwi'lom) , adv. formerly ; long 
ago. 

whim (hwim), n. a capricious fancy; 
freak; notion. 

whimper (hwim 'per), v.t. to utter in a 
low, whining or crying tone: v.i. to 
cry with a low, whining, broken 
voice. 

whimsical (hwim'zi-kal), adj. full of 
whims; fantastical; odd in appear- 
ance. 

whimsically (hwim'zi-ka-li), adv. in a 
whimsical manner. 

whimsy (hwim'zi), n. a freak; an odd 
or curious fancy. 

whin (hwin), n. a wild, prickly plant 
of the genus Ulex; furze. 

whin- chat (hwin'chat), n. a small 
singing bird. 

whine (hwin), v.i. to express sorrow 
by a plaintive cry; murmur in an 
unmanly manner: n. a plaintive 
tone; mean or affected complaint. 

whining (hwin'ing), adj. expressing 
murmurs by a mean, plaintive, or 
canting tone. 

whinny (hwin'i), v.i. to utter a sound 
like the cry of a horse: n. the act of 
whinnying: adj. abounding in whins 
or furze. 

whinstone (hwin'ston), n. a miner's 
term for hard, resisting rock. 

whip (hwip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. whipped, 
or whipt, p : pr. whipping], to^ strike 
or punish with a lash or some other 
instrument of punishment or correc- 
tion; flog; lash with sarcasm; beat 
into a froth; beat out; sew lightly; 
fish in with a rod and artificial fly: 
v.i. to move nimbly; start suddenly 
and run: n. an instrument for 
driving horses or other animals or 
for correction; coachman or driver; 
whipper-in; endless line used for 
saving life in shipwreck; small 
tackle with a single rope for hoist- 
ing; a member of the British Parlia- 
ment whose duty it is to summon 
the members of his party to impor- 
tant divisions; the summons issued. 

whipper (hwip'er), n. one who whips, 
especially an officer who inflicts the 
penalty of legal flogging; coal- 
whipper. 

whipper-in (hwip-er-in') , n. a hunts- 
man who keeps the hounds in re- 
straint. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WHIPPER-SNAPPER 



905 



WHITLOW 



whipper- snapper (hwip 'er-snap-er ) , 
n. same as whiffet. 

whipping (kwip'ing), n. the act of 
punishing with the lash or. rod. 

whippoorwill (hwip'per-wil), n. a 
small American bird, named from 
its cry. 

whir (hwer), vd. [p.t. & p.p. whirred, 
p.pr. whirring], to revolve quickly 
with a _ whizzing noise : n. a whiz- 
zing noise. 

whirl (hwerl), v.t. to turn round 
rapidly: v.i. to turn or move round 
with velocity; move along swiftly: 
n. a turning with velocity; rapid ro- 
tation or whirling motion. 

whirligig; (hwerl 'i-gig), n. a child's 
toy which is whirled or spun round. 

whirlpool (hwerl'pool), n. t a body of 
water moving with a circular mo- 
tion forming a vortex or gulf. _ 

whirlwind (hwerl'wind) , n. a violent 
wind moving spirally; sudden vio- 
lent rush. 

whisk (hwisk), v.t. to sweep or stir 
rapidly; move, or carry oft\ nimbly: 
v.i. to move rapidly and nimbly: n. 
the act of whisking; small bundle 
of grass, hair, &c, used as a brush; 
small instrument used for beating or 
whisking, especially eggs. 

whiskers (hwisk'erz), n.pl. % the hair 
on a man's cheeks; the Dristly hairs 
on the upper lip of a cat, &c. 

whisky (hwis'ki), n. an intoxicant 
distilled from barley, rye, &c. Also 
whiskey. 

whisper (hwis'per), v.i. to speak in a 
low voice or as not to be overheard: 
v.t. to say under the breath: n. a low, 
soft tone of voice audible only to the 
listener; suggestion or insinuation. 

whist (hwist), n. a card game: in- 
ter j. hush! 

whistle (hwis'l), v.i. to make a shrill 
sound by forcing the breath through 
the contracted lips; utter a shrill 
sound: v.t. to call or signal by a 
whistle: n. the shrill noise of one 
who whistles; small wind-instru- 
ment; threat. 

whistler (hwisler), n. one who 
whistles; broken-winded horse; one 
who keeps an unlicensed dram-shop. 

whit (hwit), n. the smallest particle. 

white (hwit), adj. being without col- 
or or of the hue of pure snow; hence 



pure; innocent; having silvery hair; 
hoary: n. a white man; albumen of 
an egg: v.t. to whitewash. 

whitebait (hwit/bat), n. a small, 
delicate fish. 

white hook (hwit book), n. a collec- 
tion of state-papers, so-called from 
the color of the covers, issued by 
a government, as England or Ger- 
many. Those containing the dip- 
lomatic correspondence by these two 
countries relating to the outbreak of 
the European War in 1914 are espe- 
cially notable. 

whitecap (hwit 'kap), n. a foam-crested 
wave; one of a self-constituted tri- 
bunal of persons who visit the nouses 
of offenders against morality and 
punish them by whipping; one of 
various birds. 

white-feather (hwit-f e^'er) , n. cow- 
ardice. 

white friar (fri'er), n. a Carmelite 
monk. 

White House (hous), n. the official 
residence at Washington of the 
President of the United States. 

white-lie (hwit 7 ]!), n. pious fraud. 

white-livered (hwit'liv-erd) , adj. cow- 
ardly. 

whiten (hwit 'en), v.t. to make white. 

white-smith (hwit 'smith) , n. a tin- 
smith. 

white- squall (hwit'skwawl), n. a 
squall not preceded by clouds. 

white-throat (hwit'throt), n. & small 
migratory singing-bird. 

white- vitriol (hwIt-vhVri-ol), n. sul- 
phate of zinc. 

whitewash (hwit'wosh) , n. & composi- 
tion of lime, whiting, size, water, 
&c, for whitening ceilings, &c: v.t. 
to whiten with whitewash; clear 
from imputation or disgrace; clear 
(a bankrupt) from his obligations 
by judicial process. 

white- wine (hwit 'win), n. a name 
for wines of a clear, transparent 
color. 

whitewood (hwit 'wood), n. tulip-tree 
wood. 

whither (hwitfi'er), adv. to what place; 
to what; how far. 

whiting (hwlt'ing), n. pulverized 
chalk cleansed from impurities; an 
edible fish. 

whitlow (hwit'lo), n. a sore about 



ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WHITSUN 



906 



WIFELESS 



the quick of the nail; felon; a foot 
disease in sheep. 

Whitsun (hwit'sun), adj. pertaining 
to, or observed at, Whitsuntide, or 
the season of Pentecost. 

Whitsunday (hwit 'sun-da), n. the sev- 
enth Sunday after Easter, commem- 
orating the day of Pentecost. 

whittle (hwit'l), v.t. to cut, dress, or 
sharpen with a knife; reduce bit by 
bit. 

whiz (hwiz), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. whizzed, 
p.pr. whizzing], to make a humming 
or hissing noise: n. a humming or 
hissing noise. 

who (hoo), pron. referring to one or 
more persons; used relatively and 
interrogatively. 

whoa (hwo), inter j. a word of com- 
mand addressed to horses or cattle, 
meaning "stop!" 

whoever (hoo-ev'er), pron. every one 
who; whatever person. 

whole (hoi), adj. containing all; 
complete; not defective; hale and 
sound; unbroken. 

wholesale (hol'sal), n. sale of goods by 
the piece or in large quantity: adj. 
buying or selling in large quanti- 
ties. 

wholesome (hol'sum) , adj. sound ; pro- 
moting or favoring morals, religion, 
or prosperity; salubrious; salutary. 

wholesomely (horsum-li), adv. in a 
v/holesome manner. 

wholesomeness (hol'sum-nes) , n. the 
state or quality of being wholesome. 

wholly (hol'li), adv. entirely; exclu- 
sively. 

whom (hoom), pron. objective of who. 

whoop (hoop), v.i. to utter a loud, 
shrill, and prolonged cry; shout: n. 
a loud shout of, or as of, pursuit or 
attack. 

whooping-cough (hoop'ing-kof), n. a 
violent, convulsive cough, character- 
ized by its whooping sound. 

whop (hwop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. whopped, 
p.pr. whopping], to thrash or beat: 
v.i. to fall down suddenly: n. a blow 
or fall. 

whopper (hwop'er), n. something un- 
usually large; a monstrous lie. 

whore (hor), n. a female who prosti- 
tutes her body for hire; prostitute; 
adulteress: v.i. to fornicate; prac- 
tice idolatry. 



whoredom (hor'dum), n. fornication; 

idolatry. 

whorl (hwerl or hworl), n. any set 
of organs or appendages arranged in 
a circle round an axis, as flowers or 
leaves; turn of the spire of a uni- 
valve shell; fly of a spindle. 

whorled (hwerld), adj. furnished 
with whorls. 

whortleberry (hwer'tl-ber-i), n. a 
small shrub and its edible blue fruit. 

whose (hooz), pron. poss. of who or 
which. 

why (hwl), adv. for what cause, rea- 
son, or purpose: inter j. used em- 
phatically: n. the reason or cause. 

wick (wik), n. the cotton or sub- 
stance of a candle or lamp which 
^supplies the flame. 

wicked (wik'ed), adj. evil in principle 
^or practice; sinful; immoral; roguish. 

wickedness (wik'ed-nes), n. sin; crime; 
vice; moral depravity. 

wicker (wik'er) , n. a pliant osier : adj. 
jnade of plaited osiers. 

wicket (wik'et), n. a small gate; the 
three upright stumps in cricket at 
which the ball is bowled. 

wick-i-up (wik'i-up), n. a rough In- 
dian hut; a wigwam. Also tepee. 

wide (wid), adj. extended far each 
way; broad; vast; very capacious; 
failing to hit the mark: adv. to a 
great distance; far apart: n. a ball 
bowled outside the bowling-crease. 

widely (wid'li), adv. extensively. 

widen (wid'en), v.t. to make wide; 
throw open: v.i. to enlarge. 

wideness (wid'nes), n. width; breadth. 

widgeon (wij'un), n. a river-duck. 

widow (wid'o), n. a woman bereaved 
of her husband and remaining un- 
married: v.t. to bereave of a hus- 
band. 

widower (wid'o-er) , n. a man bereaved 
of his wife and remaining unmarried. 

width (width) , t n. extent of a thing 
from side to side. 

wield (weld), v.t. to use or employ 
with the hand; control or sway; 
handle. [ 

wife (wif), n. [pi. wives (wivz)], a 
woman united in lawful wedlock to 
a man; woman in some humble em- 
ployment. 

wifeless (wif'les), n. without a wife; 
unmarried or a widower. 



ate Slrm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WIFELY 



907 



WINDOW 



wifely (wlf'li), adv. like, or becoming, a 

wife. 

wig (wig), n. false hair worn on the 
head. 

wigan (wig'an), n. a kind of canvas- 
like cotton fabric. 

wigged (wigd), adj. wearing a wig. 

wigging (wig'ing) , n. a scolding. 

wiggle, same as wriggle. 

wight (wit) , n. a person, usually male. 
The word commonly conveys a 
shade of mirth or contempt. 

wigwag (wig'wag), n. & signaling 
flag: v.t. & v.i. to communicate by 
means of a wigwag; to wave to and 
fro. 

wigwam (wig'wawm), n. an Indian 
hut. 

wild (wild), adj. living in a state of 
nature; untamed; uncultivated; na- 
tive; savage; violent; passionate; 
unreasonable: n. a desert. 

wildcat (wlld'kat), adj. unsafe; spec- 
ulative; running without control: n. 
a small feline carnivorous animal 
somewhat resembling the domestic 
cat. 

wilderness (wil'der-nes) , n. sl region 
or tract of land uncultivated and un- 
inhabited; desert. 

wile (wll), n. sl sly artifice; trick: v.t. 
to cause to pass pleasantly (with 
away)- cajole. [Scotch.] 

will (wil), n. the faculty of the mind 
by which one chooses or determines; 
command; pleasure; divine deter- 
mination; choice; desire; feeling 
towards; legal disposition of one's 
property at death: v.i. to exercise 
the will; decree: v.t. to determine in 
the mind; command; direct; be- 
queath. 

willet (wil'et), n. a bird allied to the 
snipe. 

willful (wirfool), adj. governed by the 
will without regard to reason; stub- 
born; inflexible. 

willfully (wiTfoo-li), adv. stubbornly; 
on purpose. 

willing (wiring), adj. inclined to do or 
grant; complying; spontaneous; vol- 
untary. 

will-o'-the-wisp (wil-o-2/ie-wisp'), n. 
the ignis fatuus; any deceiving per- 
son or thing. 

willow (wil'o), n. a tree of the genus 
Salix. 



wilt (wilt), v. i. to fade; withqr. 

wily (wi-li), adj. cunning; crafty. # 

wimple (wim'pl), n. a kind of silk or 
linen headcovering formerly worn by 
women, and still retained by nuns. 

win (win), v.t. [p.t. &-p.p. won, p. pr. 
winning], to gain by superiority in 
a contest or competition; gain or 
obtain; bring over to one's party; 
render friendly or favorable: v.i. to 
be successful; triumph. 

wince (wins), v.i. to twist or turn as 
in pain or uneasiness; shrink; kick: 
n. the act of wincing. 

wincey (win'si), n. linsey-woolsey. 

winch (winch), n. the crank of a 
wheel or axle. 

Winchester (win'ches-ter) , n. a light 
repeating rifle. 

wind (wind) , n. air in perceptible 
motion; lungs; power of respiration; 
breath; flatulence; anything insig- 
nificant or light as wind; idle words: 
v.t. to ventilate; scent with the 
nose as hounds; render scant of 
breath; allow to rest, as a horse, in 
order to let him recover breath: v.i. 
(wind) to turn round something; 
twist; meander: v.t. to coil or en- 
circle. 

windage (wind'aj), n. the difference 
between the diameter of the bore of 
a gun and of a shot or shell ; deflec- 
tion of a missile caused by the wind. 

windfall (wind'fawl), n. fruit blown 
down by the wind; unexpected good 
fortune. 

windflower (wind'flou-er) , n. the 
anemone. 

windhover (wind'hov-er) , n. the kes- 
trel. 

windiness (wind'i-nes) , n. the state or 
quality of being windy; flatulence; 
verbosity. 

winding (wmd'ing), n. turning; twist- 
ing. 

winding sheet (shet), n. a cerecloth. 

windlass (wind'las), n. a horizontal 
cylinder or roller by means of which 
heavy weights, &c, are raised. 

windmill (wind'mil)^ n.& sort of tow- 
er containing a grinding apparatus 
or an arrangement for raising water, 
the motive power being furnished by 
the wind which drives enormous sails 
at the top of the tower. 

window (win'do), n. an aperture, usu- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



WINDPIPE 



908 



WISH 



ally glazed, in a building to admit 
light; frame in such an opening; 
anything resembling a window. 

windpipe (wind'pip) , _n. the trachea. 

wind-shield (wind'sheld) , n. the sheet 
of glass across the front of an auto- 
mobile to break the force of the wind. 

windward (wind'werd), n. the direc- 
tion from which the wind blows: 
adv. toward the wind: adj. on the 
side toward the point from which 
the wind blows. 

windy (wind # 'i), adj. [comp. windier, sw- 
-perl. windiest], pertaining to, like, 
or consisting of, wind; boisterous; 
windward; exposed to the wind; 
flatulent; empty. 

urine (win), n. the fermented juice of 
grapes ; liquor made from the juice 
of certain fruits; intoxication; wine 
party. 

wing (wing), n. one of the two an- 
terior limbs of a bird, or insect, by 
which it flies ; anything resembling a 
wing; passage by the wing; flight; 
side of a building, army, fleet, &c; 
care or protection: v.t. to furnish 
with, or as with, wings; transport 
by flight; supply with side-pieces; 
wound in the wing: v.i. to fly. 

wink (wingk), v.i. to close and open 
the eyelids with a quick motion; 
hint by the motion of the eyelids; 
connive; tolerate: n. act of winking; 
hint given. 

winking (wingk'ing), n. the act of 
shutting and opening the eyes rap- 
idly; act of conniving. 

winner (win'er), n. one who wins. 

winning (win'ing), adj. adapted to 
gain favor; attractive; charming: 
n.pl. money gained in any contest or 
game. 

winnow (win'o), v.t. to separate and 
drive the chaff from (grain) by the 
wind; fan; sift or examine: v.i. to 
separate chaff from grain. 

winsome (win'sum), adj. attractive; 
pretty. 

winter (win'ter), n. the cold season of 
the year; period or condition re- 
sembling winter: v.i. to pass the 
winter; hibernate: v.t. to feed or 
maintain during the winter. 

wintergreen (win'ter-gren) , n. any 
herb of the genus Pyrola, bearing red 
berries which have a delicate taste 



like birch. It is also called checker- 
berry, and teaberry. 

winter- solstice (win'ter-sol'stis), n. 
the solstice when the sun enters 
Capricorn, about Dec. 21. 

wipe (wip), v.t. to rub or dust the 
surface of with something soft; dry 
by rubbing; cleanse, as from abuses; 
obliterate (with out) : n. act of 
cleansing by rubbing ; blow or crush- 
ing repartee ; the lapwing. 

wire (wlr), n. a metallic thread of 
uniform diameter; telegraph wire; 
telegram: v.t. to bind, or snare, with 
wire; telegraph. 

wireglass (wir'glas), n. glass strength- 
ened by a network of wires in its 
interior. 

wireless (wlr'les), n. a wireless tele- 
gram; a message sent without wires. 

wireless telegraphy (te-leg'ra-n) , n. 
electric telegraphy without the aid 
of wires to conduct the current. 

wireless telephony (te-lef 'o-ni) , n. 
the art of telephoning without wires. 

wire-pulling (wir'pool-ing), n. secret 
influence or intrigue, especially for 
^political purposes. 

wire- tapper (wir-tap'er), n. one who 
taps a telegraph or telephone wire 
unlawfully to obtain knowledge of 
messages going over it; one who by 
pretending to have such secret access 
to information as to the results of 
horse-races defrauds those whom he 
induces to place bets on the strength 
of this information. 

wiry (wlr'i), adj. made of, or like, wire; 
strong and flexible ; lean and sinewy. 

wisdom (wiz'dom), n. knowledge 
practically applied to the best ends; 
natural sagacity; prudence; skill in 
affairs; piety. 

wisdom-tooth (wiz'dom-tooth), n. 
the name popularly given to the third 
molar of the human jaw, appearing 
between the ages of 17 and 25. 

wise (wiz), adj. judging correctly from 
experience; possessing wisdom; skil- 
ful; learned; discreet; containing, or 
directed by, wisdom: suffix denoting 
manner or mode of acting. 

wiseacre (wiz'a-ker), n. a would-be 
wise person ; pretender to learning. 

wisely (wiz'li), adv. in a wise manner. 

wish (wish), v.i. to have a strong de- 
sire: v.L to desire or long for; ex- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book 5 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WISHING-BONE 



909 



WOLF'S-FOOT 



press desire for: n. strong or eager 
desire; thing desired. 

wishing-bone (wish'ing-bon) , n. the 
merry-thought. Also wishbone. 

wishy-washy (wish'i-wosh'i) , adj. fee- 
ble; slovenly; weak (as of tea). 

wisp (wisp), n. a handful or small 
bundle, as of straw or hay. 

wistful (wist 'fool), adj. sadly long- 
ing; pensive. 

wit (wit), v.i. to know: n. knowledge; 
intellect or mental faculties; sagac- 
ity; talent; ingenuity; power of 
combining ideas with ludicrous ef- 
fect; one who possesses wit. 

witch (wich), n. a woman supposed 
to have formed a compact with evil 
spirits, by whose means she possessed 
supernatural powers; sorceress: v.t. 
to bewitch; enchant. 

witchcraft (wich'kraf t) , n. the prac- 
tice of witches; supernatural or 
magical powers. 

witchery (wich'er-i), n. witchcraft; 
fascination. 

witch-hazel (wich'ha-zel) , n. a shrub 
or small tree of the genus Hamamelis. 

with (with), prep, denoting nearness 
or connection: prefix meaning oppo- 
sition, departure, privation, as with- 
stand, withhold, &c. 

withal (with-al'), adv. likewise. See 
also. 

withdraw (wi^-draw'), v.t. to take 
away, or apart: v.i. to retire. 

withe (with), n. a tough flexible twig, 
especially of willow; band of twigs 
twisted together. 

wither (wi£/i'er), v.t. to cause to fade 
and become dry; decay: v.i. to be- 
come sapless. 

withers (wi^/i'erz), n.pl. the highest 
part of a horse's back, between the 
shoulder-blades . 

withhold (wi£/i-hold') , v.t. to keep 
back; restrain from action. 

within (wiZ/i-in'), prep, inside; in 
reach of: adv. inwardly. 

without (wi^/i-ouf), prep, outside 
(oj) : not having : adv. on the outside. 

withstand (wif/i-stand'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. withstood, p.pr. withstanding], 
to stand against; to oppose; to resist. 

witless (wit'les) ,~ adj . devoid of wit; 
stupid; dull. 

witness (wit'nes), n. attestation of a 
fact or event; testimony; evidence: 



n. one who sees or has persona! 
knowledge of anything; one who at- 
tests: v.t. to have direct knowledge 
of; see; give testimony to; see the 
execution of (a document) and sub- 
scribe it: v.i. to give evidence. 

witted (wit'ed), p. adj. having wit or 
understanding. 

witticism (wit'i-sizm) , n. a witty re- 
mark. 

wittiness (wit'i-nes), n. the quality 
of being witty. 

wittingly (whVing-li), adv. with knowl- 
edge. 

witty (wit'i), adj. [comp. wittier, su- 
perl. wittiest], smartly or cleverly 
facetious; characterized by, or pos- 
sessed of, wit; satirical. 

wive (wiv), v.t. to provide with a 
wife: v.i. to marry. 

wizard (wiz'erd), n. one supposed to 
possess supernatural powers, usually 
from the Evil One; enchanter; sor- 
cerer; conjurer. 

wizen (wiz'en), adj. dried up; shriv- 
eled: v.i. & v.t. to dry up or shrivel. 

woad (wod), n. a plant yielding a 
blue dye. 

wobble (wob'l), v.i. to sway unsteadily 
from side to side; to rock; to vacil- 
late: n. an unsteady motion. 

wobbly (wob'li), adj. shaky; moving 
unsteadily. 

Woden (wo 'den) , n. a god of the Anglo- 
Saxons. The name is retained in 
Wednesday (" Woden' s # day"). 

woe (wo), n. sorrow ; ^grief ; misery. 

woebegone (wo'be-gon), adj. dolor- 
ous; doleful; dreary looking. Also 
wobegone. 

woeful (wo 'fool), adj. full of, or ex- 
pressing, woe; sad; mean. Also 
woful. 

woefully (wo'foo-li), adv. in a woful 
manner. Also wofully. 

wold (wold), n. a forest or wood; 
plain or open country: pi. a hilly 
district. 

wolf (woolf), n. [pi. wolves (woolvz)l, 
a fierce carnivorous animal of the 
dog kind: hence a person noted for 
rapacity or cruelty. 

wolfish (woolf 'ish), adj. like a wolf; 
ravenously hungry. 

wolf's-bane (woolfs'ban), n. aconite. 

wolf's-foot (woolf s'foot) , n. club- 
moss. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ,* 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WOLVERINE 



910 



WOOL-STAPLER 



wolverine (wool-ver-en') , n. a car- 
nivorous quadruped; the glutton. 

Wolverine State (wool-ver-en 'stat) , n. 
a popular name for the State of 
Michigan. 

woman (woom'an), n. [pi. women 
(wim'en)], an adult person of the 
female sex; female attendant; wife. 

womanhood (woom'an-hood) , n. the 
state, character, or collective quali- 
ties of a woman. 

womanish (woom'an-ish), adj. suit- 
able to, characteristic of, or having 
the qualities of, a woman; effemi- 
nate. 

womankind (woom' an - kind), n. 
women collectively; women of one's 
household. 

womanly (woom'an-li) , adj. having 
the best quality possessed by woman; 
not masculine. 

woman suffrage (woom'an-suf 'raj) , n. 
the legalized right of women to cast 
a vote. 

womb (woom), n. the uterus of a fe- 
male; place where anything is pro- 
duced; large or deep cavity: v.t. to 
breed in secret. 

wombat (wom'bat), n. a nocturnal, 
burrowing, Australian marsupial. 

won (wun), p.t. & p.p. of win. 

wonder (wun'der), n. the state of 
mind produced by anything .new, 
strange, unexpected, or surprising; 
astonishment ; cause of wonder ; mar- 
vel; miracle; prodigy: v.i. to feel 
wonder; be astonished at. 

wonderful (wun'der-f ool) , adj. excit- 
ing wonder ; strange. Also wondrous. 

wonderfully (wun'der-f oo-li) , adv. in 
a wonderful manner. 

wonderland (wun'der-land), n. a land 
of wonders. 

wont (wunt), adj. used or accus- 
tomed: n. habit or custom. 

wonted (wunt'ed), adj. habitual; 
usual._ 

woo (woo), v.t. to solicit in love; in- 
vite with importunity: v.i. to court. 

wood (wood), n. a large and thick 
collection of growing trees; solid 
part of trees; trees sawn for use. 

woodbine (wood'bin), n. a woody 
creeper, indigenous in Europe, now 
common in the U. S. where it is 
called (incorrectly) honeysuckle. 

Woodburytype (wood'ber-i-tip), n. a 



photo-mechanical process for print- 
ing pictures from blocks. 

woodchuck (wood'chuk), n. the mar- 
mot or ground-hog. 

woodcock (wood'kok), n. a wild fowl 
allied to the snipe. 

woodcut (wood'kut), n. a block of 
finely grained wood, engraved with 
a picture or design. 

wooden (wood'n), adj. made, or con- 
sisting of, wood; produced as from 
wood; stiff; awkward; expression- 
less. 

woodenness (wood'n-nes), n. the state 
of being wooden; lack of spirit or 
expression ; clumsiness . 

woodiness (wood'i-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being woody. 

woodman (woodsman), n. a forest 
officer; forester; one who fells tim- 
ber; a hunter. 

woodpecker (wood'pek-er) , n. a bird 
that taps the trunks of trees to dis- 
cover insects. 

woodruff (wood'ruf), n. an herb. 

woody (wood'i), adj. abounding in 
woods ; consisting of, or composed 
of, or like, wood. 

wooer (wqo'er), n. one who woos. 

woof (woof), n. the weft or cross- 
threads in weaving; texture. 

wooing (woo'ing) : adj. courting: n. 
the act of soliciting in love. 

wool (wool), n. the soft fine hair 
which covers sheep, goats, &c; fine 
fiber resembling wool; soft, thick 
hair. 

woolen (wool 'en), adj. made of wool: 
n. cloth made of wool: pi. woolen 
goods. Also woollen. 

wool- gathering (wool'ga^A-er-ing) , 
adj. indulgence of idle fancies. 

woolliness (wool'i-nes) , n. the state 
or quality of being woolly. 

woolly (wooFi), adj. consisting of, 
like, or clothed with, wool. 

woolpack (wool'p'ak), n. a bale of 
wool, 240 lbs. 

woolsack (wool'sak), n. a sack of wool; 
the Lord Chancellor's seat in the 
British House of Lords. 

wool- staple (wool'sta-pl) , n. the city 
or town where wool used to be 
brought to the king's staple to be 
sold. 

wool- stapler (wool'sta-pler) , n. a 
dealer in wool. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WOOTZ 



911 



WORSHIPFUL 



wootz (wootz), n. a very fine kind of 
steel imported from India, used, for 
edged tools. 

word (werd), n. an articulate sound, 
or combination of sounds expressing 
an idea; constituent part of a sen- 
tence; tidings; message or commu- 
nication; declaration; promise: j)l. 
language; speech; conversation; dis- 
pute: v.t. to express in words; 
phrase. 

Word, n. the Son of God; Holy Scrip- 
ture. 

word-book (werd 'book) , n. a vocabu- 
lary. 

word- building (werd'bil-ding) , n. the 
formation or composition of words. 

worded (werd'ed), adj. expressed in 
words. 

wording (werd'ing), n. the manner in 
which anything is expressed in 
words. 

wordless (werd'les), adj. lacking words. 

word-painting (werd'pant-ing) , n. 
the description of an event, &c, in 
vivid, realistic language. 

wordy (werd'i), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or containing, many 
words; verbose. 

wore (wor), p.t. of wear. 

work (werk), n. physical or intellec- 
tual effort directed to some end ; re- 
sult of work; labor; employment; 
duty ; a production of an art or sci- 
ence; causing of motion against a 
resisting body : pi. moving parts of a 
mechanism; industrial manufactur- 
ing establishment; structures in 
civil or military engineering; moral 
duties as external to faith : v.i. to be 
occupied in business or labor; per- 
form; act; be in a state of severe 
exertion; ferment: v.t. to make by 
labor; influence or effect; excite; 
manage or carry out; sew or em- 
broider. 

workhouse (werk'hous), n. a poor- 
house; a house where convicts are 
confined to labor. 

workman (werk'man), n. one who 
is engaged in manual labor ; a worker ; 
in a higher sense, an artist. 

workmanship (werk'man-ship) , n. 
the quality of a workman's labor; 
the result of it. 

world (werld), n. the earth and its 
inhabitants; whole system of created 



things; universe; present state of 
existence; people generally; public 
life or society; secular life; sphere 
or domain; very much. 

worldliness (weild'li-nes), n. the state 
of being addicted to gain and tem- 
poral pleasures. 

worldling (werld'ling) , n. one who is 
devoted to the pleasures and advan- 
tages of the present. 

worldly (werld'li), adj. pertaining to, 
or devoted to, this life and its en- 
joyments and advantages. 

worm (werm), n. any small creeping 
animal entirely destitute of feet, or 
having very short ones; anything 
that gnaws or torments the mind; 
thread of a screw; spiral pipe in a 
still or condenser; a groveling, de- 
based creature: v.i. to work slowly, 
secretly, and gradually: v.t. to un- 
dermine by slow and secret means. 

worm-wheel (werm'hwel) , n. a wheel 
working into the spiral of a screw. 

wormwood (werm'wood) , n. the bitter 
plant Absinthium, used as a power- 
ful tonic; source of bitterness. 

worn (worn), p.p. of wear. 

worried (wur'id), adj. harassed; 
tired. 

worrier (wur'i-er), n. one who worries. 

worriment (wur'i-ment), n. anxiety; 
trouble. 

worrisome (wur'i-sum), adj. causing 
worry. 

worry (wur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. worried, 
p.pr. worrying], to tear or mangle 
with the teeth; harass with anxiety 
or care; vex or annoy; tease: v.i. to 
feel or express undue anxiety; be 
fretful; fight, as dogs: n. harassing 
trouble; anxiety; perplexity. 

worse (wers), adj. [comp. of bad]: 
n. loss; defeat; inferior state or con- 
dition: adv. bad in a greater degree. 

worship (wer'ship), n. in England, a 
title of honor used in addressing cer- 
tain magistrates, especially mayors; 
act of paying divine honor to God: 
v.t. to pay divine honors, or religious 
service, to ; reverence with great re- 
spect: v.i. to perform acts of hom- 
age or adoration, especially religious 
service. 

worshipful (wer'ship-f ool) , adj. claim- 
ing or worthy of respect or honor; a 
term of respect in England. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue. hut : think, then. 



WORSHIPPER 



912 



WRESTLE 



worshipper (wer'ship-er) , n. one who 
worships. 

worst (werst), adj. superl. of bad; 
bad or evil in the highest degree; 
most severe or dangerous; adv. 
worse than all others: n. the most 
evil or calamitous state: v.t. to get 
the advantage of in a contest; over- 
throw; defeat. 

worsted (woor'sted), n. twisted thread 
spun out of woolen yarn: adj. made 
of worsted. 

wort (wert), n. the saccharine infu- 
sion of malt which ferments and 
makes beer; an herb. 

worth (werth), n. value; price; moral 
excellence: adj. equal in value to; 
having estate or wealth to the value 
of; deserving of. 

worthily (wer^/ii-li), adv. in a wor- 
thy manner; justly. 

worthiness (wer^/ii-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being worthy; excel- 
lence. 

worthless (werth'les), adj. having no 
value, virtue, or excellence; mor- 
ally bad; contemptible. 

worthy (wer^Ai), adj. [comp. worthier, 
superl. worthiest], having worth or 
excellence; estimable: n. a man of 
eminent worth. 

would (wood), pi. of will. 

would-be (wood'be), adj. pretending, 
or desirous of being thought to be: 
n. a vain pretender. 

wound (woond), n. a breach of the 
skin and flesh given to an animal 
body by violence; hurt; injury: v.t. 
to make a wound in; lacerate; in- 
jure; hurt the feeling of: p.t. & p.p. 
of wind (wound) . 

wove (wov), p.t. of weave. 

woven (wov'n), p.p. of weave. 

wow- wow (wou'wou), n. a Javanese 
ape. 

wrack (rak), n. seaweed cast ashore; 
ruin; destruction; a thin, flying 
cloud. 

wraith (rath), n.the supposed ghost 
of a person in his exact likeness seen 
immediately before, or at the time of, 
his death. [Scotch.] 

wrangle (rang'gl), v.i. to dispute an- 
grily or noisily: n. an angry or noisy 
dispute. 

wrangler (rang'gler), n. one who 
wrangles; an angry or noisy dispu- 



tant; a term used at Cambridge 
University to denote one who has 
taken mathematics. The first of 
these was formerly called Senior 
Wrangler. 

wrap (rap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wrapped 
(wrapt), p.pr. wrapping], to roll or 
wind together; cover with something 
rolled around; involve; conceal by 
enveloping: n. a wrapper, shawl, or 
rug. 

wrapper (rap'er), n. one who, or that 
which, wraps; that in which any- 
thing is inclosed or wTapped; loose 
over or upper garment. 

wrath (rath), n. violent anger; in- 
dignation. 

wrathful (rath'fool), adj. violently 
angry. 

wrathfully (rath'f oo-li) , adv. in a 
wrathful manner. 

wreak (rek), v.t. to execute in venge- 
ance or passion; inflict. 

wreath (reth), n. anything curled or 
twisted; garland or chaplet. 

wreathe (reth), v.t. to twist into a 
wreath; intertwine: v.i. to be inter- 
woven. 

wreck (rek), n. the destruction of a 
ship by being driven ashore, or on a 
rock, &c; ruins of a ship so de- 
stroyed; remains of anything ru- 
ined; destruction: v.t. to destroy or 
cast away, as a ship, by violence; 
ruin or destroy. 

wreckage (rek'aj), n. remains of a 
wrecked vessel; act of wrecking; 
state of being wrecked. 

wrecker (rek'er), n. one who plunders, 
or causes, wrecks; one who re- 
moves the cargo from a wrecked 
vessel. 

wren (ren), n. a small perching bird. 

wrench (rench), v.t. to wring or pull 
with a twist; strain: n. a violent 
twist; sprain; instrument for exert- 
ing a twisting strain. 

wrest (rest), v.t. to twist, wrench, or 
force from by violence; distort; turn 
from its natural meaning; pervert: 
n. violent pulling or twisting; per- 
version. 

wrester (rest'er), n. one who wrests. 

wrestle (res'l), v.i. to contend, by 
grappling with, or striving to trip or 
throw down, another ; strive earnest- 
ly : v.t. to contend against in wrest- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



WRESTLER 



913 



WYNKERNEL 



ling: n. the act of one who wrestles.; 
struggle. Also wrestling. 

wrestler (res'ler), n. one who wrestles. 

wretch (rech) , n. a despicable or 
worthless person; one sunk in the 
deepest woe. 

wretched (rech'ed), adj. miserable; 
unhappy; sunk in deep misery or 
woe; worthless; of miserable quality. 

wriggle (rig'l), v.i. to twist to and 
fro: v.t. to move by, or as by, wrig- 
gling: n. a wriggling motion. [Dutch.] 

wriggler (rig'ler), n. one who wriggles. 

wright (rlt), n. one occupied in some 
mechanical operation; artificer; car- 
penter. 

wring (ring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wrung, 
v.pr. wringing], to twist; turn and 
strain; force or compress; extort: 
n. a forcible twist. 

wringer (ring'er), n. one who, or that 
which, wrings. 

wrinkle (ring'kl), n. a small ridge or 
furrow on a smooth surface; crease; 
useful hint or idea: v.t. to form or 
cause wrinkles; crease: v.i. to be- 
come wrinkled. 

wrist (rist), n. the joint uniting the 
hand to the arm. 

writ (rit), n. anything written; a writ- 
ten document to enforce obedience 
to an order of a court of justice. 

write (rit), v.t. [p.t. wrote, p.p. writ- 
ten, p.pr. writing], to form with a 
pen or similar instrument on paper, 
&c; express in writing; engrave; 
produce, as an author: v.i. to form 
letters with the pen; send letters; 
compose books. 

writer (rit'er), n. one who, or that 
which, writes; clerk or amanuensis; 
author; journalist. 

writhe {nth), v.t. to twist with vio- 
lence; pervert: v.i. to contort the 
body. 

writing (rit'ing), n. the act of form- 
ing letters with a pen, &c; composi- 
tion, manuscript, or book; legal in- 
strument. 

written (writ'n), adj. reduced to writ- 
ing. 

written law (law), n. statute law. 

wrong (rong), adj. not morally right; 
false; unjust; mistaken; not fit or 



suitable; incorrect: adv. unjustly^ 
erroneously. Also wrongly. 

wrongful (rong'fool), adj. contrary tc 
moral law or justice; injurious. 

wrongfully (rong'foo-li), adv. in a 
wrongful manner. 

wrote (rot), p.t. of write. 

wroth (rawth), adj. much exasper- 
ated. 

wrought (rawt), p.t. & p.p. of work. 

wrought-iron _ (rawt-I'ern), n. mal- 
leable iron; iron capable of being 
welded. 

wrung (rung), p.t. & p.p. of wring. 

wry (ri), adj. distorted; twisted; 
turned to one side; perverted; false; 
showing distaste, disgust, impa- 
tience, &c. 

wrybill (ri'bil), n. the crookbill 
plover. 

wryly (ri'li), adv. in a wry manner. 

wrymouth (rl'mouth), n. an eel- 
shaped North Atlantic fish with a 
vertical mouth. 

wryneck (rl'nek), n. a migratory bird, 
allied to the woodpecker; a dis- 
torted neck. 

wryness (ri'nes), n. the state or qual- 
ity of being wry or distorted. 

Wulfenite (wul'fen-Ite), n. sl resin- 
ous lead molybdate, named after the 
Austrian mineralogist, F. X. v. Wul- 
fen. 

wurbagool (wur'ba-gul), n. an Easi 
Indian flying fox. 

wurraluh (wur'a-lu), n. the Austra- 
lian white-quilled honey-eating birdc 

wurrus (wur'us), n. a vermifugal red 
powder obtained from Arabian 
spurge trees. 

wurtzite (wurts'Ite), n. zinc sulphide 
of a brownish-black resinous nature, 
named after the French chemist, C< 
A. Wurtz. 

wych (wich), n. a brine pit. 

wych-elm (wich'elm), n. a species of 
elm. 

Wyclifite or Wiclinte (wi'klif-it), n. a 
follower of John Wicklif (d. 1384), a 
reformer who first translated the 
entire Bible into English. See Lol- 
lard. 

wynkernel (wink'er-nel), n. the wa- 
ter-hen. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 
g$ hue, hut ; think, theii. 



X 



X ? the twenty-fourth letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet, derived in form from a 
Greek variant of T, which had two 
sounds. That of the Western Greek 
alphabet had the phonetic value of 
ks, and this was taken into the 
Latin alphabet and ultimately into 
English. It is now of varied sound, 
equivalent to ks, gs, gz (exact). As 
an algebraic symbol, m x is the un- 
known variable quantity. In wire- 
less telegraphy, x represents a local 
disturbance causing a false signal. 
In chemistry, x or xi stands for 
xenon (a newly discovered element) . 

xanthein (zan'the-in), n. the yellow 
coloring matter of certain plants and 
flowers; a whitish powder, allied to 
uric acid, obtained from urine or 
guano. Also xanthin. 

xanthic (zan'thik), adj. tending to a 
yellow color. j 

xanthic acid (as'id), n. a heavy, color- 
.less, oily liquid consisting of bi- 
sulphuret of carbon, water, and an 
oxide of ethyl. 

Xanthippe (zan-tip'e), n. a scolding 
woman ; from the termagant wife of 
Socrates. 

xantho, a Greek prefix, meaning 
yellow, as xan^ocarpous : adj. having 
yellow fruit. 

xanthophyll (zan'tho-fil) , n. the yel- 
low coloring matter of withering 
leaves. 

xanthous (zan'thus) , adj. yellow ; not- 
ing races having brown, flaxen, or 
red hair and blue eyes. 

xebec (ze'bek), n. a small three-masted 
vessel with lateen and square sails. 

senium (ze'ni-um), n. in ancient 
Greece, a present given to a guest 
or foreign ambassador. 

xeno, a Greek prefix meaning a 
stranger, as serogenesis, heterogene- 
sis. 

xenomania (zen-o-ma'ni-a), n. a 



mania for foreign persons or 
things. 

xenon (zen'on), n. the heaviest of the 
five recently discovered elementary 
substances present in gaseous form 
in the atmosphere. 

xerasia (ze-ra'si-a), n. a morbid dry- 
ness of the hair. 

xeres (sher'i), n. sherry, so-called from 
the time of Xeres in Spain, whence 
it was first exported. [Sp. ha/ris.] 

xeroderma (ze-ro-der'ma), n. a dis- 
ease of the skin characterized by 
dryness. 

xerophthalmia (ze-rof-thal'mi-a) , n. 
abnormal dryness of the eyeball, ac- 
companied by redness and irritation. 

xiphoid (zi'foid), adj. sword-shaped. 

X-rays (eks'raz), n. the Roentgen rays 
which have the peculiarity of not be- 
ing refractive when passed through 
water. 

xylene (zi'len), n. a colorless oily 
liquid found in coal and wood tar. 
Also xylol. 

xylite (zi'llt), n. a kind of asbestos. 

xylo, a Greek prefix, meaning wood. 

xylobalsamum ^zi-lo-bal'sa-mum) , n. 
a balsam obtained from the dried 
wood of the balsam-tree. 

xylogen (zi'lo-jen), n. lignin. 

xylograph (zi'lo-graf), n. an engrav- 
ing on wood; an impression from 
such an engraving. 

xylographic (zi-lo-graf'ik), adj. per- 
taining to xylography or wood en- 
graving. 

xylography (zl-log'ra-fi), n. the art or 
process of making prints from the 
natural grain of wood; a kind of 
decorative painting on wood. 

xyloid (zi'loid), adj. like wood. 

xyloidin (zi-loid'in) , n. an explosive 
compound produced by the action of 
nitric acid on starch. 

xylol (zi'lol), same as xylene. 

xylonite (zi'lo-nit), n. a kind of com- 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrtb, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, but; think, then. 



1 



XYLOPHONE 915 XYSTOS 

pressed gun-cotton, resembling xyst (zist), n. in Classical Antiquity, a 

ivory, used for making various arti- hall or covered portico used for 

cles, as combs, &c. athletic exercises, chiefly in stormy 

xylophone (zi'lo-fon), n. a musical in- weather. Also xystos and xys- 

strument consisting of a graduated tus. 

series of wooden bars, and sounded xyster (zis'ter), n, a surgical instru- 

by means of small wooden hammers. ment for scraping bones. 

Xyris (zi'ris), n. a genus of tropical xystos (zis'tos), n. in surgery, scraped 

sedge-like plants. lint. Also xystus. 

ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book l 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



Y 



If, the twenty-fifth letter in the Eng- 
lish alphabet, derived in its form 
from the (capital) Greek letter T 
(ypsilon), which in turn was the 
Phoenician vau. Y was not an orig- 
inal character of the Latin al- 
phabet, but was adopted in trans- 
lating Greek words that contained 
ypsilon, previously represented by 
V. Hence U, V, and W all come 
from a like source. As a symbol in 
chemistry, Y stands for the element 
yttrium. In algebra, y is the second 
of the two variable unknown quan- 
tities, of which x is the first. 

yacare (yak'a-ra), n. a South Amer- 
ican crocodile. 

yacca-wood (yak'a-wood), n. the 
wood of a tree of Jamaica, used for 
cabinet-work. 

yacht (yot), n. a light, and quick- 
sailing vessel used for pleasure or 
racing: v.i. to sail or cruise about 
in a yacht. 

yachting (yot'ing), adj. pertaining 
to a yacht: n. the practice of sailing 
a yacht. 

yachtsman (yots'man), n. [pi. 
yachtsmen (yots'men)], the owner or 
sailer of a yacht. 

yager, same_a_s jager. 

yahoo (ya-hoo'), n. a savage: from a 
race of brutes in "Gulliver's Travels." 
Anyloathsomecreature ; man-shaped. 

yak (yak), n. a species of ox found in 
Central Asia, with long silky hair 
fringing the shoulders, sides and tail. 
[Tibetan.] 

yak-lace (yak'las), n. a coarse lace. 

yaksha (yak'sha), n. a Hindu gnome. 

yam (yam), n. a large edible tuber of 
various climbing plants of the genus 
Dioscorea. 

yank (yangk), v.t. to jerk or twist: 
v.i. to work cleverly and pushingly: 
n. a jerk or twist. 

Yankee (yank'e), n. the popular name 



of New England Americans: used 
generally for citizens of the United 
States: adj. pertaining to, or charac- 
teristic of, citizens of the United 
States. 

Yankee-Doodle (yank'e-doo'dl), n. 
a popular melody of the United 
States, derived, however, from a 
rustic English ditty, first sung in 
Yorkshire about 1625. 

Yankeeism (yank'e-izm) , n. a Yankee 
idiom, practice, or custom. 

yanking (yank'ing), adj. active; push- 
ing. 

yanolite (yan'o-llt), n. a kind of gai- 
net. 

yaourt (yourt), n. a fermented liquor 
prepared from milk, similar to kou- 
miss. 

yap (yap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. yapped, 
p.pr. yapping], to yelp or bark, as a 
dog: n. a yelp or bark; a foolish 
noisy person. 

yapock (yap'uk), n. a South Ameri- 
can aquatic opossum. 

yapon (yaw'pun), n. a kind of holly, 
the leaves of which are used as tea 
South Sea tea. 

yard (yard), n. a standard measure 
of length = 3 ft.; a long piece of 
timber on a mast for spreading 
square sails; an enclosure adjoining 
or attached to a house, or where 
some manufacture is carried on. 

yard-arm (yard'arm), n. either end 
of a ship's yard." 

yardstick (yard'stik), n. a stick three 
feet in length, used for measuring. 

yarn (yarn), n. spun thread; one of 
the threads of a rope; a sailor's 
story, especially one of doubtful ve- 
racity: v.i. to tell a story. 

yashmak (yash'mak), n. the double 
veil worn by Moslem women in pub- 
lic. [Arabian.] 

yataghan (yat'a-gan), n. a dagger- 
like, double-curved saber . [Turkish . ] 



ate, arm, at. awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



YAUP 



917 



YODEL 



yaup (yawp), n. the blue titmouse. 

yaw (yaw), v.i. to steer wildly; devi- 
ate from the right course: said of a 
ship; rise in blisters or white froth. 

yawl (yawl), n. a light, decked, two- 
masted boat; jolly-boat: v.i. to 
howl. [Dutch.] 

yawn (yawn), n. an involuntary open- 
ing of the jaws through drowsiness, 
&c. : v.i. to gape involuntarily. 

yawning (yawn'ing), adj. gaping; 
drowsy. 

yawp (yawp), same as a loud boister- 
ous hoot as uttered by a vagabond 
or person of bad manners. 

yaws (yawz), n. a contagious skin 
disease prevalent in tropical coun- 
tries. 

yclad (e-klad'), adj. clothed. 

ycleped (e-klepf), adj. called. Also 
yclept. 

ye (ye) , pron. ; nom. pi. of thou. 

yea (ya), adv. yes; truly. 

year (yer), n. the period during which 
the earth makes one complete rev- 
olution round the sun (36534 days): 
pi. age; oldage. 

yearbook (yer'book) , n. a book which 
is practically an annual cyclopedia, 
giving information for the previous 
year. 

yearling (yer'ling), n. a young ani- 
mal (colt or calf) more than one 
year and less than two years old. 

yearly (yer'li), adv. happening every 
year; lasting a year. 

yearn (yern), v.i. to feel an earnest 
desire; be filled with eager longing 
or desire. 

yeast (yest), n. the barm or ferment 
of beer or other liquor in fermenta- 
tion; froth; any preparation for 
raising dough. 

yeastiness (yest'i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being yeasty. 

yeggman (yeg'man), n. a desperate 
burglar; a safe breaker. 

yelk, same as yolk. 

yell (yel), n. a sharp, discordant cry, 
as of agony: v.t. to scream: v.i. to 
utter a- sharp, discordant cry. 

yellow (yel'o), adj. of a bright, pure 
color resembling gold; jaundiced. 

yellow book (yel'o-book), n. a collec- 
tion of diplomatic documents issued 
by the French government, in par- 
ticular the correspondence relating 



to the outbreak of the European War 
in 1914, so called from the color of 
the covers. 

yellow fever (fe'ver), n. an acute in- 
fective fever epidemic in countries 
along the temperate zone but en- 
demic in the tropics. It is popularly 
called Yellow Jack. 

yellowish (yel'o-ish), adj. somewhat 
yellow. 

yelp (yelp), v.i. to utter a sharp 
bark: n. a_sharp bark. 

yeoman (yo'man), n. [pi. yeomen 
(yo'men)], in England, a man pos- 
sessed of a small landed estate; 
farmer; freeholder; in the United 
States navy, a petty officer in charge 
of stores. 

yeomanry (yo'man-ri), n. yeomen 
collectively; volunteer cavalry. 

yerba (yer'ba), n. an herb of the 
pepper family, said to be a remedy 
for rheumatism. The original name 
of San Francisco was Yerba Buena. 

yes (yes), adv. yea: opposed to no. 

yesterday (yes'ter-da) , n. the day last 
past; recent time: adv. on the day 
last past. 

yet (yet), adv. in addition; still; 
moreover: conj. nevertheless; how- 
ever. _ 

yew (yoo), n. & large evergreen tree 
of the genus Taxus: adj. pertaining 
to jew trees. 

yewen (yoo'en), adj. made of yew. 

Yiddish (yid'ish), n. a kind of com- 
posite language used by German and 
other Jews. It is a dialect made up 
chiefly of Hebrew and German, but 
often with a marked strain of Rus- 
sian and Polish. It is written in 
Hebrew characters. 

yield (yeld), v.t. to submit; produce; 
concede: v.i. to assent; comply; give 
way; cease opposition; give a return 
or produce: n. product; return. 

yielder (yeld'er), n. one who yields. 

yielding (yeld'ing), adj. inclined to 
give way or comply; accommodat- 
ing: n. the act of producing; sub- 
mission; compliance. 

yl, a Greek suffix, meaning basis: used 
as a characteristic termination of 
chemical radicals. 

Y-level (wi'lev-el), n. an instrument 
for measuring heights and distances. 

yodel (yo'del), yodle, v.t. and v.i. to 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue. hut; think, ^en. 



YOGI 



918 



YUTU 



sing, changing quickly from a natu- 
ral tone to falsetto and back, as in 
the Tyrolese melodies: n. a song or 
refrain, sung in this manner to mean- 
ingless syllables or merely vocalized. 

yogi (yo'ge), n. an ascetic who follows 
the Yoka philosophy and in India 
is supposed to have power of heal- 
ing. [Sanskrit.] 

yojan (yo'jan), n. in the East Indies, 
a measure of length = five miles. 

yoke (yok), n. a piece of hollowed 
timber for connecting two draught 
oxen together ; a frame of wood fitted 
to a person's shoulders for carrying 
a pail, &c, suspended to each end; 
bond, tie, or link; pair or couple; 
service; mark of slavery; bar at- 
tached to the rudder-head to which 
the steering lines are fastened: v.t. 
to join together; couple; place a 
yoke upon ; enslave ; confine. 

yokel (yo'kl), n. a rustic. 

yolk (yok), n. yellow part of an egg; 
vitellus, the oily secretion from the 
skin of a sheep which renders the 
wool soft and pliable. 

Yom Kippur (yom kip'er), n. the 
Great Day of Atonement or Fast of 
Expiation, the most solemn fast of 
the Jews. It falls on the 10th day of 
the Jewish month Tisri. 

yonder (yon'der), adj. at a distance, 
but in view: adj. being at a distance, 
but in view. Also yon. 

yore (yor), adv. in old time; long ago. 

you (fi), pron. nom. & obj.pl. of thou: 
now used for thou and thee. 

young (yung), adj. being in the early 
part of fife or growth; inexperi- 
enced; not matured; raw; vigorous; 
fresh ; pertaining to youth ; of youth- 
ful appearance: n. offspring collec- 
tively. 

youngish (yung'ish), adj. somewhat 
young. 

youngster (yung'ster), n. a young 
person; lad. 

younker (yung'ker), n. a young fel- 
low; stripling. 

your (yoor), pron. poss. pi. of thou or 
you. Also yours. 

yourself (yoor-self ') , pron. [pi. your- 
selves (yoor-selvz')], you in your own 
person. 



youth (yooth), n. [pi. youths (yooths)], 
early lif e ; a young person ; young 
persons collectively; condition of 
being young. 

youthful (yooth'f ool) , adj. pertaining 
to youth or the early part of life; 
fresh; vigorous. 

youthfully (yooth'f oo-h), adv. in a 
youthful manner. 

yowl (youl), n. a howl as of a dog or 
wolf: v.i. to howl or yell. 

yponomeutidae (i-pon-o-mu'ti-de) , n, 
pi. ermine moths. 

ypsiliform (ip-sil'i-f orm) , adj. formed 
like the Greek capital letter upsilon, 
T. 

ytterbium (i-teV bi-um) , n. a rare 
chemical element discovered by the 
spectroscope. 

yttria (it'ri-a), n. the oxide of yttri- 
um. 

yttrium (it'ri-um), n. the metalhc 
base of yttria ; an element discovered 
by Gadolin in 1794. It is a metal, 
usually in the form of a grayish 
powder. 

yucca (yuk'a), n. a sub - tropica! 
American plant characterized bj 
its stiff lanceolate leaves; Adam's 
needle. 

yuck (yuk), v.t. to snatch forcibly; to 
scratch; to itch. 

yucker (yuk'er), n. the flicker bird. 

yufts (y ufts), n. a kind of Russian 
leather. _ 

yuga (yoo'ga), n. one of the Hindu 
ages of the world. Also yug. [San- 
skrit.] 

yulan (yoo'lan), n. a Chinese mag- 
nolia with snow-white flowers. 

Yule (yool), n. Christmas. 

Yule-log (yool'log), n. a large block of 
wood formerly put upon the hearth 
on Christmas eve to form the basis 
of the Christmas fire. 

Yule-tide (yool'tid), n. Christmas- 
tide. 

yunx (yunx), n. a wryneck bird. 

yurga (yur'ga), n. the Afghan yabu, 
or ambling mountain pony. 

Yurucari (yu'rti-ca'ri) , n. a linguis- 
tic stock of South American In- 
dians. 

yutu (yu'tu), n. the Peruvian tina- 
mou bird. 



ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; 

hue, hut; think, then. 



z 



Z, the twenty-sixth and last letter of 
the English alphabet, sometimes 
called zed [English rustic]. It is 
in form, and nearly in sound, the 
Greek zeta (Z). The Romans bor- 
rowed it, as they did T, and in 
English, as an initial letter it usually 
indicates a foreign origin. In alge- 
bra it denotes the third unknown 
Quantity. 

zaffer (zaf'er), n. impure oxide of co- 
balt, of an intensely blue color,used in 
enameling, pottery, &c. Also zaffre. 

amm (za'im), n. a Turkish military 
chief. 

zamang (za-mang'), n. sl huge legu- 
minous tree, the sweet pulpy pods of 
which are used for feeding cattle. 

zamouse (za-moos'), n. a West Afri- 
can buffalo, with hair-f ringed ears 
and without a dewlap. 

zander (tsan'der), n. the European 
pike-perch. [German.] 

zanella (tsa-nel'a), n. a mixed twilled 
fabric for covering umbrellas. 

zany (za/ni), n. a buffoon; merry- 
andrew. 

zaptiah (zap'ti-a), n. a Turkish po- 
liceman. 

zariba (za-re'ba), n. a stockade such 
as is constructed in the Soudan; a 
fortified camp. 

zeal (zel), n. intense interest; 
enthusiasm for a cause. 

zealot (zel'ot), n. an enthusiast; fa- 
natic. [Greek.] 

Zealot, n. > one of a fanatical sect of 
Jews which carried on a desperate 
struggle with the Romans until the 
fall of Jerusalem (70 A. D.). 

zealous (zel'us), adj. ardent in the pur- 
suit of an object; enthusiastic. 

zebec, same as xebec. 

zebra (ze'bra), n. a wild animal of 
Africa of the genus Equus? with 
black and white stripes ; a wood 
much used in cabinet-making. 

zebu (ze'bu), n. the Indian ox or cow, 



with long pendulous ears, and large 
prominent hump on the shoulders. 

zechstein (zek'stm), n. magnesium 
limestone. 

Zeitgeist (tsit'gist), n. the spirit of the 
age ; the drift of thought. [German.] 

Zemstvo (zems'tvo), n. a Russian 
provincial assembly, elective, and 
composed of landed proprietors, the 
artisans and traders. 

zemule (ze'mul), n. a hybrid mam- 
mal bred by crossing a zebra and a 
donkey. 

zenana (ze-na'na), n. in India, the 
women's apartments; the East- 
Indian harem. 

Zend (zend), n. the Iranian language 
of ancient Persia. [Old Persian.] 

Zend-Avesta (zend-a-ves'ta), n. the 
sacred writings of the Zoroastrians, 
ascribed to Zoroaster. 

zendik (zen'dik), n. in the East, a 
name for an unbeliever. 

zenith (ze'nith), n. the point in the 
heavens directly over the head of the 
spectatorj _greatest height. 

zeolite (ze'o^lit), n. an extensive 
group of minerals, consisting of hy- 
drated silicates: so called from their 
frothing when under the blowpipe. 

zephyr (zef'er), n. the west wind; 
soft,, gentle breeze. [Greek.] 

Zeppelin (zep'pe-hn), n. a type of Ger- 
man dirigible balloon invented by 
CountZeppelin. 

zero (ze'ro), n. a cipher; nothing; 
neutral point (°) between any as- 
cending or descending scale or series. 

zest (zest),_n. relish; keen enjoyment. 

zeugma (zug'ma), n. a figure by which 
a part of speech relating to one noun 
is referred to another. 

Zeus (zus), n. Jupiter. [Greek.] 

zibeline (zib r e-hn), adj. pertaining to 
the sable : n. the fur of the sable. 

Zif (zif), n. the second month of the 
Jewish ecclesiastical and eighth of 
the civil year (part of May-June). 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ZIGZAG 



920 



ZOOLATRY 



zigzag (zig'zag), adj. having short, 
sharp turns: n. something with 
short, sharp turns. 

zillah (zil'a), n. a governmental dis- 
trict in India. [Hindu.] 

zimb (zimb), n. a dipterous insect re- 
sembling the tsetse. 

zinc (zingk), n. a bluish- white 
metal. 

zincic (zin'sik), adj. pertaining to, or 
containing, zinc. Also zincky, zinky, 
zinckic. 

zincode (zingk'od), n. the negative 
pole of a voltaic battery. 

zincograph (zingk'o-graf ) , n. an im- 
pression from a zinc plate. 

zincography (zingk-og'ra-fi) , n. the 
art of drawing upon, or printing 
from, zinc plates. 

zincoid (zingk'oid), adj. zinc-like. 

Zingaro (thing-ga/ro), n. a Gipsy. 
[Spanish.] 

zingel (zing'el), n. a perch found in 
the Danube. 

zinkenite (zingk'en-it) , n. a steel-grey 
mineral, a sulphide of antimony and 
lead. 

Zion (zi'un), n. sl hill in Jerusalem, 
the royal residence of King David 
and his successors : hence the Church 
of God. 

Zionism (zi'un-izm), n. a project for 
the reestablishment of the Jews as a 
nation in Palestine. 

zircon (zer'kon), n. a heavy, hard, 
sparkling mineral. 

zirconia (zer-ko'ni-a), n. the oxide of 
zirconium. 

zirconium (zer-ko'ni-um), n. a rare 
metallic element. 

zither (zith'er), n. a stringed musical 
instrument, consisting of a sounding 
box and 28 to_31 strings. # 

zoanthropy (zo-an'thro-pi), n. a kind 
of mania, in which the patient be- 
lieves himself to be transformed into 
an animal. [Greek.] 

zobo (zo'bo), n. an ox-like animal of 
India. Also zobu. 

zodiac (zo'di-ak), n. an imaginary 
broad belt in the heavens, containing 
the twelve constellations or signs of 
the zodiac which the sun traverses 
annually. 

zodiacal (zo-di'a-kal}, adj. pertaining 
to, or situated within, the zodiac. 

zodiacal light: (lit), n. a luminous 



tract of the sky of triangular shape^ 
its base being on the horizon: seen 
in the evening at twilight, and be- 
fore dawn. 

zoetic (zo-et'ik), adj. vital. 

zoetrope (zo'e-trop), n. an optical in- 
strument by means of which figures, 
&c, on a circular card appear to 
be in active motion when viewed 
through slots in the upper side. 

zofra (zo'fra), n. a Moorish carpet. 

Zolaism (zo'la-izm), n. excessive real- 
ism in the literary treatment of the 
worse side of human life or nature: 
from Emile Zola, the French realistic 
novelist. 

zollverein (tsol'f er-in) , n. the Ger- 
man customs union, formed 1827 
and further extended in 1867 to 
establish uniform rates; a customs 
union. 

zonal (zo'nal), adj. pertaining to, or 
formed of, a zone or zones. 

zone (zon), n. one of the five great 
belts into which the surface of the 
earth is divided with respect to lati- 
tude and temperature ; that belt or 
district within which certain animal 
or plant forms of life are confined; a 
girdle or belt: v.t. to encircle with, 
or as with, a zone. 

zoned (zond), n. wearing a belt or 
girdle; having zones; striped. 

zoo, a Greek prefix meaning animal, as 
200-chemistry, animal chemistry. 

zoo (zoo), n. a park or other large in- 
closure in which live animals are 
kept for public exhibition ; zoological 
garden. 

zoogeographical (zo-o- j e-o-graf 'i-kal) , 
adj. pertaining tozoogeography. 

zoogeography (zo-o-je-og'ra-fi), n. the 
study of the geographical distribu- 
tion of animals. 

zoogloea (zo-o-gle'a), n. a mass of bac- 
teria inclosed in a viscous, gelatinous 
substance. 

zoographic (zo-o-graf 'ik) , adj. pertain- 
ing to zoography. 

zobgraphy (zo-og'ra-fi) , n. the descrip- 
tion of animals, their forms and habits. 

zooid (zo'oid), n. an animal in one of 
its inferior stages of development; 
an individual of a compound or co- 
lonial animal organization. # 

zoolatry (zo-ora-tri) , n. animal-wor- 
ship. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 

hue, hut ; think, then. 



ZOOLOGICAL 



921 



ZYXOMMA 



zoological (zo-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertain- 
ing to zoology. 

zoologically (zo-o-loj'i-ka-li), adv. ac- 
cording to_the principles of zoology. 

zoologist (zo-ol'o-jist), n. one skilled in 
zoology. 

zoology (zo-ol'o-ji), n. that part of bi- 
ology that treats of animals, their 
structure, classification, habits, and 
distribution. 

zoomorphism (zo-o-mor'fizm), n. the 
representation of a deity in the form, 
or wit_h_the attributes, of an animal. 

zoon (zo'on), n. an animal which is the 
sole product of a single ovum. 

zoopathy (zo-op'a-thi), n. animal 
pathology. 

zoophilist (zo-of'i-list), n. a lover of 
animals. 

zoophysiology (zO-o-fiz-i-ol'o-gi) , n. 
physiology of the lower animals. 

zoophyte (zo'o : fit), n. an animal of 
low organization, bearing some ex- 
ternal resemblance to a plant. 

zoosperm (zo'6-sperm), n. the male 
seed-cell. 

zoospore (zo'6-spor) ,n.the active spores 
of certain algae endowed with motion 
by means of ciliated processes. 

zootomist (zo-ot'6-mist) , n. a com- 
parative anatomist. 

zootomy (zo-ot'6-mi), n. the dissection 
or anatomy of animals. 

zorilla (zo-ril'a), n. sl kind of skunk. 

Zoroastrian (zo-ro-as'tri-an) , adj. per- 
taining to Zoroaster, the reputed 
founder of the Parsi religion, or to 
his doctrines. 

Zoroastrianism (zo-ro-as'tri-an-izm) , 
n. the religious system, contained in 
the Zend-Avesta, said to have been 
founded by Zoroaster (Zarathustra), 
the legislator and prophet of ancient 
Persia. 

zouave (zoo-av'), n. a soldier of a light 
infantry corps of the French army, 
wearing an Arab dress. 

zuchetto (tsoo-ket'o), n. a skull-cap 
covering the tonsure and worn under 
the biretta. Also zuchetta. 

Zulu (zoo 'loo), n. one of a warlike 
tribe of Kaffirs, north of Natal. 

zumbooruk (zum'boo-ruk) , n. a small 
swivel cannon fired from the back of 
a camel. 

Zuni (zoo'nye), n. one of a tribe of 
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. 



Zweibund (tsvl-boont), n. a dual alli- 
ance; the sympathetic union of two 
nations, as of France and Russia in 
1897 and later. 

zygoma (zig-6'ma), n.jthe cheek-bone. 

zygomorphous (zig-o-mor'fus), adj. 
yoke-shaped; applied chiefly to di- 
vided flowers. 

zygosis (zig-6'sis), n. coalescence; 
junction; conjugation. 

zygospore (zig'o-spor) , n. the conju- 
gated spore of two gametes. 

zyme (zlm),n. the germ supposed to 
be the poisonous cause of zymotic 
diseases. 

zymic (zim'ik), adj. produced by fer- 
mentation. 

zymogen (zi'mo-jen), n. g^y sub- 
stance that by internal changes gives 
rise to a ferment. Also zymogene. 

zymologist (zi-mol'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in zymology. 

zymology (zi-mol'o-ji) , n. the doc- 
trine of fermentation. Also zu- 
mology. 

zymometer (zl-mom'e-ter) , n. an in- 
strument for ascertaining the degree 
of fermentation in different liquids. 
Also zymosimeter. 

zymophyte (zi'mo-fit), n. a bacteroid 
ferment. 

zymoscope (zl'mo-scop) , n. an instru- 
ment invented by Zenneck to meas- 
ure the degrees of fermenting 
power. 

zymosis (zl-mo'sis), n. a fermentation. 

zymotic (zi-mot'ik), adj. producing 
fermentation, or a disease in which a 
virus works through the body like a 
ferment, as cholera. 

zymotically (zi-mot'i-ka-li), adv. in a 
zymotic manner. 

zymotic diseases (dis'ez^ez), n. sl 
class of contagious or epidemic dis- 
eases, supposed to be produced by a 
virus or organism which acts like a 
ferment. 

zymurgy (zi'mer-ji), n. that branch 
of industrial chemistry which deals 
with the processes of fermentation 
in brewing, wine-making, &.c. 
zythum (zi'thum), n. an ancient bev- 
erage resembling beer, made from 
malt and wheat. 
zyxomma (zik-som'a), n. a large- 
headed, big-eyed, narrow-faced 
dragon-fly of India. 



ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 
61 hue, hut ; think, then. 



A REFERENCE LIBRARY 

Containing 
A Veritable Treasury of Often-sought-for Facts 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Synonyms and Antonyms 
Foreign Words, Phrases, Maxims 

and Quotations 
Dictionary of Commercial and 

Legal Terms 
Glossary of Aviation Terms 
Glossary of Automobile Terms 
Christian Names of Men and 

Women 
Nicknames of Famous Personages 
Famous Characters in Poetry and 

Prose 
Familiar Allusions 
Most Common Abbreviations 
Manner of Forecasting Weather 
Declaration of Independence 
Constitution of the United States 

of America 
Legal Holidays in the Various 

States 
Names of the States and Their 

Meaning 
Nicknames of the States and the 

Reason 
Metric System of Weights and 

Measures 
Legal Interest Rate and Statute 

of Limitations 
Simple Interest Table 
Compound Interest on One Dollar 
Value of Foreign Coins in United 

States Money 
Table of Yearly Wages 
Table of Monthly Wages 
Normal Height and Weight of 

Adults 
Heights and Weights of Children 
Distribution of Population of the 

United States by Sex 
Leading Occupations in the 

United States 
Immigration into the United 

States 
American Passports 
Deportation of Aliens 



Merchant Marine of the United 

States 
Panama Canal Statistics 
Imports and Exports by Lake 

Ports 
Agricultural Exports 
United States Fire Losses by 

Years 
Postal Information 
American Hall of Fame 
Presidents of the United States 
United States Census 1920 
World War Chronology 
Surrender Dates 

American Effort in the World War 
Treaties of Peace 
Regular Armies of the World 
Navies of the Five Great Powers 

Compared 
Facts About the Earth 
Average Depth of Oceans and Seas 
Areas of Oceans and Great Lakes 
Largest Lakes in the United 

States 
Great Ship Canals of the World 
Longest Rivers in the World 
Largest Islands in the World 
Languages of the World 
Races of the World 
Religions of the World 
Origin of the Red Cross Emblem 
Boy Scout Movement in the 

United States 
Heavyweight Champions 
Fastest Voyages Across the 

Atlantic 
Great Steamship Disasters 
Presidents of Mexico Since 

June 26, 1910 
Wedding Anniversaries 
Language of Flowers 
Language of Gems 
Birth Stones 
Birth Days 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



Collected and Arranged 
By LILIAN H. DU BOIS 

Instructor in the Wharton Combined School, Philadelphia 



Over Twelve Thousand Words of Similar and Contrasted Meanings 



IN order to make use of the English 
Language with exactness and at the 
same time with variety, one should 
be thoroughly acquainted, not merely 
with words which compose its vo- 
cabulary, but also with the words in 
groups which show the likeness andun- 
likeness of both sets. Words of simi- 
lar meaning, though of entirely dif- 
ferent form, are called Synonyms; then" 
direct opposites, which contain ideas 
contrasted with the others, are called 
Antonyms, and when used to bring out 
the vivid antithesis, they admit of 
very striking figures of speech. _ 

No people ever studied their own 
language so minutely as the French. 
From their earliest school-days, French 
children are taught to speak and write 
with the most careful choice of words, 
so that when they grow older they be- 
come familiar with the most delicate 
shades of meaning, and the most 
exquisite variations between one word 
and another. Gustave Flaubert, the 



great novelist and scholar, claimed that 
for every thought there was some 
special word which exactly gave the 
meaning as no other word could do; 
and he would spend hours, when he 
wrote, in searching for such a word 
which he styled le mot juste, the unique 
expression of the idea in its relation to 
the rest of the sentence. This is so 
true, as to give weight to the French 
proverb: "What is not clear is not 
French." 

The English language deserves to 
be studied with the same minuteness 
as the French, since it is a far richer 
language, and one to which the whole 
world has contributed. Therefore, 
a collection of Synonyms and Anto- 
nyms gives one who masters it, felicity 
and facility of diction, and opens up 
a whole vista of collateral ideas. The 
following collection of contrasted words, 
while not exhaustive, is comprehensive; 
and by cross-reference it will be found 
to answer almost all requirements. 



abandon, leave, forsake, desert, re- 
nounce, relinquish, quit, forego, let 
go, waive. (Keep, cherish.) 

abandoned, deserted, forsaken, wick- 
ed, reprobate, dissolute, profligate, 
flagitious, corrupt, depraved, vicious. 
(Cherished, virtuous, upright.) 

abandonment, leaving, desertion, 
dereliction, renunciation, defection. 
(Protection, maintenance, support.) 

abasement, degradation, fall, degen- 
eracy, humiliation, abjection, debase- 
ment, servility. (Honor, exaltation.) 

abash, bewilder, disconcert, discom- 
pose, confound, confuse, shame. 
(Embolden, encourage, hearten.) 



abbreviate, shorten, abridge, curtail, 
contract, condense, reduce. (Extend, 

- expand, enlarge, amplify.) 

abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, 
abandon, forsaken, relinquish, quit, 
forego. (Persist, persevere.) 

abet, help, encourage, instigate, in- 
cite, stimulate, aid, assist. (Resist, 
oppose, hinder.) 

abettor, assistant, accessory, accom- 
plice, promoter, instigator, particeps 
criminis, coadjutor, associate, com- 
panion, co-operator. (Opponent, 
antagonist.) 

abhor, dislike intensely, view _ with 
horror, hate, detest, abominate, 
loathe, nauseate. (Love, like, adore.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



ability, capability, talent, faculty, 
capacity, qualification, aptitude, apt- 
ness, expertness, skill, efficiency, ac- 
complishment, attainment. (Incom- 
petency, inefficiency, helplessness.) 

abject, groveling, low, mean, base, ig- 
noble, worthless, despicable, servile, 
vile, contemptible. (Noble, high, 
worthy.) 

abjure, recant, forswear, disclaim, 
recall, revoke, retract, renounce. 
(Maintain, hold.) 

able, strong, powerful, muscular, stal- 
wart, vigorous, athletic, robust, 
*brawny, skillful, adroit, competent, 
efficient, capable, clever, self -quali- 
fied, telling, fitted. (Weak, feck- 
less, futile, feeble.) 

abode, residence, habitation, dwelling, 
domicile, home, quarters, lodging. 

abolish, qu*sh, destroy, revoke, abro- 
gate, annul, > cancel, annihilate, ex- 
tinguish, vitiate, invalidate, nullify. 
(Establish, enforce.) 

abominable, hateful, detestable, odi- 
ous, vile, execrable. (Lovable, ami- 
able, gracious, delightful, pleasing.) 

abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, idle, 
inoperative, vain, futile. (Effect- 
ual, competent.) 

about, concerning, regarding, relative 
to, with regard to, as to, respecting, 
with respect to, referring to, around, 
nearly, approximately. (Irrelevant, 
not pertinent.) 

abscond, run off, steal away, decamp, 
bolt. (Remain.) < 

absent, a., inattentive, abstracted, not 
attending to, listless, dreamy. (Pres- 
ent, alert, attentive.) 

absolute, entire, complete, uncondi- 
tional, unqualified, unrestricted, des- 
potic, arbitrary, tyrannous, imper- 
ative, authoritative, imperious. 
(Limited, controlled.) 

absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, 
imbibe, consume, merge. (Eject.) 

absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous, 
ridiculous, irrational, unreasonable, 
nonsensical, inconsistent. > (Wise, 
dignified, weighty, impressive.) 

abuse, v., asperse, revile, vilify, re- 
proach, calumniate, deiame, slander, 
scandalize, malign, traduce, dispar- 
age, depreciate, ill-use. (Praise, 
eulogize.) 

abuse, n., scurrility, ribaldry, con- 
tumely, obloquy, opprobrium, foul 
invective, vituperation, ill-usage. 
(Praise, eulogy.) 



accede, assent to, consent, acquiesce, 
comply with, agree, coincide, con- 
cur, approve. (Protest, oppose.) 

accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, 
forward, quicken, despatch. (Re- 
tard, hinder, block.) 

accept, receive, take, admit. (Re- 
fuse, reject.) 

acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, grat- 
ifying, pleasurable, welcome. (Dis- 
pleasing, undesirable.) 

accident, casualty, incident, contin- 
gency, adventure, chance. (Plan, 
design.) 

accommodate, serve, oblige, adapt, 
adjust, fit, suit. (Disoblige, impede.) 

accomplice, confederate, accessory, 
abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, 
associate, particeps criminis. (Ad- 
versary, opponent, enemy.) 

accomplish, do, effect, finish, exe- 
cute, achieve, complete, perfect, con- 
summate. (Baffle, defeat, destroy, 
frustrate, mar, ruin, spoil.) 

accomplishment, attainment, qual- 
ification, acquirement. (Defect, dis- 
ability.) 

accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. 
(Deny, refuse.) 

accost, salute, address, speak to, stop, 
greet. (Cut, snub.) 

account, narrative, description, nar- 
ration, relation, detail, recital, mon- 
eys, reckoning, bill, charge. 

accountable, punishable, answerable, 
amenable, responsible, liable. (Ir- 
responsible, unreliable.) 

accumulate, bring together, amass, 
collect, gather. (Scatter, dissi- 
pate.) 

accumulation, collection, store, 
mass, congeries, concentration. m 

accurate, correct, exact, precise, 
nice, truthful. (Erroneous, care- 
less, faulty, slip-shod.) 

achieve, do, accomplish, effect, fulfill, 
execute, gain, win. (Fail, lose.) 

achievement, feat, exploit, accom- 
plishment, attainment, performance, 
acquirement, gain. (Failure, fiasco.) 

acknowledge, admit, confess, own, 
avow, grant, recognize, allow, con- 
cede. (Deny.) 

acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise, 
make aware, make known, notify, 
communicate. (Deceive, delude.) 

acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy, 
cognizance, fellowship, companion- 
ship, knowledge. (Unfamiliar ity, 
ignorance.) 



^Sl 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, com- 
ply, consent, give way, coincide with. 
(Protest, resist, oppose.) 

acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, set 
free, clear, absolve. (Condemn, con- 
vict.) 

act, do, operate, make, perform, play, 
enact. 

action, deed, achievement, feat, ex- 
ploit, accomplishment, battle, en- 
gagement, agency, instrumentality. 
(Inaction.) 

active, lively, sprightly, alert, agile, 
nimble,- brisk, quick, supple, prompt, 
vigilant, laborious, industrious. 
(Lazy, passive, indolent.) 

actual, real, positive, genuine, cer- 
tain. (Fictitious, imaginary.) 

acute, shrewd, intelligent, penetrat- 
ing, piercing, keen. (Dull, obtuse, 
stupid.) 

adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, con- 
form. 

addicted, devoted, wedded, attached, 
given up to, dedicated. (Free, de- 
tached, un trammeled.) 

addition, increase, accession, aug- 
mentation, reinforcement. (Subtrac- 
tion, separation.) 

address, speech, discourse, appeal, 
oration, tact, skill, ability, dexter- 
ity, deportment, demeanor. (Clum- 
siness, gaucherie.) 

adhesion, adherence, attachment, fi- 
delity, devotion. (Aversion, antip- 
athy, alienation, aloofness.) 

adjacent, near ^ to, adjoining, contig- 
uous, conterminous, bordering, neigh- 
boring. (Distant, remote.) 

adjourn, defer, prorogue, postpone. 
(Continue.) 

adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, 
appendency, dependency. (Au- 

tonomy.) 

adjust, set right, fit, accommodate, 
adapt, arrange, settle, regulate, or- 
ganize. (Confuse, disorganize.) 

admirable, striking, surprising, won- 
derful, astonishing. _ (Detestable, 
abominable, horrible, hideous.) 

admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. 
(Deny, prohibit.) 

advantageous, beneficial. (Hurtful, 
noxious, harmful.) 

affection, love. (Aversion, distaste, 
hatred.) 

affectionate, fond, kind. (Harsh, 
cold, unfeeling.) 

agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, charm- 
ing. (Rude, curt, gruff, unpleasant.) 



alternating, intermittent, inter- 
rupted. (Continual, constant.) 

ambassador, envoy, plenipotentiary, 
minister. 

amend, improve, correct, better, 
mend. (Impair, injure.) > 

anger, ire, wrath, indignation, resent- 
ment. (Good nature, poise, self- 
control.) 

appropriate, assume, ascribe, arro- 
gate, usurp. ' (Yield, render, sur- 
render.) 

argue, debate, dispute, reason upon. 

arise, flow, emanate, spring, proceed, 
rise, issue. (Sink, fall.) 

artful, disingenuous, sly, tricky, in- 
sincere^ (Candid, straight-forward, 
frank, sincere.) 

artifice, trick, stratagem, finesse. 

association, combination, company, 
partnership, society. 

attack, assail, assault, encounter. 
(Defend, protect.) 

audacity, boldness, effrontery, hardi- 
hood. (Meekness, humility.) 

austere, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern. 
(Dissolute, dissipated.) 

avaricious, niggardly, miserly, parsi- 
monious. (Generous, free-handed.) 

aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, 
repugnance. (Affection.) 

awe, dread, fear, reverence. (Famil- 
iarity.) 

awkward, clumsy. (Graceful.) 

axiom, adage, aphorism, apothegm, 
byword, maxim, proverb, saying, 
saw. (Fallacy.) 



B 



babble, chatter, prattle, prate. 

bad, wicked, evil. (Good, excellent.) 

baffle, confound, defeat, disconcert. 
(Aid, abet.) 

base, vile, mean. (Noble, worthy.) 

battle, action, combat, engagement. 

bear, carry, convey, transport. 

bear, endure, suffer, support. 

beastly, brutal, sensual, bestial. (Hu- 
mane, kindly, gentle.) 

beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow, 
rout. 

beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty. 
(Homely, ugly, unsightly.) 

becoming, decent, fit, seemly, suit- 
able. (Incongruous, improper.) 

beg, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, 
solicit, supplicate. (Give, confer, 
donate.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



behavior, carriage, conduct, deport- 
ment, demeanor. 

belief, credit, faith, trust. (Doubt.) 

beneficent, bountiful, generous, libe- 
ral, munificent. (Covetous, mis- 
erly.) See avaricious. 

benefit, favor, advantage, kindness, 
civility. (Injury, harm.) 

benevolence, beneficence, benignity, 
humanity, kindness, tenderness. 
(Malevolence, malignity, brutality, 
inhumanity.) 

blame, censure, condemn, reprove, re- 
proach, upbraid. (Praise, laud, eu- 
logize.) 

blemish, flaw, speck, spot, stain. 
(Ornament, adornment, embellish- 
ment.) 

blind, sightless, heedless. (Far-sight- 
ed, prudent.) 

blot, cancel, efface, expunge, erase, 
obliterate. 

bold, brave, daring, fearless, intrepid, 
undaunted. (Timid, fearful.) 

border, brim, brink, edge, margin, rim, 
verge, boundary, confine, frontier. 

bound, circumscribe, confine, limit, 
restrict. (Free, liberated.) 

brave, dare, defy. (Cringe, cower.) 

bravery, courage, valor. (Coward- 
ice.) 

break, bruise, crush, pound, squeeze. 
(Mend, restore.) 

breeze, blast, gale, gust, hurricane, 
storm, tempest. 

bright, clear, radiant, shining, brilliant. 
(Dull, muggy, murky, stupid.) 

brittle, fragile, breakable. (Solid, 
strong.) 

burial, interment, sepulture. (Res- 
urrection.) 

business, vocation, employment, en- 

. gagement, occupation, art, profes- 
sion, trade. (Avocation.) 

bustle, stir, tumult, fuss. (Quiet, re- 
pose.) 



calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- 
chance, mishap. (Good fortune, 
wind-fall, luck.) 

calm, collected, composed, placid, se- 
rene. (Stormy, unsettled.) 

capable, able, competent. (Incom- 
petent, shiftless.) 

captious, fretful, cross, peevish, pet- 
ulant. (Equable, well-balanced.) 

care, anxiety, concern, solicitude, 
heed, attention. (Heedlessness, neg- 
ligence, indifference . ) 



caress, kiss, embrace. (Spurn, buf- 
fet, rebuff.) 

carnage, butchery, massacre, slaugh- 
ter. 

cause, motive, reason. (Effect, con- 
sequence.) 

cease, discontinue, leave off, end. 
(Continue.) 

censure, animadvert, criticise. 
(Praise, approve, commend.) 

certain, secure, sure. (Doubtful, hes- 
itating.) 

cessation, intermission, rest, stop. 
(Continuance.) 

chance, fate, fortune. (Design, plan.) 

change, barter, exchange, substitute. 

changeable, fickle, inconstant, muta- 
ble, variable. (Steadfast, depend- 
able.) 

character, reputation, repute, stand- 
ing. 

charm, captivate, enchant, enrapture r 
fascinate. (Repel, disgust.) 

chastity, purity, continence, virtue. 
(Lewdness, immorality.) 

cheap, inexpensive, inferior, common. 
(Dear, expensive, costly.) 

cheerful, gay, merry, sprightly. 
(Mournful, sad, doleful.) 

chief, chieftain, head, leader. (Sub- 
ordinate.) 

circumstance, fact, happening, inci- 
dent. 

class, degree, order, rank, caste. 

clear, bright, lucid, vivid, transparent. 
(Opaque. ) # 

clever, adroit, dexterous, expert, skill- 
ful. (Stupid, unskilled.) 

clothed, clad, dressed. (Naked.) 

coarse, rude, rough, unpolished. 
(Fine, well-bred, high-minded.) 

coax, cajole, fawn, wheedle. 

cold, frigid, wintry, unfeeling, stoical. 
(Hot, fiery, impetuous, impulsive.) 

color, dye, stain, tinge. 

colorable, ostensible, plausible, spe- 
cious. 

combination, cabal, conspiracy, plot. 

command, injunction, order, precept. 

commodity, goods, merchandise, 
ware. 

common, mean, ordinary, vulgar. 
(Exceptional, extraordinary.) 

compassion, sympathy, pity, clem- 
ency. (Cruelty, severity.) 

compel, force, oblige, necessitate. 
(Coax, lead, induce.) 

compendium, compend, abridgment, 
abstract. (Enlargement.) 

compensation, amends, recompense, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



remuneration, requital, reward. (In- 
jury, loss.) 

complain, lament, murmur, regret, 
repine. (Rejoice.) 

comply, accede, conform, submit, 
yield. (Refuse, reject, oppose.) 

compound, complex. (Simple, un- 
mixed.) 

comprehend, comprise, include, em- 
brace, grasp, understand, perceive. 
(Exclude, mistake.) 

comprise, comprehend, contain, em- 
brace, include. (Exclude.) 

conceal, hide, secrete. (Uncover, re- 
veal, divulge.) 

conceive, comprehend, understand. 

conclusion, inference, deduction. 

condemn, censure, blame, disapprove. 
(Justify, exonerate.) 

conduct, direct, guide, lead, govern, 
regulate, manage. 

confirm, corroborate, approve, attest, 
(Contradict, combat.) 

conflict, combat, contest, contention, 
struggle. (Peace, quiet.) 

confute, disprove, refute, oppugn, 
impeach. (Approve, second.) 

conquer, overcome, subdue, sur- 
mount, vanquish, defeat. (Cede, 
fly, resign, retire, surrender, yield.) 

consequence, effect, event, issue, re- 
sult. (See cause.) 

consider, reflect, ponder, weigh. (Dis- 
regard, forget, ignore, neglect.) 

consistent, constant, compatible. 
(Inconsistent, shifting, self-contra- 
dictory.) 

console, comfort, solace. (Harrow, 
worry, harass.) 

constancy, firmness, stability, stead- 
iness. (Fickleness, flight iness.) 

contaminate, corrupt, defile, pollute, 
taint. (Purify, ennoble.) < 

contemn, despise, disdain, scorn. 
(Esteem, honor.) _ v 

contemplate, meditate, muse. 

contemptible, despicable, paltry, pit- 
iful, vile, mean. (Noble, worthy.) 

contend, contest, dispute, strive, 
struggle, combat. (Succumb.) 

continual, constant, continuous, per- 
petual, incessant. (Intermittent.) 

continuance, continuation, duration, 
(Cessation, pause.) 

continue, persist, persevere, pursue, 
prosecute. (Cease, stop, halt.) 

contradict, deny, gainsay, oppose. 
(Confirm, strengthen.) 

cool, collected, tranquil. (Warm, dis- 
turbed.) 



correct, rectify, reform. (Muddle.) 

cost, charge, expense, price. 

covetousness, avarice, cupidity. (Be- 
neficence.) 

cowardice, fear, timidity, pusillan- 
imity. t (Courage, intrepidity.) 

crime, sin, vice, misdemeanor. (Vir- 
tue, rectitude.) 

criminal, convict, culprit, felon, male- 
factor. (Benefactor.) 

crooked, bent, curved, oblique. 
(Straight, direct, upright.) 

cruel, barbarous, brutal, inhuman, 
savage. (Kind, gentle, humane.) 

cultivation, culture, refinement. 
(Barbarism, boorishness.) 

cursory, desultory, hasty, slight, 
(Thorough, painstaking.) 

custom, fashion, manner, practice, 
habit. (Unconventionality.) 



danger, hazard, peril. (Safety, se- 
curity.) 

dark, dismal, opaque, obscure, dim. 
(Light, bright, clear.) 

deadly, fatal, m destructive, mortal. 
(Life-giving, immortal.) 

dear, beloved, precious, costly, ex- 
pensive. (Despised, cheap.) 

death, departure, decease, demise. 
(Life.) 

decay, decline, consumption. (Growth, 
increase.) 

deceit, cheat, imposition, trick, delu- 
sion, guile, beguilement, treachery, 
sham. (Truthfulness, sincerity, can- 
dor.) 

deceive, delude, impose upon, over- 
reach, gull, dupe, cheat. (Enlight- 
en, inform.) 

decide, determine, settle, adjudicate, 
terminate, resolve. (Vacillate, waver.) 

decipher, reaa, spell, interpret, 
solve. 

decision, determination, conclusion, 
resolution, firmness. (Vacillation.) 

declamation, oratory, elocution, ha- 
rangue, effusion, debate. 

declaration, avowal, manifestation, 
statement, profession. 

decrease, diminish, lessen, wane, de- 
cline, retrench, curtail, reduce. 
(Grow, increase, expand, wax.) 

dedicate, devote, consecrate, offer, 
set, apportion. 

deed, act, action, commission, achieve- 
ment, instrument, document. 



SYNONYMS AND \NTONYMS 



deem, judge, estimate, consider, think, 
suppose, conceive. 

deep, profound, subterranean, sub- 
merged, designing, abstruse, learned. 
(Shallow, superficial.) 

deface, mar, spoil, injure, disfigure. 
(Beautify, improve.) 

default, lapse, forfeit, omission, ab- 
sence, want, failure, neglect. (At- 
tention, assiduity, diligence, effort.) 

defect, imperfection, flaw, fault, blem- 
ish. (Beauty, perfection.) 

defend, guard, protect, justify. (Be- 
tray, abandon.) 

defense, excuse, plea, vindication, 
bulwark, rampart. (Desertion.) 

defer, delay, postpone, put off, pro- 
rogue, adjourn. (Hasten, expedite.) 

deficient, short, wanting, inadequate, 
scanty, incomplete. (Complete, ade- 
quate, sufficient.) 

defile, pollute, corrupt, sully, con- 
taminate, spoil, stain. (Purify, 
cleanse, hallow, sanctify.) 

define, fix, settle, determine, limit, 
circumscribe. (Dilate, distend.) 

defray, meet, liquidate, pay, dis- 
charge. (Repudiate.) 

degree, grade, extent, measure. 

deliberate, v., consider, meditate, 
consult, ponder, debate. 

deliberate, adj., purposed, intentional, 
designed, determined. (Hasty, rash, 
ill-considered.) 

delicacy, nicety, daintiness, refine- 
ment, tact, softness, modesty. (Boor- 
ishness, indecency.) 

delicate, tender, fragile, dainty, re- 
fined. (Coarse, rough, clownish.) 

delicious, sweet, palatable. (Nau- 
seous.) 

delight, enjoyment, pleasure, happi- 
ness, transport, ecstasy, gladness, 
rapture, bliss. (Annoyance.) 

deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pro- 
nounce, give, hand over. (Retain, 
hold.) 

demonstrate, prove, show, exhibit, 
illustrate. (Hide, conceal, obscure.) 

depart, leave, quit, decamp, retire, 
withdraw, vanish, levant. (Remain, 
abide, stay.) 

deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, 
divest. (Endow, donate, bestow.) 

depute, appoint, commission, charge, 
intrust, delegate, authorize, accredit. 

derision, scorn, contempt, contumely, 
disrespect. (Respect, deference.) 

derivation, origin, source, beginning, 
cause, etymology, root. 



describe, delineate, portray, explain, 
illustrate, define, picture. 

desecrate, profane, secularize, mis- 
use, abuse, pollute. (Consecrate, 
sanctify.) See defile. 

deserve, merit, earn, justify, win. 

design, delineation, sketch, draw- 
ing, cunning, artfulness, contriv- 
ance. (Chance, accident.) 

desirable, expedient, advisable, valu- 
able, acceptable, proper, judicious, 
beneficial, profitable, good. (De- 
testable, obnoxious.) 

desire, n., longing, affection, craving. 
(Aversion.) 

desist, cease, stop, discontinue, drop, 
abstain, forbear. (Continue, per- 
sist, persevere.) 

desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, 
deserted, wild, waste, bare, bleak, 
lonely. (Contented, happy, fre- 
quented.) 

desperate, wild, daring, audacious, 
determined, reckless. (Calm, un- 
moved.) 

despised, degraded, worthless. (Ad- 
mired.) 

destiny, fate, decree, doom, end. 

destructive, detrimental, hurtful, 
noxious, injurious, deleterious, bale- 
ful, baneful, subversive. (Creative.) 

desuetude, disuse, discontinuance. 
(Continuance.) § 

desultory, rambling, discursive, loose, 
unmethodical, superficial, unsettled, 
erratic, fitful. (Thorough, pains- 
taking, systematic.) 

detail, n., particular, specification, 
minutiae. (Generalities.) 

detail, v., particularize, enumerate, 
specify. (Generalize.) 

deter, warn, stop, dissuade, terrify, 
scare, dishearten. (Encourage.) 

detriment, loss, harm, injury, dete- 
rioration. (Benefit, help.) 

develop, unfold, -amplify, expand, en- 
large. (Stunt, dwarf, stultify.) 

device, artifice, expedient, contriv- 

. ance. 

devoid, void, wanting, destitute, un- 
endowed, unprovided. (Full, com- 
plete.) 

devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, 
dedicated. (Indifferent.) 

dictate, prompt, suggest, enjoin, or- 
der, command. 

dictatorial, imperative, imperious, 
domineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, 
overbearing. (Submissive, meek.) 

die, expire, depart, perish, decline, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



languish, wane, sink, fade, decay. 
(Live, grow, flourish.) 

diet, food, victuals, nourishment, nu- 
triment, sustenance, fare. 

difference, separation, disagreement, 
discord, dissent, estrangement, vari- 
ety. (Consonance, agreement, har- 
mony.) 

different, various, manifold, diverse, 
unlike, separate, distinct. (Similar, 
like, congruous. ) # 

difficult, hard, intricate, involved, 
perplexing, obscure, unmanageable. 
(Easy, simple, plain, clear.) 

diffuse, discursive, prolix, diluted, co- 
pious. (Concise, condensed.) ^ 

dignify, aggrandize, elevate, invest, 
exalt, advance, promote, honor. 
(Degrade, dishonor.) 

dilate, stretch, widen, expand, swell, 
distend, enlarge, descant, expatiate. 
(Contract, shrink.) 

dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, be- 
hindhand, lagging, dawdling, linger- 
ing, slack. (Prompt, nimble, quick, 
precipitate, swift, headlong.) 

diligence, care, assiduity, attention, 
heed, industry. (Negligence.) 

diminish, lessen, reduce, contract, 
curtail, retrench. (Increase.) 

disability, unfitness, incapacity. 
(Power, ability, fitness.) 

discern, descry, observe, recognize, 
see, discriminate, separate, perceive. 
(Confuse, blend, mingle, confound, 
involve.) 

discipline, m order, _ strictness, train- 
ing, coercion, punishment, organiza- 
tion. (Confusion, demoralization.) 

discover, make known, find, invent, 
contrive, expose, reveal. (Conceal, 
cover, secrete, lose, miss.) 

discreditable, shameful, disgraceful, 
scandalous, disreputable. (Honor- 
able, creditable.) 

discreet, cautious, prudent, wary, ju- 
dicious, considerate, politic, provi- 
dent. (Foolish, thoughtless, un- 
wary.) 

discrepancy, disagreement, differ- 
ence, variance. (Agreement, con- 
sonance, similarity.) 

discrimination, acuteness, discern- 
ment, judgment, caution. (Ob- 
tuseness, gullibility.) 

disease, complaint, malady, disorder, 
ailment, sickness. (Health, whole- 
someness.) 

disgrace, n., disrepute, reproach, dis- 
honor, shame, odium. (Honor.) 



disgrace, v., debase, degrade, defame, 
discredit. (Exalt.) 

disgust, dislike, distaste, loathing, 
abomination, abhorrence. (Admira- 
tion.) 

dishonest, unjust, fraudulent, unfair, 
deceitful, cheating, deceptive, wrong- 
ful. (Honest, upright.) 

dismay, v., terrify, frighten, scare, 
daunt, appai, dishearten. (Encour- 
age.) 

dismay, n., terror, dread, fear, fright. 
(Assurance, confidence.) 

dismiss, send off, discharge, discard, 
^banish. (Retain, keep.) 

dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse, 
dissipate. (Collect, gather.) 

display, show, spread out, exhibit, 
expose. (Hide, conceal.) 

dispose, arrange, array, place, order. 
(Confuse, disarrange.) 

dispute, v., argue, contest, contend, 
question, impugn. (Assent.) 

dispute, n., argument, debate, con- 
troversy, quarrel, disagreement. 
(Harmony , agreement . ) 

dissent, disagree, differ, vary. (As- 
sent.) 

distinct, clear, plain, obvious, dif- 
ferent, separate. m (Dim, obscure.) 

distinguish, perceive, discern, mark 
out, divide, discriminate. See discern. 

distinguished, famous, glorious, far- 
famed, noted, illustrious, eminent, 
celebrated. (Obscure, unknown, or- 
dinary.) 

distract, perplex, bewilder. (Calm, 
soothe, reassure.) 

distribute, allot, share, dispense, ap- 
portion, deal. (Collect.) 

disturb, derange, discompose, agitate, 
rouse, interrupt, confuse, trouble, 
annoy, vex, worry. (Pacify, 
quiet.) 

disuse, discontinuance, abolition, des- 
uetude. (Use.) 

divide, part, separate, distribute, deal 
out, sever, sunder. (Unite; combine, 
associate.) 

divine, godlike, holy, heavenly, sacred. 
(Fiendish, diabolical, devilish.) 

do, effect, make, perform, accomplish, 
finish, transact. 

docile, tractable, teachable, compliant, 
tame. (Stubborn, mulish, unruly, 
intractable, pig-headed.) 

doctrine, tenet, article of belief, creed, 
dogma, teaching. (Action, conduct, 
deed, performance, practice.) 

doleful, dolorous, woebegone, rueful, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 

dismal, piteous. (Joyous, happy, easy, light comfortable, unconstrained, 
cheerful, merry.) (Difficult, hard.) 

doom, sentence, verdict, judgment, eccentric, irregular, anomalous, sin- 
fate, lot, destiny. (Salvation, ac- gular, odd, abnormal, wayward, 
quittal.) meticulous, fussy, strange. (Regu- 

doubt, uncertainty, suspense, hes- lar, ordinary, normal.) 

itation, scruple, ambiguity. (Cer- economical, sparing, saving, provi- 
tainty, belief, faith.) m dent, thrifty, frugal, careful. (Waste- 

draw, pull, haul, drag, attract, inhale. ful, prodigal, lavish.) 

(Repel, exhale.) edge, oorder, brink, rim, brim, mar- 

dread, n.j fear, horror, terror, alarm, gin, verge. (Middle, centre.) 

dismay, awe. (Boldness, assurance, efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate, 
confidence.) wipe out, cancel, erase. (Preserve, 

dreadful, fearful, frightful, shocking, insert.) 

awful, horrible, horrid, terrific. (At- effect, n., consequence, result, issue, 
tractive, pleasing, desirable.) event, execution, operation. (Cause, 

dress, n., clothing, attire, apparel, origin, source.) 

garments, costume, garb, livery, effect, v., accomplish, fulfill, realize, 
(Nakedness, nudity.) achieve, execute, operate, complete. 

drift, purpose, meaning, scope, aim, (Fail, fall short, yield.) 

tendency, direction, intent. effective, efficient, operative, service- 

droll, funny, laughable, comic, whim- able. (Vain ; ineffectual, footless.) 
sical, queer, amusing. (Solemn, efficacy, efficiency, energy, agency, 
grave, mirthless.) instrumentality. (Futility.) 

drown, inundate, swamp, submerge, efficient, effectual, effective, eompe- 
overwhelm, engulf. (Emerge, float.) tent, capable, able, fitted. (Futile, 

dry, a., arid, parched, lifeless, dull, te- feckless, inefficient.) 

dious, uninteresting, tiresome. (Wet, eliminate, drive out, expel, thrust 
moist, damp, juicy.) out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, 

due, owing to, attributable to, just, banish, proscribe. (Invite, wel- 
fair, proper. (Exorbitant, unjust.) come.) 

dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal, com- eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declama- 
monplace. (Bright, interesting, en- tion. 
tertaining.) elucidate, make plain, explain, clear 

dunce, simpleton, fool, ninny, idiot. up, illustrate. (Muddle, perplex, 
(Sage, philosopher.) confuse.) 

durable, lasting, permanent, abiding, elude, evade, escape, avoid, shun, 
continuing. (Ephemeral, perishable.) (Encounter, confront.) 

dwell, stay, stop, abide, sojourn, lin- embarrass, perplex, entangle, abash, 
ger, tarry. (Stray, wander.^ distress, trouble. (Assist, help.) 

dwindle, pine, waste, diminish, de- embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, 
crease, fall off. (Grow, increase, beautify, deck. (Disfigure, deface, 
augment.) mar.) 

embolden, inspirit, animate, encour- 
E age, cheer, urge, impel, stimulate. 

(Discourage, dishearten, deter.) 

eager, hot, ardent, impassioned, for- eminent, distinguished, signal, con- 
ward, impatient. (Diffident, list- spicuous, noted, prominent, elevated, 
less, indifferent, detached.^ renowned, famous, glorious, illustri- 

earn, acquire, obtain, win, gain, ous. (Low, obscure, unknown, un- 
achieve. (Lose, forfeit.) important). 

earnest, a., ardent, serious, grave, emit, give out, throw out, exhale, dis- 
warm. (Trifling, flippant, frivolous.; charge, vent. (Admit, inhale.) m 

earnest, n., pledge, pawn. emotion, perturbation, agitation, 

ease, n., comfort, rest. (Worry, dis- trepidation, tremor, mental conflict, 
comfort, unrest.) (Poise, repose, calm.) 

ease, v., calm, alleviate, allay, miti- employ, occupy, busy, use, engross, 
gate, appease, assuage, pacify, dis- (Dismiss, discharge.) 
burden, rid. (Annoy, worry, dis- employment, business, vocation, en- 
turb, vex.) gagement, office, function, trade, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



profession, occupation, calling. (Lei- 
sure, idleness.) % 

encompass, encircle, surround, gird, 
beset. (Avoid, withdraw.) ' 

encounter, attack, conflict, combat, 
assault, onset, engagement, battle, 
action. (Retreat, flight.) 

encourage, countenance, sanction, 
support, foster, cherish, inspirit, em- 
bolden, animate, cheer, incite, urge, 
impel, stimulate. (Daunt, deject, 
depress.) See embolden. 

end, n., aim, object, purpose, result, 
conclusion, upshot, close, expiration, 
termination extremity, sequel. (Be- 
ginning, commencement, introduc- 
tion, incipiency.) 

endeavor, attempt, try, essay, strive, 
aim. (Relax, shirk.) 

endurance, fortitude, patience, resig- 
nation. (Weakness, cowardice.) 

endure, v. y last, continue, support, 
bear, sustain, suffer, brook, submit 
to, undergo. (Perish, succumb.) 

enemy, foe, antagonist, adversary, 
opponent. (Friend, comrade.) 

energetic, industrious, effectual, effi- 
cacious, powerful, forcible, nervous. 
(Lazy, idle, indolent, passive, slug- 
gish, slothful.) 

engross, absorb, take up, occupy, en- 
gage, monopolize. (See engulf.) _ 

engulf, swallow up, absorb, imbibe, 
drown, submerge, bury, entomb, 
overwhelm. (Cast out, disgorge, dis- 
perse, dissipate, eject, emit, exude.) 

enjoin, order, ordain, appoint, pre- 
scribe. (Accept, follow, obey, yield, 
submit.) 

enjoyment, pleasure, gratification. 
(Pain, sorrow, sadness.) 

enlarge, increase, extend, augment, 
broaden, swell. (Diminish, con- 
tract.) 

enlighten, illumine, illuminate, in- 
struct, inform. (Obscure, perplex, 
confuse.) 

enliven, cheer, vivify, stir up, ani- 
mate, inspire, exhilarate. (Deaden, 
benumb, dispirit.) 

enmity, animosity, hostility, ill-will, 
maliciousness. (Friendliness, good- 
will.) 

enormous, gigantic, colossal, huge, 
vast, immense, prodigious. (Insig- 
nificant, little, small, petty.) 

enough, sufficient, plenty, abundance. 
(Want, lack, paucity, poverty.) 

enrage, infuriate, madden. (Pacify, 
soothe, quiet.) 



enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, 
captivate, bewitch. (Repel, revolt.) 

enroll, enlist, list, register, record. 
(Disrate, disqualify.) 

enterprise, undertaking, endeavor, 
venture. 

enthusiasm, earnestness, devotion, 
zeal, ardor, fervor, intensity, ve- 
hemence. (Ennui, indifference, cau- 
tion, coldness, wariness.) 

enthusiast, fanatic, visionary. (In- 
different is t.) 

equal, same, even, like, alike, uniform. 
(Disparate, dissimilar, different.) 

eradicate, root out, extirpate, exter- 
minate, annihilate. (Implant, incul- 
cate, instil.) 

erroneous, incorrect, inaccurate, 
faulty, inexact. (Exact, correct.) 

error, blunder, mistake. (Accuracy, 
precision.) # • 

especially, chiefly, particularly, prin- 
cipally^ (Generally.) 

essay, dissertation, tract, treatise. 

establish, build up, confirm, strength- 
en. (Overthrow, demolish, destroy.) 

esteem, regard, respect, deference. 
(Contempt, scorn.) 

estimate, appraise, compute, rate. 

estrangement, abstraction, aliena- 
tion. (Reconciliation.) 

eternal, endless, everlasting. (Finite, 
limited.) # 

evade, equivocate, prevaricate, elude, 
baffle. (Confront, meet, encounter.) 

even, level, plane, smooth. (Uneven, 
rough, jagged.) 

event, accident, adventure, incident, 
occurrence. 

evil, ill, harm, mischief, misfortune. 
(Good.); 

exact, nice, particular, punctual. 
(Careless, slip-shod.) 

exalt, ennoble, dignify, raise. (Hum- 
ble, debase, degrade.) 

examination, investigation, inquiry, 
research, search, scrutiny. 

exceed, excel, outdo, surpass, tran- 
scend. (Fall short.) 

exceptional, uncommon, rare, ex- 
traordinary. (Usual, commonplace.) 

excite, awaken, provoke, rouse, stir 
up. (Lull, quiet, soothe.) 

excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. 

execute, fulfill, perform. (See effect.) 

exempt, free, cleared. (Subject, in- 
culpated, incriminated.) 

exercise, practice. 

exhaustive, thorough, complete. (Cur- 
sory, superficial.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



exigency, emergency. 

experiment, proof, trial, test. 

explain, expound, interpret, illustrate, 
elucidate. (See elucidate.) 

express, declare, signify, utter, tell. 

extend, stretch, elongate. (Abridge, 
abbreviate, shorten.) 

extravagant, lavish, profuse, prodigal. 
(Parsimonious, economical, niggard- 
ly.) 



fable, apologue, novel, romance, tale. 

face, visage, countenance. 

facetious, pleasant, jocular, jocose, 
witty. (Serious, grave.) 

factor, agent. 

fail, to fall short, be deficient. (Suc- 
ceed, accomplish.) 

faint, feeble, languid. (Forcible, 
strong.) 

fair, clear. (Stormy.) 

fair, eguitable, honest, reasonable. 
(Unfair, dishonest.) 

faith, creed, orthodoxy. (Disbelief, 
infidelity, heterodoxy.) 

faithful, true, loyal, constant. (Faith- 
less, treacherous, perfidious.) 

fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.) 

fame, renown, reputation. (Ignominy, 
disgrace.) 

famous, celebrated, renowned, illus- 
trious. (Obscure, unknown, incon- 
spicuous.) 

fanciful, capricious, fantastical, whim- 
sical. (Practical, unimaginative.) 

fancy, imagination. (Common-sense.) 

fast, rapid, quick, fleet, expeditious. 
(Slow, sluggish.) 

fatigue, weariness, lassitude. (Vivac- 
ity.) 

fear, timidity, timorousness. (Bravery, 
courage.) 

feeling, sensibility, susceptibility. (In- 
sensibility.) 

ferocious, . fierce, savage, wild, bar- 
barous. (Mild, gentle, tame.) 

fertile, fruitful, prolific, plenteous, 
productive. (Sterile, barren.) 

fiction, falsehood, fabrication. (Fact, 
truth.) 

figure, allegory, emblem, metaphor, 
symbol, picture, type. 

find, descry, discover, espy. (Lose, 
overlook.) 

fine, a., delicate, nice. (Coarse.) 

fine, n., forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, pen- 
alty. (Gift, donation.) 

fire, glow, heat, warmth. (Cold.) 



firm, constant, solid, steadfast, fixed, 

stable. (Weak, yielding.) 
first, foremost, chief, earliest, para- 
mount. (Last, subordinate.) 

fit, accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. 

fix, determine, establish, settle, limit. 

flame, blaze, flare, flash, glare. 

flat, level, even. (Hilly, rugged.) 

flexible, pliant, pliable, ductile, sup- 
ple. (Rigid, inelastic, stiff, unbend- 
ing.) 

flourish, prosper, thrive. (Decay, 
decline, degenerate.) 

fluctuating, wavering, hesitating, 
oscillating, vacillating, changing. 
(Firm, steadfast, decided, resolute, 
stable.) 

fluent, flowing, glib, voluble, unem- 
barrassed, ready. (Hesitating, halt- 
ing.) 

folks, persons, people, individuals. 

follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, 
pursue. (Precede, originate, create.) 

follower, partisan, disciple, adherent, 
retainer, pursuer, successor, (Pre- 
decessor, leader, superior.) 

folly, silliness, foolishness, imbecility, 
weakness. (Wisdom, sanity, reason- 
ableness.) 

fond, enamored, attached, affection- 
ate, loving, tender, devoted. (Dis- 
tant, irresponsive.) 

fondness, affection, attachment, kind- 
ness, love. (Aversion, dislike, hate.) 

foolhardy, venturesome, incautious, 
hasty, adventurous, rash. (Cau- 
tious, careful, provident.) 

foolish, simple, silly, irrational, brain- 
less, imbecile, crazy, absurd, pre- 
posterous, ridiculous, nonsensical. 
(Wise, discreet, sensible.) 

fop, dandy, dude, beau, coxcomb, pup- 
py, jackanapes. (Gentleman.) 

forbear, abstain, refrain, withhold. 

force, n., strength, vigor, dint, might, 
energy, power, violence. (Weak- 
ness, feebleness.) ' 

force, v., compel. (Persuade.) 

forecast, forethought, foresight, pre- 
meditation, prognostication. (After- 
thought.) 

forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. 
(Insist.) 

foregoing, antecedent, anterior, pre- 
ceding, previous, prior, former. (Fol- 
lowing, succeeding, latter.) 

forerunner, herald, harbinger, pre- 
cursor. (Successor.) 

forge, coin, invent, frame, feign, fab- 
ricate, counterfeit. 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 

forgive, pardon, condone, remit, ab- freak, fancy, humor, vagary, whim, 
solve, acquit, excuse, except. (Con- caprice, crotchet. (Purpose, resolu- 
demn, accuse, punish.) tion, consistency.) 
forlorn, forsaken, abandoned, de- free, a., liberal, generous, bountiful, 
serted ; desolate, lone, lonesome. bounteous, munificent, frank, art- 
(Chenshed, beloved.) # less, candid, familiar, open, inde- 
form, n., ceremony, solemnity, observ- pendent, unconfmed, unreserved, un- 
ance, rite, figure, shape, conforma- restricted, exempt, clear, loose, easy, 
tion, fashion, appearance, represen- careless. (Bound., slavish, stingy, 
tation, semblance. (Vagueness.) artful.) 
form, v., make, create, produce, con- free, v., release, set free, deliver, 
stitute, arrange, fashion, mould. rescue^ liberate, enfranchise, af- 
(Destroy, demolish.) franchise, emancipate, exempt. (En- 
formal, ceremonious, precise, exact, slave, bind, imprison.) 

stiff, methodical, affected. (Informal, freedom, liberty, independence, un- 
natural, unconventional, careless.) restraint, familiarity, license, fran- 
forthwith, immediately, directly, in- chise, exemption, privilege. (Slav- 
stantly, instantaneously. (Anon, ery, bondage, serfdom.) 
bye and bye, presently.) frequent, often, common, usual, gen- 
fortitude, endurance, resolution, fear- eral. (Rare, unique, exceptional.) 
lessness, dauntlessness, strength, fret, gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. 
courage. (Weakness.) (Please, appease, soothe.) 
fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, friendly, amicable, social, sociable, 
prosperous, successful. (Unfortu- (Distant, reserved., cool.) 
nate, luckless.) frightful, fearful, dreadful, dire, dire- 
fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, ful, terrific, awful, horrible, horrid, 
destiny, property, possession, riches. (Pleasing, gentle.) m 
(Misfortune, poverty.) frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. (Seri- 
foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, ous, earnest.) 

nurture. (Neglect, disregard.) frugal, provident, economical, saving. 

foul, impure, nasty, filthy, dirty, un- (Wasteful, extravagant, prodigal.) 

clean, defiled. (Pure, clean.) fruitful, fertile, prolific, productive, 
fractious, cross, captious, petulant, abundant, plentiful, plenteous. (Bar- 
touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, splen- ren, sterile.) 

etic. (Tractable, gentle, submissive, fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive, 

pliant.) m bootless, unavailing, without avail. 

fragile, brittle, frail, delicate, feeble. (Fruitful, profitable, valuable, suc- 

(Strong, sturdy, solid.) cessful.) 

fragments, pieces, scraps, chips, frustrate, defeat, foil, balk, disap- 

leavings, remains, remnants. (Enti- point. (Assist, help, satisfy.) 

ties, wholes, solids, masses.) fulfill, accomplish, effect, complete. 

frailty, weakness, failing, foible, im- (Bungle, fail.) 

perfection, fault, blemish. (Strength, fully, completely, abundantly, per- 
perfection.) # . fectly. (Partially, partly.) 
frame, construct, invent, coin, fabri- fulsome, coarse, gross, sickening, of- 
cate, forge, mold, feign, make, fensive, rank. (Moderate.) 
compose. (Sunder, destroy, dis- furious, violent, boisterous, vehe- 
solve, rend.) m ment, dashing^ sweeping, rolling, un- 
franchise, right, exemption, immu- petuous, frantic, distracted, stormy, 
nity, privilege, freedom, suffrage. angry, raging, fierce. (Calm, re- 
frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, strained, placid, quiet.) 

easy, familiar, open, ingenuous, futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, use- 
plain. (Tricky, insincere, wily, less. (Effective, < apable.) 
shifty.) 
frantic, distracted, mad, furious, rav- 
ing, frenzied. (Quiet, subdued, calm, G 
peaceful, sane, normal.) 
fraud, deceit, deception, duplicity, gain, n., profit, emolument, advan- 
guile, chest, imposition. (Honesty, tage, benefit, winnings, earnings* 
straight-forwardness, fairness.) (Loss, failure.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 

gain, v., get, acquire, obtain, attain, (Steady, reliable, poised, well-bal- 

procure, earn, win, achieve, reap, anced, dependable.) 

realize, reach. (Lose, fail.) gift, donation, benefaction, grant, 

gallant, brave, bold, courageous, gay, alms, gratuity, boon, present, facul- 

fine, showy, intrepid, heroic, fear- ty, talent. (Purchase.) 

less. (Cowardly, timid, shrinking, gigantic, colossal, huge, enormous, 

fearful, timorous.) m vast, prodigious, immense. (Dimin- 

galling, chafing, irritating, vexing, ^utive, little, tiny, small, wee.) 

(Soothing.) m m m give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, im- 

game, play, pastime, diversion, sport, part. (Take, absorb.) 

amusement. (Work, toil, drudgery.) glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, glad- 
gang, band, horde, company, troop, some, gratified, cheering. (Sad, de- 
crew. (Individual.) spondent, melancholy, depressed.) 

gap, breach, chasm, hollow, cavity, gleam, glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, 

cleft, crevice, rift, chink. flash. 

garnish, embellish, adorn, beautify, glee, gayety, merriment, mirth, jovial- 
deck, decorate. (Pollute, deface, ity, joy, hilarity. (Sorrow, despon- 
defile.) dency^ sadness.) 

gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, glide, slip, slide, run, roll on. 

infer, collect. (Scatter, disperse.) glimmer, v., gleam, flicker, glitter. 

gaudy, showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, glimpse, glance, look, glint. 

glittering, bespangled. (Sombre, glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, glister, 

dark, plain.) m radiate. 

gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, gloom, cloud, darkness, dimness, 

meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, blackness, dullness, sadness. (Light, 

lean, thin. (Well-fed, plump, stout.) brightness, joy.) 

gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, gloomy, lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, 

sprightly, blithe. (Solemn, funereal, sad, glum. (Bright, clear, gay, 

doleful, dismal.) merry.) 

generate, form, make, beget, produce, glorify, magnify, celebrate, adore, ex- 
generation, formation, race, breed, alt. (Debase, overthrow, ruin, dis- 
stock, kind, age, era. honor, disgrace.) 

generous, beneficent, noble, honor- glorious, famous, renowned, disen- 
able, bountiful, liberal, free. t (Nig- guished, noble, exalted. (Infamous.) 
gardly, close, parsimonious, miserly.) glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor, 

genial, cordial, hearty, festive, joy- grandeur. (Infamy, shame, dishonor, 

ous. (Distant, cold.) disgrace.) 

genius, intellect, invention, talent, glut, gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, 

taste, nature, character, adept. (Dul- block up. (Starve, empty.) 

ness, stupidity, imbecility.) _ go, § depart, proceed, move, budge, 

genteel, refined, polished, fashion- stir. 

able, polite, well-bred. (Boorish, God, Creator, Lord, Almighty, Jeho- 

clownish, rude, uncultivated.) vah, Omnipotence, Providence. (Beel- 

gentle, placid, mild, bland, meek, zebub, Lucifer, Satan, the Devil.) 

tame, docile. (Rough, uncouth, boi- godly, righteous, devout, holy, pious, 

sterous, obstreperous.) religious. (Wicked, godless, impi- 

genuine, real, true, unaffected, sin- ous.) 

cere. (False, deceptive.) good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit. 

gesture, attitude, action, posture. boon. (Evil, mischief, harm, loss.) 

get, obtain, earn, gain, attain, pro- good, a., virtuous, righteous, upright, 

cure, achieve. (Lose, fail.) just, true. (Wicked, bad.) 

ghastly, pallid, wan, hideous, grim, gorge, glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate, 

shocking. (Florid, high-colored, hec- (Empty, starve.) 

tic, radiant.) gorgeous, superb, grand, magnificent, 

ghost, spectre, sprite, apparition, splendid. (Mean, squalid.) 

shade, phantom. govern, rule, direct, manage, com- 

gibe, scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, mock, mand, mold, rule, sway. (Comply, 

taunt, deride. (Cheer, encourage, obey, submit, yield.) 

applaud, approve.) government, rule, state, control, 

giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. sway. (Anarchy.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



graceful, becoming, comely, elegant, 
beautiful. (Awkward, ungainly,, 

clumsy.) 

gracious, merciful, kindly, beneficent. 
(Haughty, disdainful, curt.) 

gradual, slow, progressive. (Sudden.) 

grand, majestic, stately, dignified, 
loft}^, elevated, exalted, splendid, 
gorgeous, superb, magnificent, sub- 
lime, pompous. (Shabby, poor, 
mean.) 

grant, bestow, impart, # give, yield, 
cede, allow, confer, invest. (Ab- 
sorb, assume, engross, take.) 

grant, gift, boon, donation. 

graphic, forcible, telling, picturesque, 
vivid, pictorial. (Vague, maunder- 
ing, illusive.) 

grasp, catch, seize, gripe, clasp, grap- 
ple. (Loose, let go, surrender.) 

grateful, agreeable, pleasing, welcome, 
thankful. (Harsh, ungrateful, thank- 
less.) 

gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, 
delight, reward. (Disappointment.) 

grave, a., serious, sedate, solemn, 
sober, pressing, heavy. (Giddy, friv- 
olous, nighty.) 

grave, n., tomb, sepulchre, vault. 

great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, 
grand, noble, august. (Small, petty, 
unimportant.) 

greediness, avidity, eagerness, vorac- 
ity. (Generosity.) 

grief, affliction, sorrow, trial, woe, 
tribulation. (Joy, gladness, mirth, 
pleasure.) 

grieve, mourn, lament, sorrow, pain, 
hurt, wound, bewail. (Rejoice.) 

grievous, painful, afflicting, heavy, 
baleful, unhappy. (Pleasant, de- 
lightful, enjoyable.) 

grind, crush, oppress, grate, harass, 
afflict, (Bless, help.) 

grisly, terrible, hideous, grim, ghastly, 
dreadful. (Pleasing, beautiful.) 

gross, coarse, outrageous, unseemly, 
shameful, indelicate. (Delicate, 

fine.) 

group, assembly, cluster, collection, 
clump, order, class. 

grovel, crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. 

grow, increase, expand, advance. (De- 
cay, diminish, decrease, shrink.) 

growl, grumble, snarl, complain, 
croak, find fault, murmur, repine. 
(Approve, applaud, rejoice.) 

grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, 
hatred, aversion. 

gruff, rough, rugged, blunt, rude, 
39 



harsh, surly, bearish. (Pleasant, 
agreeable, amiable, polite.) 
guile, deceit, fraud. (Candor.) 
guiltless, harmless, innocent, (Guilty, 
harmful, sinful, criminal, noxious.) 



habit, custom, practice. 

hail, accost, address, greet, salute, 
welcome. (Cut, snub.) 

happiness, beatitude, blessedness, 
bliss, felicity. (Unhappiness, sad- 
ness, sorrow".) 

harbor \ haven, port, 

hard, firm, solid. (Soft, yielding.) 

hard, arduous, difficult. (Easy.) 

harm, injury, hurt, wrong, infliction. 
(Benefit, favour, kindness. ) m 

harmless, safe, innocuous, innocent, 
(Hurtful, noxious, poisonous ) 

harsh, rough, rigorous, severe, gruff, 
morose. (Gentle, mild.) 

hasten, accelerate, dispatch, expedite, 
speed. (Delay, hinder, impede.) 

hasty, hurried, ill-advised. (Delib- 
erate, slow.) 

hateful, odious, detestable. (Lov- 
able.) 

hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancor. 
(Friendship, love.) 

haughtiness, arrogance, pride. (Mod- 
esty, meekness, humility.) 

haughty, arrogant, disdainful, super- 
cilious, proud. (Meek, humble.) 

hazard, risk, venture, ■ chance, con- 
tingency, fortuity, peril. (Certainty, 
assurance, security, safety.) 

healthy, salubrious, salutary, whole- 
some. (Unhealthy, injurious.) 

heap, accumulate, amass, pile up. 
(Disperse, scatter.) 

hearty, a., cordial, sincere, warm. 
(Insincere, cool.) 

heavy, burdensome, ponderous, 
weighty. (Light.) 

heed, care, attention. (Heedlessness, 
unconcern.) 

heighten, enhance, exalt, elevate, 
raise. (Debase, lower.) 

heinous, atrocious, flagitious, flagrant, 
(Venial, trifling.) 

help, aid, assist, relieve, succor. 
(Hinder, block, check, counteract, 
embarrass, impede, retard.) 

heretic, sectary, sectarian, schismatic, 
dissenter, non-conformist. 

hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter. 

hideous, grim, ghastly, grisly, fright- 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



ful. (Beautiful, lovely, entranc- 
ing.) 

high, lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.) 

binder, impede, obstruct, prevent. 
(See help.) 

hint, allude, refer, suggest, intimate, 
insinuate. # 

hold, detain, keep, retain. (Let 
go.) 

holiness, sanctity, ^ piety, sacredness. 
(Wickedness, impiety.) 

holy, devout, pious, religious, saintly, 
blessed, sacred. (Cursed, impure, 
polluted, abominable, worldly.) 

homely, plain, ugly, coarse. (Beauti- 
ful.) 

honesty, integrity, probity, upright- 
ness. (Dishonesty, fraud.) 

honor, respect, reverence, e teem. 
(Dishonor, ignominy.) 

hope, confidence, expectation, trust. 
(Despair.) 

hopeless, desperate, pessimistic. 
(Buoyant, hopeful, optimistic.) 

hot, ardent, burning, fiery. (Cold.) 

however, nevertheless, notwithstand- 
ing, yet. 

humble, modest, m submissive, plain, 
unostentatious, simple. (Haughty, 
overbearing, supercilious.) 

humble, degrade, humiliate, mortify, 
abase. (Exalt, promote, raise.) 

humor, mood, temper. 

hunt, seek, chase. 

hurtful, noxious, pernicious. (Bene- 
ficial.) 

husbandry, cultivation, tillage. 

hypocrite, dissembler, imposter, can- 
ter. 

hypothesis, theory, supposition. 



idea, thought, imagination. 

ideal, imaginary, fancied. (Actual, 
real.) 

idle, indolent, lazy. (Industrious, 
busy.) 

ignominious, shameful, scandalous, 
infamous. (Honorable, noble.) 

ignominy, shame, disgrace, obloquy, 
infamy, reproach. (See honor.) 

ignorant, unlearned, illiterate, unin- 
formed, uneducated. " (Learned, 
erudite, well-informed.) 

ill, n., evil, wickedness, misfortune, 
mischief, harm. (Good, blessing.) 

ill, a., sick, indisposed, unwell, dis- 
eased. (Well, sound, healthy.) 



illegal, unlawful, illicit, contraband, 
illegitimate. (Legal, legitimate.) 

illimitable, boundless, immeasurable, 
unlimited, infinite. (Limited, fin- 
ite.) 

illiterate, unlette ed, unlearned, un- 
taught, uninstructed. (Learned, ed- 
ucated.) 

ill-tempered, crabbed, sour, surly, 
acrimonious. (Good-natured, ami- 
able.) 

illusion, fallacy, deception, phan- 
tasm. 

illusory, imaginary, chimerical, vision- 
ary. (Real, actual, tenable.) 

illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. 
(See elucidate.) 

illustrious, celebrated, noble, emi- 
nent, famou , renowned. (Obscure, 
unknown.) 

ill-will, enmity, hatred, antipathy. 
(Good- will, benevolence.) 

image, likeness, picture, representa- 
tion, effigy. 

imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. 
(Real, actual, tangible.) 

imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, 
think, presume. 

imbecility, silliness, senility, dotage. 

imitate, copy, ape, mimic, mock 
counterfeit. (Originate, invent.) 

immaculate, unspotted, spotless, un- 
sullied, stainless. (Soiled, spotted, 
defiled, bedraggled.) 

immediate, pressing, instant, next, 
proximate, contiguous. (Distant, 
far, future, remote.) 

immediately, instantly, forthwith, 
directly, presently. 

immense, vast, enormous, huge, pro- 
digious, monstrous. (Tiny, diminu- 
tive.) 

immunity, privilege, prerogative, ex- 
emption. > (Responsibility.) 

impair, injure, diminish, decrease. 
(Increase, build up, perfect.) 

impart, reveal, divulge, disclose, dis- 
cover, bestow, afford. 

impartial, just, equitable, unbiased. 
(Partial, prejudiced, interested.) 

impassioned, glowing, burning, fiery, 
vehement, intense. (Cool, unre- 
sponsive.) 

impeach, accuse, m charge, arraign, 
censure. (Acquit, condone, dis- 
charge, excuse, forgive, overlook, 
pardon, release.) 

impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, pre- 
vent. (Help, aid, assist.) 

impediment, obstruction, hindrance, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



obstacle, barrier. (Aid, assist- 
ance.) 

impel, animate, induce, incite, insti- 
gate, embolden. # (Retard, check.) 

impending, imminent, threatening. 
(Distant, remote.) 

imperative, commanding, despotic, 
authoritative, dogmatic, domineer- 
ing, overbearing. (Complaisant, 
compliant, docile, mild, submissive, 
yielding.) 

imperfection, fault, blemish, defect, 
vice. (Beauty, perfection.) 

imperil, endanger, hazard, jeopardize. 
(Eescue, save, deliver.) 

imperious, commanding, dictatorial, 
authoritative, imperative, lordly, 
domineering, overbearing. (See im- 
perative.) 

impertinent, intrusive, meddling, of- 
ficious, rude, saucy, impudent, inso- 
lent. (Courteous, suave, polite.) 

impetuous, violent, impulsive, bois- 
terous, furious, vehement. (Calm, 
temperate, self-controlled.) 

impious, profane, irreligious, godless. 
(Reverent, pious.) 

implicate, involve, entangle, embar- 
rass, compromise. (Exonerate, 
clear, exculpate.) 

imply, involve, comprise, infold, im- 
port, denote, signify. 

importance, signification, signifi- 
cance, avail, consequence, weight, 
gravity, moment. (Insignificance, 
triviality, pettiness.) 

imposing, impressive, striking, ma- 
jestic, august, noble, grand. (In- 
significant, trivial.) 

impotence, weakness, incapacity, in- 
firmity, frailty, feebleness. (Power, 
strength, vigor.) 

impotent, weak, feeble, helpless, en- 
feebled, nerveless, infirm. (Strong, 
capable, effectual.) 

impressive, stirring, forcible, exciting, 
affecting, moving. (See imposing.) 

imprison, incarcerate, shut up, im- 
mure, confine. (Liberate, set free.) 

imprisonment, captivity, durance. 
(Freedom, liberty.) 

improve, amend, better, mend, re- 
form, rectify, ameliorate, apply, use, 
employ. (Deteriorate, aggravate, 
corrupt, impair, injure, mar, vitiate.) 

improvident, careless, incautious, im- 
prudent, prodigal, wasteful, reckless, 
rash. (Thrifty, careful, prudent, 
provident.) 

impudence, assurance, impertinence, 



confidence, insolence, rudeness. (Po- 
liteness, good breeding.) 

impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, im- 
pertinent, forward, rude, insolent, 
immodest, shameless, aggressive. 
(Gentle, polite, decorous.) 

impulse, incentive, incitement, mo- 
tive, instigation. 

impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, vio- 
lent. (Deliberate.) 

imputation, blame, censure, reproach, 
charge, accusation. 

inadvertency, error, oversight, blun- 
der, inattention, carelessness, negli- 
gence. 

incentive, motive, inducement, im- 
pulse^ (Deterrent.) 

incite, instigate, excite, provoke, stim- 
ulate, encourage, urge, impel. (Deter, 
dishearten, discourage.) 

inclination, leaning, slope, disposi- 
tion, tendency, bent, bias, affection, 
attachment, < wish, liking, desire. 
(Aversion, distaste, dislike, repug- 
nance.) 

incline, v., slope, lean, slant, tend, 
bend, turn, bias, dispose. 

inclose, surround, shut in, fence in. 
cover, wrap. (Exclude, debar, eject.) 

include, comprehend, comprise, con- 
tain, embrace, take in. (See inclose.) 

incommode, annoy, plague, molest, 
disturb, inconvenience, trouble. (Ac- 
commodate.) 

incompetent, incapable, unable, in- 
adequate, insufficient. (Competent, 
capable, effective.) 

increase, v., extend, enlarge, aug- 
ment, dilate, expand, amplify, raise, 
enhance, aggravate, magnify, grow. 
(Diminish, dwindle, shrink.) 

increase, n., augmentation, accession, 
addition, enlargement, extension. 
(Decrease, diminution, shrinkage.) 

incumbent, obligatory. 

indefinite, vague, uncertain, unset- 
tled, loose, lax. (Definite, precise, 
exact, fixed.) 

indicate, point out, show, mark. 

indifference, _ apathy, carelessness, 
listlessness, insensibility. (Applica- 
tion, assiduity.) 

indigence, want, neediness^ penury, 
poverty, destitution, privation. (Af- 
fluence, wealth, plenty.) 

indignation, anger, wrath, ire, re- 
sentment. 

indignity, insult, _ affront, outrage, 
obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ig- 
nominy. (See honor.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



indiscriminate, promiscuous, indis- 
tinct, chance, confused. (Select, 
chosen, picked.) 

indispensable, essential, necessary, 
requisite, expedient. (Unnecessary, 
supernumerary. ) 

indisputable, undeniable, undoubted, 
incontestable, indubitable, unques- 
tionable, sure, infallible. (Uncertain, 
questionable, erroneous, mistaken.) 

indorse, ratify, confirm, superscribe. 
(Repudiate, abandon, abjure.) 

indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. 
(Deny, refuse.) 

ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, 
fruitless, abortive, inoperative. (Ef- 
fective.) 

inequality, disparity, disproportion, 
dissimilarity, unevenness. (Equal- 
ity, purity, similarity.) 

inevitable, unavoidable, certain. 
(Doubtful, unlikely.) 

infamous, scandalous, shameful, ig- 
nominious, opprobrious, disgraceful. 
(Honorable, noble.) 

inference, deduction, corollary, con- 
clusion, consequence. 

infernal, diabolical, fiendish, devilish, 
hellish. (Saintly, heavenly.) 

infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb, 
haunt, beset. 

infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. (Ro- 
bust, sturdy, vigorous, strong.) 

inflame, anger irritate, enrage, chafe, 
incense, nettle, aggravate, embitter, 
exasperate. (Allay, soothe.) 

influence, v., bias, sway, prejudice, 
prepossess. 

influence, n., credit, favor, reputa- 
tion, character weight, authority, 
sway, ascendency. 

infringe, invade, intrude, contravene, 
break, transgress, violate. 

ingenuous, artless, candid, generous, 
open, frank, plain, sincere. (Crafty, 
sly, cunning.) 

inhuman, cruel, brutal, savage, bar- 
barous, ruthless, merciless, ferocious. 
(Humane, kind, gentle.) 

iniquity, injustice, wrong, griev- 
ance. 

injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, 
wrong, aggrieve, harm, spoil, mar, 
sully. (Benefit, help.) 

injurious, hurtful, baneful, perni- 
cious, deleterious, noxious, prejudi- 
cial, wrongful, damaging. (Benefi- 
cial, helpful.) 

injustice, wrong, iniquity, grievance. 
(Right, probity, righteousness.) 



innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless, 

inoffensive, innoxious. (Guilty.) 
innocuous, harmless, safe, innocent. 

(Hurtful, injurious.) 
inordinate, intemperate, irregular, 
disorderly, excessive, immoderate. 
(Moderate, temperate, orderly.) 
inquiry, investigation, examination, 
research, scrutiny, disquisition, ques- 
tion, query, interrogation. 
inquisitive, prying, peeping, curious, 

peering. 
insane, mad, deranged, delirious, de- 
mented. (Sane, healthy, sound, 
normal.) 
insanity, madness, mental aberra- 
tion, lunacy, delirium. (Sanity.) 
insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, in- 
fuse, introduce, ingratiate. 
insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, 
vapid, inanimate, lifeless. (Bright, 
sparkling.) 
insolent, rude, saucy x pert, imperti^ 
nent, abusive, scurrilous, opprobri- 
ous, insulting, offensive. (Courteous.) 
inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, 

cheer, breathe, inhale. (Depress.) 
Instability, utability, fickleness, 
rrutaoleness, wavering. (Stability,* 
firmness.) 
instigate, stir up, persuade, animate, 
incite, urge, stimulate, encourage. 
(Abstain, depress, dishearten.) 
instil, implant, inculcate, infuse, insin- 
uate. (Deter, uproot, deaden, dull.) 
instruct, inform, teach, educate, en- 
lighten, initiate. 
instrumental, conducive, assistant, 
helping, ministerial. (Hindering, 
impedimental.) 
insufficiency, inadequacy, incompe- 
tency, incapability, deficiency ; lack. 
insult, affront, outrage, indignity, 
blasphemy. (Honor, respect, es- 
teem.) 
Insulting, irsolent, rude, saucy, im- 
pertinent, abusive. (Polite, well- 
mannered, gentle.) 
integrity, uprightness, honesty, pro- 
bity, entirety, entireness, complete- 
ness, rectitude, purity. (Dishon- 
esty.) 
intellect, understanding, sense, brains, 
mind, intelligence, ability, talent, 
genius. (Body, brute force, matter, 
sense.) 
intellectual, mental, ideal, meta- 
physical. (Physical, real, actual.) 
intelligible, clear, obvious, plain, 
distinct. (Abstruse.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



intemperate, immoderate, excessive, 
drunken, nimious, inordinate. (Tem- 
perate, moderate.) 

intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, fer- 
vid, burning, vehement. (Indiffer- 
ent, cold, inert, uninterested.) 

intent, design, purpose, intention, 
drift, view, aim, purport, meaning. 

intercourse, commerce, connection, 
intimacy, acquaintance. (Isolation, 
separation, aloofness, detachment.) 

interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, 
proscribe, debar, restrain from. 
(Allow, permit.) 

interfere, meddle, intermeddle, inter- 
pose. (Avoid, retire, stand off, 
withdraw.) 

interminable, endless, interminate, 
infinite, unlimited, illimitable, 
boundless, limitless. (Brief, con- 
cise, limited.) 

interpose, intercede, arbitrate, medi- 
tate, interfere, meddle. (See inter- 
fere.) 

interpret, explain, expound, eluci- 
date, unfold, decipher. (Confuse, 
distort, involve, misinterpret, per- 
plex.) 

intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, ex- 
press, signify, impart, tell. 

intimidate, dishearten, alarm, fright- 
en, scare, appal, daunt, cow, brow- 
beat. (Encourage, cheer, counte- 
nance, embolden, inspire, promote.) 

intolerable, insufferable, unbearable, 
insupportable, unendurable. (Bear- 
able, supportable, tolerable.) 

intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fear- 
less, dauntless, undaunted, coura- 
geous, valorous, valiant, heroic, gal- 
lant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cow- 
ardly, faint-hearted.) 

intrigue, plot, cabal, conspiracy 
combination, artifice, ruse, amour. 

intrinsic, * real, true, genuine, sterl- 
ing, native, natural. (Extrinsic.) 

invalidate, quash, cancel, overthrow, 
vacate, nullify, annul. (Confirm, 
sustain, strengthen.) 

invasion, incursion, irruption, in- 
road, aggression, raid, fray. 

invective, abuse, reproach, railing, 
censure, sarcasm, satire. (Praise, 
encouragement, eulogy.) 

invent, devise, contrive, frame, find 
out, discover, design. (See discover.) 

investigation, examination, search, 
inquiry, research, scrutiny. 

inveterate, confirmed, chronic, malig- 
nant. (Inchoate, incipient.) 



invidious, envious, hateful, odious, 
malignant. (Benevolent, charitable, 
generous, kindly, humane.) 

invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, 
strengthen, fortify. (Enervate, weak- 
en, enfeeble.) 

invincible, unconquerable, impregna- 
ble, insiirmountable. (Weak, vul- 
nerable.) 

invisible, unseen, imperceptible, im- 
palpable, unperceivable. (Visible, 
tangible, actual.) 

invite, ask, call, bid, request, allure, 
attract, solicit. (Cut, discard, expel, 
ignore, repel.) 

invoke, invocate, call upon, appeal, 
refer, implore, beseech. (Avoid, 
dodge, elude, shun.) 

involve, implicate, entangle, compro- 
mise, envelop. (Disconnect, dis- 
entangle, remove, separate.) 

irksome, wearisome, tiresome, tedious, 
annoying. (Pleasant, delightful.) 

irony, sarcasm, satire, ridicule, rail- 
lery. 

irrational, foolish, silly, imbecile, 
brutish, absurd, ridiculous. (Ra- 
tional, sensible, sane, sound.) 

irregular, eccentric, anomalous, in- 
ordinate, intemperate. (Regular, es- 
tablished, fixed, formal, methodical.) 

irreligious, profane, godless, impi- 
ous, sacrilegious, desecrating. (Holy, 
pious, saintly, godly.) 

irreproachable, blameless, spotless, 
irreprovable. (Blame- worthy, cul- 
pable, faulty.) 

irresistible, resistless, irrepressible. 
(See imperative.) 

irresolute, wavering, undetermined, 
undecided, vacillating. (Deter- 

mined, firm, persistent, resolute.) 

•rritable, excitable, irascible, sus- 
ceptible. (Calm, omposed, placid.) 

irritate, aggravate, worry, embitter, 
madden, exasperate. (Soothe, com- 
fort.) 

issue, v., emerge, rise, proceed, flow, 
spring, emanate. 

issue, n., end, upshot, effect, result, 
offspring, progeny. 



jade, harass, weary, tire, worry. 

(Cheer, relieve, soothe, help.) 
jangle, wrangle, conflict, disagree- 

(Quiet, agree, assuage.) 
jarring, conflicting, discordant, in- 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 

consonant, inconsistent. (Harmoni- (Cherish, shelter, nurture, harbor, 

ous, consistent.) foster, entertain.) 

jaunt, ramble, excursion, trip. leave, n., liberty, permission, license. 

jealousy, suspicion, envy. (Confi- (Prohibition.) 

dence, trust.) life, existence, animation, spirit, vi- 

jeopard, hazard, peril, endanger. vacity. (Death.) 

(Safeguard, protect.) lifeless, dead, inanimate, inert, slug- 
jest, joke, sport, diversion. (Gravity, gish. (Vigorous, lively, animated.) 

seriousness, sobriety.) lift, erect, elevate, exalt, raise. 

journey, travel, tour, passage. (Lower, depress.) 

joy, gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief, light, clear, bright. (Dark.) 

sadness, sorrow.) > : m lightness, flightiness, frivolity, giddi- 

joyful, glad, rejoicing, exultant. ness, levity, volatility. (Seriousness, 

(Mournful, sorrowful, despondent.) gravity.) 

judge, justice, referee, arbitrator. likeness, resemblance, similarity, sim- 

judgment, discernment, discrimina- ilitude. (Difference, variation, un- 

tion, understanding. likeness.) 

justice, equity, right. Justice is right linger, lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. 

as established by law; equity accord- (Hasten, expedite, urge, quicken.) 

ing to the circumstances of each par- little, diminutive, small. (Great.) 

ticular case. (Injustice, wrong.) livelihood, living, maintenance, sub- 
justness, accuracy, correctness. (Er- sistence, support. 

ror, fallacy.) lively, jocund, merry, sportive, 

sprightly, vivacious. (Slow, lan- 

K guid, sluggish.) 

long, extended, extensive. (Short, 

keep, preserve, save. (Abandon.) brief, concise.) 

kill, assassinate, murder, slay. (Save, look, appear, seem, behold, scan, sur- 

protect.) vey, watch, view, regard. 

kindred, affinity, consanguinity, rela- lose, miss, forfeit. (Gain, obtain, se- 

tionship. (Alien, foreign.) ' cure, achieve.) 

knowledge, erudition, learning, sci- loss, detriment, damage, deprivation. 

ence. (Ignorance, folly.) (Gain, advantage, profit.) 

loud, clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. 
(Low, quiet, subdued.) 

L love, affection. (Hatred.) 

low, abject, mean. (High, lofty, 

labor, toil, work, effort, drudgery. noble.) 

(Idleness, indolence, rest, leisure.) lunacy, derangement, insanity, mania, 

lack, need, deficiency, scarcity, insuf- madness. (Sanity.) m 

ficiency. (Plenty, abundance.) luster, brightness, brilliancy, splendor. 

lament, mourn, grieve, weep. (Re- (Dullness, gloom.) 

joice, exult, triumph.) luxuriant, exuberant. (Sparse, mea- 

language, dialect, idiom, speech, ger.) 

tongue. 

lascivious, loose, unchaste, lustful, M 

lewd, lecherous. (Chaste, modest.) 

last, final, latest, ultimate. (First.) machination, plot, intrigue, cabal, 

laudable, commendable, praiseworthy. conspiracy. (Artlessness, directness, 

(Blamable.) candor.) 

laughable, comical, droll, ludicrous, mad, crazy, delirious, insane, rabid, 

(Serious, grave.) violent, frantic. (Sane, rational, 

lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. (II- quiet.) 

legal, lawless, ungovernable, in- madness, insanity, fury, rage, fren- 

equitable.) zy. (Sanity.) 
lead, conduct, guide. (Follow.) magisterial, august, dignified, ma- 
lean, meager. (Fat.) jestic, pompous, stately. (Pitiful, 
learned, erudite, scholarly. (Igno- wretched.) 

rant.) make, form, cause, constitute, con- 
leave, v., quit, relinquish, abandon. struct, create, establish, execute, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



fashion, frame, produce, shape. 
(Annihilate, abolish, break, demol- 
ish, destroy.) 

malediction, anathema, curse, im- 
precation, execration. (Benedic- 
tion, blessing.) 

malevolent, malicious, virulent, ma- 
lignant. (Benevolent, kindly.) 

malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, 
grudge, animosity, ill-will. (Be- 
nignity, good- will.) 

malicious. See malevolent. 

manacle, shackle, fetter, chain. 
(Free, liberate.) 

manage, contrive, concert, direct. 
(See govern.) 

management, direction, superinten- 
dence, care, economy. (Neglect, 
remissness.) 

mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, crip- 
ple, maim, rend. (Heal, mend, se- 
cure, unite, weld.) 

mania, madness, insanity, lunacy. 
(Sanity.) 

manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, 
open, apparent, visible. (Hidden, 
occult.) 

manifold, several, sundry, various, 
divers, numerous, complex, many. 
(Homogeneous, plain, simple, un- 
combined, uniform.) 

manly, masculine, vigorous, coura- 
geous, brave, heroic. (Effeminate, 
weak.) 

manner, habit, custom, way, air, look, 
appearance. 

manners, morals, habits, behavior, 
carriage. 

mar, injure, spoil, ruin, disfigure. 
(Ameliorate, improve.) 

march, tramp, tread, walk, step, 
pace. (Halt, stop.) 

margin, edge, rim, border, brink, 
verge. (Middle, centre.) 

mark, n. ? sign, note, symptom, token, 
indication, trace, vestige, track, 
badge, brand. (Avoidance, neglect.) 

mark, p., impress, print, stamp, en- 
grave, note, designate. 

marriage, wedding, nuptials, matri- 
mony, wedlock. (Divorce.) 

martial, military, warlike, soldier 
like. (Peaceful, civil.) 

marvel, wonderful, miracle, prodigy. 

marvelous, wondrous, wonderful, 
amazing, miraculous. (Common- 
place, usual.) 

massive, bulky, heavy, weighty, pon- 
derous, solid, substantial. (Flimsy, 
light.) 



mastery, dominion, rule, sway, as- 
cendancy, supremacy. 

matchless, unrivaled, unequaled, un- 
paralleled, peerless, incomparable, 
inimitable, surpassing. (Common, 
ordinary, usual.) 

material, a., corporeal, bodily, physi- 
cal, temporal, momentous, impor- 
tant. (Spiritual, immaterial, ethe- 
real.) 

maxim, adage, apothegm, dictum, 
proverb, saying, by-word, saw, tru- 
ism. (Absurdity, demonstration, 
paradox, sophism.) 

meager, poor, lank, emaciated, bar- 
ren, dry, uninteresting. (Rich, abun- 
dant, fruitful.) 

mean, adj., stingy, niggardly, low, ab- 
ject, vile, ignoble, degraded, con- 
temptible, vulgar, despicable. (Gen- 
erous, noble.) 

mean, v., design, purpose, intend, 
contemplate, signify, denote, indi- 
cate. 

meaning, drift, signification, import, 
acceptation, sense, purport. 

medium, organ, channel, instrument, 
means. 

medley, hodge-podge, mixture, vari- 
ety, diversity, miscellany. 

meek, unassuming, mild, gentle. 
(Proud, haughty, arrogant.) 

melancholy, low-spirited, dispirited, 
dreamy, sad. (Jolly, buoyant.) 

mellow, ripe, mature, soft. (Imma- 
ture, unripe.) 

melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, 
dulcet, sweet. (Discordant, deson- 
ant, grating, harsh.) 

memorable, signal, distinguished, 
marked. (Unimportant, insignifi- 
cant.) 

memorial, annals, archives, monu- 
ment, memento, commemoration. 

memory, remembrance, recollection. 
(Forgetfulness, oblivion.) 

menace, n. t threat. 

mend, repair, amend, correct, better, 
ameliorate, improve, rectify. (See 
improve.) 

mention, tell, name, communicate, 
impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, in- 
form, acquaint. 

merciful, compassionate, lenient, cle- 
ment, tender, gracious, kind. (Cruel, 
brutal, unfeeling, merciless.) 

merciless, hard-hearted, cruel, un- 
merciful, pitiless, remorseless, unre- 
lenting. (See preceding.) 

merriment, mirth, joviality, jollity, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



hilarity. (Sorrow, sadness, melan- 
choly.) 

merry, cheerful, mirthful, joyous, 
gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, jo- 
vial, blithe, blithesome, sportive, 
jolly. (Sad, mournful, morose.) 

metaphorical, figurative, allegorical, 
symbolical, tropical. 

method, way, manner, mode, process, 
order, rule, regularity, system. 
(Chaos, confusion, disorder, irregu- 
larity.) 

mien, air, behavior, look, manner, 
aspect, appearance. 

migratory, roving, strolling, wander- 
ing, vagrant. (Settled, sedate, per- 
manent, fixed, stationary.) 

mimic, imitate, ape, mock. (Change, 
distort, transform, vary.) 

mindful, observant, attentive, heed- 
ful, careful, thoughtful. (Heedless, 
inattentive, careless.) 

miscellaneous, promiscuous, indis- 
criminate, mixed. (Homogeneous.) 

mischief, injury, harm, damage, evil, 
hurt, ill. (Advantage, benefit, bless- 
ing, boon, remedy, service, utility.) 

miscreant, caitiff, villain, ruffian. 
(Benefactor, philanthropist.) 

miserable, unhappy, wretched, dis- 
tressed, afflicted. (Happy, gay.) 

miserly, stingy, niggardly, avaricious, 
gripping. (Generous, open handed.) 

misery, wretchedness, woe, destitu- 
tion, penury, privation, beggary. 
(Happiness, good fortune.) 

misfortune, calamity, disaster, mis- 
hap, catastrophe. (Good luck, wind- 
fall.) 

miss, omit, lose, fail, miscarry. (Grasp, 
accomplish, understand.) 

mitigate, alleviate, relieve, diminish, 
abate. (Aggravate, increase.) 

moderate, temperate, abstemious, 
sober, abstinent. (Immoderate, reck- 
less.) 

modest, chaste, virtuous, bashful, re- 
served. (Immodest, bold, forward, 
impudent.) 

moist, wet, damp, dank, fertile, 
humid, marshy, swampy. (Arid, 
dry, parched.) 

monotonous, unvaried, dull, undiver- 
sified, tiresome. (Diverse, va- 
ried.) 

monstrous, flagrant, shocking, dread- 
ful, horrible, huge, immense. (Ex- 
cellent, superior, transcendent.) 

monument, memorial, record, remem- 
brancer, cenotaph. 



mood, humor, disposition, vein, tem- 
per. 

morbid, sick, ailing, sickly, diseased, 
corrupted. (Normal, sound, healthy.) 

morose, gloomy, sullen, surly, fretful, 
crabbed, crusty. (Joyous, merry, 
gay.) 

mortal, deadly, fatal, human. (Im- 
mortal, eternal, everlasting.) 

motion, proposition, proposal, move- 
ment. (Quiescence, quiet, repose, 
rest, stillness.) 

motionless, still, stationary, torpid, 
stagnant. (Active, moving.) 

mount, arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, 
climb, scale. (Descend, fall.) 

mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, 
grievous, doleful, heavy. (Happy, 
joyous, hilarious.) 

move, actuate, impel, induce, prompt, 
instigate, persuade, stir, agitate, pro- 
pel, push. (Arrest, halt, stop.) 

multitude, crowd, throng, host, mob, 
swarm. (Few, handful.) 

murder, v. } kill, assassinate, slay, 
massacre, dispatch. 

muse, v.j meditate, contemplate, re- 
flect, think, cogitate, ponder. 

music, harmony, melody, symphony. 
(Discord, noise.) 

musical, tuneful, melodious, harmo- 
nious, dulcet, sweet. (Discordant, 
noisy, harsh.) 

musty, stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, 
sweet.) 

mute, dumb, silent, speechless. (Lo- 
quacious, talkative.) 

mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, dis- 
figure. 

mutinous, insurgent, seditious, tu- 
multuous, turbulent, riotous. (Obe- 
dient, orderly.) 

mutual, reciprocal, interchanged, cor- 
relative. (Disconnected, separate, 
unrequited, unshared.) 

mysterious, dark ; obscure, hidden, 
secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical, un- 
accountable. (Open, clear, plain.) 

mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle. 
(Clear, explain.) 



N 

naked, nude, bare, uncovered, rude, 
unclothed, rough, simple. (Covered, 
clad, clothed.) 

name, v., denominate, entitle, style, 
designate, term, call, christen. 

name, n., appellation, designation, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 

denomination, title, cognomen, repu- noble, exalted, elevated, illustrious, 

tation, character, fame, credit, re- great, grand, lofty. (Low, mean, 

pute. t vile.) 

narrate, tell, relate, detail, recount, noise, cry, outcry, clamor, row, din, 

describe, enumerate, rehearse, re- uproar, tumult. (Quiet, silence.) 

cite. (Deny, hide, hush up, suppress, nonsensical, irrational, absurd, silly, 

withhold.) m foolish. (Sensible, rational, sane.) 

nasty, filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, in- notable, plain, evident, remarkable, 

decent, impure, gross, vile. (Pure, signal, striking, rare. (Obscure, in- 
good, proper, seemly.) significant.) 
nation, people, community, realm, note, token, symbol, mark, sign, 

state. m m indication, remark, comment. 

native, indigenous, inborn, vernacu- noted, distinguished, remarkable, re- 

lar. (Foreign, alien.) nowned, eminent. (Obscure, un- 

natural, original, regular, normal, known.) 

spontaneous, bastard. (Unnatural, notice, n., advice, notification, intelli- 

forced.) gence, information. (Disregard, ig- 

near, nigh, neighboring, close, adja- nore, overlook, slight.) 

cent, contiguous, intimate. (Dis- notice, v., mark, note, observe, at- 

tant, remote.) < tend to, regard, heed. 

necessary, needful, expedient-, essen- notify, publish, acquaint, apprise, 

tial, requisite, indispensable. (Abor- inform, declare. b (Bury, conceal, 

tive, bootless, futile, ineffectual, hide, suppress, withhold.) 

nugatory, vain, valueless, worth- notion, conception, idea, belief, opin- 

less.) < ion, sentiment. 

necessitate, compel, force, oblige, notorious, open, obvious, ill-famed. 

(Dissuade, hinder, impede, inhibit, (Mysterious, secret, unknown.) 

prevent, restrain.) nourish, nurture, cherish, foster, sup- 

necessity, need, occasion, exigency, ply. (Starve, famish.) 

emergency, urgency, requisite, nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, 

(Choice, fortuity, option, possibility, nutrition. 

uncertainty.) novel, modern, new, fresh, recent, un- 

need, n., necessity, distress, poverty, used, strange, rare. (Old, ancient, 

indigence, want, penury. (See pre- old-fashioned.) 

ceding.) noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous, 

need, v., require, want, lack. deleterious, baneful. (Beneficial, 

neglect, v., disregard, slight, omit, helpful, advantageous.) 

overlook. (Cherish, nourish, foster.) nullify, annul, vacate, invalidate, re- 
neglect, n., omission, failure, default, peal, quash, cancel. (Confirm, estab- 

negligence, remissness, carelessness, lish.) 

slight. (Care, watchfulness.) nutrition, food, diet, nutriment, 

neighborhood, environs, vicinity, ad- nourishment. 

jacency, nearness, proximity. (Dis- q 

tance, remoteness.) 
nervous, timid, timorous, shaky. (Con- obdurate, hard, callous, hardened, 

fident, brave.) unfeeling, insensible. (Yielding, 

new, fresh, recent, novel. (Old, trite, tractable, docile.) 

worn-out.) obedient, compliant, submissive, duti- 

news, tidings, intelligence, informa- ful, respectful. (Obstinate, stub- 

tion. born, disobedient.) 

nice, exact, accurate, good, particular, obese, corpulent, fat, fleshy. (Attenu- 

precise, fine, delicate. (Careless, ated, slender, thin.) 

coarse, unpleasant.) . obey, conform, comply, submit, yield. 

nimble, active, brisk, lively, alert, (Rebel, disobey.) 

quick, agile, prompt. (Clumsy, dil- object, n., aim, end, purpose, design, 

atory, heavy, inert, sluggish, un- mark, butt. (Heedlessness, neglect, 

ready.) negligence, oversight.) 

nobility, aristocracy, greatness, gran- object, v., oppose, except to, contra- 

deur, peerage. (Smallness, mean- vene, impeach, deprecate. (Assent, 

ness.) agree, uphold.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



obnoxious, offensive, objectionable. 

(Agreeable, pleasant.) 

obscure, undistinguished, unknown. 
(Distinguished.) 

obstinate, contumacious, headstrong, 
stubborn, obdurate. (Yielding.) 

occasion, opportunity. 

offense, affront, misaeed, misdemea- 
nor, transgression, trespass. (See 
antonyms of umbrage.) 

offensive, insolent, abusive, obnoxious. 
(Admirable, beautiful, charming, 
sweet, worthy.) 

office, charge, function, place. 

offspring, issue, progeny. 

old, aged, superannuated, ancient, an- 
tique, antiquated, obsolete, old- 
fashioned. (Young, new, modern.) 

omen, presage, prognostic. 

opaque, dark. (Bright, transparent.) 

open, candid, unreserved, clear, fair. 
(Hidden, dark.) 

opinion, notion, view, judgment, be- 
lief, sentiment. 

opinionated, conceited, egotistical. 
(Decorous, modest, unassuming, un- 
pretentious.) 

oppose, resist, withstand, thwart. 
(Give way, yield, succumb.) 

option, choice. (See necessity.) 

order, method, rule, system, regular- 
ity. (Disorder, misrule, anarchy.) 

origin, cause, occasion, source, begin- 
ning. (Conclusion, end.) 

outlive, survive. 

outward, external, outside, exterior. 
(Inner, interior, internal.) 

over, above. (Under, beneath.) 

overbalance, outweigh, preponderate. 

overbear, bear down, overwhelm, 
overpower, subdue. 

overbearing, haughty, proud, arro- 
gant. (Gentle.) 

overflow, inundation, deluge. 

overrule, supersede, suppress. 

overspread, overrun, ravage. 

overturn, invert, overthrow, reverse, 
subvert. (Establish, fortify.) 

overwhelm, crush, defeat, vanquish. 
(Extricate, maintain, raise, rescue, 
restore, support, uphold.) 



pain, suffering, qualm, pang, agony, 
anguish. (Amusement, comfort, 
happiness, pleasure.) 

pallid, pale, wan. (Florid, rubicund, 
flushed.) 



part, division, portion, share, fraction. 
(Aggregate, amount, entirety, mass, 
sum, total, whole.) 

particular, exact, distinct, singular, 
odd, strange. (General.) 

patient, passive, submissive, meek. 
(Hasty, irascible.) 

peace, calm, quiet, tranquillity. (War, 
riot, trouble, turbulence.) 

peaceable, pacific, peaceful, quiet. 
(Troublesome, riotous.) 

penetrate, bore, enter, pierce, per- 
forate, stab, transfix. (Depart, 
leave, issue, vacate.) 

penetration, acuteness, sagacity, 
(Dullness, stupidity.) 

people, nation, clan, tribe, race. 

perceive, note, observe, discern, dis- 
tinguish. (Ignore, lose, misappre- 
hend, miss, overlook.) 

perception, conception, notion, 
idea. 

perfume, fragrance. (Reek, stench.) 

peril, danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.) 

permit, allow, tolerate. (Forbid, in- 
terdict.) 

persuade, allure, entice, prevail upon. 
(Deter, discourage, dissuade, re- 
strain.) 

physical, corporeal, bodily, material. 
(Mental, spiritual.) 

picture, engraving, print, representa- 
tion, illustration, image. 

piteous, doleful, woeful, rueful. 
(Cheerful, gay, genial, happy, joy- 
ous, merry, mirthful.) 

pitiless, see merciless. 

pity, compassion, sympathy. (Cruel- 
ty, brutality.) 

place, n. , spot, site, position, post, 
situation, station. 

place, v., arrange, order, dispose. 
(Confuse, derange, mislay, perturb, 
unsettle.) 

plain, open, manifest, evident, overt. 
(Secret, hidden.) 

play, game, sport, amusement. (Work, 
toil, drudgery.) 

please, gratify, pacify. (Displease.) 

pleasure, charm, delight, joy. (Pain.) 

plentiful, abundant, ample, copious, 
plenteous. (Rare, scanty, scarce.) 

poise, balance, equilibrium, equipoise. 
(Instability.) 

positive, absolute, peremptory, de- 
cided, certain. (Negative.) 

possessor, owner, proprietor. 

possible, practical, practicable. (Im- 
possible, visionary,) 

poverty, penury, indigence, need, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



want. (Wealth, plenty, abundance, 
riches, affluence.) 

power, authority, force, strength, do- 
minion. (Weakness, futility.) 

powerful, mighty, potent. (Futile, 
trivial, useless, weak.) 

praise, commend, extol, laud. (Blame.) 

prayer, entreaty, petition, request, suit. 

pretense, n., pretext, subterfuge. 
(Actuality, candor, openness, reality, 
fact, truth.) 

prevailing, predominant, prevalent, 
general. (Isolated, sporadic.) 

prevent, obviate, preclude. 

previous, antecedent, introductory, 
preparatory, preliminary. (Subse- 
quent, following.) 

pride, vanity, conceit. (Humility, 
meekness.) 

principally, chiefly, mainly, essen- 
tially. (Secondarily.) 

principle, ground, reason, motive, 
impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, in- 
tegrity. (See doctrine.) 

privilege, immunity, advantage, favor, 
prerogative, exemption, right, claim. 
(Damage, cletriment, drawback, loss, 
obstacle, obstruction.) 

probity, rectitude, uprightness, hon- 
esty, integrity, sincerity, soundness. 
(Dishonesty, fraud, deceit.) 

problematical, uncertain, doubtful, 
dubious, questionable, disputable, 
suspicious. (Certain, sure, undoubt- 
ed, proven.) 

prodigious, huge, enormous, vast, 
amazing, astonishing, remarkable, 
astounding, surprising, wonderful. 
(Insignificant, small.) 

profession, business, trade, occupa- 
tion, vocation, office, employment, 
engagement, avowal. 

proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, ten- 
der. (Obey, submit, yield.) 

profligate, abandoned, dissolute, de- 
praved, vicious, degenerate, corrupt, 
demoralized. (Virtuous, good, up- 
right, honorable.) 

profound, deep, fathomless, penetra- 
ting, solemn, abstruse, recondite. 
(Shallow, slight, superficial.) 

profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lav- 
ish, improvident, excessive, copious, 
plentiful. (Miserly, niggardly, eco- 
nomical.) 

prolific, productive, generative, fertile, 
fruitful, teeming. (Barren, sterile.) 

prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, te- 
dious, tiresome, wordy, verbose, pro- 
saic. (Concise, brief, succinct.) 



prominent, eminent, marked, impor- 
tant, conspicuous, leading. (Obscure, 
inconspicuous.) 

promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, het- 
erogeneous, indiscriminate, mingled. 
(Select, choice, exclusive.) 

prompt. See punctual. 

prop, bolster, orace, buttress, main- 
tain, sustain, support, stay. 

propagate, spread, circulate, diffuse, 
disseminate, extend, breed, increase. 
(Suppress, decrease.) 

proper, legitimate, right, just, fair, 
equitable, honest, suitable, fit, de- 
cent, meet, becoming, benefitting, 
adapted, pertinent, appropriate. 
(Wrong, unseemly.) 

prosper, flourish, succeed, grow rich, 
thrive, advance. (Fail, lose.) 

prosperity, well-being, weal, welfare, 
happiness, good luck. (Poverty, 
failure.) 

proxy, agent, representative, substi- 
tute, delegate, deputy. 

prudence, carefulness, judgment, dis- 
cretion, wisdom. (Indiscretion, reck- 
lessness, heedlessness.) 

prurient, itching, craving, hankering, 
longing. (Pure-minded.) 

puerile, youthful, juvenile, boyish, 
childish, infantile, trifling, weak, 
silly. (Mature, strong, vigorous.) 

punctilious, nice, particular, formal, 
precise. (Negligent , # careless.) 

punctual, exact, precise, nice, partic- 
ular, prompt, timely. (Dilatory, 
tardy.) 

putrefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, de- 
cay. (Disinfect, embalm, freshen,, 
preserve, purify.) 

puzzle, perplex, confound, . embar- 
rass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mys- 
tify. (Enlighten, explain, clarify.) 

Q 

quack, imposter, _ pretender, fakir, 
charlatan, empiric, mountebank. 
(Adept, expert, master, savant.) 

quaint, artful, curious, far-fetched, 
fanciful, odd, singular. (Conven- 
tional, customary, usual.) 

qualified, competent, fitted, adapted. 
(Incompetent, ineligible.) 

quality, attribute, rank, distinction. 
(Being, essence, nature, substance.) 

querulous, doubting, complaining, re- 
pining, fretting. (Long-suffering, 
patient, resigned.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



question, query, inquiry, interroga- 
tory. (Answer, reply.) 

quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, pre- 
varicate, shuffle. 

quick, lively, brisk, expeditious, im- 
petuous, adroit, fleet, rapid, swift, 
sweeping, dashing, clever, sharp, 
ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile, 
active. (Deliberate, slow.) 

quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce. 



rabid, mad, furious, raging, frantic. 
(Rational, sane, reasonable.) 

race, course, match, pursuit, career, 
family, cl n, house, ancestry, line- 
age, pedigree. 

rack, agonize, wring, torture, excru- 
ciate, distress, harass. (Soothe, com- 
fort, console.) 

racy, spicy, pungent, smart, spirited, 
lively, vivacious. (Dull, insipid.) 

radiance, splendor, brightness, bril- 
liance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. (Dull- 
ness, obscurity.) 

radical, organic, innate, fundamental, 
uncompromising, original, constitu- 
tional, inherent, complete, entire. 
(Superficial, conservative, moderate.) 

rancid, fetid, rank, stinking, sour, 
tainted, reasty. (Fresh, sweet.) # 

rancor, malignity, hatred, hostility, 
antipathy, animosity, enmity, ill- 
will, spite. (Forgiveness, gentleness, 
mildness, clemency.) 

rank, order, degree, dignity, nobility, 
consideration. 

ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, 
explore, plunder. 

ransom, emancipate, free, unfetter. 
(Imprison, chain, fetter.) 

rant, bombast, fustian, cant. (Sin- 
cerity, truth.) 

rapacious, ravenous, greedy, vora- 
cious, grasping. (Generous.) 

rapt, ecstatic, transported, ravished, 
entranced, charmed. (Distracted.) 

rapture, ecstasy, transport, delight, 
bliss. (Dejection, despair.) 

rare, scarce, singular, m uncommon, 
unique. (Common, ordinary, usual.) 

rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, vaga- 
bond, scamp. 

rash, hasty, precipitate, foolhardy, 
adventurous, heedless, reckless, care- 
less. (Deliberate, reasoned.) 

rate, value, compute, appraise, esti- 
mate, chide, abuse. 



ratify, confirm, establish, substan- 
tiate, sanction. (Protest, oppose.) 

rational, reasonable, sagacious, judi- 
cious, wise, sensible, sound. (Un- 
reasonable, mad, insane.) 

ravage, overrun, overspread, desolate, 
despoil, destroy. (Beautify, improve, 
build up.) 

ravish, enrapture, enchant, captivate, 
charm, delight. (Disenchant, dis- 
gust, nauseate, repel.) 

raze, demolish, destroy, overthrow, 
ruin, dismantle. (Build up, strength- 
en.) 

reach, touch, stretch, attain, gain, 
arrive at. (Miss, fall short.) 

ready, prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, 
adroit, handy. (Slow, dilatory.) 

real, actual, literal, practical, posi- 
tive, certain, genuine, true. (Un- 
real, imaginary, mythical.) 

realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, 
gain, get, acquire, comprehend. (See 
antonyms of accomplish.) 

reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. (Sow, 
scatter.) 

reason, n., motive, design, end, proof, 
cause, ground, purpose. 

reason, v. y deduce, draw from, trace, 
infer, conclude. 

reasonable, rational, wise, honest, 
fair, right, just. (Unreasonable, 
foolish, perverse.) 

rebellion, anarchy, insurrection, re- 
volt. (Authority, control, domina- 
tion, government, law, order, or- 
ganization, rule, sovereignty.) 

recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke. 

recede, retire, retreat, withdraw, ebb. 
(Advance, uphold.) 

receive, accept, take, admit, enter- 
tain. (Give, bestow.) 

reception, receiving, levee, < receipt, 
admission. (Egress, exclusion, exit, 
repulse.) 

recess, alcove, retreat, depth, niche, 
vacation, intermission. (Advance- 
ment, projection.) 

recreation, sport, pastime, amuse- 
ment, play, game, fun. (Work, vo- 
cation.) 

redeem, ransom, recover, rescue, de- 
liver, save, free. (Condemn, be- 
tray.) . . 

redress, remedy, repair, remission, 
abatement, relief, cure. (Oppression, 
injury.) 

reduce, abate, lessen, decrease, lower, 
shorten, conquer. (Increase, en- 
large, amplify, lengthen.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



refined, polite, courtly, polished, cul- 
tured, genteel, purinea. (Boorish, 
ill-bred, bourgeois.) 

reflect, consider, cogitate, think, pon- 
der, muse, censure. (See antonyms 
of consider.) 

fefoim, amend, correct, better, re- 
store, improve. (Corrupt, de- 
base.) 

reformation, improvement, reform, 
amendment. (Corruption, ruin.) 

refuge, asylum, protection, harbor, 
shelter, retreat. 

refuse, v., deny, reject, repudiate, de- 
cline, withhold. (Accept, avow, 
acknowledge.) 

refuse, n., t dregs, dross, scum, rub- 
bish, leavings, remains. 

refute, disprove, falsify, negative. 
(Affirm, accept.) 

regard, v., mind, heed, notice, behold, 
view, consider, respect. (Disregard, 
slight.) 

regret, n., grief, sorrow, lamentation, 
repentance, remorse. (Satisfaction, 
complacency, delight.) 

regular, orderly, uniform, customary, 
ordinary, stated. (Irregular, dis- 
orderly, confused.) 

regulate, methodize, arrange, # adjust, 
organize, govern, rule. (Disorder, 
confuse.) 

reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, in- 
demnify. 

relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appro- 
priate, pertinent, apt. (Irrelevant.) 

reliance, trust, hope, dependence, 
confidence. (Suspicion, distrust, 
doubt.) 

relief, succor, aid, help, redress, alle- 
viation. (Injury, hurt, harm.) 

relinquish, give up, forsake, resign, 
surrender, quit, leave, forego. (Re- 
tain.) 

remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, 
specific, reparation. (Embarrass- 
ment^ hindrance, interference, ob- 
struction, opposition.) 

aremorseless, pitiless, relentless, mer- 
ciless, cruel, ruthless, barbarous. 
(Merciful, humane.) 

remote, distant, # far, secluded, indi- 
rect. (Near, adjacent, approximate.) 

reproduce, propagate, imitate, repre- 
sent, copy. 

repudiate, disown, discard, disavow, 
renounce, disclaim. (Acknowledge, 
avow, admit.) # . 

repugnant, antagonistic, distasteful. 
^Agreeable, acceptable.) 



repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly, 
disagreeable, revolting. (Attractive, 
charming. ) m 

respite, reprieve, interval, stop. (Com- 
pletion, consummation, execution, 
performance.) 

revenge, vengeance, retaliation, re- 
quital, retribution. (Forgiveness.) 

revenue, produce, income, proceeds, 
fruits, wealth, assets. (Liabilities, 
debts, outgo.) 

reverence, n., honor, respect, awe, 
veneration, deference, homage, wor- 
ship. (Execration.) _ 

revise, review, reconsider. (Reject, 
turn down.) 

revive, refresh, renew, renovate, ani- 
mate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, com- 
fort. (Depress, dishearten.) 

rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent, copi- 
ous, ample, abundant, exuberant, 
plentiful, fertile, fruitful, superb, 
gorgeous. (Poor, needy, destitute.) 

rival, antagonist, opponent, com- 
petitor. (Accomplice, ally, friend, 
helper, supporter.) 

road, way, highway, route, course, 
path, pathway, anchorage. 

roam, ramble/ rove, stray, wander, 
stroll. (Abide, remain.) 

robust, strong, lusty, vigorous, sin- 
ewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able- 
bodied. (Puny, weak.) 

rout, discomfit, beat, defeat, over- 
throw, scatter. (See antonyms of 
conquer.) 

route, road, course, march, way, path, 
journey, direction. 

rude, rugged, rough, uncouth, unpol- 
ished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, im- 
pudent, saucy, flippant, insolent, 
churlish. (Polished, polite, well- 
bred, gentle.) 

rule, sway, method, system, law, max- 
im, precept, guide, "formula, regula- 
tion, government, standard, test. 
(See rebellion.) 

rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, report, 
bruit. 

ruthless, cruel, savage, barbarous, 
inhuman, merciless, remorseless, re- 
lentless, unrelenting. (Considerate, 
kind, merciful.) 



S 



sacred, holy, hallowed, divine, conse- 
crated, dedicated, devoted. (Pro- 
fane, secular.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



>***, secure, harmless, trustworthy, 
reliable. (Perilous, dangerous.) 

sanction, confirm, countenance, en- 
courage, support, ratify, authorize. 
(Disapprove, oppose.) 

sane, sober, lucid, sound, rational. 
(Crazy, mad, insane.) 

saucy, impertinent, rude, impudent, 
insolent, flippant, forward. (Mod- 
est, respectful, polite.) 

scandalize, shock, disgust, offend. 
(Please, commend one's self.) 

scanty, bare, pinched, insufficient, 
slender, meager. (Ample, sufficient, 
adequate.) 

scatter, strew, spread, disseminate, 
disperse, dissipate, dispel. (Col- 
lect, gather, unite.) 

secret, clandestine, concealed, hidden, 
sly, underhand, latent, private. 
(Open, public.) 

seduce, allure, attract, decoy, entice, 
abduct, inveigle, deprave. (Save, 
convert.) 

sense, discernment, appreciation, per- 
ception, view, opinion, feeling, sen- 
sibility, susceptibility, thought, sig- 
nification, judgment, import, signifi- 
cance, meaning, purport, wisdom. 
(Folly, thoughtlessness, nonsense.) 

sensible, wise, intelligent, reasonable, 
sober, sound, conscious, aware. 
(Foolish, stupid, senseless.) 

settle, arrange, adjust, regulate, con- 
clude, determine. (Disarrange, up- 
set.) 

several, sundry, divers, many, vari- 
ous. (Analogous, homogeneous, 
same, similar.) 

severe, harsh, stern, stringent, un- 
mitigated, rough, unyielding. (Len- 
ient, gentle, mild.) 

shake, tremble, shudder, shiver, quiv- 
er, quake. (Calm, compose, pacify, 
quiet, soothe.) 

shallow, superficial, flimsy, slight. 
(Deep, thorough.) 

shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.) 

shameful, degrading, scandalous, dis- 
graceful, outrageous. (Honorable, 
noble, upright.) 

shameless, immodest, impudent, in- 
decent, indelicate, brazen. (Be- 
coming, seemly, fitting.) 

shape, form, fasnion, mold, model. 

share, portion, lot, division, quantity, 
quota, contingent. (See antonyms 
of part.) 

sharp, acute, keen. (Dull, obtuse.) 

shine, glare, glitter, radiate, sparkle. 



short, brief, concise, succinct, sum- 
mary. > (Long, diffuse.) 

show, indicate, mark, point out, 
exhibit, display. (Hide, conceal.) 

sick, diseased, sickly, unhealthy mor- 
bid. (Healthy, well, normal, sound.; 

sickness, illness, indisposition, dis- 
m ease, disorder. (Health, soundness.) 

significant, expressive, material, im- 
portant. (Insignificant, slight, negli- 
m gible.) 

signification, import, sense, meaning. 

silence, speechlessness, dumbness. 
(Noise, clamor, outcry.) 

silent, dumb, mute, speechless. (Talk- 
ative, noisy.) 

simile, comparison, similitude. 

simple, single, uncompounded, plain, 
artless. (Complex, compound, ab- 
struse.) 

simulate, dissimulate, dissemble, pre- 
tend. i (Exhibit, expose, manifest, 
proclaim, show, vaunt.) 

sincere, candid, hearty, honest, pure, 
genuine, real. (Insincere, affected.) 

situation, condition, plight, predica- 
ment, state, position. 

size, bulk, greatness, magnitude, di- 
mension. (Littleness, pettiness.) 

slander, v., calumniate, vilify, malign, 
traduce, defame, vilipend. (Com- 
mend, eulogize, extol, flatter, glorify, 
honor.) 

slander, n., calumny, libel, vilification, 
defamation. (Praise, commenda- 
tion, applause.) 

slavery, servitude, enthrallment, 
thralldom. (Freedom, liberty.) 

sleep, doze, drowse, nap, slumber. 
(Toil, wake, watch, work.) 

sleepy, somnolent. (Vigilant, wake- 
ful.) 

slow, dilatory, tardy. (Fast, rapid.) 

smell, odor, scent. 

smooth, even, level, mild. (Rough.) 

soak, drench, imbrue, steep. (Desic- 
cate, drain, dry.) 

social, sociable, friend y, hospitable, 
communicative. (Hostile, inimical, 
unkind, unsocial.) 

soft, gentle, meek, mild. (Cruel, 
exacting, flinty, hardened, harsh, 
obdurate, unyielding.) 

solicit, importune, urge. 

solitary, sole, only, single. (Manifold, 
multitudinous, many, numerous.) 

sorry, grieved, poor, paltry, insignifi- 
cant. (Glad, respectable.) 

soul, mind, spirit. (Soul is opposed 
to body, mind to matter.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 

sound, a.y healthy, sane. (Diseased, system, method, plan, order. 

rotten.) systematic, orderly, regular, method- 
sound, n. y tone, noise. (Silence.) ical. (Chaotic, confused.) 
space, place, room, site, station. 
sparse, scanty, thin. (Luxuriant, 

abundant.) T 
speak, converse, talk, say, tell, con- 
fer, take, accept, receive. (Give, bestow, 
special, particular, specific. (Gene- donate.) 

ral.) talkative, garrulous, communicative, 

spend, expend, exhaust, consume, dis- loquacious. ' (Silent, taciturn.) 

sipate, waste, squander. (Save.) taste, flavor, relish, savor. (Taste- 
sporadic, isolated, rare. (General, lessness, insipidity.) 

prevalent.) tax, custom, duty, impost, excise, toll. 

spread, disperse, diffuse, e pand, dis- tax, assessment, rate. 

seminate, scatter. (Check, con- tease, taunt, tantalize, torment, vex. 

dense, confine, restrain.) (Comfort, soothe.) 

spring, fountain, source. temporary, a., fleeting, transient, 

staff, prop, support, stay. transitory. (Permanent, lasting, 

stagger, reel, totter. stable.) 

stain, soil, discolor, spot, sully, tar- tenacious, cohesive, pertinacious, 

nish. (See antonyms of blemish.) retentive. (See antonyms of 

state, commonwealth, realm. strong.) 

sterile, barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.) tendency, aim, drift, scope. 

stifle, choke, suffocate, smother. tenet, position, view, conviction, be- 

stormy, rough, boisterous, tempestu- lief. 

ous. (Calm, peaceful, tranquil.) term, boundary, limit, period, time. 

straight, direct, right. (Crooked.) territory, dominion, domain. 

strait, a. j narrow, confined. (Broad.) thankful, grateful, obliged. (See be- 

stranger, alien, foreigner. (Friend, low.) 

comrade, associate.) thankless, ungracious, profitless, un- 

strengthen, confirm, fortify, invig- grateful, unthankful. 

orate. (Abrogate, annul, cancel, thaw, melt, dissolve, liquefy. (Freeze, 
destroy, weaken.) congeal.) 
strong, robust, sturdy, powerful, theatrical, dramatic, showy, cere- 
brittle, delicate, feeble, tender, monious, meretricious, 
weak.) ■ theft, robbery, depredation, spolia- 
stupid, dull, foolish, obtuse, witless. tion. 

(Clever, intelligent.) theme, subject, topic, text, essay. 

subject, adj., exposed to, liable, ob- theory, speculation, scheme, plea, hy- 

noxious. (Exempt, immune.) pothesis, conjecture. 

subject, n.j inferior, subordinate, therefore, accordingly, consequently, 

(Superior.) hence. 
subsequent, succeeding, following, thick, dense, close, compact, solid, co- 
( Previous, preceding, antecedent.) agulated, muddy, turbid, misty, fog- 
substantial, solid, durable. (Un- gy; vaporous. (See following.) 

substantial, flimsy.) thin, gaunt, meagre, slim, slender, 

suit, accord, agree. (Disagree.) slight, flimsy, attenuated, lean, 

superficial, flimsy, shallow, untrust- scraggy. (Fat, obese, rotund.) 

worthy. (Thorough.) think, cogitate, consider, reflect, pon- 
superfluous, unnecessary, excessive. der, contemplate, meditate, muse, 
(Necessary, essential.) conceive, fancy, imagine, apprehend, 
surround, embrace, encircle, encom- hold, esteem, reckon, consider, re- 
pass, environ. _ (Exclude, shut out.) gard, deem, believe, opine. 
sustain, maintain, support. thorough, accurate, correct, trust- 
symmetry, proportion. (Deformity, worthy, reliable, complete. (Super- 
disproportion, shapelessness.) ficial, inaccurate. 
sympathy, commiseration, compas- thought, idea, conception, imagina- 
sion, condolence. (See antonyms of tion, fancy, conceit, notion, supposi- 
benevolence.) tion, care, provision, consideration, 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 

opinion, view, sentiment, reflection, veritable, real, veracious, authentic, 

deliberation. exact, accurate, correct. (False, un- 

thoughtful, considerate, careful, re- founded, dubious.) 

flective, cautious, heedful, contem- tumultous, turbulent, riotous, dis- 

plative, provident, pensive, dreamy. orderly, disturbed, confused, unruly. 

(See following.) (Orderly, peaceful, quiet, reposeful, 

thoughtless, inconsiderate, rash, im- tranquil.) 

provident, precipitate, heedless. tune, tone, air, melody, strain. 

tie, v., bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, turbid, foul, thick, muddy, impure, 

oecure, unite, join. (Free, loose, un- unsettled. (Limpid, clear, pure.) 

bind, untie.) type, emblem, symbol, figure, sign, let- 
tie, n., band, ligament, ligature. ter, sort, kind. 
time, duration, season, period, era, tyro, novice, beginner, learner. 

age, date, span, spell. (Eternity.) (Adept.) 

tolerate, allow, admit, receive, suffer, U 

permit, let, endure, abide. (Dis- 

allow, forbid, prohibit, refuse.) ugly, unsightly, plain, homely, ill- 
top, summit, apex, head, crown, sur- favored, hideous. (Beautiful, at- 

face. (Bottom, base, foundation.) tractive.) 

torrid, burning, hot, parching, scorch- umbrage, offense, dissatisfaction, dis- 

ing, sultry. _ (Icy, freezing.) pleasure, resentment. (Acknowl- 

tortuous, twisted, winding, crooked, edgment, confession, defense, excuse, 

indirect. (Straight, direct.) justification, plea, vindication.) 

torture, torment, anguish, agony, umpire, referee, arbitrator, judge, ar- 

(See antonyms of pain.) biter. 

touching, tender, affecting, moving, unanimity, accord, agreement, unity, 

pathetic. (See antonyms of piteous.) concord. (Discord.) 

tractable, docile, manageable, amen- unanimous, agreeing, like-minded. 

able. (Obstinate, stubborn.) (Dissentient, disagreeing.) 

trade, traffic, commerce, dealing, oc- unbridled, wanton, licentious, disso- 

cupation, employment, office. lute, loose, lax. (Self-controlled, re- 
traditional, apocryphal, oral, un- strained.) 

certain, legendary, transmitted, un- uncertain, doubtful, _ dubious, ques- 

verified. (Certainty, fact, history, tionable, fitful, equivocal, ambigu- 

truth, verity.) ous, indistinct, variable, fluctuating. 

traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, in- (Certain, dependable.) 

tercourse. uncivil, discourteous, disrespectful, 

trammel, fetter, shatter, clog, bond, disobliging, rude. (Civil, well-be- 

chain, impediment, hindrance. haved, courteous.) 

tranquil, still, unruffled, peaceful, unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. 

quiet, hushed. (Noisy, boisterous.) (Clean, immaculate, spotless.) 

transaction, negotiation, occurrence, uncommon, rare, strange, scarce, 

proceeding, affair. singular, choice. (Common, ordi- 

trash, nonsense, twaddle, trifles. nary.) 

travel, trip, ramble, peregrination, ex- unconcerned, careless, indifferent, 

cursion, journey, tour, voyage. apathetic. (Anxious.) 

treacherous, traitorous, treasonable, uncouth, strange, odd, clumsy, un- 

disloyal, faithless, false-hearted, per- gainly. (Graceful.) 

fidious, sly, false. (Trustworthy, uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay 

faithful, true.) bare, divest. (Hide, conceal.) 

trite, stale, old, ordinary, common- under, below, underneath, beneath, 

place, hackneyed. (Novel, unusual.) subordinate, lower, inferior. (Above, 

triumph, achievement, ovation, vie- over, superior.) 

tory, conquest, jubilation. (Failure, understanding, knowledge, intellect, 

defeat.) intelligence, faculty, comprehension, 

trivial, trifling, petty, small, frivo- mind, reason, brains. (Body, mate- 

lous, unimportant, insignificant. (Im- rial, matter, substance.) 

portant, weighty.) undertake, engage in, embark in, 

true, genuine, actual, sincere, true- agree, promise. (Abandon, dismiss, 

hearted, unaffected, honest, upright, drop, neglect, omit.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



undo, annul, frustrate, untie, unfasten, 
destroy. (Unite, bind.) . (> 

uneasy, restless, disturbed, unquiet, 
stiff, awkward. (Quiet, composed, 
equable, calm.) 

unequal, uneven, not alike, irregular, 
insufficient. (Equal, even.) 

unequaied, matchless, unique, novel, 
new, unheard of. (Common, habit- 
ual, normal.) 

unfair, wrongful, dishonest, unjust. 
(Fair, right, equitable.) 

unfit, adj.,, improper, unsuitable, in- 
consistent, untimely, incompetent. 
(Fit, seemly, proper.) 

unfit, v., disable, disqualify, incapaci- 
tate. (Fit, enable, gualffy.) 

unfortunate, calamitous, , ill-fated, 
unlucky, wretched, unhappy, miser- 
able. (Fortunate, happy.) 

ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumber- 
ing, uncouth. (Pretty, graceful.) 

unhappy, miserable, wretched, dis- 
tressed, afflicted, painful, disastrous, 
drear, dismal. (Happy, fortunate.) 

uniform, regular, symmetrical, even, 
equal, alike, unvaried. (Irregular, 
varied, unlike.) 

uninterrupted, continuous, perpet- 
ual, unceasing, incessant, endless. 
(Intermittent, recurrent.) 

union, junction, combination, _ alli- 
ance, confederacy, league, coalition, 
agreement, concert. (Disunion, sep- 
aration.) 

unique, unequal, uncommon, rare, 
choice, matchless. (Common, ordi- 
nary.) 

unite, join, conjoin, combine, concert, 
add, attach, incorporate, embody, 
clench, merge. (Separate, disrupt, 
sunder.) 

universal, general, ail, entire, total, 
catholic. (Sectional, limited.) 

unlimited, absolute^ boundless, un- 
defined, infinite. (Limited, finite.) 

unreasonable, foolish^ silly, absurd, 
immoderate. _ (Certain, m logical, m ra- 
tional, sagacious, undeniable, wise.) 

unrivaled, unequaied, unique, unex- 
ampled, incomparable, matchless. 
(Mediocre.) 

unroll, unfold, open, discover. (See 
antonyms of discover.) 

unruly, ungovernable, unmanageable, 
refractory. (Tractable, docile.) 

unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, 
uncommon, remarkable, strange, ex- 
traordinary. (Common, usual.) 

uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, 



support, vindicate. (Desert, aban- 
don.) 

upright, vertical, perpendicular, just, 
erect, equitable, fair, pure, honor- 
able. (Prone, horizontal, iniqui- 
tous.) 

uprightness, honesty, integrity, fair- 
ness, goodness, probity, honor, vir- 
tue. (Dishonesty, vice.) 

urge, incite, impel^ push, drive, insti- 
gate, stimulate, press, solicit, in- 
duce. (Impede, hold back, discour- 
age.) 

urgent, cogent, pressing, important, 
imperative, immediate, serious, 
wanted. (Feeble, inconclusive, pow- 
erless, weak.) 

usage, custom, fashion, practice, pre- 
scription. (Anomaly, exception.) 

use, n., usage, practice, habit, custom, 
avail, advantage, utility, benefit, ap- 
plication. (Disuse, desuetude.) 

use, v., employ, exercise, occupy, ac- 
custom, practice, inure. (Abuse.) 

useful, advantageous, serviceable, 
available, helpful, beneficial, good. 
(Bootless, futile, null, unavailing, un- 
serviceable, vain, worthless.) 

useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, 
profitless. (See above.) 

usual, ordinary, common, accustomed, 
habitual, wonted, customary, gen- 
eral. (Unusual, exceptional.) 

usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, 
assume. (See antonyms of appro- 
priate.) 

utmost, farthest, remotest, uttermost, 
greatest. (Nearest, next.) 

utter, adj., extreme, excessive, sheer, 
mere, pure. (Moderate, palliative, 
partial, superficial.) 

utter, v. speak, articulate, express, 
pronounce, issue. (Conceal, hide.) 

utterly, totally, completely, wholly, 
quite, altogether, entirely. (Incom- 
pletely, partially.) 



vacant, empty, unfilled, unoccupied, 
thoughtless, unthinking. (Occupied, 
tenanted.) 

vagrant, wanderer, beggar, tramp, 
vagabond, rogue. 

vague, unsettled, undetermined, un- 
certain, pointless, indefinite. (Def- 
inite, precise.) 

vain, useless, fruitless, empty, worth- 
less, inflated, proud, conceited, un- 



SYNONYMS A.sD ANTONYMS 



real, unavailing, vapid. (Effectual, 
humble, real.) 

valiant, brave, bold, valorous, cour- 
ageous, gallant. (Cowardly, cring- 
ing, timorous.) 

valid, weighty, strong, powerful, ef- 
ficient, sound, binding. (Invalid, 
void.) 

valor, courage, gallantry, boldness, 
bravery, heroism. (Cowardice.) 

value, appraise, assess, < reckon, ap- 
preciate, estimate, prize, treasure, 
esteem. (Despise, scorn, contemn.) 

vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dis- 
solve. (Appear, emerge.) 

vanity, emptiness, conceit, self con- 
ceit, affectedness. (Fullness, humil- 
ity-) 

vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame. 
(Sparkling, brilliant. ) # 

vapor, fume, smoke, mist, fog, steam. 

variable, changeable, unsteady, shift- 
ing, inconstant, wavering, fickle, fit- 
ful, restless. (Constant, changeless, 
stable.) 

variety, difference, diversity, change, 
diversification, mixture, medley, mis- 
cellany. (Sameness, monotony.) 

vast, spacious, boundless, mighty, im- 
mense, enormous, colossal, gigantic, 
huge, prodigious. (Confined, lim- 
ited.) 

vaunt, boast, brag, display, flaunt, 
puff, hawk, advertise, flourish, par- 
ade. (Cover, entomb, overwhelm.) 

venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, rev- 
erend. (Frivolous, flighty, fool- 
ish.) 

venial, pardonable, excusable, justifi- 
able. (Grave, serious.) 

venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, 
malignity. (Antidote, corrective, 
cure, remedy.) 

venture, n., speculation, chance, peril, 
stake. (See antonyms of hazard.) 

venture, v., dare, adventure, risk, 
hazard, jeopardize. 

veracity, truth, truthfulness, credi- 
bility, accuracy. (Falsehood, fraud, 
lie, untruth.) 

verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, 
unwritten. (Written.) 

verdict, judgment, finding, decision, 
answer. 

vexation, chagrin, mortification. 
(Pleasure, gratification.) 

vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, 
undulate, thrill. 

vice, vileness, corruption, depravity, 
pollution, immorality, wickedness, 



guilt, iniquity, crime. (Goodness, 
holiness, integrity, morality, virtue.) 

vicious, corrupt, depraved, debased, 
malicious, bad, contrary, unruly, de- 
moralized, profligate, faulty. (Vir- 
tuous, good, pure.) 

victim, sacrifice, food, prey ? sufferer, 
dupe, gull. 

victuals, viands, bread, meat, repast, 
provisions, fare, food. 

view, prospect, survey. (Oversight.) 

violent, boisterous, furio*-^, impetu- 
ous, vehement. (Gentle, quiet.) 

virtuous, upright, honest, moral. 
^ (See vicious.) 

vision, apparition, dream, ghost, phan- 
tom, specter. (Fact, reality, realiza- 
tion, verity.) 

voluptuary, epicure, sensualist. (Stoic, 
moralist.) 

vote, suffrage, voice. 

vouch, affirm, asseverate, aver, as- 
sure. (Deny.) 

W 

wag, humorist, jester, joker, wit, 

(Dullard, butt.) 
wages, pay, salary, hire, compensation, 

stipend, earnings. 
wait, await, expect, look for, wait for. 

(Abandon, avoid, reject, shun.) 
wakeful, sleepless, vigilant, wary, 

watchful. (Drowsy, dreamy, sleepy, 

somnolent.) 
wander, range, ramble, roam, rove, 

stroll, 
want, lack, need. (Abundance, plenty ) 
warlike, bellicose, hostile, inimical, 

military. (Friendly, peaceful.) 
wary, circumspect, cautious. (Fool- 
hardy, reckless, intrepid.) 
wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, tint, 

stain. 
waste, v., squander, dissipate, lavish, 

destroy, decay, dwindle, wither. 

(Horde, save, accumulate.) 
wasteful, m extravagant, profligate. 

(Economical, frugal.) 
wave, breaker, billow, surge. ^ 
waver, fluctuate, flicker, quiver, flut- 
ter, vacillate. (Abide, hold fast, 

stay, stick.) 
way, method, plan, system, means, 

manner, mode, form, fashion, course, 

process, road, route, track, path, 

habit, practice. 
weak, feeble, infirm. (Strong, sturdy, 

able, efficient.) 
weaken, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate, 

invalidate. (Strengthen, confirm.) 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 



weariness, exhaustion, languor, lassi- 
tude, fatigue. (Buoyancy, vigor.) 

wearisome, tedious, tiresome. (In- 
teresting, entertaining.) 

weary, harass, jade, tire, fatigue. 
(Refresh, inspire.) 

weight, gravity, heaviness, burden, 
load. (Lightness.) 

welcome, acceptable, agreeable, grati- 
fying, pleasant, satisfying. (Dis- 
appointing, distressing, hateful, 
melancholy, mournful, painful, woe- 
ful, wretched.) 

well-being, happiness, prosperity, wel- 
fare. (Adversity, poverty.) _ 

whole, entire, complete, total, integral. 
(Part.) 

wicked, iniquitous, nefarious. (Vir- 
tuous.) 

will, determination, resolution, voli- 
tion, wish, desire. 

willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily. 
(Unwillingly, grudgingly.) 

win, get, obtain, gain, procure, effect, 
realize, accomplish, achieve. (Lose, 
fail.) 

winning, attractive, charming, fasci- 
nating, bewitching, enchanting, daz- 
zling, brilliant. (Disagreeable, hate- 
ful, repulsive, unlovely.) 

wisdom, prudence, foresight, sagacity, 
far-sightedness. (Foolishness, im- 
providence, ignorance.) 

wit, humor, satire, fun, raillery. (Dull- 
ness, solemnity, stolidity, stupidity.) 

wonder, p., admire, amaze, astonish, 
surprise. 

wonder, n., marvel, miracle, prodigy. 
(Common-place, truism.) 

word, n., expression, term. 

work, achievement, action, business, 
drudgery, employment, labor, oc- 
cupation, performance, task, toil. 
(Ease, idleness, leisure, play, recrea- 
tion, repose, rest.) 

worship, adore, honor, revere. (Curse, 
execrate.) 

worthless, abject, base, cheap, cor- 
rupt, degraded, ignoble, low, mean, 
vile. (Esteemed, exalted, honorable, 
honored, noble, pure, worthy.) 

writer, amanuensis, author, clerk, 
penman, scribe, secretary. 

written, penned, inscribed, tran- 
scribed. (Traditional, verbal.) 

wrong, dishonesty, injustice, injury, 



partiality, unfairness, untruth. 
(Equity, fairness, integrity, law, 
justice, rectitude, right, truth, 
virtue.) 
wry, askew, crooked, distorted, twisted. 
(Straight, true.) 



yawn, gape, open wide. (Close, snap.) 

yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, 
crave. (Avoid, turn from.) 

yell, bellow, cry out, scream. 

yellow, golden, saffron-like. 

yelp, bark, sharp cry, howl. 

yeoman, farmer, freeholder, com- 
moner. (Esquire, gentleman.) 

yet, besides, nevertheless, however, ul- 
timately, notwithstanding, still, at 
last, so far, thus far. 

yield, bear, give, afford, impart, com- 
municate, confer, bestow, abdicate, 
resign, cede, surrender, relinquish, 
relax, quit, forego, give up, let go, 
waive, comply, accede, assent, ac- 
quiesce, succumb, submit. (Decline, 
demur, object, oppose, protest, re- 
fuse.) 

yielding, supple, pliant, bending, un- 
resisting, compliant, submissive. 
(Obstinate, resolute, stubborn.) 

yoke, associate, couple, join, link, con- 
nect, unite. (Alienate, detach, discon- 
nect, disjoin, divide, part, separate, 
sever.) 

yore, long ago, long since. (Now;.) 

young, juvenile, inexperienced, igno- 
rant, youthful. (Old, ancient, tried.) 

youth, boy, lad, minority, adolescence, 
juvenility. (Majority, senility, age.) 

youthful, young, juvenile, boyish, 
girlish, puerile. (Old, senile.) 



zeal, energy, fervor, ardor, earnest- 
ness, enthusiasm, eagerness. (In- 
difference, detachment, apathy.) 

zealous, warm, ardent, fervent, en- 
thusiastic, anxious. (Careless, in- 
different, unconcerned.) # 

zenith, top, apex, summit, pinnacle, 
climax. (Bottom, nadir.) 

zest, relish, gusto, flavor. (Disgust, 
, distaste, dislike.) 



FOREIGN 



WORDS, PHRASES, MAXIMS AND QUOTATIONS 

FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN 

LITERATURE AND CONVERSATION, 



WITH THEIR 



ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 

COLLECTED AND REVISED BY 

FREDERIC TABER COOPER, LL.B., Ph.D. 

Note. — L. Latin; Fr. French; Ger. German; It. Italian; Sp. Spanish; Gr. Greek. 



a bas. [Fr.] Down; down with; a 
bas le traitre, down with the 
traitor. 

a cheval. [Fr.] On horseback. 

a contre coeur. [Fr.] Unwillingly. 

a fortiori* [L.] With stronger rea- 
son. 

a la bonne heure. [Fr.] At the 
lucky moment, good, well timed. 

a la Francaise, l'Anglaise, l'Alle- 
mande, l'ltalienne, etc. [Fr.] In 
the French, English, German, Italian 
manner, etc. 

a la mode. [Fr.] In fashion. 

a la lettre. [Fr.] To the letter, lit- 
erally. 

a mensa et toro. [L.] From bed 
and board; legal formula of divorce. 

a merveille. [Fr.] Wonderfully, to 
perfection. 

a outrance. [Fr.] To the bitter 
end. 

a posteriori. [L.] From the effect 
to the cause. 

a priori. [L.] From the cause to 
the effect. 

a propos. [Fr.] To the point, a 
propos de bottes, apropos of noth- 
ing, by the way, to change the sub- 
ject. 

a rebours. [Fr.] To the right 
about. 

a vinculo matrimonii. [L.] From 
the bond of marriage. 



a votre sante. [Fr.] To your good 

health. 
ab initio. [L.] From the beginning. 
ab ovo usque ad mala. [L.] From 

the egg to the apples; from begin- 
ning to end. 
ab uno disce omnes. [L.] From 

one learn all; from a single case infer 

the whole. 
absente reo. [L.] In the absence of 

the defendant. 
absit omen. [L.] May this bring no 

evil omen. 
abusus non tollit usum. [L.] Abuse 

is no argument against the proper 

use of anything. 
ad astra per ardua. [L.] To the 

stars through difficulties; to achieve 

fame in spite of obstacles. 
ad infinitum. [L.] To infinity. 
ad interim. [L.] In the meanwhile. 
ad Kalendas Graecas. [L.] At the 

Greek Kalends; never (the Greeks 

having no Kalends). 
ad libitum. [L.] At pleasure. 
ad majorem Dei gratiam. [L.] 

For the greater glory of God. 
ad nauseam. [L.] To the point of 

disgust. 
ad valorem. [L.] According to 

value. 
adscriptus glebae. [L.] Attached by 

law to the soil; after the manner of 

serfs. 
aequo animo. [L.] With equanim- 
ity. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



affaire d'amour. [Fr.] A love 
affair. 

affaire d'honneur. [Fr.] An affair 
of honor, a duel. 

Agnus Dei. [L.] The Lamb of God. 

alea jacta est. [L.] The die is cast 
(The words of Julius Caesar after 
crossing the Rubicon). 

al fresco* [It.] In the open air. 

alis volat propriis. [L.] She flies 
with her own wings (the motto of 
Oregon). 

alibi. [L.] Elsewhere; in law, a plea 
that the defendant was in some place 
other than that named in the charge. 

allegro. [It.] Sprightly, lively; title 
of a poem by Milton. 

allons. [Fr.] Come on; let us be 
going. 

alma mater. [L.] Foster mother; 
name given by graduates to their 
own college or university. 

alter ego. [L.] Another self. 

alto rilievo. > [It.] High relief; sculp- 
ture in which the figures stand out 
from the plain surface. 

amende honorable. [Fr.] A satis- 
factory apology; reparation. 

amour-propre. [Fr.] Self-esteem. 

ancien regime. [Fr.] The old order 
of things; the rulers of the ante- 
Revolution period. 

anno Christi. [L.] In the year of 
Christ. 

anno Domini. [L.] In the year of 
our Lord. 

anno mundi. [L.] In the year of 
the world. 

anno urbis conditae. [L.] In the 
year after the founding of Rome. 

ante bellum. [L.] Before the war. 

ante meridiem. [L.] Before noon. 

apres nous le deluge. [Fr.] After 
us the deluge (attributed to Madame 
de Pompadour, in reference to signs 
of an approaching revolution). 

aqua fortis. [L.] Nitric acid (strong 
water) . 

aqua regia. [L.] Nitric and muriatic 
acid mixed; "regal water," so called 
because it dissolves gold and plati- 
num. 

aqua vitae. [L.] Brandy; spirits; 
alcohol. 

arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] An au- 
thority on matters of good taste. 

argot. [Fr.] The slang of the street; 
thieves' jargon. 

argumentum ad absurdum. [L.] 
An argument intended to prove the 



absurdity of an opponent's argu- 
ment. 

argumentum ad hominem. [L.] 
An argument deriving its force from 
the situation of one's Opponent. 

argumentum ad ignorantiam. [L.] 
An argument founded on the op- 
ponent's ignorance of the facts. 

argumentum ad verecundiam. [L.] 
An argument appealing to one's 
sense of decency. 

arriere pensee. [Fr.] A mental 
reservation. 

artium magister. [L.] Master of 
Arts. 

au contraire. [Fr.] On the con- 
trary. 

au courant. [Fr.] Fully acquainted 
with the circumstances. 

au fait. [Fr.] Well informed; master 
of. 

au fond. [Fr.] To the bottom, thor- 
oughly. 

au grand serieux. [Fr.] In deadly 
earnest. 

au jour le jour. [Fr.] From hand 
to mouth. 

au re voir. [Fr.] Good-bye until our 
next meeting. 

au secours! [Fr.] Help! To the 
rescue! 

auf wiedersehen. [Ger.] Au re voir; 
to our next meeting. 

aurea mediocritas. [L.] The golden 
mean. 

auri sacra fames. [L.] Accursed 
greed for gold. 

aut Caesar aut nullus. [L.] The 
ambition to be either Caesar or no- 
body. 

avanti. [It.] Come in. 

avant-propos. [Fr.] Prelude; pro- 
logue. 



bagatelle. [Fr.] A trifle. 

bambino. [It.] A little boy; more 
especially, the Christ-child. 

bas-bleu. [Fr.] A bluestocking. 

basso rilievo. [It.] Low relief; sculp- 
ture in which the figures stand out 
very slightly from the ground. 

battre la carapagne. [Fr.] To scour 
the country; to go on a fool's errand. 

beau monde. [Fr.] The world of 
fashion. 

beaute du diable. [Fr.] That tran- 
sient type of beauty doomed to 
fade early with loss of the glow of 
youth. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



[Fr.] Men of wit brochure. [Fr.] A pamphlet. 

bruler ses vaisseaux. [Fr.] To burn 

one's ships. 
bummelzug. [Ger.] A way train. 



beaux esprits. 

and humor. 

beaux yeux. [Fr.] Pretty eyes; fem- 
inine charms. 

beaux yeux de sa cassette. [Fr.] 
Her money is her attraction. 

bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind. 

bella donna. [It.] A pretty woman. 

belles-lettres. [Fr.] Refined litera- 
ture. 

ben trovato. [It.] Well discovered; 
a happy thought. 

bersaglieri. [It.] Italian light infan- 
try; sharpshooters. 

bete noire. [Fr.] A bugbear; a spe- 
cial abomination. 

bewahre Gott! [Ger.] God forbid! 

bien entendu. [Fr.] It is under- 
stood; certainly; of course. 

billet doux. [Fr.] A love letter. 

bis dat qui cito dat. [L.] He gives 
twice who gives quickly. 

bis pueri series. [L.] Old men are 
twice children. 

bitte, bitte sehr. [Ger.] If you 
please. 

blague. [Fr.] Boastful talk; an in- 
credible story. 

blase. [Fr.] Surfeited; world-weary. 

blut und eisen. [Ger.] Blood and 
iron. 

bona fide. [L.] In good faith. 

bon gre, mal gre. [Fr.] Whether 
you will or no. 

bon chien chasse de race. [Fr.] A 
good dog hunts from instincts; blood 
will tell 

bonhomie. [Fr.] Good nature; cre- 
dulity. 

bon marche. [Fr.] A bargain. 

bon mot. [Fr.] A witticism; a pun. 

bonne-bouche. [Fr.] A dainty mor- 
sel; a tit-bit. 

bonnet-de-nuit. [Fr.] A nightcap. 

bon ton. [Fr.] The dictates of fash- 
ion. 

bon voyage! [Fr.] A pleasant jour- 
ney to you! 

bordereau. [Fr.] A marginal note; 
a mermorandum. 

bouillabaisse. [Fr.] A kind of fish 
chowder for which Marseilles is 
famous. 

Boul'-Mich'. [Fr.] A familiar cor- 
ruption of the Boulevard St. Michel, 
a famous street in the Latin Quarter 
of Paris. 

bourgeoisie. [Fr.] The substantial 
body of citizens; the shopkeeping 
class. 



O 



cacoethes. [L.] An evil habit; i. e.. 
ioqucndi, scribendi, a rage for 
speaking, for scribbling. 

caetera desunt. [L.] The remainder 
is wanting. 

caeteris paribus. [L.] Other things 
being equal. 

calembour. [Fr.] A pun. 

ca m'est egal. [Fr.] It is all the 
same to me. 

canaille* [Fr.] The rabble. 

canard. [Fr.] A false story; a hoax. 

capias. [L.] You may take: a writ 
for arresting a debtor. 

carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the present 
day. 

carte blancbe. [Fr.] Full powers. 

casus belli. [L.] The cause or 
justification of a war. 

caveat emptor [L ] Let the pur- 
chaser buy at his .wn risk. 

cause celebro. [Fr.] A court trial 
of wide popular interest. 

cave canem! [L.] Beware of the 
dog! 

cela saute aux yeux. [Fr.] That is 
self-evident. 

cela va sans dire. [Fr.] That goes 
without saying; it is obvious. 

certiorari. [L.] To be made more 
certain; i. e., a writ to call up the 
records of an inferior court. 

chacun a son gout. [Fr.] Every 
man to his own taste. 

chapeau bas! [Fr.] Hats off! 

charge d'affaires. [Fr.] One en- 
trusted with state affairs at a for- 
eign court; especially, one acting as 
substitute for an absent ambassador 
or minister. 

chateaux en espagne. [Fr.] Castles 
in the air. 

chef-d'oeuvre. [Fr.] Masterpiece. 

cherchez la femme. [Fr.] Look 
for the woman; a woman is usually 
at the bottom of a scandal. 

chere amie. [Fr.] A dear friend; a 
mistress 

chevalier d'industrie. [Fr.] An 
adventurer; a swindler. 

chic. [Fr.] Modish, smart, up-to- 
date. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



chronique scandaleuse. [Ft.] A 
scandalous story. 

ci-gft. [Fr.] Here lies buried. 

claqueur. [Fr.] One paid for ap- 
plauding at a theatre. 

comme il faut. [Fr.] Just as one 
should be; in good taste. 

commune bonum. [L.] The com- 
mon good. 

componere lites. [L.] To settle dis- 
putes. 

compos mentis. [L.] In possession 
of one's faculties. 

comte rendu. [Fr.] An account 
rendered. 

con amore. [It.] With love; earn- 
estly; zealously. 

concordat. [L.] An agreement made 
between the Pope and a reigning 
sovereign. 

confrere. [Fr.] A colleague. 

contretemps. [Fr.] An awkward mis- 
chance. 

contra bonos mores. [L.] Contrary 
to the moral law. 

coram nobis. [L.] Before the court. 

coram non judice. [L.] Before an 
irregular tribunal. 

coram populo. [L.] Publicly. 

corps- de- garde. [Fr.] A guard- 
room. 

corpus delicti. [L.] The substance 
or foundation of an offense. 

corrigenda. [L.] Typographical er- 
rors to be corrected. 

coup d'etat. [Fr.] A stroke of policy 
in affairs of state. 

coup de grace. [Fr.] A finishing 
stroke. 

coup de maitre. [Fr.] A master 
stroke. 

coup de soleil. [Fr.] A sun-stroke. 

coup de theatre. [Fr.] An unex- 
pected event; a startling surprise. 

coute que coute. [Fr.] At any cost. 

creme de la creme. [Fr.] The pink 
of perfection. 

crescite et multiplicamini. [L.] 
Increase and multiply; the motto 
of Maryland. 

crimen falsi. [L.] The charge of 
perjury. 

crimen laesae majestatis. [L.] 
The charge of high treason. 

crux criticorum. [L.] The puzzle 
of critics. 

cui bono? [L.] For whose benefit? 
Coloquially but inaccurately, What 
good will it do? 

eul-de-sac. [Fr.] A blind alley. 



cum grano salis. [L.] With a 
grain of salt; with reservations. 

cum privilegio. [L.] With privilege. 

currente calamo. [L.] With a 
rapid or fluent pen. 



d'accord. [Fr.] In harmony; agreed. 

da capo. [It.] Repeat from the be- 
ginning. 

dal segno. [It.] Repeat from the 
sign. 

danser sur un volcan. [Fr.] To 
dance on a volcano; to be blind to 
the danger of one's position. 

damnum absque injuria. [L.] Loss 
without legal injury. 

de bon augur e. [Fr.] _ Propitious. 

de facto. [L.] In fact, in reality. 

de gustibus non est disputandum. 
[L.] There is no disputing about 
tastes. 

de jure. [L.] By right of law. 

de mortuis nil nisi bonum. [L.] 
Let nothing but good be said about 
the dead. 

de nihilo nihil fit. [L.] Nothing 
comes from nothing. 

de novo. [L.] Anew, afresh. 

de profundis. [L.] Out of the 
depths. 

de trop. [Fr.] Superfluous; in the 
way; one too many. 

dehors. [Fr.] Outside. 

Dei gratia. [L.] By the grace of 
God. 

dejeuner a la fourchette. [Fr.] 
Breakfast with a fork, i. e., substan- 
tial midday breakfast. 

delenda est Carthago. [L.] Car- 
thage must be destroyed. 

demi-bouteille. [Fr.] A pint bottle. 

demi-monde. [Fr.] The "half- 
world;" women outside the social 
pale. 

demi-solde. [Fr.] Half pay. 

demi-tasse. [Fr.] An after-dinner 
cup of black coffee. 

Deo gratias. [L.] God be thanked. 

Deo favente. [L.] With the help of 
God. 

Deo volente. [L.] God willing. 

dernier cri. [Fr.] The latest fash- 
ionable fad. 

dernier ressort. [Fr.] The last re- 
source. 

desipere in loco. [L.] To unbend 
on occasion. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



desunt caetera. [L.] m The rest is 
wanting; the citation is incomplete. 

Deus ex machina. [L.] The God 
from the machine; the person who 
unexpectedly saves the situation. 

dies faustus. [L.] A lucky day. 

dies infaustus. [L.] An unlucky 
day. 

dies irae. [L.] The day of wrath; 
the opening words of a well known 
Latin hymn. 

dies non. [L.] A day on which the 
juages do not sit. 

Bleu et mon droit. [Fr.] God and 
my right; the motto of English sov- 
ereigns. 

dirigo, [LJ I direct or guide; the 
motto of Maine. 

distingue. [Fr.] Distinguished; emi- 
nent. 

distrait. [Fr.] Absent-minded. 

dolee far niente. [It.] The pleas- 
ure of idleness. 

Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The Lord 
be with you. 

dos-a-dos. [Fr.] Back to back. 

double entente. [Fr.] A double 
meaning. 

dossier. [Fr.] A packet of papers; 
the documents in a legal case. 

douceur. [Fr.] Sweetness; a bribe; 
a fee. 

dramatis personae. [L.] The char- 
acters in a play. 

doux yeux. [Fr.] Soft glances. 

drole de corps. [Fr.] A drole of 
odd fellow. 

dulce et decorum est pro patria 
mori [L.] it is sweet and honor- 
able to die for one's country. 

dum spiro, s^ro. [L.] While I 
live I hope. (Part of motto of South 
Carolina.) 

dum yivimus, vivamus. [L.] While 
we live let us enjoy life. 

dummkopf. [Ger.] A blockhead. 

durante beneplacito. [L.] During 
your good pleasure. 

durante vita. [L.] During life. 

dux femina facti. [L.] The leader 
of the deed a woman. 



E 



e pluribus unum. [L.] One out 

of 7-niny. 
eau de vie. [Fr.] Water of life; 

brandy. 
ecce Homo. [L.] Behold the Man; 



applied chiefly to paintings of 
Christ wearing the crown of thorns. 

ecce signum. [L.] Behold the sign. 

editio princeps. [L.] A first edi- 
tion. 

edition d'amateur. [Fr.] A spe- 
cial, or "de luxe" edition. 

egalite. [Fr.] Equality. 

ein Mann, ein Wort. [Ger.] An 
honest man's word is his bond. 

eisenbahn. [Ger.] A railway. 

elixir vitae. [L.] Elixir of life. 

eloignement. [Fr.] Estrangement. 

embarras de richesse. [Fr.] Over- 
supply of material. 

embonpoint. [Fr.] Plumpness; 
stoutness; corpulence. 

emeute. [Fr.] A riot. 

empressement. [Fr.] Eagerness. 

en arriere. [Fr.] In the rear, back- 
ward. 

en avant. [Fr.] Forward. 

en bon train. [Fr.] In a fair way, 
on the road to success. 

en deshabille. [Fr.] In undress. 

en effet. [Fr.] In effect; just so; 
really. 

en famille. [Fr.] Within the family 
circle; without ceremony. 

en grande tenue. [Fr.] In full 
dress. 

en masse. [Fr.] In a body. 

en passant. [Fr.] In passing. 

en plein jour. [Fr.] In broad day- 
light. 

en rapport. [Fr.] In touch; well 
versed in a subject. 

en regie. [Fr.] According to rule. 

en route. [Fr.] On the way. 

enceinte. [Fr.] Pregnant. 

enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled child. 

enfants perdus. [Fr.] A forlorn 
hope. 

enfant terrible. [Fr.] A child that 
is always making inopportune and 
embarrassing remarks. 

enfin. [Fr.] At last. 

ennui. [Fr.] Boredom. 

Ense petit placidam sub libertate 
quietam. [L.] With the sword 
she seeks quiet peace under lib- 
erty. (Motto of Massachusetts.) 

entente cordiale. [Fr.] A cordial 
and complete understanding; ex- 
pressions of mutual good will ex- 
changed between the sovereigns of 
two countries. 

entr'acte. [Fr.] Between the acts. 

entre nous. [Fr.] Between our- 
selves. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



entremet. [Fr.] A dainty side dish. 

entrepot. [Fr.] A warehouse. 

ergo. [L.] Therefore. 

erinnerung. [Ger.] A remembrance, 
a souvenir. 

esprit de corps. [Fr.] Loyalt\' to 
one's comrades; the spirit of solidar- 
ity. 

esprit des lois. [Fr.] The spirit of 
the law. '-. 

est modus in rebus. [L.] There 
is moderation in all things. 

et caetera. [L.] And so forth. 

et id genus omne. [L.] And every- 
thing of the sort. 

et tu, Brute! [L.] And thou also, 
Brutus! 

etat d'ame. [Fr.] A state of mind. 

etat- major. [Fr.] Officers forming 
the general's council. 

etourderie. [Fr.] Giddy conduct; 
an imprudent caprice. 

eureka. [Gr.] I have found it. (The 
motto of California.) 

ex animo. [L.] Heartily. 

ex cathedra. [L.] From the bench; 
with authority. 

ex officio. [L.] By virtue of one's 
office. 

ex parte. [L.] One one side only. 

ex pede Herculem. [L.] To judge 
of the whole from a part. 

ex post facto. [L.\ After the deed 
is done; a retroactive law. 

ex tempore. [L.] Without prepara- 
tion; off-hand. 

Excelsior. [L.] Higher; the motto of 
New York. 

excerpta. [L.] Extracts. 

exempli gratia. [L.] By way of 
example. 

exeunt, exeunt omnes. [L.] They 
go out, they all go out (stage direc- 
tions) . 

experto crede. [L.] Trust one who 
has had experience. 



F 



facade. [Fr.] The front of a build- 
ing. 

facon de parlor. [Fr.] A manner of 
speaking. 

facile princeps. [L.] Easily the 
first; the acknowledged leader. 

faire bonne mine. [Fr.] To put a 
good face on a thing. 

faire la noce. [Fr.] To have a gay 
time; to make a night of it. 



[Fr.] An accom- 
something over and 



fait accompli. 

piished fact; 
done with. 
faites vos jeux. [Fr.] Place 
stakes (at roulette, etc.). 



your 



far fiasco 
faux pas. 

blunder. 
faubourg 
fauteuil. 

orchestra seat 
fayete Unguis 



[it.; 

[Fr.] 

[Fr.] 

[Fr.] 



To make a failure. 
A false step, a 

A suburb. 

An easy chair; an 



[L.] Avoid uttering 
ill-omened words; maintain silence. 
felo de se. [L.] A suicide. 
femme couverte. [Fr.] A married 

woman. 
femme de chambre. [Fr.] A cham- 
bermaid. 

[L.] Of a wild na- 



[L.] Make haste 
[Fr.] A rural festi- 
A bonfire; flre- 



ferae naturae. 

ture. 
festina lente. 

slowly. 
fete champetre. 

val. 
feu de joie. [Fr. 

works. 

feuilleton. [Fr.] The lower part of 
the page in French newspapers, 
devoted to fiction; the continued 
story itself, occupying this space. 

fiacre. [Fr.] A public hack. 

fiat justitia, ruat coelum. [L.] 
Let justice be done though the 
heavens fall. 

fides Punica. [L.] Carthaginian 
faith; i. e., treachery. 

fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Acha- 
tes; i. e., a true friend. _ 

fieri facias. [L.] Cause it to be done; 
a writ empowering the sheriff to 
levy execution on a debtor's goods. 

Alius nullius. [L.] The son of no- 
body; illegitimate. 

filius terrae. [L.] 

. of low birth. 

fille de chambre. 
bermaid. 

fille de joie. [Fr] 

fin de siecie. [Fr^ 

century; a phrase much used in the 
year 1900, to express what was ex- 
tremely up to date. 

flagrante bello. [L.] During hos- 
tilities. 

flagrante delicto. [L.] While com- 
mitting the crime ; caught in the act. 

flaneur. [Fr.] A lounger. 

fleur de lis. [Fr.] The lily; arms of 
the French monarchy. 

flitterwoch. [Ger.] A honeymoon. 



A son of the soil; 

[Fr.] A cham- 

A prostitute. 
The end of the 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



forsan et haec olim meminisse 
juvabit. [L.] Perhaps sometime 
it will be pleasant to remember 
even these things. 

fortiter in re. [L.] With firmness 
in action. 

franco. [It.] Post free. 

fuit Ilium. [L.] Troy once stood; 
i. e., Troy is no more. 

functus officio. [L.J Having per- 
formed his office; his official service 
being ended, 

fusillade. [Fr.] The simultaneous 
discharge of fire-arms. 



G 



galant'uomo. [It.] A man of hon- 
or; a gentleman. 

gallice. [L.] In French. 

gar con. [Fr.] A boy; a waiter. 

gasconnade. [Fr.] A boastful, brag- 
ging speech. 

garde de corps. [Fr.] A body 

guard. 

genius loci. [L.] The genius of the 
place; the guardian spirit. 

genus irritabile vatum. [L.] The 
irritable race of poets. 

germanice. [L.] In German. 

Gesundheit! [Ger.] Your health. 

gloria in excelsis Deo. [L.] Glory 
to God in the highest. 

gliickliche Reise. [Ger.] A pleasant 
journey; bon voyage. 

gnothi seauton. [Gr.] Know thy- 
self. 

gosse. [Fr.] Street slang for "child," 
"infant." Compare "kid," "kid- 
die," and the Irish "gossoon." 

Gott mit uns. [Ger.] God with us; 
the motto of Prussia. 

Gott sei dank! [Ger.] Thank 
God! 

grisette. [Fr.] A young working 
girl. 

guet-a-pens. [Fr.] An ambush. 

gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed 
saepe cadendo. [L.] Constant drop- 
ping wears away the stone; per- 
sistence will accomplish more than 
force. 



hacienda. [Sp.] A country estate. 
haricots- verts. [Fr.] String beans. 
hausfrau. [Ger.] Lady of the house; 
a housewife; a home body. 



haud passibus aequis. [L.] With 
unequal steps. 

haute nouveaute. [Fr.] The latest 
novelty. 

heimweh. [Ger.] Homesickness. 

herein. [Ger.] Come in. 

hie jacet. [L.] Here lies. 

hoc tempore. [L.] At this time. 

hoch soil er leben! [Ger.] Long 
life to him! 

homme d' esprit. [Fr.] A man of 
talent or wit. 

homme de lettres. [Fr.] A man 
of letters. 

honi soit aui mal y pense. [Fr.] 
Evil to him who evil thinks; motto 
of the Order of the Garter. 

hors de combat. [Fr.] Disabled; 
out of condition to fight. 

hors de concours. [Fr.] Not en- 
tered for competition. 

hors de propos. [Fr.] Not to the 
purpose; irrelevant. 

hors-d'oeuvres. [Fr.] A side dish, 
a relish. 

hotel garni. [Fr.] Furnished lodg- 
ings. 

hotel de ville. [Fr.] Town hall. 

hotel Dieu. [Fr.] A hospital. 

humanum est errare. [L.] To err 
is human. 



Ich dien. [Ger.] I serve; motto of 
the Prince of Wales. 

id est. [L.] That is. 

id genus omne. [L.] All of that 
sort. 

ignorantia legis neminem excusat. 
[L.] Ignorance of the law is no ex- 
cuse. 

ignis fatuus. [L.] Will-o'-the-wisp. 

imprimatur. [L.] Let it be printed; 
i. e., a license to print a book, etc. 

improwisatore, improvvisatrice. 
[It.] An impromptu poet or poetess. 

in aeternum. [L.] Forever. 

in articulo mortis. [L.] At the 
point of death. 

in curia. [L.] In court. 

in esse. [L.] In a state of being. 

in extenso. [L.] In full; unabridged. 

in extremis. [L.] In extreme diffi- 
culties; at the last gasp. 

in hoc signo vinces. IL.] In this 
sign, or under this standard thou 
shalt conquer. 

in loco parentis. [L.] In the place 
of a parent. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



In medias res. [L.] Into the midst 
of things. 

in memoriam. [L.] In memory of. 

in perpetuum. [L.] Forever. 

in propria persona. [L.] In per- 
son. 

in pur is naturalibus. [L.] In a 
state of nudity. 

in re. [L.] In the matter (or estate) 
of. 

in situ. [L.] In its original situation. 

in statu quo. [L.] In the former 
state. 

in toto. [L.] As a whole; entirely. 

in transitu. [L.] During transit. 

in vacuo. [L.] In. a vacuum. 

in vino Veritas. [L.] In wine there 
is truth; a drunkard tells the truth. 

infanta. [Sp.] A princess of the 
blood royal in Spain or Portugal. 

infra dignitatem. [L.j Beneath 
one's dignity. 

insouciance. [Fr.] Unconcern, in- 
difference. 

inter alia. [L.] Among other things. 

inter nos. [L.] Between ourselves. 

inter pocula. [L.] Between drinks; 
over a glass. 

ipse dixit. [L.] He, the master, said 
it; an authoritative assertion. 

ipso facto. [L.] In the fact itself; 
obvious from the facts of the case. 

ipso jure. [L.] By unquestioned 
right. 

ite missa est. [L.] Go, the service 
is finished; the Mass has been cele- 
brated. 



jacta est alea. [L.] The die is cast. 

jardin des plantes. [Fr.] Botani- 
cal garden. 

je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] I don't know 
what; i. e., indeterminate, indescrib- 
able. 

jettatura. [It.] The possession _ of 
the "evil eye;" the power of exerting 
a malign influence over an enemy. 

jeu de mots. [Fr.] A play on 
words; a pun. 

jeu d' esprit. [Fr.] A witticism. 

jeunesse doree. [Fr.] Gilded youth. 

jus divinum. [L.] Divine law. 

jus civile. [L.] Civil law. 

jus gentium. [L.] Law of nations. 

juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden 
mean. 

j'y suis, j'y reste. [Fr.] Here I am, 
here I stay; attributed to Marshal 
McMahon in the Crimean Redan. 



kellner. [Ger.] Waiter. 



labor omnia vincit. [L.] Labor 

conquers all things. 
lacrima Christi. [L.] Tears of 

Christ; a famous Neapolitan wine. 
laissez faire. [Fr.] Let matters 

alone; the policy of non-interference. 
lapsus linguae. [L.] A slip of the 

tongue. 
lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch'en- 

trate. [It.] Who enter here, leave all 

hope behind. (The inscription over 

the gate of Dante's Inferno.) 
latet anguis in herba. [L.] A 

snake lurks in the grass. 
laudator temporis acti. [L.] One 

who praises bygone times. 
laus Deo. [L.] Praise be to God. 
lese-majeste. [Fr.] High treason. 
le roi est mort, vive le roi! [Fr] 

The king is dead, long live the 

king. 
l'etat, c'est moi. [Fr.] The state, 

I am the state; a saying attributed 

to Louis XIV. 
l'etoile du nord. [Fr.] The north 

star. (Motto of Minnesota.) 
les affaires sont les affaires. [Fr.] 

Business is business. 
lettre de cachet. [Fr.] A sealed 

letter; a warrant of arrest. 
lettre de marque. _ [Fr.] A letter, 

or warrant of reprisal. 
lex non scripta. [L.] The common, 

or unwritten law. 
lex scripta. [L.] Statute law. 
lex talionis. [L.] The law of re- 
prisal, 
rhomme propose, et Dieu dispose. 

[Fr.] Man proposes, and God dis- 
poses. 
liaison. [Fr.] An illicit attachment. 
lingua Toscana in bocca Romana. 

[It.] The Tuscan speech on Roman 

lips; i. e., the most correct Italian. 
lite pendente. [L.] During trial. 
loco citato. [L.] In the place cited. 
locum tenens. [L.] One holding 

another's place; a deputy, a proxy. 
lucus a non lucendo. [L.] A false 

etymology, assuming that lucus, a 

dark grove, is so called because of 

the absence of hix, light; any false 

or illogical deduction. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



lune-de-miel. [Fr.] Honey-moon. 

lustspiel. [Ger.] Comedy. 

lusus naturae. [L.] A freak of 

nature. 
lupus in fabula. [L.] The wolf in 

the fable; long looked for, come at 

last. 

M 

macte virtute. [L.] Increase in vir- 
tue. 

ma foi! [Fr.] On my faith! bless me! 

magnum opus. [L.] A great work. 

maison de sante. [Fr.] A lunatic 
asylum. 

maitre d' hotel. [Fr.] A house 
steward. 

Majestatsbeleidigung. [Ger.] High 
treason. 

mal a propos. [Fr.] Ill-times; out 
of place. 

mal de mer. [Fr.] Sea-sickness. 

mala fide. [L.] In bad faith. 

mal'occhio. [It.] The evil eye. 

malade imaginaire. [Fr.] One who 
fancies himself sick; a hypochondriac. 

maladie du pays. [Fr.] Home-sick- 
ness. 

malgre soi. [Fr.] In spite of oneself. 

malum in se. [L.] A thing in- 
herently wrong. 

malum prohibitum. [L.] A thing 
prohibited by law, although not 
necessarily wrong morally. 

mandamus. [L.] "We command;" 
a writ from a superior to an inferior 
court. 

mare clausum. [L.] A sea closed 
to commerce. 

materia medica. [L.] Collectively, 
substances used in the art of healing. 

mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad taste. 

mauvaise quart d'heure. [Fr.] A 
bad quarter of an hour; an awkward 
or uncomfortable experience. 

mauvais sujet. [Fr.] A rascal. 

mauvaise honte. [Fr.] False shame. 

memento mori. [L.] Remember 
death. 

mens sana in cor pore sano. [L.] 
A sound mind in a sound body. 

mesalliance. [Fr.] A marriage with 
one of lower station. 

mirabile dictu. [L.] Wonderful to 
relate. 

mise en scene. [Fr.] A stage set- 
ting; a scenic effect. 

mieux vaut tard que jamais. [Fr.] 
Better late than never. 



mittimus. [L.] "We send;" a war- 
rant of commitment to prison. 

modus operandi. [L.] A method of 
working. 

modus vivendi. [L.] A method of 
living; a compromise agreement be- 
tween two or more disputants, to 
secure at least temporary harmony. 

montani semper liheri. [L.] Moun- 
taineers are always freemen. (Motto 
of West Virginia.) 

multum in parvo. [L.] Much in 
little. 

mutatis mutandis. [L.] The neces- 
sary changes being made. 

mutato nomine. [L.l The name 
being changed. 

N 

naivete. [Fr.] Native simplicity. 

neglige. [Fr.] Undress. 

ne plus ultra. [L.] Nothing fur- 
ther. 

nee. [Fr.] Born so-and-so; i. e., her 
maiden name being so-and-so. 

necessitas non habet legem. [L.] 
Necessity knows no laws. 

nemo me impune lacessit. [L.J No 
one wounds me with impunity; the 
motto of Scotland. 

nil admirari. [L.] To be disturbed at 
nothing. 

nil desperandum. [L.] Never de- 
spair. 

n'importe. [Fr.] It does not matter. 

noblesse oblige. [Fr.] Noble birth 
imposes the obligation of noble con- 
duct. 

nolens volens. [L.] Whether he will 
or no. 

noli me tangere. [L.] Do not 
touch me. 

nolle prosequi. [L.] To be unwill- 
ing to prosecute; discontinuance of 
an action by plaintiff or the State. 

nom de guerre. [Fr.] An assumed 
name; a pen name. 

non compos mentis. [L.] Of un- 
sound mind. 

non constat. [L.] It has not been 
shown; no evidence is before the 
Court. 

non omnia possumus omnes. [L.] 
We cannot all do all things. 

non omnis moriar. [L.] I shall not 
wholly die. 

non sequitur. [L.] It does not fol- 
low. 

nosce teipsum. [L.] Know thyself. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



nota bene. [L.] Mark well. 

nudum pactum. [L.] An agree- 
ment lacking a consideration; an in- 
valid contract. 

nuit blanche. [Fr.] A sleepless 
night. 

nunc aut nunquam. [L.] Now or 
never. 

nulla dies sine linea. [L.] No day 
without a line. 



obiit. [L.] He, or she, died. 

obiter dictum. [L.] A passing re- 
mark; such part of a judge's opinion 
as is aside from or beyond the point 
at issue, and therefore not binding 
as a precedent. 

oeil de boeuf . [Fr.] A bull's eye. 

omnia vincit amor. [L.] Love con- 
quers all things. 

on dit. [Fr.] They say; it is rumored. 

onus proband!. [L.] The burden of 
proof. 

ora e sempr e . [It.] Now and always . 

ora pro nobis. [L.] Pray for us. 

otium cum dignitate. [L.] Ease 
with dignity. 

oubliette. [Fr.] A dungeon. 

oui dire. [Fr.] Hearsay. 

outre. [Fr.] Extravagant, in bad 
taste. 

ou sont les neiges d'antan? [Fr.] 
Where are the snows of yesteryear? 



papier mache. [Fr.] A hard sub- 
stance made from a pulp of rags or 
paper. 

par exemple. [Fr.] For example; 
for instance. 

par excellence. [Fr.] Eminently; 
the very idcr.l. 

pari passu. [L.] With equal pace; 
side by side. 

Paris vaut bien une messe. [Fr.] 
Paris is well worth a mass ; attributed 
to Henry IV. 

parole d'honneur. [Fr.] Word of 
honor. 

particeps criminis. [L.] An ac- 
complice. 

partie carree. [Fr.] A party of four, 
consisting of two men and two 
women. 

parvenu. [Fr.] A person of low 
origin; an upstart. 



pas a pas. [Fr.] Step by step. 

pas seul. [Fr.] A dance performed 
by one person. 

passe. [Fr.] Out of date, faded, worn 
out. 

passe-partout. p [Fr.] A master-key. 

Pater noster. [L.] Our Father; the 
Lord's prayer. 

pater patriae. [L.] The father of 
his country. 

pax vobiscum. [L.] Peace be with 
you. 

Pays de Cocagne. # [Fr.] The land 
of Cockayne, an imaginary coun- 
try in which everything is to be had 
in abundance and without labor. 

pays latin. [Fr.] The Latin country, 
a name given to the students' quar- 
ter in Paris, in the neighborhood of 
the Sorbonne. 

peccavi. [L.] I have sinned. i 

pendente lite. [L.] Pending the 
suit. 

per annum. [L.] By the year. 

per capita. [L.] By the head. 

per centum. [L.] By the hundred. 

per diem. [L.] By the day. 

persiflage. [Fr.] Chaff, banter. 

persona grata. [L.] A person in 
favor; a welcome guest. 

personnel. [Fr.] The staff of an 
establishment. 

petit bleu. [Fr.] Blue folding slips 
used in Paris for sending messages 
through pneumatic tubes. 

petit- maitre. [Fr.] A dandy; a fop. 

peu de chose. [Fr.] A trifle. 

piece de resistance. [Fr.] The prin- 
cipal course of a dinner. 

pioupiou. [Fr.] A private soldier; 
the French "Tommy Atkins." 

pis aller. [Fr.] A last resort. 

pleno jure. [L.] With full power. 

place aux dames. [Fr.] Make way 
for the ladies. 

poeta nascitur, non fit. [L.] A 
poet is born, not mede. 

point d'appui. [Fr.] The point of 
support. 

polisson. [Fr.] A rascal. 

pollice verso. [L.] With thumb 
turned down; the decree of death in 
the Roman gladiatorial contests. 

pons asinorum. [L.] The bridge of 
asses ; the fifth proposition in Euclid. 

posse comitatus. [L.] The power 
of the county; a body of men ap- 
pointed by the sheriff for special 
service. 

post mortem. [L.] After death. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



post obit. [L.] A bond payable 

after death. 
poste restante. [Fr.] Department 

in a post-office where letters are held 

until called for. 
pot au feu. [Fr.] A vegetable soup, 

a staple food of the French peas- 
antry. 
pot-pourri. [Fr.] A hotch-potch, a 

medley. 
pour encourager les autres. [Fr.] 

To encourage the others; Voltaire's 

comment on the motives of the Eng- 
lish in executing Admiral Byng for 

cowardice. 
prima facie. [L.] At first sight, on 

first consideration. 
pro bono publico. [L.] For the 

public good. 
pro forma. [L.] For the sake of 

form. 
pro rata. [L.] In proportion. 
pro tempore. [L.J For the time; 

temporarily. 
proces verbal. [Fr.] m A summary 

of the charge and evidence, against 

an accused. 
profanum vulgus. [L.] The vulgar 

crowd. 
prosit! [Ger.] Good luck to you! 
prosit neu jahr! [Ger.] Happy New 

Year! 
punica fides. [L.] Carthaginian faith, 

treachery. 

Q 

quantum libet. [L.] As much as 

you please. 
quantum sufficit. [L.] As much 

as suffices. 
quelque chose. [Fr.] Something, a 

trifle. 
quid pro quo. [L.] One thing for 

another; an equivalent; tit for tat. 
qu'importe? [Fr.] What does it 

matter? 
qui s'excuse, s'accuse. [Fr.] He 

who excuses himself, accuses him- 
self. 
qui transtulit, sustinet. [L.] He 

who transplanted, still sustains. 

(Motto of Connecticut.) 
qui vive? [Fr.] Who goes there? 

hence, on the qui vive, on the alert. 
qui vivra, verra. [Fr.] Who lives 

will see. 
quo animo? [L.] With what mind 

or intention? 
quo jure? [L.] By what right? 



quod erat demonstrandum. [L.] 
Which was to be demonstrated. 

quod erat faciendum. [L.] Which 
was to be done. 

quod vide. [L.] Which see. 

quos Deus vult perdere, prius de- 
memtat. [L.] Those whom God 
wishes to destroy, he first makes 
mad. 



raison d'etre. [Fr.] Reason for 
existence. 

ranz des vaches. [Fr.] Swiss mel- 
odies played as cow-calls. 

rara avis. [L.] A rare bird, a strange 
prodigy. 

rathhaus. [Ger.] A town hall. 

recueil. [Fr.] A collection. 

redacteur (en chef). [Fr.] An edi- 
tor (in chief). 

reductio ad absurdum. [L.] Re- 



ducing an argument to an absurdity. 
populi. [L.] The 
(Motto of Arkansas.) 



regnant populi. 

reign. 

re infecta. [L.] The business being 
unfinished. 

rendez-vous. [Fr.] A place of meet- 
ing, an appointment. 

renommee. [Fr.] Fame, renown. 

requiescat in pace. [L.] May he 
rest in peace. 

respice finem. [L.] Look to the 
end. 

resume. [Fr.] A summing up. 

resurgam. [L.] I shall rise again. 

ricordo. [It.] A souvenir, a keep- 
sake. 

rien ne va plus. [Fr.] The betting 
is closed. 

robe de chambre. [Fr.] A dress- 
• ing-gown. 

revenons a nos moutons. [Fr.] Let 
us return to our sheep; i. e., to the 
point at issue. 

rus in urbe. [L.] The country in 
town. 



S 



salle- a- manger. [Fr.] A dining 

room. 
Salus populi suprema est lex. [L.] 

The welfare of the people is the 

supreme law. (Motto of Missouri.) 
sanctum sanctorum. [L.] The holy 

of holies. 
sang-froid. [Fr.] Cold blood; sel r - 

possession; indifference. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



sans ceremonie. [Fr.] Without cere- 
mony. 

sansculottes. [Fr.] Ragged men; 
the lower classes during the French 
revolution. 

sans facon. [Fr.] Without cere- 
mony.' 

sans gene. [Fr.] Without embar- 
rassment. 

sans peur et sans reproche. [Fr.] 
Without fear and without reproach. 

sartor resartus. [L.] The tailor 
retailored. 

sauve qui peut. [Fr.] Let him save 
himself who can. 

savoir faire. [Fr.] Ability, skill. 

sevoir vivre. [Fr.] Good breeding. 

schlafen Sie wohl! [Ger.] Sleep 
well! 

schnellzug. [Ger.] Express train. 

scire facias. [L.] Cause it to be 
known. 

semper fidelis. [L.] Always faith- 
ful. 

semper paratus. [L.] Always pre- 
pared. 

sesquipedalia verba. [L.] Words a 
foot and a half long. 

sic itur ad astra. [L.] Such is the 
way to immortality. 

Sic semper tyrannis. [L.] So al- 
ways to tyrants. (The motto of Vir- 
ginia.) 

sic transit gloria mundi. [L.] So 
passes away earthly glory. 

sic vos non vobis. [L.] Thus you 
do not labor for yourselves. 

similia similibus curantur. [L.] 
Like things are cured by like. 

sine die. [L.] Without an appointed 
day. 

sine qua non. [L.] An indispen- 
sable condition. 

si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, 
circumspice. [L.] If thou seekest a 
beautiful peninsula, behold it here; 
motto of Michigan. 

si non e vero, e ben trovato. [It.] 
If it is not true, it is very ingenious. 

siste viator! [L.] Halt, traveller! — 
a frequent inscription on graves. 

sit tibi terra levis. [L.] May the 
earth rest lightly on you. 

sobriquet. [Fr.] A nickname. 

souvent femme varie, bien fol est 
qui s'y fie. [Fr.] Woman often 
changes, and very foolish is he who 
trusts her. 

statu quo ante. [L.] In the same 
state as before. 



stet. [L.] Let it stand. 
sub judice. [L.] Under considera- 
tion. 
sturm und drang. [Ger.] Storm 

and stress. 
sub rosa. [L.] Under the rose; 

secretly. 
succes d'estime. [Fr.] A success 

only in the eyes of the enlightened 

few. 
sui generis. [L.] Of its own kind. 
sui juris. [L.] In one's own right. 
summum bonum. [L.] The chief 

good. 
sur le tapis. [Fr.] On the carpet; 

under consideration. 



table d'hote. [Fr] The regular 
course dinner. 

tabula rasa. [L.] A blank tablet. 

tant pis. [Fr.] So much the worse. 

tant soit peu. [Fr.] Never so little. 

tempora mutantur, et nos muta- 
mur in illis. [L.] The times are 
changed, and we are changed with 
them. 

tempus edax rerum. [L.] Time, 
the devour er of all things. 

tempus fugit. [L.] Time flies. 

terrae Alius. [L.] A son of the soil. 

terra cotta. [It.] Baked clay; a 
kind of pottery. 

terra firm a. [L.] Solid earth; a 
safe footing. 

terra incognita. [L.] An unknown 
country. 

tertium quid. [L.] A third some- 
thing; the result of the union or 
collision between two opposing 
forces. 

tete-a-tete. [Fr.] Head to head; i. e., 
a conversation between two people. 

tiers- etat. [Fr.] The third estate; 
commons, commonalty. 

to kalon'. [Gr.] The beautiful; the 
chief good. 

toties quoties. [L.] As often as. 

tour de force. [Fr.] A feat of 
strength; a piece of sheer clever- 
ness. 

tou jours perdrix. [Fr.] Always par- 
tridge; i. e., everlastingly the same 
thing. 

tout-a-fait. [Fr.] Entirely; alto- 
gether. 

tout-a-1'heure. [Fr.] Presently. 

tout au contraire. [Fr.] Quite the 
contrary. 



FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS 



[Fr.] All the same. 
[Ft.] The whole 



A tragedy. 
Reverie, 



day- 



tout de mime. 
tout ensemble. 

taken together. 
trauerspiel. [Ger.] 
traumerei. [Ger.] 

dreams. 
trink-geld. [Ger.] A gratuity, a 

pourboire. 

U 

ubi supra. [L.] Where above-men- 
tioned. - 

ultima ratio regum. [L.] The last 
argument of kings; i. e., war. 

ultima thule. [L.] The furthest 
land or limit. 

In excess of one's 



With once voice; 



[Ger.] 
famous 



Under 
street in 



ultra vires. [L.] 

legal powers. 
una voce. [L.] 

unanimously. 
unter den linden 

the lime-trees, a 

Berlin. 
unter vier augen. [Ger.] Between 

four eyes; i. e., tete-a-tete, 
usque ad aras. [L.] To the very 

altars; to the last extremity. 
usque ad nauseam. [L.] To the 

point of disgust. 
ut infra. [L.] As below. 
ut supra. [L.] As above. 



vetturino. [It.] A hackman. 

via media. [L.] A middle course. 

vice versa. [L.] The terms being 
exchanged; the reverse. 

vide ut supra. [L.] See what is 
stated above. 

vient de paraitre. [Fr.] Just pub- 
lished, or, just out. 

vi et armis. m [L.] By force and 
arms; by main force. 

villegiatura. [It.] A summer vaca- 
tion. 

vedi Napoli e poi mori. [It.] See 
Naples and then die. 

vincit omnia Veritas. [L.] Truth 
conquers all things. 

vinculum matrimonii. [L.] The 
bond of matrimony. 

vis-a-vis. [Fr.] Opposite; face to 
face. 

vive la bagatelle! [Fr.] Success to 
trifles! Trifling forever! 

vogue la gal ere. [Fr.] Let come 
what may. 

voila tout. [Fr.] That is all. 

voir rouge. [Fr.] To see red; to be 
in an ungovernable rage. 



W 



vade mecum. [L.] "Go with me;" 
i. e., a guide or handbook, indis- 
pensable to the traveller. 

vae victis. [L.] Woe to the con- 
quered. 

vale. [L.] Farewell. 

veni, vidi, vici. [L.] 
I conquered. 

ventre-a-terre. [Fr.] At full gallop; 
at break-neck speed. 

verbum sat sapient! 



wagon-lit. [Fr.] A sleeping-car. 
wander jahr. [Ger.] A wander-year; 

a year of travel. 
wanderlust. [Ger.] The love of 

travel; the nomadic instinct. 
Wacht am Rhein. [Ger.] The Watch 

on the Rhine. 
wie gewohnlich. [Ger.] As usual. 
wohlgeboren. [Ger.] Well born; of 
I came, I saw, good birth. ■ 



to the wise is sufficient. 



[L.] A word zeit ist geld. [Ger.] Time is momy* 
zeitung. [Ger.] Newspaper. 



A Dictionary of Commercial and 
Legal Terms. 



Edited by 

ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. 

Formerly Professor in Teachers' College, Columbia University. 



A. On endorsements = Audited, Ac- 
cepted, or Approved. 
a, @. ■= at; as 5 yds. @ 24 cts. 

Ai. Originally a symbol used by 
Lloyd's Register of British Shipping, 
in which the hull is rated by letters, 
the equipment by figures. m 

Abandonment. In marine insurance, 
the giving up to the insurers of prop- 
erty partly destroyed, with the pur- 
pose of claiming full insurance. 

Abatement. An amount deducted; a 
discount; removal of a nuisance. 

Abeyance. Suspense, as an unsettled 
estate held in abeyance. 

Abrogate. To repeal, annul; abolish; 
destroy. 

Abstract. Abridgment or summary of 
a document. 

Acceptance. Agreement to terms 
proposed; engagement to pay, made 
by the person on whom a draft, bill 
of exchange, or other order is drawn. 
The order when it has been accepted. 

Acceptance supra Protest or for 
Honor. Agreement to pay a note 
or bill protested to preserve the 
honor of the maker or endorser. 

Acceptor. The one who accepts a 
draft, bill of exchange or other order. 

Accession. Acquiring. 

Accessory. One who instigates, abets, 
or aids the offense of another. 

Accident Insurance. Insurance 
against personal injury by accident. 

Accommodation Endorser. One 
who endorses accommodation 
paper. 

Accommodation Paper. Commer- 
cial paper not founded on an actual 



trade transaction but drawn in order 
to be discounted for the benefit of 
one or all of the drawers, acceptors 
or endorsers. 

Accord and Satisfaction. Settle- 
ment of a claim by agreement to ac- 
cept one thing in place of the origin- 
ally claimed, 

Account (Acct., a /c). A statement of 
business dealings between individ- 
uals or firms. 

Account Current. A running ac- 
count; a statement of transactions 
between firms or individuals, gener- 
ally in the form of a summary of 
debits and credits. 

Account Sales. The itemized state- 
ment of a broker or commission 
agent to his principal, showing the 
quantity of goods sold, prices, 
charges, commissions and net pro- 
ceeds. 

Accountant. ' An expert examiner or 
adjuster of accounts. 

Accroach. To attempt to use power 
without authority. 

Accrue. To increase; be due. 

Acknowledge. To admit the receipt 
of correspondence, remittance or 
order. 

Acknowledgment. A receipt. A 
formal declaration made before a 
competent officer by one who exe- 
cutes an instrument that it is his 
voluntary act. 

Acquittance. A written receipt or 
discharge from all claims in full. 

Act. A formal writing expressing what 
has been done. The enactment by a 
legislative body or court. 

Act of God. A physical cause of in- 
jury which cannot be prevented by 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



human means, such as tempest, 
lightning, earthquake, etc. 

Action. A suit or process at law. 

Adjudicate. To settle by legal pro- 
cess. 

Adjustment. Settlement of legal 
claims and disputed accounts. 

Ad Litem. [Lat.] For a # law suit. 
A term applied to a guardian or rep- 
resentative of a widow or other per- 
son not competent to appear per- 
sonally before a court. 

Administer. To settle an estate. 

Administrator (Admr.), Adminis- 
tratix (Admx.). An officer ap- 
pointed by the court to settle the 
estate of an intestate or in the ab- 
sence of a qualified executor. 

Admiralty Court. A court having 
jurisdiction in maritime questions. 

Ad Valorem. [Lat.] According to 
value. Ad Valorem duties are esti- 
mated on the basis of the value of 
the imported article, not according 
to weight, measure, etc. (specific 
duties). 

Advance. Rise in value. To pay or 
furnish money before it is due. 

Adventure. A speculation. The 
shipment of goods on shipper's own 
account. 

Adventure, Bill of. A declaration 
signed by the master of a ship which 
carries goods at the owner's risk. 

Adventure in Co. m Shipment of goods 
at joint risk of shipper and consignee. 

Adverse Possession. The holding of 
real property contrary to the claim 
of another. 

Advice. Commercial notice sent by 
letter, called Letter of Advice. 

Affiant. One who makes an affidavit. 

Affidavit. A written declaration un- 
der oath. 

Affiliation. The determining of the 
paternity of a child. 

Affinity. Relationship by marriage. 

Affreightment. The hiring a ship for 
transportation of goods. 

Age of Consent. The age at which 
miners may enter into a valid con- 
tract of marriage. 

Agency. The relation to his principal 
of one authorized to act for another. 

Agent. One who acts for another. 

Aggravation. A circumstance which 
enhances crime or increases danger. 

Agio. [Ital.] Difference in value be- 
tween current and standard moneys, 
as between bank notes and gold. 



Agiotage. Speculation on the fluctua- 
tion of public securities. 

Agrarian. Relating to land or its 
tenure. 

Agreement. A contract or bargain. 

Alias. [Lat.] Otherwise. An as- 
sumed name. 

Alien. One of foreign birth not natu- 
ralized in the country of his residence 
and owing allegiance to a foreign 
power. 

Alienate. To transfer property. 

Alienation. Conveyance of title. 

Alienation Clause. In fire insurance 
policies, a clause rendering the policy 
void if the property insured is sold 
cr transferred. 

Alimony. In divorce law, a provision 
made by the court from her hus- 
band's income or estate for the sup- 
port of a wife. 

Aliquot Part. A number contained 
an exact number of times in a larger 
number. 

Allegation. A statement of what a 
party undertakes to prove. The 
charge undertaken to be proved. 

Allegiance. The obligation due from 
a citizen to his government. 

Allonge. [Fr.] A slip of paper at- 
tached to a note or bill of exchange 
to allow space for more endorse- 
ments. 

Allotment Ticket. An order for the 
payment of a specific portion of a 
seaman's wages to his family at 
stated intervals during a voyage. 

Allow. To concede, discount, deduct. 

Allowance. Deduction from weight 
or amount. Sailor's rations. 

Alloy. [Fr.] Baser metal compounded 
with a finer. The union of different 
metals. In coinage, gold is alloyed 
with silver or copper; silver with 
nickel, brass or copper. 

Alluvium. The gradual increase of 
the shore of a stream formed by de- 
posits carried by the water. 

Amotion. A turning away or re- 
moval. 

Amount Gross. The sum total or 
aggregate. 

Amount Net. The sum total less de- 
ductions for expenses, discount, or 
charges. 

Ancestor. In law the term includes 
collaterals as well as lineals. # 

Anchorage. A spot where ships may 
anchor safely. A toll or fee for 
anchoring. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Ancillary. Auxiliary. 

Anker. A foreign liquid measure of 
about ten gallons. 

Annex. To take for permanent hold- 
ing* fixtures are annexed to the 
realty. 

Annuity. A sum of money paid 
yearly or at fixed intervals. 

Annul. To make void. 

Answer. To reply; be responsible for. 
In law, a reply to a charge. 

Antedate. To date] before the true 
time. 

Appeal. In law, to apply for a review 
of a cause. 

Appearance. In law, the coming into 
court or formal submitting to a 
court's jurisdiction by a person sum- 
moned. 

Appellate Court. A court having 
power to review the decisions of 
lower courts^ 

Apply. To dispose of, as to apply 
funds in payment of a note. 

Appraise. To place a value on prop- 
erty. 

Appraiser. One who appraises. A 
government officer who fixes the 
value of dutiable articles. 

Appreciate. To increase in value. 

Apprentice. One legally bound out 
to another to learn a trade. 

Appropriation. A government grant 
of money for a specific purpose. 

Approval. A sale on approval is con- 
ditional on the approval of the pur- 
chaser, who may return the goods if 
not satisfactory. 

Appurtenance. In law, a thing or 
right that goes with the land,, as a 
right of way. 

Arbitration. The adjustment of dis- 
puted points by disinterested per- 
sons chosen by the contending par- 
ties. 

Arbitration of Exchange. Compu- 
tation of the difference in rates of 
exchange among bankers in three or 
more countries, to discover whether 
it is more profitable to forward 
money directly or indirectly. 

Arrest. To take a person or property 
into legal custody. 

Arson. The malicious burning of a 
building or of a ship. 

Article. A single piece of goods. A 
written agreement or contract, as 
articles of co-partnership. Division 
of a document. 

Articles of War. A code of rules and 
41 



regulations for the government of 
army and navy. 

Assault. A civil and criminal offense, 
consisting in the attempt or offer to 
do bodily hurt. 

Assay. To test the proportion of alloy 
in metals. 

Assess. To value ; to fix a rate ; to levy 
a tax or share of expenses. 

Assets. Resources available for the 
payment of debts; opposed to liabil- 
ities. 

Assign. To transfer or make over 
property or rights to another. 

Assignee. One to whom an assign- 
ment is made. A trustee for £he 
creditors of a bankrupt estate or in- 
solvent debtor. 

Assignment. A transfer of property 
to an assignee. 

Assignor. One who assigns property. 

Assizes. [Eng.] The sessions of a 
court for jury trials held periodically 
in the various counties of England. 

Association. A body of men. A busi- 
ness or stock company. 

Assortment. A quantity of goods 
varying in quality. 

Assumpsit. An undertaking based 
on a consideration. An action to 
recover damages for breach of con- 
tract. 

Assurance. See insurance. 

Attachment. A seizure made by 
order of a court to bring property 
or a person into its custody. 

Attest. To certify, witness by sig- 
nature. 

Attorn. To agree to become tenant 
to one not the original landlord but 
who claims the reversion. 

Attorney. An agent legally appointed 
by another. An officer of the court. 
A counselor. 

Attorney, Power of. Written au- 
thority empowering one person to 
act for another. 

Attorney General. The chief law 
officer of the government. _ 

Attorney in Fact. One acting under 
power of attorney. 

Auction. Public sale of property to 
the highest bidder. 

Audit. To examine and certify ac- 
counts and vouchers. 

Auditor. One authorized to examine 
accounts. An officer of the United. 
States Treasury. 

Aver. To declare or assert formally. 

Average. Mean value or quality. A 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



fair sample. Equitable distribution 
of expense or loss. Formerly a 
charge in addition to freight paid 
by the shipper to the ship's master 
for care of the goods. 

Average, General. In marine in- 
surance, a proportionate charge on 
ship and goods to cover the necessary 
sacrifice of a part. 

Average, Particular. The loss sus- 
tained by partial damage of ship 
alone, or of cargo alone, arising from 
ordinary wear and tear or mishaps 
and not involving the general safety. 

Average, Petty. Small charges, such 
as pilotage, port charges, and the 
like, borne in part by ship and in part 
by cargo. 

Average of Payments. The method 
of determining the time when the 
payment of one sum may be made of 
several sums due at different dates 
without loss to either party. 

Avoid. In law, to nullify, annul. 

Avulsion. Lands removed by the 
sudden action of water from one 
estate and added to another. 

Award. A decision by arbitration. 



Bail. To set free by becoming surety 

for the appearance in court of the 

person to be tried. The amount 

pledged. 
Bailee. One to whom goods are de- 
livered under a contract of bailment. 
Bailment. The delivery of goods to 

another in trust for some purpose. 
Bailor. One who delivers goods under 

a contract of bailment. 
Balance (Bal.). Difference necessary 

to make the two sides of an account 

equal. Weighing scales. 
Balance Account. An account made 

up of balances of different accounts. 

A brief summary of the condition of 

a business. 
Balance Sheet. A paper showing a 

summary of open accounts. 
Balance of Trade. The difference in 

value between the total exports and 

imports of a country. 
Ballast. Weight used to steady a ship. 

To load with ballast instead of cargo. 
Bale. A corded package of goods for 

transportation. 
Banco. In some parts of Europe, the 

difference between bank value and 



depreciated current value of 
money. 

Bank. An institution for the deposit, 
discount and circulation of money. 

Bankable. Receivable at par at a 
bank. 

Bank Bill or Note. A promissory note 
printed by the government and is- 
sued by national banks, used as 
money, and payable on demand. 

Bankbook. Passbook of a bank in 
which deposits are recorded and paid 
checks entered. . 

Bank Draft. A bill of exchan ge drawn 
by one bank on another bank. 

Bank Hours. Usually from 9 or 10 
A.M. to 3 P.M. 

Bankrupt. One unable to pay his 
debts. One who fails in business. 

Bankruptcy. The condition of being 
adjudged bankrupt by the court. 

Bank Stock. Shares in a banking 
company. Paid up capital of a bank 
divided into shares. 

Bar. A final defense. A plea defeat- 
ing an action. The whole body of 
licensed lawyers. The legal profes- 
sion. 

Bargain. A stipulation. An agree- 
ment of sale. 

Barratry. In maritime law, breach of 
duty or trust by muster or crew, as 
against owrers or insurers. In com- 
mon law, the malicious encourage- 
ment of litigation. 

Barrel. A measure of capacity, con- 
taining 3134 gallons, wine measure; 
30 gallons, beer measure; 32 gallons, 
ale measure; 196 pounds of flour; 224 
pounds of butter; 200 pounds of pork 
or beef. The dry barrel is not a 
legalized measure. 

Barrel Bulk. In freight measurement 
5 cubic feet. 

Barrister. The title of a lawyer prac- 
ticing in the higher- courts of England 
and Ireland. 

Barter. To exchange goods foi 
another kind of goods instead of 
money. 

Base Court. An inferior court, not 
one of record. 

Battery. The actual doing of the 
personal hurt attempted by assault. 

Bear. A speculator who strives to 
depress the price of stocks. 

Bearer, One who holds and presents 
a note, bill, cheek or draft for pay- 
ment. Negotiable paper drawn pay- 
able to bearer need not be endorsed. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Bench. The seat for judges. The 
court. The whole body of judges as 
distinguished from the bar. 

Bench Warrant. A warrant issued 
by a superior court judge. 

Beneficiary. The person to whom a 
life insurance policy is made pay- 
able. The person for whose benefit 
another holds title to real estate. 

Bequeath. To give by will. 

Bequest. The act of giving by will. 
The thing given by will. 

Bill. A statement of accounts due. 
A general term for negotiable paper. 
In law, the statement of particulars. 

Bill Book. An account kept in book- 
keeping of notes, drafts, and bills of 
exchange. 

Billhead. > A printed form of bills, 
with business address. 

Bill of Discovery. Application to a 
court of equity to compel a party to 
an action to disclose facts or docu- 
ments in his possession. 

Bill of Entry. An account of goods 
entered at the custom-house for im- 
portation or exportation. 

Bill of Exceptions. A written state- 
ment of exceptions to the decision 
of a court. 

Bill of Exchange. A written order 
for the payment of money, usually 
drawn on a person living in a foreign 
country. 

Bill, Domestic or Inland. A bill of 
exchange payable in the country 
where drawn; usually termed draft. 

Bill of Lading. A written statement 
of goods received for transportation, 
signed by the carrier's agent, and 
given to the shipper. 

Bill of Parcels. An account given 
by seller to buyer of the value of 
goods bought. Sometimes used for 
invoice. 

Bill of Particulars. A document de- 
tailing the demands for which an 
action is brought. 

Bill of Sale (B S). A written agree- 
ment under seal transferring owner- 
ship of personal propertv. 

Bills Payable. Bills Receivable. 
Commercial paper called bills receiv- 
able by the holder, and bills payable 
by the one who is to pay them. 

Blackmail. Extortion of money by 
threats. 

Blank Credit. Authorization to draw 
money on account without limita- 
tion of the amount. 



Blank Endorsement. Endorsement 
which does not specify the person to 
whom payment is to be made. 

Blockade. To obstruct an enemy's 
port. 

Board of Trade. An association of 
business men for the regulation and 
advancement of commercial in- 
terests. 

Bona Fide. [Lat.] In good faith. 

Bond. A legal document by which a 
person binds himself to pay money 
or perform a certain act under 
penalty of paying a specified sum. 

Bond Creditor. A creditor whose 
debt is secured by a bond. 

Bond Debt. A debt contracted under 
obligation of a bond. 

Bonded Goods. Goods stored in 
bonded warehouses or bonded cars, 
on which bonds instead of cash have 
been given for import duties or in- 
ternal revenue. 

Bonded Warehouse. A building 
owned by approved persons who 
have given bonds or guarantee for 
the strict observance of the revenue 
laws; used for storing dutiable mer- 
chandise until the duties are paid 
or the goods re-shipped without 
entry. 

Bondsman. One who gives security 
for another. 

Bonus. A premium given on a loan 
or for a favor shown. 

Book Debts. Accounts charged on 
the books. 

Bookkeeper. One in charge of mer- 
cantile accounts. 

Bookkeeping, Single Entry. A sim- 
ple system of bookkeeping which 
requires only one entry for a single 
transaction. Used chiefly in retail 
business. 

Bookkeeping, Double Entry. The 
system of bookkeeping which re- 
quires for every transaction two 
entries, one on the debit and one on 
the credit side. 

Borough. An incorporated village or 
town not a city. 

Bottomry. The act of pledging a 
vessel for sums advanced for the use 
of the ship. If the ship is lost, the 
lender loses the whole amount of his 
loan. 

Bought and Sold Notes. Memo- 
randa given by a broker to his prin- 
cipal announcing particulars of the 
purchase or sale of commodities for 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



the account of the principal. 

Bounty. A bonus or premium given 
.to encourage a special industry or as 
an inducement to enter public ser- 
vice. 

Brand. A mark of designation; a 
trade-mark, device, or name; a par- 
ticular class of goods. 

Breach. Violation of an agreement. 

Breadstuff's. Any kind of grain, 
corn or meal from which bread is 
made. 

Breakage. The allowance made by a 
shipper for loss caused by the de- 
struction of fragile wares. 

Breaking Bulk. Opening packages 
of goods in transit. 

Breaking in. In law, any violent act 
technically constituting burglary. 

Brief. A concise legal summary or 
statement of a client's case, or of a 
law argument. 

Broker. An agent or factor; a middle- 
man paid by commission. 

Bull. A speculator who strives to 
raise the value of stocks. 

Bullion. Uncoined gold or silver. 

Burden of Proof. The obligation 
resting on a person asserting a fact 
to prove it. 

Burglary. Breaking into a house at 
night with felonious intent. 

Bushel. A dry measure, 18 Y2 inches 
in diameter and 8 inches deep inside; 
its capacity is 2,150.42 cubic 
inches. 

By-Bidder. In auctions, one em- 
ployed to make bids in order to 
raise the price of articles to be sold. 

By-Laws. Private regulations made 
t>y a corporation or municipality for 
its government. 



Cabinet. The advisory council of a 
• sovereign or president. The body of 
ministers who direct the govern- 
ment. 

Calculate. To determine by reckon- 
ing. 

Call. A demand for payment of instal- 
ments due on stock or unpaid con- 
tributions. A request to holders 
of bonds drawn for redemption to 
present them for payment on a cer- 
tain date, after which interest ceases. 
In the Stock Exchange, the privi- 
lege to claim delivery of a specified 



amount of stock at a time and price 
fixed. 

Cancel. To cross out, obliterate any- 
thing written (often by stamp or 
punch) ; to annul, set aside. 

Canon. A rule of ecclesiastical law. 

Capias. [Lat.] A writ commanding 
an officer of the law to take into 
custody the person named in the 
writ. 

Capital. Money or properly invested 
in business; amount of assets. 

Capitalist. One having property to 
invest; a man of wealth. 

Capital Offense. An offense punish- 
able by death. 

Capital Stock. The aggregate a- 
mount of funds or property invested 
in a corporation. The total value 
of stock at par. 

Capitation. A poll tax. 

Carat, Karat. A measure of weight 
( = 3% grains) for gold and precious 
stones. The measure of the pro- 
portionate fineness of gold, pure 
gold being rated at 24 carats. 

Cargo. Merchandise laden on a ship 
for transportation. 

Carrier. One who transports goods 
or persons for hire. 

Cartage. The amount paid for cart- 
ing goods. 

Carte Blanche. [Fr.] Free or un- 
limited powers. 

Case. A box for holding goods or 
merchandise; the amount of its con- 
tents. In law, an action or suit. 

Case, Action on the. A general com- 
mon law form of action. 

Cash. Ready money; gold, silver, 
bank-notes, usually including checks 
and drafts. 

Cash Book. A book registering 
money paid in and out. 

Cash Sales. Sales for cash in dis- 
tinction to sales on credit. 

Cashier. One in charge of the money 
of a business house or bank. 

Cassation. [Fr.] Annulling, reversal. 

Casualty Insurance. Accident in- 
surance. 

Caveat. [Lat.] A legal notice filed 
to prevent a proceeding except after 
notice. In patent law a caveat en- 
titles an inventor to notice of com- 
peting applications for patents dur- 
ing one year. 

Caveat Emptor. [Lat.] Let the 
buyer beware. A phrase embodying 
the principle that a purchaser buys 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



at his own risk, except for the ordi- 
nary legal protection. 

Certificate. A writing testifying to 
some fact. A voucher, as, a cer- 
tificate of deposit, a certificate of 
stock. 

Certified Cheek. A check accepted 
as valid by the bank on which it is 
drawn. The amount represented 
by a certified check is withdrawn 
from the depositor's account and 
held to meet payment of the check. 

Cestui que Trust. [Fr.] One having 
the equitable interest in property 
legally held by a trustee. 

Challenge. An objection made by 
the defense or plaintiff to a juror. 

Chamber of Commerce. An asso- 
ciation of merchants for the en- 
couragement of commercial interests. 

Champerty. An agreement on the 
part of a person to aid in carrying 
on a suit in which he has no legal 
interest in return for a share in the 
thing sued for. 

Chancellor. A judge of a Court of 
Chancery. 

Chancery. In England, a court of 
equity forming a division of the 
High Court of J ustice . In the United 
States, a Court of Equity. 

Charge. A statement by a judge to a 
jury instructing them in regard to 
the legal principles involved in the 
case. 

Charter. A government grant em- 
powering a corporation to do busi- 
ness and defining its rights and 
privileges. The letting or hiring of 
a vessel. 

Charter Party. A written contract 
for the hire of a vessel for a given 
voyage. 

Chattel. Any kind of property except 
real estate. 

Chattel Mortgage. A mortgage of 
property other than real property 
to secure a payment. 

Check, Cheque. An order on a bank 
by a depositor for payment of money. 

Check Book. A printed book of 
blank checks. 

Check Clerk. One who examines ac- 
counts of other clerks. A bank 
clerk who enters up checks. 

Chose. In law, personal property. 

Chose in Action. Personal property 
to which one has a right enforceable 
by iegal process, but not actual pos- 
session. 



Chose in Possession. Personal prop- 
erty of which one has actual pos- 
session. 

Circuit. A judicial district for the 
administration of law by visiting 
judges. 

Circuit Court. A court sitting suc- 
cessively in different places in its 
circuit. 

Circular. An advertising notice. 

Circular Note. A note or letter of 
credit issued by bankers for the ac- 
commodation of travelers, request- 
ing correspondents at different places 
to pay money on demand. 

Circumstantial Evidence. Evidence 
establishing facts which in common 
experience tend to prove another 
fact indirectly. 

Civil Action. One involving private 
rights, not a criminal proceeding. 

Civil Court. A court for the trial of 
civil actions. 

Civil Death. The legal status of a 
living person who has by law for- 
feited his civil rights, as a convict. 

Civil Law. The body of law of a state 
regulating the civil rights and rela- 
tions of m citizens, as distinguished 
from military law. The whole sys- 
tem of Roman law. The body of 
private law developed from the 
Roman law. 

Civil Marriage. One performed by a 
civil officer, and not by a clergyman. 

Civil Rights Act. An act of Congress 
in 1875 providing for equal enjoy- 
ment by all persons, without regard 
to race, of hotels, public convey- 
ances etc. 

Civil Rights Bill. A bill passed by 
Congress in 1866 securing equal civil 
and political rights to all citizens, 
irrespective of race and previous 
condition of slavery. 

Civil Service. That performed for a 
state, other than military, naval, 
legislative and judicial. 

Civil Service Act. An act of 1871 
under which the President has power 
to fix qualifications and rules for 
entering the civil service. 

Civil Service Commission. A com- 
mission of three members appointed 
by the President to control appoint- 
ments to the civil service. 

Claims, Court of. A court for the 
settlement of claims against the 
state. 

Clearance* A Custom House cer- 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



tificate that a ship has been 
cleared. 

Clearing. Entering a ship at the 
Custom House and obtaining per- 
mission to sail, and the necessary- 
legal papers. In banking, exchange 
of checks and settling balances. 

Clearing House. A banking ex- 
change for the convenience of daily 
settlements. Drafts and checks are 
exchanged without presentation at 
each of the banks represented and a 
balance is struck, which alone is 
paid in cash. 

Closed Shop. One in which non- 
union workers are not employed. 

C. O. D. Cash or collect on delivery; 
a method of payment for goods not 
paid for when purchased. 

Code. A systematized body of statute 
law, as the civil code, penal code. 

. A system of signals or abbreviations. 

Collateral. Of the same ancestry but 
not in lineal descent. A grandson is 
of lineal, a nephew of collateral 
descent. 

Collateral Security, or Collateral. 
Pledges of stock, notes, or chattels, 
as security for payment of indebt- 
edness. 

Collector. One authorized to receive 
money for another. The chief officer 
of a Custom House. m 

Commerce. The business of exchang- 
ing commodities. Mercantile busi- 
ness in general . In a restricted sense, 
the shipping belonging to a country. 

Commerce, Court of. A court es- 
tablished # in 1910 to adjudicate 
causes arising from the action of the 
Interstate Commerce Commission. 

Commercial Law. The body of law 
relating to commerce. 

Commercial Paper. Bills of ex- 
change, drafts, and notes given in the 
course of trades. 

Commission. A percentage given 
for the sale or purchase of goods, or 
for the transaction of business. The 
authority by which one person 
transacts business for another. The 
certificate conferring military or 
naval rank. A body of men author- 
ized to perform a certain work. 

Commission Broker. An agent who 
buys or sells on commission. 

Commissioner. One holding a com- 
mission. 

Commissioner of Deeds. An attor- 

L ney or notary authorized to take 



acknowledgment and administer 
oaths. 

Commitment. Sending to prison 
The court order directing the im • 
prisonment of a person. 

Common Carrier. One who, as a 
business, conveys goods or passen- 
gers. 

Common Law. The ordinary law of 
a community. Unwritten law, based 
upon the precedent of usage, as dis- 
tinguished from written or statute 
law. 

Common Law Marriage. One en- 
tered into by consent of a man and 
woman without civil or ecclesiastical 
sanction. 

Common Pleas, Court of . In some 
states, a court having jurisdiction in 
ordinary civil suits. 

Common Stock. Ordinary stock not 
participating in the special advan- 
tages of preferred stock. 

Company. An association in business. 
A joint stock concern. A term used 
in a firm name to designate othe:: 
partners not specifically named. 

Competency. In law, fitness to be 
heard in court. Authority of a legal 
officer. 

Complaint. A formal statement of 
charges in a legal action. 

Composition Adjustment. Settle- 
ment of a debt by payment of a cer- 
tain percentage. 

Compound. To settle a claim by re- 
ceiving or paying only part of the 
amount. To undertake, for a con- 
sideration, not to prosecute an 
offender. 

Compound Interest. Interest on 
principal and accrued interest. 

Compromise. To agree upon a set- 
tlement based on mutual concessions. 

Condition Prece'dent. In law, a pro- 
vision to be fulfilled before an in- 
strument takes effect. 

Condition Subsequent. A provision 
contemplating the extinguishment 
of a right established in an instru- 
ment because of some possible future 
event. 

Consideration. Value received; an 
equivalent for the act of another. 

Consign. To send goods to another 
for sale or for his own use, or to be 
cared for. 

Consignee. One to whom goods are 
sent. 

Consignment. Goods sent to another- 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Consignor. One who sends goods to 
another. 

Consols. The funded government 
securities of England. 

Constitution. A document embody- 
ing the principles and fundamental 
rules of a nation, state, or society. 

Constitutional Law. The body of 
law concerned with the interpreta- 
tion of constitutions. 

Consul. A government agent of one 
country residing in a city of a foreign 
country to guard trade interests and 
the rights of citizens of his country. 

Contempt of Court. Disobedience 
to the rules or orders of a court. 
Disrespect of court. 

Contra. [Lat.] On the opposite side. 

Contraband. Prohibited goods or 
merchandise. Smuggled. 

Contraband of War. Articles which 
by international law may aot be pro- 
vided to belligerents, as munitions 
or arms. 

Contract. An enforceable agreement. 
A bargain. 

Contractor. One who engages to do 
certain work or furnish goods at 
fixed rates. A public supply agent. 

Contributory Negligence. In law, 
such negligence on the part of one 
injured as to form part of the cause 
of injury. 

Conversion. In law, appropriation or 
unauthorized assumption of rights 
over another's property. The change 
from real to personal or personal to 
real property. 

Conveyance. Transference of prop- 
erty. The written instrument by 
which property is transferred. 

Cooperage. Charge for cooper's work 
on casks or barrels. 

Copartnership. The same as part- 
nership. 

Copyright. The right granted by 
government to an author to control 
the publication of his work. 

Corner. The buying up of a large 
quantity of a commodity to raise the 
price. 

Coroner. A municipal or county offi- 
cial charged with the investigation 
of deaths apparently due to violence. 

Corporation. A group of persons 
considered in law as a single individ- 
ual. 

Costs. Expenses of litigation imposed 
by the court, usually on the losing 
party to a suit. 



Counsel. A legal adviser in charge 
of the conduct of a case. 

Count. An individual complete charge 
in a pleading. 

Counter Claim. A claim introduced 
by the defendant as an offset to the 
claim of the plaintiff. 

Counter Entry. An entry in a con- 
trary sense. 

Counterfeit. A forgery. A spurious 
bank bill. 

County Court. A court having juris- 
diction within the limits of a county. 

Coupon. [Fr.] A certificate of in- 
terest attached to bonds or stock, 
to be detached when due. 

Course of Exchange. The sums paid 
by merchants for bills of exchange 
in order to make remittances to 
another country. 

Court Martial. A court of officers for 
the trial of military or naval offenses. 

Covenant. A promise contained in a 
sealed instrument. 

Coverture. The legal status of a 
married woman. 

Credentials. Testimonials giving au- 
thority. 

Credit (Cr.). Trust. The reputation 
for reliability in meeting obligations; 
financial standing. The time given 
for payment for purchases made on 
trust. In accounts, acknowledgment 
of value received or transferred, the 
opposite of debit. 

Creditor (Cr.). One to whom money 
or value is owed. One giving credit. 

Criminal Law. The body of law re- 
lating to criminal cases, as opposed 
to Civil Law. 

The Curbstone (or Curb). A place 
where brokers who have not seats 
in the Stock Exchange transact their 
business in the open street. 

Curbstone Broker. A broker who is 
not a member of the regular Stock 
Exchange. 

Currency. The circulating medium 
of a country; that which passes for 
money. 

Current. Of money, circulating freely. 
Of accounts, now running. 

Curtesy. The estate of a husband in 
the lands of his deceased wife if a 
living child has been born to them. 

Custom House. A building where 
duties are paid and ships entered 
and cleared. 

Customs. Duties imposed on goods 
exported or imported. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Damages. Money compensation for 
injury received. 

Date. Day of the month and year. 

Day book. A book for recording daily 
transactions. 

Days of Grace. The time, usually 
three days, allowed for payment of 
notes or bills after the time specified 
has elapsed. 

Debase. To lessen in value; as, a 
debased coinage. 

Debenture. A Custom House certifi- 
cate entitling an exporter to a draw- 
back on duties paid. 

Debit (Dr.). To make debtor. The 
opposite of credit. A charge entered. 

Debtor (Dr.). One who owes; the 
opposite of creditor. 

Declaration. In law, the full state- 
ment of the plaintiff's claim. A 
statement accepted from a witness 
instead of an oath. 

Declare. To announce (a dividend). 
To make a statement of dutiable or 
taxable property. 

Decline. To decrease in value. 

Decree. A decision or judgment given 
by a court of equity, probate, divorce 
or admiralty. 

Deed. A sealed legal instrument, 
transf (erring property, usually land. 

De Facto. [Lat.]. In fact; actual. 

Defalcation. Misappropriation of 
money; embezzlement. 

Default. Failure to pay a debt. Fail- 
ure to appear in court when called. 
Judgment by default may be entered 
against a defendant who neglects to 
appear. 

Defeasance. A condition the fulfill- 
ment of which renders a contract 
void. 

Defendant. The one against whom a 
suit or action is made. 

Defense. The defendant's answer to 
the plaintiffs action. 

Deficiency Bill. A legislative act pro- 
viding funds to meet a deficiency. 

Deficit. [Lat.] A lack of funds to 
balance accounts. A falling short. 

De Jure. [Lat.] By right or legal 
title, as distinguished from de 
facto. 

Del Credere. [Ital.] An extra com- 
mission given an agent in considera- 
tion of his guaranteeing the solvency 
of those with whom he deals on 
credit. 



Delivery. The act of putting nrop- 
erty legally in another's possession. 

De Luna ti co Inquirendo. [Lat.] A 
writ providing for the investigation 
of the mental condition of one al- 
leged to be mentally unsound. 

Demand. Presentation of a claim for 
payment. 

Demise. To convey an estate in real 
property by will or lease. 

Denial. In law, the contradiction of 
the allegations of the opposing party. 

Demurrage. Detention of a vessel 
beyond the time allowed by a 
charter party. The payment made 
by the shipper for such detention. 

Demurrer. In law, a pleading which 
grants the truth of the facts alleged, 
but denies that they are sufficient, or 
alleges some defect. 

Deponent. One who makes oath as 
to the truth of a written statement. 

Deposit. To place in the care of an- 
other, especially to leave money 
with a bank subject to order. Pay- 
ment on account. 

Deposition. Testimony, especially 
in written form, under oath, to be 
used in place of oral testimony. 

Depot. A place of storage. A ware- 
house for goods, etc. A railway sta- 
tion. 

Depreciate. To decrease in value. 

Derelict. Property, especially a ship 
or cargo, abandoned by the owner. 

Deteriorate. To decrease in value. 

Deviation. The voluntary departure 
without necessity of a ship from the 
regular course of the voyage insured. 

Devise. To grant by will, especially 
of real estate. 

Direct Evidence. Evidence which 
proves a fact directly, as the testi- 
mony of an eye-witness. 

Director. One of the managers of a 
company or corporation. 

Disability. Lack of qualification. 
Incapacity to perform a legal act. 

Disaffirmance. Canceling a voidable 
contract. 

Discharge. To execute or perform a 
duty. To pay a debt. To unload a 
ship. 

Discontinuance. The abandonment 
of a legal proceeding by the plaintiff 
or through his neglect. 

Discount. A deduction from or allow- 
ance on a price or account. Payment 
of interest in advance. Bank dis- 
count is the interest on the face of 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



a bill or note from the date of dis- 
count until maturity. True dis- 
count is the interest which added to 
the present worth equals the face 
value. 

Discount Broker. One who dis- 
counts commercial paper. 

Discount Day. The special day of 
the week appointed by a bank for 
discounting notes. 

Disfranchise. To deprive of citizen's 
rights. To dispossess a member of a 
corporation. 

Dishonor. Failure to pay a draft or 
obligation when due. 

Dissolution. Breaking up of a part- 
nership. 

Dissolve. In law, to discharge, re- 
lease, annul. 

Distrain. To levy a distress. 

Distress. The seizing of personal 
property to enforce payment of an 
obligation. 

District Court. A subordinate court 
with jurisdiction in special cases. 

Dividend. Proportional payment of 
profits to a stockholder. Payment 
to creditors out of a bankrupt 
estate. 

Divisible Contract. One in which 
certain agreements are valid and 
others invalid. 

Divorce. The legal separation of hus- 
band and wife. 

Dockage. Charges for the use of a 
dock. Docking facilities. 

Docket. A digest or abstract. A list 
of cases before a court. 

Domestic. Not foreign. Of home 
production. 

Domicile. A place of permanent and 
legal residence. 

Dormant. Suspended, not acted on, 
as a title. 

Double-Eagle, a twenty-dollar gold 
piece. 

Dower. The right of a widow to a 
life interest in one-third of all real 
estate owned by her husband at any 
time after marriage. 

Draft. An order to pay money. A 
rough copy. A deduction from gross 
weight. The number of feet a ship 
sinks in the water. 

Draw. To make a draft. To call for 
funds. 

Drawback. An allowance or return 
of money paid, especially of duties. 

Drawee. The one on whom a draft or 
bill is drawn. 



Drawer. The maker of a draft or bill 
of exchange. 

Drayage. Cartage. 

Drummer. A traveling salesman; 
commercial traveler. 

Dry Goods. Textile fabrics. 

Due. Owing. 

Due Bill. A written acknowledgment 
of debt, not negotiable. 

Dun. To press for payment. 

Dunnage. Loose material laid on the 
bottom of a ship's hold or stowed be- 
tween barrels and x cases to prevent 
injury to cargo. 

Duplicate. A copy. A second article 
of the same kind. In law, a repro- 
duction of an instrument having the 
validity of an original. 

Duress. Personal restraint, compul- 
sion, confinement. 

Duty. Government tax on exports or 
imports. 

E 

Eagle. A ten dollar gold piece. 

Earnest. A payment made by the 
buyer to bind a bargain. 

Easement. The right to the use of 
another's land. 

E. & O. E. Abbreviation for "Errors 
and Omissions Excepted." 

Effects. Personal property. 

Ejectment. Dispossession, eviction. 
An ^action to recover possession of 
real property. 

Emancipation Proclamation. The 
proclamation issued on Jan. 1, 1863, 
by President Lincoln declaring the 
freedom of slaves within the terri- 
tory in rebellion. 

Embargo. An order of a government 
forbidding ships to enter or leave its 
ports. 

Embezzle. To appropriate fraudu- 
lently money entrusted to one's 
care. 

Emblements. Growing crops which 
have been sown or planted, and their 
profits. 

Eminent Domain. The right of a 
government to take private prop- 
erty for public use, with compen- 
sation to the owner. 

Employer's Liability Insurance. 
Insurance against loss caused by in- 
jury to an employee. 

Emporium. A place of trade, com- 
mercial centre. 

Enabling Act. A statute making law- 
ful an act otherwise not lawful. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Enact. To make valid as a law. 

Endorse, Indorse. To sign one's 
name on the back of a commercial 
or legal paper for the purpose of 
certifying, guaranteeing, or trans- 
ferring. 

Endorsee. One in whose favor en- 
dorsement is made. 

Endorsement in Blank. See Blank 
Endorsement. 

Endorsement in Full. See Full En- 
dorsement. 

Endowment. Property or funds set- 
tled on an institution for its support. 

Endowment Insurance. A form of 
life insurance under which a fixed 
sum is paid after a specified term. 

Engross. To copy in manuscript. 

Engrosser. One who obtains con- 
trol of the market in a commodity 
by purchasing the whole or a large 
part of the supply. 

Enjoin. To forbid by judicial order. 

Entail. To limit the succession of real 
property to certain descendants. g 

Entire Contract. One under which 
all the agreements must be per- 
formed to fulfill the contract. 

Entrepot. A place where goods in 
transit are deposited without paying 
duty. 

Entry. Making a record. An item. 
Taking legal possession of real prop- 
erty. Entering feloniously, which, 
with breaking, constitutes burglary. 
Depositing a ship's papers with the 
Custom House. 

Equitable Estate. Interest in prop- 
erty legally held by trustees. 

Equity. A branch of jurisprudence, 
supplementing the common law. 
The interest retained by a mortgagor 
in property mortgaged by him. An 
equitable right. 

Equity of Redemption. The right 
of a mortgagor to redeem forfeited 
property within a given time. 

Escheat. The lapsing of lands to the 
state in default of legal heirs. 

Escrow. A deed or bond given to a 
third person to be delivered to the 
grantee when a certain condition 
has been fulfilled. 

Estate. An interest in property. 

Estoppel. A rule of law barring the 
assertion of a fact or the performance 
of an act inconsistent with previous 
acts or declarations. 

Evict. To eject legally. 

Evidence. Testimony submitted in a 



legal investigation and accepted as a 
proper means of ascertaining a 
fact. 

Examiner. A Custom House officer 
who compares goods with invoices. 

Exchange. The process of remitting 
money values by means of bills and 
drafts. The discount or premium 
arising from the purchase or sale of 
different classes of values. A place 
where merchants meet to transact 
business. 

Exchange Broker. One who deals in 
bills of exchange. 

Exchequer. A treasury. Finances. 

Excise. Internal revenue tax. 

Execution. Finishing. Signing and 
sealing a legal instrument. A writ- 
ten direction given to an officer 
authorizing him to enforce a judg- 
ment. 

Executor, fern. Executrix. A person 
appointed in a will to carry out its 
provisions. 

Executory. To be performed in the 
future. 

Exhibit. A voucher or document pre- 
sented in court and marked to be 
used as evidence. 

Ex parte. [Lat.'] In legal proceedings, 
on one side only. In the absence 01 
one party, or without his knowledge. 

Export. To send goods abroad in the 
course of trade. 

Exports. Goods exported. 

Ex post facto. [Lat.] Retroactive. 
An ex post facto law is one which 
makes criminal an act performed 
previously and which was innocent 
when performed. In the United 
States such laws are unconstitu- 
tional. 

Express. Definitely stated; not im- 
plied. 

Express. The business of transport- 
ing goods and money by a common 
carrier with greater care and rapidity 
than by freight. 

Extension. A further allowance of 
time given by a creditor to a debtor 
for payment. 

Extradition. The delivery by one 
government or authority of a per- 
son accused of crime to another Hav- 
ing jurisdiction over him. 



Face. The amount for which a note 

is drawn. 
Fac- simile. [Lat.] An exact copy. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Fact, Question of. In law, a ques- 
tion of the reality of any occurrence 
or condition, usually left to the jury, 
in distinction to questions of law, 
decided by the court. 

Factor. A mercantile agent; a com- 
mission merchant; a consignee. 

Factorage. The commission of a 
factor. 

Facture. An invoice or bill of goods. 

Fail. To become bankrupt; to sus- 
pend payment. 

Fall. Decrease in value. 

False Imprisonment. Interference 
with personal liberty contrary to 
law. 

False Pretenses. Misstatements in 
regard to past facts made with intent 
to defraud. 

Fancy Goods. Light fabrics, ribbons, 
laces, etc. 

Farthing. The fourth part of an 
English penny, worth half a cent. 

Fee. An estate in the inheritance of 
land. A charge legally fixed for the 
services of a public official. Charge 
of a professional man. 

Fee Simple. Absolute ownership of 
real estate. 

Fee Tail. An estate in land limited 
to specified heirs. 

Felony. An offense gra\ jr than a mis- 
demeanor, as burglary, homicide, 
rape, etc. 

Fidelity Insurance. Insurance 
against loss by the dishonesty of 
an employee. 

Fiduciary. Holding in trust. A 
trustee. 

File. A collection of papers arranged 
in an orderly manner. To deliver 
any paper to a legal officer. To 
place on file. 

Finance. Funds. Public money. 
Revenue. 

Financier. One skilled in money 
matters. 

Fire Insurance. Insurance of fire 
risks. 

Firm. The title under which two or 
more persons carry on business. A 
partnership. 

First Mortgage. The first of two or 
more mortgages on the same prop- 
erty, constituting a lien that must 
be satisfied before a second mort- 
gage is. 

Fiscal. Pertaining to the public 
treasury or revenue, or to finances 
in general. The fiscal year is the 



year by which accounts are reck- 
oned. 

Five-Forties. United States Bonds, 
issued during the Civil War, re- 
deemable at any time after five years, 
payable at not more than forty 
years after date, bearing 6 per cent, 
interest. 

Five- Twenties. United States Bonds, 
redeemable any time after five years, 
payable twenty years from date, 
bearing 6 per cent, interest. 

Fixture. Anything of an accessory 
nature annexed to real estate. Any- 
thing forming a legal part of real 
estate. 

Flat. Inactive; depressed; dull. 

Flat Value. Value without interest or 
discount. 

Floating Debt. An unfunded debt. 

Flotsam. Wreckage or goods found 
floating on the sea. 

F. O. B. "Free on board"; delivered 
free to a carrier, but not including 
transportation and shipping charges. 

Folio. A page number. In book- 
keeping, a page of an account book. 
An established number of words, in 
the United States generally 100, 
taken as a unit of measurement or 
reference. 

Footing. The amount of a column of 
figures. 

Force majeure. [Fr.] Superior force. 
An inevitable accident. 

Forced Sale. A compulsory fore- 
closure or sale of property. 

Foreclose. To take possession of 
property under the conditions of a 
mortgage. 

Foreclosure. The act of foreclosing. 

Foreign Bill. A bill of exchange 
drawn in one country and payable 
in another. 

Forfeiture. Loss of property, etc., as 
a punishment for negligence or an 
unlawful act. 

Forge. To imitate, counterfeit, or 
fraudulently fabricate, especially a 
signature or writing. 

Forwarder. One who transmits or 
forwards goods. 

Fractional. Of an amount smaller v 
than the unit. 

Fractional Currency. Coin or paper 
money worth less than the monetary 
unit. 

Franc. The French monetary unit, 
containing 100 centimes; value 19.3 
cents. 



J 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Franchise. A statutory right. A 
right or privilege enforced by gov- 
ernment grant. 

Franking. The privilege of sending 
letters free of charge. 

Fraud. In law, any intentional de- 
ception or concealment by which 
another is legally damaged. 

Free Goods. Goods admitted without 
an import tax. 

Freehold. An estate of inheritance or 
life estate in real property. 

Free Port. A port where ships may 
load and unload free from duties, 
or where the duties are the same for 
all nations. 

Free Trade. Trade not, restricted by 
tariff duties Or regulations. 

Freight. Payment for transportation 
of goods or hire of a ship; the goods 
carried. 

Full Endorsement. One which speci- 
fies the person to whom payment 
is to be made. 

Fund. To make a short time-loan or 
several loans into a permanent loan 
bearing interest. 

Fundible. Interchangeable. That 
may be substituted for equal a- 
mounts of another thing, as money, 
grain, etc. 

Funds. Ready money; resources. 
Public securities. 



G 



Garble. Dust, filth, or refuse removed 
from spices, drugs, etc. 

Garnishee. One on whom a writ of 
garnishment is served. 

Garnishment. A legal notice at- 
taching the property of one person 
in the hands of another. 

Gauge (gaj) . To measure the capacity 
or contents of a cask; a measure 
or standard. 

General Agent. One whose powers 
are defined by the general nature of 
his business. 

General Average. See Average. 

General Court. In Massachusetts 
and New Hampshire, the legisla- 
ture. 

General Delivery. Delivery of mail 
at a post-office when called for. 

General Endorsement. Blank En- 
dorsement. 

General Order Store. A place of 
storage for foreign goods not de- 



livered to a consignee within a 
specified time. 

General Ship. A vessel carrying 
freight on a particular voyage for 
any one who may apply. 

Good Consideration. One involving 
only natural love or affection, as 
opposed to valuable consideration. 

Goods. Merchandise. Movable prop- 
erty. 

Good Will. The reputation and pat- 
ronage of an established business. 

Grace. See Days of Grace. 

Grain. The collective name for 
cereals. 

Grand Jury. A body of citizens sum- 
moned to inquire into violations of 
law and to determine whether the 
evidence is sufficient to warrant an 
indictment. 

Grant. A written conveyance of prop- 
erty. The land or other value so 
conveyed. 

Grantee. One to whom a grant is 
made. 

Grantor. One who makes a grant. 

Great Gross. Twelve gross; 1,728 
articles. 

Greenbacks. Non - interest - bearing 
United States notes, as distinct from 
national bank notes. 

Gross. Total, entire, without de- 
ductions, as opposed to net. Twelve 
dozen. 

Gross Profit. The gross receipts after 
deducting expenses of manufacture 
or purchase. 

Gross Ton. 2,240 pounds. 

Gross Weight. The weight of mer- 
chandise including case or wrapping. 

Guarantee. To become responsible 
for, to answer for. A security. The 
one to whom a guaranty is made. 

Guarantor. One who makes a guar- 
anty. 

Guaranty. Security. Surety. An 
undertaking for the payment of 
money to another or for the fulfill- 
ment of a contract. 

Guardian. One who has by nature or 
by legal appointment the custody 
of the person or property of another 
who is actually or legally incom- 
petent to act for himself, as a minor 
or insane person. 

Gunny Bag. A coarse jute sack used 
for coffee, etc. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 
H I 



Habeas Corpus. [Lat.] A writ call- 
ing for the production of a person in 
court, particularly for the purpose of 
inquiring into the lawfulness of im- 
prisonment. 

Habendum. [Lat.] The clause in a 
deed denning the grantee's estate in 
the property granted. 

Hague Tribunal. A court of arbitra- 
tion for the settlement of inter- 
national disputes established at The 
Hague in 1899. 

Harbor Dues. Charges made for use 
of a harbor. 

Harbor Master. An officer respon- 
sible for the execution of harbor 
regulations. 

Health Insurance. Insurance in- 
demnifying the insured for loss by 
sickness. 

Hogshead. A large cask, of variable 
capacity. 

Hold. To be in possession of. 

Holder. One in possession of a note or 
bill. 

Holding Company. One holding 
securities of other companies. 

Holdings. Any kind of property 
owned, but particularly stocks and 
bonds. 

Hollow Ware. The trade name for 
hollow metal or china vessels. 

Homestead. Real estate occupied by 
the owner as a home. 

Homestead Act. An act of 1862 un- 
der which a settler may occupy not 
more than 160 acres of public land 
and acquire title in five years upon 
the fulfillment of certain condi- 
tions. 
i Homestead Law. A state law ex- 
empting the whole or a portion of a 
homestead from seizure for debt. 

Homicide. The killing of a human 
being. Felonious homicide embraces 
murder and manslaughter; justifiable 
and excusable homicide include kill- 
ing in defense of life, by accident, or 
from necessity. 

Honor. To accept or pay a note, 
draft, or bill. 

Husbandage. The compensation of a 
ship's husband. 

Hypothecate. To pledge as security 
without transfer of title. 



Immovables. Land, houses, and fix- 
tures; real estate. 

Impanel. To select a body of persons 
to serve as jurors. 

Implied. Inferred, not expressed. 

Import. To bring in merchandise 
from another country, especially in 
the course of trade. 

Importer. One who imports goods. 

Imports. Goods brought from a for- 
eign country. 

Impost. The government tax on 
imports. To classify imports for 
the purpose of assign ing the duty. 

Inchoate. Incomplete. 

Income. Total amount of receipts 
from all sources; yearly gains. 

Income Tax. A tax on the whole in- 
come of individuals or corporations, 
or on the portion in excess of a cer- 
tain amount. 

Incompetent. Not legally qualified. 

Incorporate. To form into a corpora- 
tion. 

Indemnify. To make good a loss; to 
secure against damages. 

Indemnity. Exemption from loss; 
immunity from punishment; free- 
dom; compensation for loss or 
damages. 

Indenture. A mutual agreement or 
contract between two or more 
parties. An official document. 

Index. An alphabetical list of titles 
or accounts. 

Indictment. The formal accusation 
of a criminal offense made by a 
grand jury. 

Indorse. See Endorse, etc. 

Indulgence. Extension of time for 
payment or performance of an act 
granted as a favor. 

Infant. One not of full age; a minor. 

Information. A criminal charge 
made usually by a prosecuting offi- 
cer, not by a grand jury. 

Infringe. To trespass upon, violate, 
make unlawful use of. 

Injunction. The act of enjoining. 
A writ or process requiring a person 
to do, or restraining him from doing, 
a specified act. 

Inland Bill. One drawn on a person 
in the same state or country. 

Inquest. A judicial inquiry, par- 
ticularly one made by a jury, as a 
coroner's inquest. 

Inquiry, Court of. A court for the 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



investigation of charges against 
officers or privates of the army. 

Inquisition. An inquiry made before 
a jury to ascertain facts or fix re- 
sponsibility. 

In re. [Lat.] In the matter of. 

Insolvent. Unable to pay outstand- 
ing liabilities; bankrupt. 

Installment. A part payment of a 
sum divided into portions. A part 
delivery of goods. 

Instant (Inst.). Of the present 
month, as, the 12th inst. 

In statu quo. [Lat.] In the same 
state (as before). 

Instrument. A legal document ex- 
pressing some act, as a deed or con- 
tract. 

Insurable Interest. An interest in 
the thing insured which would suffer 
damage if the event insured against 
should occur. 

Insurance (Ins.). A contract in 
which one party agrees to pay a 
specified sum on the death of the 
insured, or to indemnify him for loss 
by fire, marine risks, or other 
causes. 

Insurance Broker. One who secures 
insurance for another. 

Interest (Int.). A rate per cent, of 
money paid for the use of money; a 
right or share in the ownership of a 
thing. 

Interest Account. In bookkeeping, 
an account of sums paid and received 
as interest. 

Interlocutory. Intermediate, pre- 
liminary, not final, as an interlocu- 
tory decree. 

Internal Revenue. Government rev- 
enue derived from domestic 
sources. 

International Code. A code of sig- 
nals by means of 26 flags and a 
pennant adopted in 1902 for com- 
munication between vessels at 
sea. 

International Law. The system of 
laws governing the relations of na- 
tions. 

International Peace Conference. 
A conference held in 1899 at The 
Hague, resulting in the establish- 
ment of the Hague Tribunal. 

Interstate Commerce Act. An act 
of Congress passed on Feb. 4, 1887, 
for the regulation of commerce car- 
ried on by railroads between differ- 
ent states. 



Interstate Commerce Commission, 

A commission of seven members ap- 
pointed by the President, empowered 
to call for information from carriers, 
to fix rates, and to prosecute for vio- 
lations of the law. 

Intestate. Not having made a valid 
will; not disposed of by a valid will. 
One who dies without a will. 

In Transitu (In trans.). [Lat.] In 
transit; on the road. 

Invalid. Without legal force. 

Inventory. A schedule of goods or 
assets with values. An itemized 
enumeration of articles; annual ac^ 
count of stock. 

Investment. The placing of money 
in business or securities for the pur- 
pose of obtaining profit. 

Invoice (Inv.). An account of mer- 
chandise shipped to a consignee with 
prices and charges. The merchan- 
dise so sent. 

Invoice Book. A book for entering 
copies of invoices. 

Involuntary Bankrupt. One who 
has been adjudged bankrupt on the 
petition of his creditors. 

Involved. Embarrassed by debt. 

I. O. U. (I owe you). An acknowl- 
edgment of indebtedness. 

Irrelevant. In law, without bearing 
on the question. 

Issue. The first delivery of a negoti- 
able instrument. The quantity sent 
forth. A legal point to be decided. 
Offspring, descendant. 



J/A. Joint account. 

Jetsam. Goods thrown into the sea 
to flight en a vessel in distress. 

Jettison. Throwing goods overboard 
to save a vessel in distress. 

Jobber. A wholesaler who buys from 
importers or manufacturers and sells 
to retailers; a middleman. 

Job- lot. An odd assortment of left 
over goods. 

Joint. Shared by two or more per- 
sons, as a joint account, joint note, 
joint estate. 

Joint Stock. That held in company: 
stock formed by the union of several 
companies. 

Joint Stock Company. A form of 
partnership under which each share- 
holder may transfer his stock with- 
out the consent of the others. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Joint Tenant. One who has unity 
of possession, title, or interest, with 
others. The survivor takes the 
whole. 

Journal. A book intermediate be- 
tween Day-Book and Ledger, con- 
taining a condensed statement of 
daily accounts. m 

Judgment. A judicial decree or de- 
cision. 

Judgment Debtor. A debtor against 
whom a judgment has been ob- 
tained. 

Judgment Note. One on which the 
holder is empowered to enter judg- 
ment without notification to the 
maker. 

Jurat. A certificate added to an affi- 
davit stating when and before whom 
it was acknowledged. 

Jurisdiction. Power to exercise judi- 
cial authority. 

Jury. A body of men sworn to try a 
question of fact and render a ver- 
dict. 



Lame Duck. Stock-brokers' slang 
for one unable to meet his liabilities. 

Landlord. One who leases land or 
buildings to a tenant. 

Law Merchant. The body of rules 
and principles relating to commer- 
cial usages. Commercial law. 

Lay Days. Days allowed in a charter- 
party for unloading and loading a 
vessel. 

Lay Down. The total cost of mer- 
chandise, including _ charges and 
freight to place of shipment. 

Leakage. A percentage allowance for 
waste by leaking of casks. 

Lease. An agreement for letting lands 
or other property for a specified term 
or at will. 

Legacy. A gift of property by will. 
A bequest. 

Legal Tender. Currency or coin 
authorized by a government for 
payment of debts. 

Legal Tender Bond. A bond payable 
in any kind of legal tender. 

Legatee. One to whom a legacy is 
bequeathed. 

Lessee. One to whom a lease is made. 

Lessor. One who makes a lease. 

Letter of Advice. A letter giving 
notice of a business transaction. 

Letter of Credit (L/C). A letter, 



usually addressed to foreign bank- 
ing houses, authorizing the holder 
to receive credit to a certain amount. 

Letter of License. A writing by 
which creditors extend the period for 
payment of a debtor's obligations. 

Letter of Marque. A commission 
given by a government to a private 
vessel to seize ships and property of 
the enemy. 

Letters of Administration. The 
authority under which an adminis- 
trator acts. 

Letters Patent. An instrument 
granting power and authority to do 
some act or enjoy some right. 

Letters Testamentary. An instru- 
ment authorizing a person to act as 
executor of an estate. 

Levy. To collect, exact, or impose. 
To seize by legal authority. Legal 
seizure of property to satisfy an 
execution. 

Levy Court. In some states a board 
of officers corresponding to county 
commissioners, supervisors, etc. 

Liability. Debts; pecuniary obliga- 
tions. 

Libel. The unjustified publication of 
a derogatory or defamatory state- 
ment or representation concerning 
another. The plaintiff's statement 
in writing of his cause of complaint. 

License. A formal permission to 
carry on a trade or perform an act. 

Lien. The right to hold or detain 
another's property to secure pay- 
ment of a debt. A legal charge on 
property. 

Life Estate. An estate continuing 
only for the term of the holder's life. 

Life Insurance. Insurance against 
loss by the death of another. 

Lighterage. Payment for unloading 
ships by lighters. 

Limitation. See Statute of Limita- 
tions. 

Limited Liability Company. One 
in which each stockholder's liability 
is limited to the amount of his stock 
or to a guaranteed amount. 

Liquidation. Legal determination 
of claims. Settlement or adjustment 
of liabilities. 

List Price. The published price. 

Litigation. Carrying on a judicial 
contest. A suit at law. 

Lloyds 9 . A corporation of English 
marine underwriters, so named from 
its former meeting place, Lloyds' 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Coffee House in London. The com- 
pany possesses complete records of 
everything pertaining to marine 
matters. To rate on Lloyds' books 
as Al is accepted as conclusive 
evidence of excellence. 

Lloyds' Register. A yearly register 
of tonnage, age, build, character, 
and condition of ships of over 200 
tons, issued by the Lloyds. 

Loan. Property especially furnished 
for temporary use. 

Loan Office. An office where loans 
are negotiated. 

Log Book or Log. A book in which 
the daily progress of a vessel, weather 
notes, and all incidents are re- 
corded. 

Long. Having a supply of. Expect- 
ing an advance in the market. 

Long Price. The full retail price with- 
out discounts. 

Longshoremen. Laborers who load 
and unload vessels. 

L. S. [Lat., locus, sigilli], the place of 
the seal, the left side. 

M 

Maintenance. Intermeddling in a 
suit between other persons, and as- 
sisting either party with means to 
carry on the suit. See Champerty. 

Maker. The signer of a note. 

Majority. The age at which a person 
is permitted to exercise the rights of 
citizenship, usually twenty -one years. 

Malfeasance. The doing of an illegal 
or wrongful act. See Misfeasance. 

Malice. The state of intending to 
commit an illegal act. 

Malice Aforethought or Prepense. 
The state of intending to commit an 
illegal act without a justifying or 
extenuating cause. 

Malicious Mischief. Injury done to 
another's property wantonly or from 
malice. 

Malicious Prosecution. A prosecu- 
tion undertaken maliciously, without 
probable cause*. An action for dam- 
ages by the person so prosecuted. 

Manda'mus. [Lat.] A writ issued by 
a superior to an inferior court, or to 
a person, commanding the perform- 
ance of some act. 

Manifest. A schedule or invoice of a 
ship's cargo and passengers. 

Manslaughter. The unlawful kill- 
ing, without previous malice, of a 



human being, done intentionally un- 
der stress of passion (voluntary 
manslaughter), or unintentionally 
in the commission of an unlawful act 
or through negligence (involuntary 
manslaughter). 

Manufactures. Articles made from 
raw materials by some process, usu- 
ally by machinery. 

Marine Insurance. Insurance against 
loss of vessels and cargo. 

Mark. A letter, figure, or device by 
which goods and prices are dis- 
tinguished. 

Market. A public place of sale for 

commodities. A body of persons 

dealing in values, or in readiness to 

- deal at a certain price. On the 

market for sale. 

Maturity. The date fixed for pay- 
ment of commercial paper. Be- 
coming due. 

Maximum. The highest price or 
quantity. 

Measurement Goods. Goods of 
large bulk and small weight on which 
freight is charged by measurement. 

Memorandum. An informal note, 
statement, or communication. A 
brief legal instrument. 

Mercantile Agency. A commercial 
agency. A concern which procures 
and furnishes information as to the 
financial standing and credit of busi- 
ness firms. 

Mercantile Paper. Negotiable notes 
or bills issued by merchants for 
goods bought or consigned. 

Merchandise. All goods dealt in by 
•merchants. 

Merchant. One who buys and sells 
commodities; generally applied to 
wholesalers or large dealers. 

Merchantable. Fit for market; in 
sound condition. 

Merger. Absorption of a smaller by 
a greater estate, obligation, or of- 
fence. The control of a number of 
corporations by a single corporation 
through the issue of stock of the 
controlling corporation in lieu of a 
majority of stock of the corporations 
merged. 

Metric System. A decimal system 
of weights and measures, first estab- 
lished in France; now required in 
Europe, and permitted in English- 
speaking countries. 

Minimum. Lowest price. Least 
quantity possible. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Minor. Same as Infant. 

Mint. A place for coining money, 
usually under government authority. 

Misdemeanor. An indictable offence 
of a lower degree than felony. 

Misfeasance. The doing of a lawful 
act or exercise of lawful authority 
in an unlawful manner. 

Misrepresentation. A false state- 
ment knowingly made by a party 
to a contract. 

Misuser. The abuse or unlawful use 
of a right. 

Mitigation. Reduction of a penalty 
or fine; that which in part excuses. 

Mittimus. [Lat.] A warrant com- 
mitting a person to prison. 

Mixed Fabrics. Those composed of 
more than one kind of fibre, as wool 
and cotton. 

Money. The measure of value and 
medium of exchange; especially 
metal coined by a government. 
Bank notes and checks. 

Money Broker. A money changer. 
One who deals in loans. 

Money Market. The general market 
for capital. The exchange of differ- 
ent kinds of currency. 

Money Order. An order, not trans- 
ferable, requesting one person to 
pay money to another. A post- 
office order. 

Monopoly. The exclusive power of 
dealing in certain classes of goods. 
Exclusive control. 

Moot Court. A mock court, for 
practice in legal procedure. 

Moral Hazard. _ In fire insurance, the 
risk involved in the honesty or dis- 
honesty of the person insured. 

Mortgage. A conditional conveyance 
of property, to become void upon 
fulfillment of the condition. 

Mortgage Deed. A deed of the nature 
of a mortgage. 

Mortgagee. One to whom property 
is mortgaged. 

Mortgagor. One who gives a mort- 
gage. 

Mortuary Tables, In life insurance, 
tabulations of the average length of 
life, for the determination of the 
amounts of premiums. 

Movables. Personal property. Prop- 
erty not fixed. 

Municipal Court. A court having 
civil or criminal jurisdiction within 
the limits of a municipality. 

Municipal Law. The body of laws 
42 



regulating the relations of a state 
with those under its jurisdiction, 
and of its members among them- 
selves. 

Murder. Intentional killing of an- 
other by a sane person with malice 
aforethought. 

Mutual Insurance. That in which 
policy holders form the insuring 
company. 



National Banks. Banks organized 
under the conditions of an Act of 
Congress with power to issue bank 
notes only to the amount of United 
States Bonds deposited in the United 
States Treasury. 

National Debt. The debt, especially 
the funded debt, of a nation to indi- 
viduals. 

Natural Guardian. A guardian by 
right of relationship. 

Natural Rights. Rights belonging 
to a person by the law of nature, as 
the right to life, liberty, and prop- 
erty. 

Naturalization. The act of confer- 
ring the rights of citizenship on an 
alien. 

Negotiable Paper. Commercial pa- 
per which may be transferred by 
endorsement or delivery.. 

Negotiate. To confer with a; view of 
agreeing upon a transaction'. 

Net. Clear of all charges and deduc- 
tions. To gain as clear profit. 

Net Proceeds. The proceeds of a sale 
or business after deduction of all 
expenses. 

Net Profit. Clear Profit, after deduct- 
ing losses and all incidental charges. 

Net Weight. The weight of mer- 
chandise without the container. 

Nisi. [Lat.] Unless. A decree nisi 
becomes effective at a specified time 
unless modified. 

Nisi Prius. [Lat.] Unless before. A 
phrase applied to a trial of a civil 
action before a judge and jury. 

Nolle Prosequi. [Lat.] To be un- 
willing to prosecute. A declaration 
by the plaintiff or, in criminal cases, 
by the prosecutor, that he will not 
prosecute the case or some part of it. 

Nolo Contendere. [Lat.] I will not 
contend. A plea in criminal law 
subjecting the defendant to the pun- 
ishment without admitting the truth 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



of the charge. Usually Non Vul.t 
when the plea is entered by counsel. 

Nominal. In name only; very small; 
as, a nominal price. 

Nominal Damages. Damages given 
when no actual loss has resulted from 
the violation of a right. 

Non- delivery. Failure to deliver. 

Non- disclosure. Suppression of a 
material known fact. 

Non-feasance. Failure to do what 
ought to be done. 

Non- suit. A judgment against a 
plaintiff who fails to establish his 
suit. 

Non- user. Failure to use a right or 
privilege. 

Non Vult. See Nolo Contendere. 

Notary, or Notary Public. A public 
officer, appointed by the governor 
of the state, who attests or certifies 
to acknowledgment of deeds and 
other papers, takes affidavits, pro- 
tests notes and bills, etc. 

Notarial. Of or done by a notary 
public. 

Note. A written undertaking to pay 
(promissory note, note of hand). A 
bank note. 

Note Book. A book in which notes of 
hand are recorded. 

Notice of Protest. A notice given 
by the holder to the drawer or en- 
dorser of a note that the notice has 
been protested for non-payment or 
non-acceptance. 

Nuisance. Anything that legally 
damages a person by disturbing him 
in the enjoyment of his property or 
rights. 



policy which covers varying risks, 
each object insured being endorsed 
on the policy as the shipments are 
made. 

Open Shop. One in which no dis- 
crimination is made between union 
and non-union workers. 

Option. The privilege of demanding 
fulfillment of a contract within a 
specified time, at a given price. 

Oral. Spoken, not written. 

Order. Any command of a court. A 
commission to buy, sell, or deliver 
goods or pay money. On commer- 
cial paper, the direction by which 
the person to whom payment is to 
be made is indicated. 

Order Book. One in which orders re- 
ceived are entered. 

Ordinance. A law or regulation 
enacted by a public, especially by a 
local, authority. 

Organic Law. The legal principles 
or system forming the basis of a 
state. A written constitution. 

Orphans 9 Court. In Delaware, Perr- 
sylvania, New Jersey and Maryland 
the title of the courts of probate. 

Outlawed Debt. Ore which has run 
beyond the time when the law will 
enforce its payment. 

Outstanding. Of accounts, not yet 
collected. 

Overdraw. To draw more money 
than is on deposit to one's credit. 

Overdue. More than due, and unprid. 

Overt Act. An open act manifesting 
intention. 

Oyer and Terminer. [Old Fr.] Hear 
* and determine. The title of criminal 
courts in several states. 



Oath. An affirmation appealing to 
God for the truth of the statement 
or promise. 

Obligation. A binding engagement. 
A bond with condition annexed. 
Acknowledgment of a liability. 

Offer. Putting forward for sale. 

O. K. All correct. 

On Sale. On the market; to be sold. 

Open Account. An unsettled run- 
ning account on a merchant's books. 

Opening. The display of a new stock 
of goods for sale. 

Open Policy. A policy in which the 
value of the object is not fixed and 
must be proved by the insurer in 
case of loss. In marine insurance, a 



Package (Pkg.). . A bundle, parcel, 
bale, box, crate, cask, etc., of goods. 

Panel. The list of persons summoned 
for jury duty. The persons so sum- 
moned. 

Panic. A financial crisis caused by ap- 
prehension and producing monetary 
pressure. 

Paper. A document. A writing show- 
ing authorization or identity. Nego- 
tiable evidence of indebtedness. 

Paper Money. Bills of banks or a 
government passing current as 
money. 

Par. Equality of Value. The nominal 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



or face value, without premium or 
discount. The fixed value of the 
unit of one country's coinage ex- 
pressed in that of another's. 

Paramount. Superior; that will pre- 
vail in law. 

Parol. Oral. Executed by writing 
not under seal. 

Partner. An associate in business; 
member of a partnership. 

Partnership. The joining of two or 
more persons into one firm for the 
purpose of carrying on any business 
or enterprise. 

Part Owner. One of several owners 
in common. 

Party. One sharing or interested in a 
matter. The plaintiff and the de- 
fendant in a law suit. 

Party Wall. A dividing wall common 
to two adjoining properties. 

Pass Book. A customer's book in 
which entries of purchases are made. 
A bank book showing deposits and 
withdrawals. 

Passport. A formal permission from 
a government to travel, with identi- 
fication and certificate of nationality. 

Patent. A government license, se- 
curing to an inventor the sole right 
to manufacture an article for a term 
of years. The invention so pro- 
tected. 

Pawn. A pledge of chattels or money 
delivered as security for the payment 
of money. 

Pawnbroker. One who as a business 
lends money at interest on security 
of personal property deposited with 
him. 

Payable. To be paid. That may be 
paid. Due. 

Payee. The person in whose favor a 
note, bill, or draft is drawn. 

Penalty. Punishment for a legal of- 
fence. The sum to be forfeited for 
non-performance of an agreement. 

Per. [Lat.] By. 

Per Annum. [Lat.] By the year. 

Per Cent. (%). [Lat.] By the hun- 
dred; especially of rate of interest, 
discount, etc. 

Per Centage. [Lat.] < A rate per cent, 
A part. A commission. 

Per Contra. [Lat.] To the opposite 
side of an account. 

Peremptory Challenge. One made 
without the assignment of reasons. 

Perils of the Sea. In insurance, risks 
arising from navigation. 



Perjury. A wilfully false statement 
made under oath, especially in a 
judicial proceeding and in relation 
to a matter material to the point in 
question. 

Permit. A written license or per- 
mission given by a proper authority 
to perform a certain act. 

Personal Property. All property ex- 
cept real estate. 

Petit Jury. A jury of twelve for the 
decision of questions of fact in a 
cause before the court. 

Petition. A written application to a 
court for an order. 

Petty Cash. Money received or ex- 
pended in small amounts. 

Piracy. An act of depredation or rob- 
bery committed on the high seas. 
The unlawful reproduction of the 
production of another. 

Plaintiff. One who brings a personal 
action against another. 

Plea. A lawsuit. The statement of a 
cause. A defendant's answer to a 
charge. 

Pleadings. The statements by which 
the parties to a suit present their 
claims and defense. 

Pledge. A bailment of personal prop- 
erty to secure the performance of an 
agreement. 

Police Court. A court for the trial of 
minor offences against order. 

Policy. The instrument by which the 
contract of insurance is made. 

Poor Debtor. One who may obtain 
exemption from imprisonment by 
taking the Poor Debtor's oath of 
poverty. 

Port. A harbor for vessels. A com- 
mercial city. 

Port of Call. A customary stopping 
place of vessels for repairs, to take 
on coal, transship cargo, etc. 

Port of Discharge. In insurance, a 
port where a vessel without necessity 
discharges her cargo or a portion of 
it. 

Port of Entry. A place designated for 
the entry of imports. A port of entry 
may be an inland locality. 

Post. [Lat.] To transfer from day- 
book or journal to ledger. To com- 
plete the record. 

Post-date. To date after the actual 
time. 

Post Mortem. [Lat.] An examina- 
tion of a body made after death. 

Post Obit. A promise to pay effective 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



after the death of some person, espe- 
cially to repay a loan out of a rever- 
sion. 

Power of Attorney. A written in- 
strument giving one person authority 
to act for another. 

Practice. The form and manner of 
conducting legal proceedings. 

Preferred Creditor. One who has 
prior claim to payment. 

Prefect's Court. In New Mexico the 
title of the probate court. 

Preferred Stock. Stock on which a 
dividend is declared before any is 
declared on common stock, or which 
has priority over common stock in a 
distribution of assets. 

Premise. In law, the portion of a 
deed reciting the names of the par- 
ties, the consideration and the sub- 
ject matter. Plur., The property 
conveyed. In general, land and 
buildings. 

Premium, A sum in addition to par 
value. The excess in value of one 
form of money over another. The 
consideration given for an insurance 
contract. 

Prepense. Aforethought. 

Prescription. A right derived from 
immemorial usage, or acquired by 
the required period of possession. 

Presentment. Action or statement 
by a grand jury from their own 
knowledge in regard to an offence. 

Present Worth. The amount which 
with the true discount equals the 
face value. 

Presumption. In law, an inference 
as to the truth of a fact, based on 
knowledge of another fact or on ex- 
perience. 

Presumptive Evidence. Evidence 
which is sufficient if not contradicted. 

Price Current. A statement showing 
the prevailing prices of merchandise, 
stock, or securities. 

Price List. A list of articles with 
prices attached. 

Prima Facie. [Lat.] At first view. 
Prima facie evidence is evidence suf- 
ficient to prove a fact unless re- 
butted. 

Prime. Of high quality; superior. 

Principal. One with controlling au- 
thority. Ahead. One who employs 
another person to act for him. The 
sum on which interest is paid. 

Probate. Proof of the genuineness of 
a will before a competent officer. 



Probate Courts. Civil courts with 
jurisdiction over probate; surrogate's 
court, orphans' court, etc. 

Probation Officer. A court officer 
appointed by a municipal magistrate 
to have supervision over an offender 
under suspended sentence. 

Proceeds. The amount realized by a 
transaction. 

Procuration. Agency. Power of 
attorney. 

Produce. Farm products. 

Profit. The excess of returns over 
cost or investment. 

Profit and Loss. An account in which 
gains and losses are balanced. 

Promissory Note. A written promise 
to pay a certain sum of money at a 
specified time or on demand to the 
order of a specified person or to 
bearer. 

Property. The legal right of owner- 
ship. An estate in any valuable 
thing. 

Pro Rata. [Lat.] In proportion, ac- 
cording to share. 

Prosecute. To proceed against legally. 

Protect. To see that commercial 
paper is paid at maturity. 

t Protection. The system of encourag- 
ing home industries by discouraging 
foreign competition through the im- 
position of restrictive or prohibitive 
taxes on imported products. 

Protective Tariff. A tariff designed 
to encourage domestic manufactures 
as contrasted with a tariff for rev- 
enue. 

Protest. A formal notice made by a 
notary of the non-payment of a note 
or the non-acceptance or non-pay- 
ment of a draft. 

Proximo (prox.). [Lat.] Of next 
month. 

Proxy. Authorization to act, par- 
ticularly to vote, for another. A 
writing conveying such authority. 
A person so authorized. 



Q 

Quantum Meruit. [Lat.] As much 
as he deserves. In legal procedure, 
a count founded on a promise to pay 
the full value of a service rendered. 

Quarantine. Restraint of intercourse 
to which a ship, dwelling, or town is 
subjected on suspicion of infection. 
The place of such restraint. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Quash. To annul, set aside, as an in- 
dictment. 

Quasi. [Lat.] As if, similar to, re- 
sembling. 

Qui Tain. [Lat.] Who as much. An 
action under a penal statute in which 
the penalty goes in part to the person 
bringing the action, in part to the 
state. 

Quit Claim. A form of deed in the 
nature of a release, generally con- 
taining a provision covenanting 
against others who may claim under 
the grantor. 

Quitrent. A fixed rent paid by tenant 
of a freehold, discharging him from 
other rent. 

Quotation. The published current 
prices of commodities or stocks, rates 
of exchange, etc. 

Quo Warranto. [Lat.] A writ re- 
quiring a person to show by what 
authority he acts. 



Ratify. To sanction, confirm (an act, 
treaty, or contract). 

Real Covenant. One which runs 
with the land. 

Real Estate, Real Property, Realty. 
Land, houses, and fixtures; all im- 
movable property. 

Rebate. A deduction, abatement, or 
discount made for prompt payment 
or other reasons. The returning of 
part of a sum already paid. 

Receipt, Receiving. A written ack- 
nowledgment of the delivery of goods 
or money. To make such written 
acknowledgment. 

Receivable. The opposite of payable. 

Receiver. A person appointed by a 
court to hold in trust and administer 
property in litigation, of an in- 
solvent, or of a corporation on its 
dissolution. 

Reciprocity. The exchange of special 
trade privileges between two coun- 
tries, established by treaty. 

Record. To register officially as evi- 
dence, as a mortgage or deed. 

Record. A memorandum of court 
proceedings. A copy of the official 
papers of a case. 

Recorder. Especially in Xew York, 
the chief judge having jurisdiction 
in a municipality. 

Recoupment. A form of counter 



claim reducing the amount of a clzim 
on account of defects in performance, 
etc. 

Rectification. Repeated distillation 
of alcoholic liquors. 

Redelivery. The return of a chattel 
to the bailor on completion of the 
service required by the bailment. 

Redemption. The recovery of mort- 
gaged property upon fulfillment of 
the terms of the mortgage. 

Referee. A person, generally an at- 
torney, appointed by the court to 
determine a matter in dispute. 

Reference. Referring a matter to a 
referee. The consent of the parties 
is not necessary. 

Register. A public officer authorized 
to record deeds, etc. A ship's paper, 
issued by the Custom House, stating 
description, name, tonnage, nation- 
ality, and ownership. 

Re-insurance. Transfer of part of 
the contract of insurance from one 
insurer to another. 

Release. A discharge from an obliga- 
tion. Surrender of claim. 

Remainder. In law, an estate arising 
only after the termination of a prior 
estate. 

Remedy. The legal means for secur- 
ing compensation, redress, or aright. 

Remittance. The act of transferring 
funds from one place to another. 
The values so transferred. 

Renew. To continue in force, as a 
lease. To extend time for payment 
of a note. 

Rent. Compensation given for the use 
of real estate or other property. 

Replevin. The action or writ by 
which a person whose goods are 
wrongfully detained may obtain 
possession of them, under security 
to try the case. and to restore the 
goods if the case is decided against 
him. 

Replyo The answer made by the 
plaintiff to the plea of the defendant. 

Repository. A place for safekeeping; 
a warehouse or storehouse. 

Reprisal. Retaliation. Resort to 
force to obtain redress. # The seizure 
of ships or property to indemnify for 
unlawful seizure or detention. 

Residence. In law, a place of estab- 
lished and actual abode. 

Residuary Legatee. One to whom 
the residue of an estate is be- 
queathed. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Residue. That portion of an estate 
which remains after particular leg- 
acies and debts have been paid. 

Resources. Available money, prop- 
erty, or claims that can be converted 
into property. 

Respondentia. A loan secured by the 
cargo of a ship, payable only on safe 
arrival. 

Restraint of Trade. Contracts in 
restraint of trade are those held to 
interfere unjustly with competition 
and therefore illegal. 

Retail. To sell in small quantities. 

Retainer. The engaging by a client 
of an attorney to maintain his in- 
terests in legal proceedings. The 
fee paid to secure the services of 
counsel. 

Return. In law, the giving back of a 
writ to the court after service. 

Returns. The profit derived from an 
undertaking or investment. 

Revenue. Income, particularly the 
income of a state from taxes re- 
ceived. 

Revenue Cutter. A small govern- 
ment vessel used in enforcing the 
revenue laws and preventing smug- 
gling. 

Revert. To return into the possession 
of the former owner or of his heirs. 

Revoke. To recall, take back, annul 
(authority, a will, etc.). 

Right of Action. A right entitling 
the holder to institute legal proceed- 
ings for infringement. 

Right of Survivorship. The right 
of the survivor or survivors to take 
the interest of their deceased joint 
tenant, which otherwise would go to 
his heirs. 

Right of Way. The legal right pos- 
sessed by one person to pass over the 
land of another. 

Royalty. An agreed compensation 
paid to an author or inventor for 
each article or work sold, or for each 
article manufactured, or for the use 
of a patent. 

Ruling. A decision made by a court 
on a point of law. 

S 

Sale. The transfer of property for a 
consideration. 

Salvage. The act of saving a ship or 
cargo from loss. The property 
saved. The compensation allowed 



by law for such saving. In fire in- 
surance, the goods saved; their value; 
their proceeds if sold. . 

Sample. A small portion of merchan- 
dise taken as a specimen of quality. 

Sans Recours. [Fr.] Without re- 
dress. 

Satisfaction. Discharge, settlement 
of a claim or judgment. 

Scrip. Certificate issued to a sub- 
scriber after allotment of stock. 

Seal. A device impressed in wax or 
other material or any mark made 
for the purpose of authenticating 
a signature or ratifying an instru- 
ment. 

Sealer. A United States officer 
charged with the certification of 
weights and measures. 

Sea Letter. A document given to a 
vessel certifying her nationality and 
describing the character and destina- 
tion of her cargo, and other par- 
ticulars. 

Seaworthy. Fit and properly e- 
quipped for a voyage. 

Security. A pledge. A surety. A 
document evidencing a right to 
property. 

Seize. To take legal possession of. 

Seized and Possessed of. In pos- 
session of. 

Seizin or Seisin. Ownership, pos- 
session. 

Sell. To make a sale; to transfer for 
a consideration. 

Serve. To deliver in legal form, as a 
writ. 

Sessions, Courts of. Various state 
criminal courts, as General Sessions, 
Special Sessions. 

Set- Off. A counter claim made by a 
debtor, arising from a distinct 
claim. 

Several. Independent of others. In- 
dividual. 

Severalty. Exclusive or individual 
ownership or right. 

Severance. Destroying unity, divi- 
sion of rights, etc. 

Share. The interest owned by one of 
a number. One of several equal 
parts. The unit of the division of 
stock. 

Ship. To give to a carrier for trans- 
portation. To agree to serve on a 
vessel. 

Shipment. Delivery to a carrier for 
transportation. The goods dis- 
patched. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Shipper. One who dispatches goods 
by vessel or other conveyance. 

Shipping. A collective term for a 
number of vessels. 

Shipping Articles. An agreement 
between captain and seamen fixing 
wages, period of service, etc. 

Shipping Clerk. One who oversees 
the forwarding of merchandise. 

Ship's Husband. A representative 
of a ship-owner who manages re- 
ceipts and expenses and attends to 
the requisite repairs of a ship while 
in port. 

Ship's Papers. Papers which a vessel 
is required to carry; sea-letter, log- 
book, bill of health, shipping articles, 
etc. 

Ship's Stores. Provisions, fuel, ca- 
bles, extra spars, etc. 

Short Exchange. Bills of exchange 
payable at sight or in a few days. 

Short Of. Not in possession of secur- 
ities or produce that one has sold. 
To # "sell short" is to sell for future 
delivery what one has not, with the 
expectation that prices will fall. 

Shorts. Dealers who have sold short. 

Short Ton. 2000 pounds. 

Shrinkage. Reduction in bulk, meas- 
urement, weight, or value. 

Sight Draft. One payable when pre- 
sented. 

Signature. The name of a person 
written by himself. 

Silent, Sleeping, or Dormant Part- 
ner. One who furnishes capital but 
has no voice in a business. 

Simple Interest. Interest paid only 
on principal. 

Sinking Fund. A fund set apart from 
revenue to pay a public or corpora- 
tion debt. 

Slander. Malicious oral utterance of 
false statements to the detriment of 
reputation. 

Sleeping Partner. See Silent Part- 
ner. 

Smart Money. Exemplary damages; 
punitive in their character. 

Smuggle. To take goods into or out 
of a country without paying duties. 

Solvent. Able to meet all liabilities. 

Special Partner. One whose liability 
is limited. 

Specialty. A contract under seal. 

Specie. Coin. 

Specification. A written description 
and enumeration of particulars. In 
patent law, a detailed descrintion of 



the invention and a statement of the 
inventor's claim. 

Specific Duty. One imposed on a 
given class of articles without regard 
to value. 

Specific Performance. Actual per- 
formance of the conditions of a 
contract in distinction from the 
payment of damages in lieu of per- 
formance. 

Speculate. To engage in a business 
venture the returns from which are 
conjectural. 

Stamp Duty. A tax.^ Stamps affixed 
to checks and proprietary articles. 

Staple. The principal commodity of 
a country or district. 

Statement. A list of resources and 
liabilities. A report of an agent's 
transactions. An itemized list of the 
debits and credits of a personal ac- 
count. 

Stationers 9 Hall. The building of 
the Stationers' Guild in London 
where registration of English copy- 
right is made. 

Statute. A law enacted by a legis- 
lative body. An act of legislature 

Statute Law. The body of laws es- 
tablished by legislative enactments 
as opposed to unwritten or common 
law. 

Statute of Frauds. A statute requir- 
ing written memoranda to validate 
a contract. 

Statute of Limitations. A statute 
prescribing the period after which a 
legal action can not be brought. 

Sterling. The standard money of 
Great Britain. The legal standard 
of fineness of silver is 725 parts 
of silver to 75 of copper. 

Stock. Transferable shares in the 
capital of corporations. Supply of 
goods on hand. 

Stock Broker. One who deals in 
stocks on commission. 

Stock Exchange. A place where 
shares of stock are bought and sold 
under established regulations 

Stockholder. One who owns shares 
of the stock of a corporation. 

Stock Jobber. A speculator in 
stocks. 

Stoppage in Transitu. The right of 
a seller to stop goods on their passage 
if the purchaser has become insol- 
vent. 

Storage. The safe keeping of goods. 
The amount paid for storing goods. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



Subagent. An agent employed by 
an agent. 

Subcontract. One made under an 
existing contract. 

Sublet. To let by a lessee. 

Subpoena. [Lat.] Under penalty, a 
writ commanding a witness to appear 
in court. 

Subpoena duces tecum. [Lat.] A 
subpoena requiring a witness to pro- 
duce certain papers. 

Subrogation. Putting one thing or 
person in the place of another. Sub- 
stituting one creditor for another. 

Sue. To prosecute, bring an action 
against. 

Summary Proceedings. Statutory 
legal remedies without the bringing 
of an action. 

Summons. In law, a notice to appear 
in court as defendant or witness. 

Sundries. Unclassified articles. 

Supercargo. An agent who accom- 
panies and manages cargo. 

Supplementary Proceedings. Legal 
proceedings to discover the assets of 
a judgment debtor. 

Surety. One who makes himself re- 
sponsible for the contract or act of 
another. 

Surrogate. In certain States the title 
of the judicial officer charged with 
the probate of wills, appointment 
of guardians, etc. 

Surveyor. A customs officer ap- 
pointed to determine the value, 
quantity, etc., of imports. An agent 
of an insurance company to report 
on applications for insurance. 

Suspend. To cease operations. To 
stop payment. 

Suspense Account. An account 
made of doubtful balances to ascer- 
tain probable profit or loss. 

Sutler. A dealer who accompanies an 
army to sell goods. 

Suttle Weight. The weight of mer- 
chandise after deduction of tare. 

Syndicate. A combination of capital- 

' ists or other persons for the purpose 
of conducting a large financial or in- 
dustrial enterprise. 



Tacit. Implied, not expressed. 

Tale Quale [Lat.] or Tel Quel. [Fr.]. 
Such as; used to denote that cargo 
is presumed to correspond with 



sample, and that buyer takes the 
risk of deterioration. 

Tally. An account kept by checking 
off. A score. A label. To count. 
To correspond. 

Tare. An allowance made for the 
weight of barrels, boxes, or coverings 
of merchandise. Actual tare is 
determined by weighing each con- 
tainer; average tare by weighing one 
or more containers as samples; esti- 
mated tare by allowing a fixed per- 
centage. 

Tariff. A schedule of prices or charges. 
A schedule of duties. 

Teller. An officer appointed to count 
votes. A bank officer who receives 
or pays out money. 

Tenant. One who holds real estate 
by any form of legal right ; especially, 
one who occupies another's property 
under lease. 

Tenant in Common. One holding 
a property in common with another. 

Tender. An offer. An offer of money 
or service in satisfaction of all ob- 
ligation. 

Ten- Forties. The popular name for 
certain United States Government 
bonds in 1864, which could be re- 
deemed in ten years or allowed to run 
forty. 

Tenor. Intent, nature. In law, an 
exact copy. 

Term. 

Testator, fern. Testatrix. One who 
has made a will* 

Testimony. 

Textile. Woven. 

Ticker. An instrument telegraph- 
ically recording stock quotations. 

Tickler. A reminder. A book or set 
of sheets containing a memorandum 
of notes due, debts, etc. 

Time. The hour fixed (2.15 P.M.) on 
the New York Stock Exchange when 
securities on the day's contracts 
must be delivered. On time = on 
credit. 

Time Bargain. A contract for de- 
livery or for an option for a specified 
period. 

Time Draft. A draft or bill payable 
at a fixed date. 

Title. The legal right of ownership. 

Tonnage. The capacity or weight of 
a ship in tons. The displacement of 
a vessel. A canal tax on vessel or 
cargo. 

Tort. A private or civil injury, except 



IS. 



COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 



one arising from breach of contract, 
for which damages may be had. 

Trade. Business or occupation; buy- 
ing and selling; commerce; traffic; 
barter. 

Trade Discount. A discount from 
list prices made to dealers. 

Trade Mark. A distinguishing mark, 
protected by law, used to mark the 
product of a manufacturer. 

Trade Price. That allowed by whole- 
salers to retailers. 

Trade Sale. An auction by and for 
the trade; especially of book- 
sellers. 

Trades Union. A combination formed 
by working men or women for the 
protection of their rights and im- 
provement of their condition. 

Traffic. Trade. Commerce. The 
amount of business done by a rail- 
road or other carrier. > 

Transit Duty. Tax imposed on goods 
for passing through a country. 

Transportation. Conveying goods 
from one place to another. 

Transshipment. The transfer of 
goods from one conveyance to an- 
other. 

Traveler. A commercial agent; a 
drummer. 

Treason. The waging of war against 
the United States or giving aid or 
comfort to their enemies. 

Treasury Note. A note or bill issued 
by the government and passing cur- 
rent as money. 

Treaty. An agreement or compact be- 
tween two or more nations. 

Tret. Allowance for waste of 4 lbs. in 
104 lbs., after deduction tare. 

Triplicate. To make three identical 
copies of a paper. The third copy. 

Trustee Process. The same as Gar- 
nishment. 



Ullage. What a cask lacks of being 
full. 

Ultimo (ult.). [Lat.] Of the last 
month. 

Ultra Vires. [Lat.] Beyond power. 
Applied to acts done in excess of the 
legal powers possessed. 

Unclaimed Goods. Goods in govern- 
ment storehouses unclaimed three 
years after importation, subject to 
sale at auction. 

Undersell. To sell below the trade 
price or the price of a competitor. 



Underwrite. To assume an insurance 
risk. 

Usury. Interest in excess of the high- 
est legal rate. 



Valid. Binding; legally executed; hav- 
ing legal force. 

Valuable Consideration. One in- 
volving money, services, or any- 
thing of value. 

Value. To estimate. Worth. Pur- 
chasing power. 

Value Received. A phrase used in 
notes to show the receipt of a con- 
sideration. 

Vendee. One to whom something is 
sold. 

Vendor. A seller. 

Vendue. A public or auction sale. 

Venture. A mercantile speculation or 
investment. 

Void. Without legal effect or force; 
not binding. 

Voidable. That may become of no 
legal effect if proper steps are taken. 

Voucher. Any paper or other docu- 
ment establishing the occurrence of 
some transaction or the truth of 
accounts. 

W 

Waive. To relinquish (a right). 

Waiver. Relinquishment of a legal 
right or privilege. 

Warehouse. To place in a bonded 
warehouse. 

Warranty. Guaranty that a fact is 
as represented, or that some con- 
dition of a contract is or will be ful- 
filled. 

Wastage. Loss in handling or by de- 
cay; shrinkage. 

Waste. Damage to property per- 
mitted or done by a tenant. 

Way Bill. A list and description of 
goods transported by common car- 
rier. 

Wharfage. Fees paid for the use of a 
wharf. 

Wholesale. The sale of goods in 
quantity, in unbroken or whole 
packages. 

Without Recourse. A formula by 
which the endorser of commercial 
paper transfers it with assuming re- 
sponsibility. 

Wreckage. Merchandise saved from a 
wreck. 



GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 

Based in part on the nomenclature adopted by the National Advisory Committee for 

Aeronautics, October, 1918 



acrobatics (ak-ro-batT:s), n. stunt flying. 
aerobatics (a'e-ro-bat'iks) , n. the art of aerial 

flight. 
aerodonetics (a/e-ro-do-net'iks), n. the sci- 
ence of gliding or soaring flight. 
aerodrome (a'e-ro-drdm), n. a name proposed 
for flying machines and used by Professor S. 
P. Langley for his tandem-planed machine 
(1896), now entirely superseded in this sense 
by the word airplane. See airdrome. 
aerodynamics (a'e-ro-di-nam'iks), n. the sci- 
ence of the air, of gaseous fluids and their 
forces. 
aerofoil (a/e-ro-f oil) , n. a flat or curved wing- 
like structure on which, when in motion, re- 
action is obtained from the air; the sustain- 
ing member of the airplane; an experimental 
plane surface of varying shape, used on the 
whirling-table for ascertaining the most ef- 
ficient, outlines and forms for use in air- 
planes and propellers. 
aeronaut (a/e-ro-nawt) , n. a navigator of the 
air, particularly a balloonist or pilot of a 
lighter-than-air flying machine. 
aeronautics (a'e-ro-nawt'iks), n. the entire 

science of aerial navigation. See aviation. 
aeroplane (a/e-ro-plan). See airplane. 
aerostat (a'e-ro-stat), n. a general term for 

any form of flying machine or balloon. 
aerostatics (a'e-ro-stat 'iks) , n. the science of 
buoyancy in the air by means of displace- 
ment. 
aerostation (a'e-ro-sta/shun), n. that part of 
aerial navigation dealing with gas or lighter- 
than-air machines. 
aileron (a'le-ron), n. an auxiliary plane, flap, or 
wing tip placed between the main wings of the 
airplane, on either side, and operated so as to 
prevent overturning sideways, and to assist 
in steering. See wing flap. 
aircraft (ar'kraft), n. any device that flies or 

floats in the air. 
airdrome (ar'drom), n. a structure for housing 
aircraft; a flying field with its aviation 
structures; an aviation post. 
airman (ar'man), n. an aviator. 
airplane (ar'plan), n. a self-propelled heavier- 
than-air flying vehicle supported by wing sur- 
faces, with stabilizers and rudders; in com- 
mon use, an airplane suited to operation 
from the land. See seaplane. i 

airship (ar'ship), n. an elongated dirigible bal- 
loon with propelling system, stabilizers, rud- 
ders, and car. 
air-speed indicator or meter (ar'sped in'di- 
ka-ter, me'ter), n. an instrument for measur- 
ing the speed of an aircraft in reference to 
the air. 
alighting-gear (a-Ht'ing-ger) , n. the portion 
of an airplane used in landing; more com- 
monly, landing-gear. 



altimeter (al-ti'tne-ter) , n. an aneroid showing 
continuously the height above the earth of 
the aircraft on which it is mounted. 

anemometer (a-ne-mom'e-ter), n. an instru- 
ment for measuring the forces of the wind, 
velocity, pressure, etc. 

angle of attack (ang'gl ov a-tak'), n. the angle 
formed by the chord of an aerofoil with its 
motion relative to the air; also called angle 
of incidence. 

appendix (ap-pen'diks) , n. the inflating hose 
at the bottom of a balloon. 

ascension (a-sen'shun), n. the act of ascend- 
ing in an aircraft, particularly in a lighter- 
than-air device. 

ascent (a-senf), n. the act of rising in a lighter- 
than-air vehicle. See flight. 

aspect-ratio (as'pekt-ra'shi-6), n. proportion 
of fore-and-aft dimension to transverse span; 
as, "1:6," the proportion of five feet of depth 
to thirty feet of width of the plan of the 
plane of an airplane. 

aviation (a-vi-a/shun or av-i-a/shun) , n. the 
art, act, practice, or science of mechanical 
flight in heavier-than-air machines; distin- 
guished from aeronautics, which refers more 
to the science of ascension in lighter-than-air 
machines and balloons. Aeronautics in- 
cludes, in a certain sense, aviation, but is 
becoming more definitely differentiated and 
restricted to the latter meaning, aviation 
being the dominant word in reference to air- 
planes and airplaning. 

aviator (a'vi-a-ter or av'i-a-ter), n. a navigator 
of the air, in heavier-than-air machines, an 
airplane driver, also called airman, birdman, 
flyer, pilot. 
avion (av'i-ong), n. name of the first heavier- 
than-air flying machine, invented by Ader 
and flown in France, 1897, with two steam 
engines; an airplane. 

balancing-flap (barans-ing-flap), n. a surface, 
flap, web, or other member for maintaining 
equilibrium. See aileron. 

ballonet (bal-o-net'),- n. a small subsidiary air 
balloon in the interior of a balloon or airship, 
which, by regulating the pressure of the con- 
fined air, controls the ascent or descent of the 
airship. 

bank (bangk), v.t. and i. to incline or roll an 
airplane sidewise; n. the position of an air- 
plane when banking. 

barograph (bar'o-graf), n. a form of barometer 
which automatically registers the altitude 
reached by an airplane and makes a record 
on a continuous strip of paper of the varia- 
tions in altitude. 

basket (bas'ket), n. the car suspended from a 
balloon, for passengers or ballast. 

beam (bem), n. the principal transverse mem- 
ber of the plane or wing to which the ribs 
are attached; more commonly, spar. 



PROCESSES OP PAPER MANUFACTURING 




L 



1 — Sawing the logs. 

2 — Grinder for reducing wood. 

3 — Grinding the wood into pulp. 

Photos by Brown Bros. 



4 — Winding the paper on rolls. 
5 — Paper rolls ready for wrapping. 
6 — Cutting paper into sheets. 



MAMMOTH BATTLESHIPS OF THE ALLIES 






1 — Large type British battleship. 2 — United States superdreadnought. 

3 — -One of the big French dreadnoughts. 

Copyright U. & U. 



L 



T 



MODERN A 1 




1 — Seven-passenger eight-cylinder touring car. 
2 — Six-cylinder touring car — 66 H.P. 
3 — Twin-six brougham, six-passenger. 



LATEST TYPES OP 




1 — School machine in flight. 

2 and 3 — Inside views at an aeroplane factory. 

4 — Biplane ready to take flight. 



Copyright U. & U. 




5 — American warplanes on the French front. 

6 — Speedy biplane with 135 H.P. motor. 

7 — U. S. officers inspecting aeroplanes at a training camp. 



)BILES 




4 — Half -ton Light Delivery Wagon. 5— One-and-a-half -ton Delivery Truck. 
6 — Five-ton Heavy Service Truck. 



TANKS AND ARMORED CARS 




1 — French tank, with camouflaged exterior. 
2 — British tanks hurdling barricade. King George in center of group. 
3 — Newest type of United States armored cars. 
Copyright U. & U. 



GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 



biplane (bi'plan), n. an airplane having two 
main planes, usually of equal size, one above 
the other. 

birdman (berd'man), n. popular term for avia- 
tor. 

blimp (blimo), n. a popular term for a non- 
rigid dirigible balloon; also used erroneously 
of the rigid type. 

bomber (bom'gr), bombardment plane 
(bom-bard'ment plan), n. a type of airplane 
designed for dropping bombs on enemy posi- 
tions. 

burble point (ber'bl point), n. same as critical 
angle. 

eabane (ka-ban'), »• a framework on the wing 
of an airplane, to which stays, etc. are fas- 
tened (French). 

camber (kam'ber), n. the concavity or arch of 
an airplane wing as seen from the side of the 
machine when looking at the end of the 
wing; the fore and after curvature; the Phil- 
lips' curve, imitative of the concavity of the 
underside of a bird's wing, the application of 
which to airplanes proved one of the greatest 
elements of progress ever introduced; in bi- 
planes, usually of a depth of one-twentieth 
of the span. 

captive balloon (kap'tiv bal-loon'), n. a bal- 
loon attached to the earth by a cable. 

cavitation (ka-vi-ta'shuri), n. the formation of 
a partial vacuum in the zone of a rapidly re- 
volving propeller due to its velocity. 

ceiling (se'ling), n. service ceiling,the absolute 
limit of ascent of a given aircraft; the height 
at which a given aircraft ceases to rise above 
a specified rate. 

center (sen'ter), center of flying gravity, 
n. center of gravity of aircraft when in 
flight. 



radius of a circle over which an aerial vehicle 
may conduct cruising operations. 
curtain (ker'tin), n. a fixed vertical sur- 
face located on the ends between the main 
planes. 

decalage (dek-a-lazh' or dek'a-laj), n. the an- 
gle formed by the chords of the principal 
and tail planes of a monoplane. 

deflate (de-flat), v.t. to release the gas in a 
balloon. 

deflector (de-flek'ter) , n. a plane or other sur- 
face for changing the course of an aerial ve- 
hicle. 

demountable (de-mount'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being readily taken apart to the extent nec- 
essary for transportation. 

dihedral /di-he'dral), dihedral angle, n. the 
inclination of the wings of an airplane to 
each other, usually in the form of a flat V, 
the outer ends high, when viewed from the 
front, a form giving stability but dangerous 
in side windr if the machine banks. 

dirigible (dir'ij-i-bl), adj. steerable: n. a self- 
propelled balloon, an airship, usually cigar- 
shaped and of great size. 

distance-piece (dis'tans-pes), n. a piece hold- 
ing other parts, as ribs, at required intervals. 

dive (div), v.i. of an airplane, to descend more 
steeply than the normal gliding angle; n. the 
act of diving. 

diving rudder (div'ing rud'er). See elevator. 

dope (dop), n. material, usually having a cellu- 
lose base, used for treating cloth surfaces of 
aircraft. 
double-decker (dubl-dek'er) , n. an airplane 
with two sustaining surfaces superposed; a 
biplane. 
double monoplane (dubl mon'6-plan), n. 
same as a tandem monoplane. 



center of pressure or resistance (sen'ter ov double-surfaced (dub-1-ser'f ast) , adj. a plane 



presh'shiir, re-zis'tans), n. the point at which 
the resistance balances; or at which, if con- 
centrated, it would have the same effect as 
when distributed. 

center of thrust or pull (sen'ter ov thrust, 
pool), n. the point at which the driving force 
may be assumed to act. In an airplane fly- 
ing in a normal state the centers of gravity, 
resistance, and thrust form an equilibrated 
couple. 

chassis (shas'si), n. the main framework of an 
airplane to which the essential members are 
attached; the understructure. 

control (kon-trol'), n. a general term for the 
means of operating the devices regulating 
soeed, direction, and position of an aircraft; 
front control (frunt), the elevator or auxil- 
iary plane forward and its attachments for 
vertical direction of an airplane; lateral con- 
trol (lat'er-al), apparatus for regulating the 
list of the airplane. 

control lever (kon-trol'' lev'er), n. a lever for 
steering an airplane either up or down or 
from side to side, or for maintaining lateral 
balance. 

critical angle (krit'i-kal ang'gl), n. the angle 
of attack at which the lift curve has its first 
maximum. 

cross-country flight (kros-kun'tri flit), n. a 
flight over open or unprepared fields. 

cruising radius (kraz'ing ra'di-us) , n. the dis- 
tance from a given point which marks the 



covered on both the upper and under side of 
the ribs. 

elevator (el'e-va-ter) , n. a horizontal plane, 
either fore or aft of any flying device, used to 
steer it in an upward or downward direction. 

empennage (ong-pen-azh' or em-pen'aj), n. 
the tail surfaces of an aircraft. 

entering edge (en'ter-ing ej), n. the front edge 
of a^ propeller blade or aerofoil. 

equalizer (e'kwal-iz-er) , n. an auxiliary plane 
or device for lateral stability. 

fin (fin), tail fln (tal), n. a small horizontal or 
vertical aerofoil attached to an aircraft to 
^ secure stability; chiefly on dirigibles. 

flight (flit), n. rise and passage of an airplane 
through the air, distinguished from ascent, 
the rising of a balloon. 

float (flot), n. the part of the landing-gear 
which provides buoyancy on the surface of 
the water. 

flying boat (fli'ing bdt), n. a seaplane provided 
with a boat to secure flotation. 

flying-machine (fli'ing-ma-shen') , n. an ap- 
paratus or vehicle for navigating the air, in- 
cluding all kinds of heavier-than-air ma- 
chines; any flying vehicle or device. 

fuselage (fu'sel-azh) , n. the framework of an 
airplane or dirigible; the portion of a mono- 
plane extending from the main body to the 
tail. 



GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 



glide (gild), v.i. to fly without engine power. 

glider (gli'der) , n. an apparatus without power 
for aerial gliding, constructed of planes, de- 
signed to carry an operator, his balance 
being maintained by shifting his position. 
Biplane-glider, the type perfected by Cha- 
nute, which, when improved and fitted with 
an engine by the Wrights, became the bi- 
plane. 

gliding angle (gli'ding ang'gl), n. the angle 
formed by the path of flight of an airplane 
with the horizontal when descending with- 
out power. 

guide rope (gid'rop), n. a trailing rope at- 
tached to an airship or balloon, serving as 
brake or ballast. 

gyroplane (ji'ro-plan), n. an aerial vehicle 
which combines supporting planes with the 
screws of the helicopter. 

gyroscope (ji'ro-skop), n. a device in which 
the axis of a heavy rotating body is also free 
to rotate in any direction and may be acted 
on by couples of forces. Numerous efforts 
have been made to utilize the resistance of 
a gyroscope to deflection from its plane as a 
means of maintaining lateral balance in air- 
planes. 

hangar (hang'gar), n. a structure for housing 
aerial vehicles; airplane^ shed. 

headless (hed'les), adj. without a head; n. a bi- 
plane having no front elevator, such as the 
Wright headless. 

head resistance (hed re-zist'ens) , n. that por- 
tion of the resistance encountered by an 
aerial vehicle in flight which cannot be util- 
ized to assist in its support; dead resistance. 

helicopter (hel'i-kop-ter or he'li-kop-ter) , n. 
an aerial vehicle sustained and propelled by 
the action of the screws, propeller, or rotat- 
ing planes and without supporting planes; a 
form advocated by many scientists but not 
yet perfected mechanically. 

hop-off (hop'of), n. of an airplane, the act of 
leaving the ground on starting. See take-off. 

horizontal rudder (hor-i-zon'tal rud'er), n. 
same as elevator. 

hydroairplane (hi-dro-ar'plan) or hydroaero- 
plane (hl-dro-a/e-ro-plan) , n. an airplane ca- 
pable of alighting on and rising from the 
water (such as Curtis' hydroairplane), dis- 
tinguished from an aerohydroplane, a hydro- 
plane with wings, not capable of rising en- 
tirely free of the water. 

hydroplane (hi'dro-plan), n. a light-draft mo- 
tor-boat of great speed, using a screw or air 
propeller, not capable of rising into the air, 
but partially lifted above the water when at 
full speed; popular for hydro-airplane. 

ignition (ig-nish'un), n. the means of explod- 
ing the mixture in an internal combustion 
motor, usually an electric spark from a mag- 
neto. 

inclinometer (in-klin-om'eter) , n. an instru- 
ment used to measure the angle made by 
the axis of an aircraft with the horizontal. 

kite balloon (kit bal-55n'), # n. an elongated 
captive balloon having tail appendages de- 
signed to keep it headed into the wind. 

knock-down (nok'doun), n. a flying machine 
as dismantled for shipment, or its collected 
parts prior to erection. 



lacing (las'ing) , n. cord or string used in fas- 
tening the cloth covering of planes together, 
and to the ribs and beams. 

Lafayette Escadrille (laf-I-yef es-ka-dril') , n. 
a volunteer force of American aviators in the 
service of France formed before the entrance 
of America into the war, transferred to the 
American service in December, 1917. 

landing-chassis (land'ing-shas'si) , n. the land- 
ing framework or underbody of an aerial 
vehicle. 

landing-gear (land'ing-ger) , n. the underbody 
of an aircraft which carries the load when 
resting or moving on the surface of the land 
or water. 

launching derrick (launching der'ik), n. a 
catapult for starting a flying machine. 

launching rail (launching ral), n. a track or 
bar for launching into the air. * 

left bank (left bangk), v.t. to incline an air- 
plane with the left wing downward. 

lifting propeller (lift'ing pro-pel'er) , n. a pro- 
peller for raising flying machines without for- 
ward movement. 

line of thrust (Hn' ov thrust), n. the line 
along which the push or pull of the propeller 
acts. 

list (list), n. same as bank. 

lubrication (lu-bri-ka'shun) , n; splash lubri- 
cation, oiling of internal parts of motor by 
working parts splashing in a sump of oil, or 
by forced feed from an oil pump. 

marouflage (mar-oo-flazh' or mar'55-flazh), n. 
in aviation, the wrapping of wooden parts in 
cloth. 

mast (mast), n. upright part, usually extend- 
ing upward from the center of a monoplane 
for support of guy and truss wires and con- 
trols; a vertical upright in either the main 
or supplementary planes; more commonly 
strut. 

monoplane (mon'5-plan), n. an airplane with 
a single main sustaining surface, or with a 
single wing on either side of the body. 

multiplane (mul'ti-plan), n. an airplane with 
more than one plane. 

nacelle (nas-el'), n. the shelter for passengers 
or engine in an airship; the body of an open 
tail boomed airplane. 

non-rigid (non'rij-id), adj. of airships, main- 
taining its form by the pressure of the gas 
contained in its envelope aided by the car- 
suspension system. 

non-stop (non'stop), adj. without landing, un- 
broken (of an airship flight)^ 

nose (noz), n. the bow of an airship. 

nose spin (n5z spin), n. a spin with the nose of 
the airplane pointed downward. 

observation balloon (ob-zer-va/shun bal-oonO, 
n. a captive balloon used on the front line 
for military observation. 

observer (ob-zer'ver), n. in aviation, a person 
who accompanies the pilot of an airplane to 
observe and record or signal conditions in 
the enemy line, etc. 

ornithopter (or-ni-thop'ter), n. a heavier-than- 
air aircraft supported and propelled by flap- 
ping wings. 



GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 



outrigger (out'rig-er), n. framework extending 
to the front or the rear to support the eleva- 
tor or tail. 

pancake (pan'kak), v.t. to level off an airplane 
at too great a height in preparation for land- 
ing, causing it to lose flying speed and de- 
scend too nearly vertically. 

partition (par-tish'un) , n. a stiff upright wall 
extending between the two main planes, in- 
tended to insure lateral stability. 

Phillips' curve (fil'ips kerv), n. See camber. 

phugoid (fu'goid), phugoid curve, n. a curve 
showing the flight path of an aerofoil. 

pilot (pi'lot), a term used especially in mili- 
tary aviation to designate the actual naviga- 
tor who manipulates an airplane, as distin- 
guished from the observer. 

pitch (pitch), n. the distance through which 
a given point of a propeller advances during 
one revolution, parallel to the axis, in a solid 
nut. 

plane (plan), n. one of the main support- 
ing surfaces of an airplane or wing; an air- 
plane. 

pocket (pok'et) , n. a loop formed either in the 
end of the cloth surface or by sewing on an 
additional strip; provided for the ribs and 
beams ^ of a single-surfaced plane to lessen 
skin friction. 

power plant (pou'er plant), n. the entire ap- 
paratus for generating power on an airplane, 
including motor, propeller, radiator, gasoline 
tank, etc. 

propeller (pro-pel'er) , n. a device with two or 
more blades set at a pitch which translates 
rotary force into straight line motion; a 
screw. 

pterygoid (ter'i-goid) , adj. having the shape of 
a wing. 

pusher (push'er), n. a type of airplane having 
the propeller in the rear of the engine. 

pylon (pl'lon), n. an arti cial reference point 
on ground used in flying. 

rib (rib), n. a longitudinal horizontal member 
of an airplane wing, to which the covering is 
attached, and whose shape determines the 
curve of the wing; laminated rib, a rib 
built up of laminations of wood, glued to- 
gether to enable it to hold its shape. 

right bank (rit bangk), a.Z. to incline an air- 
plane with the right wing downward. 

rigid (rij'id), n. of an airship, maintaining its 
form by means of a rigid structure contained 
^ within its envelope. 

rip cord (rip' kord), n. in balloons, a rope con- 
necting the rip panel and basket to effect im- 
^ mediate deflation. 

rip panel (rip' pan'el), n. a strip on the upper 
side of a balloon for immediate deflation. 

rudder (rud'er), n. an auxiliary plane or sur- 
face either at front or rear of an aerial vehicle 
for steering; also called vertical rudder. 

runners (run'erz), n. skids or bars beneath the 
chassis on which an airplane lands. They 
take the place in some machines of the 
wheels otherwise used and are constructed 
with a view to absorbing shock. 

running-gear (run'ing-ger) , n. that part of a 
flying machine which enables it to travel on 
the earth. See landing-gear. 



sausage (saw'saj), n. a kite balloon, so called 
because of its shape. 

seaplane (se'plan), n. a form of airplane pro- 
vided with landing-gear for operation from 
the water. 

semi-rigid (sem'i-rij'id), n. of an airship, 
maintaining its form by means of a rigid 
keel and by gas pressure. 

serpent (ser'pent), n. in airships, a short, heavy 
guide rope. 

service ceiling (ser-'vis se'ling). See ceiling. 

shock-absorber (shok'ab-sorb-er) , n. an ap- 
paratus for deadening the impact of an air- 
plane upon alighting. 

single-surfaced (sing'gl-ser'f ast) , adj. a plane 
covered on only one side. 

skid (skid), n. a sled-like runner, part of the 
landing gear of an airplane. 

skin friction (skin frik'shun), n. skin resist- 
ance, the friction between the surface of the 
planes and other parts of the flying machine 
and the passing air; distinguished from the 
head resistance due to displacement of the 
air; much less for smooth surfaces than for 
rough ones. 

slip (slip), n. the loss of efficiency of a propeller, 
the difference between its theoretical advance 
and the real advance in practice. See pitch. 

slip stream (slip' strem), n. the stream of air 
produced by the propeller of an airplane, 
with a relativeiVelocity greater than that of 
the surrounding air. 

soar (sor'), v.i. to fly without power, by taking 
advantage of rising or unequal currents of air. 

spar (spar), n. See beam. 

spin (spin), n. in aviation, a maneuver consist- 
ing of a steep descent in a helix of very small 
radius, the upper side of the machine being 
on the inside of the helix. 

spread (spred), or span (span),n. distance 
from tip to tip of wings of an airplane. 

squadron (skwad'run), n. a division of mili- 
tary airplanes acting together_ as a unit. 

stability (sta-bil'i-ti) , n. steadiness in flight; 
automatic stability (aw-to-mat'ik), main- 
tenance of equilibrium in automatic manner; 
longitudinal stability (Ion- ji-tu'di-nal), 
steadiness in a fore-and-aft direction ; lateral 
stability (lat'er-al), steadiness from side to 
side; directional stability (di-rek'shun-al), 
stability in a horizontal plane, controlled by 
rudder. 

stabilizer (sta/bil-Iz-er) , n. a fixed horizontal 
tail surface, for steadying longitudinal mo- 
tion and damping oscillations in pitch. 

Stagger (stag'er), n. the amount by which the 
entering edge of the upper plane of a biplane 
advances over the lower plane. This arrange- 
ment prevents interference of effects of lower 
and upper planes in air. 

staggered (stag'erd), adj. arranged in steps or 
offset; zig-zag, said of planes of an airplane. 

stall (stawl), v.i. to lose the speed necessary 
for control. 

stanchion (stan'shun), n. Same as strut. 

statoscope (stat'6-skop), n. an instrument to 
register a small rate of ascent or descent in 
ballooning. 

steering (ster'ing), n. guidance of an aircraft in 
flight; vertical steering, up and down as 
distinguished from lateral or right and left 
steering. 



GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS 



stream-line flow (strem'lm flo), n. the con- 
tinuous, as distinguished from the eddying, 
flow of air or any liquid. 

stream-line shape or form (strem'lm shap, 
form), n. a shape designed to obviate eddy- 
ing; that form of a body which enables it to 
pass through liquid or gas with the least 
possible resistance. 

Strut (strut) , n. a brace or support under com- 
pression stress; an upright between planes. 

Stunt (stunt), n. an intricate or dangerous evo- 
lution by an airplane; any acrobatic maneuver. 

tail (tal), n. rear portion of an aerial vehicle, 
used for steering and balancing. 

tail cup (tal' kup) , n. a steadying device at the 
rear of an elongated captive balloon. 

tail spin (tal' spin), n. same as spin. 

take-off (tak'of), n. the start of an airplane. 

tandem (tan'dem), n. an airplane with sets of 
planes placed one in front of the other on the 
same level. 

taxi (tak'si), v.i. to move over the surface of 
the land or water on the landing-gear before 
rising or after settling. 

tetrahedral cell (tet-ra-he'dral sel), n. a tetra- 
hedron whose sides are four equilateral tri- 
angles, open front and rear, the sides being 
surfaces; a large number of such cells when 
built up acting as a sustaining surface, as in 
the tetrahedral airplane of Professor Alex- 
ander Graham Bell. 

thrust (thrust) , n. the push or traction exerted 
by the propeller. 

torque (tork), n. moment of twisting force; the 
force tending to overturn an airplane side- 
ways, due to the reaction of the propeller in 
turning in the opposite direction, overcome 
by having two propellers operating in oppo- 
site directions or making the wing on one 
side slightly larger than the other. 

tractor (trak'ter), n. an airplane type in which 
the propeller is in front of the engine. 

trailing edge (tra/ling ej), n. the rear or leav- 
ing edge of an aerofoil. 

triplane (trl'plan), n. an airplane with three 
main bearing surfaces, or planes. 

turnbuckle (tern'buk-1) , n. a connection for 
tightening wires, rods, etc., consisting of right 
and left hand threaded eyelets or swivels in 
a sleeve, the turning of which varies its 
length. 

undercarriage (un'der-kar'ij), n. same as land- 
ing-gear. 

velocity (ve-los'i-ti), n. the speed at which an 



airplane will continue to glide indefinitely 
without power; also called normal gliding 
speed. 

vertical rudder (ver'ti-kal rud'er), n. a rudder 
which stands at right angles to the plane of 
the bearing surfaces of an airplane, used for 
steering to the right or left. 

volplane (vol'plan), v.i. to glide or coast with- 
out power; same as glide. 

wake (wak) , n. track or stream of disturbed air 
following the course of an airplane. 

warp (wawrp), v.t. to change the form of a wing 
by twisting. 

wash (wosh), n. the disturbed air immediately 
behind an aerial vehicle; dead air. 

web (web), n. wooden or other material used as 
distance pieces between the ribs of a sustain- 
ing plane. 

whirling- table (hwerl'ing-ta-bl) , n. an appa- 
ratus comprising a vertical axis and a hori- 
zontal arm for revolving planes or aerofoils 
and determining their effects and efficiency. 
The use of the whirling-table led to the ex- 
perimental determination of numerous aerial 
laws and directly to the perfection of the 
airplane. 

Wind pressure (wind' presh-ur), n.; coeffi- 
cient of wind pressure (ko-ef-fish'ent) , the 
numerical constant of the pressure of the 
wind against a stationary object, or of the 
resistance of the air to a moving object. 

Wing (wing), n. the sustaining structure on the 
sides^ of an airplane, including planes and 
trussing. 

Wing flap (wing flap) , n. an auxiliary plane at- 
tached, in the same plane, to each of the 
wings of an airplane to prevent overturning 
sidewise and to assist in steering; see aileron. 
Wing spread (wing' spred), n. area of surface 

of wings; distance from tip to tip. 
Wing surface (wing' ser-fas), n. wing area, 

surface measurement of wing. 
Wing tip (wing' tip), n. the outer extremity of 
the wings of a monoplane; an aileron or 
^other movable surface at end of wing. 

wing-warping (wing'wawrp-ing), n. deflection 
of a portion of an airplane wing; as the 
Wrights' warping wings; the bending of the 
rear outer corners of the wing on one end in 
an opposite direction from those of the other 
end, attaining lateral equilibrium. 

zoom (zoom), v.i. to climb at an angle great- 
er than maximum climbing angle by virtue 
of initial excess of speed: n, the act of 
zooming. 



Glossary of Automobile Terms 



By JULIAN CHASE, Ph.B. 

EDITOR OF " MOTOR " 



accelerator pedal > (ak-sei'er-a-ter 
ped'l), a pedal for increasing motor 
speed. 

acetylene generator (a-set'e-ien jen'- 
er-a-ter), apparatus for generating 
acetylene gas from water and cal- 
cium carbide, for lighting purposes. 

after- firing (af'ter-fir'ing), a violent 
explosion in the muffler caused by 
failure of motor to fire gases in cyl- 
inders, their _ accumulation _ in the 
muffler and ignition therein from 
heated walls or firing cylinders. This 
is the terrific report so often mistaken 
for a bursting tire; barking. See 
back firing. 

apron (a/prun), a covering for the 
underside of the motor mechanism; 
a dust apron or pan. 

armature (ar'ma-tur), the part of a 
magneto which transforms rotary 
motion into electrical energy, or the 
part of a motor which transforms 
electrical energy into rotary motion. 

automobile (au'to-mo-bel), any self- 
propelled road vehicle. 

axle (ak'sl), a transverse beam, to 
carry a wheel on either end; dead- 
axle (ded'ak-sl), one which does not 
rotate; live- axle (liv'ak-sl), one 
which rotates with the wheels, or 
is fitted with shafts which revolve 
within a housing and drive the 
wheels. 

back-fire (bak'fir), premature explo- 
sion of charge m motor cylinder, 
causing motor to stop or reverse. 
When motor is run on advanced 
spark, the explosion occurs before 
the crank has passed the dead center 
on the compression stroke, but the 
momentum carries it over. In 
starting, unless the spark is retarded 
before cranking, a back-fire will re- 
sult, often breaking the arm of the 
one cranking the motor. _ Back-fire 
is also produced by glowing bits of 



carbon or other heated condition of 
the interior of the cylinder. 

back-lash (back'lash), lost motion 
between working parts; as the 
amount that a pinion may be turned 
back without moving the driven 
wheel. 

battery (bat'er-i), electrical cells sup- 
plying energy for sparking; storage- 
battery (stor'aj-bat'er-i), electrical 
cells adapted to receive a charge of 
electric current and subsequently 
give off the energy as required, the 
basis of the electric automobile. 

bearing (bar'ing), the support in 
which a rotating part turns; ball- 
bearing (bawl'bar-ing), a bearing 
containing a race of balls, to reduce 
friction; roller- bearing (rol'er-bar- 
ing), a bearing in which rollers are 
used instead of balls. 

boiler (boil'er), apparatus for generat- 
ing steam by heating water; flash- 
boiler (flash 'boil-er), a boiler in 
which the tubes are so arranged that 
the water is instantly converted into 
steam upon being pumped in. 

bonnet (bon'et), a case or covering, 
usually sheet metal, placed over the 
motor; a hood. 

bore (bor), internal diameter of motor 
cylinder, the "stroke" being length 
of piston travel. The power of the 
motor is figured for comparative 
ratings on the bore, stroke and rev- 
olutions per minute. 

brake (brak), a mechanism for reduc- 
ing speed; operated bv hand or foot, 
and generally consisting of a fixed 
member adapted to be pressed into 
close contact with a revolving mem- 
ber. 

cable (ka/bl), a heavily insulated wire 
or set of wires, for transmitting elec- 
trical energy to the spark plug. 

cam (kam) , a disc with a nose or shade 
or a depression on the periphery 



AUTOMOBILE TERMS 



which, when revolved, drives the 
push-rod up for a certain interval 
each revolution; exhaust cam (egz- 
awst'kam), a cam shaped to lift the 
exhaust valve push-rod; inlet cam 
(inlet kam), a cam shaped to lift the 
inlet valve push-rod. 

cam-roiler (kam'rol-er), a small steel 
wheel fitted to the lower end of the 
push-rod to diminish wear and fric- 
tion with the cam head. 

cam-shaft (kam'shaft), the shaft 
upon which the cams are mounted, 
the rotation of which causes the 
cams in their proper order to open 
and close through the push-rods and 
rocker arms, the valves of the cyl- 
inders. 

carbide (kar'bid), calcium carbide, 
which, with water, produces acet- 
ylene gas. 

carburetter (kar'bu-ret-er), a device 
for vaporizing gasolene or other 
liquid fuel; usually a spray of gaso- 
lene is sucked through a needle hole 
mingling with an incoming current 
of air, producing vapor in the pro- 
portion of one of gasolene to 12 or 14 of 
air which is exploded in the cylinder 
under pressure, by the spark, im- 
parting motion to the piston; float 
carburetter (not kar'bu-ret-er), one 
in which a float automatically cuts 
off supply of gasolene to prevent 
flooding. 

case (kas), metallic box or form; crank 
case, the case in which the crank 
shaft revolves. 

cell (sel), apparatus for producing 
electric energy from decomposition 
of a metal, usually zinc; ^ dry cell, 
one in which the liquid is held by 
absorption in blotting paper or 
other medium. 

chain (chan), a series of metal links 
adapted to transmit power from one 
sprocket wheel to another; chain 
drive, the transmission of power 
from jack shaft, motor or engine to 
the road wheels. 

change- speed-lever (chanj-sped-lev'- 
er), lever for changing from one gear 
reduction to another in a motor 
vehicle. 

charge (charj), (1) the mixture of gas 
and air in a motor cylinder; (2) the 
amount of electricity in a storage 
battery. 

chassis (shas'si), the entire automobile 
exclusive of the body. 



chauffeur (sho'fer), a professional 
automobile driver, originally the 
word meant a stoker or fireman. 

circuit (ser'ket), the wires and appa- 
ratus forming a complete path for a 
current of electricity to and from its 
source; short circuit, a path other 
than the intended one, taken by the 
current; circuit breaker, a device 
for automatically breaking a circuit. 

clincher (klinch'er), incurved part of 
a wheel rim into which the tire beada 
expand when the tire is inflated. 

clutch (klutch), a device for connect- 
ing moving parts; cone clutch (kon), 
in which two nesting conical sur- 
faces are brought into contact; ex- 
panding or contracting clutch 
(eks-pand'ing or kon-trakt'ing), in 
which one member is expanded or 
contracted; disc clutch, in which re- 
volving discs are pressed together; 
clutch pedal (ped'l), a pedal for 
operating the clul ch. 

coil (koil), an electrical device for 
raising voltage by induction, trans- 
forming a low pressure current into 
a high pressure one which will pro- 
duce a spark; induction coil, trans- 
former. 

combustion - chamber (kom-busf- 
yun-cham-ber), the space in the 
cylinder in which the gas compressed 
by the piston is exploded. 

commutator (korn'mti-ta-ter) , the 
part of an armature which rotates 
m contact with the brushes. 

compression (kom-presh'un), the 
pressure within an explosive engine 
just before the explosion takes place. 
As a compression of 60 pounds to 
the sq. inch; compression stroke 
(strok), the stroke of the piston dur- 
ing which fresh gas is compressed 
prior to its explosion. 

condenser (kon-dens'er), a device of 
layers of tin foil, alternately- con- 
nected, with layers of insulation be- 
tween to reduce sparking at vibrator 
and increase it at spark plugs. 

connecting rod (kon-nekt ing rod), a 
rod or arm connecting the piston 
and crank, having a reciprocal mo- 
tion and transmitting the explosion 
energy from the piston to the crank 
shaft. 

contact-breaker (kon'takt-brak-er) , 
a device for interrupting an electric 
current at selected intervals to pro- 
duce sparks; a timer. 



AUTOMOBILE TERMS 



controller (kon-trol'er), a device for 
regulating the speed of an electric 
motor vehicle, by absorbing varying 
amounts of the currents in a rheostat 
and by connecting the cells in 
"series" and "series-multiple." 

crank arm (krank' arm), the portion 
of a crank shaft extending from the 
shaft pin to the crank pin. 

cranking (krank'ing), rotating the 
crank shaft to produce compression 
in starting, as gasolene motors are 
not self starting. 

cranking handle (krank'ing hand-1), 
a crank for manually cranking the 
motor; starting handle. 

crank- pin (krank'pin), a circular 
portion of the crank shaft which 
rests in the bearing; bearing pin. 

crank-shaft (krank'shaft), a shaft 
with arms at right angles to its axis 
carrying crank pins parallel to its 
axis for the reception of connecting 
rods, and adapted to be rotated for 
the purpose of translating reciprocal 
into rotative motion; single throw 
crank-shaft (sing'gl thro), a shaft 
to receive only one connecting rod; 
four throw crank-shaft (for thro), 
a shaft to receive four connecting rods. 

cup priming (kup printing), a cup 
with a cock for admitting a small 
quantity of gasolene to the explosion 
chamber to supplement the car- 
buretter in starting. 

cycle (si'kl), see motor. 

cylinder (sil'm-der), a tube or cylin- 
drical member closed at one encl, in 
which the piston travels and the 
explosions 01 the mixture, admitted 
by valves, occur. 

dead center (ded sen'ter), the point 
at which the crank passes the me- 
dian, when it is in the same straight 
line with the connecting rod and the 
latter is motionless, being between 
a forward and a backward movement 
and therefore incapable of imparting 
motion to the crank. 

distributor (dis-trib'u-ter), a device 
for distributing electric current to 
the spark plugs of the different cyl- 
inders in the proper sequence. 

dynamometer (dl-na-mom'e-ter), ap- 
paratus for ascertaining the horse- 
power of a motor. 

electric automobile (e-lek'trik au'- 
to-mo-bel), a self-propelled roadl 
vehicle the motive power of which is 
electricity. 
43 



exhaust (egz-awsf), (1) the period 
during which the burnt gases are 
escaping; (2) the burnt gases them- 
selves. 

exhaust stroke (strok) ,the stroke of the 
piston which expells the burnt gases. 

exhaust valve (valv) , the valve which 
allows the exhaust to escape. The 
exhaust is a series of reports, silenced 
by the muffler into a purring or 
chugging sound. 

fan (fan), a rotary bladed helix, driven 
by the motor for cooling itself 
directly or indirectly through cool- 
ing the water in the radiator. 

fender (fend'er), a mud guard. 

flange (flanj), any flat projecting rim, 
as on motor cylinders to assist cool- 
ing by radiation, or on pipes for 
coupling. 

frame (fram), the part of an auto- 
mobile carried by the wheels, to 
which the motor, body, etc., are 
attached. 

friction drive (frik'shun driv), a sys- 
tem of transmission in which the 
driving is done and the necessary 
reductions obtained through wheels 
with friction surfaces pressed to- 
gether rather than through gears. 

garage (ga-razh'), an automobile 
stable, storage or repair place. 

gas (gas), mixture of air and gasolene 
vapor. 

gauge (gaj), a device for indicating 
pressure or volume of contents in a 
container. 

gear (ger), speed changing (sped 
chang'ing), a series of gears which 
may be shifted to change the rates 
of speed between the motor and 
the road wheels; differential gears 
(dif-er-en'shal), an arrangement to 
permit the wheels to turn at differ- 
ent speeds as in rounding a corner; 
planetary gears (plan'e-ta-ri), small 
gears inside a large internal gear for 
effecting forward and reverse speeds ; 
reversing gear (re-vers'ing), for 
changing direction of roadwheels.^ 

generator (jen'e-ra-ter), (1) a device 
for producing acetylene gas; (2) an 
electrical dynamo. 

goggles (goi'lz), spectacles set in 
cloth or other collars, to keep dust 
out of the eyes. 

governor (gov'er-ner) , an apparatus 
for regulating the motor speed, by 
cutting off the gas supply. 

hood (hood). See bonnet. 



ACJTOMOBILE TERMS 



hydrocarbons (hl-dro-car'bonz), or- 
ganic compounds of hydrogen and 
carbon, as petroleum, gasolene, 
acetylene, benzene, turpentine, india 
rubber, gutta percha, etc. 

ignition (ig-ni'shun), the means or 
apparatus for igniting the explosive 
mixture, either flame, hot tube, both 
now disused ; coil and battery, make- 
and-break or magneto; the last 
named being the method now most 
generally used. 

interchangeable (in-ter-chanj 'a-bl) , 
capable of being interchanged, said 
of the parts of a mechanism when a, 
given part, on one machine, is 
exactly similar to the like part on 
another machine, and can be sub- 
stituted therefor without refitting. 

interrupter (in-ter-up'ter), a device 
for rapidly making-and-breaking an 
electrical circuit; trembler. 

lamp (lamp), illuminating device, aa 
head, # side, and tail lamps. 

link (link), drag link (drag), a trans- 
verse rod connecting the two steering 
arms of a motor vehicle. m 

little end (lit'l end), the piston end of 
a connecting rod, the crank end 
being called the "big end." 

load (lod), the work which a motor hag 
to do, or the resistance encountered 
aside from its own friction. 

magneto (mag-ne'to), a mechanism 
for producing a high tension or a low 
tension current for sparking by 
means of an armature revolved 
within the field of a pair of perma- 
nent magnets. 

manifold (man'i-fold), a tube to dis- 
tribute gas, air, steam or water, 
having flanges or connections; in- 
take manifold (in'tak) , for distrib- 
uting gas from carburetter to cylin- 
ders; exhaust manifold (egs-awsf), 
for conveying burnt gases to the 
exhaust* outlet or muffler. 

mixture (miks'tur), vapor of a hydro- 
carbon and air, suitable for explo- 
sion; rich mixture, one with defi- 
ciency of air; poor mixture, one 
with an excess of air. 

motor (mo'ter), electric (e-lek'trik), 
a machine for transforming electric 
energy into motion; internal com- 
bustion (in-ter'nal kom-bust'yun), 
a machine for utilizing the explosive 
force of hydrocarbon vapors. In this 
form of motion, the one most used in 
motor vehicles, the mixture is ex- 



ploded under compression, imparting 
energy to the piston which causes the 
crank to rotate and perform its work; 
four cycle motor (for sl'kl) , one in 
which the piston makes four sweeps 
for each explosion, two in each direc- 
tion, as exhaust, intake, compression 
and explosion strokes, the exhaust 
and compression strokes being to- 
wards the_ cylinder head; two cycle 
motor (too si'kl), one in w^hich the 
piston makes two sweeps for each 
explosion, the compression and ex- 
plosion strokes, the exhaust escap- 
ing and the intake being forced in at 
the bottom of the explosion stroke; 
four cylinder motor (for sil'in- 
der), one with four cylinders and 
pistons, the most commonly used; 
rotary motor (ro'ta-ri), one in 
which the cylinders revolve; double 
opposed motor (dub'l op-pozd'), 
one in which the cylinders are op- 
posite each other, used largely on 
trucks; V-type motor (ve'tip), one 
in which the cylinders are inclined 
in either direction, off the vertical. 

muffler (unifier), a device for silenc- 
ing the exhaust gases by passing 
them through a labyrinth of pass- 
ages, reducing their velocity; a 
silencer, an exhaust box; muffler 
cut-out, means for discharging 
from the motor, exhaust directly 
into the air instead of first into the 
muffler; often used in starting, or to 
learn from its sound the condition 
of the motor. 

non-skids (non 'skids), any means of 
preventing side slipping of auto- 
mobile wheels, including indenta- 
tions and projections in the tires, 
chains, and separate coverings over 
the tires. 

packing (pak'ing), any compressible 
material used. as- a filler in joints to 
make them tight. 

pedal (ped'l), a lever worked by the 
foot; brake pedal, for disconnecting 
clutch and applying "brakes; regu- 
lator pedal (reg'u-la-ter), for regu- 
lating power and velocity of motor. 

piston (pis'tun), a cup-shaped mem- 
ber adapted to work reciprocally in 
the cylinder, receiving successively 
the shock of the explosions and 
transmitting them through the con- 
necting rod to the crank-shaft; 
piston pin (pin), a pin extending 
across the piston to carry the small 



AUTOMOBILE TERMS 



end of the connecting rod; v:rist pin, 
gudgeon pin; piston rings, expan- 
sible rings set in grooves in the piston 
and pressing against the cylinder 
walls, to muke a close fit, the oil 
film between the rings and the cyl- 
inder and the rings and the piston 
grooves acting as a packing to pre- 
vent eccape of gases. 

pitting (pit'ing), minute cavities in 
valves and valve seats due to action 
of gases. 

port (pert), an opening for the passage 
of gas or steam. 

power (pow'er), horse- power, the 
power required to do 33,000 foot 
pounds of work per minute. A I' pise 
for a slight interval can do six times 
as much work, while a man can also 
temporarily exert a horse power, 
though the horse ordinarily exerts 
the power of six men. 

power plant (plant), the motor, 
transmission and accessories^ 

power transmission (tranz-mish'un), 
see transmission. 

pump (pump), water pump (wrw'- 
ter), for circulating water in cooling 
system; oil pump (oil), for lubrica- 
tion; gear pump (ger), rotary 
pump (ro'ta-ri), centrifugal pump 
(sen-trif'u-gal), eccentric pump 
(ek-sen'trik), are so called, from their 
mechanical construction. 

push-rod (push 'rod), one of a series 
of rods lifted by the cams which 
actuate the rocker arms, opening 
the valves in sequence. 

radiator (ra'di-a-t?r), a system of fine 
tubing through which water is forced 
for cooling. 

reversing lever (re-vers/inglev'er), a 
lever to reverse the direction of the 
automobile. 

rheostat (re-o-staf), an < electrical 
device for increasing or diminishing an 
electric current by varying resistance. 

rocker arm (rok'er arm), a lever at 
the top of the cylinder which de- 
presses the valve. 

roller (rol'er), a small steel wheel on 
the end of the push-rod to reduce 
friction with the cam. 

scale (skal), an incrustation deposited 
in the interior of water jackets, and 
other water containers, which carry 
heated water. 

seizing (sez'ing), the binding of opera- 
ting parts through failure of lubrica- 
tion, or overheating. 



shock-absorber (shok'ab-sorb-er), a 
device for dampening the rebound 
of springs and reducing vibration 
due to rough roads, as friction 
check (frik'shun chek), pneumatic 
(noo-mat'ik), hydraulic (hl-draw'- 
lik), and auxiliary spring (awg-zil'- 
i-a-ri) , shock absorber. 

sight _ feed (sit 'fed), a system of 
lubrication in which the oil may 
be seen in circulation at the sight 
point. 

skidding (skid'ing), see non-skid. 

spark plirg (spark' plug), a device 
heving two fixed electrodes between 
which an electric "jump spark" is 
produced by the magneto or battery 
adapted to be screwed into the cyl- 
inder; or such a plug adapted to 
separate its electrodes mechanically, 
as a "make-and-break" spark. The 
spark ignites the compressed gas in 
the cylinder at the proper moment, 
the resulting explosion generating 
the motor's power; spark advance 
(ad-vans'), when the spark occurs 
near or before the upward dead 
center, thus increasing speed and 
power, if not carried too far to the 
point of preiguition, or back-fire; 
spark retard (re-tard'), delay of 
spark after dead center. 

sprocket (sprock'et), a small toothed 
wheel, driven by a link chain. 

starter (start 'er), self- or automatic 
(self- or aw-to-mat'ik), a device for 
automatically cranking the motor. 

steam-car (stem'kar), an automobile 
driven by a steam engine, now almost 
superseded by gasolene and electric 
motor cars. 

steel (stel), iron through which, when 
molten, air has been forced, the 
Bessemer process. Modern steels 
are of great variety due to mixture 
of other metals, as chrome nickel 
steel (krom nik^l), manganese 
steel (man'ga-nez), vanadium 
steel (va-na'di-um) . 

steering knuckle (ster'ing nuk'l), a 
joint in the steering gear at the 
front axle. 

steering post (ster'ing post), a post 
for steering, usually obliquely placed, 
on which is mounted the steering 
wheel, and the small levers working 
on semicircular ratchets for control- 
ling the spark and the carburetter 
throttle. 

suction stroke (suk'shun strok), the 



AUTOMOBILE TERMS 



outward sweep of the piston during 
which a fresh change is drawn in; the 
intake. 

suspension (sus-pen'shun), > three- 
point suspension (thre-point'), at- 
tachment of the power plant to the 
frame at three points to avoid road 
strains. 

tank (tank), a reservoir for carrying 
fuel, gasolene, oil, etc. 

tappet rod (tap'et rod), see push-rod. 

taxicab (taks'i-kab), an automobile 
hack provided with an automatic 
time and distance measuring device, 
called a taximeter, which may also 
show fare due. 

terminal (ter'mi-nal), an attachment 
at the end of a wire for enabling it 
to be readily connected to a binding 
post. 

thermo- syphon (ther'mo-sl'fon), cir- 
culation of water in water-jackets 
and radiator through its own heat, 
the warm water at the top of the 
radiator working its way down as 
cooled and rising through the heat 
it absorbs from the cylinders. 

throttle (throt'l), a valve for regu- 
lating the supply of air to a car- 
buretter. 

tinier (tlm'er), see distributor. 

tire (tlr), a band or rim around a 
wheel; pneumatic tire, a rubber 
tire containing air under pressure. 

tonneau (tun'o), an open automobile 
with seats for two in front and a 
large rear seat for three or more. 

track (trak), distance between centres 
of tires on the same axle, usually 
56 }/2 inches, the railroad standard; 
the gauge (gag), the tread (tred). 

transmission (tranz-mish'un), the 
apparatus for transmitting the high 
speed motor power to low speed 



road wheels, including clutch, re- 
ducing and planetary gears, or chain 
drive. 

under slung (under-slung'), a form of 
construction in which the frame 
hangs below the springs and axles 
instead of being above them. 

valve (valv), mechanism for closing an 
opening to regulate or stop the 
passage of a fluid or gas; poppet 
valve (pop'et), in which a mushroom- 
shaped valve nils the opening and is 
lifted in and out; rotary valve (ro'ta- 
ri), which rotates in the opening; 
slide valve (slid), which slides across 
the opening; inlet valve (in 'let), 
through which the gas is admitted; 
exhaust valve (egz-awst'), through 
which the burnt gases are emitted; 
needle valve (ne'dl), a small car- 
buretter valve closed by a needle 
point; butterfly valve (but'er-fli), 
in which a leaf turns in a tube. 

water-jacket (waw'ter-jak-et), a cas- 
ing around the cylinder through 
which water is circulated to keep 
the cylinder walls cool, often a part 
of the cylinder casting itself. In 
air-cooled motors, the cylinder has 
a series of flanges to assist in radia- 
tion of the heat. 

wheel (hwhel), artillery wheel, auto- 
mobile wheel of wood with heavy 
spokes wedging together at center 
and with a hub of steel plates. 

wheel-base (hwhel-bas), the distance 
between the front and rear wheels, 
on the same side where they touch 
the road. 

wiring (wlr'ing), wires leading to 
spark plugs from magneto, or bat- 
teries, etc. 

wrist pin (risf pin), see piston pin; 
also called gudgeon pin. 



Christian Names of Men and Women 

Collected and Arranged 
By DONALD L. CLARK, A.B., 

De Pauw University, 



A.-S Anglo-Saxon 

Ar Arabic 

Celt Celtic 

D Danish 

Eng English 

Fr French 

Ger. German 

Gr ...Greek 



Teut Teutonic 



Heb Hebrew 

Ital Italian 

Lat Latin 

O. G Old German 

O. H. G Old High German 

Per Persian 

Russ Russian 

Syr Syrian 



NAMES OF MEN 



A 



Aaron. [Heb.] 

lightener. 
Abel.. [Heb.] 

vanity. 
Abiel. [Heb.] 
Abihu. [Heb.] 
Abijah. [Heb/ 



Mountaineer or en- 
Breath; fickleness; 



Father of strength. 
God is father. 
To whom Jehovah 
is"a father. — Dim. Bije. 

Abner. [Heb.] Father of light. 

Abraham. [Heb.] Father of a mul- 
titude. — Dim. Abe. 

Abram. [Heb.] Father of elevation. 
— Dim. Abe. 

Adalbert. See Ethelbert. 

Adam. [Heb.] Man; earth-man; 
red earth. — Dim. Ad. 

Adolph, I [O. H. G.] Noble wolf; 

Adolphus. S i. e., noble hero. — 

Dim. Dolph. 

Adoniram. _ [Heb.] Lord of height. 

Alan. Variously explained as a 
hound [Slav.], harmony [Celt.], and 
a corruption of Hilary, or of -Mia- 
nus. 

Alaric. [O.-H. G.] All-rich; or, noble 
ruler. 

Albert. [O. H. G.] All bright; illus- 
trious. — Dim. Bert, Bertie. 

Albion. [Celt.] White-cliffed land; 
the ancient name of England. 

Alexander. [Gr.] A helper of men. 
— Dim. Aleck, Ellick, Sandy, Sawney. 

Alexis. [Gr.] Help; defence. 

Alfred. [O. H. G.] Elf m council; 
i. e., good counselor. — Dim. Alf. 

Alfonso. See Alphonso. 



as 



Algernon. [Fr.] Whiskered. 
Alonzo. [O. G.] The same 

Alphonso, q. v. 
Alpheus. [Heb.] Exchange. 
Alphonso. [0. H. G.] All-ready; 

willing. 



Alvah, F 



[Heb.] Iniquity. 



Alvan. 

Al£ta. \ [0- H - 61 Winning all. 
Amadeus. [Lat.] Lover of God. 
Amariah. [Heb.] Vv'hom Jehovah 

promised. 
Amasa. [Heb.] A burden. 
Ambrose. [Gr.] Immortal; divine. 
Amos. [Heb.] Strong; courageous; 

otherwise, burden. 
Anastasius. [Gr.] Rising up. 
Andrew. [Gr.] Strong; manly; cour- 
ageous. — Dim. Andy. 
Anselm. [0. H. G.] Protection of 
God. 

[Lat.] Priceless; praise- 
worthy. — Dim. Tony. 
[Ger.] Extremely bold; 
holy prince. — Dim. Ar- 



Anthony, ) 



Hermann. 

1 Gift of Artemis, or 



Antony, 
Archibald 

otherwise, 

chie. 
Armand. See 
Artemas. [Gr, 

Diana. 
Arthur. [Celt.] High; noble. — Dim 

Art. 
Asa. [Heb.] Healer; physician. 
Asahel. [Heb.] Made of God. 
Asaph. [Heb.] A collector. 
Asher. [Heb.] Happy; fortunate. 
Ashur. [Heb.] Black; blackness. 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN 






Arnold. [0. H. G.] Strong as an 

eagle. 
Athelstan. [A.-S.] Noble stone. 
Aubrey. [0. H. G.] Ruler of spirits. 

Aujultin^ H-fJ Belonging to 

Auftin. ' S Au S ustus - 

Augustus. [Lat.] Exalted; impe- 
rial. — Dim. Gus. 

Aurelius. [Lat.] Golden. 

Azariah. [Heb.] Helped of the 
Lord. 



Baldwin. [0. H. G.] Bold, winner. 
Baptist. [Gr.] A baptizer; purifier. 
Barabbas, ) Son of consolation and 
Barnaby. > exhortation. 
Bartholomew. [Heb.] A warlike 

son. — Dim. Bat, Bart. 
Barzillai. [Heb.] Iron of the Lord; 

firm; true. 
Basil. [Gr.] Kingly; royal. 
Benedict. [Lat.] Blessed. 
Benjamin. [Heb.] Son of the right 

hand. — Dim. Ben. 
Beriah. [Heb.] In calamity. 
Bernard, ) [0. H. G.] Strong or 
Barnard. S hardy bear. 
Bertram. [0. H. G.] Bright; fair; 

illustrious. — Dim. Bert, Bertie. 
Bezaleel. [Heb.] In the shadow 

(protection) of God. 
Blaise. [Fr.] Sprouting forth. 
Boniface. [Lat.] A benefactor. 
Brian. [Celt.] Strong. 
Bruno. [0. H. G.] Brown. 



C 



Cadwallader. [Celt.] Battle-arran- 
ger. 

Caesar. [Lat.] Hairy; or blue-eyed; 
or, born under the Caesarian opera- 
tion. 

Caleb. [Heb.] A dog.— Dim. Cale. 

Calvin. [Lat.] Bald. 

Casper. See Jasper. 

Cecil. [Lat.] Dim-sighted. 

Cephas. [Aramaic] A stone. 

Charles. JO. H. G.J Strong; manly; 
noble-spirited. — Dim. Charlie, or 
Charley. 

Christian. [Lat.] Belonging to 
Christ; a believer in Christ. — Dim. 
Christie. 

Christopher. [Gr.] Bearing Christ. 
— Dim. Kester, Kit, Chris., Christie. 



Clarence. [Lat.] Illustrious. — Dim. 

Clarry, Clara. 
Claudius, > >,- , •> T 
Claude. \ l Lat -J Lame - 
Clement. [Lat.] Mild-tempered; 

merciful. — Dim. Clem. 
Conrad. [0. H. G.] Able counsel. 
Constant. [Lat.] Firm; faithful. 
Constantine. [Lat.] Resolute; firm. 
Cornelius. [Lat.] (Uncertain).— 

Dim. Corny. 

Crisplfs, ( [ Lat -I Having curly hair. 
Cuthbert. [A.-S.] Noted splendor. 
Cyprian. [Gr.] Of Cyprus. 
Cyril. [Gr.] Lordly. 
Cyrus. [Per.] The sun. — Dim. Cy. 



Daniel. [Heb.] A divine judge. — 

Dim. Dan. 
Darius. [Per.] Preserver. 
David. [Heb.] Beloved. — Dim. Davy, 

Dave. 
Demetrius. [Gr.] Belonging to 

Ceres (Demeter); sprung from the 

earth. 
Denis, ? [Gr.] Same as Dionysius. 
Dennis. S [Fr. form.] 

8fe r drik, } [0. H. G] See Theod- 

Dietrich. S erick - 

Dexter. [Lat.] The right hand, for- 
tunate. 

Dionysius. [Gr.] Belonging to Di- 
onysus or Bacchus, the god of wine. 

Donald. [Celt.] Proud chief.— Dim. 
Don. 

Duncan. [Celt.] Brown chief. — Dim. 
Dune. 



E 



Eben. [Heb.] A stone. — Dim. Eb. 

Ebenezer. [Heb.] The stone of help. 

Edgar. [A.-S.] Giver of happiness. 

Edmund. [A.-S.] Defender of hap- 
piness. — Dim. Ed, Ned (a contrac- 
tion of "mine Ed"). 

Edward. [A.-S.] Guardian of hap- 
piness. — Dim. Ed, Eddy, Ned, Ned- 
dy, Teddy. 

Edwin. [A.-S.] Gainer of happiness. 
—Dim. Ed, Eddy. 
;bert. [0. H. G.] The sword's 
brightness; famous with the sword. 
— Dim. Bert. 

Elbert. [0. H. G.] See Albert. 



Egb 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN 



Eldred. [A.-S.] Terrible. 

Eleazer. [Heb.] To whom God is 
a help. 

Elfonzo. See Alphonso. 

Eli. [Heb.] A foster son. 

Elias. [Heb.] See Elijah. 

Elihu. [Heb.] God the Lord. 

Elijah. [Heb.] Jehovah is my God. 
— Dim. 'Lije. 

Eliphalet. [Heb.] God of salvation. 
— Dim. 'Liph. 

Elisha. [Heb.] God my salvation. 

Elizur. [Heb.] God is my rock. 

Ellis. [Heb.] A variation of Elisha. 

Elmer. [A.-S.] Noble; excellent. [A 
contraction of Ethelmer.] 

Elnathan. [Heb.] God gave. 

Emmanuel, [Heb.] God with us. 

Emery, ) 

Emmery, > [A.-S.] Powerful; rich. 

Emory, i 

Enoch. [Heb.] Consecrated; dedi- 
cated. 

Enos. [Heb.] Man. 

Ephraim. [Heb.] Very fruitful.— 
T>im. Eph (ef). 

Erasmus. [Gr.] 



Beloved; amiable. 



Lovely; worthy to 

be loved. 
Erastus. [Gr.] 

— Dim. 'Ras. 
Eric. [A.-S.] Rich; brave; powerful. 
Ernest. [Ger.] Earnest. 
Ethan. [Heb.] Firmness; strength 
Ethelbert. [A.-S.] Nobly bright.— 

Dim. Bert. 
Eugene. [Ger.] Wellborn; noble. — 

Dim. 'Gene (jen). 
Eustace. [Gr.] Healthy; strong; 

standing firm. 
Evan. [Celt.] Young warrior. 
Ezekiel. [Heb.] Strength of God. 

— Dim. Zeke. 
Ezra. [Heb.] Help.— Dim. Ez. 

F 

Felix. [LatJ Happy. 

Ferdinand. . [O. H. G.] Brave; 

valiant. — Dim. Ferd. 
Fernando. [O. H. G.] Same as 

Ferdinand. 
Francis. [O. H. G.] Free.— Dim. 

Frank. 
Frederic, ? [O. H. G.] Abounding 
Frederick, s in peace; or peaceful 

ruler. — Dim. Fred, Freddy. 

6 

Gabriel. [Heb.] Strength or man 

of god. — Dim. Gabe. 
Gamaliel. [Heb.] Recompense of 

God. 



Garret. [O. H. G.] See Gerald, or 

Grerard 
Geoffrey.' [O. H. G.] See Godfrey. 

George. [Ger.] A landholder; hus- 
bandman. — Dim. Georgie, Geor- 
die. 

Gerald, ? [O. H. G.] Strong with 

Gerard. ) the spear. Jerry. 

Gershom. [Heb.] An exile. 

Gideon. [Heb.] A destroyer. 

Gilbert. [O. H. G.] Yellow-bright; 
famous. — Dim. Bert. 

Giles. [Gr.] A kid. 

Given. [^ n g-] Gift of God. 

Godard. [0. G.] Pious; virtuous. 

Godfrey. [0. H. G.] At peace with 
God. 

Godwin. [A.-S.] Good fighter. 

Gregory. [Ger.] Watchful; vigilant. 
— Dim. Greg. 

Griffith. [Celt.] Having great 
faith. 

Gustavus. [Sw.] A warrior; hero. 

Guy. [0. H. G.] A leader. 



Hannibal. [Punic] Grace of Baal. 

Harold. [A.-S.] A champion; gen- 
eral of an army. — Dim. Harry. 

Heman. [Heb.] Faithful. 

Henry. [0. H. G.] The head or 
chief of a house. — Dim. Hal, Harry 
(by assimilation of consonant sound), 
Hen, Hank. 

Herbert. [A.-S.] Glory of the army. 
— Dim. Bert, Bertie. 

Her ma. [0. H. G.] A warrior. 

Hezekiah. [Heb.] Strength of the 
Lord. — Dim. Hez. 

Hilary. [Lat.] Cheerful; merry. 

Hiram. [Heb.] Most noble.— Dim. 
Hi. 

Horace. [Lat.] See Horatio. 

Horatio. [Lat.] (Uncertain). — Dim. 
Harry. 

Hosea. [Heb.] Salvation. 

Howell. [Celt.] Sound; whole. 

Hubert. [0. H. G.] Bright in spirit; 
soul-bright. — Dim. Bert. 

Hufo,' \ 1°-] Mind ; s P irit ' souL 
Humphrey. [A.-S.] Protector of the 
home. — Dim. Hump, Humph. 



Ichabod. [Heb.] The glory has de- 
parted 
Ignatius. [Gr.] Ardent; fiery. 
Immanuel. [Heb.] See Emmanuel. 
Ingram. [Teut.] Raven. 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN 



Inigo. [Gr.] Ignatius* [Sp. form.] 

Iraf [HebJ Watchful. 

Isaac. [Heb.] Laughter. — Dim. Ike, 

Ikey. 
Isaiah. [Heb.] Salvation of the 

Lord. 
Israel. [Heb.] A soldier of God. — 

Dim. Izzy. 
Ivan. [Russ.] See John. 



He will cause pain. 
A supplanter. — Dim. 



Jabez. [Heb.] 
Jacob. [Heb.] 

Jake. 

Jairus. [Heb.] He will enlighten. 
James. [Heb.] See Jacob. — Dim. 

Jeames, Jem, Jim, Jemmy, Jimmy. 
Japheth. [Heb.] Enlargement. 
Jared. [Heb.] Descent. 
Jason. [Gr.] A healer. 
Jasper. [Per.] (Uncertain). 
Jedediah. [Heb.] Beloved of the 

Lord. — Dim. Jed. 
Jeffrey. [0. H. G.] See Godfrey.— 

Dim. Jeff, Geoff. 

jlremias, > [Heb.] Exalted of the 
Jeremy. S Lord - 
Jerome. Holy Name. — Dim. Jerry. 
Jesse. [Heb.] Wealth. 
Joab. [Heb.] Jehovah is his father. 
Job. [Heb.] Afflicted; persecuted. 
Joel. [Heb.] The Lord is God. 
John. [Heb.] The gracious gift of 
God. — Dim. Johnny, Jack, Jock. 

JoSa^'S [Heb.] A dove. 
Jonathan. [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. 
Joseph. [Heb.] He shall add. — Dim. 

Joe. 
Joshua. [Heb.] God of salvation. — 

Dim. Josh. 



Josiah, I 

s. S 



Josias. £ [Heb.] Given of the Lord. 

Jotham. [Heb.] The Lord is upright. 

Jude^'S [Heb -l Confession. 

Julian. [Lat.] Sprung from, or be- 
longing to, Julius. — Dim. Jule. 

Julius. [Gr.] Soft-haired. — Dim. 
Jule. 



Justin, ) rT , , 
Justus. \ l Lat -i 



Just. 



Kenelm. [A.-S.] A defender of his 
kindred. 

Kenneth. [Celt.] A leader; com- 
mander. 



Laban. [Heb.] White. 

Lambert. [O. H. G.] Illustrious with 

landed possessions. 
Lancelot. [Fr.] A little lance or 

warrior; or a servant. 
Laurence, { [Lat. Crowned with 
Lawrence. ) laurel. — Dim. Larry 

(Lawrie, Laurie, Scot.; Larry, Irish). 
Lazarus. [Heb.] Destitute of help. 
Leander. [Gr.] Lion-man. 
Lemuel. [Heb.] Created by God. — 

Dim. Lem. 

LeokJ t Lat -l Lion. 

Leonard. [Ger.] Strong; or brave 

as a lion. 
Leonidas. [Gr.] Lion-like. 
Leopold. [O. H. G.] Bold for the 

people. 
Levi. [Heb.] Adhesion. 
Lewis. [O. H. G.] Bold warrior. — 

Dim. Lou or Lew. 
Linus. [Gr.] Flaxen-haired. 
Lionel. [Lat.] Young lion. 
Llewellyn. [Celt.] Lightning. 
Lorenzo. [Lat.] See Laurence. 
Lot. [Heb.] A veil; a covering. 
Louis. [O. H. G.] See Lewis. [Fr 

form.] 
Lucian, ) [Lat.] Belonging to, 
Lucien. S sprung from, Lucius 
Lucius. [Lat.J Born at break of 

day. 
Ludovic. [0. H. G.] Also Ludwig, 

Ger. form of Lewis. 
Luke. [Lat.] Light. 
Luther. [Ger.] Illustrious warrior, 



or 



M 

Madoc. [Celt.] Good; beneficent. 

Malachi. [Heb.] -Messenger of the 
Lord. 

Manasseh. [Heb.] Forgetfulness. 

Marcellus. [Lat.] Dim. of Marcus. 

Marcius. [Lat.] See Marcus. 

Marcus, \ [Lat.] A hammer, other- 
Mark. S wise, a male, or sprung 
from Mars. 

Marmaduke. [A.-S.] A mighty 
noble. — Dim. 'Duke. 

Martin. [Lat.] Of Mars; warlike. 

Matthew. [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah, 
—Dim. Mat. 

Matthias. See Matthew. 

Maurice. [Lat.] Moorish; dark- 
colored. 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN 



Maximilian. [Lat.] The greatest 

iEmilianus. — Dim. Max. 
Micah. [Heb.] Who is like the 

Lord? 
Michael. [Heb.] Who is like God? 

—Dim. Mike. 
Miles. [Lat.] A soldier. 
Moses. [Egypt.] Drawn out of the 

water. — Dim. Mose. 



N 

Nahum. [Heb.] Consolation. 
Napoleon. [Gr.] Lion of the forest- 
dell. — Dim. Nap. 
Nathan. [Heb.] Given; a gift. 
Nathanael, ) [Heb.] The gift of 
Nathaniel. $ God.— Dim. Nat. 
Heal, } [Lat.] Dark; swarthy; other- 
S wise [Celt.], chief. 



Peleg. [Heb.] Division. 
Peregrine. [Lat.] A stranger. 
Peter. [Gr.] A rock.— Dim. Pete. 
Philander. [Gr.] A lover of men. 
Philemon. [Gr.] Loving; friendly. 
Philip. [Gr.] A lover of horses. — 
Dim. Phil, Pip. 

Phinehas. f B^eb.] Mouth of brass. 
Pius. [Lat.] Pious; dutiful. 
Pliny. [Lat.] (Uncertain). 
Pompey. [Lat.] Showy. 
Preserved. [Eng.] Redeemed. 



[Heb.] Comfort of the 



Neil 
Nehemiah 

Lord. 

Nicholas, ) [Gr.] Victory of the peo- 
Nicolas. S Pie. — Dim. Nick. 
Nicodemus. [Heb.] Conqueror of 

the people. 
Noah. [Heb.] Rest; comfort. 
Noel. [Fr.] Christmas; born on 

Christmas day. 
Norman. [Ger.] A Northman; a 

native of Normandy. 



Obadiah. [Heb.] Servant of the 

Lord. 
Obed. [Heb.] Serving God. 

Octavus!' \ [ Lat, l The eighth-born. 
Oliver. [Lat.] An olive-tree. — Dim. 

Noll. 
Orestes. [Gr.] A mountaineer. 
Orlando. [Teut.] Same as Roland. 

[It. form.] 
Oscar. [Celt.] Leaping warrior. 
Osmund. [Teut.] Protection of God. 
Oswald. [O.H. G.] Power of God. 

Otto.' \ tL at -l A S iant - 
Owen. [Celt.] Lamb; otherwise, 
young warrior. 



Patrick. [Lat.] Noble; a patrician. 
—Dim. Pat, Paddy. 

Paulizs. S I Lat -l Little - 



Quint in, J 
Quentin. J 



[Lat.] The fifth. 



Ralph. [O. H. G] See Rodolphus. 

Raphael. [Heb.] The healing of 
God. 

Raymond. [Teut.] Wise protec- 
tion. 

Reginald. [Teut.] Strong ruler. — 
Dim. Reg. (rej), Reggie (rej'i). 

Reuben. [Heb.] Behold, a son. 

ReueL [Heb.] Friend of God. 

Reynold. [O. H. G.] Same as 
Reginald. 

Richard. [O. H. G.] A strong king; 
powerful. — Dim. Dick. 

Robert. [O. H. G.] Bright in fame. 
— Dim. Bob, Rob, Robin. 

Roderic, ) [O. H. G.] Rich in fame. 

Roderick. ) — Dim. Rurik. 

Rodolph, ) [O. H. G.] Famous 

Rodolphus. ) wolf, or hero. 

Roger. [O. H. G.] Famous with the 
spear. — Dim. Hodge, Hodgkin (h 
and r being etymologically con- 
vertible) . 

Roland, } [Teut,] Fame of the 

Rowland. ) land. 

Rudolph, I [O. H. G.] Variants 

Rudolphus. ) of Rodolphus. 

Rufus. [Lat.] Red; red-haired. — 
Dim. Rufe. 

Rupert. [O. H. G.] See Robert. 

Rurik. See Roderick. 



S 

Salmon. [Heb.] Shady. 
Samson, ? [Heb.] Splendid sun: 
Sampson. $ i. e., great joy and 
felicity, 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN 



Samuel. [Heb.] Heard by God. — 
Dim. Sam, Sammy. 

Saul. [Heb.] Asked for. 

Seba. [Heb.] Eminent. 

Sebastian. [Gr.] Venerable; rev- 
erend. 

Serenus. \ t Lat *l Calm ) peaceful. 

Seth. [Heb.] Appointed. 

Sigismund. [0. H. G.] Conquering 
protection. — Dim. Sig. 

Silas. [Lat.] A contraction of Sil- 
vanus. 

Silvanus. [Lat.] Living in a wood. 

Silvester. [Lat.] Bred in the coun- 
try; rustic. 

Simeon, ) [Heb.] Hearing with ac- 

Simon. ) ceptance. — Dim. Sim. 

Solomon. [Heb.] Peaceable. — Dim. 
Sol. 

Stephen. [Gr.] A crown or garland. 
— Dim. Steve. 

lylvaSus. \ See Silvanus. 
Sylvester. See Silvester. 



Ulysses. [Gr.] A hater. — Dim. 'Lyss 
Urban. [Lat.] Of the town; cour- 
teous; polished. 
Uriah. [Heb.] Fire of the Lord. 
Urian. [D.] A husbandman. 
Uriel. [Heb.] Light of God. 



Thaddeus. [Syr.] The wise. — Dim. 

Thad. 
Theobald. .[Teut.] Bold for the 

people. — Dim. Theo. 
Theodore, ) [Gr.] The gift of God. 
Theodoric. ( —Dim. Teddy. 
Theophilus. [Gr.] A lover of God. 
Theron. [Gr.] A hunter. 
Thomas. [Heb.] A twin. — Dim. 

Tom, Tommy. 
Timothy. [Gr.] Fearing God.— Dim. 

Tim. 
Titus. [Gr.] (Uncertain). 
Tobiah, ) [Heb.] Distinguished of 
Tobias. S the Lord.— Dim. Toby. 
Tristan, ) [Lat.] Grave; pensive; 
Tristram, f melancholy; sorrowful; 

sad. 



Valentine. [Lat.] Strong; healthy; 

^powerful. — Dim. Val. 
Victor. [Lat.] A conqueror. — Dim. 

^Vick. 
Vincent. [Lat.] Conquering; vic- 
torious. 
Vivian. [Lat.] Lively. 

W 

Walter. [0. H. G.] Wood master.— 
Dim. Wat, Walt. 

Wilbert. [A.-S.] Wellborn. 

William. [O. H. G.] Resolute hel- 
met, or, helmet of resolution; de- 
fense; protector. — Dim. Will, Wylli, 
and (by interchange of convertible 
letters) Bill, Billy. 

Winfred. [A.-S.] Peace winner. 



Zabdiel. [Heb.] Gift of God. 
Zaccheus. [Heb.] Innocent; pure. 
Zachariah,? [Heb.] Remembered of 
Zachary. S the Lord. — Dim. 
Zack. 

Zebedee. ' \ [Heb.] Gift of the Lord. 
Zechariah. [Heb.] The same as 

Zachariah. 
Zedekiah. [Heb.] Justice of the 

Lord. 
Zenas. [Gr.] Gift of Jupiter. 
Zephaniah. [Heb.] Hid of the Lord. 

— Dim. Zepn. 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 



NAMES OF WOMEN 



Abigail. [Heb.] My father's joy. 

— Dim. Abby, Abbie. 
Ada. [O. H. G.] See Edith. 
Adaline. See Adeline. 
Adela. See Adeline. 
Adelaide. See Adeline. 
Adelia. A variant of Adela. 
Adelina, j. [Teut.] Of noble birth; 
Adeline. ) a princess. — Dim. Addie. 
Agatha. [Gr.] Good; kind. 
Agnes. [Gr.] Chaste; pure. 
Alberta. fO. H. G.] Feminine of 

Albert. 
Alethea. [Gr.] Truth. 
Alexandra, ) [Gr.] Feminine of 
Alexandrina. S Alexander. 
Alice, ) [0. H. G.] Same as Ade- 
Alicia. S line. — Dim. Ally, or Allie, 



Elsie. 
Almira. 
Althea. 
Amabel 



[Ar.] Lofty; a princess. 
[Gr.] A healer. 
[Lat.] Lovable. 
Amanda. [Lat.] Worthy of love. 
Amelia. [Teut.] Busy, energetic— 

See Emeline. 
Amy. [Fr.] Beloved. 

AgS&.\ ^ Lovely; angelic. 

Anna, i [Heb.] Grace. — Dim. Annie, 
Anne< ' j Nanny, Nancy, Nan, Nina. 

Annette. [Heb.] A variant of Anne. 

Antoinette. [Gr.] Diminutive of 
Antonia. — Dim. Toinette, Nettie. 

Antonia. [Lat.] Inestimable. 

Arabella. [Lat.] A fair altar; other- 
wise, an Arabian woman. — Dim. 
Bella, Bel. 

Ariana. [Gr.] A corruption of 
Ariadne. 

Augusta. [Lat.] Feminine of Au- 
gustus. — Dim. 'Gusta, Gussie. 

Aurelia. [Lat.] Feminine of Au- 
relius. 

Aurora. [Lat.] Morning redness; 
fresh; brilliant. 



Barbara. [Gr.] Foreign; strange. 
— Dim. Bab. 

llltS*'] [Lat.] Happy. 
Belinda. (Uncertain.) 



Bringing victory. 



Berenice, \ r n 

Bernice. f L ur -J 

Bertha. [Teut.] Bright; beautiful; 

famous. — Dim. Bertie. 
Beulah. [Heb.] Land of rest. 
Bianca. [It.] White. 

BlaScheJ [Teut.] White. 
Bridget, ) [Celt.] Shining bright.— 
Brigit. J Dim. Biddy. 



Camilla. [Lat.] Attendant at a 

sacrifice. 
Caroline. Feminine of Carolus, the 

Latin of Charles. [Fr. form.] — Dim. 
Carrie, Caddie. 
Cassandra. [Gr.] She who inflames 
with love. 

[Gr.] Pure. — Dim. 
Cassie, Kate, Kat- 
rine, Kit, Kitty. 
Catherine. 

Feminine of Cecil. 



Catharina, 
Catharine, 
Catherine. 
Catalina. See 

Cecilia, \ [Lat.] 



e. 

B, > 
3. ) 



Cis. 



Cecily. S — Dim. Sisley, Sis, 

Celestine. [Lat.] Heavenly. 

Celia. [Lat.] Feminine of Ccelius. 

Charlotte. [0. H. G.] Feminine of 
Charles. Dim. Lottie. 

Chloe. [Gr.] A green herb; a young 
shoot. 

Christiana, ) [Gr.] Feminine of 

Christina. \ Christian. — Dim. 

Chrissie, Tina. 

Cicely. [Lat.] A corruption of Ce- 
cilia. 

Clara. [Lat,] Bright; illustrious. 
— Dim. Clare, Cad. 

Claribel. [Lat.] Brightly fair. 

Clarice, \ [Lat.] Variants of Clara. 

Clarissa. J — Dim. Clare. 

Claudia. [Lat,] Feminine of Clau- 
dius. 

Clementina, ? [Lrt.] Mild; gentle. — 

Clementine. S Dim. Tina. Fern, of 
Clement. 

Constance. [Lat.] Firm; constant. 
— Dim. Connie. 

Cora. [Gr.] Maiden. See Corinna. 

Cordelia. [Lat.] Warm-hearted. 

Corinna. [Gr.] Maiden. 

Cornelia. [Lat.] Feminine of Cor- 
nelius. — Dim. Cornie, Nellie. 

Cynthia. [Gr.] Belonging to Mt. 
Cynthus. 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 

D Eve. [Heb.] The same as Eva. 

* *. ^ rrr ,_ n ^ t^. Evelina, } [Heb.] Ital. diminutive 

lleborah. [Heb.] A bee. — Dim. Eveline. S of Eva. 

Debby, Deb. 

Delia. [Gr.] Of Delos. F 

Diana. [Lat.] Goddess. — Dim. Di, Die. « . . rT , , T , 

Dinah. [Heb.] Judged. | a ^ s * m f' t Lat -l Lucky. 

D o r thea [Gr ' ] A contraction of Dor " Felice*' \ t Lat -] Happiness. 
Do°rcal?' [Gr.] A gazelle. Fidelia. [Lat.] Faithful 
Dorinda. [Gr.] See Dorothea. F1 ?£ a - . t Lat -3 F1 °wers. Dim. Flo, 
Dorothea, £ [Gr.] The gift of God. 1? / lossie - n , , m . fl 
Dorothy. —Dim. Dora, Dol, F1 P^ce. [Lat.] Blooming; flour- 
Dolly (the r being etymologically ishmg.— Dim. Florne, Flossie 
convertible ) Frances. [Ger.] Feminine of Fran- 
Drusilla. [Lat.] With dewy eyes. w ci J — Dim. Fannie^ Frank.. . 

L J J J Fredenca. [0. H. G.] Feminine of 

Frederick. — Dim. Freddie, and 

w Frieda. 

E G 

Edith. a [A.-S.] Happiness; other- Georgiana, i [Gr.] Feminine of 

wise, rich gift. Georgina. J George.— Dim. Georgie . 

Edna. [Heb.] Pleasure. Geraldine. Feminine of Gerald. 

Eleanor, j, [Gr.] Light;— the same Gertrude. [0. H. G.] Spear-maiden. 

Ehnor. S as Helen. — Dim. Ella, — Dim. Gertie, Truda. 

Nell, Nellie, Nora. Grace, ) rT . , n . 

Elena. See Helen. Gratia. \ ^ Lat *J Grace > favor - 

Elisabeth, ) [Heb.] Worshipper of Griselda. [Teut.] Stone-heroine.— 

Elizabeth, > God; consecrated to Dim. Grissel. 

Eliza. S God. — Dim. Bess, 

Bessey, Betsey, Betty, Lizzy, Libby, H 

Ella. Sa ' [Gr.] A contraction of Ele- S am ? a JS ^ b 'l S ee Anna. . ..- 
anor L Harriet, ) [0. H. G.] Feminine di- 

Ellen. '[Gr.] Diminutive of Eleanor. Ha £ rio V i ^P uti ^ *? f Henry 

Elsa. See Alice. „l? n S- f P^~ D ™. Hattae. 

Elvira. [Lat.] White. Helen, [Gr J Light.— Dim. Nell, 

Emeline, > [Teut.] Energetic; in- * elei i*:j ^e lhe, Lena. m 

Emmeline.J dustrious. Henrietta. [OH. GJ Feminine 

Emily. Same as Emeline. dimjnutive of Henry. [Fr. form.] 

Emma. Same as Emeline.— Dim. _— p™- Etta, Hetty. j \ 

Em, Emmie. Hephzibah. [Heb.] My delight is 

Ernestine. [Ger.] Feminine dim. of in her.— Dim. Hepsy. 

Ernest.— Dim. Tina. Hesther [ Per -1 Variants of Esther. 

Esther. [Per.] Star; good fortune; *£?; stner. ) «• j 

a secret.— Dim. Tess, Tessie, Ess, Hilana. [Lat.] Feminine of Hilary. 

EtS e -[A,S.] Noble; of noble birth. gSSffi. ! ^1 AlTwh 

Ethelind, ( m Q1 MM , Hortensia. [Lat .] A lady m the gar- 

Ethelinda \ lA.-fe.J JNoble snake. den. Also Hor tense. 

Eudora. [Gr.] Good gift. Huldah. [Heb.] A weasel. 

Eugenia. [Gr.] Feminine of Eugene. 

Eugenie. [Gr.] Fr. form of Eugenia. 1 

Eulalia. [Gr.] Fair speech. Ida. [Teut.] Godlike. 

Eunice. [Gr.] Happy victory. Idabell. [Teut.] Godlike and fair. 

Euphemia. [Gr.] Of good report. Inez. [Gr.] The same as Agnes. 

—Dim. Effie. [Pg. form.] 

Eva. [Heb.] Life. Irene. [Gr.] Peace. — Dim. Renie. 

Evangeline. [Gr.] Bringing glad Isabel, } [Heb.] The same as Eliz- 

news. Isabella. S abeth. — Dim. Belle, Bella. 

B. 181. 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 



Jacqueline. [Heb.] Feminine of 

James. [Fr. form.] 
Jane. [Heb.] Feminine of John. 

: — See Joanna. 
Janet. [Heb.] Dim. of Jane. 
Jean, ) [Heb.] The same as 

Jeanne, > Jane or Joan. [Fr. 
Jeannette. ) forms.] 
Jemima. [Heb.] A dove. 
Jerusha. [Heb.] Possessed: married. 
Jesse. [Heb.] Wealth. 

Joanna. S [Heb.] Feminine of John. 
Josepha, ? [Heb.] Feminine of 
Josephine. ) Joseph. — Dim. Josie, 

Jo, Phenie. 
Joyce. [Lat.] Sportive. 
Judith. [Heb.] Praised. — Dim. Judy, 

Ju. 
Julia. [Lat.] Feminine of Julius. 

— Dim. Julie. 
Juliana. [Lat.] Feminine of Julian. 
Juliette. [Lat.] Diminutive of Julia. 

[Fr. form.] 
Justina. [Lat.] Feminine of Justin. 



Kate. Dim. of Catherine. 

lathcrto-e! \ [Gr.] See Catherine. 

Eeturah. [Heb.] Incense. 
Eeziah. [Heb.] Cassia. 



Laura. [Lat.] A laurel (perhaps) for 

Laurea. 
Lavinia. [Lat.] Of Latium. 
Lena. [Gr.] Dim. of Helen. 
Leonora. [Gr.] Same as Eleanor. 
Letitia. [Lat.] Happiness. — Dim. 

Lettie, Lettice. 

Lilly! 11 ' 1 t Lat -l Lily.-Dim. Lil. 
Livia. [Lat.] See Olivia. 
Lois. [Gr.] Good; desirable. 
Louisa, ) [0. H. G.] Feminine of 
Louise, f Louis. — Dim. Louie, Lou. 
Lucia. [Lat.] Ital. form of Lucy. 
Lucinda. [Lat.] The same as Lucy. 
Lucretia. [Lat.] Gain; otherwise, 

light. 
Lucy. [Lat.] Feminine of Lucius. 
Lucile. [Lat.] See Lucy. 
Lydia. [Gr.] A native of Lydia, in 

Asia Minor. 



M 

Mabel. [Lat.] A contraction of 
Amabel. 

Madeline. [Heb.] Another form of 

Magdalene. 
Magdalene. [Heb.] Belonging to 

Magdala. — Dim. Maud, Maudlin, 

Lena. 

Marcella. [Lat.] Feminine of Mar- 
cellus. 

Marcia. Feminine of Marcius. — Dim . 

Marsh. 

Margaret. [Gr.] A pearl. — Dim. 
Greta, Mag, Madge, Maggie, Mar- 
gie, Marjory, Meg, Meta, Peg, 
Peggy (m and p being cognate 
letters) . 

Maria. [Heb.] See Mary. 

Marianne. [Heb.] Another com- 
pound of Mary and Anne. 

Marion. [Heb.] A French form of 
Mary. 

Martha. [Heb.] The ruler of the 
house; otherwise sorrowful. — Dim. 
Mat, Mattie, Pat, Pattie. 

Mary. [Heb.] Bitter; otherwise, 
their rebellion, or star of the sea. — 
Dim. Moll, Mollie, Polly, May. 

Mathilda, ) [0. H. G.] Mighty bat- 
Matilda. S tie-maid; heroine. — 
Dim. Mat, Matty, Maud, Pattie (m 
and p being convertible). 

May. A diminutive of Mary, or the 
month. 

Mehetabel, ) [Heb.] Benefited of 

Mehitable. S God.— Dim. Hetty. 

Melicent. [Lat.] Sweet singer. — Dim. 
Millie. 

Melissa. [Gr.] A bee. 

Mildred. [Ger.] Mild speaker. — Dim. 
Millie. 

Miranda. [Lat.] Admirable. 

Miriam. [Heb.] See Mary. 

Myra. [Gr.] She who weeps or 
laments. 



N 



Nancy. A familiar form of Anne. 

— Dim, Nan, Nance, Nina. 
Nellie. Dim. of Ellen, Helen, or 

Eleanor. 
Nora. A contraction of Honora. 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 



Octavia. [Lat.] Feminine of Octa- 
yius. — Dim. Tavie 

Olivia. [ [L^.] An olive. — Dim. Livie. 
Ophelia. [Gr.] A help; useful. 
Olympia. [Gr.] Heavenly. 



Paula. [Lat.] Feminine of Paul. 

PaSliSe.' } I Lat -l Dim - Paula - 

Penelope. [Gr.] A weaver. — Dim. 
Pen. 

Persis. [Gr.] A Persian woman. 

Phebe. [Gr.] The same as Phoebe. 

Philippa. [Gr.] Feminine of Philip. 

Phoebe. [Gr.] Pure; radiant. — Dim. 
Phebe. 

Phyllis. [Gr.] A green bough. 

Polly. [Eng.] Dim. of Mary. 

Priscilla. [Lat.] Somewhat old; an- 
cient. — Dim. Prissie. 



R 

Rachel. [Heb.] A ewe; a lamb. 
Rebecca, t [Heb.] Of enchanting 
Rebekah. S beauty. — Dim. Beckie. 
Rhoda. [Gr.] A rose. 
Rosa. [Lat.] A rose. — Dim. Rosie. 
Rosabel, J [Lat] A fair rose> 



Rosabella. 

Little and bloom- 
Rosalie. £ ing rose. Deriv. of 

Rosa. [Fr. and It. forms.] 
Rosalind. [Lat.] Beautiful as a rose. 
— Dim. Rose, Linda. 
Rosamond. [Teut.] Horse-protec- 
tion, or famous protection. 
Rozana. [Per.] Dawn of day. 
Ruth. [Heb.] Beauty. 



Sophia. [Gr.] Wisdom.— Dim. Sophie, 

Sophronia. [Gr.] Of a sound mind. 

Stella. [Lat.] A star. 

Stephana. [Gr.] Feminine of Ste- 
phen. 

Susan, ) [Heb.] A lily.— Dim. 

Susanna, > Sue ; Suke, Suky, 

Susannah. ) Susie. 

Sylvia. [Lat.] Of the woods. Fem- 
inine of Sylvius. 



Tabitha. [Syr.] A gazelle. — Dim. 
Tabby. 

Theodora. [Gr.] Feminine of Theo- 
dore.— Dim. Dora, Theo. 

Theodosia. [Gr.] The gift of God. 

Theresa, I [Gr.] Carrying ears of 

Therese. J corn. — Dim. Tessie, 

Tess. 



Ulrica. [Teut.] Rich. 
' Urania. [Gr.] Heavenly. — the name 

of one of the Muses. 
Ursula. [Lat.] She-bear, 



Feminine of Va« 



Uncertain. 
Victory. Fem- 



Valeria. [Lat.] 

lerius. 
Veronica, I rT , , 1 
Vera. \ L Ital -J 

Victoria. [Lat.] 

inine of Victor. 
Vida. [Erse.] Feminine of David. 
Viola. [Lat.] A violet. — Dim. Vi. 
Virginia. [Lat.] Virgin; pure. — Dim. 

Virgie, Jennie. 
Vivian. [Lat.] Lively. — Dim. Vivie. 

W 



Sabina. [Lat.] A Sabine woman. 
Salome. [Heb.] Peaceful. 
Sara, { [Heb.] A princess. — Dim. 
Sarah. J Sadie, Sal, Sally. 
Selina. [Gr.] Parsley, or moon. — 

Dim. Lina. 
Serena. [Lat.] Feminine of Se- 

renus or Sereno. 

Sibylla. \ [° r -l A Prophetess. 
Silvia. See Sylvia. 



Wilhelmina. [0. H. G.] Feminine 

of Wilhelm, German of William. 

— Dim. Wilmett, Wilmot, Mina, 

Minella, Billie. 
Winifred. [A.-S.] Lover of Peace. — 

Dim. Winnie. 



Zenobia. [Gr.] Having life from 

Jupiter. 
Zoe. [Gr.] Life. 






NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 



Abdul II. of Turkey: "Abdul the 
Damned." 

Adams, John: "The Duke of Brain- 
tree," because of his overbearing 
and rather haughty manners. 

Adams, Samuel: "The American 
Cato." 

Alexander the Great: "The Madman 
of Macedonia." 

Alexander II. of Russia: "The 
Liberator." 

Allen, Senator William: "The Ohio 
Gong" ; "Earthquake Allen" ; "Green- 
back Bill." 

Angelico, Fra. See Giovanni da 
Fiesole. 

Anne I. of England: "Good Queen 
Anne"; "Brandy Nose." 

Aquinas, Thomas: "The Angelic 
Doctor"; "The Angel of the Schools". 

Arthur, Chester A.: While he was 
Vice-President he was called, "The 
Prince of Wales"; by his intimates 
he was known as "Chet." 

Attila: "The Scourge of God." 



Balfour, A. J.: "Miss Alice." 
Banks, Gen. N. P.: "The Bobbin 

Boy." 
Barnum, P. T.: "The Greatest Show- 
man on Earth." 
Barnum, William H.: "Seven Mule 

Barnum." 
Bayard, Pierre du Terrail: "The 

Chevalier without Fear and without 

Reproach." 
Beaoonsfisld, Lord. See Disraeli, 

Benjamin. 
Benton, Thomas H.: "Old Bullion." 
Bismarck, Otto von: "The Iron 

Chancellor"; "The Man of Blood 

and Iron." 
Blaine, James G.: "Nosey Blaine"; 

"Blaine of Maine"; "The Tattooed 

Man"; "The Plumed Knight"; 

"The Rupert of Debate," and "Jim 

the Penman," alluding to the 

Mulligan Letters. 



Bland, Richard P.: "The Father of 
Free Silver"; "Silver Dick." 

Bliicher, Gebhard von: "Old For- 
ward," iy or warts) from his indomi- 
table courage, which made him always 
urge his soldiers on to battle, even 
though he himself was wounded. 
Another name for him was "Old 
Raw-Head and Bloody Bones." 

Bonaparte, Napoleon: "The Heir 
of the Republic"; "The Man of 
Destiny." 

Boone, Daniel: "Long Knife" (from 
the terror which he inspired in the 
Indians). 

Borde, Andrew: (Physician to Henry 
VIII.) "Merry Andrew." 

Bos well, James: "Bozzy." 

Bradley, Justice Joseph: "Aliunde 
Joe," t because in the Electoral 
Commission of 1877 he decided that 
certain points of issue were aliunde 
or irrelevant. 

Brown, John: "Ossawatomie Brown." 

Browne, C. F.: "Artemus Ward." 

Brownlow, William G.: An ignorant 
and coarse fanatic during the Civil 
War on the side of the North. He 
afterwards became Governor and 
Senator from Tennessee. Because 
he had once been a Methodist min- 
ister, he was widely known as 
"Parson Brownlow." 

Brummell, George: "Beau Brum- 
mell." 

Bryan, William Jennings: "The 
Boy, Orator of the Platte"; "The 
Rab&it's Foot Statesman." 

Buchanan, James: Mr. Buchanan 
was a candidate for the Presidency 
with Senator Breckenridge as his 
"running mate." The two were 
popularly called "Buck and Breck." 
After the election, President Bu- 
chanan was styled "Old Buck"; also 
"The Old Public Functionary." 

Bunyan, John: "The Bedford 
Tinker." 

Burns, Robert: "Oor Rab"; "The 
Excise Poet"; "The Laureate of 
Scotland"; "The Ploughman Poet." 

Butler, Gen, B. F.: "Old Spoons"; 



NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 

"Beast Butler"; "Cock-eyed But- Cleveland, Grover: called by his 

ler": "Bottled-up Butler." enemies "The Perpetual Candidate" : 

and "The Stuffed Prophet." 

q Cobden, Richard: "The Apostle 
of Free Trade." 

Carlyle, Thomas: "The Sage of Cockran, W. Bourke: "The Mulligan 

Chelsea." Guard Demosthenes." 

Carnegie, Andrew: "The Laird of Cody, William F.: "Buffalo Bill." 

Skibo." Crichton, James: "The Admirable 

Catherine II. of Russia: "The Crichton." 

Semiramis of the North." (A name Croker, Richard: "Shifty Dick." 

also given to Queen Christina of Cromwell, Oliver: "Old Noll": and 

Sweden.) "The Protector." 

Cenci, Beatrice: "The Beautiful 

Parricide." j\ 

Chamberlain, Joseph: "Brummagem ~ ~, . urp , AT . ,, 

Joe"; "Shifty Joe"; "Pushful Joe." ^^ Chas^A.: "The Nestor of the 

Charles (Crowned Emperor 800 A.D., ^ Press. 

and first head of the Holy Roman Da ? c > Jeanne: "The Maid of Or- 

Empire) : "Carolus Magnus," "Char- l eans - .. ™, T ,. _., 

lemagne." Democritus: "The Laughing Philos- 

Charles, iast Duke of Burgundy: n op .i m, « <rklJ * T - i» « A ,j 

"The Bold" (Le Temeraire). Devil, JJie: < °^ A Nick "; "Old 

Charles I. of England: His enemies Scratch : The Old Harry 

called him "The Man of Blood"; Dickens, Charles: "Boz." The il- 

to his devoted followers, the Cava- lustrator of his early novels, H. K. 

liers, he was "The Martyr King." ^. Brow 1 ne ^ was . ^] ed ? hl *' ^ 
Charles II. of England: called, from Dl "« f *\, Benjapuni (Lord Beacons- 

his gaiety and lively manners, "The Tfc nel( y ol zy V A u^ T •**! 

Merry Monarch"; and also "Old D ™& ls * s ,', Stephen A.: "The Little 

Rowley." This last nickname came ^iant. 

from a fancied resemblance of Charles _, 

to one of his hunting horses named ■*• 

Rowley. Edison, Thos. A.: "The Wizard of 

Charles I. cf France: "The Bald" Menlo Park." 

(Le Chauve). Edward, Prince of Wales, son of 

Charles II. of France: "The Fat" Edward III.: "The Black Prince." 

(Le Gros). Edward VII. of England: "Tummy." 

Charles III. of France: "The Simple" Elizabeth of England: "Good Queen 

(LeSot). Bess"; and "The Virgin Queen." 

Charles IV. of France: "The Hand- Elliott, Ebenezer: "The Corn-Law 

some" (Le Bel). Rhymer." 

Charles V. of France: "The Wise" Emerson, R. W.: "The Sage of Con- 

(Le Sage). cord." 

Charles II. of Navarre: "The Bad" Ethelred (Saxon King of England): 

(Le Mechant). "The Unready." - 

Charles XII. of Sweden: "The Mad- Eugenie, Empress of the French: 

man of the North." "The Spaniard." 

Chatterton, Thomas: "The Mar- Evans, Robley D.: "Fighting Bob." 

vellous Boy." 
Chaucer, Geoffrey: "The Father of _, 

English Poetry." * 

Churchill, Lord Randolph: "Our Fairbanks, Charles W.: "Icebanks." 

Randy." Ferdinand, King of Naples: "King 

Clay, Henry: "The Great Com- Bomba" (from his cruelty in shelling 

promiser" — this in the latter part some .of his cities and towns). 

of his life. As a high-spirited, Foraker, Joseph B.: "Fire-alarm 

youthful politician, he was known as Foraker." 

"Harry of the West"; and "The Forrest, Edwin: "The Roscius of the 

Mill-boy of the Slashes." Bowery." 



NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 



Foster, Secretary Charges: "Calico 
Charley." 

Franklin, Benjamin: "Poor Rich- 
ard." In France, he was styled 
"Le Bonhomme Richard." 

Frederick the Great of Prussia: 
"Old Fritz" (Alter Fritz). 

Frederick II., Emperor of Ger- 
many: "Our Fritz" ( Unser Fritz). 

Fremont, John C: "The Path- 
finder." 



G 



"The Canal 



The Red 



Garfield, James A. : 

Boy." 
Garibaldi, Giuseppe: 

Shirt Hero." 

Garrick, David: "The British Ros- 
cius." 

George I. of England: "The Han- 
overian Rat." 

George II. of England: "Dutch 
George." 

George HI. of England: "Farmer 
George." 

George IV. of England: "The First 
Gentleman in Europe"; "Gentle- 
man George." 

Giovanni da Fiesole: "Fra Angelico." 

Gladstone, W. E.: "The Grand Old 
Man"; also "The People's William." 
By his opponents he was styled, 
"The Grand Old Woman." 

Goldsmith, Oliver: "Poor Noll." 

Grant, U. S.: "Unconditional Sur- 
render Grant"; "United States 
Grant"; "The Butcher." 

"Great": A title of honor given to 
many monarchs by their subjects. 
Time has eliminated the title in a 
great number of instances; but his- 
tory still applies it to Alexander 
the Great of Macedon; to Pope Greg- 
ory the Great; to Charles the Great 
(Charlemagne) of the Holy Roman 
Empire; to Alfred the Great of 
Saxon England; to Peter the Great 
of Russia; to Frederick the Great of 
Prussia; and to Napoleon the Great 
of France. (See Louis XIV.) 

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden: 
"The Lion of the North." 



Hamilton, Alexander: "Alexander 

the Coppersmith" (1793). 
Hamilton, W. G.: "Single-Speech 
Hamilton." An English statesman 
of the eighteenth century sat long 



Hayes, Rutherford B.: "His Fraud- 
"The Bread - Poultice 



in Parliament but made in all his 
career only one speech. This, how- 
ever, was remarkably eloquent, full 
of close reasoning and persuasive- 
ness. 

Hancock, Winfield S.: "The Superb." 

Hanna, Marcus A.: "The Business 
Man in Politics"; "Uncle Mark." 

Harris, Joel Chandler: "Uncle 
Remus." 

Harrison, Benj.: "Little Ben." 
aye 

ulency"; 
President." 

Heenan, John C: "The Benicia 
Boy." 

Henry I. of England: "Fine Scholar" 
(Beauclerc) . 

Henry V. of England: "Prince Hal." 

Eenry VIII. of England: "Bluff 
King Hal"; "Defender of the Faith." 

Heraclitus: "The Weeping Philoso- 
pher." 

Herodotus: "The Father of History." 

Hippocrates: "The Father of Medi- 
cine." 

Hogg, James: "The Ettrick Shep- 
he?d." 

Holman, W. H.: "The Watch-dog of 
the Treasury." 

Hooker, Gen. Joseph E.: "Fighting 
Joe." 

I 

Isabel of Castille and Aragon: 
"Isabel the Catholic." 

Ivan H. of Russia : < The Terrible." 



Jackson, Andrew: "Old Hickory." 
Jackson, Gen. T. J.: "Stonewall 

Jackson." 
Johnson, Andrew: "Our Andy." 
Johnson, Samuel: "The Great Cham 

of Literature." 



Kelly, John: "Honest John." 
Kelly, William H.: "Pig-iron Kelly." 
Kemble, Fanny: "Pretty Fanny." 
Kipling, Rudyard: "The Man from 

Nowhere." 
Knox, Philander C: "Sleepy Phil." 
Kruger, Pauls "Oom Paul" (Uncle 



Paul). 



Landon, Letitia E.: "L. E. L." 
Laynez, Don Roderigo: "The Cid." 
Lee, Nathaniel: "The Mad Poet." 



NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 

Lee, Robert E.: "Uncle Robert" (by N 

his soldiers); "Massa Bob" (by the 

negroes). Napoleon I.: "The Little Corporal"; 

Lincoln, Abraham: "Honest Abe"; "Nap" (in England); "Boney" (in 

"Old Abe"; "Father Abraham"; England); "The Nightmare of 

"The Great Emancipator"; "The Europe." 

Railsplitter"; "The Martyred Presi- Napoleon II.: "The Eaglet." 

dent." m Napoleon HI.: "Badingue." (The 

Lincoln, Robert T.: "The Prince of name of the workman in whose 

Rails." garments Napoleon escaped from 

Lind, Jenny: "The Swedish Nightin- the Castle of Ham.) 

gale." Napoleon IV. (The Prince Imperial) : 

Logan, John A.: "Black Jack." "Loulou. ' 

Louis Philippe of France: "The Napoleon, Prince (J. C. Bonaparte): 

Citizen King" (Le Eoi Citoyen). "Plon-Plon." The Prince was said 

Louis I. of France: "The Debon- to have shown the white feather in 

nair" (gallant), or "The Pious." the Crimean Wr.r: and the French. 

Louis IV. of France: "The Foreign- therefore, named him "Plon-Plon, 

er," (Le d'Outremer) because he was supposed to represent the sound of 

ectucated in England. cannon. 

Louis V. of France: "The Sluggard" Nelson, Admiral Horatio: "The 

(Le Faineant). Hero of Trafalgar." 

Louis VI. of France: "The Fat" (Le Neville, Richard (Earl of Warwick): 

Gras). "The King-Maker." (See War- 

Louis VIII. of France: "The Lion" wick.) 

(Le Lion). ' Ney, Marshal Michel: "The Bravest 

Louis XI. of France: "The Fox" of the Brave" (Le plus brave des 

(Le Renard) . braves} . 

Louis XIV. of France: "The Great Nightingale, Florence: "The Angel 

Kin g" (L e Grand Monarque). of the Crimea." 
Louis XVI. of France: "The Joiner" 

(Le Charventier), because of his O 

fondness for carpentry and mechan- 
ics; also "The Baker," being held O'Connell, Daniel: "The Liberator." 

responsible for the food supply. 

P 

M Palmerston, Lord: "Old Pam." 

Peel, Sir Robert: "Corn Law Bobby"; 

McClellan, Gen. G. B.: "The Young and "Orange Peel" (from his anti- 
Napoleon"; "Little Mac." Catholic policy). 

McKinley, William: "The Advance Pitt, William, Duke of Chatham: 

Agent of Prosperity." "The Great Duke." 

Marie Antoinette, Queen of Piatt, Thomas C: "Me Too"; "The 

France: "The Austrian." Easy Boss." 

Maryl. of England: "Bloody Mary." Pope, Alexander: "The Wasp of 

Meissonier, Jean Louis: "The Great Twickenham." 
Painter of Little Pictures." 

Melanchthon, Philip: "The Pre- R 
ceptor of Germany." 

Meyer, Gen. H. J.: "Old Probs," Reed, Thomas B.: "Czar Reed." 

because he established the Weather Richard I. of England: "The Lion 

Bureau at Washington. Heart" (Cozur de Lion) . 

Miller, Joaquin: "The Poet of the Riley, James Whitcomb: "The 

Sierras." Hoosier Poet." 

Moltke, Helmuth von: "Father Robert, the First Duke of Nor- 

Moltke." mandy: "Eobert the Devil." 

Monmouth, Duke of (the natural Roosevelt, Theodore: "Teddy ; 

son of King Charles II. of England): "Terrible Teddy"; "The Bronco- 

"The Protestant Duke." Buster"; "Teddy the First"; "T. 



NICKNAMES OF FAMOUS PERSONAGES 

R."; "Our Teddy"; 'The Hero of Tilman, Benjamin R.: "Pitchfork 

San Juan 7 '; "The Trust Slayer"; Tilman." 

"Toothful Teddy"; "Teddy the Tyler, John: "The Renegade." 

Smiler"; "The Man Who Would Be 

Kin- v 

q Van Bur en, Martin: "Little Matty": 

° "The Fox of Kinderhook." 

St. John: "The Beloved Disciple." Victoria, ? Queen of England: "The 

St. Stephen: "The Proto- Martyr." - Wl £ ow - ~ . . _ 7 urf « ^ „ 

Salisbury, Lord: "A Lath Painted Voorhees, Darnel W. : 'The Tall 
to Look Like Iron." Sycamore of the Wabash." 

Scott, Sir Walter: "The Wizard of 

the North" ; "The Border Minstrel" ; W 

"The Great Unknown." _. _ _ -. _ 

Scott, Gen. Winfield: "Old Fuss and ^^£ ck .\ Earl of ^ ee Seville, 
Feathers," from his fondness for w -/^ ,1 i J V ar( y ' ^ ,/r™ -^ , 

military display. It is he who is in- Washington, George: "The Father 
voked in the exclamation, "Great ° f His Country. ■ 

Scott " Wayne, Gen. Anthony: "Mad An- 

SewaU, Arthur: "The Lone Fisher- tto^' 

man ot Batn wcuawj*) M^«xAjuixsim jjidLJi. udn } 

Shakespeare, William: "The Bard " The , Expounder of the Constitu- 
of Avon"; "The Swan of Avon"; tion. «..-.. . ((rr , T 

"The Divine William." Wellington, the Duke of: "The Iron 

Sheridan, Gen. Philip: "Little Phil"; ^P 11 ^. 

"Piegan Phil," from the Piegan In- W £ eel £% ? en ; Jose P hs "Fighting 
dians whom he annihilate . «-™9? VVneel ££: „^ ,™ ~ , ~ 

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley: Whitman, Walt: The Good Grey 
"Sherry " Poet." 

Sherman, Gen. William Te- W^ 11 * 1 ?,*' Jcfcn G * s " The Q uaker 
cumseh: "Uncle Billy"; "Old *£ et ' T , f +li XT ., , , , 
Tecump." W $i iam I. (of the Netherlands): 

Simpson, Jerry : "Sockless Simpson"; -...^ 'llham the Silent 

"Uncle Jerry William (King of Scotland) : "^ llliam 

Smith, Gen. J.": "Hell-Roaring Jr.ke." *£? Lion." 

Stevens, Thaddeus: "The Great William L of England: "The Con- 
Commoner." tT7M. U « er0r 'TT £<B I J t«rr™ T3 J» 

Stone, Gov. WiUiam L.: "Gum-shoe WiUiam II. of England: The Red. 
Bill h William III. of England: "The 

Stratton, Charles H.: "Tom ^J tchma JJ;" - v , , <™ 
Thumb William IV. of England: "The 

Stuart, 'Prince Charles Edward: Sa? or K ^ n ^"j ^ illy BiUy "„w,r 

"The Young Chevalier"; "The W £ ha °* L „ of Germany: "William 

Young Pretender" (1720-88). *£? ^ 1S £ 

v y William II. of Germany: "William 

the Bagman"; "William the Pre- 

T vious"; "William the War-Lord." 

Williams, Eleazar: "Louis XVII." 

Taylor, Zachary: "Old Rough and (Williams claimed that he was the 

Ready." son of Louis XVI., and had not died 

Thurman, Allen G.: "The Old in prison.) 

Roman"; "Old Bandanna." Willis, N. P.: "Natty Nat," 

Tilden, Samuel J.: "Co-parcener Wilson, Henry (Vice-President): 

Tilden," from his alleged relations "The Natick Cobbler." 

with unscrupulous financiers. Woodruff, Timothy L.: "Tiny Tim." 



Famous Characters in Poetry and 

Prose. 



COMPILED BY 



FREDERIC TABER COOPER, LL.B., Ph.D. 

Formerly Professor in the New York University. 



Abbondio, Don, a priest in Manzoni'a 
The Betrothal. His name has become 
a synonyni of selfish prudence. 

Abdiel, one of the seraphim, repre- 
sented in Milton's Paradise Lost 
as having boldly withstood Satan 
when the latter revolted. 

Abou Hassan, hero of "The Sleeper 
Awakened," in the Arabian m Nights, 
who is tricked for a time into be- 
lieving himself Caliph. 

Absalom, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, the Duke of Monmouth, 
natural son of Charles II. 

Absolute, Captain, a gallant, high- 
spirited character in Sheridan's The 
Rivals. 

Absolute, Sir Anthony, father of the 
above, an irascible but generous 
character in The Rivals. 

Achitophel, the Earl of Shaftesbury, 
in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel. 

Acres, Bob, a character in The Rivals, 
whose courage "oozes out at hia 
fingers' ends." 

Adams, Parson Abraham, a country 
curate in Fielding's Joseph Andrews, 
distinguished for his learning, hia 
simplicity, kindliness and many 
eccentricities. 

Agramante, King of the Moors, in 
Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. 

Ague-cheek, Sir Andrew, a silly old 
fop in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, 
who thinks himself "old in nothing 
but understanding." 

Aladdin, the hero of one of the Ara- 
bian Nights tales, possessed of a 
wonderful ring and lamp. 

Alceste, hero of Moliere's The Mis- 
anthrope, an upright and manly char- 
acter grown rude through his intoler- 
ance of e very-day social hypocrisies. 

Alice, the child heroine of two famous 



fairy tales, Lewis Carroll's Alice 1 s 
Adventures in Wonderland and 
Through the Looking-Glass. 

All worthy, Squire, a character in 
Fielding's Tom Jones, distinguished 
for his worth and benevolence. 

Amadis de Gaul, the hero of an an- 
cient and celebrated romance of 
chivalry, of Portuguese origin. 

Ameera, the native wife of Holden, in 
Kipling's Without Benefit of Clergy. 

Amelia, the heroine of Fielding's novel 
of that name, distinguished for con- 
jugal affection. Said to be drawn 
from Fielding's wife. 

Amory, Blanche, one of the two 
heroines of Thackeray's Pendennis. 

Ancient Mariner, hero of Coleridge's 
poem of that name, who for the 
crime of having shot an albatross, 
suffers dreadful penalties. 

Andrews, Joseph, hero of Fielding's 
novel of that name, depicted as a 
model of purity. In ridicule of 
Richardson's Pamela, he is repre- 
sented as her brother. 

Antonio, the "Merchant of Venice," 
in Shakespeare's play of that name. 

Aramis, one of the four heroes of 
Dumas's Three Musketeers, charac- 
terized by craftiness, hypocrisy and 
profound subtlety. 

Arden, Enoch, a shipwrecked sailor 
in Tennyson's poem of that name, 
who returns to find his wife remarried . 

Ariel, a spirit in Shakespeare's The 
Tempest. 

Armida, a beautiful sorceress, who 
plays a leading part in Tasso's 
Jerusalem Delivered. 

Artful Dodger, a young thief in 
Dickens's Oliver Twist, who is an 
adept in villainy. 

Arthur, King, a legendary British 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



king, famous in romance, celebrated 
by Tennyson in Idylls of the King. 

Ashton, Lucy, heroine of Scott's 
Bride of Lammermoor. 

Atalanta, one of Diana's maids, 
skilled as an archer, the heroine of 
Swinburne's Atalanta in Calydon. 

Athelstane, a Saxon thane, surnamed 
The Unready, who plays a prominent 
part in Scott's Ivanhoe. 

Athos, one of the four heroes of 
Dumas' s Three Musketeers, charac- 
terized by his gentle and noble na- 
ture and his keen sense of honor. 

Aurispa, Georgio, hero of D'Annun- 
zio's novel, The Triumph of Death, 
symbol of utter satiety and world- 
weariness. 

Autocrat, The (of the Breakfast 
Table), the genial and humorous 
spokesman whose observations on 
literature and life form the sub- 
stance of Oliver Wendell Holmes's 
volume of the same name. 



Baba, Ali, a character in the Arabian 
Nights, who, having overheard 
"sesame," the password of the 
Forty Thieves, opens their cave. 

Babbie, the heroine of Barrie's The 
Little Minister. 

Backbite, Sir Benjamin, a slander- 
ous character in Sheridan's School 
for Scandal. 

Balderstone, Caleb, The Master of 
Ravenswood's butler, in Scott's 
Bride of Lammermoor. 

Banquo, a chieftain in Shakespeare's 
Macbeth, murdered by Macbeth. 

Bar dell, Mrs., a widow in Dickens's 
Pickwick Papers, who sues Mr. 
Pickwick for breach of promise. 

Bardolph, a red-nosed follower of 
Falstaff, in Shakespeare's Henry IV 
and Merry Wives of Windsor. 

Barkis, an eccentric character in 
Dickens's David Copperfield, whose 
proposal of marriage took the form 
of "Barkis is willin'." 

tart, Lily, the heroine of Mrs. Whar- 
ton's The House of Mirth, fore- 
doomed by her birth and conven- 
tional training to fail in her single- 
handed battle against society. 

X»arton, Rev. Amos, the central figure 
in George Eliot's Sad Fortunes of the 
Rev. Amos Barton. 

Bates, Miss, a simple-minded, kindly, 
well-meaning character in Miss 



Austen's Emma, famous for her un- 
quenchable flow of trivial and dis- 
jointed conversation. 

Battle, Mrs., a character famous for 
her knowledge of whist, in Lamb's 
Essays ofElia. 

Beaucaire, Monsieur, the name as- 
sumed by a young French prince 
sojourning incognito in England, in 
Booth Tarkington's graceful little 
romance of that name. 

Bede, Adam, the hero of George 
Eliot's novel of that name. 

Bedott, Widow, the pretended author 
of a series known as the Widow 
Bedott Papers, published in 1867. 

Belinda, the heroine of Pope's Rape 
of the Lock. 

Bell, Laura, one of the heroines of 
Thackeray's Pendennis, who finally 
marries Arthur. 

Bell, Peter, the hero of Wordsworth's 
poem of that name. 

Bellas ton, Mrs., a profligate charac- 
ter in Fielding's Tom Jones. 

Belloni, Sandra, an Italian woman of 
genius, heroine of Meredith's two 
novels, Sandra Belloni and Vittoria. 

Benedick, a gay, light-hearted young 
lord of Padua, in Shakespeare's 
Much Ado about Nothing, who, al- 
though sworn to celibacy, ends by 
marrying Beatrice. 

Bennet, Elizabeth, the heroine of 
Miss Austen's Pride and Prejudice. 

Benvolio, in Shakespeare's Romeo and 
Juliet, the friend of Romeo and 
nephew of old Montague. 

Bergerac, Cyrano de, the hero of 
Rostand's play by that name. 

Berling, Gosta, the hero of Selma 
Lagerlof's mystic, half legendary 
Saga of Gosta Berling. 

Bertram, the hero of Shakespeare's 
AWs Well that ends Well. 

Biglow, Mr. Hosea, the feigned 
author of a series of humorous 
satiric poems, in Yankee dialect, 
written by James Russell Lowell. 

Bilfil, a sneak in Fielding's Tom Jones, 
nephew of Mr. All worthy. 

Birch, Harvey, the hero of Cooper's 
Spy. 

Birotteau, Cesar, a perfumer whose 
career is related in Balzac's Rise and 
Fall of Cesar Birotteau. 

Blimber, Miss Cornelia, a learned, 
prim and precise school teacher in 
Dickens's Dombey and Son. 

Bobadil, Captain, a beggarly and 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 

cowardly adventurer in Ben Jon- Hughes's famous story of English 
son's Every Man in his Humor. school life, Tom Brown's School- 

Bois Guilbert, Brian de, preceptor days, and its sequel, Tom Brown at 
of the Knights Templars in Scott's Oxford. 
Ivanhoe. # Bumble, the conceited beadle in 

Boniface, a landlord in Farquhar's Dickens's Bleak House. 
Beaux' Stratagem : hence, generally, 
for a landlord. C 

Bonnard, Sylvestre, one of the many 

worthy, whimsical and lovable types Caius, Doctor, A French physician 
of savant and book-lover depicted by in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of 
Anatole France; he is the central Windsor. 

figure in The Crime of Sylvestre Caliban, a savage and deformed slave 
Bonnard. of Prospero's, in Shakespeare's The 

Booby, Lady, a vulgar upstart who, Tempest. 

in Fielding's Joseph Andrews, plays Camille, the name, in the English 
Potiphar's wife to the hero's Joseph. version, of Marguerite Gautier, 

Bottom, Nick, the weaver-actor in heroine of Dumas' s play, The Lady 
Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's with the Camelias. 
Dream, beloved of Titania. Candida, the heroine of Bernard 

Bo vary, Madame, the heroine of Shaw's play of the same name. 
Flaubert's novel of that name, which Candide, the sorely afflicted and philo- 
relentlessly pictures the slow moral sophically optimistic hero of Vol- 
disintegration of a weak woman taire's novel by that name, 
bored by the sordid narrowness of Candor, Mrs., a noted slanderer in 
provincial life. Sheridan's* School for Scandal. 

Bowles, Tom, blacksmith and manu- Caponsacchi, the hero of Browning's 
facturer in Bulwer's Kenelm Chil- The Ring and the Book, 
lingly. Capulet, the father of Juliet, in Shake- 

Bowling, Tom, an admirable naval speare's Romeo and Juliet. 

character in Smollett's Roderick Carmen, a Spanish gypsy, heroine of 
Random. Merimee's story by that name, and 

Box and Cox, a "dramatic romance of of the opera based upon it. 

real life," by John M. Morton, and Carton, Sydney, hero of Dickens's 
the names of the chief characters. Tale of Two Cities, who sacrifices his 

Bradwardine, Rose, the heroine of life to save Charles Darney, 

Scott's Waverley, the hero of which Carvel, Richard, hero of Winston 
she finally marries. Churchill's novel of that name. 

Bragelonne, Vicomte de, son of Casaubon, Mr., type of barren pedan- 
Athos and an important character try, in George Eliot's Middlemarch. 
in the series of novels which continue Cassio, Othello's lieutenant and 
the adventures of Dumas's Three Iago's tool, in Shakespeare's Othello. 
Musketeers. Castlewood, Beatrix, heroine of 

Bramble, Matthew, a gouty dys- Thackeray's Henry Esmond. 

peptic yet kind-hearted character Caudle, Mrs. Margaret, the feigned 
in Smollett's Roderick Random. author of a series of famous "Cur- 

Bran&tons, characters in Miss Bur- tain Lectures," written by Douglas 
ney s Evelina, who became a Jerrold. 
synonym of vulgarity and jealousy. Caxton, Pisistratus, an important 

Brass, Sally and Sampson, sister and character in Bulwer's novel, The 
brother, shysters in Dickens's Old Caxtons. 
Curiosity Shop. Chicot the Jester, a French court 

Breck, Alan, a Jacobite fugitive, who jester, who figures prominently in 
shares the adventures of Stevenson's Dumas's series of Valois romances. 
David Balfour. Chillingly, Kenelm, hero of Bulwer's 

Brent, John, hero of Theodore Win- novel of that name. 

throp's novel of the same name. Chilling worth, Roger, the secret hus- 

Brooke, Dorothea, the heroine of band of Hester Prynne, in Haw- 
George Eliot's Middlemarch. thorne's Scarlet Letter. 

Brown, Tom, the hero of Thomas Chingachcook, an Indian chief 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



prominent in Cooper's Last of the 
Mohicans, Pathfinder, Deerslayer and 
Pioneer. 

Cho-cho San, the heroine of John 
Luther Long's Madame Butterfly. 

Christabel, heroine of Coleridge's 
. mystic poem of that name. 

Christian, hero of Bunyan's Pilgrim 1 s 
Progress. 

Christiana, wife of Christian, in 
Pilgrim's Progress. 

Chuzzlewit, Martin, the selfish hero 
of Dickens's novel of that name. 

Cigarette, "child of the army and 
soldier of France," heroine of Ouida's 
Under Two Flags. 

Clare, Ada, ward of Jarndyce, and 
wife of Carstone, in Dickens's 
Bleak House. 

Clarke, Micah, hero of Conan Doyle's 
novel of that name. 

Clay, Robert, hero of Richard Hard- 
ing Davis's Soldier of Fortune) 
modern variant of the "Admirable 
Crichton" type, invincible in what- 
ever he undertakes. 

Clifford, Paul, highwayman hero of 
Bulwer's novel of that name. 

Clinker, Humphrey, hero of Smol- 
lett's novel of that name. 

Coelebs, hero of Hannah More's 
Coelebs in Search of a Wife. 

Coffin, Long Tom, one of the most 
widely known sailor characters in all 
fiction; prominent in Cooper's The 
Pilot 

Collins, Mr., one of Miss Austen's 
inimitable satires upon a certain 
type of the English clergy; occurs in 
Pride and Prejudice. 

Constantin, Abbe, a lovable old 
French abbe, in Halevy's novel of 
that name. 

Consuelo, a Spanish opera singer, 
heroine of George Sand's novel of 
that name, and of its sequel, The 
Countess of Rudolstadt. 

Copperfield, David, the hero of 
Dickens's novel of that name. 

Cordelia, the youngest and the only 
faithful daughter in Shakespeare's 
King Lear. 

Corinne, heroine of Mme. de StaeTs 
novel of that name. 

Corkran, Arthur, known to his com- 
rades as Stalky, hero of Kipling's 
schoolboy story. Stalky & Co. 

Costigan, Captain, a disreputable 
but amusing Irishman, in Thacke- 



ray's Pendennis, father of the hero's 

first love, Miss Fotheringay. 
Coverly, Sir Roger de, famous type 

of old-time country gentleman, in 

Addison's Spectator. 
Crane, Ichabod, a credulous Yankee 

schoolmaster, whose adventures are 

related in Irving' s Legend of Sleepy 

Hollow. 
Cratchit, Tiny Tim, the pathetic 

crippled child in Dickens's Christmas 

Carol. 
Crawley, Rawdon, the husband of 

Becky Sharp, in Thackeray's Vanity 

Fair. 
Crusoe, Robinson, hero of De Foe's 

famous story of that name. 
Cuttle, Captain, a simple nautical 

person in Dickens's Dombey and Son. 
Cymbeline, a British king, whose 

name is preserved in Shakespeare's 

Cymbeline. 



Dale, Lily, heroine of Trollope's Small 
House at Allington, jilted by Crosbie. 

Dalgarno, a profligate Scottish lord, 
in Scott's Fortunes of Nigel. 

Dantes, Edmond, the hero of 
Dumas' s Count of Monte Cristo. 

Darcy, Fitzwilliam, hero of Miss 
Austen's Pride i,nd Prejudice, whose 
pride is on a par with Elizabeth 
Bennet's prejudice. 

D'Artagnan, Gascon, soldier of for- 
tune, hero of Dumas' s Three Mus- 
keteers, Twenty Years After, and The 
Vicomte de Bragelonne. 

Daw, Marjorie, the purely mythical 
heroine of Thomas Bailey Aldrich's 
romance of the same name. 

Deans, Douce Davie, a pious Pres- 
byterian in Scott's Heart of Midlo- 
thian, father of Effie and of Jeanie, 
the heroine. 

Dedlock, Lady, a proud, beautiful and 
unfortunate character in Dickens's 
Bleak House. 

Delphine, heroine of Mme. de Stael's 
novel of that name. 

Deronda, Daniel, hero of George 
Eliot's novel of that name. 

Desdemona, heroine of Shakespeare's 
Othello. 

Dimsdale, Rev. Arthur, the seducer 
of Hester Prynne in Hawthorne's 
Scarlet Letter. 

Dinsmore, Elsie, the unnaturally 
pious and conscientious heroine of a 
lengthy and popular series of juven- 



J 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



ile stories, the Elsie Books, by Martha 
Findley. 

Dishard, Gavin, the hero of Barrie's 
novel, The Little Minister. 

Dobbin, Major, in Thackeray's 
Vanity Fair, a model of patient 
fidelity, who at last wins Amelia 
Osborne. 

Dodd, David, hero of Charles Readers 
Love me Little, Love me Long, and an 
important character in its sequel, 
Hard Cash. 

Dogberry, an absurd and loquacious 
night-constable in Shakespeare's 
Much Ado about Nothing. 

Dombey, Mr., a proud, stern mer- 
chant in Dickens's Dombey and Son, 
father of sickly little Paul Dombey. 

Dominie, Sampson, eccentric school- 
master in Scott's Guy Mannering. 

Donatello, the faun-like hero of 
Hawthorne's Marble Faun, whose 
higher nature is suddenly awakened 
after the commission of a great 
crime. 

Don Juan, a mythical personage who 
figures largely in drama and litera- 
ture as the type of the refined 
libertine. (2) The hero of Byron's 
audacious and satiric poem of that 
name. 

Donovan, Dickie, the hero of a series 
of adventures in the Anglo-Egyptian 
civil service, in Gilbert Parker's 
Donovan Pasha. 

Don Quixote, the eccentric hero of 
Cervantes's famous romance of that 
name; crazed from excessive reading 
of romances of chivalry. 

Dooley, Mr., an uncultured but 
shrewd Irishman, whose common- 
sense philosophy of life forms the 
essence of Peter F. Dunne's Mr. 
Dooley in Peace and War. 

Doone, Lorna, heroine of Blackmore's 
novel of that name. 

Dorrit, Edward, "the father of the 
Marshalsea," in Dickens's Little 
Dorrit. 

Dulcinea del Toboso, a country maid 
beloved of Don Quixote. 

Dundreary, Lord, eccentric English- 
man in Taylor's comedy, Our 
American Cousin. 

Durbyville, Tess, heroine of Hardy's 
Tess of the oVXJrbervilles, a Pure 
Woman. 

Durie, Henry, called Mr. Henry, 
brother of The Master of Ballantrae, 
in Stevenson' s~ novel of that name. 



Durie, James, known as The Master, 

in Stevenson's Master of Ballantrae. 
Duval, Armand, lover of Marguerite 
Gautier, in Dumas's play, The Lady 
with the Camelias. 



Easy, Mr. Midshipman, hero of 
Marryat's novel of that name. 

Edgar, legitimate son of Gloucester in 
Shakespeare's King Lear. 

Edmund, natural son of Gloucester. 

Elaine, the "lily maid of Astolat," 
heroine of that one of Tennyson's 
Idylls of the King which bears her 
name. 

Elia, pseudonym under which Charles 
Lamb wrote his celebrated series 
of essays. 

Eliot, Anne, heroine of Jane Austen's 
Persuasion. 

Elsmere, Robert, hero of Mrs. 
Humphry Ward's novel of that 
name, which follows a clergyman's 
struggle m between orthodoxy and 
agnosticism. 

Esmond, Henry, the hero of Thacke- 
ray's historical novel of that name. 

Evangeline, heroine of Longfellow's 
familiar poem of that name. 

Evelina, heroine of Miss Burney's 
novel which bears her name. 

Everdene, Bathsheba, heroine of 
Hardy's Far from the Madding 
Crowd. 

Eyre, Jane, the heroine of Charlotte 
Bronte's novel that bears her name. 



F 



Fagin, a jew thief and receiver of 
stolen goods, in Dickens's Oliver 
Twist. 

Faithful, Jacob, .hero of Marryat's 
novel of that name. 

Falstaff, Sir John, Shakespeare's 
greatest achievement as a comic 
character; fat, sensual and menda- 
cious, a boaster and a coward, he 
forms the chief interest of The Merry 
Wives of Windsor and Henry IV. 

Fathom, Ferdinand, Count, an 
unmitigated scoundrel, who gives 
his name to a novel by Smollett. 

Fauntleroy, Little Lord, the Amer- 
ican born heir to the estates and 
title of the Earl of Dorincourt, in 
Mrs. Burnett's story of that name. 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



Faust, hero of Goethe's dramatic poem 
of that name; he sells his soul to the 
devil in exchange for renewed youth. 

Ferrers, Endymion, the hero of 
Disraeli's Endymion. 

Feverel, Richard, hero of Meredith's 
novel, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. 

Figaro, the sharp-witted hero of 
Beaumarchais's Le Marriage de 
Figaro. 

Finn, Phineas, central figure in 
Trollope's novel of that name and 
its sequel, Phineas Redux. 

Firmin, Philip, hero of Thackeray's 
Adventures of Philip. 

Fleming, Rhoda, heroine of Mere- 
dith's novel of that name. 

Fogg, Phineas, eccentric English- 
man who, in Jules Verne's Around 
the World in Eighty Days, bets that 
he can achieve that feat, and wins 
the wager. 

Foker, Harry, a good-natured, simple 
friend of Arthur's in Thackeray's 
Pendennis. 

Fosco, Count, the arch villain in 
Collins's novel, The Woman in White. 

Fountain, Lucy, heroine of Charles 
Reade's Love me Little, Love me Long. 

Francheschini, Guido, Count, the 
husband of the heroine of Brown- 
ing's The Ring and the Booh. 

Francheschini, Pompi'iia, the hero- 
ine of The Ring and the Bock. 

Frankenstein, a student, in Mrs. 
Shelley's novel of that name, who 
constructed from fragments of hu- 
man bodies a monster in Ir.man 
form, but without a soul. 

Friday, Crusoe's servant and man in 
De Foe's Robinson Crusoe. 

G 

Gaoler, Hedda, heroine of Ibsen's play 
of the same name; the modern 
neurotic type of woman, who finds 
conventional domesticity unbear- 
able. 

Gadsby, Captain Philip, hero of 
Kipling's early work, The Story of 
the Gadsbys, showing how an 
Angle-Indian officer was spoiled 
for active service by marriage. 

Gallus, the hero of Becker's erudite 
and academic novel of classic Rome, 
which bears the name Gallus. 

Gamp, Sarah, a talkative and bibu- 
lous nurse in Dickens's Martin 
Chuzzlewit. 
.!> 



Gargantua, the giant hero of Rabe- 
lais' s famous work of the same name; 
son of Grangousier. 

Gaunt, Griffeth, husband of Kate, 
and hero of Reade's novel bearing 
his name. He is the personification 
of jealousy. 

Gautier, Marguerite, heroine of 
Dumas' s play, The Lady with the 
Camelias. 

Gay, Walter, husband of Florence 
Dombey in Dickens's Dombey and 
Son. 

Gerard, Brigadier, an officer of the 
Grande Armee, fire-eater and brag- 
gart, whose self-related exploits, in 
the volume by Conan Doyle which 
bears his name, form a genial satire 
on the foibles and virtues of French 
character. 

Gil Bias, the hero of a celebrated 
novel of Spanish manners by Le 
Sage. 

Gilpin, John, a "London Citizen, " 
whose extraordinary ride is cele- 
brated in a poem by Cowper. 

Ginevra, the heroine of a poem by 
Samuel Rogers, who perished tragi- 
cally on her wedding day by being 
locked in a huge chest which closed 
with a spring. 

Goneril, Lear's eldest daughter in 
Shakespeare's King Lear. 

Gosling, Giles, landlord of the Black 
Bear Inn, in Scott's Kenilworth. 

Gradgrind, Thomas, a /'man of facts 
and calculations," in Dickens's 
Hard Times. 

Grandet, Eugenie, heroine of Balzac's 
novel of that name. 

Grandison, Sir Charles, intended by 
Richardson, in his novel by that 
name, to represent his ideal of the 
good Christian and the perfect 
English gentleman. 

Grangousier, father of Gargantua in 
Rabelais' s famous work. 

Gray, Vivian, the hero of Disraeli's 
novel of that name. 

Greaves, Sir Launcelot, the hero of a 
novel by Smolett. 

Griggs, Paul, the supposed narrator 
of Marion Crawford's first novel, 
Mr. Isaacs. He also figures in later 
novels, notably Paul Patoff. 

Grimaud, valet of Athos in Dumas's 
Three Musketeers series; model of 
faithfulness and taciturnity. 

Grisel, the heroine of Barrie's Sen- 
timental Tommy. 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



Griselda, The Patient, the heroine 
of Chaucer's Clcrh cf Cxenford's 
Tale, immortalized for her meekness 
and virtue. 

Grundy, Mrs., a personage often men- 
tioned, but not introduced, in ]\ Nor- 
ton's comedy, Speed the PIouqJi. 
The recurrent question, "What Trill 
Mrs. Grundy say?" has made the 
name proverbial. 

Guest, Stephen, the lover for whom 
Maggie Tullivcr breaks faith with 
Philip Wakcm, in George Eliot's 
Mill on the Floss. 

Guinevere, faithless wife of King 
Arthur; heroine of that one of 
Tennyson's Idylls of the King which 
bears her name. 

Gulliver, Lemuel, hero of Swift's 
satiric romance, Gulliver's Travels. 

Guzman de Alfarache, the hero of a 
celebrated Spanish picaroon novel 
which, together with its predecessor, 
Lazarille de Termes, founded the 
type of Romance of Roguery, the 
surviving influence of which is still 
apparent in Pickwich. 

Gynt, Peer, hero of Ibsen's drama of 
that name. 



Haidee, a beautiful Greek girl in 
Byron's Don Juan. 

Hajji Baba, the hero of a sort of 
Persian picaroon novel of the same 
name, by James Morier, written on 
the Gil Bias model. 

Halifax, John, the hero of Mrs. 
Craik's novel, John Halifax, Gentle- 
man, who rises from extreme poverty, 
by faithfulness m and courage, to 
wealth and position. 

Hamlet, the hero of Shakespeare's 
tragedy of that name. 

Handy Andy, the hero of an Irish tale 
of that name by Samuel Lover. 

Hardcastle, Miss, the pretty and 
spirited heroine of Goldsmith's She 
Stoops to Conquer, who "ctoops" to a 
pardonable deceit in order to "con- 
quer" the bashfulness of Mario w, 
whom she loves. 

Harleth, Gwendolin, the heroine of 
George Eliot's Daniel Deronda. 

Harlowe, Clarissa, the heroine of 
Richardson's novel of that name. 

Harold, Childe, the world-weary hero 
of Byron's poem, Childe Harold's 
Pilgrimage, 



Harpsgon, the avaricious hero of 
Moliere's L' Avars. 

Harris, Mrs., a non-existent person 
constantly referred to by Mrs. 
Gamp in Dickens's Martin Chuzzle- 
wit, m as authority for her own 
fabrications and fancies. 

Harum, David, an eccentric but lov- 
able character, country banker acd 
shrewd judge of horses, hero of 
Edward Noycs Westcott's novel of 
the same name. 

Harvey, Clarence, hero of Miss 
Edge worth's novel, Belinda. 

Hanlisbee, Mrs., a character prorri- 
ncnt in a number of Kipling's earlier 
stories, defined as having "once in 
her life done a good deed for another 
woman." 

Heep, Uriah, a hypocritical sneak in 
Dickens's David Copperfield. 

Heldar, Dick, the artist hero of Kip- 
ling's Light that Failed, whose hope 
of winning Maisie ends with his 
blindness. 

Helena, the heroine of Shakespeare's 
All's Well that Ends Well. 

Helmar, Nora, the heroine of Ibsen's 
Doll's House, who asserts the right 
of a wife to be something more than 
a man's plaything. 

Hermil, Tullio, hero of D'Annunzio's 
novel, The Intruder, driven by re- 
morse to confess the murder of a 
child. 

Hexam, Lizzie, in love with Wray- 
burn in Dickens's Our Mutual Friend. 

Hiawatha, a legendary character of 
American Indian tradition, hero of 
Longfellow's poem of that name. 

Hilda, one of the two chief female 
characters in Hawthorne's Marble 
Faun. 

Holmes, Sherlock, an invincible de- 
tective, who arrives at his solutions 
by the sheer force of his analytical 
reasoning; hero of Conan Doyle's 
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. 

Holt, Felix, the working man's cham- 
pion, hero of George Eliot's novel, 
Felix Holt, Radical. 

Honeycomb, Will, a prominent mem- 
ber of the imaginary club by whom 
the Spectator was edited. 

Honeyman, Charles, a fashionable 
preacher in Thackeray's Newcomes. 

Hopeful, a pilgrim in Bunyan's Pil- 
grim's Progress. 

Horatio, the scholar friend of Hamlet 
in Shakespeare's Hamlet. 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



Huckleberry Finn, the hero of Mark 
Twain's story of that name. 

Hudibras, the hero of Butler's poem 
of that name; a sort of Presbyterian 
Don Quixote. 

Hyde, Mr., one phase of the dual 
personality in Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll 
and Mr. Hyde; symbolic embodi- 
ment of man's evil nature, separated 
from his nobler part. 

Hypatia, a cultured Athenian woman 
who lived in the fifth century, at 
Alexandria; heroine of Charles Kings- 
ley's novel of that name. 



Karenina, Anna, heroine of Tolstoy's 

novel of that name. < 

Kilmansegg, the heroine of Thomag 
Hood's poem, "The Golden Legend," 
distinguished for the possession o> 
one artificial leg of solid gold. 

Kim, an Anglo-Indian waif, nurtured 
in the native bazaars and used as a 
spy by the British secret service, 
hero of Kipling's novel of that name. 



Iago, the villain of Shakespeare's 
Othello. 

Ibbetson, Peter, the hero of Du 
Maurier's novel of the same name. 

Imogen, the heroine of Shakespeare's 
Cymbeline. 

Innes, Evelyn, the heroine of George 
Moore's novel of that name and its 
seauel, Sister Teresa^ driven by con- 
science to leave an immoral life and 
enter a sisterhood. 

Isabella, heroine of Shakespeare's 
Measure for Measure. 

Ivanhoe, the hero of Scott's novel of 
that name. 

J 

Jack, Colonel, the hero of De Foe's 

novel of that name. 
Jaffier, the hero of Otway's Venice 

Preserved. 
Jaques, a melancholy philosopher in 

Shakespeare's As You Like It. 
Jarndyce, a benevolent character in 

Dickens's Bleak House. 
Jekyll, Dr., the normal or nobler phase 

of a dual personality in Stevenson's 

symbolic novel, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. 

Hyde. 
Jessica, the beautiful daughter of 

Shylock, in Shakespeare's Merchant 

of Venice. 
Jingle, Alfred, an adventurer in 

Dickens's Pickwick Papers. 
Jones, Tom, hero of Fielding's novel 

of that name. 
Jourdain, M., hero of Moliere's 

Bourgeois Gentilhomme, famous for 

his naive discovery that he spoke 

in prose. 
Julie, heroine of Rousseau's novel, 

Julie, ou la Nouvelle HSloise. 
Juliet, heroine of Shakespeare's Romeo 

and Juliet. 



Lady Bountiful, a benevolent charac- 
ter in Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem. 

Laertes, brother of Ophelia in Shake- 
speare's Hamlet. 

Lalla Rookh, the heroine of Moore's 
poem of that name. 

Languish, Lydia, the romantic hero- 
ine of Sheridan's The Rivals. 

Lantier, Claude, hero, of Zola's 
JUCEuvre) an artist who, in despair of 
attaining his ideal, hangs himself. 

Lantier, Jacques, hero of Zola's B&e 
Humaine, a railroad engineer with 
homicidal mania. 

Lapham, Silas, self-made man, whose 
fortune is based on a patent pdnt, 
and career is traced in Howells's 
Rise and Fall of Silas Lapham. 

Lavender, natural daughter of Ruth 
the Laundress, and heroine of 
Pinero's play, Sweet Lavender. 

Lavender, Dr., prominent character 
in Margaret Deland's Old Chester 
Tales. 

Leather stocking, sobriquet given, to 
Natty Bummpo, a hunter, most 
famous of Cooper's characters; he 
appears in The Pioneer, The Last of 
the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The 
Deerslayer, and The Prairie. 

Le Coq, M., a famous French detec- 
tive, figuring prominently in a num- 
ber of novels by Gaborieau. 

Legree, Simon, the brutal slave mas- 
ter in Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's 
Cabin, who has Uncle Tom whipped 
to death. 

Leigh, Sir Amyas, hero of Charles 
Kingsley's Westward Ho! 

Leigh, Aurora, the heroine of Mrs* 
Browning's poem novel of that name. 

Leila, the heroine of Byron's romantic 
poem, The Giaour. 

Lenore, the "rare ana radiant maid- 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



en" mentioned in Poe's poem, The 
Raven. 

Little, Henry, hero of Reade's Put 
Yourself in His Place. 

Little Billee, the hero of Du Maimer's 
Trilby ', forming, with Taffy and The 
Laird, the "Three Mousquetaires 
of the Brush." 

Little Nell, a precocious and phe- 
nomenally good child, forming the 
central interest of Dickens's Old 
Curiosity Shop. 

Lochinvar, the hero of Scott's ballad, 
Young t Lochinvar, sung by Lady 
Heron in Marmion. 

Locke, Alton, a tailor, poet, and ex- 
ponent of Christian socialism, hero of 
Kingsley's novel of that name. 

Lorequer, Harry, the hero of Charles 
Lever's novel of that name. 

Lothair, Marquis of, the hero of 
Disraeli's novel, Lothair. 

Lovelace, a man of fashion and gal- 
lantry, the hero of Richardson's 
Clarissa Harlowe. 

Lumpkin, Tony, a dull-witted coun- 
try squire, in Goldsmith's She Stoops 
to Conquer. 

M 

McFlimsey, Flora, heroine of Noth- 
ing to Wear, a popular satiric poem 
by William Allen Butler. 

McLeod, Sir Keith, the hero of 
William Black's novel, McLeod of 
Dare. 

McTeague, the hero of Frank Norris's 
novel of the same name, an uncouth 
dentist, slow and brutal. 

Macbeth, thane of Cawdor, hero of 
Shakespeare's tragedy of that name. 

Macduff, a Scottish chief, who finally 
slays Macbeth in battle. 

Maclvor, Flora, the heroine of Scott's 
Rob Roy. 

Mackellar, steward of the^ estate of 
the Master of Ballantrae, in Steven- 
son's novel of that name. 

Mackenzie, a termagant widow, 
mother-in-law of Clive, in Thacke- 
ray's Newcomes. 

Mackenzie, Sheila, a sensitive, un- 
spoiled Scotch girl, heroine of Wil- 
liam Black's Princess of Thule. 

Malaprop, Mrs., a character in Sheri- 
dan's The Rivals, famed for her ex- 
traordinary verbal blunders. 

Malavoglia, I., a Sicilian family of 
fisher folk, the subject of Giovanni 
Verga's Italian novel of that name. 

E. 182. 



Maleine, La Princesse, the ill-fated 
heroine of Maeterlinck's tragedy of 
that name. 

Mancanou, Aurora and Glotilde, 

the heroines of George W. Cable's 
novel, The Grandissimes. 

Manfred, the gloomy, solitary hero of 
Byron's tragedy of that name. 

Marchioness, The, a little ill-used, 
half starved maid-servant of the 
Brasses in Dickens's Old Curiosity 
Shop. 

Margaret, the heroine of Goethe's 
Faust, seduced by Faust. 

Marlow, Young, the hero of Gold- 
smith's She Stoops to Conquer. 

Marner, Silas, the central figure in 
George Eliot's novel of the same 
name. 

Marsh, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, 
four sisters, the heroines of Miss 
Alcott's Little Women. 

Mascarille, a valet introduced by 
Moliere into several plays, L'lttourdi, 
Le Depit Amour eux, and Les 
Presieuses Ridicules. 

Mavering, Dan, the hero of Howells's 
April Hopes, who finds it difficult to 
meet the expectations of an over- 
serious young woman. 

Maxwell, Marcella, heroine of Mrs. 
Humphry Ward's Marcella, and its 
sequel, Sir George Tressady. 

Meeber, Carrie, the heroine of 
Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie, 
type of young woman who, at all 
cost to herself and others, seeks to 
satisfy her physical comforts and 
love of luxury. 

Meister, Wilhelm, the hero of 
Goethe's novel of that name. 

Melema, Tito, the handsome and 
wily Greek, who marries the heroine 
of George Eliot's Romola. 

Meiisande, the heroine of Maeter- 
linck's drama, Pelleas et Meiisande. 

Melnotte, Claude, the hero of Bul- 
wer's romantic play, The Lady of 
Lyons. 

Mephistopheies, the devil in Goethe's 
Faust. 

Mercutio, the witty and polished 
friend of Romeo, in Shakespeare s 
Romeo and Juliet. 

Merrilees, Meg, a half crazy gypsy, 
who plays a prominent part in 
Scott's Guy Mannering. 

Merton, Tommy, one of the two 
principal characters in a once very 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



popular juvenile work, by Thomas 
Day, Sandford and Merton. 

Mieawber, Wilkins, always "waiting 
for something to turn up," in Dick- 
ens's David Copperfield. 

Mickelham, Dolly, the heroine of 
Anthony Hope's Dolly Dialogues. 

Mignon, a mysterious young Italian 
girl, in Goethe's JVilhelm Meister, 
secretly in love with the hero. 

Mildmay, Frank, the hero of Marry- 
at's novel of the same name. 

Miller, Daisy, the very American 
heroine of Henry James's novel of 
that name, whose high spirits and 
ignorance of conventions cause her 
to be cruelly misjudged. 

Minnehaha, "Laughing Water," an 
Indian maiden, bride of Hiawatha, 
in Longfellow's poem. 

Miranda, daughter of Prospero, loved 
by Ferdinand, in Shakespeare's The 
Tempest. 

Miriam, one of the two heroines of 
Hawthorne's Marble Faun, who sees 
Donatello commit the crime which is 
the turning point of the story. 

Montgomery, Ellen, the young hero- 
ine of a once very popular didactic 
novel by Susan Warner, The Wide, 
Wide World. 

Mowgli, a sort of modern Romulus, 
being an Irish child abandoned and 
nurtured by a she- wolf; he is the 
hero of Kipling's Jungle Books, and is 
represented as understanding the 
speech and the characters of all the 
jungle folk, and being trained in 
"the Law of the Jungle." _ 

Muller, Maud, a rustic maiden, hero- 
ine of Whittier's well-known poem of 
that name. 

Mulvaney, Terence, oneof the "Three 
Musketeers" in Kipling's wonderful 
stories of the Indian " Tommies." 



N 



Nana, a Parisian courtezan, heroine 
of Zola's novel of that name. 

Nemo, Captain, the mysterious com- 
mander of the submarine vessel, the 
Nautilus, in Jules Verne's Twenty 
Thousand Leagues under the t Sea, 
and the Mysterious Island series. 

Nevers, Lucile de, heroine of Owen 
Meredith's romantic novel in verse, 
Lucile. 

Newcome, Clive, the hero of Thacke- 



ray's The Newcomes, son of the 
Colonel. 

Newcome, Colonel, a prominent 
character in The Newcomes, dis- 
tinguished for moral beauty of hia 
life. 

Newcome, Ethel, the beautiful cousin, 
and finally wife, of Clive Newcome. 

Nickleby, Mrs., an irrelevant and 
credulous person in Dickens's Nicho- 
las Nickleby. 

Nickleby, Nicholas, the hero of 
Dickens's novel of that name. 

North, Violet, heroine of William 
Black's Madcap Violet. 

Nydia, a blind flower girl in Bulwer's 
Last Days of Pompeii. 



Oak, Gabriel, the hero of Hardy's Far 
from the Madding Crowd; he marries 
Bathsheba Ever dene after her mad 
lover, Boldwood, kills her unworthy 
lover, Sergent Troy. 

Oldbuck, Jonathan, connoisseur and 
collector, who gives his name to 
Scott's Antiquary. 

Old Mortality, a gravestone cleaner, 
who gives his name to Scott's Ola 
Mortality. 

Olifaunt, Nigel, hero of Scott's 
Fortunes of Nigel. 

O'Malley, Charles, an Irish Dragoon, 
hero of Charles Lever's novel of that 
name. 

O'More, Rory, the hero of Samuel 
Lover's novel of that name; also of a 
song by the same author. m 

Ophelia, daughter of Polonius. in love 
with Hamlet, in Shakespeare s Ham- 
let. 

Orlando, the nephew of Charlemagne, 
hero of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. 

Orlando, lover of Rosalind, in Shake- 
speare's As You Like It. 

Osborne, _ George, marries Amelia 
Sedley, in Thackeray's Vanity Fair. 

Othello, a Moor of Venice, hero of 
Shakespeare's tragedy of that name. 

O'Trigger, an Irish adventurer in 
Sheridan's The Rivals. 



Page, Mrs., a character in Shake- 
speare's Merry Wives of Windsor, 
with whom Falstaff is in love, and 
who joins with Mrs. Ford in a plot 
to dupe and disgrace him. 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IX POETRY AND PROSE 



Pamela, the virtuous heroine of 
Richardson's novel of that name. 

Pan? Peter, the little boy who did not 
wish to grow up, the hero of Barrie's 
fain.' play of that name. 

Pangioss. 1, an optimistic philosopher 
in Voltaire's Candide. 2. a pedant 
in Coleman's The Heir at Law. 

Pantagruel, son of Gargantua; the 
learned and mighty-stomached hero 
of Rabelais's satire of that name. 

Panurge, the real hero of Rabelais's 
Pantagruel; an arrant rogue, a 
drunkard, a coward, and a libertine. 

Panza, Sancho, the esquire of Don 
Quixote, type of vulgar common 
sense without imagination. 

Parigot, Berzelius Nibbedard, the 
lovable but eccentric wanderer, who 
fills the title role in William J. 
Locke's Beloved Vagabond. 

Partington, Mrs., a sort of second 
Mrs. Malaprop, created by the 
American humorist, B. P. Shillaber, 
and noted for her misuse of words. 

Pascarel, an Italian strolling player, 
hero of Ouida's novel of that 
name. 

Pasmer, Alice, the heroine of Mr. 
Howells's April Hopes, who almost 
misses happiness through trying to 
live up to impossible ideals. 

Patoff, Paul, the hero of Marion 
Crawford's story of modern Con- 
stantinople, which bears his name. 

Pauline, the heroine of Bulwer's play, 
The Lady of Lyons. 

Pecksniff, architect and hypocrite, 
father of Mercy, in Dickens's 
Martin Chuzzleicit. 

Peebles, Peter, drunkard and liar in 
Scott's Red Gauntlet. 

Pelleas, hero of Maeterlinck's play, 
Pelleas et Melisande. 

Pendennis, Arthur, the clever and 
somewhat conceited hero of Thacke- 
ray's Pendennis. 

Pendennis, Major, Arthur's uncle, 
elderly clubman and man of fashion, 
with a keen knowledge of human na- 
ture, in Thackeray's Pendennis. 

Perdita, the sweetheart of Florizel in 
Shakespeare's Winter's Tale. 

Petruchio, the madcap husband of 
Katherine in Shakespeare's Taming 
of the Shreic. 

Pickle, Peregrine, the dissolute hero 
of Smollett's Adventures of Peregrine 
Pickle. 

Pickwick, Samuel, the hero of Dick- 



ens's Pickivick Papers, and founder 
of the Pickwick Club. 

Pinson, Mimi, one of the heroines of 
Murger's Vie de Boheme. 

Pippa, heroine of Browning's poem, 
Pippa Passes. 

Pistol, Ancient, a swaggering, loud- 
mouthed, rascally follower of Fal- 
staft in Shakespeare's Henry IV 
and Merry Wives of Windsor. 

Polonius, lord chamberlain of the 
king, and father of Ophelia, in 
Shakespeare's Hamlet. 

Porthos, one of the four heroes of 
Dumas's Three Musketeers, distin- 
guished for his physical prowess, his 
vanity and his simple - minded 
loyalty. 

Portia, the heroine of Shakespeare's 
Merchant of Venice. 

Portman, Belinda, the heroine of 
Miss Edgeworth's Belinda. 

Power, Paula, the heroine of Hardy's 
The Laodicean. 

Primrose, Doctor, the noble-minded 
vicar in Goldsmith's Vicar of Wake- 
field. 

Primrose, Olivia, the well-beloved 
and unfortunate daughter of Doctor 
Primrose, heroine of The Vicar of 
Wakefield. 

Priscilla, half-sister of Zenobia, and 
one of the two heroines of Haw- 
thorne's Blithedale Romance. 

Proudie, Bishop, the henpecked bishop 
in Trollope's Barchester Towers. 

Proudie, Mrs., wife of the above, 
whose amazonian personality for a 
long time dominates those about her, 
and who cannot survive her final 
loss of authority. 

Prynne, Hester, the heroine of Haw- 
thorne's Scarlet Letter. 

Pyecroft, warrant officer, who figures 
more or less prominently in several 
of Kipling's later stories. 

Pyncheon, Phoebe, the heroine of 
Hawthorne's House of the Seven 
Gables. 

Q 

Quasimodo, a monster of deformity 
in Victor Hugo's Notre-Dame de 
Paris. 

Quatermain, Allen, hero of Rider 
Haggard's melodramatic adventure 
stories, King Solomon's Mines and 
Allen Quatermain. 

Quex, Lord, the hero of Pinero's play, 
The Gay Lord Quex. 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



Quickly, Mrs., hostess of the East- 
cheap tavern in Shakespeare's Henry 
IV. 

Quilp, a vicious, ill-tempered dwarf in 
Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop. 

Quisante, type of charlatan, and po- 
litical adventurer, hero of Anthony 
Hope's novel of that name. 



Raffles, gentleman burglar, hero of a 
long series of stories by E. W. 
Hornung. 

Random, Roderick, the sensual, un- 
feeling hero of Smollett's novel of 
that name. 

Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia, the 
hero of Dr. Johnson's novel of that 
name. 

Rassendyll, Rudolf, the venture- 
some hero of Anthony Hope's 
Prisoner of Zenda and its sequel, 
Rupert of Hentzau. 

Ravenswood, the haughty hero of 
Scott's Bride of Lammermoor . 

Regan, the second daughter of Lear 
in Shakespeare's King Lear. 

Remus, Uncle, a shrewd and humor- 
ous old negro, a product of the 
plantation system, with a store of 
beast fables that constitute Joel 
Chandler Harris's Uncle Remus's 
Stories. 

Richard Yea- and- Nay, hero of 
Maurice Hewlett's romantic novel 
of that name, based upon the life 
of Richard the Lion-hearted, yet 
treated with a freedom and in- 
dividuality that make him essentially 
a fictitious character. 

Richmond, Harry, the hero of Mere- 
dith's novel of that name. 

Robarts, Amy, one of Trolkrpe's hero- 
ines, whose chequered love and mar- 
riage with Lord Lufton fre related 
in Framley Parsonage. 

Rochester, the sombre and moody 
hero of Charlotte Bronte's novel, 
Jane Eyre. 

Romeo, a Montague, beloved of Juliet, 
in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. 

Romola, the heroine of George Eliot's 
Florentine novel of that name. 

Rosalind, heroine of Shakespeare's 
As You Like It. 

Rougon-Macquart Family, a French 
family under the Second Empire, 
whose many branches, all tainted 
with some abnormality inherited 



from a common ancestress, Adelaide 
Fouque, form the theme of the 
twenty volumes by Emile Zola, 
known as the Rougon-Macquart 
Series. 

Roumestan, Numa, hero of Daudet's 
novel of that name, considered to be 
the best of all that author's attempts 
to picture the imaginative, ex- 
travagant, unconsciously mendacious 
nature of the Provencal. 

Rudge, Barnaby, a half-witted youth, 
who fills the title role of Dickens's 
Barnaby Rudge. 

S 

Salammbd, the heroine of Flaubert's 

realistic historical novel of ancient 
Carthage, which bears her name. 

Sandf ord, one of the heroes of Thomas 
Day's once popular juvenile story, 
Sandf ord and Merton. 

Santuzza, the heroine of Verga's 
Sicilian story, Cavalleria Rusticana, 
and also of his play of the same name, 
and of Mascagni's opera based upon 
it. 

Sawyer, Tom, the hero of Mark 
Twain's story of the same name. 

Scheherezade, Queen, the wife of 
the Sultan, who tells the tales of the 
Arabian Nights. 

Schlimihl, Peter, hero of Chamisso's 
tale of that name, who sells his 
shadow to the devil. 

Scrooge, Ebenezer, "a tight-fisted 
hand at the grind-stone;" the miser 
who in Dickens's Christmas Carol 
is reformed by the three ghosts of 
Christmas, Past, Present and Future. 

Sedley, Amelia, a character in 
Thackeray's Vanity Fair, represent- 
ing virtue without intellect, as 
Becky Sharp represents intellect 
without virtue. 

Shadd, Dinah, a character that oc- 
curs in several early stories by 
Kipling; she marries Terence Mul- 
vaney. 

Shandy, Tristam, the nominal hero 
of Sterne's novel of that name. 

Sharp, Rebecca, the clever, schem- 
ing heroine of Thackeray's Vanity 
Fair. 

Shylock, the vindictive Jew, who de- 
mands his "pound of flesh" in 
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. 

Simple, Peter, the hero of Marryat's 
novel of that name. 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



Skariatine, Boris, Michaelovitch, 
Count, the hero of Marion Craw- 
ford's little masterpiece, A Cigarette 
Maker's Romance, 

Skimpole, Harold, a character in 
Dickens's Bleak House, said to be 
drawn from Leigh Hunt. 

Sneerwell, Lady, a gossip and back- 
biter in Sheridan's School for t Scandal. 

Snodgrass, Augustus, a poetic nonen- 
tity, and one of the members of the 
Pickwick Club, in Dickens's Pick- 
wick Papers. 

Snow, Lucy, the heroine of Charlotte 
Bronte's Vilette. 

Sound, Sylvester, the hero of Henry 
Cockton's novel of that name, whose 
somnambulistic habits lead him into 
many extraordinary predicaments. 

Spenlow, Dora, David's child-wife in 
Dickens's David Copper field. 

Squeers, Wackford, the brutal mas- 
ter of the Dothboys Hall, in Dick- 
ens's Nicholas Nickleby. 

St. Clair, Eva, the little mistress and 
child friend of Uncle Tom, whose 
death forms one of the famous scenes 
in Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

Sterling, Peter, an ideal of American 
statesmanship, hero of Paul Leices- 
ter Ford's Honorable Peter Sterling. 

Steyne, Marquis of, the unscrupulous 
and profligate old nobleman, whom 
Rawdon Crawley, on returning from 
the debtors' prison, finds alone with 
Becky in Thackeray's Vanity Fair. 

Svengali, the mysterious and spider- 
like villain in Du Maurier's Trilby, 
who hypnotizes the heroine and in 
that state teaches her to sing. 

Swancourt, Elfride, the heroine of 
Hardy's A Pair of Blue Eyes. 

Swiveller, Dick, a gay, rattle-pated 
fellow, in Dickens's Old Curiosity 
Shop. 

Syntax, Doctor, the hero of a once 
popular work, by William Combe, 
The Tour of Doctor Syntax in search 
of the Picturesque. 



Taffy, one of the three "Mousquetairea 
of the Brush," in Du Maimer's 
Trilby. 

Tanqueray, Paula, the heroine of 
Pinero's Drama, The Second Mrs. 
Tanqueray. 

Tartarin, the extraordinary and in- 
imitable hero of Daudet's Tartarin 
sur les Alpes, and its sequels. 



Tartuffe, the hypocritical hero of 
Moliere's play of that name. 

Teazle, Lady, the coquettish, teasing, 
and rashly foolish wife of Sir Peter 
Teazle, in Sheridan's School for 
Scandal. 

Thais, a beautiful Greek courtezan of 
the Alexandrine period, whose con- 
version to Christianity forms the 
theme of Anatole France's novel of 
that name, and of the play taken 
from it. 

Titania, Queen of the fairies in 
Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's 
Dream. 

Tom, Uncle, the venerable, big- 
hearted and loyal slave, hero of Mrs. 
Stowe's prose epic of slavery. Uncle 
Tom's Cabin. 

Topsy, an ignorant and incorrigible 
young slave-girl in Mrs. Stowe's 
Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

Trilby, the heroine of Du Maurier's 
novel of hypnotism that bears her 
name. 

Trotwood, Betsy, Copperfield's kind, 
eccentric aunt, in Dickens's David 
Copperfield. 

Tulliver, Maggie, the weak, yielding 
heroine of George Eliot's Mill on the 
Floss. 

Tupman, Tracy, short and fat and 
fond of the fair sex, member of the 
Pickwick Club in Dickens's Pick- 
wick Papers. 

Turridu, the hero of Verga's Sicilian 
story, Cqvalleria Rusticana, and of 
Mascagni's opera of the same name. 

Turveydrop, dancing master and 
"model of deportment" in Dickens's 
Bleak House. 

Twist, Oliver, a charity boy, hero of 
Dickens's novel of that name. 



Una, the personification of Truth, in 

Spenser's Faery Queen. 
Uncas, a Mohican chief in Cooper's 

Last of the Mohicans. 



Valjean, Jean, a respectable and 
honest citizen, driven to crime by the 
injustice of society, leading figure in 
Hugo's Les Miser ables. 

Van Winkle, Rip. a legendary charac- 
ter of the Hudson Valley, whose 
bibulous good nature and twenty 



FAMOUS CHARACTERS IN POETRY AND PROSE 



years' sleep in the mountains are 
made famous by Irving' s story of 
that name. 

Varden, Dolly, the heroine of Dick- 
ens's Barnaby Rudge. 

Vathek, the hero of Beckford's Orien- 
tal romance of that name, endowed 
with great gifts, but possessed of 
violent passions and inordinate am- 
bition. 

Venner, Elsie, the heroine of a patho- 
logical novel by Holmes, turning on 
the inherited effects of a snake-bite 
suffered by her mother. 

Vernon, Die, the heroine of Scott's 
Rob Roy. 

Viola, in love with Orsino, in Shake- 
speare's Twelfth Night. 

Vivian, mistress of Merlin, in that one 
of Tennyson's Idylls of the King that 
bears her name. 

Vox, Valentine, the hero of Henry 
Cockton's novel of that name, whose 
powers of ventriloquism enable him 
to play many pranks of an extraor- 
dinary kind. 

Vye, Eustaeia, the heroine of Hardy's 
Return of the Native . 

W 

Wadman, Widow, in Sterne's Tris- 
tram Shandy, tries to marry Uncle 
Toby. 

Ward, John, a minister, hero of 
Margaret Deland's novel, John Ward, 
Preacher. 

Warrington, George, the cynical but 
kind-hearted friend of Arthur in 
Thackeray's Pendennis. 

Waters, Esther, the scullery maid, 
through whose eyes we see the house- 
hold of an English racing squire; 
heroine of George Moore's novel of 
that name. 

Weller, Sam, son of Tony, Mr. Pick- 



wick's humorous servant in Dickens's 
Pickwick Papers. 

West, Caleb, the hero of Hopkinson 
Smith's Caleb West, Master Diver. 

Western, Sophia, the heroine of 
Fielding's Tom Jones. 

White, Gertrude, a young actress, 
heroine of William Black's McLeod 
of Dare. 

White, Selma, a woman whose am- 
bitions and energy are out of pro- 
portion to her ability and intellectual 
attainments; heroine of Robert 
Grant's Unleavened Bread. 

Wickfield, Agnes, the lovable hero- 
ine of Dickens's David Copperfield, 
and David's second wife. 

Wilson, Pudd'nhead, the hero of 
Mark Twain's novel of that name, re- 
garded by his fellow townsmen as a 
"pudd'nhead" for having said that 
if he owned half of a certain dog, 
"he would Ml his half." 

Winkle; Nathaniel, a member of the 
Pickwick Club, in Dickens's Pick- 
wick Papers. 

Woodhouse, Emma, the heroine of 
Miss Austen's novel, Emma, who 
marries Mr. Knightley. 



Yeobright, Clym, a character in 
Hardy's Return of the Native, who 
marries Eustaeia Vye. 



Zadig, a wealthy young Babylonian, 
hero of Voltaire's romance of that 
name, which is intended to show that 
destiny is beyond human control. 

Zanoni, an alchemist, the hero of 
Bulwer's novel of that name. 

Zenobia, one of the two heroines of 
Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance. 

Zuleika, the heroine of Byron's 
poem, The Bride of Abydos. 



Familiar Allusions- 



NAMES OF PERSONS, PLACES, PICTURES, BUILDINGS, STREETS 

AND MONUMENTS? ALSO WORDS, PHRASES, ETC., 

FREQUENTLY USED IN LITERATURE AND 

CONVERSATION. 

Compiled by J- A* JOFFE, A. M. 

Consulting Expert to the Congressional Library. 



Abaft', (Nautical.) Behind the object 
mentioned, as " Abaft the wheel!" 

Abbe. An ecclesiastic devoted to 
literary or scientific pursuits. 

Abbot of Joy. A chief of revels, in 
the old French towns. 

Abbot of Misrule. In the Middle 
Ages, a master of revelry. In Scot- 
land he was called the Master of 
Reason. 

Abderite. A scoffer; from Abdera, 
where Democritus lived. 

Abeam'. Lee a line be drawn at right 
angles to the vertical plane, through 
the ship's keel and passing through 
the center of the side. A point with- 
in the right angle made by the ship's 
keel, going in an opposite direction 
to this line. 

Abraham's Bosom. The rest of the 
blessed dead. (Luke xiv. 22.) 

Ab'yla. One of the "Pillars of Her- 
cules" at the entrance to the Medi- 
terranean: Calpe being the other. 

Academics. The disciples of Plato, 
so called from the academy. 

Academy. (Academia.) A gymna- 
sium in the suburbs of Athens, 
where Plato founded his school, 368 
B.C. The Academy (as a philo- 
sophic school) was divided into the 
oij> (by Plato and his disciples); 
the middle (by Arcesilaus), and the 
new (by Carneades). 

Academy, The French. (Academie 
Frangaise.) One of the five acad- 
emies constituting the French In- 
stitute; founded by Richelieu in 1635 
and reconstituted in 1820. It deals 
with the French language, and con- 



sists of 40 members, who are popu- 
larly called "the Immortals." 

Acadia. The Indian name of Nova 
Scotia. 

Adams and Liberty. Patriotic 

American song, by R. T. Paine, Jr. 

Adam's Apple. Caused by a piece 
of forbidden fruit sticking there. 

Admirable Crichton, The. James 
Crichton; a Scotch prodigy of the 
sixteenth century. Hence a person 
of great accomplishments. 

Admiral. English admirals were of 
three kinds according to the color 
of jtheir flag. Admiral of the 
Blue, kept the rear in a fight; Ad- 
miral of the Red, the center; Ad- 
miral of the White, the van. 

Admiral. In the American navy an 
officer of the highest rank. There 
have, however, been only three Ad- 
mirals in the history of the navy: 
David G. Farragut (1801-1870), 
Andrew H. Foote (1806-1803), and 
George Dewey (1837- ). 

^Eneid. Vergil's epic poem, of which 
iEneas is the hero. 

Ages. According to Hesiod there 
were five ages in the world: the 
Golden, the Silver, the Brazen, 
the Heroic, and the Iron. 

Agnus Dei. (Lat.) The Lamb of 
God. A cake stamped with the 
figure of a lamb, given out by the 
Pope on the Sunday after Easter. 

Alabama. A Confederate privateer 
built in England, and commanded 
by Capt. Semmes. After great 
depredations on American commerce 
she was sunk by the Kearsarge, 
June 19, 1864. 

Aladdin's Window (To finish). 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



To try to finish something left un- 
finished by a great man. One win- 
dow in Aladdin's palace was left for 
the Sultan to finish, but his treasure 
gave out, before he could do so. 

Albany Regency. Nickname of a 
set of able Democratic politicians, 
60 years ago, at Albany, N. Y. 

Albino. Person with unusually white 
skin and hair, and pink or red eyes. 

Albion. England. 

Aldine Press. Founded by Aldus 
Manutius, at Venice, 1494. Hence 
came the famous Aldine editions. 

Alexandrian Library. Founded by 
Ptolemy Soter, at Alexandria, Egypt, 
it was burned 47 B.C., and destroyed 
390 or 391. In Csesar's time it con- 
tained nearly 700,000 volumes. 

Alexandrine Age. From 323 B.C. to 
the end of the sixth century A.D., 
when Alexandria was the seat of the 
highest culture. 

Alhambra. (Arab., "The red.") 
Palace and fortress of the Moors at 
Granada, Spain. 

All Souls' Day. Day of prayer for the 
souls in Purgatory. November 2nd. 

Allah. ('The God.") Arabic name 
of God. 

Almack's. Once a famous London 
assembly-room where balls were 
given of the most exclusive, aristo- 
cratic character. 

Almighty Dollar. A phrase from 
Irving's Creole Village. 

Alsatia. The Whitefriars (London) 
refuge for debtors and criminals. 

Alto-Relievo. (It., High relief.) Fig- 
ures in marble, etc., cut so as to 
project one-half or more from the 
tablet. 

Ambrosia. The food of the gods. 

Amuck, To run amuck. Run foul 
of. From Malay, amoq, "frantic- 
ally rushing about and killing indis- 
criminately." 

Anacreontics. Verses in praise of 
love or wine, after Anacreon. 

Ancient Regime. The French regime 
before the Revolution of 17S9. 

Andersonville Prison. In Georgia. 
Union soldiers were confined there 
during the Civil War of the United 
States. 

An'gelus, The. A prayer to the Vir- 
gin, recited thrice a day. 

Angling, The Father of. Izaak 
Walton, author of The Com pleat 
Angler. 



Annunciation, Day of. Festival, 

celebrated March 25th, the day the 
angel announced to the Virgin that 
she would bear Our Lord. 

Annus Mirabilis. (Lat., Wonderful 
Year.) 1666, in which the plague, 
the fire of London, and the English 
victory over the Dutch occurred. 

Anthony, Saint. St. Anthony's 
Fire. Erysipelas. 

Antoninus, The Wall of. Turf 
entrenchment across Scotland from 
the Clyde to the Frith of Forth, 
built by the Romans, 140. 

Apollo Belvedsre. A marble statue 
of Apollo in the Belvedere Gallery 
of the Vatican at Rome. 

Appian Way. Oldest Roman military 
road, from Rome to Capua. 

Apples of Sodom. Lovely fruit, but 
full of ashes within. 

Arabesque. (Fr.) Moorish (Arabic) 
style or patterns in decoration. ^ 

Arcadian. A shepherd; rustic or 
pastoral. So called from the Ar- 
cadia, a pastoral region in Pelopon- 
nesus, Greece. 

Arch of Triumph. At the west end 
of the Champs Elysees, Paris, 116 ft. 
high, 145 wide. Begun by Napoleon. 

Arctic, The. A Collins steamer, 
sunk, with great loss of life, in 1854. 

Argo. The ship in which Jason sailed to 
Colchis in quest of the golden fleece. 

Argonauts. The heroes who sailed 
in the ship Argo. 

Argus-eyed. Extremely watchful. 
Juno, jealous of Io, had her watched 
by the hundred-eyed monster, Argus. 

Arians. The followers of Arius. who 
maintained that the Father and Son 
are distinct beings. 

Armada, The Spanish. The fleet of 
130 large ships sent by Philip of 
Spain, in 1588, to conquer England. 

Artesian Well. From being first dug 
in Artois (Lat. arte'sium), France. 

Aryans. The parents of the Indo- 
European peoples. 

Astor Library. Founded by J. J. 
Astor, now part of the New York 
Public Library. 

Athens, The Modern. 1. Edinburgh. 
2. Boston. Athens of America, or 
of the New World, The. Boston. 

Augustan Age. The palm period of a 
literature; the best days of Roman 
literature; being under Augustus. 

Auld Reekie (Old Smoky). Edin- 
burgh, Scotland. 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



Avalon. Burial place of King Arthur; 
said to be Glastonbury. 



B 



Babylonish Captivity. The seventy 
years' captivity of the Jews at 
Babylon, 608-538 b.c. 

Baconian Philosophy. The induct- 
ive philosophy of Lord Bacon. 

Balmoral Castle. Queen Victoria's 
castle in Scotland. 

Bank of England. In Threadneedle 
Street, London. Founded 1694. 
Sometimes called "The Old Lady of 
Threadneedle Street." 

Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, who was 
born at Stratford-on-Avon. 

Barleycorn, John. Malt liquor. 

Barmecide's Feast. An illusion or 
sham. Barmecide asked a starving 
beggar to dinner, and set empty 
dishes before him. (Arabian Nights.) 

Barnburners. The radical Demo- 
crats of New York State, from the 
farmer who burned his barn to de- 
stroy the rats. 

Basilisk. A serpent or dragon sup- 
posed to be able to "look people 
dead." 

Basso- Relievo. (It., Low relief.) 
Figures cut on marble, etc., pro- 
jecting a little. 

Bastille. French prison and fortress, 
destroyed by the mob, July 14, 1789. 
The date (July 14th) has been taken 
as the anniversary day of the present 
French Republic. 

Battle of the Books. A satire by 
Swift on the comparative merits of 
ancient and modern literature. 

Battery, The. A park in New York 
City at the southernmost extremity 
of Manhattan Island. Area 21 acres. 

Bayou State, The. Mississippi. 

Beacon Street. An aristocratic resi- 
dence street of Boston linking with 
the Back Bay, Commonwealth Ave- 
nue and others of more recent fame. 

Beauty and the Beast. A fairy tale. 
Beauty lives with the Beast to save 
her father's life. Beast, disen- 

chanted by love, is made a hand- 
some prince. 

Bedlam. (Corruption of Bethlehem.) 
A lunatic asylum. (See Dictionary 
proper.) 

Beelzebub. (Lord of flies.) A Philis- 
tine deity. 



Begging the question. Assuming 
as true what is still to be proven. 

Belgravia. A fashionable quarter of 
London. 

Belle France, La. (Fr., Fair France.^ 
A general name of France. 

Bell the Cat. A wise mouse pro- 
posed that a bell should be hung 
on the cat's neck to warn the mice 
of her coming; a young mouse in- 
quired, "Who will put the bell on?" 

Bell, The Passing. Rung formerly 
when persons were dying. 

Benicia Boy. John C. Heenan, the 
American pugilist, born at Benicia, 
Cal. 

Bess, Good Queen. Queen Elizabeth. 

Bibliotheque Nationale. (Fr., Na- 
tional Library.) At Paris, contain- 
ing over 1,000,000 books, 150,000 
manuscripts, etc. 

Billingsgate. Coarse language, such 
as is used by the fishwomen of Bil- 
lingsgate, the London fish market. 

Black Death. A contagious, putrid 
typhus, which desolated Europe, 
Asia and Africa in the 14th century , 

Black Friday. Sept. 26, 18G9; fman- 
cial panic in Wall street, New York. 

Black Hole. Dark cell in Calcutta 
prison where Surajah Dowlah shut 
up 146 British soldiers; only twenty- 
three survived till morning (1756). 

Black Prince. Edward, Prince of 
Wales, son of Edward ,111. 

Black Republicans. The Republi- 
can party in the United States, from 
their opposition to the extension of 
negro (black) slavery. 

Blarney Stone. In Blarney Castle near 
Cork, Ireland. Supposed to impart 
a flowing tongue to whoever kisses it. 

Bluebeard. A wife-killing tyrant; a 
sort of Henry VIII. 

Bluegrass State, The. Kentucky, 
where the grass is abundant. 

Blue Hen State, The. Delaware. 
Derived from the blue hens used by 
Col. Caldwell of a famous Delaware 
regiment, during the Revolution. 

Blue Laws. A nickname of early 
severe New England statutes. 

Blue Stocking. A female pedant, or 
bookish woman. 

Bohemian. A free and easy going 
artist or literary man, usually poor. 

Bois de Bologne. A Paris wood, 
famous as a promenade place. 

Border, The. The frontiers of Eng- 
land and Scotland. 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



Border States. Maryland, Dela- 
ware, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri. 

Boulevard. In Paris, a wide street 
or promenade. 

Bourgeoisie. The French middle 
class. 

Bourse. The Paris Stock Exchange. 

Bow Bells. A set of bells in St. 
Mary-le-Bow Church, London. A 
person /'born within sound of Bow 
Bells" is a Cockney. 

Bowery, The. A New York thor- 
oughfare on the lower East Side. 

Boycott. To refuse to have anything 
to do with another. Capt. Boycott, 
an Irish landlord, was the first so 
treated, in 1881. 

Brandy Nan. A nickname of Queen 
Anne of England. 

Breeches Bible. An edition in which 
aprons, in Genesis hi, 7, is rendered 
"breeches." 

Bride of the Sea. Venice, from the 
Doge's /'Wedding the Sea" by casting 
a ring into the Adriatic. 

Bridge of Sighs. In Venice, Italy. 
Connects Doge's palace and state 
prisons. The condemned passed 
over it to be executed. In New York 
City. Between the Criminal Court 
Building and the Tombs. 

British Museum. A famous library 
and museum of London. 

Broadway. The principal business 
and theatre street of New York City. 

Bronx Park, The. A park in New 
York City, north of E. 182nd Street 
and east of Southern Boulevard. It 
contains the Zoological Garden and 
covers 719.12 acres. 

Brook Farm. A socialistic commu- 
nity founded at West Roxbury, 
Mass., 1841, to carry out the idea 
of Fourierism. 

Brother Jonathan. America; an 
American. Said to be derived from 
Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of 
Connecticut, of whom Washington 
woulH say, "We must consult Brother 
Jonathan." 

Buncombe or Bunkum, Clap-trap 
eloquence. Said to come from Bun- 
combe Co., in North Carolina. A 
North Carolina member said he was 
only "talking for Buncombe," not 
for the House. 

Bunker Hill Monument. A granite 
obelisk on Bunker (once Breed's) 
Hill, Charlestown, Mass., marking 
the site of the battle between the 



British and Americans, June 17. 
1775. 



Cachet, Lettre de. (Fr., Letter un- 
der seal). Blank warrant with the 
French King's seal, to free from, or 
imprison in, the Bastille, without 
trial. 

Ca ira (Pr. sa-era', Fr., It will go on). 
The earliest popular song of the 
French Revolution, 1789. 

Caledonia. A former, now poetical, 
name for Scotland. 

Campagna. (It., The country.) The 
plain around the city of Rome. 

Carbonari. An Italian secret political 
society, which spread to France, in 
1820. 

Carmagnole. A republican song and 
dance of the first French Revolution. 

Cartesian Philosophy. (Descartes, 
Latinized Cartesius.) "I . think, 
therefore I exist." 

Castle Garden. The former landing- 
place of emigrants, New York City. 

Catacombs. The subterranean burial 
places in Alexandria, Egypt; in 
Rome, used by the early Christians; 
also in Paris, Naples and elsewhere. 

Cavaliere Servente. The escort of a 
married woman. 

Cecilia, Saint. A Roman Christian 
martyr; patroness of music. 

Celestial Empire. China; alluding 
to the "Heavenly Dynasty" of her 
emperors. 

Central Park. The great park of 
New York City, containing 843 
acres. 

Champs de Mars. A field in Paris 
for military maneuvers. 

Champs Ely sees. A promenade in 
Paris, 1M miles long. 

Charter Oak. A tree in Hartford, 
Conn., in which the Colonial Char- 
ter was secreted in 1687. The oak 
was blown down in 1856. 

Chauvinism. Narrow-minded brag- 
gart patriotism; from Chauvin, a 
character in Scribe's Soldat Labour- 
eur. 

Cheapside. A great and crowded 
London thoroughfare. 

'Chestnut Street. The fashionable 
street of Philadelphia. Pa. 

Chiltern Hundreds, To accept the* 
To resign one's seat in Parliament. 
An English member of Parliament 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



resigns his seat by taking office. 
Stewardship of the Chiltern Hun- 
dreds is a sinecure for this purpose. 

Christ Church. The largest college 
in the University of Oxford. 

Did, The. (Sp., Lord, chief.) Don 
Roderigo Diaz, Count of Bivar; 
Spanish hero. 

Cincinnati, The. Society of Ameri- 
can Revolutionary Officers. 

Citizen King, The. Louis Philippe 
of France (1830-1849). 

Cockaigne, Land of. An imaginary 
land of pleasure and laziness; Lon- 
don. 

Colossus of Rhodes. The bronze 
statue of Apollo, at Rhodes, 126 feet 
high. 

Columbia. Poetical name of the 
United States, from Columbus. 

Column of Vendome. (Colonne 
Venddme.) Stone^ pillar in Paris, 
erected by Napoleon; razed by the 
Commune in 1871. 

Confederate States. The 11 States 
which seceded in 1861, viz., Ala- 
bama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, 
Louisiana, Mississippi, North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina, Tennessee, 
Texas, Virginia. 

Congressional Library. At Wash- 
ington, the largest in the Western 
Hemisphere, containing 1,702,685 
printed books in 1909. 

Consols. (Abbr. from consolidated 
annuities.) English public securi- 
ties bearing 3 per cent. 

Copperheads. Northern sympathiz- 
ers with the South in the American 
Civil War. 

Corncrackers, The. Kentuckians. 

Corso. (It., The Course.) The prin- 
cipal thoroughfare of Rome. 

Crapaud (Fr., a toad) Johnny. A 
Frenchman. The ancient device of 
French royalty was three toads 
(subsequently the fleur de lys) . 

Credit Mobilier. A company au- 
thorized to do a stock-jobbing busi- 
ness. The American C. M. in con- 
nection with the Pacific railroads 
was famous in 1873. 

Creole State, The. Louisiana. 

Crocodile Tears. Hypocritical grief. 
The crocodile was fabled to weep as 
it ate its victim. 

Cumberland. A United States ves- 
sel sunk by the Confederate ram 
" Merrimac " in Hampton Roads, 
March 8, 1862. She went down with 



colors flying, firing a broadside while 
sinking. 
Curfew Bell. A bell rung at sunset 
in the time of William I. in England, 
to order fires and candles to be put 
out; now rung at 9 P. M. in some 
places. 



Dam'ocleV Sword. Presentiment of 
evil. Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of 
Syracuse, invited his flatterer Damo- 
cles to a splendid feast, but hung 
over his head a sword dangling by a 
single hair. 

Darby and Joan. An affectionate 
married couple. From a ballad. 

Dark and Bloody Ground, The. 
Kentucky, that being its significance 
in Indian. 

Dartmoor Prison, in Devonshire, 
England. A prison of war. 

Darwinian Theory. A theory pro- 
posed by Charles Darwin in his Ori- 
gin of Species: that different species 
came from one or a few original 
forms, present differences being the 
result of evolution and natural 
selection. 

De Profundis (Lat., Out of the 
depths). The first two words of the 
Latin version of the 130th Psalm. 
Sung at burials. 

Debatable Ground. Land on the 
western border of Scotland, once 
claimed by both Scotland and Eng- 
land. 

Defender of the Faith. Title given 
by Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII. of 
England, for his pamphlet against 
Luther. 

Diamond State, The. Delaware. 

Dies Irae. (Lat., Day of wrath.) First 
two words of a celebrated mediaeval 
hymn by Thomas of Celano. 

Directory, The French. By the 
constitution of 1795 the executive 
power was vested in five directors. 
It lasted four years only. 

Dixie. The Land of Dixie. The 
Southern States, from Mason and 
Dixon's line. 

Doctors' Commons. Where the Ec- 
clesiastical Court sat in London. 

Doctrinaire. An impractical political 
theorist. The name was first ap- 
plied to the French Constitutional 
Monarchists, of whom Guizot was 






FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



Doe, John. Fictitious plaintiff in 
ejectment; Doe versus Roe. 

Donnybrook Fair. A once cele- 
brated annual fair near Dublin. 

Doomsday Book. A book embodying 
the results of a census and survey of 
all English estates in the reign of 
William the Conqueror. 

Douay Bible, The. The English 
Bible authorized by the Roman 
Catholic Church. First published at 
Douay, France, 1609. 

Downing Street, in London. The 
official residence of the Prime Min- 
isters has been situated there since 
the time of Sir Robert Walpoio. 

Drachenfels (Germ., Dragon's Rock). 
A castle on a mountain of the same 
name, high above the Rhine, not far 
from Bonn. 

Drury Lane Theater. A London 
playhouse, opened in 1668. 

Dunciad. A satire on Dunces by 
Pope. Colley Cibber is the hero. 

Dying Gladiator, The. An antique 
statue, now standing in the Capitol 
at Rome. Properly, The Dying Gaul. 

E 

Eastern States, The. Maine, Ver- 
mont, New Hampshire, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode Island, and Connecti- 
cut. 

Ec'ce Ho'mo. (Lat., Behold the man.) 
Paintings by Corregio, Titian, Van 
Dyck and others, representing the 

, Saviour crowned with thorns. 

Ecole Poly technique. (Fr., Poly- 
technic School.) A school in Paris, 
whose graduates receive places in the 
public service. 

El Dorado. (Sp., The Golden.) Gen- 
eral name for a wealthy country. 

Elephant, Seeing the. Seeing the 
world; "life." 

Elgin Marbles. A collection of 
Greek sculptures (mainly from the 
Athenian Parthenon), made by 
Lord Elgin; now in British Museum. 

Elzevir. Any book printed by the 
family of Dutch printers, Elzevir, in 
the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- 
turies. 

Esco rial, The. Granite palace and 
mausoleum near Madrid. 

Eternal City, The. Rome. 

Eulenspiegel, Tyl. Hero of a Ger- 
man story; a vagrant Brunswicker 
who cuts up all sorts of pranks. 



Eure'ka. (Gr., I have found it.) A 
saying attributed to Archimedes 
when he discovered the way to test 
the purity of Hiero's crown. 

Evangelists, Symbols of the. Mat- 
thew has a scroll before him and 
holds a pen. Mark sits writing, 
with a winged lion by his side. 
Luke has a pen and scroll; near 
him is an ox. John is a young man 
behind whom is an eagle. 

Exclusion, Bill of. A bill which 
passed the English Commons in 
1679, proposing to exclude the Duke 
of York (afterwards James II.) 
from the throne, because he was a 
Roman Catholic. 



F 



Fabian Policy. A policy of delay, 
such as was pursued by Q. Fabius 
Maximus. called Cunctd'tor, "The 
Delayer. 

Fabius, The American. George 
Washington, from the above. 

Faery Queen. A rhymed romance 
of Edmund Spenser, written 1590^6. 

Fairmount Park, in Philadelphia, 
contains nearly 3,000 acres. It was 
the site of the Centennial Exhibition 
of 1876. 

Faineants, Les Rois. (Fr., the Do- 
nothing Kings.) Nicknames of the 
last kings of the Merovingian dy- 
nasty in France. 

Falernian. A celebrated ancient 
Italian wine made at Falernum. 

Faneuil Hall, in Boston, Mass., built 
in 1742. Revolutionary orators fre- 
quently addressed public meetings 
in it. 

Farmer George. George III. of Eng- 
land; so called from his bluff man- 
ners, thrift iness, and love of agricul- 
ture. 

Fa'ta M orga'na. A mirage often ob- 
served in the Straits of Messina. 

Fathers of the Latin Church- 
Ambrose, of Milan; Augustine, St. 
Bernard, of France; Hilary, Jerome 
and Lactantius. 

Faubourg St. Antoine. The part 
of Paris in which the workingmen 
live. Once the scene of many in- 
surrections and riots. 

Faubourg St. Germain. The quarter 
of Paris, where the houses of the 
aristocracy and old nobility are. 

Fenians. A society of Irishmen or- 



, 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



ganized in the United States in 1857 
to make Ireland a republic. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold. A plain 
in France where Francis I. met 
Henry VIII. ; so called from the 
magnificent display made. 

Fifth Avenue. A fashionable resi- 
dence street in New York City. 

Fighting Joe. The American gen- 
eral Joseph E. Hooker. 

First Gentleman of Europe. George 
IV. of England. (1820-30.) 

Five Points. A locality in lower New 
York, once famous as the abode of 
poverty and crime. 

Flagellants. Religious fanatics of 
the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- 
turies, who went about bare to the 
waist and scourging themselves. 

Fleet, The. A famous London 
prison, in disuse since 1845. 

Flower State, The. Florida. 

Flowery Kingdom, The. China, 
where flowers are abundant. 

Flying Dutchman. A spectre ship 
seen, in bad weather, about the Cape 
of Good Hope and supposed to pre- 
sage bad luck. 

Fort Sumter. In the harbor of 
Charleston, S. C. Here was done 
the first fighting in the Civil War of 
the United States. 

Four'ierism. A system of commu- 
nism proposed by Charles Fourier. 
The world was to be divided into 
"phalansteries" of 400 families, 
which were to live and work in com- 
mon. 

Freesoilers, The. Members of the 
Free-soil party (in the United States) 
which opposed the extension of 
slavery into the Territories. 

Freshman. A student in his first 
year at college. 

Funk, Peter. A mock auction; a 
person employed at auction sales in 
making bids in collusion with the 
owner of the property to be sold. 

G 

Gadshill. Residence of Charles Dick- 
ens, near Rochester, in Kent, Eng- 
land; famous for Falstaff's highway 
robbery. 

Gendarme of Europe, The. Tsar 
Nicholas I. of Russia (1825-1855). 

Genre Painting. One representing 
domestic, rural, ordinary scenes. 

George, St., and the Dragon. St. 



George, the patron saint of England, 
is said to have slain in Libya a huge 
dragon, to which every day a virgin 
was offered up. 

Gerrymander. Geographically so to 
apportion legislative, congressional, 
or other electoral districts, as to give 
one political party an unfair ad- 
vantage. Started in Massachusetts, 
in 1811, under Gov. Elbridge Gerry. 

Ghetto. The Jewish quarter in a 
city. Originally the quarter in Rome 
and other Italian cities, to which the 
Jews were restricted. 

Ghibellines. In the Middle Ages, 
adherents of the Holy Roman Em- 
pire against the Papacy. See 
Guelphs. 

Girondists, The Gironde. In the 
French Revolution the party of 
moderate "constitutional" Republi- 
cans, which originated in the Gironde 
Department. 

Glencoe. A pass in Argyleshire, 
Scotland. Here, Feb. 13, 1692, oc- 
curred the famous massacre of Glen- 
coe, in which thirty-eight of the 
McDonalds were murdered by 120 
soldiers under Capt. Campbell. 

Gobelins. A tapestry and carpet 
manufactory at Paris, founded about 
1450 by J. Gobelin, a dyer. 

Go' diva, Lady. Wife of Leofric, 
Earl of Mercia, who offered to remit 
certain exactions to his tenants if 
she would ride naked through the 
streets of Coventry. She did so, 
everybody keeping indoors except 
one "Peeping Tom," who was struck 
blind for peeping at her. 

Goleonda. A fortified town in India 
noted for its trade in diamonds. 

Golden Age. An age of innocence 
and prosperity. The palmy time of 
a nation's history or literature. 

Golden Gate. The entrance to the 
harbor of San Francisco, Cal. 

Golden Horn. The arm of the Bos- 
phorus, upon whose banks Con- 
stantinople is built. 

Golden House. A palace covered 
with gold and built by Nero in Rome. 

Gordian Knot. A vexed question; 
an obstacle to be overcome by bold 
action. Gordius, a Phrygian peas- 
ant, when chosen king, consecrated 
his wagon to Jupiter, tying the yoke 
and beam together so that it could 
not be untied. Hearing that the 
untier of the knot should rule over 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



all Asia, Alexander (the Great) cut 
the knot with his sword. 

Gordon Riots, The. They occurred 
in 1780, at London, under Lord 
George Gordon, a weak-minded 
nobleman, to force the repeal of the 
bill passed by the House of Commons 
in order to relieve the Roman Cath- 
olics. 

Gotham. A name sometimes applied 
to New York City. 

Gotham, The Wise Men of, were 
noted for their folly. Gotham was 
an English village, in Nottingham- 
shire. 

Great Duke, The. The Duke of 
Wellington. (1769-1852.) See Iron 
Duke. 

Great Eastern. The largest steam-, 
ship ever launched before the last 
decade of the nineteenth century. 
She was made to carry 1,000 passen- 
gers and 5,000 tons of cargo. After 
1864 she was used only in laying 
cables. 

Great Pyramid, The. At Ghizeh, 
near Cairo, Egypt, was built by 
Cheops. It is 481 feet high, and 
covers an area of over 571,000 sq. 
ft., the side of its base being nearly 
756 feet long. 

Greenbacks. The first United States 
Treasury notes; so called from their 
color. 

Green Isle, The. Ireland, from the 
greenness of its vegetation; also 
called the Emerald Isle. 

Greenwood. A cemetery in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., covering 400 acres. 

Gregorian Year. The year as re- 
formed by Gregory XIII., in 1582. 
He "skipped" 10 days. 

Gretna Green. A Scotch village, 
once famous for runaway matches. 
A declaration before witnesses of 
intention to marry was sufficient to 
make a valid marriage in Scotland. 

Gruh Street. A London street, once 
noted for literary hacks. 

Guelphs. In mediaeval Europe, ad- 
herents of the Papacy, against the 
Holy Roman Empire. See Ghibel- 
lines. 

Guildhall. The London Town Hall; 
the hall of the guilds. 

Gunner's Daughter, Kissing or 
Marrying the. To be flogged. 
Boys in the English navy, before 
being flogged, are tied to a gun 
breech. 



Gunpowder Plot, The. A plot to 
blow up James I and the English 
Parliament in its House, Nov. 5, 
1605, with gunpowder. It was to be 
carried out by Guy Fawkes, as a 
reprisal for anti-Catholic legislation. 

Gyges's Ring. A ring which made 
the wearer invisible. Gyges, a 
Lydian, found in a brazen horse, in 
a cavern, a man's corpse, from the 
finger of which he took a brazen ring 
which made him invisible. With 
this ring he went into the chamber 
of the King of Lydia, murdered him 
and succeeded to his throne. 



Habeas Corpus Act, The. (Lat., 
"have the body.") Passed in the 
time of Charles II., it provides that 
the body of an accused person must 
be brought (if he insist) before a 
judge, and the reason of his confine- 
ment stated. The judge will then 
determine whether or not to admit 
the accused to bail. The guilt of 
the accused is decided by a jury. 

Haleyon Days. A period of happi- 
ness. The halcyon (kingfisher) was 
thought by the ancients to hatch its 
eggs, about the winter solstice, on 
the surface of the ocean, which was 
always calm during this time. 

Handicap. In horse-racing, assign- 
ing different weights to horses of 
different speed, age, etc., that they 
may run with equal chance. So 
called from an old game of cards. 

Hansard. The British Parliamentary 
Debates, first printed by Hansard. 

Hanseatic League. A union of mari- 
time towns in Northern Germany 
and other countries for purposes of 
trade and mutual protection, founded 
in the thirteenth century. From 
Middle High Germ, hanse, "mercan- 
tile association." 

Hanse Towns. The North German 
seaboard cities which once consti- 
tuted the Hanseatic League. 

Hare, Mad as a March. The hare 
acts wildly while breeding, in March. 

Harpies. Creatures with a woman's 
head and breasts, and the rest of 
the body like vultures, hungry and 
emitting a terrible stench. 

Hara-Kiri. (Jap., "belly cutting.") 
Japanese suicide by ripping out the 
bowels with two cross-gashes. 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



Harvest Moon. The full moon at or 
near the fall equinox when it rises for 
a number of days about sunset. 

Hawkeye State, The. Iowa, so 
named after an Indian chief. 

Heathen Chinee. A nickname of 
the Chinese in America. 

Heidelberg Castle. A ruin near 
Heidelberg, Baden. 

Heel-tap. "No heel-taps;" i. e., 
drain the glass to the bottom. A 
heel-tap is one of several pieces of 
leather in the heel, or bottom, of the 
shoe. 

flegira. (Arab., hejira, "departure.") 
The date of Mahomet's flight from 
Mecca, July 16, 662, with which the 
Mahommedan era begins. 

High Church. That section of the 
Anglican Church, which maintains 
the apostolic descent of the clergy, 
sacramental rites and absolution by 
priests. 

High Seas, The. The open sea or the 
sea beyond three miles from the 
coast. 

History, The Father of. The Greek 
historian, Herodotus. 

Hob-and-Nob. To touch glasses to- 
gether in drinking; to talk confiden- 
tially to. A variant of hob-nob, 
hab-nab, from O.E. habban-nabban, 
"have — not have," as a familiar offer 
of a drink. Cf. Shah., Tw. Nt. hi, 4: 
"Hob nob is his word; give't, or 
take't." 

Hobson's Choice. What is offered, 
or nothing. It is said that Tobias 
Hobson, an English stable-keeper, 
made each customer take the horse 
nearest the stable door. 

Hoi polloi. (Gr . , the many ; the multi- 
tude.) Mob, common herd. 

Holhorn. A London district through 
which criminals used to pass to ex- 
ecution at the Tyburn public gal- 
lows. 

Holy Alliance, formed in 1815 by 
Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 

Holy Family, The. The name of 
many mediaeval pictures represent- 
ing the infant Jesus, Joseph, the Vir- 
gin, John the Baptist, Anna, and 
Elizabeth. Perhaps the most cele- 
brated are by Michael Angelo, at 
Florence; by Rubens, at Florence; 
by Raphael, in London; and by 
Leonardo da Vinci, in the Louvre. 

Holy Land, The. Palestine, as the 
cradle of Judaism and Christianity. 



Holy League, The. The alliance of 
Pope Julius II., Spain and Venice, 
in 1511, to drive the French out of 
Italy. 

Honi soit qui mal y pense. (Fr., 
Shamed be he who evil thinks of it.) 
Motto of the Order of the Garter. 
At a ball given by Edward III. of 
England, the Countess of Salisbury's 
blue garter came off accidentally. 
The King picked it up and fixed it 
round his own knee, making the re- 
mark quoted above. This led to his 
instituting the Order of the Garter. 

Honors of War. Allowing a sur- 
rendered enemy to keep his arms. 

Hotel de Ramhouillet. A Paris 
palace, the resort of wits, literary 
■ ladies, etc., in the seventeenth cen- 
tury. It was ridiculed by Moliere. 

Hotel de Ville. The City Hall of 
French and Belgian cities. 

Houris. (Pers. huri, Arab, huriya, 
"nymph of Paradise"). In the 
Koran, black-eyed, beautiful vir- 
gins of Paradise; seventy-two are 
allotted to each believer. 

Humble Pie, To eat. To make sub- 
mission, humiliate one's self. From 
umbles or humbles, the entrails of the 
deer. 

Hundred Days, The, from March 
20, 1815, when Napoleon escaped 
from Elba, to June 22, 1815, when 
he abdicated, actually ninety-five 
days. 



Iconoclast (Gr., Image-breaker.) A 
radical reformer; so called from the 
religious reformers of the eighth and 
ninth centuries, who objected to and 
destroyed icons or images. 

Iliad. A Greek epic poem, by Homer, 
recounting the story of the siege of 
Troy (Ilium), by the Greeks. 

Immaculate Conception. The dog- 
ma of the Catholic Church, pro- 
claimed in 1854, that the Virgin 
Mary was conceived without original 
sin. 

Independence, Declaration of, is- 
sued July 4, 1776, asserting the in- 
dependence of the American Colonies 
of Great Britain. 

Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, 
Penn. ; the meeting-place of the Con- 
tinental Congress, where the Declar- 
ation of Independence was adopted. 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



Index Expurgatorius. (Lat., Ex- 
purgatory Index.) A list of printed 
works which the Church of Rome 
allows to be read only in expurgated 
editions. 

Inns of Court. The four London 
law societies which have the sole 
xight of admitting candidates to the 
bar. They are Gray's Inn, Inner 
Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and the 
Middle Temple. 

Inquisition. An ecclesiastical tri- 
bunal (The Holy Office), to inquire 
into transgressions against the Ro- 
man Catholic Church. 

Irish Agitator, The. Daniel O'Con- 
nell (1775-1847). 

Iron City, The. Pittsburg, Pa., cele- 
brated for its iron industries. 

Iron Mask, The Man in the. A 
mysterious French state prisoner, in 
the reign of Louis XIV. 



Jack Ketch. A hangman; from John 
Ketch, an English hangman, under 
James II. 

Jack Robinson. Before you can 
say Jack Robinson, meaning at 
once. Halliwell notes the deriva- 
tion "Jack, Robes on" from an old 
play. According to Grose, one Jack 
Robinson was noted for the short- 
ness of his visits; the servants had 
hardly time to repeat Jack Robin- 
son, before he would leave. (Very 
doubtful.) 

Awarke it ys as easie to be done 
As tys to saye Jacke Robyson. 

Jack the Giant- Killer. A wonderful 
nursery hero, who has an invincible 
sword, a cap of wisdom, shoes of 
swiftness, and an invisible coat. 

Jack, the American, or Union. 
The blue ground of the American 
flag with the stars, but without the 
stripes. 

Jacobins. A famous political club 
in the French Revolution. # It met 
at a convent of the Jacobins (Do- 
minican friars). 

Jacobites. Adherents of James II. of 
England, and the Stuarts, his descen- 
dants; from Jacobus (Lat., for 
James) . 

Jar din des Plantes. (Fr., Garden of 
Plants). Botanical and zoological 
garden in Paris. 

Jardin Mabille. A once famous 



garden in Paris; the home of the 
cancan and pleasure resort of the 
demi-monde. Shut up in 1882. 

Jericho, Go to or Stay in. Disap- 
pear; begone; wait in obscurity. In 
allusion to 2 Sam. x. 5: " . . . 
" and the King (David) said, Tarry 
at Jericho until your beards be 
grown, and then return." 

Jerusalem Delivered. An Italian epic 
poem by Torquato Tasso (Parma, 
1581). 

Jingo, Jingoism. Expressions which 
arose during the ministry of Lord 
Beaconsfield, 1874-1880. Applied 
to those who wished England to take 
an aggressive foreign policy. It 
originated in a music-hall song: 
". . . We don't want to fight, but, by 

jingo, if we do, 
We've got the ships, we've got the 
men, we've got the money, too." 

Joan, Pope. A legendary female Pope 
(John VIII, 855-8), who was said to 
have succeeded Leo IV., and died in 
childbirth. 

John Bull. Nickname for an English- 
man; England. A choleric, fat, 
bull-headed, well-meaning fellow. 

John Chinaman. Nickname for the 
Chinese in America. 

Johnny Reb. (Short for rebel.) Nick- 
name of Southerners in the Ameri- 
can Civil War. See Yank. 

Jubilee, Year of. Among the Jews 
came every fiftieth year; all debts 
were considered paid, and land re- 
verted to its original owners. In 
the Catholic Church, once in twenty- 
five years, to grant indulgences. 

Juggernaut. A Hindoo god who has 
a famous temple in India. 

Julian Era, The, begins 46 B.C., 
when Ca?sar reformed the calendar. 

Junius, Letters of. A celebrated 
series of political letters signed 
" Junius," written in the reign of 
George III., of doubtful authorship. 



Kansas, Bleeding. So called on 
account of the fierce struggles be- 
tween its anti-slavery and pro- 
slavery settlers. 

Kensington Gardens. A great Lon- 
don pleasure ground adjoining Ken- 
sington Palace (where Queen Vic- 
toria was born). 

Keystone State, The. Pennsylvania, 
which was the keystone (the middle, 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



i. e. seventh) in the arch of the origi- 
nal thirteen states. 

Kilkenny Gats, The, fought in a 
saw-pit till only their tails remained. 

King can do no wrong, The, mean- 
ing he is not responsible, but his 
ministers are, for mistakes in admin- 
istration. 

King of Yvetot. A "good, little 
king." The head of the petty 
seigneurie of Yvetot, near Rouen, 
had the title of king. The "Roi d> 
Yvetot " is the subject of a quaint 
ballad by Beranger. 

King Cole. A legendary British 
king, who "loved his pipe and bowl." 

King Cotton. Cotton, the great prod- 
uct of the Southern States, was so 
called before the Civil War. 

King's Evil. The scrofula, which, it 
was thought, a sovereign's touch 
could heal. Doctor Johnson was the 
last Englishman "touched" for scrof- 
ula. 

King Log. An ineffectual, do-nothing 
ruler. In iEsop's fable, the frogs 
prayed for a king, and Jupiter gave 
them a log. They complained of 
their king's shiftlessness, and Jupiter 
sent them a stork, which straightway 
began to devour them. 

King-Maker, The. Richard Neville, 
the great Earl of Warwick, who set 
up and deposed English kings in the 
fifteenth century. 

King Stork. A tyrant. Cf . King Log. 

Kit Kat Club, The. A famous Lon- 
don Whig Club, founded in 1688, at 
the shop of one Christopher Katt, 
pastry-cook. Among the members 
were Addison, Congreve, Halifax, 
the Duke of Marlborough, Steele, 
and Vanbrugh. 

Knickerbocker. A member of an 
"old" New York family; especially 
descendants of the original Dutch 
settlers. It was derived from 
Knickerbocker, the imaginary author, 
Diedrich, of Washington Irving's 
History of New York (1809). 

Knights of Malta. Also called 
Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem. 
Originally they had charge of a 
church and hospital at Jerusalem 
consecrated to St. John. Thence 
they moved to Rhodes, and in 1523 
to Malta. 

Know Nothings. A political party in 
the United States insisting that no- 
body but "native Americans should 

E 1v.< 



hold office." Sprang up suddenly 
about 1853, and disappeared, 1856. 

Kohinoor (Pers., Mountain of Light). 
A diamond from the mines of Gol- 
conda, India. When found (1550) it 
weighed 793 carats; the present 
weight is 106 1-16. It came into 
the possession of Queen Victoria in 
1850. Valued at $625,000 or 
£125,000. 

Koran. (Ar., book, or the book.) The 
Mahommedan Bible. The prefix al 
means "the." 

Kremlin. (Russ., KremV , inner fort- 
ress.) A quarter in Moscow, Russia, 
in which are several palaces, cathe- 
drals, towers, etc. 



Labyrinth, The. An inextricable 
series of winding passages; a maze 
of difficulties. So called from the 
celebrated labyrinths in Ancient 
Egypt and in Crete (built by King 
Minos). 

Laconic. Brief, from Laconia, an- 
other name for Sparta; the Spartans 
cultivated curtness of speech. 

Lacrymae Christi. (Lat., Tears of 
Christ.) Italian wine produced 
about Mount Vesuvius. 

Lake School, The. The poetry of 
Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Sou- 
they, who lived in the Lake district 
of England. 

Lake State, The. Michigan, from 
the four Great Lakes bordering it. 

Land of Bondage. Egypt, where the 
Jews were in the Pharaohs' bondage. 

Land of Cakes. Scotland, famous 
for its oatmeal cakes. 

Land of Nod. Sleep, from nodding, 
with a humorous allusion to the 
Land of Nod (Heb., flight, wander- 
ing) to which Cain fled (Gen. iv, 16). 

Land of Promise or Promised 
Land. Among the Jews, Canaan, 
which God promised to Abraham. 

Lang Syne, is Scotch for long since. 
The famous song Auld Lang Syne is 
generally credited to Robert Burns, 
who said he had taken this song 
down from an old man's singing. 

Langue d'Oc. (Language of Oc.) 
Provence, formerly the language of 
southern France, where oc = "yes." 

Langue d'Oui or formerly d'O'il. 
(Language of oui or oil.) French 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



(in distinction from Provencal), 
where oui (or ail) means "yes." 

Lao co on. A statue in the Belvedere 
of the Vatican representing the death 
of the priest Laocoon and his two 
sons, strangled to death by serpents. 

Laodicean. "Luke-warm," in reli- 
gious matters. See Rev. hi. 14-18. 

Lares and Penates. The household 
gods of the Romans. 

Last Judgment. The subject of 
many mediaeval paintings. The most 
famous is the fresco by Michael 
Angelo, in the Sistine Chapel in the 
Vatican. There is a fresco of it in 
the Campo Santo, at Pisa, the work 
of Orcagna or Lorenzetti; and a pic- 
ture on this subject by Luca Sig- 
norelli, in Orvieto Cathedral, is con- 
sidered his master-piece. 

Last Supper, The, is the subject of 
many mediaeval paintings, of which 
the most famous is Leonardo da 
Vinci's at Milan. Next is Andrea 
del Sarto's in the San Salvi convent, 
near Florence. 

Lateran Palace, The, at Rome, was 
the residence of the Popes till late 
in the 14th century. 

Leaning Tower, The, at Pisa, Italy; 
leans about 13 feet 8 inches south- 
ward from the perpendicular; 181 ft. 
high; 50 ft. in diameter. 

Learned Blacksmith, The. Elihu 
Burritt, an American writer and lin- 
guist, at first a blacksmith (1811-79). 

Leonine Verses. Verses in which the 
end and middle words rhyme. 

Libby Prison. A famous Confederate 
prison of war at Richmond, Va., dur- 
ing the Civil War, later transported 
to Chicago and made a war museum. 

Lilliput. A region inhabited by pyg- 
mies, in Swift's Gulliver's Travels. 

Lingua Franca. (Lat., The Frank 
language.) A jargon of Romance, 
Greek, and Oriental words used in 
commerce and intercourse by all 
nationalities along the Mediterra- 
nean. Hence any international lan- 
guage. b . 

Lion and Unicorn, on the British 
royal arms, since 1603. The lion is 
English; the unicorn, Scotch. 

Lion's Share. All or most. The 
lion, in iEsop's fable, hunts with 
other beasts. In dividing the spoils 
he claims four quarters. 

Lloyds. Rooms in London, where 
brokers and underwriters congregate. 



Lombard Street. The great financial 
street in the City, London. 

Long Parliament, The. Sat from 
Nov. 3, 1640, till April 20, 1653. 

Lorelei. A water siren who enticed 
sailors to their death in the rapids 
around the high rock Lorelei, in the 
Rhine. 

Lotus Eaters, The. A people in 
Homer's Odyssey, who ate the lotus 
tree, which made them forget home 
and wish only "to live at ease." 

Louvre. Formerly a palace in Paris, 
now a museum filled with works of 
art. 

Low Church. That section of the 
English Church which lays little or 
no stress on ceremonies and is ex- 
tremely "evangelical.' ' 

Lusiad. A Portuguese epic by Cam- 
oens; recounting the adventures of 
the Lusians (Portuguese) under 
Vasco da Gama, the first to sail to 
India. 

Lynch Law. Mob law; summary 
punishment or death by a mob. 
The term is derived from a Virginian, 
Charles Lynch (1733-96), who dealt 
summarily (always without death 
punishment) with the lawbreakers 
of his community, early in the Rev- 
olution. 

M 

Mab, Queen. "The fairies' mid- 
wife," i. e. employed by the fairies 
to deliver man's brain of dreams. 

Macadamize. To pave a street 
broken stone; so called from Sir 
John Macadam (1756-1836), who 
invented that system of paving. 

Macaronic Verse. Ludicrous verses 
consisting of words from many lan- 
guages mixed, like a macaroni med- 
ley. 

Machiavellism. Political or diplo- 
matic trickery; because advocated 
by Nicholas Macchiavelli (1469- 
1527) in a political treatise, "The 
Prince." 

Madame Tussaud's Exhibition. An 
exhibition in London of wax-work 
figures, modelled from life. 

Madonna. (It., My Lady.) The 
Virgin Mary. Of the numerous 
pictures on this subject, the best- 
known are the Sistine Madonna, by 
Raphael, the Madonna di San 
Georgio, by Correggio, at Dresden; 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



and the Madonna of the Chair, by 
Raphael, in the Pitti Palace, Flor- 
ence. 

Maecenas. A friend and patron of 
literary men. Gaius Cilnius Maece- 
nas, a Roman general and states- 
man, friend of Augustus, was a lib- 
eral patron of literary men, espe- 
cially Horace and Virgil. 

Mag'na Char ta. (Lat., The Great 
charter.) The charter securing the 
liberty (or at least fair trial) of Eng- 
lish subjects; granted by King John 
in 1215. 

Mahomet's Coffin. Said to be 
hanging in mid-air at Medina. 

Maid of Orleans, The. Jeanne 
Dare (1412-31), from causing the 
English to raise the siege at Orleans, 
France (1429). 

Maid of Saragossa. Augustina, 
famous for her valor during the siege 
of Saragossa (Zaragoza) in Spain, 
by the French (1808-1809). 

Maiden Queen, The. Queen Eliza- 
beth of England. See Virgin Queen. 

Maine Law. A prohibitory liquor 
law adopted in Maine, 1851. 

Malthusian Doctrine, The. So 
called from the English economist 
T. R. Malthus (1766-1834), who 
claimed that the population in- 
creases faster than the means of liv- 
ing; so that, unless population is 
checked, either a part of it must 
starve to death, or the whole of it 
be insufficiently fed. 

Mammoth Cave, near Green River, 
Ky., is the largest in the world. 

Man in the Moon, The. The man 
who picked up sticks on the Sab- 
bath (Numbers, xv. 32-36) . Another 
legend says he is Cain. 

Man of Iron, The. Bismarck. 

Man of Straw. An irresponsible 
person used as guarantee in business; 
an assumed opponent with easily 
defeated arguments. 

Mare's Nest, To find a. To find 
something which seems important, 
but doesn't amount to anything. 

Marriage a la Mode. (Fr., /'Fashion- 
able Marriage.") A series of six 
satirical pictures by William Hogarth 
(1697-1764). 

Marseillaise. The French national 
air, composed by Rouget de Lisle 
(1760-1836), first sung publicly in 
Marseilles (1792). 

Martinet. A rigid disciplinarian, so 



called from Martinet, a French 
infantry general under Louis XIV. 

Mason and Dixon's Line. The line 
run by two English surveyors, 
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, 
1763-1767, 39° 43' 26" north lati- 
tude, as the northern boundary of 
slavery, dividing Pennsylvania from 
Maryland and Virginia. 

Mausoleum. The marble monument 
built by Artemisia, queen of Caria, 
to her husband, Mausolus; one of 
the seven wonders of the world. 

Mayfair. An aristocratic quarter in 
London. 

Mayflower, The. The vessel in 
which the founders of Plymouth Col- 
ony, in Massachusetts, sailed from 
Southampton, England, in 1620. 

Merlin. A celebrated enchanter in 
the Arthurian legends, who made 
the Round Table (q. v.). 

Merry England. A common desig- 
nation of England. 

Mesmerism, the theory of animal 
magnetism, of the German physician, 
Mesmer (1733-1815). 

Mezzo Relievo. (It., Middle Relief.) 
Figures cut in stone, etc., which 
project from the tablet more than 
figures in Basso-Relievo (q. v.) and 
less than figures in Alto-Relievo 
(q. v.). 

Middle Ages, The. The period be- 
tween the destruction of the Roman 
Empire and the revival of learning 
in Italy— from 476-1500. 

Middle States, The. New York, 
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and 
Delaware. 

Minnesingers. (Germ., Love-singers.) 
The German lyric poets of the 
twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 

Misere're. (Lat., Pity.) The Fifty- 
first psalm beginning with the words: 
"Pity me, O Lord ;" a penitential 
psalm. 

Missouri Compromise, The. An 
agreement, consisting of a bill (1820), 
prohibiting slavery above 36° 30' 
north, and an Act of Congress (1821), 
admitting Missouri to the Union. 

Mistress of the Seas. England. 

Molly Maguires. A secret society in 
the United States, of the Black Hand 
character, whose letters were signed 
"Molly Maguire." Many crimes were 
attributed to it, especially in Penn- 
sylvania, in the coal regions, about 
1877. 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



Monarque, Le Grand. (Fr., The 
Great Monarch.) Louis XIV. of 
France. 

Monroe Doctrine. The doctrine pro- 
claimed by President Monroe in his 
annual message (1823), that no 
European government should med- 
dle in the affairs of the American 
continent. 

Mont de Piete. (Fr., "Hill (i. e., pile, 
bank) of Piety".) A pawnbroker's 
shop run with the government's 
authority; in particular the one in 
Paris. 

Montmartre. A hill and section of 
Paris, with a famous cemetery. 

Monumental City, The. Baltimore, 
Md., so called from the number of 
its public monuments. 

Morey Letter, The. A forged letter 
written (1880) in the name of J. A. 
Garfield to a mythical H. L. Morey 
and advocating cheap Chinese labor. 

Morganatic Marriage. The mar- 
riage of a man of royal rank to a 
woman of lower rank, without giving 
her husband's title to her or to 
her offspring. 

Mother of Presidents. Virginia; the 
birth state of seven Presidents of 
the United States: Washington, 
Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, W. H. 
Harrison, Tyler, and Taylor. 

Mother Carey's Chickens. Stormy 
petrels. Mother Carey is said to be 
Mater Cara (Fr., "Dear Mother"), 
i. e., The Virgin Mary; the French 
call them oiseaux de Notre Dame, 
birds of Our Lady. 

Mother Goose. A nursery rhymer sup- 
posed to have lived in Boston and 
sung her rhymes to her grandson, 
Thomas Fleet, who printed them in 
1719. 

Mount Vernon. The home and 
burial place of Washington in Vir- 
ginia. 

Muscular Christianity. Healthy 
religion, "a sound mind in a sound 
body." 

Music of the Spheres. According to 
Plato each of the seven planets has a 
siren who sings a song harmonizing 
with the motion of her own planet, 
and also with the other planets. 



Namby-Pamby. Wishy-washy, child- 
ish. A name given by Carey and 



Pope to verses written by Ambrose 
Philips, from a babyish way of pro- 
nouncing Ambry (Ambrose). 

Nantes, Edict of. Issued at Nantes, 
France, in 1598, by Henry IV., 
granting toleration to the Protestant 
religion; repealed by Louis XIV. 
in 1685. 

Nation of Shopkeepers. The Eng- 
lish; so called by Napoleon I. 

Natural Bridge, The. A natural 
arch 215 feet high spanning Cedar 
Creek, near James River, Virginia. 

Newgate. The oldest of the London 
prisons. A new gate was built in the 
reign of Henry I. 

New World. The Americas. 

Nib elungen- Lied. (Germ., Song of 
the Nibelungs.) A German epic 
poem of the thirteenth century, nar- 
rating the struggle for the possession 
of the Nibelung treasure. 

Nightmare of Europe, The. Napo- 
leon Bonaparte. 

Nine Worthies, The. Joshua, David, 
Judas Maccabseus, Hector, Alexan- 
der, Julius Caesar, Arthur, Charle- 
magne, and Godfrey de Bouillon. 

Noc'tes Ambrosia'nae. (Lat., Am- 
brosian nights.) The title of a cele- 
brated series of papers by Prof. 
Wilson ("Christopher North"). 
Lockhart and Wilson used to fre- 
quent Ambrose's, an Edinburgh 
tavern. 

Noel. (Fr., Christmas, Christmas 
Carol.) Christmas. 

Nonconformists. Dissenters from 
the Church of England. Originally 
the clergymen who would not con- 
form to the Act of Uniformity of 
1662. 

Northern Giant, The. Russia. 

Notre Dame. (Fr., Our Lady.) The 
cathedral (of Our Lady) of Paris. 



Odyssey. Homer's epic poem dealing 
with the adventures of Odysseus 
(Ulysses) on his voyage from Troy 
to Ithaca. 

Ogres. (Fr., Ogre, from Lat. Orcus, 
hell.) Giants who devour human 
flesh. 

Old Abe. Abraham Lincoln. 

Old Bailey, The. A famous criminal 
court, in Old Bailey Street, London. 

Old Colony, The. Massachusetts, as 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



organized by the Plymouth Pil- 
grims. 

Old Dominion, The. Virginia. 

Old Guard, The. Favorite regiment 
of Napoleon I. The supporters of 
Gen. Grant for the Presidency at the 
Chicago Convention of 1880, and 
often used later in American politics. 

Old Probabilities. A nickname for 
the United States signal service 
chief. 

Old Public Functionary. President 
James Buchanan (1791-1868). 

Old South, The. A famous church 
in Boston, Mass., connected with 
many events in the Revolution. 

Orangeman. A Protestant Irishman, 
as espousing the cause of Wijliam 
III. (1689-1702), prince of Orange. 

Orange Peel. Sir Robert Peel (1788- 
1850), from his anti-Catholic or 
Orange (see Orangemen) policy, with 
a comic allusion to the fruit as a slur 
on his name. 

Ordinance of 1787. The act fixing 
the government of the Northwest 
Territory of the United States. 

Orlando Furioso. (It., Orlando, i. e. 
Roland frenzied.) An Italian epic 
poem by Ariosto (1474-1533), re- 
lating the story of Charlemagne's 
paladin Roland. 

Ossian. Son of Fingal, a Scotch bard. 
James McPherson published in 
1760-3 Ossian' s Poems, as if trans- 
lated from Erse manuscripts. The 
MSS. never existed and the poems 
are McPherson's own, in the main. 

Ostend Manifesto. Issued (1854) at 
Ostend, Belgium, by Buchanan, 
Mason, and Soule, United States 
Ministers to England, France, and 
Spain respectively, declaring that 
Cuba must belong to the United 
States. 

Ostracism. (Gr., ostrakon, shell, 
crock, voting tablet . ) The Athenians 
expelled every dangerous public man 
against whom a sufficient number of 
votes (inscribed on oyster shells) 
could be cast. 



Palimpsest. (Gr., re-scraped.) A 
parchment in which the original 
writing has been rubbed out, and 
new writing substituted. 

Pall Mall. (Pronounce pel mSl.) A 
street in London famous for its clubs. 

Palladium. (Gr., Statue of Pallas 



Athena.) An object that insures 
protection. , The Palladium was 
believed to insure the preservation 
of Troy by its presence. 

Pantheon. (Gr v of all gods.) A cir- 
cular building in Rome of the time 
of Augustus; now the Rotonda 
church. 

Paradise Lost. Milton's great epic, 
treating of the fall of man. 

Paradise Regained, treats of the 
temptation and triumph of Christ. 

Paris of America. Cincinnati. 

Parthenon. (Gr., Parthenos, the 
Virgin. Athene.) A celebrated tem- 
ple oi Athena on the Acropolis, 
Athens; the noblest specimen of 
Doric architecture. 

Partington, Mrs. Famed for misuse 
of words, in B. P. Shillaber's Life 
and Sayings of Mrs. Partington 
(1854). 

Pasquinade. A sarcastic political 
squib; so called from Pasquino, a 
sarcastic tailor. Upon an antique 
statue in Rome, called Pasquino, 
political squibs are affixed. 

Peeler. (Eng. Slang.) A policeman. 
So called from Sir Robert Peel, the 
founder of the London constabulary. 

Peninsular War. The war of the 
English against France in Spain 
and Portugal, 1808-1812. 

People's William. A nickname of 
William E. Gladstone. 

Pere-Lachaise. The most famous 
cemetery in Paris, enlarged by the 
Jesuit Pere (Fr., Father) Lachaise, 
confessor to Louis XIV. 

Philippic. A severe invective; so 
called from the orations of Demos- 
thenes against Philip of Macedon. 

Philistine. A narrow-minded person; 
in common use in the German Uni- 
versities to designate tradesmen, etc. 

Philosopher's Stone, The. A sub- 
stance for which the alchemists were 
always searching; it was to turn 
the other metals into gold. 

Phoenix. A fabulous bird, said to live 
500 years, when it burns itself on a 
nest of spices, and renews its life for 
500 years more. 

Pied Piper of Hamelin, The. He 
was offered a reward to drive out 
the rats and mice from Hamelin in 
Westphalia; he drew them into the 
river by the sound of his pipe. The 
authorities refusing to pay him the 
reward, he piped the children of the 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



town into Koppenberg Hill, where 
130 of them died. 

Pigeon (or Pidgin) English. English, 
Chinese and Portuguese mixed; used 
in business affairs in China and the 
East, pidgin representing business in 
the Chinese mouth. Cf. Lingua 
Franca. 

Pleiad, The French. (Pleiades, a 
bright m constellation of six stars, 
seven in the mythology of ancient 
Greece.) Seven sixteenth century 
poets, viz: Ronsard, Joachim du 
Bellay, Remi-Belleau, Jodelle, Baif, 
Pontus de Thyard, Dor at. 

Plymouth Rock. A rock at Plym- 
outh, Mass., where the Pilgrims are 
thought to have landed in 1620. 

Poet's Corner. A corner in West- 
minster Abbey where Chaucer, Spen- 
ser, Shakespeare, Milton, and other 
poets are buried. 

Pons Asinorum. (Lat., The bridge 
of asses.) The fifth Proposition of 
the first Book of Euclid's Geometry; 
difficult to dunces. 

Poor Richard. Benjamin Franklin's 
name as author of Poor Richard's 
Almanac, with wise maxims (1732- 
57). 

Porkopolis. (Pork+Gr. polis, City.) 
The nickname of Cincinnati and 
Chicago for their pork industry. 

Prater, The. The fashionable prom- 
enade of Vienna, Austria. 

Pre-Raphaelites. A name given to 
the English school of artists, com- 
prising Hunt, D. G. Rossetti, Mil- 
lais, and others, aiming at the 
natural style of the Italian masters 
before Raphael. 

Protestant Duke, The. The Duke 
of Monmouth, natural son of 
Charles II. 

Puke. Nickname of a Missourian. 

Q 

Quaker City, The. Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Quaker Poet, The. John G. Whit- 
tier. 

Quartier Latin. (Fr., The Latin 
Quarter.) A region in Paris south 
of the Seine, whose population con- 
sists largely of students. 

Queen of the Antilles. Cuba. 



Railway King, The. George Hudson 
(1800-71), an Englishman, who 



made an immense fortune out of 
railway speculations. 

Ranz des Vaches. (Fr., Lowing of 
the Cows.) The tunes played by 
the Swiss mountaineers on their 
horns while driving their cattle to 
pasture. 

Rebellion, The Great. The war 
between Charles I. of England and 
Parliament (1642-49). 

Rebellion, War of the. The Civil 
War of the United States between 
the Southern and Northern States, 
1861-1865. 

Red Letter Day. A fortunate or 
memorable day. In old calendars 
the saints' days were marked by a 
red letter. 

Red Tape. Official routine and delay. 
Law papers are tied with red tape. 

Reign of Terror. The time in the 
French Revolution from the over- 
throw of the Girondists (q. v.), 
May 31, 1793, to the overthrow of 
Robespierre, July 27, 1794. 

Reynard, the Fox. A beast epic of 
the fourteenth century. 

Rialto, The. A famous bridge over 
the Grand Canal, Venice. 

Rights, Declaration of. An in- 
strument drawn up after the English 
Revolution of 1689, and accepted by 
William and Mary, Feb. 13, 1689. 
It summarizes the leading points of 
the English Constitution. 

Roast, To rule the. To be at the 
head; to have "the whole say." 

Robert the Devil. Robert I, First 
Duke of Normandy, father of Wil- 
liam the Conqueror; so called for his 
crimes. 

Robin Goodfellow. A mischievous 
domestic spirit, the same as Puck. 

Rocinante, see Rosinante. 

Roland (A) for an Oliver. Tit 
for tat: blow for blow. Roland and 
Oliver, two of Charlemagne's peers, 
fought five days without gaining the 
slightest advantage over each other. 

Romantic School. A term applied 
to a number of German poets, 
musicians and painters in the begin- 
ning of the nineteenth century. They 
aimed at a truly national German 
literature, independent of French 
influence. 

Romantic School, in France, the 
poets and dramatists, headed by 
Victor Hugo and Lamartine. They 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



aimed at the natural as against the 
classical, i. e. conventional. 

Roscius, The British. David Gar- 
rick; Roscius (died 62 B.C.) was the 
greatest comic actor of Rome. 

Rosinante. A miserable nag. So 
called from Don Quixote's horse. 

Rough and Ready. President Zach- 
ary Taylor (1784-1850), from his 
manner. 

Roundheads. The Puritans, who 
wore short hair. 

Round Robin. (Prov.. Engl., Pan- 
cake.) Petition with signatures in a 
circular form. 

Round Table, in the Arthurian 
legends, was made by Merlin; 
Arthur's 150 knights of the Round 
Table had seats at it. 

Royal Martyr, The. Charles I. of 
England, executed in 1649. 

Royal Society, The. A society for 
"improving natural knowledge," 
founded at London in 1662. 

Rubicon, To pass the. To take an 
irretrievable step. The Rubicon 
separated Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, 
Ca3sar's province. Wh^n he crossed 
he became an enemy of the Republic. 

Rule Britannia! An English song, 
the words of which are by Thomp- 
son, author of The Seasons, and 
Mallet; the music was written by 
Dr. Arne, 1740. 

Rump Parliament. What was left, 
i. e. the fag-end (rump), of Parlia- 
ment in 1648, after Cromwell had 
imprisoned and driven out the 
others for refusing to condemn 
Charles I. 

Rye House Plot. A conspiracy in 
1683 to assassinate Charles II. and 
the Duke of York. The conspirators 
met at Rye House, in Hertfordshire. 



S 



Sabbath Day's Journey. About 
one mile. See Exodus xvi. 29. 

Sadducees. Jewish sect (ii cent. 
B.C.), denying the resurrection of 
the dead. 

Sagas. Scandinavian books contain- 
ing the Northern mythology. 

Sailor King, The. William IV., of 
England, who entered the navy 1779. 

Saint Bartholomew, Massacre of. 
Massacre of the French Huguenots, 
in the reign of Charles IX., on St. 



Bartholomew's Day, Aug. 23-24, 
1572. 

Saint Cloud* Once a famous French 
palace near the Seine; destroyed in 
the Franco-Prussian war. 

Saint James, The Court of. The 
English Court; so called from the 
palace of St. James, formerly a 
royal residence in London. 

St. Mark's. The famous cathedral 
of Venice, Italy. 

Saint Paul's. The cathedral of 
London, designed by Wren. 

Saint Peter's. The metropolitan 
church of Rome; the most splendid 
in the world. Area, 240,000 square 
feet. 

Saint Sophia. The famous cathedral 
of Constantinople, turned into a 
Mohammedan mosque in 1453. 

Saint Stephen's. A famous Gothic 
cathedral at Vienna, Austria. 

Salt River. (An obscure stream in 
Kentucky.) Oblivion. "Gone up 
Salt River"; forgotten. 

Sambo. (Sp., zambo, bow-legged.) A 
nickname for a colored man; the 
offspring of a black and a mulatto. 

Sanctum. (Lat., Holy thing or 
place.) One's private room or office, 
as an editor's sanctum. The m Sanc- 
tum Sanctorum (Holy of Holies) in 
the Jewish Temple was inaccessible 
to any one but the high priest. 

Sandwich. Meat or fish between two 
slices of bread. The English Earl of 
Sandwich used to take that form of 
refreshment, at the card-table. 

San hedrim. (Heb., from Gr. syn[h]e- 
drion, con-session, council.) The 
Jewish court of seventy-one elders. 

Sans Culottes. (Fr., Without trou- 
sers.) A nickname given by the 
Royalists to the French Revolution- 
ists. 

Sans Souci. (Fr., Without care.) 
Palace built (1*745-7) by Frederick 
the Great, at Potsdam, near Berlin. 

Santa Croce. (It., Holy Cross.) A 
church in Florence, Italy; the 
burial-place of Michael Angelo, Gal- 
ileo, Machiavelli, and others. 

Satanic School. A name sometimes 
applied to some modern writers, sup- 
posed to entertain irreligious ideas, 
as Byron, Shelley, Victor Hugo, 
Swinburne, Rossetti, George Sand. 

Saturnalia. A period of disorder and 
debauch. The Romans observed the 
Saturnalia, or feast of Saturn, in 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



mid-December with much merri- 
ment and, occasionally, license. 

Schoolmen. The mediaeval theolo- 
gians, whose lectures were delivered 

. in the cathedral schools. 

Scotland Yard. The former head- 
quarters of the London police. Now 
at New Scotland Yard. 

Scourge of God, The. Attila, king 
of the Huns. 

Scratch, Old. The Devil; from Scrat, 
a Northern familiar demon. 

Scyila. Avoiding Scylla, he fell into 
Charybdis. In trying to avoid one 
danger he fell into another. Scylla 
was a dangerous rock and Charybdis 
a whirlpool, on the opposite sides of 
the Straits of Messina, Italy. ' 

Sea-girt Isle, The. England, which 
is surrounded by the ocean. 

Secessia. Nickname of the Secession, 
i. e. Southern States, 1861-1865. 

Secular Games. The games held by 
the Romans once in a sceculum, i. e. 
age, century. 

Seltzer Water. Mineral water, from 
the Lower Selters, Germany. 

September Massacres. The mas- 
sacre of the French Royalist pris- 
oners in Paris, Sept.. 2-6, 1792. 

Septuagint. A Greek version of the 
Old Testament; so called because 
there were septuaginta (Lat., seven- 
ty) revisers. The number is not 
exact. 

Seven-hilled City, The. Rome, 
which was built on seven hills. 

Seven Wonders of the World. The 
Pyramids of Egypt; the Temple of 
Diana at Ephesus; the Hanging 
Gardens of Babylon; the Colossus 
at Rhodes; the Mausoleum at Hali- 
carnassus; the statue of Zeus, by 
Phidias, at Olympia; and the Pharos 
(lighthouse) of Alexandria in Egypt. 

Seven Years' War. The war of 
Frederick the Great against Aus- 
tria, France, and Russia, 1756-1763. 

Shamrock. The national emblem of 
Ireland, because St. Patrick proved 
with it the doctrine of the Trinity. 

Shi bboleth. The password of a 
secret society; a countersign. AYhen 
the Ephraimites, who had been 
routed by Jephthah, tried to pass 
the Jordan, they were made to pro- 
nounce the word Shibboleth; they 
pronounced it Sibboleth, and were 
thus detected (Judges, xii., 4-6). 

Sick Man, The. The Ottoman Em- 



pire; so called by the Czar Nicholas 
II. of Russia. (1825-55.) 

Sinews of War, The. Money, which 
hires men to fight. Cf Cic. Phil. 
5, 2, 5: nervos belli pecuniam in- 
finitum, the sinews of war — unlimited 
money. 

Single- Speech Hamilton. W. G. 
Hamilton (1729-96) made only one 
but surprisingly eloquent speech in 
Parliament. 

Six Hundred, Charge of the. A 
charge on the Russians by the Brit- 
ish light cavalry, 670 strong, at the 
battle of Balaclava, Oct. 25, 1854. 
Result of a mistake as to orders. See 
Tennyson's poem, Charge of the 
Light Brigade. 

Sleeping Beauty, The, shut by en- 
chantment in a castle; after a sleep 
of a hundred years, she is rescued 
by and marries a young prince. 

Smell of the Lamp, To. Applied to 
a too labored literary work. Pjth'- 
eas first applied the phrase to the 
orations of Demos'thenes, who con- 
stantly studied in a cave lighted by 
a lamp. 

Song of Roland. An old French 
epic recounting the deaths of Oliver 
and Roland at Roncesvalles. 

Sorbonne, The. A Paris university 
founded in the thirteenth century by 
Robert de Sorbonne, a famous school 
of theology, literature and science. 

Sor'tes Biblicae. (Lat., Biblical proph- 
ecies.) Telling one's fortune by con- 
sulting the Bible. The first passage 
touched at random by the finger is 
decisive. 

South Kensington Museum. A 
collection of works of art, manu- 
factures, etc., in London. 

South Sea Bubble, The. About 
1711 a company was formed in Eng- 
land to pay the national debt, in 
return for the privilege of trading 
in the South Seas. It collapsed 
about 1720, ruining thousands. 

Spanish Armada. See Armada, 
Spanish, The. 

Spanish Main. The northern coast 
of South America. 

Sphinx. A monument, half man, half 
lion, near the Great Pyramid (q. v.). 
An emblem of silence and mystery. 

Stabat Mater. (Lat,, The Mother, 
i. e. Virgin Mary, was Standing.) A 
famous Latin hymn on the cruci- 
fixion. 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



Stalwart. A Republican, in the 
United States, who firmly adhered 
to the principles, methods and rules 
of his party, as against the "Half- 
Breeds," or those unwilling to be dic- 
tated to by the "Machine" (1880 
and later). 

Star Chamber. (The roof of the 
chamber was decked with stars 
originally.) A former English civil 
and criminal court with jurisdiction 
over offences whose punishment was 
not provided for by law. Hence any 
court with secret methods. 

"Stonewall" Jackson. Thomas J. 
Jackson (1824-63), a famous Con- 
federate general in the Civil War of 
the United States, so styled because 
he stood like a stone wall at the 
battle of Bull Run (1861). 

Strassburg Cathedral. At Strass- 
burg, 468 ft. high, one of the noblest 
works of Gothic architecture; with 
a wonderful astronomical clock. 



Tabooed. Prohibited. From the 
Polynesian word tapu meaning con- 
secrated, devoted to gods or set 
apart. 

Tammany Hall. A section of the 
Democratic party in New York 
City, meeting in Tammany Hall. 

Tammany Ring (also called 'the 
Tweed Ring, and, generally, the 
Ring). A set of corrupt New York 
City officials who stole large sums 
from the City, exposed in 1871. 

Tammany, St. The patron saint of 
Tammany Hall; an Indian chief, or 
sachem. The principal officer of the 
Tammany Society is called the 
Grand Sachem. 

Tapis, On the. On the carpet; under 
discussion. So called from the 
tapis (Fr.) or cloth on the table, on 
which motions, bills, etc., are laid. 

Temple Bar. A stone gateway before 
the Temple, in London, which the 
King had to obtain permission to 
pass. It was removed in 1878. 

Termagant. A shrew; originally the 
name of a Saracen deity. 

Terra Firma. (Lat., firm land.) Dry 
land as distinguished from water. 

Tertium Quid. (Lat., a third some- 
thing.) A middle ground between 
opposites. 

Theatre Francais. (Fr., French 



Theatre.) A theatre in Paris for 
the production of the classic and 
best French dramas. Celebrated for 
the excellence of its company of 
actors. 

Theleme, Abbey of. The abbey 
founded by Gargantua in Rabelais' 
Gargantua. Its motto was "Do as 
you please." 

Thirty Years' War, The. Fought be- 
tween the Catholics and Protestants, 
in Germany, 1618 T 1648. 

Thistle. The national emblem of 
Scotland, for which tradition gives 
the following reason. The Danes 
were attempting to surprise an en- 
campment of the Scotch one night, 
and had come very near it without 
being observed. A Dane trod on a 
thistle and cried out with pain. The 
Scotch were aroused, and defeated 
their assailants. 

Thor. In Scandinavian mythology, the 
god of thunder and war, son of Odin. 

Threadneedle Street, The Old Lady 
of. The Bank of England in Thread- 
needle Street, London. 

Three Estates of the Realm. The 
nobility, the clergy, and the com- 
monalty, represented in the two 
Houses of Parliament. 

Thunderer, The. A nickname given 
to the London Times, for its " thun- 
dering." 

Tick, On. On credit; for on ticket. 
Ticket was formerly used for a 
promissory note. 

Tit for Tat. An equivalent. From 
tit-for-tat, blow-for-blow. 

Tom Thumb. The famous American 
dwarf, Stratton (1838-83), exploited 
by Bar num. 

Tory. The name of the great Eng- 
lish party whose place is to a certain 
extent taken by- the Conservatives. 
Original! v a term of reproach, de- 
rived from toruighe, a robber. 

Tour, The Grand. From England 
through France, Switzerland, Italy, 
to Germany and home. All aristo- 
cratic families, in England, used to 
send their sons on the grand tour. 

Tower, The. The citadel of London, 
on the Thames. 

Transfiguration, The. The most 
famous of Raphael's pictures, now 
in the Vatican. Represents the 
miraculous change of Christ on the 
mount. 

Trimmer. A person who takes a 






FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



middle course in politics. First 
applied as a term of reproach to the 
great Halifax, who was not strongly 
attached to any political party. 

Trinity Church. A famous Epis- 
copal church on Broadway, at the 
head of Wall Street, New York City. 
The richest church in America. 

Triple Alliance, The. 1. The alli- 
ance of Great Britain, Holland, and 
Sweden, in 1668, against Louis XIV. 
of France. 2. The Alliance of Ger- 
many, Austria-Hungary and Italy, 
formed in 1882. 

Troubadours. Provencal lyric poets, 
from the eleventh to the fourteenth 
century. 

Trouveres. Northern French epic 
poets, 1100-1400. 

Trumpet. To blow one's own 
Trumpet, i. e. to boast. The com- 
ing of the knights into the list used 
to be announced by the heralds with 
a flourish of trumpets. 

Tuft : hunter. A toady. At Oxford 
University a nobleman is called a 
tuft, because of the gold tuft on his 
college cap. 

Tuileries. A royal palace in Paris, 
burned by the Commune in 1871. 

Tulip Mania. A seventeenth-century 
European craze for buying tulip 
bulbs. Holland was the great seat 
of it. 

Tune that the old cow died of. 
Words instead of alms. A hack- 
neyed song. In the old song, a man 
who has nothing on which to feed 
his cow plays her this tune, "Con- 
sider, good cow, consider, This isn't 
the time for grass to grow." 

Tyburn. Once a place of execution 
in London. The site is now occupied 
by Grosvenor Square and Portman 
Square, and called Tyburnia, a 
wealthy and fashionable quarter. 



Uffi'zi. A building in Florence con- 
taining a celebrated art collection. 

01 tramontanes. The extreme 
"high" Roman Catholics. The word, 
which means "beyond the moun- 
tains," was first used in France of 
those Catholics who ascribe every- 
thing to the Pope "beyond the 
Alps." 

Underground Railroad. A phrase 
which expressed all the means used 



to further the escape of runaway 
slaves in America. 

Under the Rose. (Lat. Sub rosa.) 
Confidentially. The rose was con- 
sidered by the ancients an emblem of 
silence. 

Unknown, The Great. First ap- 
plied to Sir Walter Scott; so called 
on account of the anonymous pub- 
lication of the Waverley novels. 

Unlicked Cub. An awkward, ill- 
bred boy. The bear cub was said 
to be out of shape till its dam licked 
it into shape. 

Unter den Linden. (Ger., Under the 
Lindens.) < A famous street in Ber- 
lin, Prussia. It has four rows of lime 
trees. 

Unwashed, The Great. The mob; 
first used by Edmund Burke. 

Upas Tree. (Malay, upa*. poison.) 
An object that exerts a hurtful in- 
fluence. There was a tradition that 
a noisome river rose in a upas tree in 
Java, the vapor of which was a 
deadly poison. 

Upper Ten Thousand. The aris- 
tocracy; fashionable society. A 
phrase first used by N. P. Willis. 

Utilitarians. Those who believe 
that utility, i. e. the fitness of a 
thing to promote human happiness, 
is the proper standard of morality. 

Utopia. (Gr., No Place.) The imagi- 
nary island which Sir Thomas More 
makes the scene of his romance of 
Utopia; an ideal commonwealth. 
Hence Utopian means visionary. 



Valhalla. In Scandinavian mythol- 
ogy, the palace of immortality, 
where dwell the heroes slain in battle. 

Vampire. A blood-sucker, extortioner. 
The vampire is a dead man who re- 
turns to life in the night, and sucks 
the blood of persons asleep. 

Vatican. The palace of the Popes, 
on the Vatican Hill, Rome. 

Vatican Council. The (Ecumenical 
Council which met at the Vatican in 
1869, and promulgated the doctrine 
of Papal Infallibility. 

Vedas. (Skt. veda [sacred] knowledge.) 
The sacred books of the Hindus. 

Ve'ni, Vi'di, Vi'ei. (Lat., "I came, I 
saw, I conquered.' ') The phrase 
with which Julius Caesar announced 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



his victory at Zela, Asia Minor 
(47 B.C). 

Venus de Medici. A celebrated 
Greek statue of Venus, at Florence 
(once in the Medici Palace, Rome), 
attributed to Cleomenes, a sculptor 
of the second century B.C. 

Venus of Milo. (Mod. Gr., pro- 
nunciation of Melos.) Considered 
the most beautiful Greek statue; 
found in the Island of Melos, 1820, 
now in the Louvre. 

Verbum Sap. (Brief for Lat. Verbum 
Sapienti, "A word to the wise.") A 
word to the wise. 

Veronica. A relic at St. Peter's, 
Rome, said to be the handkerchief 
with which a woman Veronica wiped 
Jesus' s brow on his way to Calvary. 
It is said to contain the true likeness 
of our Saviour. 

Versailles. A splendid palace at 
Versailles, about ten miles from 
Paris. 

Vespers, The Sicilian. The mas- 
sacre of the French in Sicily by the 
Sicilians, March 30, 1282, at the 
vesper bell as the signal. 

Via Dolorosa. (Lat., Way of pain.) 
The way by which Christ went from 
the Mount of Olives to Golgotha. 

Vinegar Bible, The, printed at Ox- 
ford, 1767, has "vinegar" for, "vine- 
yard" in the headline of Luke xxii. 

Virgin Queen, The. Queen Eliza- 
beth of England. See Maiden 
Queen. 

Vitus, St. St. Vitus' dance is so 
called, because St. Vitus was thought 
to have control of hysterical com- 
plaints. 

W 

Wabash Avenue. A street in Chi- 
cago, 111., noted for fine buildings. 

Wall of China, The. A wall 1,500 
miles long and 20 feet high, built 
by the Chinese, 210-204 B.C. as a 
protection against invasions. 

Wall Street. The great financial 
street of New York. Most of the 
offices of bankers and brokers are on 
this street or in its vicinity. 

Wallack's. A famous New York 
theatre, once conducted by J. Lester 
Wallack and his father. (1820-88.) 

Walton. An Izaak Walton. An 
angler. Izaak Walton published his 
Compleat Angler in 1655. 

Wandering Jew, The. A famous 



character in mediaeval legend, one 
Ahasuerus, a cobbler, who drove 
from his door the Saviour wearied 
with carrying his cross. Jesus said, 
"I go away, but thou shalt tarry 



till I come. Condemned to live 
till the coming of our Lord, Ahas- 
uerus has been wandering over the 
world, seen from time to time in 
Europe, the last time late in the 
eighteenth century, in Belgium. Ac- 
cording to another legend, the 
Wandering Jew was Cartaphilus, the 
doorkeeper of the Hall of Judgment. 
He struck our Saviour, telling him to 
go faster. 

War of 1812. Between Great Britain 
and the United States, 1812-15. 

War of the Roses. The English civil 
wars, between the houses of York 
(badge — white rose) and Lancaster 
(red rose), in the fourteenth and 
fifteenth centuries. ..See Shake- 
speare's I. Henry VI. ii. 4. 

Washington Street. The principal 
business street of Boston, Mass. 

Wassail. (O.E., wes hdl, be whole, 
i. e. well!) An old Saxon salutation. 
The wassail bowl is the bowl of 
spiced ale used on New Year's Day. 

Waters, The Father of. The Mis- 
sissippi River; a translation of the 
Indian name Mississippi. m 

Watling Street. The chief Roman 
road, across Southern Britain from 
Dover to Cardigan. 

Ways and Means, Committee of 
the. A most important Committee 
on the American House of Repre- 
sentatives, charged with devising the 
methods by which money for the 
current expenses of the Government 
is to be supplied. 

Wedding. The first anniversary of 
a wedding is called a paper wedding, 
the gifts being paper articles; the 
fifth, wooden; the tenth, tin; the 
fifteenth, crystal; twentieth, china; 
twenty-fifth, silver; fiftieth, gold- 
en; sixtieth, or seventy-fifth, dia- 
mond. 

Well of St. Keyne. A well in Corn- 
wall whose virtue is such that who- 
ever of a married couple first tastes 
its waters will "wear the breeches" 
in the household. 

Westminster Ahhey. The cele- 
brated abbey-church of London, 
where many of the illustrious dead 
of England are buried. 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



Wetherell, Elizabeth. Pseudonym 
of the American novelist, Miss 
Susan Warner (1319-85), author of 
The Wide, Wide World (1850). 

Whig. Once the name of great polit- 
ical parties in England and the 
-United States. The term is said to 
come from Whiggamore, a Scotch 
(Celtic) word for a thief, a free- 
booter. The Marquis of Argyle col- 
lected a troop of these thieves to 
oppose some measures of James I., 
and finally the epithet Whig was ap- 
plied to all opponents of the Gov- 
ernment. The Whigs at the Eng- 
lish Revolution opposed the govern- 
ment of James II. The Whig party 
in America favored a protective 
tariff, and a United States bank. 
Gen. Scott was their last candidate 
for President (1852). 

Whistle. To pay too dearly for 
the whistle. Dr. Franklin tells 
a story of buying a whistle, when 
a boy, for f our times its value. 
Hence, something which does not 
equal our expectations, though 
costly. 

White Elephant. Something one 
does not know what to do with. The 
king of Siam sends a white elephant 
to a courtier whose fortune he 
wishes to destroy, as a white ele- 
phant must be kept in royal style. 

White Feather, To show the. To 
display cowardice. A white feather 
in a bird marks a cross breed, and 
is not found on a game-cock. 

White House. The residence, of 
white color, of the President of the 
United States at Washington. 

White Stone. A day to be marked 
with a white stone is a day to be 
pleasantly remembered. The ancient 
Romans marked a lucky day on the 
calendar with a white stone; an un- 
lucky day with charcoal. 

Whitehoys. A secret organization 
who engaged in "agrarian outrages' ' 
in Ireland in 1761; so called from 
wearing white overgarments. 

Whitehall. A region in Westmin- 
ster, London, where the royal palace 
formerly stood ; but now a thorough- 
fare. 

Wild Huntsman, The. In German 
legend a spectral huntsman in the 
Black Forest. The English name 
is "Heme the Hunter." 

Windmills, To fight with. To op- 



pose imaginary objects; to fight 
with crotchets. The phrase comes 
from Don Quixote's adventure in 
assailing windmills, which he mis- 
took for giants. 

Windsor Castle. A famous royal 
castle and residence near London. 

Wise Men of the East, The. The 
three Magi who were guided by the 
star of Bethlehem to our Saviour's 
birthplace. (Matth. ii., 1, 2.) 

Witch of Endor, The. A sooth- 
sayer who, at the request of Saul, 
on the eve of his battle with the 
Philistines, invoked the ghost of 
Samuel, who foretold the death of 
Saul. 

Witches' Sabbath. The annual mid- 
night gathering of witches and 
demons. 

Wooden Horse, The. After the 
death of Hector, the Greeks besieg- 
ing Troy built a gigantic wooden 
horse, pretending that it was an 
offering to the gods to insure a safe 
return to Greece. The horse was 
filled with Greek warriors; the 
Trojans dragged it into the city, 
and at night the Greeks came out 
of the horse, opened the city gates 
to their companions, and sacked the 
town. 

Woolsack, To sit on the. To be 
Lord Chancellor of England, pre- 
siding officer of the House of Lords. 
His seat, the woolsack, is a mere bag 
of wool. 

Wyoming Massacre. A band of 
British and Indians ravaged the val- 
ley of Wyoming in 1778. 



Xanthos. The prophetic horse of 
Achilles in the Trojan war. 

Xantippe. The wife of Socrates, an 
intolerable scold. A byword of 
shrewishness. 



Yahoo. A rowdy; a brutal, ill-bred 
man. The Yahoos in Swift's Gulli- 
ver's Travels are brutes with the 
shapes of men. 

Yankee. An American. In America 
itself a nickname of a New Eng- 
lander. Jonathan Hastings, a Cam- 
bridge, Mass., farmer, in the eight- 



FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS 



eenth century, used the word to de- 
note excellence: a Yankee good 
horse, or Yankee cider meant an ex- 
cellent good horse or excellent cider. 
According to another explanation, 
the word is a corrupted Indian form 
of English. 

Yankee Doodle. An American na- 
tional air, of pre-Revolutionary 
origin. 

Yarmouth Bloater. A red herring. 
Yarmouth, England, is noted for 
them. 

Yellow Jack. A slang term for the 
yellow fever, alluding to the Yellow 
Jack, i. e. flag over vessels in quar- 
antine, marine hospitals, etc. 

Yggdrasil. (Icel., Odin's sill.) In 
Scandinavian mythology, the world- 
tree, an ash whose branches and roots 
connect heaven (Asa gods), earth 
(Frost Giants) and the underworld. 
The serpent Nithoggr gnaws its 
roots. 

Yosem'ite Valley, in California, 
famous for its magnificent scenery; 
also a well-known picture by the 
American artist, Bierstadt. 

Young: America. The younger gen- 
eration in America. 

Young Chevalier. Charles Edward 
Stuart, the second, or Young Pre- 
tender to the throne of Great Britain 
(1720-88). 

Young Germany. The literary 



school of Heinrich Heine (1799- 
1856) and his followers. 

Yule. (O.E., geol, M.E., yole, Decem- 
ber.) Christmas. 

Yule-log. A huge log of wood put 
on the hearth fire at Christmas. 



Zend Avesta. The sacred scrip- 
tures, in the Zend language, of the 
Zoroastrians. Avista means "text," 
and Zend, "translation." 

Zodiac. An imaginary belt in the 
heavens, divided into twelve equal 
parts, with a sign, or constellation, 
for each. The six signs north of 
the equator are (the names being 
Latin): Aries, "the ram;" Taurus. 
"the bull;" Gemini, "the twins. 
Cancer, "the crab;" Leo, "the lion;" 
Virgo, "the virgin." The six signs 
south of the equator are: Libra, 
"the balance '"^Scorpio, "the scor- 
pion;" Sagittarius, "the archer;" 
Capricornus, "the goat;" Alquarius, 
"the water-carrier;" and Pisces, 
"the fishes." In groups of three, 
they are the signs for spring, sum- 
mer, autumn, and winter, respec- 
tively. 

Zollverein. (Germ., zoll, "custom," 
-\-verein, "union.") A tariff union 
of German States to maintain uni- 
form tariff rates. 



Most Common Abbreviations 



In the following list most of the abbreviations that are likely to 
be met with by modern readers are alphabetically arranged: 



A. or Ans. — Answer. 

A. A. G. — Assistant Adjutant-Gen- 
eral. 

A. A. A. G. — Acting Assistant Ad- 
jutant-General. 

A. A. P. S. — American Association 
for the Promotion of Science. 

A. A. S. — Academics Americance So- 
cius, Fellow of the American Acad- 
emy (of Arts and Sciences). 

A. A. S. S. — Americance Antiquarians 
Societatis Socius, Member of the 
American Antiquarian Society. 

A. B. — Able-bodied seaman. 

A. B. — Artium Baccalaureus, Bache- 
lor of Arts. 

A. B. C. F. M. — American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
sions. 

Abl. — Ablative. 

Abp. — Archbishop. 

Abr. — Abridgement, or Abridged. 

A. B. S. — American Bible Society. 

A. C. — Ante Christum, before the 
birth of Christ. 

Acad. — Academy. 

Acad. Nat. Sci. — Academy of Nat- 
ural Sciences. 

Ace. — Accusative. 

Act. — Active; Acting. 

Acct. — Account. 

A. C. S. — American Colonization 
Society. 

Advt. — Advertisement. 

A. D. — Anno Domini, in the year of 
the Lord. 

A. D. C- — Aide-de-camp. 

Adj. — Adjective. 

Adjt. — Adjutant. 

Adjt.-Gen. — Adjutant-General. 

Ad lib. — Ad libitum, at pleasure. 

Adm. — Admiral; Admiralty. 



Admr. — Administrator. 

Admx. — Administratrix. 

Ad v. — Ad valorem, at (or on) the 
value. 

Adv. — Adverb. 

^Et. — Mtatis, of age; aged. 

A. F. B. S. — American and Foreign 
Bible Society. 

Afr. — African. 

A. G. — Adjutant-General. 

Agl. Dept. — Department of Agricul- 
ture. 

Agr. — Agriculture. 

A. G. S. S. — American Geographical 
and Statistical Society. 

Agt. — Agent. 

A. H. — Anno Hegirce, in the year of 
the Hegira. 

A. H. M. S. — American Home Mis- 
sionary Society. 

Al. — Aluminum. 

Ala. — Alabama. 

Alas. — Alaska. 

Alb. — Albany. 

Aid. — Alderman. 

Alex. — Alexander. 

Alf.— Alfred. 

Alg. — Algebra. 

Alt.— Altitude. 

A. M. — Anno mundi, in the year of 
the world. 

A. M. — Ante meridiem, before noon; 
morning. 

A. M. — Artium Magister, Master of 
Arts. 

Am. Ass. Adv. Sci. — American Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of 
Science. 

Am. Assn. Sci. — American Association 
for the Advancement of Science. 

Amb. — Ambassador. 






MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



Amer. — American. 

Amer. Acad. — American Academy. 

A. M. E. Z.~ African Methodist Epis- 
copal Zion. 

Amt. — Amount. 

An. — Anno, in the year. 

An. A. G. — Anno ante Christum, in 
the year before Christ. 

Anal. — Analysis. 

Ann. — Annales; Annals. 

Anat. — Anatomy. 

Anc. — Ancient ; anciently. 

And. — Andrew. 

Ang.-Sax. — Anglo-Saxon, 

Anon. — Anonymous. 

Ans. — Answer. 

Ant., or Antiq. — Antiquities. 

Anth. — Anthony. 

A. O. S. S. — Americanm Orientalis So- 
cietatis Socius, Member of the Amer- 
ican Oriental Society. 

Ap. — Apostle ; Appius. 

Ap. — Apud, in writings of ; as quoted 
by. 

Apo. — Apogee. 

Apoc. — Apocalypse. 

Apocr. — Apocrypha. 

App. — Appendix. 

Apr. — April. 

Aq. — Water (aqua). 

A. Q. M. — Assistant Quartermaster. 

A. Q. M. G. — Assistant Quartermas- 
ter-General. 

Ao R. — Anno regni year of the reign* 

A. R. A. — Associate of the Royal 
Academy. 

Ara. — Arabic. 

Arch. — Architect ; Architecture. 

Archd. — Archdeacon. 

Ari. — Arizona. 

Arith. — Arithmetic. 

Ark. — Arkansas. 

Arr. — Arrive ; Arrival. 

A. R. S. A. — Associate of the Royal 
Scottish Academy. 

A. R. S. S. — Antiquariorum Regiw 
Societatis Socius, Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Antiquaries. 

Art. — Article. 

Artil. — Artillery. 

A.-S. — Anglo-Saxon. 

A. S., or Assist. Sec. — -Assistant Sec- 
retary. 

A. S. A. — American Statistical Asso- 
ciation. 

Ass., Assn. — Association. 

A. S. S. U. — American Sunday-School 
Union. 

A. T. S. — American Tract Society. 

Atty. — Attorney. 

Atty.-Gen. — Attorney-General. 



A. U. A. — American Unitarian Asso- 
ciation. 

Aub. Theol. Sem. — Auburn Theologi- 
cal Seminary. 

A. U. C. — Anno urbis conditw, or ab 
urbe condita, in the year from the 
building of the city (Rome). 

Aug. — August. 

Aus. — Austria ; Austrian. 

Auth. Ver., or A. V. — Authorized 
Version (of the Bible). 

Av. — Average ; Avenue. 

Avdp. — Avoirdupois. 

Avoir. — Avoirdupois. 

A. Y. M. — Ancient York Masons. 

B.— Born. 

B. A. — Bachelor of Arts. 
Bal. — Balance. 

Bait. — Baltimore. 

Bapt. — Baptist. 

Bar. — Barometer. 

Bart, or bt. — Baronet. 

Bbl.— Barrel. 

B. C. — Before Christ. 

B. C. L. — Bachelor of Civil Law. 

B. D. — Baccalaureus Divinitatis, Bach« 
elor of Divinity. 

Belg. — Belgic; Belgians Belgium. 

Benj. — Benjamin. 

B. I. — British India. 

Bib. — Bible; Biblical. 

Biog. — Biography ; Biographical. 

Bisc. — Biscayan. 

B. LL. — Baccalaureus Legum, Bach- 
elor of Laws. 

B. LL. — Same as LL. B. 

Bis.— Bales. 

B. M. — Baccalaureus Medicinw, Bach- 
elor of Medicine. 

B. M. — Same as M. B. 

Bot. — Botany. 

Bp. — Bishop. 

Br. — British. 

Br. Univ. — Brown University. 

Braz. — Brazil ; Brazilian. 

Brig. — Brigade ; Brigadier. 

Brig.-Gen. — Brigadier-General. 

Brit. Mus. — British Museum. 

Bro. — Brother. 

B. S. — Bachelor in the Sciences. 

Bush. — Bushel ; Bushels. 

B. V. — Bene vale, farewell. 

C— Cent. 
C. — Consul. 

C, or Cels. — Celsius's Scale for the 
thermometer. 

C, or Cent. — Centum, a hundred ; 

Century. 
C, Ch., or Chap. — Chapter. 






MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



Ca. sa. — Capias ad satisfaciendum, a 
legal writ. 

C. A. — Chief Accountant ; Commis- 
sioner of Accounts. 

Ca. resp. — Capias ad respondendum, a 
legal writ. 

Cset. par. — Gceteris parlous, other 
things being equal. 

Cal. — California ; Calends. 

Cam., Camb. — Cambridge. 

Can. — Canon. 

Cant. — Canticles. 

Cantab. — Of Cambridge (Cantabrig- 
iensis ) . 

Cantuar. — Of Canterbury. 

Cap. or Q. — Caput, capitulum, chap- 
ter. 

Caps. — Capitals. 

Capt. — Captain. 

Capt.-Gen. — Captain-General. 

Car. — Carat. 

Card. — Cardinal. 

Cash. — Cashier. 

C. B.— Cape Breton. 

C. B. — Companion of the Bath. 

C. C. — County Commissioner ; County 
Court. 

C. C. — Cubic centimeter. 

C. C. P. — Court of Common Pleas. 

Cd. — Cadmium. 

C. D. V. — Carte-de-Visite. 

C. E. — Civil Engineer. 

C. E. — Christian Endeavor (Young 
People's Society of). 

Cel., or Celt.— Celtic. 

Cent. — Centigrade, a scale of 100° 
from freezing to boiling. 

Cert. — Certify. 

Certif. — Certificate. 

C. G. — Commissary-General ; Consul- 
General. 

C. G. H.— Cape of Good Hope. 

C. H. — Court house. 

Ch. — Church ; Chapter : Charles. 

Chald.— Chaldea ; Chaldean ; Chal- 
daic. 

Chanc. — Chancellor. 

Chap. — Chapter. 

Chem. — Chemistry. 

Ches. — Chesapeake. 

Chic. — Chicago. 

Chr. — Christ ; Christian. 

Chr. — Christopher. 

Chron. — Chronicles. 

Cin. — -Cincinnati. 

Circ. — Circuit. 

Cit. — Citation : Citizen. 

C. J.— Chief-Justice. 

CI. — Chlorine. 

Clk.— Clerk. 

C. M. — Common Meter. 



C. M. G. — Companion of the Order of 
St. Michael and St. George. 

Co. — Company ; county. 

Coch., or Cochl. — A spoonful {coch- 
leare). 

C. O. D. — Cash (or collect) on deliv- 
ery. 

Col. — Colorado; Colonel: Colossians. 

Coll. — Collector ; Colloquial ; College ; 
Collection. 

Com. Arr. — Committee of Arrange- 
ments. 

Com. — Commerce ; Committee ; Com- 
missioner ; Commodore. 

Com. & Nav. — Commerce and Naviga- 
tion. 

Comdg. — Commanding. 

Comm. — Commentary. 

Comp. — Compare ; Comparative ; Com- 
pound ; Compounded. 

Com. Ver. — Common Version. 

Con. — Contra, against ; in opposition. 

Con. Cr. — Contra, credit. 

Conch. — Conchology. 

Con. Sec. — Conic Sections. 

Confed. — Confederate. 

Cong. — Congress. 

Conj. or conj. — Conjunction. 

Congl. — Congregational ; Conglomerate. 

Conn, or Ct. — Connecticut. 

Const. — Constable ; Constitution. 

Cont. — Contra. 

Cop., or Copt. — Coptic. 

Corn. — Cornwall ; Cornish. 

Cor. — Corinthians. 

Cor. Mem. — Corresponding Member. 

Cor. Sec. — Corresponding Secretary. 

Coss. — Consuls (consules). 

C. P. — Common Pleas. 

C. P. Court of Probate. 

C. P. S. — Gustos Privati Sigilli, 
Keeper of the Privy Seal. 

Cr. — Chromium. 

Cr. — Creditor ; credit. 

C. Pv. — Custos Rotulorum, Keeper of 
the Rolls. 

Cs. — Cases. 

C. S. — Court of Sessions. 

C. S. — Custos Siqillh Keeper of the 
Seal. 

C. S.A. — Confederate States of Amer- 
ica ; Confederate States Army. 

C. S. B. — Bachelor of Christian Science. 

C. S. D. — Doctor of Christian Science. 

C§k Cask. 

C. S. N.— Confederate States Navy. 

C. Theod. — Codice Theodosiano, in 
the Theodosian Code. 

Ct. — Court. 

Cts. — Cents. 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



Cub. — Cubic. 

Cub. Ft. — Cubic Foot. 

Cur. — Currency. 

C. W.— Canada West. 
Cwt. — Hundredweight. 
Cyc. — Cyclopedia. 

D.— Died. 

D. — Five hundred. 

D. — Penny; pence (denarius). 

D. A. G. — Deputy Adjutant-General. 
Dak. — Dakota. 

Dan. — Daniel ; Danish. 

Dat. — Dative. 

D. B. or Domesd. B. — Domesday- 
Book. 

D. C. — District of Columbia. 

D. C. L. — Doctor of Civil Law. 

D. C. S. — Deputy Clerk of Sessions. 

D. D. — Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of 
Divinity. 

D. D. S. — Doctor of Dental Surgery. 

Dea. — Deacon. 

Dec. — December ; Declination, 

Dec. of Ind. — Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

Def. — Definition. 

Def., Deft.— Defendant. 

Deg.- — Degree ; degrees. 

Del. — Delaware ; Delegate. 

Del., or del. — Delineavit, he (or she) 
drew it. 

Dem. — Democrat ; Democratic. 

Dep. — Deputy. 

Dept. — Department. 

Deut. — Deuteronomy. 

D. F.— Defender of the Faith. 

D. G. — Dei gratia, by the grace of 
God. 

D. G. — Deo gratias, thanks to God. 

D. H. — Dead-head. 

Diana. — Diameter. 

Diet. — Dictionary ; Dictator. 

Dim. — Diminutive. 

Diosc. — - Dioscarides. 

Disc. — Discount. 

Diss. — Dissertation. 

Dist. — District. 

Dist.-Atty. — District- Attorney. 

Div. — Division. 

D. L. O. — Dead-Letter Office. ' 

D M. — Doctor of Music. 

Do. — Ditto, the same. 

Doc. — Document. 

Dols. — Dollars. 

D. O. M. — Deo optimo maximo, to 
God, the best, the greatest. 

Doz. — Dozen. 

D. P. — Doctor of Philosophy. 

Dpt. — Department. 

Dr. — Debtor ; Doctor. 



Dr. — Drams ; Drachms- 

Do Sc.-^- Doctor of Science. 

D. T.— Doctor of Theology (doctor 

theologice) . 
Duo. — Duodecimo, twelve folds. 

D. V. — Deo volente, God willing. 
Dwt. — Pennyweight. 

Dyn. — Dynamics. 

E.— East. 

E. by S.— East by South. 

E. & O. E. — Errors and omissions ex« 
cepted. 

E. B.— English Bible. 

Eben. — Ebenezer. 

Ebor. — York (Eboracum). 

Eccl. — Ecclesiastes. 

Ecclus. — Ecclesiasticus. 

E. D. — Eastern District. 

Ed. — Editor; Edition. 

Edin. — Edinburgh. 

Edm. — Edmund. 

Edw. — Edward. 

E. E. — Errors excepted. 

E. E. T. S.— Early English Text So- 
ciety. 

E. G. — Exempli gratia, for example. 

E. G. — Ex grege, among the rest. 

E. Fl.— Ells Flemish. 

E. Fr. — Ells French. 

E. I. — East Indies or East India. 

E. I. C, or E. I. Co.— East India 
Company. 

E. I. C. S. — East India Company's 
Service. 

Eliz.— Elizabeth. 

E. Lon. — East longitude. 

E. M. — Mining Engineer. 

Emp. — Emperor ; Empress. 

Encyc. — Encyclopedia. 

Eng. Dept. — Department of Engineers. 

Eng. — England ; English. 

E.-X.-E. — East-North-East. 

Ent., Entom. — Entomology. 

Env. Ext. — Envoy Extraordinary. 

E. o. w. — Every other week. 

Ep. — Epistle. 

Eph. — Ephesians ; Ephraim. 

Epis. — Episcopal. 

E. S — Ells Scotch. 

Esd. — Esdras. 

E.-S.-E.— East-South-East. 

Esq. — Esquire. 

Esth. — Esther. 

E. T. — English Translation. 

Et. al. — Et alii, and others. 

Etc., or &c. — Et cwteri, et cwterce, et 
ccetera, and others; and so forth. 

Eth. — Ethiopic ; Ethiopian. 

Et seq. — Et sequentia, and what fol- 
lows. 



.p*>. 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



Etym. — Etymology. 
^E. U. — Evangelical Union. 

"Ex. — Example. 
% Ex. — Exodus. 

Exc. — Excellency ; exception. 

Exch. — Exchequer ; Exchange. 

Ex. Doc. — Executive Document. 

Exec. Com. — Executive Committee. 

Execx. — Executrix. 

Ex. gr. — For example (exempli gra- 
tia ) . 

Exr. or Exec. — Executor. 

Ez. — Ezra. 

Ezek. — Ezekiel. 

F. and A. M. — Free and Accepted 
Masons. 

F., or Fahr. — Fahrenheit (thermome- 
ter). 

F. A. S. — Fellow of the Antiquarian 
Society. 

F. B. S.— Fellow of the Botanical 
Society. 

F. C— Free Church of Scotland. 

Fcap, or fcp. — Foolscap. 

F. C. P. S.— Fellow of the Cambridge 
Philological Society. 

F. C. S.— Fellow of the Chemical So- 
ciety. 

F. D. — Defender of the Faith. 

F. E.— Flemish ells. 

Feb. — February. 

Fee. — Fecit : he did it. 

Fern. — Feminine. 

F. E. S. — Fellow of the Entomological 
Society ; Fellow of the Ethnographi- 
cal Society. 

Ff. — Following. 

Ff.— The Pandects. 

F. F. V. — First Families of Virginia. 

F. G. S. — Fellow of the Geological 
Society. 

F. H. S.— Fellow of the Horticultural 
Society. 

Fi. Fa. — Fieri facias, cause it to be 
done. 

Fid. Def. — Defender of the Faith. 

Fig. — Figure. 

Fin. — Finland. 

Finn. — Finnish. 

Fir. — Firkin. 

F. K. Q. C. P. I.— Fellow of King's 
and Queen's College of Physicians, 
Ireland. 

Fl. E — Flemish ells. 

Fla.— Florida. 

F. L. S. — Fellow of the Linnsean So- 
ciety. 

F.-M.— Field-Marshal. 

F.-O.— Field-Officer. 

Fol.— Folio. 



For. — Foreign. 

F. P. S.— Fellow of the Philological 
Society. 

Fr. — France ; French. 

Fr. — Francis. 

Fr. — From. 

F. R. A. S.— Fellow of the Royal As- 
tronomical Society. 

F. R. C. P.— Fellow of the Royal Col- 
lege of Physicians. 

F. R. C. S. L.— Fellow of the Royal 
College of Surgeons, London. 

Fred. — Frederick. 

Fr. E.— French ells. 

Fr., Frs. — Franc ; Francs. 

F. R. G. S.— Fellow of the Roya) 
Geographical Society. 

F. R. Hist. Soc— Fellow of the Royal 
Historical Society. 

Fri. — Friday. 

F. R. S.— Fellow of the Royal So- 
ciety. 

F. R. S. S. A.— Fellow of the Royal 
Scottish Society of Arts. 

F. R. S. E — Fellow of the Royal So- 
ciety, Edinburgh. 

F. R. S. L.— Fellow of the Royal So- 
ciety, London. 

F. S. A.— Fellow of the Society of 
Arts, or of Antiquaries. 

F. S. A. E.— Fellow of the Society of 
Antiquaries, Edinburgh. 

F. S. A. Scot. — Fellow of the Society 
of Antiquaries of Scotland. 

F. S. S.— Fellow of the Statistical 
Society. 

Ft. — Foot; feet; Fort. 

Fth. — Fathom. 

Fur. — Furlong. 

F. Z. S. — Fellow of the Zoological So- 
ciety. 

Ga. — Georgia. 

G. A. — General Assembly. 
Gal. — Galatians ; Gallon. 
Galv. — Galvanism. 

Galv. — Galveston. 

G. B. — Great Britain. 

G. B. & I. — Great Britain and Ire- 
land. 

G. C. — Grand Chapter; Grand Con- 
ductor. 

G. C. B.— Grand Cross of the Bath. 

G. C. H. — Grand Cross of Hanover. 

G. C. K. P. — Grand Commander of 
the Knights of St. Patrick. 

G. C. L. H.— Grand Cross of the Le- 
gion of Honor. 

G. C. M. G.— Grand Cross of St 
MichaeJ and St. George. 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



G. C. S. I. — Grand Commander of the 
Star of India. 

G. D. — Grand Duke ; Grand Duchess. 

G. E. — Grand Encampment. 

Gen. — Genesis ; General. 

Gen. — Genus ; Genera ; Genealogy. 

Gent. — Gentleman. 

Geo. — George. 

Geog. — Geography. 

Geol. — Geology. 

Geom. — Geometry. 

Ger. — German ; Germany. 

Gl. — Glossa, a gloss. 

G. L. — Grand Lodge. 

G. M. — Grand Master. 

G. M. K. P. — Grand Master of the 
Knights of St. Patrick. 

G. M. S. I. — Grand Master of the Star 
of India. 

G. O. — General Order. 

Goth.— Gothic. 

Gov. — Governor. 

Gov.-Gen. — Governor-General. 

Govt. — Government. 

G. P. — Gloria patri (" Glory be to the 
Father"). 

G. P. O.— General Post-Office. 

G. R. — Georgius Rex, King George. 

Gr. — Greek ; Gross. 

Gr., Grs. — Grain ; Grains. 

Grad. — Graduated. 

Gram. — Grammar. 

Grot. — Grotius. 

G. S. — Grand Secretary ; Grand Sen- 
tinel ; Grand Scribe. 

G. T.— Good Templars ; Grand Tyler. 

Gtt. — Drop; drops (gutta or gutted). 

H. A. — Hoc anno, this year. 

Hab.— Habakkuk. 

Hab. corp. — Habeas corpus, you may 
have the body. 

Hab. fa. poss. — Habere facias posses- 
sionem. 

Hab. fa. seis. — Habere facias seisinan. 

Hag. — ■ Haggai. 

Hants. — Hampshire. 

H. B. C. — Hudson Bay Company. 

H. B. M. — His or Her Britannic Maj- 
esty. 

H. C. — House of Commons ; Herald's 
College. 

H. C. M. — His or Her Catholic Maj- 
esty. 

H. E. — Hoc est, that is, or this is. 

Heb. — Hebrews. 

Heb. — Hebrew. 

H. E. I. C. — Honorable East India 
Company. 

H. E. I. C. S.— Honorable East In- 
dia Company's Service. 



Her. — Heraldry. 

Hf.-bd.— Half-bound. 

Hg. — Hydrargyrum, mercury. 

H.-G. — Horse-guards. 

H. H. — His or Her Highness ; His 

Holiness (the Pope). 
Hhd. — Hogshead. 
Hier. — Jerusalem ( Hiercrsolyma ) . 
H. I. H. — His or Her Imperial High- 
ness. 
Hind. — Hindu ; Hindustan ; Hindu- 

stanee. 
Hipp. — Hippocrates. 
Hist. — History. 
H. J. S. — Hie jacet sepultus. Here 

lies buried. 
H. M. — His Majesty. 
H. L. — House of Lords. 
H. M. P. — Hoc monumentum posuit, 

erected this monument. 
H. M. S. — His or Her Majesty's Ship. 
Holl.— Holland^ 
Hon. — Honorable. 
Hort. — - Horticulture. 
Hos. — Hosea. 
H.-P. — High - priest ; Horse - power ; 

Half-pay. 
H. R. — House of Representatives. 
H. R. E. — Holy Roman Empire. 
H. R. H. — His Royal Highness. 
H. R. I. P. — Hie requiescit in pace. 

Here rests in peace. 
H. S. — Hie situs, Here lies. 
H. S. H. — His Serene Highness. 
H. T. — Hoc titulum, this title; hoc, 

tituli, in or under this title. 
Hund. — Hundred. 
Hung. — Hungarian. 
H. V. — Hoc verbum, this word; his 

verbis, in these words. 
Hyd. — Hydrostatics. 
Hypoth. — Hypothesis ; Hypothetical. 

la. — Iowa. 

lb., or ibid. — Ibidem, in the same 
place. 

Icel. — Iceland ; Icelandic. 

Ich. — Ichthyology. 

Icon. Encyc. — Iconographic Encyclo- 
pedia. 

I. Ch. Th. U. S.— (1x07*) Jesus Christ 
the Son of God, the Saviour (Iesous 
Christos Theou Huios Soter) . 

Ictus. — Jurisconsultus, 

Id.— Idaho. 

Id. — Idem, the same. 

Id. — The Ides (Idus). 

I. E. — Id est, that is. 

I. H. S. — Jesus the Saviour of Men 
(Jesus Hominum, Salvator). 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



I., IL, III. — One, two, three, or first, 
second, third. 

I j. — Two ( med. ) . 

111.— Illinois. 

Imp. — Imperative ; imperfect. 

Imp. — Imperial; Emperor (Impera- 
tor). 

In. — Inch: inches. 

In. — Indium. 

Incog. — Incognito, unknown. 

Incor. — Incorporated. 

Ind. Ter. — Indian Territory. 

I. H. P. — Indicated horse power. 

I. N. D. — In nomine Dei, in the name 
of God. 

Ind. — Indiana ; Index. 

Indef. — Indefinite. 

Inf. — Infra, beneath, or below. 

In f. — In fine, at the end of the title, 
law, or paragraph quoted. 

Inhab. — Inhabitant. 

In lim. — In limine, at the outset. 

In loc. — In loco, in the place ; on the 
passage. 

In pr. — In principio, in the beginning 
and before the first paragraph of a 
law. 

I. N. R. I. — Jesus Nazarenus, Rex 
Judceorum, Jesus of Nazareth, King 
of the Jews. 

Inst. — Instant, of this month; Insti- 
tutes. 

Inst. — Institute ; Institution. 

In sum. — In summa, in the summary. 

Int. — Interest. 

Interj. — Interjection. 

In trans. — In transitu, on the pas- 
sage. 

Int. Dept. — Department of the Inte- 
rior. 

Int. Rev. — Internal Revenue. 

Introd. — Introduction. 

I. O. O. F. — Independent Order of 
Odd Fellows. 

Ion. — Ionic. 

I. O. S. M. — Independent Order of 
the Sons of Malta. 

I. O. U. — I owe you. 

Ipecac. — Ipecacuanha. 

I. Q. — Idem quod, the same as. 

Ire. — Ireland. 

I. R. O.— Internal Revenue Office. 

Isa. — Isaiah. 

Is., Isl. — Island. 

I. T. — Inner Temple. 

It— Italy. 

Ital. — Italic; Italian. 

IV. — Four or fourth. 

I. W.— Isle of Wight. 

IX. — Nine or ninth. 



J. — Justice, or Judge. 

J. — One (med ) . 

J A.— Judge-Advocate, 

Jac. — Jacob. 

J. A* G. — Judge Advocate-GeneraL 

Jam. — Jamaica. 

Jan. — January. 

Jas. — James. 

J. O. D. — Juris Civilis Doctor, Doctor 

of Civil Law. 
J. C. — Jurisconsult (Juris Consul' 

tus) . 
J. D. — Junior Deacon. 
Jer. — Jeremiah. 

J. G. W. — Junior Grand Warden. 
J J.— Justices. 
Jno.— John. 
Jona. — Jonathan. 
Jos. — Joseph. 
Josh. — Joshua. 
J. P. — Justice of the Peace. 
J. Prob. — Judge of Probate. 
J. R. — Jacobus Rex, King James. 
Jr., or Jun. — Junior. 
J. U. D., or J. V. D. — Juris utriusque 

Doctor, Doctor of both laws (of the 

Canon and the Civil Law) > 
Jud. — Judicial. 
Jud. — Judith. 
Judg. — Judges. 
Judge-Adv. — Judge-Advocate. 
Jul. Per. — Julian Period. 
Jus. P. — Justice of the Peace, 
Just. — Justinian. 
J. W. — Junior Warden. 

K.— King. 

K. A. — Knight of St. Andrew, in Rus- 
sia. 

Kal.— The Kalends (Kalendw) . 

K. A. N. — Knight of Alexander Nev- 
skoi, in Russia. 

Kan. — Kansas. 

K. B. — King's Bench. 

K. B. — Knight of the Bath. 

K. C. — King's Counsel 

K. C. B. — Knight Commander of the 
Bath. 

K. G.— Knight of the Garter. 

Kg., Kgs. — Keg; Kegs. 

K. G. C. — Knight of the Grand Cross. 

K. G. C. B.— Knight of the Grand 
Cross of the Bath- 

Kil. — Kilometer. 

Kilo. — Kilogram. 

Kingd. — Kingdom. 

K. L. — Knight of Labor. 

K. L. H. — Knight of the Legion ©f 
Honor. 

K. M — Knight of Malta. 

K. Mess. — King's Messenger. 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



Knick. — Knickerbocker. 

Knt or Kt. — Knight. 

K. P.— Knight of St. Patrick ; Knight 
of Pythias. 

K. S. M. & S. G.— Knight of St. 
Michael and St. George of the Io- 
nian Islands. 

K. T. — Knight of the Thistle ; Knight 
Templar. 

Kt. — Knight. 

Ky. — Kentucky. 

L. — Fifty, or fiftieth. 

L. — Liber, book. 

L., cr £. s. d. — Pounds, shillings, 
oence. 

£, or 1. — Pounds, English currency 
(libra). 

£ T. — Pounds., Turkish currency. 

La. — Louisiana. 

L. A. W. — League of American Wheel- 
men. 

Lam. — Lamentations. 

Lang. — Language. 

Lat. — Latitude ; Latin. 

Lapp. — Lappish. 

Lb., or lb. — Libra, or librce, pound or 
pounds in weight. 

L. C. — Lower Canada ; Lord Cham- 
berlain ; Lord Chancellor. 

L. C. B.— Lord Chief Baron. 

L. C. J. — Lord Chief-Justice. 

Ld. — Lord ; Limited. 

Ldp. — Lordship. 

Leg. — Legate. 

Legis. — Legislature. 

Leip. — Leipsic. 

Lev. — Leviticus. 

Lex. — Lexicon. 

L. G. — Life Guards. 

L. H. A. — Lord High Admiral. 

L. H. C— Lord High Chancellor. 

L. H. D. — Doctor of Literature. 

L. H. T. — Lord High Treasurer. 

L. I. — Long Island. 

Lib. — Liber, book. 

Lieut.-Col. — Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Lieut.-Gen. — Lieutenant-General. 

Lieut. -Gov. — Lieutenant-Governor. 

Lieut. — Lieutenant. 

Lin. — Lineal. 

Linn. — Linnaeus ; Linnaean. 

Liq. — Liquor; Liquid. 

Lit. — Literally ; Literature. 

Lith. — Lithuanian. 

L., £, or 1. — Libra or librce, pound or 
pounds sterling. 

L. Lat. — Low Latin ; Law Latin. 

LL. B. — Legum Bvoal aureus, Bache- 
lor of Laws. 
E 2. 



LL. D. — Legum Doctor, Doctor of 

Laws. 
LL. M. — Master of Laws. 
L. M. S. — London Missionary Society. 
Loc. cit. — Loco citato, in the place 

cited. 
Lon. — Longitude. 
Lond. — London. 
L. P. — Lord Provost. 
L. P. S.— Lord Privy Seal. 
L. R. C. P. — Licentiate of the Royal 

College of Physicians. 
L. R. C. S. — Lincentiate of the Royai 

College of Surgeons. 
L. S. D. — Pounds, shillings, and pence. 
L. S. — Locus sigilli, place of the seal. 
Lt. — Lieutenant. 
LX. — Sixty, or sixtieth. 
LXX. — Seventy, or seventieth. 
LXX. — The Septuagint (Version of 

the Old Testament). 
LXXX. — Eighty, or eightieth. 

M. — Married. 

M. Mile. 

M. — Meridies, noon. 

M. — Mille, a thousand. 

M., or Mons. — Monsieur. 

M. A. — Master of Arts. 

M. A. — Military Academy. 

Mace. — ■ Maccabees. 

Maced. — Macedonian. 

Mad. — Madam. 

Mag. — Magazine. 

Maj. — Major. 

Maj.-Gen. — Major-General. 

Mai. — Malachi. 

Man. — Manassas. 

Mar. — March. 

March. — Marchioness, 

Marg. — Margin. 

Marg. Tran. — Marginal Translation. 

Marq. — Marquis. 

Masc. — Masculine. 

Mass. — Massachusetts. 

Math. — Mathematics ; Mathematician., 

Matt. — Matthew." 

Max. — Maxim. 

M. B. — Medicince Baccalaureus, Bach- 
elor of Medicine. 

M. B. — Musicw Baccalaureus, Bache- 
lor of Music. 

M. C. — Member of Congress; Master 
of Ceremonies ; Master Commandant. 

Mch. — March. 

M. C. S. — Madras Civil Service. 

M. D. — Medicince Doctor. Doctor of 
Medicine. 

Md. — Maryland. 

Mdlle. — Mademoiselle. 

Mdpn. — Midshipman. 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



M E. — Methodist Episcopal; Military 
or Mechanical Engineer. 

M. E.,S. — Methodist Episcopal, South. 

Me. — Maine. 

Mech. — Mechanic ; Mechanical. 

Med. — Medicine. 

M. E. G. H. P.— Most Excellent 
Grand High Priest. 

Mem. — Memorandum. 

Mem. — Memento, remember. 

Merc. — Mercury. 

Mess. & Docs. — Messages and Docu- 
ments. 

Messrs., or MM. — Messieurs, Gentle- 
men. 

Met. — Metaphysics. 

Metal. — Metallurgy. 

Meteor. — Meteorology. 

Meth.— Methodist. 

Mex. — Mexico, or Mexican. 

Mfd. — Manufactured. 

Mfs. — Manufactures. 

Mic. — Micah. 

M. I. C. E. — Member of the Institu- 
tion of Civil Engineers. 

"Mich. — Michaelmas. 

Mich.— Michigan. 

Mil. — Military. 

Min. — Mineralogy. 

Min. — Minute. 

Min. E. — Mining Engineer. 

Minn. — Minnesota. 

Min. Plen. — Minister Plenipotentiary. 

Miss. — Mississippi. 

M. L. A. — Mercantile Library Asso- 
ciation. 

MM. — Their Majesties. 

M M.— Messieurs ; Gentlemen. 

Mme. — Madame. 

M. M. S. — Moravian Missionary So- 
ciety. 

M. M. S. S. — Massachusettensis Medi- 
cines SocietaHs Socius. Fellow of the 
Massachusetts Medical Society. 

Mn. — Manganese. 

M. N- A. S. — Member of the National 
Academy of Sciences. 

Mo. — Missouri ; Month. 

Mod. — Modern. 

Mon. — Montana ; Monday. 

Mons. — Monsieur ; Sir. 

Mont. — Montana. 

Morn. — Morning. 

Mos., or mth. — Months. 

Mos. — Months. 

M. P. — Member of Parliament ; Mem- 
ber of Police ; Methodist Protestant. 

M. P. S. — Member of the Philological 
Society; Member of the Pharma- 
ceutical Society. 

M. R.— Master of the Rolls. 



A r -p __ AT j o +- p -p 

M. R. A. S.— Member of the Royal 
Asiatic Society ; Member of the Roy- 
al Academy of Science. 

M. R. C. C— Member of the Roya? 
College of Chemistry. 

M. R. C. P.— Member of the Royal 
College of Preceptors. 

M. R. G. S.— Member of the Royai 
College Of Surgeons. 

M. R. G. V. S.— Member of the Roya* 
College of Veterinary Surgeons. 

M. R. G. S.— Member of the Roya< 
Geographical Society. 

M. R. I. — Member of the Royal Insti- 
tution. 

M. R. I. A.— Member of the Royai 
Irish Academy. 

Mrs. — Mistress. 

M. R. S. L.— Member of the Royal 
Society of Literature. 

M. S. — ^Memo-rice sacrum, Sacred to 
the memory. 

M. S. — Master of the Sciences. 

MS. — Manuscript um, manuscript- 

MSS. — Manuscripts. 

Mt. — Mount, or mountain. 

Mus. B. — Bachelor of Music. 

Mus. D. — Doctor of Music. 

M. W. — Most Worthy ; Most Worship- 
ful. 

M. W. G. C. P.— Most Worthy Grand 
Chief Patriarch. 

M. W. G. M.— Most Worthy Grand 
Master ; Most Worshipful Grand 
"\ r f\ ^ter 

M. W. P.— Most Worthy Patriarch. 

Myth. — Mythology. 

N. — North ; Number ; Noun ; Neuter. 

N.— Note. 

N. A. — North America. 

Nah. — Nahum. 

Xap. — Napoleon ; Napoleonic. 

N. A. S. — National Academy of Sci- 
ences. 

Nat. Ord. — Natural Order. 

Nat. — Natural. 

Nat. Hist. — Natural History. 

Nath. — Nathanael, or Nathaniel. 

Naut. — Nautical. 

Naut. Aim. — Nautical Almanac. 

N. B. — North Britain. 

N. B. — New Brunswick ; North Brit- 
ish. 

N. B. — Nota "bene, mark well ; take 
notice. 

N. C. — North Carolina. 

X. D. — North Dakota. 

X. E. — New England ; North-east^ 

Neb, — Nebraska. 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



Neh. — - Nehemiah. 

N. e. i. — Non est inventus, he is not 
found. 

Nem. con., or nem. diss. — Nemine con 
tradicente, or nemine dissentiente, no 
one opposing ; unanimously. 

Neth. — Netherlands. 

Neut. — Neuter (gender). 

Nev. — Nevada. 

New Test., or N. T. — New Testament. 

N,. F. — Newfoundland. 

N. G. — New Granada ; Noble Grand. 

N. H. — * New Hampshire ; New Haven. 

N. H. H. S.— New Hampshire His- 
torical Society. 

Ni. pri. — Nisi prius. 

N. J. — New Jersey. 

N. I.— Non liquet, it does not appear. 

N. lat. — North latitude. 

N. M. — New Measurement. 

N. M. — New Mexico. 

N.-N.-E. — North-north-east. 

N.-N.-W. — North-north-west. 

N, O. — New Orleans. 

No. — Numero, number. 

NoL Pros. — Nolle prosequi, unwilling 
to proceed. 

Nom., or nom. — Nominative. 

Non con. — Not content ; dissenting 
(House of Lords), 

Non cul. — Non culpabilis, Not guilty. 

Non obst. — Non obstante, notwith- 
standing. 

N. o. p. — Not otherwise provided for. 

Non pros. — Non prosequitur, he does 
not prosecute. 

Non seq. — Non sequitur, it does not 
follow. 

No., or Nos. — Numbers. 

Nov. — November. 

N. P. — Notary Public. 

N. P. D. — North Polar Distance. 

N. s. — Not specified. 

N. S.— New Style (after 1752) ; No- 
va Scotia. 

N. S. J. C. — Our Saviour Jesus 
Christ (Noster Salvator Jesus 
Christ us) . 

N. T. — New Testament. 

N. u. — Name or names unknown. 

Num. — Numbers ; Numeral. 

N. V. — New Version. 

N. V. M.— Nativity of the Virgin 
Mary. 

N.-W. — North-West. 

N.-W. T. — North- West Territory. 

N. Y. — New York. 

N. Z. — New Zealand. 

O.— Ohio 

Ob. — Obiit, he or she died. 



Obad. — Obadiah. 

Obs. — Obsolete; Observatory; Obser- 
vation. 

Obt., or Obdt.— Obedient. 

Oct., or 8vo. — Octavo, eight pages. 

Oct. — October. 

O.-F.— Odd-Fellow, or Odd-Fellows. 

OkL— Oklahoma. 

O. G. — Outside guardian. 

O. H. M. S. — On his or her Majesty's 
Service. 

Old Test, or O. T.— Old Testament. 

Olym. — Olympiad. 

O. M. — Old Measurement. 

Ont. — Ontario. 

Opt. — Optics. 

Or. — Oregon. 

Orig. — • Originally. 

Ornith. — Ornithology. 

Os. — Osmium. 

O. S. — Old Style; Outside Sentinel. 

O. T.— Old Testament. 

O. U. A. — Order of United Americans. 

Oxf. Gloss. — Oxford Glossary. 

Oxf.— Oxford. 

Oxon. — Oxonia, Oxonii, Oxford. 

Oz. — Ounce. 

P. — Ponder e, by weight. 

P., or p. — Page ; Part ; Participle. 

Pa., or Penn. — Pennsylvania. 

Pal. — Palaeontology. 

Par. — Paragraph. 

Par. Pas. — Parallel passage. 

Pari. — Parliament. 

Pat. Of. — Patent Office. 

Pathol. — Pathology. 

Payt. — Payment. 

P. B. — Primitive Baptist. 

P. B. — Philosophic Baccalaureus, 
Bachelor of Philosophy. 

P. C. — Patres Conscripti, Conscript 
Fathers ; Senators. 

P. C. — Privy Council; Privy Coun- 
cilor. 

P. C. P. — Past Chief Patriarch. 

P. C. S. — Principal Clerk of Sessions. 

P. D. — Philosophic Doctor, Doctor 
of Philosophy. 

Pd — Paid. 

P. E. — Protestant Episcopal. 

P. E. I. — Prince Edward Island. 

Penn. — Pennsylvania. 

Pent. — Pentecost. 

Per. — Persia ; Persian. 

Per, or pr. — By the, or per lb. 

Per an. — Per annum, by the year. 

Per cent. — Per centum, by the hun- 
dred. 

Peri. — Perigee, 

Peruv. — Peruvian. 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



Pet. — Peter ; Petrine. 

P. G — Past Grand. 

Phar. — Pharmacy. 

Ph. B. — Philosophies Baccalaureus, 
Bachelor of Philosophy. 

Ph. D. — Philosophic Doctor, Doctor 
of philosophy. 

Phil.— Philip ; Philippians ; Philos- 
ophy ; Philemon. 

Phila., or Phil.— Philadelphia. 

Philem. — Philemon. 

Philom. — Philomathes, a lover of 
learning. 

Philomat h. — Philomathematicus, a 
lover of the mathematics. 

Phil. Trans. — Philosophical Trans- 
actions. 

Phren. — Phrenology. 

Pinx., or pxt. — Pinxit, he (she) paint- 
ed it. 

P.-L. — Poet-Laureate. 

PL, or Plur.— Plural. 

Plff.— Plaintiff. 

Plupf. — Pluperfect. 

P. M. — Post meridiem, afternoon, 
evening. 

P. M. — Postmaster; Passed Midship- 
man. 

P. M. G. — Postmaster-General. 

P. O.— Post-Office. 

P. of H. — Patrons of Husbandry. 

Pop. — Population. 

Port. — Portugal, or Portuguese. 

P. P. — Parish priest. 

P. P. C. — Pour prendre conge, to take 
leave. 

Pp., or pp. — Pages. 

PP.— Patres, Fathers. 

Pph. — Pamphlet. 

P. Q. — Previous Question. 

P. R. — Populus Romanus, the Roman 
people. 

P. R. — Prize Ring; Porto Rico; the 
Roman People (Populus Romanus) . 

P. R. A. — President of the Royal 
Academy. 

P. R. C. — Post Romam conditam, 
from the building of Rome. 

Preb. — Prebend. 

Pref. — Preface. 

Pref. — Preferred. 

Prep. — Preposition. 

Pres. — President. 

Presb. — Presbyterian, 

Prin. — Principally. 

Prob. — Problem. 

Proc. — Proceedings. 

Prof. — Professor. 

Pron. — Pronoun ; Pronunciation. 

Prop. — Proposition. 

Prot. — Protestant, 



Prot. Epis. — Protestant Episcopal. 

Pro tern. — Pro tempore, for the time 
being. 

Prov. — Proverbs ; Provost. 

Prov. — Province. 

Prox. — Proximo, next . (month) . 

P. R. S. — President of the Royal So- 
ciety. 

Prs. — Pairs. 

Prus. — Prussia ; Prussian. 

P. S. — Post scriptum, Postscript. 

P. S.— Privy Seal. 

Ps. — Psalm, or Psalms. 

Pt. — Part; Pint; Payment; Point; 
Port. 

Pt. — Platinum. 

P. T. O. — Please turn over. 

P.-twp. — Post-township. 

Pub. — Publisher ; Publication ; Pub- 
lished ; Public. 

Pub. Doc. — Public Documents. 

P. v. — Post-village. 

P. W. P. — Past Worthy Patriarch. 

Pwt. — Pennyweight ; pennyweights. 

Q — Quasi, as it were ; almost. 

Q. — Queen. 

Q. — Question. 

Q. d. — Quasi dicat, as if he should say ; 

quasi dictum, as if said ; quasi dix- 

isset, as if he had said. 
Q. e. — Quod est, which is. 
Q. e. d. — Quod erat demonstrandum , 

which was to be proved. 
Q. e. f. — Quod erat faciendum, which 

was to be done. 
Q. e. i. — Quod erat inveniendum, 

which was to be found out. 
Q. 1. — Quantum libet, as much as you 

please. 
Q. M. — Quartermaster. 
Qm. — Quomodo, how; by what means. 
Q. M. G. — Quartermaster-General. 
Q. p., or q. pi. — Quantum placet, as 

much as you please. 
Qr. — Quarter. 
Q. S. — Quarter Sessions. 
Q. s. — Quantum sufficit, sufficient 

quantity. 
Qt. — Quart. 

Qu., or qy. — Qucere, inquire; query. 
Quar. — Quarterly. 
Ques. — Question. 
Q. Mess. — Queen's Messenger. 
Que. — Quebec. 
Q. v. — Quod vide, which see ; quantum 

vis, as much as you will. 

R. — Recipe, take. 

R. — - Regina, Queen. 

R. — River ; Rood ; Rod. 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



R. A. — Royal Academy ; Royal Aca- 
demician. 

R. A. — Royal Arch. 

R. A. — Royal Artillery. 

R. C. — Roman Catholic. 

RC. — Rescript um, a counterpart. 

R. D.— Rural Dean. 

R. E. — Reformed Episcopal. 

R. E. — Royal Engineers. 

Rec. — Recipe, or Recorder. 

Reed. — Received. 

Rec. Sec. — Recording Secretary. 

Rect.- — Rector ; Receipt. 

Ref. — Reference. 

Ref. — Reformed ; Reformation ; Ref- 
erence. 

Ref. Ch. — Reformed Church. 

Reg. — Register ; Regular. 

Heg. Prof. — Regius Professor. 

Regr. — Registrar. 

Regt. — Regiment. 

Rel. — Religion, 

Rep. — Representative ; Reporter. 

Repts. — Reports. 

Retd. — Returned. 

Rev. — Reverend ; Revelation ( Book 
of) ; Review ; Revenue ; Revise. 

Rhet. — Rhetoric. 

R. H. S. — Royal Humane Society ; 
Royal Historical Society. 

R. I. — Rhode Island ; in stock reports, 
Rock Island, a railway. 

R. I. H. S. — Rhode Island Historical 
Society. 

R. M. — Royal Marines; Roval Mail. 

R. M. S — Royal Mail Steamer. 

R. N.— Royal Navy. 

R. N. R. — Royal Navy Reserve. 

Ro. — Recto, right-hand page. 

Robt. — Robert. 

Rom. — Romans (Epistle to the). 

Rom. Cath. — Roman Catholic. 

R. P. — Reformed Presbyterian. 

R. P. — Regius Professor, the King's 
Professor. 

R. R. — Railroad. 

R. R. June. — Railroad Junction. 

R. R. Sta. — Railroad Station. 

R. S. — Recording Secretary. 

Rs. — Responsus, to answer ; Rupees. 

R. S. A. — Royal Society of Anti^ 
quaries ; Royal Scottish Academy. 

R. S. V. P. — Repondez, s'il vous plait, 
answer, if you please. 

R. T. S. — Religious Tract Society. 

Rt. Hon. — Right Honorable. 

Rt. Rev. — Right Reverend. 

Rt. Wpful. — Right Worshipful. 

Russ. — Russia ; Russian. 

R. V. — Revised Version. 

R. W*— Right Worthy. 



R. W. D. G. M.— Right Worshipful 

Deputy Grand Master. 
R. W. G. R.— Right Worthy Grand 

Representative. 
R. W. G. S.— Right W T orthy Grand 

R. W. G. T.— Right Worthy Grand 

Treasurer ; Right Worshipful Grand 

Templar. 
R. W. G. W.— Right Worthy Grand 

Warden. 
R. W. J. G. W.— Right Worshipful 

Junior Grand Warden. 
R. W. S. G. W.— Right Worshipful 

Senior Grand Warden. 
Ry. — Railway. 

S. — Solidus, a shilling. 

S. — South ; Saint ; Scribe ; Sulphur ; 
Sunday ; Sun ; Series. 

S. Afr.— South Africa. 

S. A. — South America ; South Austra- 
lia. 

S. a. — Secundum artem, according to 
art. 

Sam. — Samuel. 

Sansc, or Sansk. — Sanscrit, or Sans- 
krit. 

Sard. — Sardinia. 

S. A. S. — Societatis Antiquartorum 
Socius, Fellow of the Soc. of An- 
tiquaries. 

Sat. — Saturday. 

Sax. — Saxon ; Saxony. 

Sax. Chron. — Saxon Chronicle, 

S. C. — Scnatus Consultum, a decree 
of the Senate ; South Carolina, 

Sc. — Sculpsit, he (or she) engraved it. 

Sc. B. — Bachelor of Science 

Sc, or scil. — Scilicet, namely. 

Scan. Mag. — Scandalum magnatum, 
scandal of the great or prominent. 

Schol. — Scholium, a note. 

Schr. — Schooner. 

Sclav. — Sclavonic. 

Scot. — Scottish ; Scotland 

Scr. — Scruple. 

Scrip. — Scripture. 

Sculp. — Sculpsit, he (or she) en- 
graved it. 

S. D. — Salutem dicit, sends health ; 
South Dakota. 

S.-E.— South-East 

Sec. — Secretary ; Second. 

Sec. Leg. — Secretary of Legation. 

Sec. leg. — Secundum legem, according 
to law. 

Sec. reg. — Secundum regulam, accord- 
ing to rule. 

Sect. — Section. 

Sem. — Semble. it seems. 



^ 



MOST COMMOX ABBREVIATIONS 



Sem. — Seminary. 

Sen. — Senate ; Senator ; Senior, 

Sept. — September ; Septuagint. 

Seq. — Sequentia, following ; sequitur, 
it follows. 

Ser. — Series. 

Serg. — Sergeant. 

Serg.-Maj. — Sergeant-Major. 

Servt. — Servant. 

Sess. — Session. 

S. G. — Solicitor-General. 

Shak. — Shakespeare. 

S. H. S. — Societatis Eistorice Socius, 
Fellow of the Historical Society. 

Sic. — Doubtful ; literally. 

S. I. M. — Soc. for Increase of the 
Ministry. 

Sing. — Singular. 

S. Isl. — Sandwich Islands. 

S. J. — Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C. — Supreme Judicial Court. 

S. lat, — South latitude. 

S. M. — State Militia; Short Meter; 
Sergeant-Major ; Sons of Malta. 

S. M. Lond. Soc. Cor. — Societatis 
Medico? Londonensis Socius Cor., 
Corresponding Member of the Lon- 
don Medical Soc. 

Soc. Isl. — Society Islands. 

SoL — Solomon; Solution. 

Sol-Gen. — Solicitor-General. 

S. of Sol. — Song of Solomon. 

Sp. — Spain ; Spanish. 

S. P. A. S. — Societatis Philosophical 
Americana? Socius, Member of the 
American Philosophical Society. 

S. P. G. — Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel. 

Sp. gr. — Specific gravity. 

S. P. C. A. — Society for the Preven- 
tion of Cruelty to Animals. 

S. P. C. C. — Society for the Preven- 
tion of Cruelty to Children. 

S. P. Q. R. — Senatus Populusque Ro- 
manus, the Senate and people of 
Rome. 

S. P. R. L. — Society for the Promo- 
tion of Religion and Learning. 

Sq. ft. — Square foot, or square feet. 

Sq. in. — Square inch, or inches. 

Sq. m. — Square mile, or miles. 

Sq. yd. — Square yard. 

Sr. — Senior. 

S. R. I.— Sacrum Romanum Itnpe- 
rium. Holy Roman Empire. 

S. R. S. — Societatis Regiw Socius, 
Fellow of the Royal Society. 

S. S. — Sunday-school. 

SS.— Saints. 

SS., or ss. — Scilicet, to wit. 

Ss. — Semis, half; Sessions. 



S.-S.-L. — South-south-east. 

S.-S.-W. — South-south-west. 

St. — Saint; Street; Strait. 

Stat. — Statute. 

S. T. B.— Bachelor of Sacred Theol* 

« ogy * 

S. T. D. — Sacra? Theologies Doctor, 

Doctor of Divinity. 

Ster., or Stg. — Sterling. 

S. T. P. — Sacra? Theologian Profess- 
or, Professor of Divinity. 

Str. — Steamer. 

S ub j. — S ub j unctive. 

Subst. — Substantive. 

Sun., or Sund. — Sunday. 

Sup. — Supreme. 

Sup. — Supplement ; Superfine. 

Supt. — Superintendent. 

Surg. — Surgeon ; Surgery. 

Surg.-Gen. — Surgeon-General. 

Surv.— Surveyor. 

Surv.-Gen. — Surveyor-General. 

S. v. — Sub verbo, under the word or 
title. 

S.-W.— South-west. 

Sw. — Swiss. 

Swe. — Sweden ; Swedish ; Sweden- 
borg ; Swedenborgian. 

Switz. — Switzerland. 

Syn. — Synonym ; Synonymous. 

Syr. — Syriac. 

T., or torn. — Tome, volume. 

Tab.— Table; Tabular. 

Tan.— Tangent. 

T. E. — Topographical Engineers. 

Tenn. — Tennessee. 

Ter. — Territory. 

Tex.— Texas. 

Text. Rec. — Textus Receptus, Received 
Text. 

Tf.— Till forbid. 

Th., or Thurs. — Thursday. 

Theo. — Theodore. 

Theol. — Theology : Theological. 

Theoph. — Theophilus. 

Thess. — Thessalonians. 

Tho\ — Though. 

Thos. — Thomas. 

Thro', — Through. 

Tim. — Timothy. 

Tit.— Titus. 

T. O. — Turn over. 

Tob.— Tobit. 

Topog. — Topography ; Topographical. 

Tp. — Township. 

Tr. — Transpose ; Translator ; Trans- 
lation ; Trustee. 

T r a n s. — Translator ; Translation ; 
Transactions ; Transpose. 

Treas. — Treasurer. 



j 



MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 



Trin. — Trinity. 
Tues., or Tu. — Tuesday. 
T. S. — Twin screw. 
Tr. S. — Triple screw. 
Tur. — Turkey. 
Typ. — Typographer. 

U. — Union. 

U. B. — United Brethren. 

U. C. — Upper Canada. 

U. C. — JJrbe condita, year of Rome. 

U. J. C. — Utriusque Juris Doctor, 

Doctor of both Laws. 
U K. — United Kingdom. 
U. K. A. — Ulster King-at-Arms. 
Ult. — Ultimo, last ; of the last month. 
Unit. — Unitarian. . 
Univ. — ■ University. 
Univt. — Universalist. 
U. P. — United Presbyterian. 
U. S.— United States. 
U. s. — TJt supra, or uti supra, as 

above. 
U. S. A.— United States Army. 
U S. A. — United States of America. 
U. S. M.— United States Mail. 
U. S. M. — United States Marines. 
U. S. M. A. — United States Military 

U. S. M. 0. — United States Marine 
Corps. 

U. S. M. H. S.— United States Ma- 
rine Hospital Service. 

U. S. N. — United States Navy. 

U. S. N. A. — United States Naval 
Acad. 

U. S. S.— United States Senate. 

Ut— Utah. 

V.— Village. 

V., or vid. — Vide, see. 

V.— Violin. 

Vt. — Vermont. 

V., or vs. — Versus, against ; Versicu- 
lo, in such a verse. 

Va. — Virginia. 

Val.— Value. 

Vat. — Vatican. 

V. C. — Victoria Cross; Vice-Chair- 
man ; Vice-Chancellor. 

V. D. L. — Van Diemen's Land, 

V. D. M. — Verbi Dei Minister, Minis- 
ter of God's word. 

Ven. — Venerable. 

Ver. — Verse. 

V. G» — Vicar General. 

V. g. — Verbi gratia, as for example. 

Vice-Pres., or V. P* — Vice-President. 

Vise — Viscount. 

Viz., or vl — Videlicet, to wit ; name- 
ly; that is to say* 



Vo. — Verso, left-hand page. 
Vol. — Volume. 

V, R. — Victoria Regina, Queen Vic- 
toria. 
V. S. — Veterinary Surgeon. 
Vul. — Vulgate v Version) „ 

W.— West. 

Wash. — Washington. 

W. B. M. — Woman's Board of Mis- 
sions. 

W. C. A. — Woman's Christian Asso- 
ciation. 

W. C. T. U.— Women s Christian 
Temperance Union. 

Wed. — Wednesday. 

Wf. — Wrong font. 

W. F. M. S. — Woman's Foreign Mis- 
sionary Society. 

W. H. M. A. — Woman's Home Mis- 
sionary Association. 

W. L— West Indies. 

Wis. — Wisconsin. 

Wisd. — Wisdom (Book of). 

Wk.— Week. 

W. M. — Worshipful Master. 

Wm. — William. 

W. M. S. — Wesleyan Missionary So- 
ciety. 

W. N. C. T. TL— Woman's National 
Christian Temperance Union. 

W.-N.-W. — West-north-west. 

W.-S.-W. — West-south-west. 

Wt— Weight. 

Wyo. — Wyoming. 

W. Va. — West Virginia. 

X., or Xt.— Christ. 
Xmas., or Xm. — Christmas, 
Xn., or Xtian. — Christian. 
Xnty., or Xty. — Christianity. 
Xper., or Xr. — Christopher. 

Yd.— Yard. 

Ym.— Them. 

Y. M. C. A. — Young Men's Christian 

Association. 
Y. M. C. U. — Young Men's Christian 

Union. 
Yn.— Then. 
Yr. — Year. 
Yrs. — Years ; 
Y. W. C. A. 



tian Association. 

Zach. — Zachary. 
Zech. — Zechariah. 
Zeph.— Zephaniah. 
Zool. — Zoology. 

&.— And. 



Yours- 
Young Women's Chris- 



A MANNER OF FORECASTING WEATHER 



^$3 



A LMANAC predictions can be noth- 
/-\ ing but conjecture, the earth's 
subjection to many unknowable and 
undeterminable forces rendering such 
calculations impossible. It is practi- 
cable, however, by the following rules, 
drawn from actual results during very 



many years and applied with due re- 
gard to the subjects of solar and lunar 
attraction with reference to this planet, 
to foresee the kind of weather most 
likely to follow the moon's change of 
phase : 



Prognostications . 



If New Moon, First Quarter, Full 
Moon or Last Quarter happens 



Between midnight and 

2 

4 

6 

8 
10 
12 

2 

4 

6 

8 
10 



2 A.M. 

4 

6 

8 

10 
12 

2 p. 

4 

6 

8 

10 
midnight 



In Summer. 



Fair . . (1 and 2) 

Cold and showers. . . . 

Rain 

Wind and rain 

Changeable 

Frequent showers . (3) 

Very rainy (4) 

Changeable (5) 

Fair 

Fair if wind N. W. . . 
Rainy if S., or S. W. . 
Fair 



In Winter. 



Frost, unless wind is S. W. (7) 

Snow and stormy. 

Rain. 

Stormy. 

Cold rain if wind W., snow if E. 

Cold and high wind. 

Snow or rain. 

Fair and mild. 

Fair. 

Fair and frosty if wind N. or N. E. 

Rain or snow if S. or S. W. 

Fair and frosty. 



Observations. — 1. The nearer the 
moon's change, first quarter, full and 
last quarter to midnight, the fairer 
will be the weather during the next 
seven days. 

2. The space for this calculation oc- 
cupies from ten at night till two next 
morning. 

3. The nearer to midday or noon the 
phase of the moon happens, the more 
foul or wet weather may be expected 
during the next seven days. 

4. The space for this calculation oc- 
cupies from ten in the forenoon to 
two in the afternoon. These observa- 
tions refer principally to summer, 
though they affect spring and autumn 
in the same ratio. 

5. The moon's change, first quarter, 



full and last quarter happening dur- 
ing six of the afternoon hours, i. e., 
from four to ten, may be followed by 
fair weather, but this is mostly depen- 
dent on the wind, as is noted in the 
table. 

6. Though the weather, from a vari- 
ety of irregular causes, is more uncer- 
tain in the latter part of autumn, the 
whole of winter and the beginning of 
spring, yet, in the main, the above 
observations will apply to these pe- 
riods also. 

7. To prognosticate correctly, espe- 
cially in those cases where the wind is 
concerned, the observer should be 
within sight of a vane where the four 
cardinal points of the compass are cor- 
rectly placed. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

IN CONGRESS— THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1 776. 



Agreeably to the order of the day, 
the Congress resolved itself into a com- 
mittee of the whole, to take into their 
further consideration, the Declaration; 
and after some time the President re- 
sumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison 
reported that the committee had agreed 
to a declaration, which they desired 
him to report. (The committee con- 
sisted of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin 
Franklin, John Adams, R. Sherman 
and R. R. Livingston.) 

The Declaration being read, was 
agreed to, as follows: 

A DECLARATION. 

By the Representatives of the United 

States of America, in Congress 

Assembled. 

When, in the course of human 
events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands 
which have connected them with an- 
other, and to assume, among the pow- 
ers of the earth, the separate and equal 
station to which the laws of nature 
and of nature's God entitle them, a 
decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare 
the causes which impel them to the 
separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evi- 
dent, that all men are created equal; 
that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain unalienable rights; that 
among these, are life, liberty, and the 
pursuit of happiness. That to secure 
these rights, governments are instituted 
among men, deriving their just powers 
from the consent of the governed: 
that, whenever any form of govern- 
ment becomes destructive of these 
ends, it is the right of the people to 
alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
tute a new government, laying its 
foundation on such principles, and or- 
ganizing its powers in such form, as 



to them shall seem most likely to ef- 
fect their safety and happiness. Pru- 
dence, indeed, will dictate that govern- 
ments long established, should not be 
changed for light and transient causes; 
and, accordingly, all experience hath 
shown, that mankind are more disposed 
to 'suffer, while evils are sufferable, 
than to right themselves by abolishing 
the forms to which they are accus- 
tomed. But, when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing in- 
variably the same object, evinces a 
design to reduce them under absolute 
despotism, it is their right, it is their 
duty, to throw off such government, 
and to provide new guards for their 
future security. Such has been the 
patient sufferance of these colonies, 
and such is now the necessity which 
constrains them to alter their former 
systems of government. The history 
of the present King of Great Britain 
is a history of repeated injuries and 
usurpations, all having, in direct ob- 
ject, the establishment of an absolute 
tyranny over these States. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
world : 

He has refused his assent to laws 
the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to 
pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their 
operation till his assent should be ob- 
tained; and when so suspended, he has 
utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws 
for the accommodation of large dis- 
tricts of people, unless those people 
would relinquish the right of repre- 
sentation in the legislature; a right 
inestimable to them, and formidable to 
tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative 
bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the depository 
of their public records, for the sole 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 



purpose of fatiguing them into com- 
pliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative 
houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the 
rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after 
such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected; whereby the legislative 
powers, incapable of annihilation, have 
returned to the people at large for 
their exercise; the state remaining, in 
the mean time, exposed to all the dan- 
ger of invasion from without, and 
convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the 
population of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the laws for nat- 
uralization of foreigners; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migra- 
tion hither, and raising the conditions 
of new appropriations of lands. 

_ He has obstructed the administra- 
tion of justice by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary 
powers. 

He has made judges dependent on 
his will alone, for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment 
of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new 
offices, and sent hither swarms of offi- 
cers to harass our people, and eat out 
their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of 
peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the mili- 
tary independent of and superior to 
the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to 
subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
our constitution, and unacknowledged 
by our laws; giving his assent to their 
acts of pretended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed 
troops among us; 

For protecting them, by a mock 
trial, from punishment, for any mur- 
ders which they should commit on the 
inhabitants of these States ; 

For cutting off our trade with all 
parts of the world; 

For imposing taxes on us without 
our consent; 

For lepriving us, in many cases, of 
the benefits of trial by jury; 

For transporting us beyond seas to 
be tried for pretended offences; 

For abolishing the free system of 



English laws in a neighboring prov- 
ince, establishing therein an arbitrary 
government, and enlarging its bound- 
aries, so as to render it at once an 
example and fit instrument for intro- 
ducing the same absolute rule into 
these colonies; 

For taking away our charters, abol- 
ishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the powers^of 
our governments; 

For suspending our own legislatures, 
and declaring themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us in all cases 
whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, 
by declaring us out of his protection, 
and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged 
our coasts, burnt our towns, and de- 
stroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting 
large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the work of death, desola- 
tion, and tyranny, already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy 
scarcely paralleled in the most bar- 
barous ages, and totally unworthy the 
head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citi- 
zens, taken captive on the high seas, 
to bear arms against their country, 
to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall them- 
selves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrec- 
tions amongst us, and has endeavored 
to bring on the p inhabitants of our 
frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known rule of warfare is an un- 
distinguished destruction, of all ages,, 
sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, 
we have petitioned for redress, in the 
most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered onty by re- 
peated injury. A prince, whose char- 
acter is thus marked by every act 
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to 
be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in atten- 
tion to our British brethren. We nave 
warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts made by their legislature 
to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- 
tion over us. We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration 
and settlement here.^ We have ap- 
pealed to their native justice and mag- 
nanimity, and we have conjured them, 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 



by the ties of our common kindred, to 
disavow these usurpations, which 
would inevitably interrupt our con- 
nection and correspondence. They, 
too, have been deaf to the voice of jus- 
tice and consanguinity. We must, 
therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, 
which denounces our separation, and 
hold them, as we hold the rest of 
mankind, enemies in war — in peace, 
friends. 

We, therefore the representatives of 
the UNITED STATES OF AMER- 
ICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS as- 
sembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the World for the rectitude 
of our intentions, do, in the name, and 
by the authority of the good people of 
these colonies, solemnly publish and 
declare, That these United Colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, Free 
and Independent States; that they 
are absolved from all allegiance to the 
British crown, ana that all political 
connection between them and the 
State of Great Britain, is, and ought 
to be, totally dissolved: and that, 
as FREE AND INDEPENDENT 
STATES, they have full power to levy 
war, conclude peace, contract alliances, 
establish commerce, and to do all 
other acts and things which INDE- 
PENDENT STATES may of right do. 
And, for the support of this Decla- 
ration, with a firm reliance on the pro- 
tection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, 
we mutually pledge to each other, our 
lives, our fortunes, and our sacred 
honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by 
order of Congress, engrossed, and 
signed by the following members: 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 

Connecticut — Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, William Wil- 
liams, Oliver Wolcott. 

Rhode Island — Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

New York — William Floyd, Philip 
Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 
Morris. 

New Jersey — Richard : Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkin- 
son, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania — Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, George Clymer, James 
Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Massachusetts Bay — Samuel Ad- 
ams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Delaware — Csesar Rodney, George 
Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland — Samuel Chase, William 
Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, 
of Carrollton. 

Virginia — George Wythe, Richard 
Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benja- 
min Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jun., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Brax- 
ton. 

North Carolina — William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina — Edward Rut- 
ledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., Thomas 
Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman 
Hall, George Walton. 



THE CONSTITUTION 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.* 



WE THE PEOPLE of the United 
States, 'in Order to form a more per- 
fect Union, establish Justice, insure 
domestic Tranquility, provide for 
the common defence, promote the 
general Welfare, and secure the 
Blessings of Liberty to ourselves 
and our Posterity, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution for the 
United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Section 1. All legislative Powers 
herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which 
shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Representatives. 

Section 2. The House of Represen- 
tatives shall be composed of Members 
chosen every second Year by the Peo- 
ple of the several States, and the Elec- 
tors in each State shall have the Qual- 
ifications requisite for Electors of the 
most numerous Branch of the State 
Legislature. 

No Person shall be a Representative 
who shall not have attained to the 
Age of twenty-five Years, and been 
seven Years a Citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an Inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

[Representatives and direct Taxes 
shall be apportioned among the sev- 
eral States which may be included 
within this Union, according to their 
respective Numbers, which shall be de- 
termined by adding to the whole Num- 
ber of free Persons, including those 
bound to Service for a Term of Years, 
and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other Persons].! The ac- 

* The text contains the original spelling, 
capitalization and punctuation. See Docu- 
mentary History of the Constitution, 1894, 
vol . IT,' pp. 3-18. 

t The clause included in brackets is 
amended by the 14th amendment, 2nd section. 



tual Enumeration shall be made within 
three Years after the first meeting of 
the Congress of the United States, and 
within every subsequent Term of ten 
Years, in such Manner as they shall 
by Law direct. The Number of Rep- 
resentatives shall not exceed one for 
every thirty Thousand, but each State 
shall have at Least one Representa- 
tive; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire 
shall be entitled to chuse three, Mas- 
sachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and 
Providence Plantations one, Connecti- 
cut five, New York six, New Jersey 
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware 
one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, 
North Carolina five, South Carolina 
five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the Rep- 
resentation from any State, the Exec- 
utive Authority thereof shall issue 
Writs of Election to fill such Vacan- 
cies. 

The House of Representatives shall 
chuse their Speaker and other offi- 
cers* and shall have the sole power 
of Impeachment. 

Section 3. The Senate of the Uni- 
ted States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by 
the Legislature thereof, for six Years; 
and each Senator shall have one Vote. 

Immediately after they shall be as- 
sembled in Consequence of the first 
Election, they shall be divided as 
equally as may be into three Classes. 
The Seats of the Senators of the first 
Class shall be vacated at the Expira- 
tion of the second Year, of the second 
Class at the Expiration of the fourth 
Year, and of the third Class at the 
Expiration of the sixth Year, so that 
one third may be chosen every second 
year; and if Vacancies happen by 
Resignation, or otherwise, during the 

* The principal of these are the clerk, ser- 
geant-at-arms, doorkeeper, and postmaster. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE XL S. OF AMERICA 



Recess of the Legislature of any State, 
the Executive thereof may make tem- 
porary Appointments until the next 
Meeting of the Legislature, which shall 
then fill such Vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who 
shall not have attained the Age of 
thirty Years, and been nine Years a 
Citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an Inhabi- 
tant of that State for which he shall 
be chosen. 

The Vice President of the United 
States shall be President of the Sen- 
ate, but shall have no Vote, unless 
they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall chuse their other 
Officers, and also a President, pro 
tempore, in the Absence of the Vice 
President, or when he shall exercise 
the Office of President of the United 
States. 

The Senate shall have the sole 
Power to try all Impeachments. When 
sitting for that Purpose, they shall be 
on Oath or Affirmation. When the 
President of United States is tried, 
the Chief Justice shall preside: And 
no Person shall be convicted without 
the Concurrence of two thirds of the 
Members present. 

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment 
shall not extend further than to re- 
moval from Office, and Disqualifica- 
tion to hold and enjoy any Office 
of honor, Trust or Profit under the 
United States : but the Party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject 
to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and 
Punishment, according to Law. 

Section 4. The Times ; Places and 
Manner of holding Elections for Sen- 
ators and Representatives, shall be 
prescribed in each State by the Legis- 
lature thereof; but the Congress may 
at any time by Law make or alter such 
Regulations, except as to the places of 
chusing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least 
once in every Year, and such Meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in Decem- 
ber, unless they shall by Law appoint 
a different Day. 

Section 5. Each House shall be the 
Judge of the Elections, Returns and 
Qualifications of its own Members, 
and a Majority of each shall consti- 
tute a Quorum to do Business; but a 
6maller Number may adjourn from day 
to day, and may be authorized to com- 



pel the Attendance of absent Members, 
in such Manner, and under such Pen- 
alties as each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the 
Rules of its Proceedings, punish its 
Members for disorderly Behaviour, 
and, with the Concurrence of two- 
thirds, expel a Member. 

Each House shall keep a Journal of 
its Proceedings, and from time to time 
publish the same, excepting such Parts 
as may in their Judgment require 
Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of 
the Members of either House on any 
question shall, at the Desire of one 
fifth of those Present, be entered on 
the Journal. 

Neither House, during the Session of 
Congress, shall, without the Consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than 
three days, nor to any other Place 
than that in which the two Houses 
shall be sitting. 

Section 6. The Senators and Rep- 
resentatives shall receive a Compensa- 
tion* for their Services, to be ascer- 
tained by Law, and paid out of the 
Treasury of the United States They 
shall in all Cases, except Treason, 
Felony and Breach of the Peace, be 
privileged from Arrest during their 
Attendance at the Session of their re- 
spective Houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same; and for any 
Speech or Debate in either House, they 
shall not be questioned in any other 
Place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, 
during the Time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil Of- 
fice under the Authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, 
or the Emoluments whereof shall have 
been encreased during such time: and 
no Person holding any Office under the 
United States, shall' be a Member of 
either House during his Continuance 
in Office. 

Section 7. All bills for raising Rev- 
enue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives; but the Senate may 
propose or concur with Amendments as 
on other Bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed 
the House of Representatives and the 
Senate, shall, before it becomes a Law, 
be presented to the President of the 

* The present compensation is $7,500 a year, 
and an allowance of 20 cents for every mile of 
travel to and from the national capital. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA 



United States; If he approve he shall 
sign it, but if not he shall return it, 
with his Objections to the House in 
which it shall have originated, who 
shall enter the Objections at large on 
their Journal, and proceed to recon- 
sider it. If after such Reconsidera- 
tion two thirds of that House shall 
agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the Objections to the 
other House, by which it shall like- 
wise be reconsidered, and if approved 
by two thirds of that House, it shall 
become a Law. But in all such Cases 
the Votes of Both Houses shall be 
determined by yeas and Nays, and the 
Names of the Persons voting for and 
against the Bill shall be entered on 
the Journal of each House respec- 
tively. If any Bill shall not be re- 
turned by the President within ten 
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
have been presented to him, the Same 
shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he 
had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their Adjournment prevent its Return, 
in which Case it shall not be a Law. 

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to 
which the Concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives may be 
necessary (except on a question of 
Adjournment) shall be presented to 
the President of the United States; 
and before the Same shall take Effect, 
shall be approved by him, or being 
disapproved by him, shall be repassed 
by two thirds of the Senate and House 
of Representatives, according m to the 
Rules and Limitations prescribed in 
the Case of a Bill. 

Section 8. The Congress shall have 
Power: To lay and collect Taxes, 
Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the 
Debts and provide for the common De- 
fence and general Welfare of the United 
States; but all Duties, Imposts and 
Excises shall be uniform throughout 
the United States; 

To borrow Money on the credit of 
the United States; 

To regulate Commerce with foreign 
Nations, and among the several States, 
and with the Indian Tribes; 

To establish an uniform Rule of 
Naturalization,* and uniform Laws on 
the subject of Bankruptcies through- 
out the United States; 

* The Naturalization laws require a foreigner 
to be in the country five years before he is en- 
titled to citizenship. 



To coin Money, regulate the Value 
thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix 
the Standard of Weights and Meas- 
ures; 

To provide for the Punishment of 
counterfeiting the Securities and cur- 
rent Coin of the United States; 

To establish Post Offices and post 
Roads; 

To promote the Progress of Science 
and useful Arts, by securing for lim- 
ited Times to Authors and Inventors - 
the exclusive Right * to their respec- 
tive Writings and Discoveries; 

To constitute Tribunals inferior to 
the supreme Court; 

To define and punish Piracies and 
Felonies committed on the high Seas, 
and Offences against the Law of Na- 
tions; 

To declare War, grant Letters of 
Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules 
concerning Captures on Land and 
Water; 

To raise and support Armies, but 
no Appropriation of Money to that 
Use shall t^e for a longer Term than 
two Years \ 

To provide and maintain a Navy; 

To make Rules for the Government 
and Regulation of the land and naval 
Forces; 

To provide for calling forth the 
Militia to execute the Laws of the 
Union, suppress Insurrections and repel 
Invasions; m 

To provide for organizing, arming, 
and disciplining, the Militia, and for 
governing such Part of them as may 
be employed in the Service of the 
United States, reserving to the States 
respectively, the Appointment of the 
Officers, and the Authority of training 
the Militia according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress; 

To exercise exclusive Legislation in 
all Cases whatsoever, over such Dis- 
trict (not exceeding ten Miles square) 
as may, by Cession of particular 
States, and the Acceptance of Con- 
gress, become the Seat of the Govern- 
ment of the United States, and to ex- 
ercise like Authority over all places 
purchased by the Consent of the Leg- 

* An Author obtains a copyright by applica- 
tion to the Librarian of Congress, and it is se- 
cured for forty-four years. 

An inventor secures a patent from the Patent 
Office, at Washington, for a certain number of 
years, prescribed by the Commissioner of 
Patents. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA 



islature of the State in which the 
Same shall be, for the Erection of 
Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock- 
Yards, and other needful Buildings; 
— And. 

To make all Laws which shall be 
necessary and proper for carrying into 
Execution the foregoing Powers, and 
all other Powers vested by this Con- 
stitution in the Government of the 
United States, or in any Department 
or Officer thereof. 

Section 9. The Migration or Im- 
portation of such Persons as any of the 
States now existing shall think proper 
to admit, shall not be prohibited by 
the Congress prior to the Year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight, but 
a Tax or duty may be imposed, on 
such Importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for each Person. 

The Privilege of the Writ of Ha- 
beas Corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in Cases of Rebellion or 
Invasion the public Safety may require 
it. 

No Bill of Attainder or ex post 
facto Law shall be passed. 

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax 
shall be laid, unless in Proportion to 
the Census or Enumeration herein be- 
fore directed to be taken. 

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on 
Articles exported from any State. 

No Preference shall be given by any 
Regulation of Commerce or Revenue 
to the Ports of one State over those 
of another: nor shall Vessels bound 
to, or from, one State, be obliged to 
enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 

No Money shall be drawn from the 
Treasury, but in Consequence of Ap- 
propriations made by Law; and a reg- 
ular Statement and Account of the Re- 
ceipts and Expenditures of all public 
Money shall be published from time 
to time. 

No Title of Nobility shall be granted 
by the United States: And no Per- 
son holding any Office of Profit or 
Trust under them, shall, without the 
Consent of the Congress, accept of any 
present, Emolument, Office, or Title, 
of any kind whatever, from any King, 
Prince, or foreign State. 

Section 10. No State shall enter 
into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confed- 
eration; grant Letters of Marque and 
Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of 
Credit; make any Thing but gold and 



silver Coin a Tender in Payment of 
Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex 

gost facto Law, or Law impairing the 
•bligation of Contracts, or grant anv 
Title of Nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent 
of the Congress, lay any Imposts or 
Duties on Imports or Exports, except 
what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing it's inspection Laws: and the 
net Produce of all Duties ana Imposts, 
laid by any State on Imports or Ex- 
ports, shall be for the Use of the Treas- 
ury of the United States; and all such 
Laws shall be subject to the Revision 
and Controul of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the Consent 
of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, 
keep Troops, or Ships of War in time 
of Peace, enter into any Agreement or 
Compact with another State, or with 
a foreign Power, or engage in War, 
unless actually invaded, or in such 
imminent Danger as will not admit of 
Delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section 1. The executive Power 
shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall 
hold his Office during the Term of four 
Years, and, together with the Vice 
President, chosen for the same Term, 
be elected as follows 

Each State shall appoint, in such 
Manner as the Legislature thereof may 
direct, a Number of Electors, equal 
to the whole Number of Senators and 
Representatives to which the State 
may be entitled in the Congress: but 
no Senator or Representative, or Per- 
son holding an Office of Trust or 
Profit under the United States, shall 
be appointed an Elector. 

[The Electors shall meet in their 
respective States, and vote by Ballot 
for two Persons, of whom one at least 
shall not be an Inhabitant of the same 
State withthemselves. And they shall 
make a List of all the Persons voted 
for, and of the Number of Votes for 
each; which List they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the 
Seat of the Government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the 
Senate. The President of the Senate 
shall, in the Presence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, open 
all the Certificates, and the Votes shall 
then be counted. The Person having 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA 



the greatest Number of Votes shall be 
the President, if such Number be a 
Majority of the whole Number of 
Electors appointed ; and if there be 
more than one who have such Majority, 
and have an ecfual Number of Votes, 
then the House of Representatives 
shall immediately chuse by Ballot one 
of them for President; and if no Per- 
son have a Majority, then from the five 
highest on the List the said House 
shall in like Manner chuse the Presi- 
dent. But in chusing the President, 
the Votes shall be taken by States, the 
Representation from each State having 
one Vote; A Quorum for this Purpose 
shall consist of a Member or Members 
from two thirds of the States, and a 
Majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a Choice. In every 
Case, after the Choice of the President, 
the Person having the greatest Num- 
ber of Votes of the Electors shall be 
the Vice President. But if there should 
remain two or more who have equal 
Votes, the Senate shall chuse from 
them by Ballot the Vice President.] 

The clause in brackets has been superseded 
by the 12th Amendment. 

The Congress may determine the 
Time of chusing the Electors, and the 
Day on which they shall give their 
Votes; which Day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

No Person except a natural born 
Citizen, or a Citizen of the United 
States, at the time of the Adoption of 
this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
the Office of President; neither shall 
any Person be eligible to that Office 
who shall not have attained to the Age 
of thirty-five Years, and been four- 
teen Years a Resident within the 
United States. 

In Case of the Removal of the Pres- 
ident from Office, or of his Death, 
Resignation, or Inability to discharge 
the Powers am Duties of the said 
office, the Same shall devolve on the 
Vice President, and the Congress may 
by Law provide for the Case of Re- 
moval, Death, Resignation, or Inabil- 
ity, both of the President and Vice 
President, declaring what Officer shall 
then act as President, and such Officer 
shall act accordingly, until the Disabil- 
ity be removed, or a President shall 
be elected. 

The President shall, at stated Times, 
receive for his Services, a Compensa- 

E. 175* 



tion, which shall neither be encreased 
nor diminished during the Period for 
which he shall have been elected, ana 
he shall not receive within that Period 
any other Emolument from the United 
States, or any of them. 

Before he enter on the Execution of 
his Office, he shall take the following 
Oath or Affirmation: — "I do solemnly 
"swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
"execute the Office of President of the 
"United States, and will to the best of 
"my Ability, preserve, protect and 
"defend the Constitution of the United 
"States." 

Section 2. The President shall be 
Commander in Chief of the Army and 
Navy of the United States and of the 
Militia of the several States, w T hen 
called into the actual Service of the 
United States; he may require the 
Opinion, in writing, of the principal 
Officer in each of the executive De- 
partments, upon any subject relating 
to the Duties of their respective Of- 
fices, and he shall have Power to grant 
Reprieves and Pardons for Offences 
against the United States, except in 
Cases of Impeachment. 

He shall have Power, by and with 
the Advice and Consent of the Senate, 
to make Treaties, provided tw T o thirds 
of the Senators present concur; and 
he shall nominate, and by and with the 
Advice and Consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint Ambassadors, other pub- 
lic Ministers and Consuls, Judges of 
the supreme Court, and all other Offi- 
cers of the United States, w T hose Ap- 
pointments are not herein otherwise 
provided for, and which shall be estab- 
lished by Law T ; but the Congress may 
by Law vest the Appointment of such 
inferior Officers, as they think proper, 
in the President alone, in the Courts 
of Law, or in the Heads of Depart- 
ments. 

The President shall have Power to 
fill up all Vacancies that may happen 
during the Recess of the Senate, by 
granting Commissions which shall ex- 
pire at the End of their next Session. 

Section 3. He shall from time to 
time give to the Congress Information 
of the State of the Union, and recom- 
mend to their Consideration such 
Measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient; he may, on extraordi- 
nary Occasions, convene both Houses, 
or either of them, and in Case of Dis- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA 



agreement between them, with Re- 
spect to the time of Adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such Time as he 
shall think proper; he shall receive 
Ambassadors and other public Min- 
isters; he shall take Care that the 
Laws be faithfully executed, and shall 
Commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice Pres- 
ident and all civil Officers of the United 
States, shall be removed from Office 
on Impeachment for, and Conviction 
of, Treason, Bribery, or other high 
Crimes and Misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE in. 

Section 1. The judicial Power of 
the United States, shall be vested in, 
one supreme Court, and in such infe- 
rior Courts as the Congress may from 
time to time ordain and establish. The 
Judges, both of the supreme and in- 
ferior Courts, shall hold their Offices 
during good Behaviour, and shall, at 
stated Times, receive for their Ser- 
vices, a Compensation which shall not 
be diminished during their Continu- 
ance in Office. 

Section 2. The judicial Power shall 
extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, 
arising under this Constitution, the 
Laws of the United States, and Treat- 
ies made, or which shall be made, 
under their authority; — to all Cases 
affecting Ambassadors, other public 
Ministers and Consuls ;— to all Cases 
of admiralty and maritime Jurisdic- 
tion; — to Controversies to which the 
United States shall be a Party; — to 
Controversies between two or more 
States; — between a State and Citi- 
zens of another State*; — between Citi- 
zens of different States; — between 
Citizens of the same State claiming 
Lands under Grants of different States, 
and between a State, or the Citizens 
thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or 
Subjects. 

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, 
other public Ministers and Consuls, 
and those in which a State shall be 
Party, the supreme Court shall have 
original Jurisdiction. In all the other 
Cases before mentioned, the supreme 
Court shall have appellate Jurisdic- 
tion, both as to Law and Fact, with 

♦This clause was limited by the 11th Amend- 
ment. 



such Exceptions, and under such Regu- 
lations as the Congress shall make. 

The Trial of all Crimes, except in 
Cases of Impeachment, shall be by 
Jury; and such Trial shall be held in 
the State where the said Crimes shall 
have been committed; but when not 
committed within any State, the Trial 
shall be at such Place or Places as the 
Congress may by Law have directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the Uni- 
ted States, shall consist only in levying 
War against them, or in adhering to 
their Enemies, giving them Aid and 
Comfort. No Person shall be con- 
victed of Treason unless on the Testi- 
mony of two Witnesses to the same 
overt Act, or on Confession in open 
Court. 

The Congress shall have Power to 
declare the Punishment of Treason, 
but no Attainder of Treason shall 
work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeit- 
ure except during the Life of the Per- 
son attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section 1. Full Faith and Credit 
shall be given in each State to the 
public Acts, Records and judicial Pro- 
ceedings of every other State. And 
the Congress may by general Laws 
prescribe the Manner in which such 
Acts, Records and Proceedings shall 
be proved, and the Effect thereof. 

Section 2. The Citizens of each 
State shall be entitled to all Privileges 
and Immunities of Citizens in the 
several States. 

A Person charged in any State with 
Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who 
shall flee from Justice, and be found 
in another State, shall on Demand of 
the Executive Authority of the State 
from which he fled, be delivered up, to 
be removed to the State having Juris- 
diction of the Crime. 

No Person held to Service or La- 
bour in one State, under the Laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in Consequence of any Law or Regu- 
lation therein, be discharged from such 
Service or Labour, but shall be deliv- 
ered up on Claim of the Party to 
whom such Service or Labour may be 
due. 

Section 3. New States may be ad- 
mitted by Congress into this Union; 
but no new State shall be formed or 
erected within the Jurisdiction of any 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA 



other State; nor any State be formed 
by the Junction of two or more States, 
or Parts of States, without the Con- 
sent of the Legislatures of the States 
concerned as well as of the Congress. 
. The Congress shall have power to 
dispose of and make all needful Rules 
and Regulations respecting the Terri- 
tory or other Property belonging to 
the United States; and nothing in 
this Constitution shall be so construed 
as to Prejudice any Claims of the Uni- 
ted States, or of any particular State. 
Section 4. The United States shall 
guarantee to every State in this Union 
a Republican Form of Government, 
and shall protect each of them against 
Invasion; and on Application of the 
Legislature, or of the Executive 
(when the Legislature cannot be con- 
vened) against domestic Violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds 
of both Houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose Amendments to this 
Constitution, or, on the Application 
of the Legislatures of two thirds of the 
several States, shall call a Convention 
for proposing Amendments, which, in 
either case, shall be valid to all In- 
tents and Purposes, as Part of this 
Constitution, when ratified by the 
Legislatures of three fourths of the sev- 
eral States, or by Conventions in 
three fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other Mode of Ratification may be 
proposed by the Congress; Provided 
that no Amendment which may be 
made prior to the Year' One thousand 
eight hundred and eight shall in any 
Manner affect the first and fourth 
Clauses in the Ninth Section of the 
first Article; and that no State, with- 
out its Consent, shall be deprived of 
it's equal Suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All Debts contracted and Engage- 
ments entered into, before the Adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall be as 
valid against the United States under 
this Constitution, as under the Con- 
federation. 

This Constitution, and the Laws of 
the United States which shall be made 
in Pursuance _ thereof; and all Treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under 
the Authority of the United States, 



shall be the supreme Law of the 
Land; and the Judges in every State 
shall be bound thereby, any Thing in 
the Constitution or Laws of any State 
to the Contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives 
before mentioned, and the Members of 
the several State Legislatures, and all 
executive and judicial Officers, both of 
the United States, and of the several 
States, shall be bound by Oath or Af- 
firmation, to support this Constitu- 
tion; but no religious Test shall ever 
be required as a Qualification to any 
Office or public Trust under the United 
States. 

ARTICLE VIL 

The Ratification of the Conventions 
of nine States, shall be sufficient for 
the Establishment of this Constitution 
between the States so ratifying the 
same. 

Done in Convention by the L T nani- 
mous Consent of the States pres- 
ent the Seventeenth Day of Sep- 
tember in the Year of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and 
Eighty seven, and of the Indepen- 
dance of the United States of 
America the Twelfth. In Wit- 
ness whereof We have hereunto 
subscribed our Names, 

G° Washington — 
Presidt and Deputy from Virginia 

New Hampshire 
John Langdon 
Nicholas Gilman 

Massachusetts 
Nathaniel Gorham 
Rufus King 

Connecticut 
Wm. Saml. Johnson 
Roger Sherman 

New York 
Alexander Hamilton 

New Jersey 
Wil: Livingston 
David Brearley 
Wm. Paterson 
Jona: Dayton 

Pennsylvania 
B. Franklin 
Thomas Mifflin 
Robt. Morris 
G&o. Clymer 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA 



Tho. Fitzsimons 
Jared Ingersoll 
James Wilson 
Gouv Morris 

Delaware 
Geo: Read 

Gunning Bedford Jun 
John Dickinson 
Richard Bassett 
Jaco: Broom 

Maryland 
James McHenry 
Dan of St Thos Jenifer 
Danl. Carroll 

Virginia 
John Blair 
James Madison Jr. 

North Carolina 
Wm. Blount 
rlchd. dobbs spaight 
Hu Williamson 

South Carolina 
J. Rutledge 

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. 
Charles Pinckney 
Pierce Butler 

Georgia 
William Few 
Abe Baldwin 

Attest William Jackson, 

Secretary 



AMENDMENTS 

TO 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF 

AMERICA 

The Conventions of a number of the 
States having at the time of their 
adopting the Constitution expressed a 
desire, in order to prevent miscon- 
struction or abuse of its powers, that 
further declaratory ana restrictive 
clauses should be added : And as extend- 
ing the ground of public confidence in 
the government will best insure the 
beneficent ends of its institution — 

Resolved, By the Senate and House of 
Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, two 
thirds of both houses concurring, That 
the following articles be proposed to 
the legislatures of the several states as 



amendments to the constitution of the 
United States, all or any of which arti- 
cles, when ratified by three fourths of 
the said legislatures, to be valid to all 
intents and purposes, as part of the 
said Constitution, namely : 

Articles in addition to, and amend- 
ment of, the Constitution of the United 
States of America, proposed by Con- 
gress and ratified by the Legislatures of 
the several States, pursuant to the fifth 
article of the original Constitution. 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law re- 
specting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise there- 
of; or abridging the freedom of speech, 
or of the press; or the right of the 
people peaceably to assemble, and to 
petition the Government for a redress 
of grievances. 

ARTICLE n. 

A well regulated Militia being neces- 
sary to the security of a free State, 
the right of the people to keep ana 
bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE Ed. 

No Soldier shall, in time of peace 
be quartered in any house, without 
the consent of the Owner, nor in time 
of war, but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure 
in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures, shall not be violated, and 
no Warrants shall issue, but upon 
probable cause, supported by Oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describ- 
ing the place to be searched, and the 
persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer 
for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or in- 
dictment of a Grand Jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval 
forces, or in the Militia, when in ac- 
tual service in time of War or public 
danger; nor shall any person be sub- 
ject for the same offence to be twice 
put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor 
shall be compelled in any Criminal 
Case to be a witness against himself, 
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA 



property, without due process of law; of the United States by Citizens of 
nor shall private property be taken for another State, or by Citizens or Sub- 
public use, without just compensation, jects of any Foreign State. 

ARTICLE XH.f 

The Electors shall meet in their re- 
spective states, and vote by ballot foi 
President and Vice-President, one of 
whom, at least, shall not be an inhabi- 
tant of the same state m with them- 
selves; they shall name in their bal- 
lots the person voted for as President, 
and in distinct ballots the person voted 
for as Vice-President, and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted 
for as President, and of all persons 
voted for as Vice-President, and of 
the number of votes for each, which 
lists they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the seat of the gov- 
ernment of the United States, directed 
to the President of the Senate: — the 
President of the Senate shall, in pres- 
ence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the certificates 
and the votes shall then be counted; — 
The person having the greatest num- 
ber of votes for President, shall be the 
President, if such number be a major- 
ity of the whole number of Electors 
appointed; and if no person have such 
majority, then from the persons hav- 
ing the highest numbers not exceed- 
ing three on the list of those voted 
for as President, the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall choose immediately, by 
ballot, the President. But in choosing 
the President, the votes shall be taken 
by states, the representation from each 
state having one vote; a quorum for 
this purpose shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the 
states, and a majority of all the states 
shall be necessary to a choice. And if 
the House of Representatives shall 
not choose a President whenever the 
right of choice shall devolve upon 
them, before the fourth aay of March 
next following, then the Vice-President 
shall act as President, as in the case 
of the death or other constitutional 
disability of the President .—The per- 
son having the greatest number of 
votes as Vice-President, shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of Elect- 
ors appointed, and if no person have 

t This amendment is substituted for Clause 
3, Sec. I., Art. II., page 934, and annuls it. ft 
was declared adopted in 1S04. 



ARTICLE VI. 

. In all criminal prosecutions, the ac- 
cused shall enjo^ the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury 
of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, 
which district shall have been pre- 
viously ascertained by law, and to be 
informed of the nature and cause of 
the accusation; to be confronted with 
the Witnesses against him; to have 
compulsory process for obtaining wit- 
nesses in his favor, and to have the 
Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the 
value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by 
jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re- 
examined in any Court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of 
the common law. 

ARTICLE VUL 

Excessive bail shall not be required, 
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitu- 
tion, of certain rights, shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others 
retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X.* 

The powers not delegated to the 
United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are re- 
served to the States respectively, or 
to the people. 

ARTICLE Xl.f 

The Judicial power of the United 
States shall not be construed to ex- 
tend to any suit in law or equity, 
commenced or prosecuted against one 

* The first ten amendments were proposed 
at the first session of the first Congress (1789), 
and declared adopted in 1791. 

f The eleventh amendment was proposed at 
the first session of the third Congress (1794), 
and declared adopted in 1798. It qualifies a 
clause in section 2 of Article III. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S. OF AMERICA 



a majority, then from the two highest 
numbers on the list, the Senate shall 
choose the Vice-President; a quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two- 
thirds of the whole number of Sena- 
tors, and a majority of the whole 
number shall be necessary to a choice. 
But no person constitutionally ineli- 
gible to the office of President shall be 
eligible to that of Vice-President of 
the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII.* 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor in- 
voluntary servitude, except as a pun- 
ishment for crime whereof the party 
shall have been duly convicted, shall 
exist within the United States, or any 
place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. Congress shall have 
power to enforce this article by ap- 
propriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XlV.f 

Section 1. All persons born or nat- 
uralized in the United States, and sub- 
ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
citizens of the United States and of 
the State wherein they reside. No 
state shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or 
immunities of citizens of the United 
States; nor shall any State deprive 
any person of life, liberty, or prop- 
erty, without due process of law; nor 
deny to any person within its jurisdic- 
tion the equal protection of the 
laws. 

Section 2. Representatives shall be 
apportioned among the several States 
according to their respective numbers, 
counting the whole number of persons 
in each State, excluding Indians not 
taxed. But when the right to vote at 
any election for the choice of elect- 
ors for President and Vice-President 
of the United States, Representatives 
in Congress, the Executive and Judicial 
officers of a State, or the members of 
the Legislature thereof, is denied to 
any of the male inhabitants of such 
State, being twenty-one years of age, 

* The thirteenth amendment was proposed 
at the second session of the thirty-eighth Con- 
gress (1865) and declared adopted in 1865. 

t The fourteenth amendment was first pro- 
posed at the first session of the thirty-ninth 
Congress, 1866, and declared adopted in 1868. 



and citizens of the United States, or 
in any way abridged, except for par- 
ticipation in rebellion or other crime, 
the basis of representation therein 
shall be reducecf in the proportion 
which the number of such male citi- 
zens shall bear to the whole number 
of male citizens twenty-one years of 
age in such state. 

Section 3. No person shall be a 
Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or elector of President and Vice-Presi- 
dent, or hold any office, civil or mili- 
tary, under the United States, or un- 
der any State, who, having previously 
taken an oath, as a member of Con- 
gress, or as an officer of the United 
States, or as a member of any State 
legislature, or as an executive or ju- 
dicial officer of any State, to support 
the Constitution of the United States, 
shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid 
or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
Congress may by a vote of two-thirds 
of each house, remove such disability. 

Section 4. The validity of the pub- 
lic debt of the United States, authorized 
by law, including debts incurred for 
payment of pensions and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection or 
rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
But neither the United States nor any 
State shall assume or pay any debt or 
obligation incurred in aid of insurrec- 
tion or rebellion against the United 
States, or any claim for the loss or 
emancipation of any slave; but all 
such debts, obligations, and claims shall 
be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. The Congress shall have 
power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this 
article. 

ARTICLE XV.* 

Section 1. The right of citizens of 
the United States to vote shall not be 
denied or abridged by the United 
States or by any State, on account of 
race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have 
power to enforce this article by ap- 
propriate legislation. 

* The fifteenth amendment was proposed at 
the second session of the fortieth Congress, in 
1869, and declared adopted in 1870. ^ 



CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMEEICA 



ARTICLE XVI.* 

The Congress shall have power to 
lay and collect taxes on incomes, 
from whatever source derived, with- 
out apportionment among the sev- 
eral States, and without regard to 
any census or enumeration. 

ARTICLE XVILt 

1. The Senate of the United States 
shall be composed of two Senators 
from each State, elected by the peo- 
ple thereof, for six years; and each 
Senator shall have one vote. The 
electors in each State shall have the 
qualifications requisite for electors 
of the most numerous branch of the 
State Legislature. 

2. When vacancies happen in the 
representation of any State in the 
Senate, the executive authority of 
such State shall issue writs of elec- 
tion to fill such vacancies: Provided, 
That the Legislature of any State 
may empower the executive thereof 
to make temporary appointment un- 
til the people fill the vacancies by 

* Declared in force Feb. 25. 1913. 
t Declared in force May 31, 1913. 



election as the Legislature may 
direct. 

3. This amendment shall not be so 
construed as to affect the election 
or term of any Senator chosen before 
it becomes valid as part of the 
Constitution. 

ARTICLE XVIII. 

1. After one year from the rati- 
fication of this article the manu- 
facture, sale or transportation of 
intoxicating liquors within, the im- 
portation thereof into, or the ex- 
portation thereof from the United 
States and all territory subject to 
the jurisdiction thereof for beverage 
purposes is hereby prohibited. 

2. The Congress and the several 
States shall have concurrent power 
to enforce this article by appropri- 
ate legislation. 

3. This article shall be inopera- 
tive unless it shall have been ratified 
as an amendment to the Constitution 
by the legislatures of the several 
States, as provided in the Constitu- 
tion, within seven years from the 
date of the submission hereof to the 
States by the Congress. 



LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE VARIOUS STATES 



January 1. New Year's Day: In all 

Slates (including D. C. and Alaska), 
except Kans. and Mass. (In Me. a 
bank holiday only legally.) 

January 8. Anniversary of the 
Battle of New Orleans: In La. 

January 19. Lee's Birthday: In Fla., 
Ga., N. C., S. C, Va., Ala., and Ark. 

February. Mardi-Gras (Shrove Tues-r 
day) : In the parish of Orleans, La. 

February 12. Georgia Day: In Ga. 

February 12. Lincoln's Birthday: 
In Cal., Colo., Conn., Del., 111., la., 
Ind., Kans., Mich., Minn., Mont., 
Nev., N. J., N. Y., N. D., Penn., S. 
D., Ut., Wash., W. Va., and Wyo. 

February 22. Washington's Birth- 
day: In all the States, District of 
Columbia and Alaska. 

March (Third Tuesday). Primary 
Election Day: (every Presidential 
year) in North Dakota. 

March 2. Anniversary of Texan 
Independence: In Texas. 

March 4. Inauguration Day: In 
D. C. in years when a President of 
the U. S. is inaugurated. 

April (First Monday) . Annual Spring 
Election: In Michigan. 

April 12. Halifax Independence 
Resolutions: In North Carolina. 

April 13. Thomas Jefferson's Birth- 
day: In Alabama. 

April 5, 1912. Good Friday: In 
Ala., Conn., Del., Fla., La., Md., 
Minn., N. J., Penn., Tenn. 

April 19. Patriots' Day: In Maine 
and Massachusetts. 

April 21. Anniversary of the Battle 
of San Jacinto: In Texas. 

April 26. Confederate Memorial 
Day: In Ala., Fla., Ga., and Miss. 

May 10. Confederate Memorial 
Day: In N. C. and S. C. 

May (Second Friday). Confederate 
Day: In Tennessee. 

May 20. Anniversary of the Sign- 
ing of the Mecklenburg Declara- 
tion of Independence: In N. C. 

May 30. Decoration Day: In all the 
States (and D. C. and Alas.), except 
Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N. C, S. C, 
Tenn., and Tex. 

June 3. Jefferson Davis's Birthday: 
In Fla., Ga., Ala., Miss., Tenn., Tex. 
and S. C. In La., known as c< Con- 
federate Memorial Day." In Va., 
in public schools. 

Sundays and Fast Days are legal holidays in 
There is no national holiday, 



June (Last Wednesday). Primary 

Election Day: In North Dakota. 
July 4. Independence Day: In all 

the States, and D. C. and Alas. 
July 10. Admission Day: In Wyo. 
July 24. Pioneers' Day: In Utah. 

July (Fourth Saturday) Primary 

Election D^y: In Texas. 
August. Primary Election Day: In 

Mo. In Mich, (last Tuesday pre- 
ceding every general Nov. election). 

August 1. Colorado Day: In Colo. 

August 16. Bennington Battle 
Day: In Vermont. 

September. Labor Day (First Mon- 
day) : In all the States (and D. C. 
and Alas.). In La., observed in Or- 
leans Parish. In Wyo. by procla- 
mation of the Governor. 

September Primary Election Day: 
In Wis., First Tuesday. In Ore., 
even years. 

September 9* Admission Day: In 
California. 

September 12. Old Defenders' 
Day: In Baltimore, Md. 

October 12. Columbus Day: In 
Ark., Cal., Colo., Conn., Del., Ida., 
111., Ind., Kans., Ky., Md., Mass., 
Mich., Mo., Mont., N. J., N. Y., 
Okla., Penn., R. I., Tex., Vt., Wash. 

October 31. Admission Day: In 
Nevada. 

November 1. All Saints' Day: In La. 

November (first Friday). Pioneer 
Day: In Mont., observed in public 
schools. 

November — General Election Day: 
In Ariz., Cal., Colo., Del., Fla., Ida., 
111. (in Cairo, Chicago, Danville, 
East St. Louis, Galesburg, Rockfora 
and Springfield), Ind., la., Ky., La., 
Me., Md., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., 
Nev., N. H., N. J., N. Mex., N. Y., 
N. C, N. D., O. (from 5.30 A.M. to 9 
A.M. only), Okla., Ore., Penn., R. I., 
S. C, S. D., Tenn., Tex., Va., W. Va., 
Wash., Wis., and Wyo., in the years 
when elections are held therein. 

November — Thanksgiving Day 
(usually the last Thursday in No- 
vember) : Is observed in all the States, 
and in the D. C. and Alas., though in 
some States it is not a statutory holi- 
day. 

December 25. Christmas Day: In 
all the States (except Kans.), and 
D. C. and Alas. 

all the States which designate them as such. 

not even the Fourth of July. 



THE NAMES OF THE STATES AND 
THEIR MEANING 



Alabama — Indian; "Here we rest." 

Alaska — Eskimo; _ Alakshak or Ala- 
yeksa; "The main land." 

Arizona — Indian; Arizonac: "Small 
Springs" or "Few Springs. 

Arkansas — Indian; Kansas; "Smoky 
Water;" and French prefix "arc, 
"bow" or "bend"; hence, "The 
Bow in the Smoky Water." 

California — Spanish ; Caliente For- 
nalla; "Hot Furnace." 

Colorado — Spanish; Colorado; "col- 
ored;" from the red color of the 
Colorado river. 

Connecticut — Indian; Quonektakut, 
the present Connecticut river; "Long 
River." 

Delaware — After Lord De la Warr, 
one of the early proprietors. Dela- 
ware, however, remained a part of 
Pennsylvania until the time of the 
Revolution. 

Florida — Spanish Pascua de Flores; 
"Feast of Flowers;" because dis- 
covered on Easter Day. 

Georgia — After George II of Eng- 
land, who chartered it as a colony 
in 1732. 

Hawaii— Native name; called by 
Captain Cook the "Sandwich Isl- 
ands" after Lord Sandwich. 

Idaho — Indian; "Gem of the Moun- 
tains." 

Illinois — Indian illini and French 
suffix ois; "Tribe of Men." 

Indiana — Latin; "Indians' Land." 

Iowa — Indian; "Beautiful Land." 

Kansas — Indian; "Smoky Water." 

Kentucky — Indian; "At Head of the 
River," or "The Dark and Bloody 
Ground." 

Louisiana — After Louis XIV of 
France. 

Maine — After the province of Maine, 
France. 

Maryland — After Queen Henrietta 
Maria, wife of King Charles I, of 
England. 

Massachusetts — Indian; "Place of 
Blue Hills." 



Michigan— Indian; "Fish Weir." 

Minnesota — Indian; "Sky - tinted 
Water." 

Mississippi — Indian; "Great Father 
of Waters." 

Missouri — Indian; "Muddy (river)." 

Montana— Latin; fern, of montanus; 
"Mountainous. 

Nebraska — Indian; "Water Valley," 
or "Black Water." 

Nevada — Spanish; "Snow-Covered." 

New Hampshire — After Hampshire, 
a county in England. In its terri- 
torial days, a part of it was called 
Laconia. 

New Jersey — After Sir George Car- 
teret, governor of the island of 
Jersey. Jersey was originally Cce- 
serea, or Caesar's Land. 

New Mexico — So named because it 
formerly belonging to old Mexico. 

New York — After the Duke of York, 
to whom his brother, Charles II, of 
England, ceded it as a province. 

North and South Carolina — Origi- 
nally Carolina; after Charles IX 
(Carolus) of France. 

North and South Dakota — Indian 
Dakota; "Allies." 

Ohio— Indian; "Beautiful River." 

Oklahoma — Indian; "Home of the 
Red Men." 

Oregon — Spanish oregano — the wild 
marjoram, abundant on the coast. 

Pennsylvania — Latin; "Penn's Wood- 
land." 

Philippine Islands — Spanish Islas 
Filipinos; after King Philip. [Fi- 
lippo.] 

Porto Rico — Spanish Puerto Rico; 
"Rich Harbor." 

Rhode Island — After the island of 
Rhodes. 

Tennessee — Indian; "River with the 
Great Bend." 

Texas — Very old Indian, in different 
forms; "Friends." 

Utah — After the Utah or Ute Indian 
tribe. 



THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES 



Vermont — French; "Green Moun- 
tain." 

Virginia — After Elizabeth, the "Virgin 
Queen" of England. 

Washington — After George Wash- 
ington. 

West Virginia — So named because 



formerly the western part of Vir- 
ginia. It became an independent 
State in December 31, 1862, it having 
seceded from Virginia and shown 
its loyalty to the Union. 

Wisconsin — Indian; "Gathering of 
the Waters." 

Wyoming — Indian; "Great Plains." 



THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES 
AND THE REASON 



Alabama — "The Cotton State," from 
its chief production. 

Alaska— "The Eldorado of the North."- 

Arizona — No nickname. 

Arkansas — "The Bear State," be- 
cause bears swarmed in its bayous 
during its early history. 

California— "El Dorado," or "Golden 
Land." 

Colorado — "The Centennial State," 
as being admitted into the Union in 
1876, the Centennial Year. 

Connecticut— "The Nutmeg State " 
because its people were humorously 
said to have been so enterprising 
as to have made nutmegs out of 
wood, and then palming them off on 
unsuspecting purchasers. 

Delaware— "The Blue Hen State." 
During the Revolution the com- 
mander of a brigade in Delaware 
was a veteran cock-fighter, who al- 
ways bet on "The blue hen's chick- 
ens." Thence, the name came to 
be applied to the members of his 
brigade, and finally to the State 
itself. Also, "The Diamond State," 
as small and precious. 

Florida— "The Gulf State;" but of- 
tener "The Flowery State," from 
its name. 

Georgia— "The Cracker State," from 
the "crackers" or poor whites who 
inhabited it before its present pros- 
perity. 

Hawaii — (Territory) . 

Idaho— "The Gem of the Mountains." 

Illinois— "The Sucker State," so 
called in derision by the Missouri- 
ans. 

Indiana— "The Hoosier State," from 
the word "hoosher," a word applied 



by the merchants of New Orleans 
to Indiana boatmen because of theii 
boisterous manners and perpetual 
bragging. [Creole-French.] 

Iowa — "The Hawkeye State," so 
named from an Indian Chief, Black 
Hawk, who figured in its early his- 
tory. 

Kansas — Known as "The Central 
State" from its geographical posi- 
tion, and also because in the history 
of the Union the Kansas struggle 
hastened the climax in politics; also 
"The Prairie State," and "The Sun- 
flower State." 

Kentucky— "The Blue Grass State," 
because of its magnificent pastures. 

Louisiana— "The Creole State," be- 
cause of the large number of Creoles 
among its population. 

Maine — Is generically known as 
"Down East," and is also called 
"The Lumber State" from its ex- 
tensive forests: or, more poetically, 
"The Pine Tree State." 

Maryland — Because in Colonial Days 
it refused to alter its boundaries to 
please Lord Baltimore and William 
Penn, it received the nickname of 
"The Old Line State." 

Massachusetts — Was # called "The 
Old Bay Colony" in very early 
times. Hence after it became a 
State it was styled "The Old Bay 
State." 

Michigan— "The Lake State// be- 
cause of its geographical position. 

Minnesota — "The Gopher State," as 
containing so many of these little 
animals. 

Mississippi — "The Bayou State," 
from the numerous bayous or chan- 



THE NICKNAMES OF THE STATES 



nels which enter it from the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

Missouri— '/The Bullion State," a 
name which it received when its 
most eminent Senator, Thomas H. 
Benton, himself known as "Old 
Bullion, " contended vigorously for 
the adoption of gold and silver cur- 
rency. 

Montana— "The Mountain State." 

Nebraska— "The Black Water State," 
from its Indian name. 

Nevada — Is variously known as "The 
Battle State," because it was ad- 
mitted into the Union during the 
Civil War; '|The Silver State," be- 
cause of its immense yield of silver 
at one time, and finally "The Sage- 
Brush State." 

New Hampshire — "The Granite 
State" from its great mountains of 
granite, which are supposed to 
typify the strength and hardiness 
of its people. 

New Jersey— "The Red Mud State" 
because of the^ color of much of its 
soil. In 1817 its legislature allowed 
Joseph Bonaparte, the ex-king of 
Spain and an alien, to hold real 
estate. This led to a gibe in other 
States, to the effect that New Jersey 
had left the Union to be under the 
rule of a king; hence, for a while it 
was called "The Dominion." 

New Mexico— "The Adobe State." 

New York — Long known as "The 
Empire State," because of its com- 
mercial supremacy and political 
importance. It is also known as 
"The Excelsior State" from the 
motto on its coat-of-arms. 

North Carolina— Called "The Old 
North State" as distinguishing it 
from South Carolina. 

North Dakota— "The Cyclone State." 

Ohio— "The Buckeye State," because 
it abounds in horse-chestnut trees, 
locally known as "buckeyes." 

Oklahoma — "The Boomer State," 
from its rapid growth and energy. 

Oregon — "The Beaver State," from 
the early fur-trade first carried on 
by John Jacob Astor. 

Pennsylvania- " The Keystone 
State," because in early days, when 



there were only thirteen States, a 
popular wood-cut represented the 
States in the form of an arch, in 
which Pennsylvania occupied the 
position of the keystone. 

Philippine Islands — (Dependency) . 

Puerto Rico — (Territory). 

IJhode Island — Somewhat fondly 
called "Little Rhody," because it 
is the smallest State in the Union. 

Tennessee — "Big Ijend State 7 '; name 
of Cherokee Indian origin, applied 
to several early settlements of that 
tribe; meaning long lost. 

South Carolina — "The Palmetto 
State," because its coat-of-arms 
bears a palmetto tree. 

South Dakota — "The Blizzard 
State," because of its terrific storms. 

Texas— "The Lone-Star State," from 
the single star on its coat-of-arms. 

Utah— "The Mormon State," because 
it was so long controlled by the 
Mormon Church and its leaders. 

Vermont — "The Green Mountain 
State," from its mountain ranges. 

Virginia — This State has many nick- 
names. Its first was m "Old Vir- 
ginia," to distinguish it from the 
New England Colonies which were 
in colonial times often styled "New 
Virginia." The State documents 
sent by the King of England to the 
Governor were headed: "To the 
Colony and Eominion of Virginia," 
so that "Old Dominion" became a 
frequent term for this colonyand is 
still often used. As Virginia was 
the first of the original States to be 
settled, it was also styled "The 
Mother of States;" and later, after 
it had given seven Presidents to the 
nation, it was called "The Mother 
of Presidents." 

Washington — No nickname. 

West Virginia — "The Panhandle 
State," because of its peculiar con- 
figuration between the Ohio River 
and Pennsylvania. 

Wisconsin — "The Badger State," 
from the number of badgers which 
swarmed within its limits before it 
was inhabited; also "The Wolverine 
State." 

Wyoming. — No nickname. 



THE METRIC SYSTEM 
OF 

WEIGHTS AND M EASURES" 

LENGTH. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Myriameter 10,000 meters 

Kilometer 1,000 meters 

Hectometer 100 meters 

Dekameter 10 meters 

Meter 1 meter 

Decimeter T ^ of a meter 

Centimeter T oo of a meter 

Millimeter TO l 00 of a meter 



EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. 



6.2137 miles. 

0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 

. . . 328 feet and 1 inch. 
...393.7 inches. 

39.37 inches. 

3.937 inches. 

0.3937 inch. 

0.0394 inch. 



AREA. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 

Hectare 10,000 square meters 

Are 100 square meters 

Deciare 10 square meters 

Centare 1 square meter 

Milliare 1 square centimeter 



EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. 



2.471 acres. 

. .119.6 square yards. 
... .11.96 square yards. 
. 1,550 square inches. 

. . . .0.1550 square inches. 



CAPACITY AND VOLUME. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 


EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. 


Names. 


No. of 

liters. 


Cubic Measure. 


Dry Measure. 


Liquid or Wine 
Measure. 


Kiloliter, or Stere 
Hectoliter 


1,000 

100 

10 

1 

i 

TO 
TOO 

toou 


1 cubic meter 

xa of a cubic meter. . . 
10 cubic decimeters. . . 

1 cubic decimeter. . . . 
y^ of a cubic decimeter 
10 cubic centimeters. . 

1 cubic centimeter . . . 


1.3079 cubic yards 

2 bushels and 3.35 pecks. . 
9.081 quarts 


264.17 gallons. 
26.417 gallons. 
2.6417 gallons. 




0.9081 quart 


1 .05668 quarts. 


Deciliter 

Centiliter 

Milliliter 


6.1022 cubic inches 

0.6102 cubic inch 

0.061 cubic inch 


0.845 gill. 
0.3381 fluid oz. 
0.2705 fluid dram. 









WEIGHT (OR MASS). 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 


EQUIVALENTS IN CUSTOMARY UNITS. 


Names. 


Number 
of grams. 


Weight of what quan- 
tity of water at 
maximum density. 


Avoirdupois 
Weight. 


Troy Weight. 


Millier or Tonneau. 
Quintal 


1,000,000 

100,000 

10,000 

1,000 

100 

10 

1 

i 

TOO 
TTH50 


1 cubic meter 


2,204.62 pounds 

220.462 pounds . . . 
22.0462 pounds . . 

2.20462 pounds.. 

3.5274 ounces. . . 

0.3527 ounce . . . 
15.4327 grains . . . 

1.5432 grains. . . 

0.1543 grains. . . 

0.0154 grains . . . 


2,679.23 pounds. 
267.923 pounds. 


Myriagram 


10 liters 


26.7923 pounds. 


Kilogram or Kilo . . 


1 liter 


2.67923 pounds. 


Hectogram 


1 deciliter 


3.215 ounces. 


Dekagram 

Gram 


10 cubic centimeters . . 

1 cubic centimeter . . . 
ytj of a cubic centimeter 
10 cubic millimeters.. 

1 cubic millimeter . . . 


0.3215 ounces. 
0.03215 ounces. 


Decigram 


1.54324 grains. 


Centigram 

Milligram 


0.15432 grains. 
0.01543 grains. 



"The International Metric System of Weights and Measures." Bureau of Standards, 1°06. 






Simple Interest Table 

Note — To find the amount of interest: at 2% per cent on any given sum, divide the 
amount given for The same sum in the table at 5 per cent by 2: at 3% per cent 

divide the amount at 7 per cent by 2, etc. 

TSnie. , • — Days , , -Months , 1 

Amt. Int. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 1 2 3 4 3 6 Year 

? 1 3 

$ x 5 1 1 2 2 3 5 

£ 1 1 1 2 2 3 6 

' 1 1 1 2 3 4 7 

? • 1 1 2 2 3 6 

eo J 11 1 2 2 3 4 8 

$2 o 11 2 3 3 4 5 10 

6 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 

' 1 1 2 4 5 6 7 14 

* 1 1 2 3 4 5 9 

4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 

$3 ■■> 1 1 3 4 5 6 S 15 

6 1 1 2 3 5 6 S 9 IS 

~ 1 1 1 2 4 5 7 9 11 21 

3 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 

4 1 1 2 4 5 6 S 16 

$4 5 1112 3 5 7 8 10 20 

6 11112 4 6 8 10 12 24 

7 11112 2 5 7 9 12 14 28 

3 1 1 2 4 5 7 S 15 

4 1 1 1 1 3 5 6 8 10 20 

$3 5 1 1 1 1 2 4 6 8 10 13 25 

6 1 1 1 1-1 2 3 5 8 10 13 15 30 

7 111112 3 6 9 12 15 18 35 

3 1 1 1 1 2 5 7 10 12 15 30 

4 111112 3 6 10 13 16 20 40 

$10 5 11112 2 3 4 8 13 17 21 25 50 

6 111112 2 2 3 5 10 15 20 25 30 60 

7 111112 2 2 4 6 12 18 23 29 35 70 

3 1112 4 6 12 19 25 31 38 75 

4 11112 2 2 3 5 8 16 25 33 41 50 1.00 

$25 5 112 2 2 2 3 3 3 7 10 21 31 42 52 63 1.25 

6 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 8 13 25 38 50 63 75 1.50 

7 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 10 15 29 44 58 73 88 1.75 

3 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 8 12 25 37 50 62 75 1.50 

4 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 11 16 33 50 67 83 1.00 2.00 

$50 5.... 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 14 21 42 63 83 1.04 1.25 2.50 

6.... 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 17 25 50 75 1.00 1.25 1.50 3.00 

7.... 1 2 3 4 5 <> 7 8 9 9 19 29 58 88 1.17 1.46 1.75 3.50 

3.... 1 1 i> 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 16 25 50 73 1.00 1.25 1.50 3.00 

4 12346689 10 11 22 33 66 1.00 1.33 1.67 2.00 4.00 

P100 5 1 3 4 6 7 S 10 11 13 14 28 42 83 1.25 1.67 2.08 2.50 5.00 

6 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 17 33 50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 6.00 

7 2 4 6 S 10 12 14 16 IS 19 39 58 1.17 1.75 2.33 2.92 3.50 7.00 



Compound Interest on One Dollar 



8%. 

1.03 
1.04 

1.06 
1.07 
1.09 
1.10 
1.12 
1.14 
1.16 
1.17 
1.19 
1.21 
1.23 
1.24 
1.26 
1.2s 



4%. 
1.04 
1.06 

1.08 
1.10 

1.12 
1.14 
1.17 
1.19 
1.21 
1.24 
1.26 
1.29 
1.31 
1.34 
1.37 
1.39 



5%. 

1.05 
1.07 
1.10 
1.13 
1.15 
1.18 
1.21 
1.24 
1.2S 
1.31 
1.34 
1.37 
1.41 
1.44 
1.48 
1.52 



ore. 

1.06 
1.09 
1.12 
1.15 
1.19 
1.22 
1.26 
1.30 
1.34 
1.38 
1.42 
1.46 
1.51 
1.55 
1.60 
1.65 



1.07 
1.10 
1.14 
1.18 
1.22 
1.27 
1.31 
1.36 
1.41 
1.45 
1.51 
1.56 
1.61 
1.67 
1.73 
1.79 



Years. 3%. 4%. 5%. 6%. 7%. 

9 1.30 1.42 1.55 1.70 1.85 

9io . . 1.32 1.45 1.59 1.75 1.92 

10 1.34 1.48 1.63 1.S0 1.98 

100 19.25 50.50 131.50 340.00 868.00 

When Money Doubles At Interest 



Interest. 
Simple. Comp'd. 
Rate. Years. Years. 



1. 
li/o . 

2.:. 
2%. 

3 

31/7. , 
4.: . . 



100.00 

66.66 
50.00 
40.00 
33.33 

28.57 
25.no 



69.66 
46.56 
35.00 
28.07 
23.45 
20.15 
17.67 



Eate 

5. . 
5% 

6. . 
6 1/0 

7. . 



Simple.Conip'd. 
Interest. 
Years.Years. 
22.22 15.75 
20.00 14.21 
18.18 12.94 
16.67 11.90 
15.3S 11.00 
14.29 10.24 
13.33 9.58 



.Legal Interest Rate and Statute of Limitations 



State 



Interest 


Limitations 


a> 


Co 






aa ' 


_ <3 






oo 


3 


ci *- 




fafl-g 








>>^ 


12 fe 


O 


o 


hJ 


PG 


5fel 


£ 


< 



State 



Interest 



Limitations 


GO 




03 


c 


OQ 

O 


S3 

o 




o 


-3 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arkansas 

Arizona 

California .... 

Colorado 

Connecticut . . 
Delaware .... 
Dist. of Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota .... 
Mississippi .... 
Missouri 



P. ct. 


P. ct. 


Yrs. 


Yrs. 


Yrs. 


8 


8 


20 


*6 


3 


8 


12 


10 


6 


1 


6 


10 


10 


o 


3 


6 


12 


5 


4 


3 1 


7 


Any 


5 


4 


4 


8 


Any 


20 


6 


6 


6 


6 


t 




6 


6 


6 


10 


6 


3 


6 


10 


12 


3 


3 


8 


10 


20 


o 


2 


7 


8 


7 


6 


4 


7 


12 


6 


o 


4 





7 


20 


10 


5 


6 


8 


20 


10 


6 


6 


8 


20 


10 


o 


6 


10 


5 


5 


3 


6 


6 


15 


15 


o 


o 


- 8 


10 


5 


3 


6 


Any 


20 


6 


6 


6 


6 


12 


3 


3 


6 


Any 


20 


6 


6 


5 


7 


10 


(5 


6 


7 


10 


10 


6 





6 


8 


7 


6 


3 


6 


8 


10 


10 


5 



Montana 

Nebraska ...... 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey .... 
New Mexico. . . . 

New York 

North Carolina. 
North Dakota . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode Island. . . 
South Carolina . 
South Dakota. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington. . . . 
West Virginia. . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



P. ct. 


P. ct. 


Yrs. 


8 


Any 


10 


7 


10 


5 


7 


Any 


6 


6 


6 


20 


6 


6 


20 


6 


12 


7 


6 


6 


20 


6 


6 


10 


7 


12 


10 


6 


8 


15 


6 


10 


5 


6 


10 


10 


6 


6 





6 


Any 


20 


7 


8 


10 


7 


12 


20 


6 


6 


10 


6 


10 


10 


8 


12 


8 


6 


6 


8 


6 


6 


20 


6 


12 


6 


6 


6 


10 


6 


10 


20 


8 


12 


21 



Yrs. 



4 
6 
6 
6 
6 
3 
6 

15 
5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
4 
6 
6 
5 
6 

10 



*Under seal 10. f No law. ^Negotiable notes 6, nonnegotiable 17. 



Table of Monthly Wages 



Days 


$10 


Sll 


1. . . 


.38 


.42 


2... 


.77 


.85 


3... 


1.15 


i:27 


4... 


1.54 


1.69 


5..: 


1.92 


2.12 


6... 


2.31 


2.54 


1 ... 


2.69 


2.96 


8... 


3.08 


3.38 


9... 


3.46 


3.81 


10... 


3.85 


4.23 


11... 


4.23 


4.65 


12... 


4.62 


5.08 


13... 


5.00 


5.50 


14... 


5.38 


5.92 


15... 


5.77 


6.35 


16... 


6.15 


6.77 


17... 


6.54 


7.19 


18... 


6.92 


7.62 


19... 


7.31 


8.04 


20... 


7.69 


8.46 


21... 


8.08 


8.88 


22... 


9.46 


9.31 


23... 


8.85 


9.73 


24... 


9.23 


10.15 


2o,.. 


9.02 


10.58 



$12 


$13 


.46 


.50 


.92 


1.00 


1.38 


1.50 


1.85 


2.00 


2.31 


2.50 


2.77 


3.00 


3.23 


3.50 


3.69 


4.00 


4.15 


4.50 


4.62 


5.00 


5.08 


5.50 


5.44 


6.00 


6.00 


6.50 


6.46 


7.00 


6.92 


7.50 


7.38 


8.00 


7.85 


8.50 


8.31 


9.00 


8.77 


9.50 



9.2310.00 
9.69 10.50 



10.15 
10.62 
11.08 
11.54 



11.00 
11.50 
12.00 
12.50 



$14 $15 



.54 

1.08 

1.62 

2.15 

2.69 

3.23 

3.77 

4.31 

4.85 

5.38 

5.92 

6.46 

7.00 

7.54 

8.08 

8.62 

9.15 

9.69 

10.23 

10.77 

11.31 

11.85 

12.38 

12.92 

13.46 



.58 

1.15 

1.73 

2.31 

2.88 

3.46 

4.04 

4.62 

5.19 

5.77 

6.35 

6.92 

7.50 

8.08 

8.65 

9.23 

9.81 

10.38 

10.96 

11.54 

12.12 

12.69 

13.27 

13.85 

14.42 



816 



$17 



.62 


.65 


1.23 


1.31 


1.85 


1.96 


2.46 


2.62 


3.08 


3.27 


3.69 


3.92 


4.31 


4.58 


4.92 


5.23 


5.54 


5.88 


6.15 


6.54 


6.77 


7.19 


7.38 


7.85 


8.00 


8.50 


8.62 


9.15 


9.23 


9.81 


9.85 


10.46 


10.46 


11.12 


11.08 


11.77 


11.69 


12.42 


12.31 


13.03 


12.92 


13.73 


13.54 


14.38 


14.15 


15.04 


14.77 


15.69 


15.3S 


16.35 



$18 


$19 


.69 


.73 


1.38 


1.46 


2.08 


2.19 


2.77 


2.92 


3.46 


3.65 


4.15 


4.38 


4.85 


5.12 


5.54 


5.85 


6.23 


6.58 


6.92 


7.31 


7.62 


8.04 


8.31 


8.77 


9.00 


9.50 


9.69 


10.23 


10.38 


10.96 


11.08 


11.69 


11.77 


12.42 


12.46 


13.15 


13.15 


13.88 


13.85 


14.62 


14.54 


15.35 


15.23 


16.08 



15.92 16.81 
16.62,17.54 
17.3lll8.27 



$20 



.77 

1.54 

2.31 

3.08 

3.85 

4.62 

5.38 

6.15 

6.92 

7.69 

8.46 

9.23 

10.00 

10.77 

11.54 

12.31 

13.08 

13.85 

14.62 

15.38 

16.15 

16.94 

17.69 

18.46 

19.23 



$21 



$22 



.81 
1.62 
2.42 
3.23 
4.04 
4.85 
5.G5 
6.46 
7.27 
8.08 



10.50 

11.31 

12.12 

12.92 

13.73 

14.54 

15.35 

16.15i 

16.96 17. 

17.77 18. 

18.58:19. 

19.38 20 

20.19i21 



$23 



$24 



.92 

1.85 

2.77 

3.69 

4.62 

5.54 

6.46 

7.38 

8.31 

9.23 

10.15 

11.08 

12.00 

12.92 

13.85 

14.77 

15.69 

16.62 

17.54 

18.46 

19.38 

20.31 

21.23 

22.15 

23.08 



.96 

1.92 

2.88 

3.85 

4.81 

5.77 

6.73 

7.69 

8.65 

9.62 

10.58 

11.54 

12.50 

13.46 

14.42 

15.38 

16.35 

17.31 

18.27 

19.23 

20.19 

21.15 

22.12 

23.08 

24.04 



Table of Yearly Wages 



Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


year. 


mouth. 


week. 


day. 


year. 


mouth. 


week. 


day. 


year. 


mouth. 


week. 


day. 


$20 is. 


. .$1.67 


$0.38 


$0.05 


$100 is 


. $8.33 


$1.92 


$0.27 


$180 is 


.$15.00 


$3.45 


$0.45) 


25 


. . 2.08 


.48 


.07 


105 


. . 8.75 


2.01 


.29 


185 


. 15.42 


3.55 


.51 


30 . 


. . 2.50 


.58 


.08 


110 


. . 9.17 


2.11 


.30 


190 


. 15.83 


3.64 


.52 


35 


. . 2.92 


.67 


.10 


115 


. . 9.58 


2.21 


.32 


195 


. 16.25 


3.74 


.53 


40 


. . 3.33 


.77 


.11 


120 


. . 10.00 


2.30 


.33 


200 


. 16.57 


3.84 


.55 


45 


. . 3.75 


.86 


.12 


125 


. .10.42 


2.40 


.34 


205 


. 17.08 


3.93 


.56 


50 


.. 4.17 


.96 


.14 


130 


. .10.83 


2.49 


.36 


210 


. 17.50 


4.03 


.58 


55 


.. 4.58 


1.06 


.15 


135 


. .11.25 


2.59 


.37 


215 


. 17.92 


4.12 


.59 


60 . 


.. 5.00 


1.15 


.16 


140 


. .11.67 


2.69 


.38 


220 


. 18.33 


4.22 


.60 


65 . 


. . 5.42 


1.25 


.18 


145 


. .12.08 


2.78 


.40 


225 


. 18.75 


4.31 


.62 


70 . 


. . 5.83 


1.34 


.19 


150 


. .12.50 


2.88 


.41 


230 


. 19.17 


4.41 


.63 


75 


. . 6.25 


1.44 


.21 


155 


. .12.92 


2.97 


.42 


235 


. 19.58 


4.51 


.04 


80 


. . 6.67 


1.53 


.22 


160 


. .13.33 


3.07 


.44 


240 


. 20.00 


4.60 


.66 


85 


. . 7.08 


1.63 


.23 


165 


. .13.75 


3.16 


.45 


245 


. 20.42 


4.70 


.07 


90 


. . 7.50 


1.73 


.25 


170 


. .14.17 


3.26 


.47 


250 


. 20.83 


4.79 


.69 


95 


. . 7.92 


1.82 


.26 


175 


. .14.58 


3.36 


.48 











Great Steamship Disasters 



General Slocum. 
Date — June 15, 1904. 
Place — East River, 

N. Y. 
Persons aboard — 

1,400. 
Lives lost — 958. 
Cause — Fire. 

Titanic. 
Date— Apr. 15, 1912. 
Place — Atlantic 

ocean. 



Persons a b o a r d — 

2,223. 
Lives lost — 1,517. 
Persons saved — 706. 
Cause — Iceberg. 
Empress of Ireland. 
Date — May 29, 1914. 
Place — St. Lawrence. 
Persons a b o a r d — 

1,479. 
Lives lost — 1,027. 
Persons saved — 452. 



Cause — Collision. 

Lusitania. 
Date—May 7, 1915. 
Place — Atlantic 

ocean. 
Persons a b o a r d — 

1,906. 
Lives lost— 1.198. 
Persons saved — 708. 
Cause — Torpedoed. 

Eastland. 
Date — July 24, 1915. 

river. 



Place — Chicago 

Persons a b o a r d — 
2,000. 

Lives lost — 812. 

Cause — Capsized. 
Prorence II. 

Date— Feb. 26, 1916. 

Place — Mediter- 
ranean. 

Persons a b o a r d — 
4,000. 

Lives lost — 910. 

Cause — Torpedoed 



Heavyweight Champions 



Tom Hyer 1841-1849 

Yankee Sullivan 1849-1853 

John Morrissev 1853-1857 

John C. Heenan 1857-1863 

Joe Coburn 1863-1865 

James Dunn 1865-1866 

Mike McCool 1866-1869 

Tom Allen 1869-1S76 

Joe Goss 1876-1880 



Paddy Ryan 1880-1882 

John L. Sullivan 1882-1889 

James J. Corbett 1892-1897 

Robert Fitzsimmons 1897-1899 

James J. Jeffries 1899-1906 

Jack Johnson 1908-1915 

Jess Willard 1915-191N 

Jack Dempsey 1919- 



WORLDS PUGILISTIC CHAMPIONS 
(1921). 



Flyweight — Jimmy Wilde. Great Britain. 
Bantamweight — Joe Lynch, U. S. A. 
Featherweight — Johnny Buff, U. S. A. 



Lightweight — Benny Leonard, U. S. A. 
Welterweight — Jack Britton, U. S. A. 
Middleweight — Bryan Downey. V. S. A. 



Heavyweight — Jack Dempsey, U. S. A. 
Races of the World 



Mongolian 655,000,000 

Caucasian 645,000,000 

Negro 190,000.000 



Semitic . . . 
Malayan . . 
Red Indian 



81,000,000 
52,000,000 
23,000,000 



Religions of the World 



[From Whitaker's Almanack.] 

Roman Catholic 272,860,000 

Eastern churches 120,000.000 

Protestant churches 171,650,000 



Total Christians. 



564,510,000 



Grand total 1,646,491,000 



.lews 12.205,000 

Mohammedans 221,825,000 

Buddhists 138,031,000 

Hindus 210,540.000 

Confucianists and Taoists. . 300,830,000 

Shintoists 25,000,000 

Animists 158,270,000 

reclassified 15,280,000 



Total non-Christian 1,081,981.000 



American Hall of Fame 



•The Hall of Fame for Great Americans" is the name of a building on University 
Heights in New York City, in which are inscribed on bronze tablets the names of 
famous American men and women. Nominations 1 for the honor are made by the 
public and are submitted to a committee of 100 eminent citizens. In the case of 
men fifty-one votes are required and in the case of women forty-seven. The first 
balloting took place in October, 1900, when the following were chosen : 



George Washington. 
Abraham Lincoln. 
Daniel Webster. 
Benjamin Franklin. 
Ulysses S. Grant. 
John Marshall. 
Thomas Jefferson. 
Ralph W. Emerson. 
H. W. Longfellow. 
Robert Fulton. 
Horace Mann. 
Henrv W. Beecher. 
Eli Whitney. 
John J. Audubon. 
Wm. E. Channing. 
Gilbert Stuart. 
Asa Gray. 



James Kent. 
Joseph Story. 
John Adams. 
Washington Irving. 
Jonathan Edwards. 
Samuel F.B.Morse. 
David G. Farragut. 
Henry Clay. 
Nath. Hawthorne. 
George Peabody. < 
Robert E. Lee. 
Peter Cooper. 
Wm. Cullen Bryant. 
Frances E. Willarcl. 
Andrew Jackson. 
George Bancroft. 
John L. Motley, 



Chosen in 1905. 
J. Quincy Adams. 
James R. Lowell. 
Wm. T. Sherman. 
James Madison. 
John G. Whittier. 
Alex. Hamilton. _ 
Louis Agassiz. 
Mary Lyon. 
Emma Willard. 
Maria Mitchell. 

Chosen in 1910. 
Harriet B. Stowe. 
Oliver W. Holmes. 
Edgar Allan Poe. 
James F. Cooper. 
Phillips Brooks. 



Chosen in 1915. 
Francis Parkman. 
Mark Hopkins. 
Elias Howe. 
Joseph Henry. 
Rufus Choate. 
Daniel Boone. 
Charlotte Cushman 

Chosen in 1920. 
Samuel L. Clemens 

(Mark Twain). 
Aug. St. Gaudens. 
James B. Eads. 
Patrick Henry. 
Wh. T. G. Morton. . 
Roger Williams. 
Alice F. Palmer. 



American Passports 



Applications for passports may be 
made at any of the following places. 
The applicant must appear in person : 

Room 262, department of state, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Passport agent, custom house, New 
York city. 

Passport ag"ent, custom house, San 
Francisco, Cal. 

Before a clerk of a federal court or 
clerk of a state court having power to 
naturalize aliens, nearest the place of 
residence of applicant. 

Necessary blanks will be found at these 
places. 

1. Applicants must submit evidence of 
American citizenship. If born in the 
United States, (a) either a copy of birth 
certificate, or (b) a sworn affidavit by a 
relative as to the date and place of birth, 
or (c) an affidavit by a friend, who has 



known the applicant at least fifteen 
years, and can make the statement un- 
der oath that, as to the best of his knowl- 
edge and belief, applicant was born in 
the United States, giving place and date 
of birth. 

A married woman's citizenship 1 follows 
that of her husband. 

2. If a naturalized citizen, the certifi- 
cate of naturalization, or a certified copy 
thereof, must be exhibited. 

3. Applicant must be accompanied by 
an identifying witness who is an Ameri- 
can citizen and who, under oath, can 
identify the applicant. 

4. Two unmounted photographs of ap- 
plicant, size about 3x3 inches, are neces- 
sary (on thin paper — not postcards). 

5. The fee is $10 : $1 for execution 
of the application and $9 for the pass- 
port. 



1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 



$878,480,557 
859,160,264 
826,904,777 
976,047,104 

1,054,405,416 



^Agricultural Exports by Years 

1908. $1,017,396,404 

1909. 903,238,122 

1910. 871,158,425 

1911. 1,030,794,402 

1912. 1.050.627,131 



1913. 


$1,123,021,469 


1914. 


1,113,973,635 


1915. 


1.475,937,607 


1916. 


1,518,071,450 


1917, 


1,968,253,288 



1918. $2,280,465,770 

1919. 4,107,158,753 

1920. 3,466,992,062 
♦Domestic, from 

the United States. 



Imports and Exports by Lake Ports 

Fiscal year ended June 30, 1921. 



Port. Imports. 

Buffalo $109,513,993 

Chicago 55,279,777 

Cleveland . . 21,027,118 



Exports. Port. Imports. Exports. 

$200,763,632 Detroit $89,291,554 $272,984,947 

21,223,447 Duluth 46,372,122 32,066.785 

61,699.701 Milwaukee . . . 3,867,581 3.369.078 



United States Fire Losses by Years 

[From J:he Insurance Press.] 



1910. . 


$214,003,300 


1914. . 


$221,439,350 


1911. . 


217,004,575 


1915. . 


172,033,200 


1912. . 


206,438,900 


1916. . 


217,602,995 


1913. . 


203,408,250 


1917. . 


262,985.665 



1918 . . $290.959,885 1 1920* . $330,853,925 

1919. . 249,179.2751 

* Journal of Commerce estimate ; in- 
cludes Canadian loss. 



Leading Occupations in the United States (1920) 

[From federal census report.] 

Total persons 10 years of age and over Number. Pet. 

engaged in gainful occupations distrib- Trade 3,574,435 10.8 

uted by sex and general classes of occu- Public service (not else- 

pations. where classified) 74S.716 2..°, 

Number. Pet. Profession;! 1 service ... 1,136.157 3.4 

Both sexes — Agriculture, Domestic and personal 

forestry and animal service 1.216.151 3.7 

husbandry 10,951,074 26.3 Clerical occupations .. 1,696,297 5.1 

Extraction of minerals. 1,090.854 2.6 . 

Manufacturing and me- Total 33,059,793 100. n 

Tr^n^.t^n USWM-, ' 1 5 , n«Hn i 3 §1 Female ~ Agriculture, 

Transportation tfH^l 10*2 £ or l stry an * animai 

Public service '/not else- 4 ' 244 ' 3d4 10 ' 2 „ husbandry 1,084,074 12.7 

'whSrf 3Slfi» ?!?. 771,120 1.9 f^^il tit 3 ' 497 * 

D ° S er^ice ***. .^™? 3.400.365 8.2 Sf° rtation 214,262 2.5 

Clerical occupations . . . 3.119.955 7.5 KSS& service "(not eise- ' 

Tntfli iUftQio9innn where classified 22,404 0.3 

Ma^e^gricultureVfor: 41 - 609 - 1 ^ 10 °'° Zt^Lr^anzi 1 '° 1W ° 7 ^ 

estry and animal hus- service 2 184 214 25 5 

bandry 9.867,000 29.9 Clerical I occunnr'ions i'Ioq'^q 7r't 

Extraction of minerals. 1,087^57 3.3 Cleilcal occupations ... 1.423,6o8 16. i 

Manufacturing and me- Total 8 549 39Q moo 

chanical industries. . . 10,881,637 32.9 7° '' 8,o4J,3J9 lOO.o 

Transportation 2.852.043 8.6 *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

Merchant Marine of the United States 

[From the reports of the bureau of navigation.] 





In Foreign 


In Coastwise 


Whale 


Cod & 




Annual 


Year 


Trade 


Trade 


Fisheries 


Mack- 
erel 

Fish- 
eries 


Total 


inc. (+) 




Steam 


Total 


Steam 


Total 


St earn 


Total 




dec. (— ) 




Tons 


Tons 


Tons 


Tons 


Tons 


Tons 


Tons 


Tons 


Per cent. 


I860.-... 


97,296 


2,379,396 


770.641 


2,644.867 




166,841 


162,764 


5,353,868 


+4.06 


1870. . . . 


192,544 


1,448,846 


882,551 


2,638,247 




67,954 


91,460 


4,246,507 


+2.41 


1880.... 


146,604 


1,314,402 


1,064,954 


2,637,686 




38,408 


77,538 


4,068,034 


—2.43 


1890 


192,705 


928,062 


1,661,458 


3,409,435 


4,925 


18.633 


68,367 


4.424 ; 497 


+2.71 


1900.... 


337,356 


816,795 


2,289,825 


4,286,516 


3,986 


9,899 


51,629 


5,164,839 


+6.18 


1910. . . . 


533,468 


782,517 


4,330,896 


6,668,966 


3.509 


9,308 


47,291 


7.508,082 


+1.61 


1915 


1,346,164 


1,862,714 


4,578,567 


6.486,384 


3,682 


8,829 


31.502 


8,389,429 


+5.49 


1916 


1.573,705 


2,185.008 


4,315,579 


6.244,550 


1,789 


6,707 


33,384 


8,469,649 


+0.95 


1917. . .. 


1,855,484 


2,440,776 


4,559,008 


6,392,583 


2.250 


5,623 


32,055 


8,871,037 


+4.73 


1918. .. . 


3,013,603 


3,599,213 


4,433,537 


6,282,474 


2,178 


4,493 


38,338 


9.924,518 


+11.87 


1919. . . . 


5,992,028 


6,665,376 


4,395,701 


6,201,426 


2.177 


4,350 


36.148 


12,907,300 


+30.05 


1920. . . . 


9,023,724 


9,924,694 


4,425.997 


6.357,706 


1.403 


3,901 


15.276 


16,324.024 


+26 47 



VESSELS BUILT IN TLIE EXITED STATES 



Year 


New 

England 


On Entire 


Missis- 
sippi and 


On Great 


Total 


Sail 


Steam 




Coast 


Seaboard 


Tribu- 
taries 


Lakes 










Xo. 


Tons 


X®. 


Tons 


Xo. 


Tons 


Xo. 


Tons 


No. 


Tons 


Xo. 


Tons 


Xo. 


Tons 


1890 


208 


78,577 


756 


169,091 


104 


16,506 


191 


108,526 


1,051 


294,123 


505 


102,873 


410 


159,045 


1900 


199 


72.179 


1,107 


249,006 


215 


14,173 


125 


130,611 


1,447 


393,790 


504 


116,460 


422 


202,528 


1910 


111 


23,442 


887 


167,829 


193 


5,488 


281 


168,751 


1.361 


342,068 


127 


19,358 


936 


257.993 


1916 


62 


37,568 


609 


238,181 


140 


4,973 


126 


44.691 


937 


325,413 


34 


14,765 


129 


237,836 


1917 


84 


52,526 


993 


518,958 


157 


6,185 


147 


139.336 


1,297 


664,479 


4 


4.884 


114 


431.304 


1918 


105 


88,302 


1.225 


1,080,473 


135 5.409 


168 


215,022 


1,528 


1,300,868 


3 


4,735 


229 


962.547 


1919 


146 


177,158 


1,529 


2.815,733 


107 


3,716 


317 


507,172 


1,953 


3,326,621 


3 


2,285 


616 


2,540,072 


1920 


131 


208,023 


1,615 


3,475,872 


185 


10,300 


267 


394,467 


2,067 


3,880,639 


2 


4,183 


741 


3,279,855 



Immigration into the United States 
Fiscal years ended June 30. 



RACES 



African (black) . . 

Armenian 

Bohemian* 

Bulgarian f 

Chinese 

Croatian^ 

Cuban 

Dalmatian**. . . . 
Dutch & Flemish 

East Indian 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Hebrew 

Irish 

Italian (north) . . 
Italian (south) . . 
Japanese ....... 

Korean 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Pacific Islander. . 

Polish 

Portuguese 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scandinavian . . . 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Spanish 

Spanish- Am 

Syrian 

Turkish ........ 

Welsh 

West Indian .... 
Other Peoples . . . 

Total 



1913 



I 



6,634 

9,353 

11,091 

9,087 

2,022 

42,499 

3,099 

4,520 

14,507 

188 

55,522 

12,756 

i0,652 

80,865 

38,644 

101,330 

37,023 

42,534 

231,613 

8,302 

64 

24,647 

30,610 

10,954 

11 

174,365 

13,566 

13,451 

51,472 

30,588 

38,737 

21,293 

27,234 

9,042 

1,363 

9,210 

2,015 

2,820 

1,171 

3,038 



1,197,892 



1914 



1,218,480 



1915 



8,447 


5,660 


7,785 


932 


9,928 


1,651 


15,084 


3,506 


2,354 


2,469 


37,284 


1,942 


3,539 


3,402 


5,149 


305 


12,566 


6,675 


172 


82 


51,746 


38,662 


12,805 


3,472 


18,166 


12,636 


79,871 


20,729 


45,881 


15,187 


138,051 


26,497 


33,898 


23,503 


44,802 


10,660 


251,612 


46,557 


8,941 


8,609 


152 


146 


21,584 


2,638 


44,538 


3,604 


13,089 


10,993 


1 


6 


122,657 


9,065 


9,646 


4,376 


24,070 


1,200 


44,957 


4,459 


36,727 


2,933 


36,053 


24,263 


18,997 


14,310 


25,819 


2,069 


11,064 


5,705 


1,544 


1,667 


9,023 


1,767 


2,693 


273 


2,558 


1,390 


1,396 


823 


3,830 


1,877 



326,700 



1916 



4,576 

964 

642 

3,146 

2,239 

791 

3,442 

114 

6,443 

80 

36,168 

5,649 

19,518 

11,555 

26,792 

15,108 

20,636 

4,905 

33,909 

8,711 

154 

599 

981 

17,198 

5 

4,502 

12,208 

953 

4,858 

1,365 

19,172 

13,515 

577 

9,259 

1,881 

676 

216 

983 

948 

3,388 



298,826 



1917 



7,971 

1,221 

327 

1,134 

1,843 

305 

3,428 

94 

5,393 

69 

32,246 

5,900 

24,405 

9,682 

25,919 

17,342 

17,462 

3,796 

35,154 

8,925 

194 

479 

434 

16,438 

10 

3,109 

10,194 

522 

3,711 

1,211 

19,596 

13,350 

244 

15,019 

2,587 

976 

454 

793 

1,369 

2,097 



295,403 



1918 



5,706 

221 

74 

150 

1,576 

33 

1,179 

15 

2,200 

61 

12,980 

1,867 

6,840 

1,992 

2,602 

3,672 

4,657 

1,074 

5,234 

10,168 

149 

135 

32 

17,602 

17 

668 

2,319 

155 

1,513 

49 

8,741 

5,204 

35 

7.909 

2,231 

210 

24 

278 

732 

314 



110,618 



1919 



5,823 

282 

105 

205 

1,697 

23 

1,167 

4 

2,735 

68 

26,889 

968 

12,598 

1,837 

813 

3,055 

7,910 

1,236 

2,137 

10,056 

77 

160 

52 

28,844 

6 

732 

1,574 

89 

1,532 

103 

8,261 

10,364 

85 

4,224 

3,092 

231 

18 

608 

1,223 

247 



141,132 



1920 



8,174 

2,762 

415 

1,064 

2,148 

493 

1,510 

63 

12,730 

160 

58,366 

1,510 

27,390 

7,338 

13,998 

14,292 

20,784 

12,918 

84,882 

9,279 

72 

422 

252 

51,042 

17 

2,519 

15,174 

898 

2,378 

258 

16,621 

21,180 

3,824 

23,594 

3,934 

3,047 

140 

1,462 

1,546 

1,345 



430,001 



1921 



9,873 

10,213 

1,742 

7,700 

4,017 

11,035 

1,523 

930 

12,813 

353 

54,627 

4,233 

24,122 

24,168 

31,828 

119,036 

39,056 

27,459 

195,037 

7,531 

61 

829 

9,377 

29,603 

13 

21,146 

18,856 

5,925 

2,887 

958 

25,812 

24,649 

35,047 

27,448 

3,325 

5,105 

353 

1,748 

1,553 

3,237 



805,228 



*Includes Moravian, flncludes Serbian and Montenegrin. 
Bosnian and Herzegovinian. 



^Includes Slovenian. **Includes 



Distribution of Population of the United States by Sex 

BY CENSUS YEARS. 



Year. 

1920 

1910 

1900 

1890 

1880 

1870. . . , 



Male. 
53,900,376 
47,332.277 
38,816,448 
32,237,101 
25,518,820 
19,493,565 



Female. *Ratio. Year. 



51.810,244 

44.639.989 
37,178,127 
30,710,613 
24,636,963 
19,064,806 



104.0 
106.0 
104.4 
105.0 
103.6 
102.2 



1860. 
1850. , 
1840. 
1830. , 

1820. 



Male. . 
16,085,204 
11,837,660 

8.688.532 
6,532,489 
4.896,605 



Female. *Ratio. 



*Males to 100 females. 



15,358,117 
11,354,216 

8,380,921 
6,333,531 

4,741,848 



104.7 
104.3 
103.7 
103.1 
103.2 



Languages of the World 



According to Whitaker's Almanack the 
principal European languages are divided 
as follows : 

German . 110,000,000; Spanish .50,000,000 
English . 160,000,000! Italian . 50,000,000 
Russian. 100,000, 000! Portug. .25,000,000 
French . 70,000,000 

Swedish is spoken by 5.500.000 per- 
sons : Norwegian and Danish by 6,000,- 
000 ; Serho- Croatian by 8,000,000 ; 



Bohemian or Czech by 7,000,000; Bul- 
garian by 5,600,000 ; Dutch by 3,500,- 
000 ; Polish by 16,000,000 ; Greek by 
9.000,000 and* Flemish by 3,500,000. 
Chinese is spoken by some 400,000,000 
people if all the various dialects are in- 
cluded. Japanese by 53.000,000 and 
Hindustani bv about 100,000,000. There 
are about 5.000 different languages 
spoken in the world. 



PANAMA CANAL STATISTICS 

Cost— Total estimated cost approximately, $375,000,000. Total cred- 
its by United States Treasury to March 31, 1915, $374,070,100, including: 
Congressional appropriations to August 1, 1914, $362,019,275; fortifica- 
tions, $12,050,825. Paid to the French Canal Company and to the Re- 
public of Panama for property and franchises, $50,000,000. Expended 
for sanitation, $20,053,000. 

Dimensions— Length, from deep water in the Caribbean Sea to deep 
water in the Pacific Ocean, about 50 miles, from shore line to shore 
line about 41% miles; minimum depth, 41 feet; average bottom width of 
the channel, 649 feet; minimum width, 300 feet, maximum, about 1,000 
feet; summit elevation, 85 feet above sea level, 

Gatun Dam — Length along crest, including the spillway, 8,000 feet; 
maximum width, 2,100 feet; elevation of crest, 115 feet above sea-level, 
30 feet above normal level of Gatun Lake; width of crest 100 feet, width 
85 feet above sea-level (the normal water level of the lake) is about 
388 feet. 

HOW THE CANAL HAS SHORTENED OCEAN VOYAGES 

Distances 

By Former 
By Panama All-water 

Canal Route 

New York to San Francisco 5,262 miles 13,135 miles 

New York to Hawaii 7,000 " 12,800 " 

New York to Manila 12,000 " 17,800 " 

Liverpool to Callao 5,910* u 10,230 " 

Liverpool to Valparaiso 7,187** a 8,998 " 

New York to Callao 3,779 " 9,769 " 

* Saving about 14 days' time. ** Saving about 6 days. 



PASSENGERS CARRIED BY PANAMA R. R. STEAMSHIP LINE IN 1917. 



Month 


N. Y. to 
Cristobal 


Cristobal 
to N. Y. 


Month 


N. Y. to 

Cristobal 


Cristobal Month 
to N. Y|| 


N. Y. to 
Cristobal 


Cristobal 
to N. Y. 


Jan 

Feb 

March 

April 

May 


258 
424 
209 
190 
327 


159 
228 
267 
556 
494 


June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 


472 
387 
403 
487 
371 


517 Nov 

670 Dec 

688 

724 Total.... 

37l[| 


421 
341 


256 

237 


4,290 


5,167 



POPULATION OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE. 

A census of the Canal Zone taken by the police and fire division as of June 30, 1918, shows 
a total civilian population of 21,707, a decrease of 1,588 as compared with a year before. Of 
the total population, 2,827 American men and 7,074 men of other nationalities (chiefly British 
West Indian negroes) were employed by the Panama Canal and Hailroad. There were in the 
Canal Zone 1,776 American women and 2,040 American children and 3,073 women and 4,102 
children of other nationalities. 

Toll Rates. — 1. On merchant vessels carrying passengers or cargo, one dollar and twenty 
cents ($1.20) per net vessel ton — each one hundred (100) cubic feet — of actual earning capacity. 

2. On vessels in ballast without passengers or cargo, forty (40) per cent less than the rate of 
tolls for vessels with passengers or cargo. 

3. Upon naval vessels other than transports, colliers, hospital ships and supply ships, fifty 
(50) cents per displacement ton. 

4. Upon Army and Navy transports, colliers, hospital ships and supply ships, one dollar and 
twenty cents (SI. 20) per net ton, the vessels to be measured by the same rules as are employed 
in determining the net tonnage of merchant vessels. 



Boy Scout Movement in the United States 

In the United States the Boy Scout movement is chiefly identified with 
the organization incorporated under the title, "The Boy Scouts of America." 
Any boy over 12 years of age is eligible to membership. Upon joining he 
takes the scout oath and learns the scout salute, sign, and laws, and as he 
grows in proficiency in the Scout duties, advances from Tenderfoot to 
Second-Class and then to First-Glass Scout. Scoutcraft covers practical 
knowledge of first aid, life saving, tracking, signalling, cycling, nature 
study, seamanship, campcraft, woodcraft and various useful handicrafts. 
The movement aims at the development, in out-door life and by systematic 
training, of character and the ability to act effectively in emergencies that 
give self-reliance. As fostered by this organization it does not make for 
militaristic accomplishments so much as for capacity for humanitarian 
service and efficient citizenship. 

The Scouts are organized in patrols and troops. A patrol, under a 
patrol-leader, consists of eight boys and a troop is made up of three patrols. 
The troop is under the leadership of an adult Scout Master. Local councils 
drawn from men interested in boys' work are chartered by the national 
body and regulate Boy Scout activities in their districts, with authority to 
pass on Scout Masters' applications. A Scout Executive may be engaged 
by the local council to assist in and supervise the work of the Scout Masters 
in instruction, etc., and to coordinate the work in the community, as in 
arranging for inter-troop meets, games and camps. 



Normal Heights and Weights of Adults 



Height. Weight. 
5ft. 1 in. 128 pounds 
5 ft. 2 in . 135 pounds 
5 ft. 3 in . 142 pounds 



Height. Weight. 
5 ft. 4 in. 149 pounds 
5 ft. 5 in. 152 pounds 
5 ft. 6 in . 155 pounds 



Height. Weight. 
5 ft. 7 in . 158 pounds 
5 ft. 8 in. 166 pounds 
5 ft. 9 in . 173 pounds 



Height. Weight. 
5 ft. 10 in. 181 pounds 

5 ft. 11 in. 186 pounds 

6 ft. in. 190 pounds 



Heights and Weights of Children 



Weight, 
Height, lbs. 

At birth 1 f t. 1 in. 8 

6 months . . .2 ft. 0y 2 in. 16 

1 year 2 ft. 5 in. 24 

li/ 2 years ..2 ft. 8 in. 24 

2 years 3 ft. in. 32 







Weight, 






Weight, 






Height, lbs. 






Height, lbs. 


3 


years. . 


. .3 ft. 4 in. 36 y 2 


8 


years . 


.4 ft. 2 in. 56 y 2 


4 


years. . 


..3 ft. 6 in. 41 


9 


years. 


.4 ft. 4 in. 62 


5 


years. . 


..3 ft. 8 in. 45 


10 


years . 


.4 ft. 6 in. 68 


6 


years. . 


. .3 ft. 10 in. 49 


11 


years . 


.4 ft. 8 in. 74 


7 


years . . 


..4 ft. in. 52i/ 2 


12 


years. 


.4 ft. 10 in. 80 



Fastest Voyages Across the Atlantic 



Queenstown to New York, Daunt's 
Rock to Ambrose channel lightship 
(short course), 4 days 10 hours 48 mi- 
nutes, by the Mauretania, Sept. 11-15, 
1910; long course (2,891 miles), 4 days 
17 hours 6 minutes, Mauretania, Feb. 
13-18, 1909. 

New York to Queenstown, 4 days 13 
hours 41 minutes, by the Mauretania, 
Sept. 15-20, 1909. 

Hamburg to New York, 5 days 11 
hours 54 minutes, by the Deutschland, 
Sept. 2-8. 1903. 

Cherbourg to New York, 5 days 11 
hours 9 minutes, by the Kronprinzessin 
Cecilie, Aug. 19-25. 1908. 

New York to Cherbourg, 5 days 16 
hours, by the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, 
Jan. 4-10. 1900. 

Southampton to New York, 5 days 20 
hours, bv the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse. 
March 30-April 5. 1898. 

Havre to New York, 6 days 1 hour 12 
minutes, by La Provence. Sept. 6-13. 
1907. 



New York to Southampton, 5 days 17 
hours 8 minutes, by the Kaiser Wilhelm 
der Grosse, Nov. 23-29, 1897. 

New York to Havre, 6 days 2 hours 
48 minutes, by La Provence, May 31- 
June 6, 1906. 

New York to Plymouth (short course), 
2.962 miles, 5 days 7 hours 28 minutes, 
by the Deutschland, Sept. 5-10, 1900; 
(long course), 3,080 miles, 5 days 9 
hours 55 minutes, Kaiser Wilhelm II., 
Aug. 18-24, 1908. 

Plymouth to New York, 5 days 15 
hours 46 minutes, by the Deutschland, 
July 7-12, 1900. 

Moville, Ireland, to Cape Race, N. F., 
4 days 10 hours, by the Virginian (tur- 
bine), June 9-13, 1905. 

The best day's run by any steamer 
was 676 knots, made by the Mauretania, 
January, 1911. 

Distances : New York to Southampton, 
3,100 miles ; to Plymouth, 2,962 miles : 
to Queenstown, 2,800 miles ; to Cher- 
bourg, 3.047 miles ; to Havre, 3.170 
miles : to Hamburg. 3,820 miles. 



Great Ship Canals of the World 



Opened, 

Canal year 

Cape Cod 1914 

( lorinth (Greece) 1893 

Kronstadt-Petrograd (Russia) 1890 

Elbe and Trave (Germany) 1900 

Kaiser Wilhemi or Kiel (Germany) f 1895 

Manchester ship (England) 1894 

Xew Orleans Industrial (U. S.) . . . . 1921 

Panama (U. S.) 1914 

Sault St. Marie (U. S.) 1855 

Sault Ste. Marie (Canada) , . 1895 

Suez (Egypt) 1869 

Welland (Canada) 1887 

*At the bottom. 



Length, Depth. 


Width,* 




miles feel 


feet. 


Cost 


8 25 


150 


$12,000,000 


4 26.25 


72 


5,000,000 


16 20.50 


220 


10,000,000 


41 10 


72 


5,831,000 


61 45 


150 


94,818,000 


35.5 26 


120 


75,000,000 


6 30 


150 


20.000,000 


50.5 45 


300 


375,000,000 


1.6 22 


100 


10,000,000 


1.11 20.25 


142 


2,791,873 


90 31 


108 


100,000,000 


26.75 14 


100 


25,000,000 


f Rebuilt. 







Longest Rivers in the World 

River Miles River Miles River Miles River M n 

Mississippi-Mo. 4,194 Yangtze 3,000 Amur 2,700 Volga 2,325 

Nile . . .^ 3,670 La Plata 2,950 Mekong 2,600 Hwangho 2,300 

Amazon 3,300 Lena 2,860 Niger 2,600 Yukon 2,050 

Ob 3,235 Kongo 2,800 Yenesei 2,500 Colorado 2,000 



Largest Lakes in the United States 

[From U. S. geological survey report.] 



Following i* a list of lakes in the U 
100 square miles in area at high water : 

Lake Sq. miles 

Lake Superior. Wis., Minn, and 

Canada 31,200 

Lake Huron. Mich, and Canada. .23,800 
Lake Michigan. 111., Wis.. Mich., 

Indiana 22,450 

Lake Erie. O., Pa.. X. Y. and Can. 9,960 
Lake Ontario. X. Y. and Canada. 7,240 
Great Salt lake. Utah (in 1912) . 1,800 
Lake of the Woods, Minn, and 

Canada 1,500 

Tulare lake, Cal Nothing to 800 

Lake Okechogee, Fla 730 

Lake Pontchartrain. La 625 

Salton sea, Cal. (Jan. 1, 1909), 

shrinking 443 

Red lake. Minn, (both lakes) 441 

Lake Champlain, X". Y. and Vt. . . 436 



nited States each of which is more than 

Lake Sq. miles 

Lake St. Clair, Mich, and Canada 410 

Rainy lake, Minn, and Canada... 310 

Leech lake, Minn, (high water) . . 234 

Leech lake, Minn, (low water) . . 173 

Mille Lacs, Minn 207 

Lake Winnebago, Wis 215 

Lake Tahoe, Cal 193 

Flathead lake, Mont 188 

Upper Klamath lake, Ore. (in- 
cluding swamp) 156 

Upper Klamath lake, Ore. (ex- 
cluding swamp) 87 

Utah lake, Utah 145 

Tule lake. Cal 144 

Lake Pen d'Oreille. Idaho 124 

Lake Winnibigoshish. Minn 117 

Moosehead lake, Maine , . . . 115 



Largest Islands in the World 



Xame. Sq. miles 

Greenland 827,300 

Xew Guinea 330,000 

Borneo 280.000 

Baffin land 236.000 

Madagascar 228.000 

Sumatra 160,000 

Great Britain .... 88,603 



X'ame. Sq. miles 

Honshiu 87.500 

Celebes 72.000 

Prince Albert land. 60.000 
South Island. X. Z.. 58.500 

Java 48.400 

Xorth Island, X.Z.. 44.500 
Cuba 44.164 



Name. Sq. miles 

Luzon 41,000 

Xewfoundland 40,200 

Iceland 40,000 

Ellesmere land 40.000 

Mindanao 37.000 

Hokkaido 36.500 

Ireland 32,600 



Areas of Oceans and Great Lakes Average Depth of Oceans and Seas 



Oceans. 


Sq. miles 


Sq, miles 




Feet. 


Feet. 


Antarc . 


. 5.731.350 


Gt. Slave . 


.12.000 


Antarctic . 


.10.800 


Caribbean ..7,614 


Arctic 


. 4,781,000 


Huron . . . 


• 23.S00 


Arctic . . . 


. 5.160 


China 402 


Atlant. 


34.801,400 


Michigan . 


.22.450 


Atlantic . . 


.12.200 


Gulf Mexico. 4.632 


Indian 


.17,084.000 


Xvassa . . . 


.12.000 


Indian .... 


.11.136 


Japan 7.320 


Pacific 


67,699,630 


Ontario . . 


7.240 


Pacific .... 


.12.960 


Mediter ....4.560 


Lakes 




Superior . 


.31.200 


Baltic . . . 


192 


Xorth 300 


Baikal. 


13.000 


Tanganyika 


.15.000 


Bering . . . 


. 900 


Okhotsk . . . 5.040 


Chad . 


50,000 


Vic. Xvanza 


26.500 


The mean 


depth of 


all the oceans and 


Erie . . 


9,960 


Winnipeg . 


. 9.000 


seas is estimated to 


be from 2 to 2% 


Gt. Bear 70.000 






miles. 







Tha World War 



War began — Aug. 1, 1914. 
Armistice signed — Nov. 11, 1918. 
Duration of war — 4 years, 3 months, 11 

days. 
United States entered — April 6, 1917. 
Paris peace conference began — Jan. 18, 

1919/ 
German peace treaty signed — June 28, 

1919. 
Austrian peace treaty signed — Sept. 10, 

1919. 



Bulgarian peace treaty signed- 

1919. 
Hungarian peace treaty signed 

1920. 
Turkish peace treaty signed — Aug. 

1920. 

Nations involved — 27. 
Killed to Nov 11, 1918 — 7,450,200. 
Cash cost to April 30, 1919 — $186,000. 

000,000. 



Nov. 27, 

-June 4, 

9. 



Surrender Dates 



Russia to Germany and her allies, Dec. 

16, 1917. 
Roumania to Germany (treaty signed), 

May 6, 1918. 
Bulgaria to France and allies, Sept. 29, 

1918. • 



Turkey to Britain and allies, Oct. 30. 

1918. 
Austria-Hungary to allies and United 

States, Nov. 3, 1918. 
Germany to allies and United States. 

Nov. 11, 1918. 



Treaties of Peace 

Treaty of Versailles ; 



With Germany- 
June 28, 1919. 

With Austria — Treaty of St. Germain ; 
Sept. 10, 1919. 

With Bulgaria — Treaty of Neuilly ; Nov. 
27, 1919. 



With Hungary — Treaty of the Grand 

Trianon : June 4, 1920. 
With Turkey — Treaty of Sevres ; Aug. 

10, 1920. 



American Effort in World War 



[From report published in 


May, 1919, by Col. Leonard 
U. S. A.l 


E Ay res of the general staff. 


SUMMARY 




American 


battle deaths 




Total armed forces 


4,800,000 


in war 
American 






50,000 


wounded 


in 




Total men in the army. . 


4,000,000 
2,086,000 


war . . . 






236,000 


Men who went overseas. 


American 


deaths 


from 




Men who fought in 
France 




disease 






56,991 


1,390,000 


Totals de 
army . 


>aths in 


the 






112,422 


Greatest number sent in 








one month 


306,000 


SOLDIERS 


STATES 






State 


Men 


State 


Men 


Greatest number return- 




New York 


.367,804 


Md 


47,054 


ing in one month. . . . 


333,000 


Penna. . . 


.297,891 


Wash. . . 


45,154 


Tons of supplies shipped 




Illinois . . 


.251,074 


Mont. . . 


36,293 


to France 


7,500,000 


Ohio . . . 


200,293 


Colorado. 


34,393 


Total registered in draft. 


24,234,021 


Texas . . . 


.161,065 


Florida . 


33,331 


Total' draft inductions. . 


2,810,296 


Michigan 
Mass. . . . 


.135,485 
.132,61<» 


Oregon . 
S. Dak. . 


30,116 

29,686 


Greatest number induct- 




Missouri 


.128,544 


X. Dak. . 


25,803 


ed in one month 


400.000 


Calif. . . . 


.112,514 


Maine . . 


24,252 


Graduates of line officers' 




Indiana . 


.106,581 


Idaho . . 


19,016 


training school 

Cost of war to April 30, 


80,468 


N. J 

Minn. . . . 
Iowa . . . 


.105,207 
. 99,116 

. 98,781 


Utah . . . 17,361 
R. I. . . . 16.861 
Porto Rico 16.538 


1919 $ 


21,850,000,000 


Wisconsin 


98.211 


D. C. .. 


15,930 




Cost of army to April 30, 




Georgia . 


. 85,506 


X. H. . . 


14,374 


1919 $13 


Oklahoma 


. 80.169 


X. Mex. . . 


12,439 


Battles fought by Ameri- 
can troops 


13 


Tennessee 
Kentucky 
Alabama 


75.825 

75,043 

. 74.67s 


Wyo. . . . 
Arizona . 
Vermont . 


11,393 
10,492 




9,338 


Months of American par- 




Virginia . 


. 73.062 


Del 


7,484 


ticipation in the war . . 


19 


N. C. . . . 


. 73,003 


Hawaii . 


5,644 


Days of battle 


200 


Louisiana 


. 65,988 


Nevada . 


5,105 


Days of duration of 




Kansas 


. 63.42S 


Alaska . . 


2,102 


Meuse-Argonne battle. 


47 


Arkansas 
W. Va. . 


. 61.027 
. 55,777 


A. E. F. 

Not alloc. 


1,499 
1,318 


Americans in Mense- 




Miss. . . . 


. 54,295 


Phil'pines 


255 


Argonne battle 


1.200.000 


S. C. 
Conn. . . . 


. 53.482 
. 50,069 






American casualties in 




Total . 


3,757.624 


Meuse-Argonne battle. 


120.000 


Nebraska 


. 47.805 







Regular Armies of the World 

The following official tabulation of the populations and approximate strengths 
of the regular armies of the nation's named was published in the Congressional 
Record June 8, 1921. The last column shows the percentage of the regular armv 
to the population. The first table shows the armies of the European countries 
and of the United States, while the second table shows the regular armies of 
American and Asiatic countries and the United States : 



TABLE NO. 

Country. Population. 

Switzerland . 4,000,000 

Greece .... 7,300.000 

Esthonia . . . 1,200,000 

Poland 30,072,000 

Lithuania... 2,000,000 
Roumania . . 17,393.200 

France 39,601,500 

2,605,000 



Latvia 
Czecho 

Slovakia .. 13,215.500 

Albania 850,000 

Serbs, Croats 

& Slovenes 14,365,500 

Belgium 7,555,600 

Italy 36,740,000 

Norway 2.391,800 

Finland 3,325,000 

Spain 20,695,700 

Denmark ... 2,941.000 

Great Britain 45,516,000 

Turkey 12,000,000 

Russia (bol- 

shevist) . 182,182,000 

Bulgaria . . . 4.430,000 



Armv. 
170,000 
240,000 

36,500 
815.000 

40.000 
323,600 
735,300 

45,000 

216,800 
13,500 

194,000 

100,000 

464,000 

30,000 

35,000 

216,600 

27,500 

425,000 

100,000 

1.500,000 
32,000 



Pet. 
4.25 
3.20 
3.04 
2.71 
2.00 
1.86 
1.85 
1.73 

1.64 

1.58 

1.35 

1.32 

1.26 

1.25 

1.05 

1.05 

.94 

.93 

.83 



Portugal . . . 

Hungary . . . 

Austria 

Netherlands. 

Sweden 

Germany 



5.545,600 
7,690,000 
6.400,000 
6,724,700 
5:813,800 
55,086,000 



33,000 
36,000 
22,000 
20,000 
15,600 
150,000 



.60 
.46 
.33 
.30 
.27 
.27 



United States 105,709,000 222,900 .21 



TABLE NO. 

Country. Population. 

Uruguay . . . 1,400,000 

Mexico .... 16,000,000 

Chile 4,000,000 

Japan 58,000,000 

Ecuador 1,300.000 

China 400.000,000 



Venezuela 
Argentina 
Bolivia . . 
Peru 

Brazil . . . 
Paraguay . 
Colombia 



2,848,000 
8,300,000 
3.000,000 
3.530,000 
22.000,000 
1,000,000 
5,475.000 



2. 

Army. Pet. 

9,800 0.70 

90,000 .56 

20,000 

273.200 

6,000 

1,369.900 

9,000 

23,000 

7,100 

7,500 

37,000 

1.500 

6,000 

f222,900 



50 

.47 
.46 
.34 
.31 
.27 
.23 
.21 
.16 
.15 
.11 
21 



United States*105, 709.000 

♦Continental. fNot including Philip 
pine scouts. 



Navies of Five Great Powers Compared 

The following table from Brassey's Naval Annual for 1920-1921 includes only 
effective fighting ships : 

NAVAL DISPLACEMENT 

Tons Tons 

Great Britain 123,700 Italy 41,0un 

United States 150,800 Japan 76,600 

France 114.000 



Great Britain United States France 



Italy 



Japan 



Class 



Battleships, 14-in. and up . . 14 

Bat. cruisers, 14-in. and up . 4 

Battleships, smaller guns . . 14 

Bat. cruisers, smaller guns. . 4 

Light cruisers 62 

Destroyers 190 

^Submarines 98 



H « p3 H ffl PQ H « ffl H ~ r - 

14 11 10 21 4 4 8 

4 6 6 4 2 6 

14 8 . . 8 10 . . 10 5 . . 5 3 . . 3 

4 .. . • • • 

69 3 10 13 11 . . 11 20 2 22 10 3 13 

190 287 30 317 88 . . 88 50 . . 50 99 . . 99 

98 100 66 166 36 4 40 39 . . 39 13 . . 13 



Presidents of Mexico Since June 26, 
1910 

Porfirio Diaz — June 26, 1910, to May 
25. 1911. 

Francisco I. Madero — May 25, 1911, 
to Feb. 15, 1913. 

Victoriano Huerta — Feb. 15, 1913, to 
July 15, 1914. 

Francisco Carbajal — July 15, 1914, to 
Aug. 14, 1914. 

Venustiano Carranza — Aug. 14, 1914, 
to May 20, 1920. 
20, 1920. 

Adolfo de la Huerta — May 24, 1920, 
to Dec. 1, 1920. 

Alvaro Obregon — Dec. 1, 1920. 



Deportation of Aliens 

The following table shows the depor- 
tation of aliens from the United States 
after entry by fiscal years : 



1898 199 1906. 

1899 263 1907. 

1900 356 1908. 

1901 363 1909. 

1902 465 1910. 

1903 547 1911. 

1904 779 1912. 

1905 845 1913 



676 1914. . 

995 1915. . 
2.069 1916. . 
2.124 1917. . 
2.695 1918. . 
2.788 1919. , 
2.450 1920. . 

461 1921. 



4,737 
2.670 
2,906 
1.922 
1.619 
3.102 
2.762 
4.540 
fiscal 



Of the aliens deported in the 
year 1921, 604 were insane, 1,293 were 
likely to become public charges. 316 
were criminals, 446 were anarchists and 
152 were contract laborers. 






1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 
^8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
L6 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
3 4 
35 

37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 






Postal Information 
Fourth-Glass Matter (Domestic Parcel Post). 

c -, size than 84 inches 



~ c 



fcqo j^ o 






$0.05 $0.05 



.06 
.06 
.07 
.07 
.08 
.08 
.09 
.09 
.10 
.10 
.11 
.11 
.12 
.12 
.13 
.13 
.14 
.14 
.15 
.15 
.16 
.16 
.17 
.17 
.18 
.18 
.19 
.19 
.20 
.20 
.21 
.21 
.22 
.21 
.23 
.23 
.24 
.24 
.25 
.25 
.26 
.26 
.27 
• .27 
.28 
.28 
.29 
.29 
,30 
.30 
.31 
.31 
.32 
.32 
.33 
.33 
.34 
.34 
.35 
,35 
.36 
.36 
,37 
.37 
.38 
.38 
.39 
.39 
.40 



.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

.13 

.14 

.15 

.16 

.17 

.18 

.19 

.20 

.21 

.22 

.23 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.27 

.28 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.32 

.33 

,34 

,35 

,36 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.42 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

,55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 



$0.06 
.08 
.10 
.12 
.14 
.16 
.18 
.20 
.22 
.24 
.26 
.28 
.30 
.32 
,34 
.36 
.38 
.40 
.42 
.44 
.46 
.48 
.50 
.52 
.54 
.56 
.58 
.60 
.62 
.64 
.66 
.68 
.70 
.72 
.74 
.76 
.78 
.80 
.82 
.84 
.86 
.88 
.90 
.92 
.94 



5°sl:§'£ o2s n^£ oo OS 
$0.07 $0.08 $0.09 $0.11 $0.12 



1.00 
1.02 
1.04 
1.06 
1.08 
1.10 
1.12 
1.14 
1.16 
1.18 
1.20 
1.22 
1.24 
1.26 
1.28 
1.20 
1.32 
1.34 
1,36 
1.38 
1.40 
1.42 
1.44 



.11 
,15 
.19 
.23 
.27 
,31 
.35 
,39 
.43 
.47 
.51 
.55 
.59 
.63 
.67 
.71 
.75 
.79 
.83 
.87 
.91 
.95 
.99 
1.03 
1.07 
1.11 
1.15 
1.19 
1.23 
1.27 
1.31 
1.35 
.139 
1.43 
1.47 
1.51 
1.55 
1.59 
1.63 
1.67 
1.71 
1.75 
1.79 
1.83 
1.87 
1.91 
1.95 
1.99 
2.03 



14 
.20 
.26 
.32 

.38 

.44 

.50 

.56 

.62 

.68 

.74 

.80 

.86 

.92 

.98 

1.04 

1.10 

1.16 

1.22 

1.28 

1.34 

1.40 

1.46 

1.52 

1.58 

1.64 

1.70 

1.76 

1.82 

1.88 

1.94 

2.00 

2.06 

2.12 

2.18 

2.24 

2.30 

2.36 

2.42 

2.48 

2.54 

2.60 

2.06 

2.72 

2.78 

2.S4 

2.90 

2.96 

3.02 



.17 

.25 

.33 

.41 

.49 

.57 

.65 

.73 

.81 

.89 

.97 

1.05 

1.13 

1.21 

1.29 

1.37 

1.45 

1.53 

1.61 

1.69 

1.77 

1.85 

1.93 

2.01 

2.09 

2.17 

2.25 

2.33 

2.41 

2.49 

2.57 

2.65 

2.73 

2.81 

2.89 

2.97 

3.05 

3.13 

3.21 

3.29 

3.37 

3.45 

3.53 

3.61 

3.69 

3.77 

3.85 

3.93 

4.01 



21 
31 
41 
,51 
.61 
.71 
.81 
.91 
1.01 
1.11 
1.21 
1.31 
1.41 
1.51 
1.61 
1.71 
1.81 
1.91 
2.01 
2.11 
2.21 
2.31 
2.41 
2.51 
2.61 
2.71 
2.81 
2.91 
3.01 
3.11 
3.21 
3,31 
3.41 
3.51 
3.61 
3.71 
3.81 
3.91 
4.01 
4.11 
4.21 
4.31 
4.41 
4.51 
4.61 
4.71 
4.81 
4.91 
5.01 



.24 

.36 
.48 
.60 
.72 
.84 
.96 
1.08 
1.20 
1.32 
1.44 
1.56 
1.68 
1.80 
1.92 
2.04 
2.16 
2.28 
2.40 
2.52 
2.64 
2.76 
2.88 
3.00 
3.12 
3.24 
3.36 
3.48 
3.60 
3.72 
3.84 
3.96 
4.08 
4.2 
4.32 
4.44 
4.56 
4.68 
4.80 
4.92 
5.04 
5.16 
5.28 
5.40 
5.52 
5.64 
5.76 
5.88 
6.00 



Fourth-class matter 
embraces that known 
as domestic parcel post 
mail and includes farm 
and factory products 
(and books) not now 
embraced by law in 
either the first or sec- 
ond class or (with the 
exception of books) in 
the third class, not ex- 
ceeding - seventy pounds 
in weight (when mailed 
for delivery within the 
first or second zones, 
nor exceeding seventy 
pounds in weight when 
within any of the other 
zones), nor greater in 



length and girth 
combined, nor in form or kind likely to 
injure the person of any postal employe 
or damage the mail equipment or other 
mail matter and not of a character perish- 
able within a period reasonably required 
for transportation and delivery. 

Rates of postage — to be fully prepaid 
— unsealed : 

(a) Parcels weighing 4 ounces or less, 
except books, seeds, plants, etc., 1 cent 
for each ounce or fraction thereof, any 
distance. 

(b) Parcels weighing 8 ounces or less 
containing books, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, 
roots, scions and plants, 1 cent for each 
2 ounces or fraction therof, regardless 
of distance. 

(c) Parcels weighing more than 8 
ounces, containing books, seeds, plants, 
etc., parcels of miscellaneous printed 
matter weighing more than 4 pounds, 
and all other parcels of fourth- class 
matter weighing more than 4 ounces are 
chargeable, according to distance or 
zone, at the pound rates shown in the 
zone table, a fraction of a pound being 
considered a full pound. 

Zones — Pared Post Guide and Maps 

For parcel post purposes the United 
States is divided into units pf area 
thirty minutes square. Such units form 
the basis of the eight postal zones. To 
ascertain in which zone a postoffice is 
located from the office of mailing, a 
parcel post guide, costing 55 cents, and 
map, costing 20 cents, are jointly used. 
The guide applies to all offices, but a 
separate map is required for each unit. 
A zone key is furnished with the guide 
for use in the units of area in which 
some of the largest postoffices are 
located,- and makes the map for those 
units unnecessary. The guide and maps 
may be purchased by sending a money 
order to the third assistant postmaster- 
general, Washington, D. C. Stamps are 
not accepted. 

Money Orders 

Fees for money orders payable in the 
United States (which includes Hawaii. 
Porto Rico and the Virgin islands) and 
its possessions, comprising the Canal 
Zone, Guam, the Philippines and Tutuila. 
Samoa : also for orders payable in Ber- 
muda, British Guiana, British Honduras, 
Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Newfoundland, 
at the United States postal agency at 
Shanghai (China), in the Bahama islands 
and in certain other islands in the West 
Indies : 

For orders from $0.01 to 
For orders from 2.51 to 
For orders from 5.01 to 
For orders from 10.01 to 
For orders from 20.01 to 
For orders from 30.01 to 
For orders from 40.01 to 
For orders from 50.01 to 
For orders from 60.01 to 
For orders from 75.01 to 100.00 . . 30 . 

The fees for foreign money orders payable in any 
country on which a money order may be drawn, 
other than those named above, may be ascertained 
upon inquiry at the postoffice. 



$2.50. . 3 
5.00. . 5 
10.00. . 8 
20.00. .10 
30.00. .12 
40.00. .15 
50.00. .18 
00.00. .20 
75.00. .25 



cents 
cents 
cents 
cents 
cents 
cents 
cents 
cents 
cents 
cents 



ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS EMBLEM 

(By the American Red Cross) 

In answer to inquiries frequently made, as well as to correct an impres- 
sion regarding the original significance of the symbol that appears to prevail 
in some quarters, the following facts concerning the adoption of the Eed 
Cross emblem are presented: The Eed Cross w T as founded through a diplo- 
matic convention held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864. The Treaty of 
Geneva, or, as it is sometimes called, the Eed Cross Treaty, provided for a 
flag for hospitals and convoys and an arm badge for persons. The design 
proposed was a red cross on a white ground. This was in compliment to 
the country in which the congress was sitting, the Swiss flag being a white 
cross on a red ground. The Eed Cross flag, therefore, is the national flag 
of Switzerland with the colors reversed. » 

Inasmuch as the cross symbolizes the Christian religion, the idea prevails 
with some persons, who are unfamiliar with the early history of the Eed 
Cross, that the emblem has a distinctly religious significance — that in adopt- 
ing it the signatories to the treaty had principally in mind the humanitarian- 
ism of Christianity. But the universality of the underlying idea, embracing 
. all nations and all religions, divorced it from any such significance. In other 
words, the particular cross that suggested the Eed Cross emblem was heraldic 
rather than religious. It is true that the Mohammedan antipathy to the 
cross in any form subsequently caused Turkish representatives to protest 
against operating under the emblem, and it was specially provided that the 
organization in Turkey should have a red crescent for a symbol. But Japan 
and China have the red cross for an emblem; and all the other countries of 
the world, in short, recognize it in its true non-sectarian and non-religious 
significance. 

At a banquet given for the delegates to the original convention of 1864 
there was in the center of the table a large piece of confection, representing 
a fortress with its garrison and sanitary workers, distinguished by the Eed 
Cross brassard, pursuing their functions. The tower was surmounted by 
small silk flags of the Swiss Eepublic and Canton of Geneva, around the 
central flag, a red cross on a white field, the emblem of neutrality just 
adopted. After the first toast this flag was taken from its place by the 
president of the convention, who, turning to the representative of the United 
States Sanitary Commission, presented it to him as a token of appreciation 
of the commission's labors for the good of humanity. 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED 
STATES MONEY. 

(These figures are those which prevailed before the European War.) 



Country 



Standard 



Monetary Unit 



Value in 

U. S. Gold 

Dollar 



Coins 



Argent. R. . 
Austria-H. . 



Belgium . 
Bolivia . . 
Brazil . . . 



Canada 

Cent. Am. . 
Chile 



Gold. 
Gold.. 



Gold.. 
Silver. 
Gold.. 

Gold.. 

Silver. 
Gold.. 



China. 



Silver . 



Colombia . . 
Costa Rica. 
Cuba 



Silver . 
Gold.. 



Gold. 



Denmark. . . |Gold. 
Ecuador .... Silver . 



Egypt 

France 

Germany . . . 
Gt. Britain.. 
Greece 

Hayti 

India 

Italy 

Japan 

Mexico 

Netherlands 
N'foundl'd... 
Norway 

Peru 

Portugal — 
Russia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switz'Iand . . 
Turkey 
Uruguay. . . 
Venezuela. . . 



Gold.. 

Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold.. 

Gold.. 

Gold.. 

Gold.. 
Gold.. 

Silver . 

Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold.. 

Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold.. 
Gold. . 
Gold.. 



Peso 

Crown 

Franc 

Boliviano 

Milreis 

Dollar 

Pesot 

Peso 

( Shanghai 
TaelJ < Tientsin. 

( Canton. . 
Peso 

Colon 

Peso 

Crown 

Sucre 

Pound (100 piasters) . . 

Franc 

Mark 

Pound sterling 

Drachma 

Gourde 

Pound sterling! 

Lira 

Yen 

Dollar 

Florin 

Dollar 

Crown 

Sol 

Milreis 

Ruble 

Peseta 

Crown 

Franc 

Piaster 

Peso 

Bolivar 



$0.96.5 
.20.3 



.19.3 

.40.8 
.54.6 

1.00 

.40.8 
.40 

.60.2 
.63.9 
.65.7 
.40.8 

.46.5 

.92.6 

.26.8 

.48.7 

4.94.3 

.19.3 

.23.8 

4.86.6H 

.19.3 

.96.5 

4.86.6^ 
.19.3 
.49.8 

.45 

.40.2 
1.01.4 

.26.8 

.40 
1.08 

.51.5 

.19.3 

.26.8 
.19.3 
.04.4 
1.03.4 
.19.3 



Gold; argentine ($4.82.4) and Y 2 argentine. 

Silver: peso and divisions. 
Gold: former system— 4 florins ($1.92.9) 8 florins 

($3.85.8) ducat ($2.28.7) and 4 ducats ($9.14.9). 

Silver: 1 and 2 florins. Gold: present system — 

20 crowns ($4.05.2) and 10 crowns ($2.02.6). 
Gold: 10 and 20 francs. Silver: 5 francs. 
Silver: boliviano and divisions. 
Gold: 5, 10, and 20 milreis. Silver: y 2 , 1, and 2 

milreis. 

Silver: peso and divisions. 

Gold: escudo ($1.82.5) doubloon ($3.65) and 
condor ($7.30). Silver: peso and divisions. 



Gold: condor ($9.64.7) and double-condor. 

Silver: peso. 
Gold: 2, 5, 10, and 20 colons ($9.30.7). Silver: 

5, 10, 25, and 50 eentimos. 
Gold: doubloon ($5.01.7); Alfonso ($4.82.3). 

Silver: peso. 
Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. 
Gold: 10 sucres ($4.86.65). Silver: sucre and 

divisions. 
Gold: pound (100 piasters) 5, 10, 20, and 50 

piasters. Silver: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 piasters. 
Gold: 6, 10, 20, 50, and 100 frs. Silver: 5 frs. 
Gold: 6, 10, and 20 marks. 
Gold: sovereign (pound sterling) and Y 2 sovereign. 
Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 drachmas. Silver: 

5 drachmas. 
Gold: 1, 2, 5, and 10 gourdes. Silver: gourde 

and divisions. 
Gold: sov. ($4.86.65). Silver: rupee and divisions. 
Gold: 6, 10. and 20 lire. Silver: 5 lire. 
Gold: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 yen. Silver: 10, 20, and 

50 sen. 
Gold: dollar ($0.98.3), 2V 2 , 5, 10, and 20 dollars. 

Silver: dollar (or peso) and divisions. 
Gold: 10 florins. Silver: ]/ 2 , 1, and 2 l A florins. 
Gold: 2 dollars ($2.02.7). 
Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. 

Gold: libra ($4.86.65). Silver: sol and divisions. 
Gold: 1, 2, 5, and 10 milreis. 
Gold: imperial ($7.71.8) and V 2 imperial, 1V 2 

rubles ($3.86). Silver: M, l A, and 1 ruble. 
Gold: 25 pesetas. Silver: 5 pesetas. 
Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. 
Gold: 6, 10, and 20 frs. Silver 5 frs. 
Gold: 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 piasters. 
Gold: peso. Silver: peso and divisions. 
Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivars. Silver: 

5 bolivars. 



* The coins of silver-standard countries are valued by their pure silver contents at the average market 
price of silver for the three months preeedin? the date of this circular, t Not including Costa Rica. X lne 
British dollar has the same value as the Mexican at Hong Kong and the Straits Settlement. § The sovereign 
is the standard coin of India but the rupee ($0.32.4) is the money of account, current at 15 to the sovereign. 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS— Continued 



TABLE SHOWING THE VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS AND PAPER NOTES 

IN AMERICAN MONEY BASED UPON THE VALUES EXPRESSED 

IN THE ABOVE TABLE 



Number 


British £ 


German 


French 

Franc, 

Italian Lira 


Chinese 

Tael, 

(Shanghai) 


Dutch 


Tndian 


Russian 


Austrian 


Sterling 


Mark 


Florin 


Pvupee 


Gold Ruble 


Crown 


1 


$4.86.61 


$0.23.8 


$0.19.3 


S0.60.2 


$0.42.0 


$0.32.4 


$0.51.5 


S0.20.3 


2 


9.73.3 


0.47.6 


0.38.6 


1.20.4 


0.80.4 


0.64.8 


1.03 


0.40.6 


3 


14.59.9^ 


0.71.4 


0.57.9 


1.80.6 


1.20.6 


0.97.2 


1.54.5 


9.60.9 


4 


19.46.6 


0.95.2 


0.77.2 


2.40.8 


1.60.8 


1.29.6 


2.06 


0.81.2 


5 


24.33.21 


1.19 


0.96.5 


3.01 


2.01 


1.62 


2.57.5 


1.01.5 


6 


29.19.9 


1.42.8 


1.15.8 


3.61.2 


2.41.2 


2.04.4 


3.09 


1.21.8 


7 


34.06.51 


1.66.6 


1.35.1 


4.21.4 


2.81.4 


2.36.8 


3.60.5 


1.42.1 


8 


38.93.2 


1.90.4 


1.54.4 


4.81.6 


3.21.6 


2.59.2 


4.12 


1.62.4 


9 


43.79.8| 


2.14.2 


1.73.7 


5.41.8 


3.61.8 


2.91.6 


4.63.5 


1.82.7 


10 


48.66.5 


2.38 


1.93 


6.02.2 


4.02 


3.24 


5.15 


2.03 


20 


97.33 


4.76 


3.86 


12.04 


8.04 


6.48 


10.30 


4.06 


30 


145.99.5 


7.14 


5.79 


18.06 


12.06 


9.72 


15.45 


6.09 


40 


194.66 


9.52 


7.72 


24.08 


16.08 


12.96 


20.60 


8.12 


50 


243.32.5 


11.90 


19.65 


30.10 


20.10 


16.20 


25.75 


10.15 


100 


486.65 


23.80 


9.30 


60.20 


40.20 


32.40 


51.50 


20.30 



FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH. 



Shape and Size of the Earth: The earth 
is very nearly an oblate spheroid, whose 
shorter axis coincides with its axis of rotation 
passing through the two poles. 

According to Colonel Clarke's calculations, 
its major axis measures 41,852,124 feet, or 
7,926.5 statute miles; it3 minor axis 41,710,242 
feet, or 7,899.5 statute miles; its circumference 
along the Equator measures 24,902' statute 
miles, or 21,600 geographical miles; its total 
area 196,940,400 statute square miles; and its 
volume 259,880 million cubic miles. 

Of this total area, 8.4 percent. (16,464,700 sq. 
m.) are within the Arctic and Antarctic regions; 
51.6 per cent. (102,244,654 sq. m.) within the 
two temperate regions; 40 per cent. (78,231,046 
sq. m.) within the Tropics. 

The Land: The land covers 54,807,420 sq.m.. 
on the assumption that 250,000 sq. m. of land 
remain to be discovered within the Arctic 
Regions, and that the supposed Antarctic 
continent, or "Antarctis," has an extent of 
2,500,000 sq. m. within the Antarctic Circle. 



The Oceans: The oceans, including the 
inland seas connected with them, cover 
142,132,980 sq. m., or 72 percent, of the total 
surface of the earth. There are 2.59 sq. m. 
of ocean to every sq. m. of land. This area 
is distributed over the different areas as follows: 
Arctic Ocean, including Hudson Bay, 5,785,000 
sq. m.; Atlantic Ocean, 34,301,400 sq. m.; 
Indian Ocean, 28,615,000 sq. m. ; Pacific Ocean,' 
67,699,630 sq. m.; Antarctic Ocean, 5,731,350 
sq. m. 

Heights and Depths: The mean height 
of the land has been estimated at 2,440 feet; 
the mean depth of the sea 1 1 ,470 feet (Karstans.U 
The highest mountain (Mt. Everest) rises to 
a height of 29,000 feet; the greatest depth of 
the ocean as yet discovered (in the Pacific, 
between Guam and -Midway) is 31,614 feet. 
If the whole of the solid crust of the earth 
were to be levelled, so as to form a spheroid, 
it would still be covered bv an ocean of a 
uniform depth of 8,000 feet (Prof. Penck). 



WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 



First— Cotton. 
Second — Paper. 
• Third — Leather. 
Fourth — Fruit and Flowers. 
Fifth— Wooden. 
Sixth — Sugar. 
Seventh — Woollen. 



Eighth — India Rubber. 
Ninth — Willow. 
Tenth— Tin. 
Eleventh — Steel. 



Fifteenth — Crystal. 
Twentieth — China. 
Twenty-fifth— Silver. 
Thirtieth— Pearl. 



Twelfth — Silk and Fine Linen. Fortieth — Ruby. 



Thirteenth — Lace. 
Fourteenth — Ivory. 



Fiftieth— Golden. 
Seventy-fifth — Diamond, 



Language of the Flowers 



A CLUSTER of flowers can be made 
to express any sentiment if care 
is taken in the selection. 

If a flower is offered reversed, its 
original signification is contradicted, 
and the opposite implied. 

A rosebud divested of thorns, but re- 
taining leaves, conveys the sentiment, 
"I fear no longer; I hope." Stripped 
of leaves and thorns, it signifies, 
"There is nothing to hope or fear." 



A full-blown rose, placed over two 
buds, signifies "Secrecy." 

"Yes" is implied by touching the 
flower given to the lips; "No," by 
pinching off a petal and casting it 
away. 

"I am" is expressed by a laurel 
leaf twined around the bouquet; "I 
have," by an ivy leaf folded together; 
"I offer you," by a leaf of \irginia 
creeper. 






SINGLE FLOWERS 



Arbor Vitse — Unchanging friendship. 

Camelia, White — -Loveliness. 

Candy-Tuft — Indifference. 

Carnation, White — Disdain. 

China Aster— Variety. 

Clover, Four-Leaf— Be mine. 

Clover, White — Think of me. 

Clover, Red — Industry. 

Columbine — Folly . 

Daisy — Innocence. 

Daisy, Colored — Beauty. 

Dead Leaves — Sadness. 

Deadly Nightshade — Falsehood. 

Fern — Fascination. 

Forget-me-not. 

Fuchsia, Scarlet — Taste. 

Geranium, Horseshoe — Stupidity. 

Geranium, Scarlet — Consolation. 

Geranium, Rose — Preference. 

Golden-rod — Be cautious. 

Heliotrope — Devotion. 

Hyacinth, White — Loveliness. 

Hyacinth, Purple — Sorrow. 

Ivy — Friendship . 

Lily, Day — Coquetry. 

Lily, White — Sweetness. 

Lily, Yellow — Gayety. 

Lily, Water — Purity of heart. 

Lily of the Valley — Unconscious sweet- 
ness. 

Mignonette — Your qualities surpass 
your charms. 

Monkshead — Danger is near. 

Myrtle— Love. 

Oak — Hospitality. 

Orange Blossoms — Chastity. 

Pansy — Thoughts . 

Passion Flower — Faith. 

Primrose — Inconstancy. 

Rose— Love. 

Rose, Damask — Beauty ever new. 

Rose, Yellow — Jealousy. 

Rose, White — I am worthy of you. 



Rosebud, Moss — Confession of Love. 

Smilax — Constancy . 

Straw — Agreement . 

Straw, Broken — Broken Agreement. 

Sweet Pea — Depart. 

Thistle — Sternness. 

Tuberose — Dangerous Pleasures. 

Verbena — Pray for me. t 

White Jasmine — Amiability. 

Witch Hazel— A spell. 

IN COMBINATIONS 



Moss Rosebud, 
Myrtle. 

Mignonette, 
Colored Daisy. 

Lily of the Valley 
Ferns. 

Yellow Rose, 
Broken Straw, 
Ivy. 

Scarlet Geranium, 
Passion Flower, 
Purple Hyacinth, 
Arbor Vitse. 

Columbine, 
Day Lily, 
Broken Straw, 
Witch Hazel, 
Colored Daisy. 
White Pink, 
Canary Grass, 
Laurel. 
Golden-rod, 
Monkshead, 
Sweet Pea, 
Forget-me-not. 



j A confession 

/ of love. 

^ Your qualities sur- 

spass your charms 

( of beauty. 

^ Your unconscious 

\ sweetness 

( has fascinated me. 

^ Your jealousy 

\ has broken 

f our friendship. 
I trust you will 
find consolation, 
through faith, 
in your sorrow; 
be assured of my 
unchanging 

^friendship. 

'Your folly and 
coquetry have 
broken 
the spell of your 

..beauty. 

I Your talent 

< and perseverance 

I will win you glory. 

{Be cautious; 
danger is near; 
I depart soon; 
forget-me-not. 



LANGUAGE OF GEMS 

Certain flowers symbolize the months of the year. 



Snowdrop January 

Primrose February 

Violet March 

Daisy April 

Hawthorn .May 

Honeysuckle June 



Water-lily , . July 

Poppy August 

Morning-glory September 

Hops October 

Chrysanthemum November 

Holly . December 



Language of Gems 



Marvelous properties were attributed to many precious stones and 
gems by the ancients, and it is customary among lovers and friends to 
notice the significance attached to ( various stones in making birthday, 
engagement, and wedding presents. 



Agate — Insures health, long life, and 
prosperity. 

Amethyst — Preventive against violent 
passions. 

Beryl — Everlasting youth and hap- 
piness. 

Bloodstone — Steadfast affection, cour- 
age, and wisdom. 

Carnelian — Preventive of misfor- 
tune. 

Catseye — Warns against danger and 
trouble. 

Chalcedony — Drives away sadness. 

Chrysolite — Frees from evil passions 
and melancholy. 

Diamond — Signifies purity; maintains 
peace and disperses storms. 



Emerald— Discovers false friends and 
insures true love. 

Garnet — Constancy and fidelity. 

Jasper — Wisdom and courage. 

Moonstone — Good luck. 

Onyx — Insures conjugal felicity. 

Opal — An "unlucky" stone portend- 
ing injury and mental or physical 
trouble. 

Pearl — Signifies purity and innocence. 

Ruby — Discovers poison, corrects evils 
resulting from mistaken friendship. 

Sapphire — Frees from enchantment; 
denotes repentance. 

Sardonyx — Married happiness. 

Topaz — Fidelity and friendship; pre- 
vents bad dreams. 

Turquoise — Prosperity in love. 



BIRTH STONES 

Garnet January Ruby or Onyx . July 



Amethyst February 

Bloodstone or Jasper March 



Sardonyx August 

Chrysolite September 



Diamond or Sapphire. April Opal or Beryl October 

Emerald or Carnelian May Topaz. November 

Agate or Chalcedony June Turquoise or Ruby December 



BIRTH DAYS 

Monday's child is fair of face; 
Tuesday's child is full of grace; 
Wednesday's child is loving and giving; 
Thursday's child works hard for its living; 
Friday's child is full of woe; 
Saturday's child has far to go; 
But the child that's born on the Sabbath day ■ 
Is blithe and bonny and good and gay 



PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



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1920 UNITED STATES CENSUS 1920 



Census of the United States for Towns and Cities of 3,000 Population 
and Over, Arranged Alphabetically by States. 



ALABAMA 
City . . 



Alabama 
Albany 
Anniston .... 
Bessemer .... 
Birmingham . 
Brighton 

Decatur , 

Dothan 

Ensley , 

Eufaula 

Fairfield 

Florence , 

Gadsden 

Girard > , 

Greenville 
Huntsville 

Lanett 

Mobile 

Montgomery . . 

Opelika 

Phoenix 

Selma . , 

Sheffield 

Talladega 

Troy 

Tuscaloosa . . . . 
Tuscumbia > 
Union Springs 
Vhistler 



7, 

is; 
i6: 

us: 



3. 

6o: 

43. 

4. 

4; 
15. 

6; 



11 



432 
,852 
,709 
,556 
,270 
,665 
,228 
,034 
,000 
,259 
,798 
,529 
,737 
,214 
377 
,018 
820 
,151 
,464 
.734 
,555 
,607 
,682 
.546 
,696 
,996 
,855 
,055 
,432 



Bisbee 
Clifton . 
Douglas 
Flagstaff 
Globe . . 
Jerome . 
Miami . . 
Morenci 
Xogales 
Phoenix 
Prescott 
Sonora 
Tucson . 



ARIZONA 



3 



29, 



20 



,2«)5 
874 
,916 
,0oo 
,o44 

,000 

.689 
,010 
,199 
053 

092 

000 

292 



ARKANSAS 



Argenta 

Arkadelphia 

Batesville 

Blytheville 

Brink ley 

Camden . . 

Conway 

Eldorado ...... 

Eureka Springs. 
Fayetteville 
Forrest City . . . 

Fort Smith 

Harrison 

Helena 

Hope 

Hot Springs . . . 
Jonesboro 



14,907 
3,311 
4,299 
6.477 
5.133 
3,995 
4.564 
3,887 
3.228 
5,362 
3,377 

28.870 
3,477 
9,112 
4,79i v 

11,605 
9,384 



Little Rock 64,997 

Marianna 4,810 

Mena 3,441 

Newport ....... 3,557 

North Little Rock 14,048 

Paragould 5.248 

Pine Bluff 19,280 

Stuttgart 4,522 

Texarkana 8,257 

Van Buren 5.224 

West Helena . . . 5,000 

CALIFORNIA 



Alameda 

Alhambra 

Anaheim 

Angels Camp . . . 

Bakersfield 

Berkeley 

Brawley 

Burlingame 

Calexico 

Chico 

Coalings 

Colton 

Corona 

Coronado 

Daly City 

Dinuba 

East San Diego. . 

El Centro 

Eureka 

Fresno 

Fullerton 

Glendale 

Grass Valley . . . 

Hanford 

Hayward 

Huntington Park 

Inglewood 

Lodi 

Long Beach .... 
Los Angeles .... 
Madera City .... 

Maricopa 

Martine 

Marysville 

Merced 

Modesto 

Monrovia 

Monterey 

Napa 

National 

Oakland 

Ontario 

Orange 

Oroville 

Oxnard 

Palo Alto 

Pasadena 

Petaluma 

Piedmont 

Pittsburg 



28,806 
9,096 
5,526 
3,000 

18,638 

55,886 
5.392 
4,107 
6:223 
8;872 
5,000 
4,282 
4,129 
3,285 
3.779 
3,400 
4,148 
5,464 

12.923 

45.000 
4,415 

13.536 
4,006 
5,888 
3.487 
4:513 
3,286 
3,516 

55.593 
576,673 
3,444 
3.0OO 
3,858 
5,461 
3.974 
6.700 
5,480 
4,108 
6.757 
3,116 
216 361 
7,280 
4,884 
5.000 
4,417 
5,900 

45.354 
6,226 
4,282 
4,715 



Pomona 13,505 

Red Bluff 3,530 

Redlands 9,571 

Redondo Beach.. 4,913 

Redwood 4,020 

Richmond 16,843 

Riverside 19,341 

Roseville ^"i 

Sacramento 65,857 

Salinas 4,308 

San Bernardino.. 18,721 

San Diego 74,683 

San Fernando ... 3,204 

San Francisco . . . 506,676 

San Jose 39,604 

San Leandro .... 5,703 

San Luis Obispo. 5,895 

San Mateo 5.979 

San Rafael 5.512 

Santa Ana 15.485 

Santa Barbara . . 19.441 

Santa Clara 4,998 

Santa Cruz 10,917 

Santa Maria .... 3,943 

Santa Monica . . . 15,252 

Santa Paula .... 3,967 

Santa Rosa 8,758 

So. Pasadena . . . 7,648 

So. San Francisco 4,411 

Stockton 40.296 

Taft 3.317 

Tulare 3,750 

Turlock 3,700 

Vellejo 21,107 

Venice 10.385 

Ventura 4.342 

Visalia 4,550 

YVatsonville 5,013 

Watts 4.529 

Whittier 7,997 

Woodland 4,147 

COLORADO 

Boulder 10,989 

Canon City 4,5->1 

Colorado Springs 30.105 

Delta 3,500 

Denver 256,491 

Durango "^M'j 

Englewood 4,356 

Florence 3,500 

Fort Collins .... 8 755 

Fort Morgan . . . 3.818 

Grand Tct 8,660 

Greeley 10,883 

La Junta 4,964 

Lamar 4.500 

Leadville 4,959 

Lonsraont 5,848 

Loveland 5,279 

Montrose 3,581 

Pueblo 42,908 

Rockv Ford 3,746 



UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



Salida 4,689 

Sterling 6,415 

Trinidad 10,906 

Victor 3,162 

Walsenburg 3,142 

CONNECTICUT 

Ansonia 17,643 

Berlin 3,128 

Bethel 3,201 

Bridgeport 143,538 

Bristol 20,620 

Danbury 18,943 

Danielson 3,130 

Darrien 4,184 

Derby 11,238 

East Hartford . . 9,225 

Enfield : . . . 11,708 

Fairfield 6,134 

Farmington 3,478 

Glastonbury 4,790 

Greenwich 5,939 

Groton 4,236 

Harmden .... 5,850 

Hartford 138,036 

Jewett City 3,196 

Litchfield 3,005 

Manchester 18,370 

Meriden 29,867 

Middletown 8,491 

Middletown City. 13,638 

Montville 3,411 

Mytic 3,000 

Naugatuck 15,051 

New Britain 59,316 

New Canaan \ . . . 3,767 

New Haven 162,510 

New London . . . 25,688 

New Milford .... 5,010 

Norwalk 27,743 

Norwich 22,304 

Plainfield 6,719 

Portland 3,425 

Putnam , 7,711 

Rockville 7,726 

Salisbury 3,522 

Seymour 4,786 

Shelton 9,475 

Southington 5,085 

So. Manchester.. 9,841 

So. Norwalk 15,500 

Stafford 5,233 

Stamford 35,096 

Stonington 9,539 

Stratfords 5,712 

Suffield 3,841 

Thomaston 3,533 

Thompson 4,804 

Thompsonville . . 4,060 

Torrington 20,623 

Wallingford 9,648 

Waterbury 91,715 

Waterford 3,935 

Watertown 3,850 

West Hartford . . 8,854 

West Haven 12,369 

Westport 4,259 

Wethersfield .... 3,148 

Villimantic 12,330 



Windham 14,154 

Windsor 4,178 

Windsor Locks .. 3,715 

Winsted 8,248 

DELAWARE 

Dover 4,042 

New Castle 3,854 

Wilmington 110,168 

DISTRICT OF 

COLUMBIA 

Washington 437,571 

FLORIDA 

Apalachicola 3,066 

Arcadia 3,479 

Bartow 4,203 

Bradentown 3,868 

Daytona 5.445 

De Land 3,324 

Fernandina 5,547 

Gainesville 6,737 

Jacksonville 91,558 

"Key West 19,039 

Lake City 3,341 

Lakeland 7,062 

Liveoak 3,103 

Miami 29.549 

Ocala •. 4,914 

Orlando 9,282 

Palatka 5,102 

Pensacola 31,035 

Plant City 3,729 

Ouincy 3,204 

St. Augustine . . . 6,192 

St. Petersburg . . 14,237 

Sanford 5,588 

Tallahasse 5,637 

Tampa 51,252 

West Palm Beach 8,659 

West Tampa .... 8,463 

GEORGIA 

Albany 11,555 

Americus 9,010 

Athens 16,748 

Atlanta 200,616 

Augusta 52,548 

Bainbridge 4,792 

Barnesville 3,059 

Brunswick 14,413 

Carrollton 4,363 

Cartersville 4,350 

Cedartown 4,053 

College Park .... 3,622 

Columbus 31,125 

Cordele 6,538 

Cuthbert 3,022 

Dalton 5,222 

Dawson 3,504 

Decatur 6,150 

Douglas 3,401 

Dublin 7,707 

East Point 5,241 

Elberton 6,475 

Fitzgerald 6,870 

2 



Fort Valley 3,223 

Gainesville 6,272 

Griffin 8,240 

Hawkinsville 3,420 

La Grange 17,038 

Lindale 3,104 

Macon 52,995 

Marietta 6,190 

Milledgeville 4,619 

Monroe 3,211 

Moultrie 6,789 

Newnan 7,037 

Quitman 4,393 

Rome 13,252 

Savannah 83,252 

Statesboro 3,807 

Thomasville 8,196 

Tipton 3,005 

Toccoa 3,567 

Valdosta 10,783 

Washington 3,321 

Waycross ....... 18,068 

Waynesboro 3,311 

Winder 3,335 

IDAHO 

Boise 21,393 

Caldwell 3,543 

Coeur d'Alene . . 7,291 

Idaho Falls 4,827 

Kellogg 3,017 

Lewiston 6,043 

Moscow 3,956 

Nampa 4,205 

Poc'atello 14,961 

Rexburg 3,669 

Twin Falls 8,324 

Wallace 3,000 

ILLINOIS 

Alton 24,682 

Anna 3,019 

Aurora 36,397 

Averyville 3,815 

Batavia 4,395 

Beardstown 7,111 

Belleville 24,741 

Belvidere 7,804 

Benton 7,201 

Berwyn 14,150 

Bloomington .... 28,725 

Blue Island 10,528 

Cairo 15,203 

Canton 10,928 

Carbondale 6,267 

Carlinville 5,212 

Carterville . . 3,404 

Centralia 11,702 

Champaign 15,873 

Charleston 6,600 

Chicago . ... 2,701,705 

Chicago Heights. 19,653 

Christopher 3,830 

Cicero . .: 44,995 

Clinton 5,898 

Collinsville 9,753 



UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



Danville . , » 33,75u 

Decatur 43,818 

De Kalb 7,871 

Dixon 8,191 

Downers Grove. . 3,543 

Du Quoin 7,285 

East Moline .... 8,675 

East St. Louis... 66,740 

Edwardsville 5,336 

Effingham 4,024 

Eldorado 5,004 

Elgin 27,454 

Elmhurst 4,594 

Evanston 37,215 

Flora 3,558 

Forest Park 6,594 

Frankfort Heights 3,423 

Freeport 19,669 

Galena 4,742 

Galesburg 23,785 

Geneseo 3,375 

Georgetown 3,061 

Granite City .... 14,757 

Greenville 3,071 

Harrisburg 7,125 

Harvard 3,294 

Harvey 9.216 

Havana 3,614 

Herrin 10,986 

Highland Park . . 6,167 

Hillsboro 5,074 

Hinsdale 4,386 

Hoopeston 5,451 

Jacksonville 15,713 

Jerseyville 3,839 

Johnston City . . . 7.137 

Joliet 38,406 

Kankakee 16,721 

Kewanee 16.026 

La Grange 6.525 

Lake Forest .... 3,363 

Lasalle 13,050 

Lawrenceville .., 5,080 

Lincoln 11,882 

Litchfield 6,215 

Macomb 6,714 

Madison 4,996 

Marion 9.5S2 

Marissa 3,000 

Marseilles 3,391 

Mattoon 13,449 

Maywood 12,072 

Melrose Park . . . 7,147 

Mendota 3,934 

Metropolis 5,055 

Milledgeville .... 4,619 

Moline 30.709 

Monmouth 8,116 

Morris 4,505 

Morrison 3,000 

Mt. Carmel 7,456 

Mt. Olive 3,503 

Mt. Vernon 9.815 

Murphvs';oro .... 10,703 

Naperville 3,830 

Nokomis 3,465 

Normal 5,143 

North Chicago .. 5,839 

Dak Park 39,830 



Oglesby 

Olney 

Ottawa 

Pana 

Paris 

Paxton 

Pekin 

Peoria 

Peru 

Pontiac 

Princeton 

Qui-ncy 

River Forest . . . 

Robinson 

Rochelle 

Rockford 

Rock Island . . . 

Roodbouse 

Saint Charles . . . 

Salem 

Savanna 

Shelbyville 

Sparta 

Springfield 

Spring Valley . . 

Staunton 

Sterling 

Streator 

Sycamore 

Taylorville 

L'rbana 

Vandalia 

Venice 

Virden 

Waukegan 

West Frankfort 
West Hammond 

Westville 

Wheaton 

Wilmette ...... 

Winnetka 

Wood River . . . 

Woodstock 

Zion City 



INDIANA 



Alexandria 
Anderson 

Attica 

Auburn 

Aurora 

Bedford 

Bicknell 

Bloomington . . 

Bluffton 

Boonville 

Brazil 

Clinton 

Columbia City 

Columbus 

Connersville . . . 
Crawfordsville , 
Crown Point . . 

Decatur 

Dunkirk 

East Chicago . 
Elkhart 



4,135 

4,491 

10,816 

6,122 
7,985 
3,033 

12,0S6 

76,121 
8,869 
6,664 
4,126 

35,978 
4,358 
3,368 
3,310 

65,651 

35;i77 
3,000 
4,099 
3.457 
5,237 
3,568 
3,340 

59.183 
6.493 
6.027 
8,182 

14,799 
3,6<»2 
5,806 

10,244 
3,316 
3,895 
4,682 

19.226 
S.47S 
7.492 
4.241 
4;i37 
7.S14 
6,694 
3.476 
5,523 
5.580 



4,172 

29,767 

3,392 

4,650 

4,410 

8,963 

7,635 

11,595 

5,391 

4.451 

9,293 

10,962 

3,499 

8.990 

. 9.901 

10.139 

3.232 

4.762 

3.031 

35,967 

24.277 



Elwood 


10,790 


Evansville 


85,264 


Fort Wayne .... 


86,549 


Frankfort 


11,585 


Franklin 


4,909 


Garrett 


4. 79H 


Gary 


55,378 


Gas City 


3,224 


Goshen 


9,525 


Greencastle 


3,780 


Greenfield 


4,168 


Greensburg 


5,345 


Hammond 


36,004 


Hartford City . . . 


6,183 


Huntingburg .... 


3,261 


Huntington 


14,00U 


Indiana Harbor. . 




(See E. 


Chgo.) 


Indianapolis 


314,194 


Jasonville 


4.401 


Jeffersonville .... 


K ),( ) ( .)s 


Kendall ville 


4,981 


Kokomo 


30,067 


Lafayette 


22,486 


Laporte 


15,158 


Lawrenceburg . . . 


3,464 


Lebanon 


6,257 


Linton 


5,845 


Logansport 


21,626 


Madison 


6,711 


Marion 


23.747 


Martinsville .... 


4,895 


Michigan City . . 


19,457 


Mishawaka 


15,195 


Mitchell 


3,025 


Mount Vernon . . 


5,284 




36,524 


New Albanv .... 


22,992 


Xew Castle 


14,458 


Noblesville 


4,758 


North Vernon . . 


3,084 


Peru 


12,4K> 


Plymouth 


4.338 


Portland 


5,958 


Princeton ,.,.... 


7,132 


Richmond 


26.728 


Rochester 


3,720 


Rushville 


5,498 


Seymour 


7,348 


Shelbyville 


9,701 


South Bend 


70,983 


Sullivan 


4,489 


Tell Citv 


4,086 


Terre Haute .... 


66,08:5 




4,507 


Union City (Ind. 




and Ohio com- 




bined popula- 




tion) 


4,940 


Valparaiso 


6,518 


Vincennes 


17,210 


Wabash 


9,872 


Warsaw 


5,478 


Washington 


8.743 


West Lafayette . . 


3,830 


West Terre Haute 


4,307 


Whiting 


10,145 


Winchester 


4,021 



UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



IOWA 

Albia 5,067 

Algona 3,593 

Ames 0,270 

Atlantic 5,329 

Belle Plaine .... 3,668 

Boone 12,451 

Burlington 24,057 

Carroll 4,031 

Cedar Falls 6,316 

Cedar Rapids . . . 45,566 

Centerville 8,486 

Chariton 5,235 

Charles City .... 7,350 

Cherokee 4,704 

Clarinda 4,511 

Clinton . 24,151 

Council Bluffs . . 36,162 

Cresco 3,199 

Creston 8,034 

Davenport 56,727 

Decorah 4,021 

Des Moines .... 126,468 

Dubuque 39,141 

Eagle Grove .... 4,038 

Estherville 4,123 

Fairfield 6,113 

Ft. Dodge 19,333 

Ft. Madison .... 12,066 

Glenwood 4,052 

Grinnell 5,362 

Hampton 3,025 

Independence . . . 3,683 

Indianola 3,495 

Iowa City 11,267 

Iowa Falls 3,716 

Tefferson 3,103 

Keokuk 14,423 

Knoxville 3,541 

Le Mars 5,070 

Manchester 3,102 

Maquoketa 3.626 

Marion 4,675 

Marshalltown . . . 15,731 

Mason City 20,065 

Missouri Valley . 3,745 

Mt. Pleasant . . . 4,089 

Muscatine 16,068 

Newton 6,627 

Oelwein 7,455 

Oskaloosa 9,427 

Ottumwa 23,003 

Pella 3,096 

Perry .>.642 

Red Oak 5.578 

Sheldon 3,323 

Shenandoah 5,255 

Sioux City 71,227 

Spencer 4.599 

Storm Lake 3,158 

Valley Junction . 3,026 

Vinton 3,957 

Waterloo 36,230 

Waverly 3,561 

Webster City . . . 5,657 



KANSAS 

Abilene 4,895 

Arkansas City . . 7,508 

Atchison 12,630 

Augusta 4,219 

Beloit 3,082 

Caney 3,597 

Chanute 10,286 

Cherryvale 4,304 

Clay Center 3,715 

Coffeyville 13,452 

Columbus 3,064 

Concordia 4,415 

Dodge City 5,061 

Eldorado 10,995 

Emporia 11,273 

Fort Scott 10,693 

Fredonia 3,954 

Frontenac 3,400 

Galena 6,000 

Garden City .... 3,171 

Great Bend 4,622 

Herington 3.273 

Horton 3,600 

Hutchinson 23,298 

Independence . . . 11,902 

Iola 8,513 

Junction City . . . 7,516 

Kansas City .... 101,177 

Lawrence 12,456 

Leavenworth .... 16,901 

Manhattan 5,722 

McPherson 4,595 

Neodesha 3,943 

Newton 9,781 

Olathe 3,500 

Osage City 3,010 

Osawatomie 4,046 

Ottawa 9,018 

Paola 3,500 

Parsons 16,028 

Pittsburg 18,052 

Pratt 4,716 

Rosedale 7,674 

Salina 15,085 

Topeka 50,022 

Wellington 7,048 

Wichita 72,128 

Winfield 7,953 



KENTUCKY 



Ashland 
Bellevue 
Bowling Green 
Catlettsburg 
Corbin . . . 
Covington 
Cynthiana . 
Danville . . 
Dayton . . . 
Earlington 
Fleming . . 
Fort Thoir.i 
Franktor: . 
Fulton .... 
Georgetown 
HarrodsDur" 



14,729 
7,379 
9,638 
4.183 
3,406 

57,121 
3,857 
5 034 
^.346 
3,931 
4,000 

s$,oe! 

9,80: 
3.4Io 
3;903 
3,765 



Hazard 4,348 

Henderson 12,169 

Highland Park . . 3,979 

Hopkinsville 9,696 

Irvine 3,000 

Jenkins 6,000 

Lebanon 3,077 

Lexington 41,534 

Louisville 234,891 

Ludlow 4,582 

Madisonville 4,966 

Mayfield 6,583 

Maysville 8,786 

Middlesboro 8,041 

Mt. Sterling 3,932 

Newport . .' 29,317 

Oakdale 3,198 

Owensboro 17,424 

Paducah 24,735 

Paris 6,31<) 

Princeton 3,689 

Richmond 5,622 

Russellville 3,111 

Shelby ville 3,412 

Somerset 4,672 

Winchester 7,866 

LOUISIANA 

Abbeville 3,461 

Alexandria 17,510 

Baton Rouge . . . 21,782 

Bogalusa 8,245 

Crowley 6,108 

De Ridder 3,535 

Donaldsonville . . 3,745 

Eunice 3,272 

Franklin 3,504 

Gretna 7,197 

Hammond 3,855 

Homer 3,305 

Houma 5,160 

Jennings 3,824 

Kentwood 3,059 

Lafayette 7,855 

Lake Charles ... 13,088 

Minden 6,105 

Monroe 12,675 

Morgan City .... 5,429 

Natchitoches 3,388 

New Iberia 6,278 

New Orleans 387,219 

Oakdale 4,016 

Opelousas 4,4.°>7 

Plaquemine 4,955 

Ruston 3,380 

Shreveport 43,874 

Thibodaux 3,526 

MAINE 

Auburn 16,985 

Augusta 14,114 

Bangor 25,978 

Bar Harbor 3,622 

Bath 14,731 

Belfast 5,083 

Biddleford 18,008 



UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 





6,064 


Brunswick 


5,840 


Calais 


6.084 


Camden 


3,015 


Caribou 


6,018 
4,113 

4,494 


Dexter 


Eastport 


Ellsworth 


3,058 


Fairfield 


4.551 


Farmington 


3,210 


Fort Fairfield . . . 


4.551 


Fort Kent 


4,237 


Gardiner 


5.475 


Houlton 


6,191 


Kennebunk 


3,099 


Kitterv , . . . 


4.763 


Lewiston 


31,79] 


Lisbon 


4.116 


Lubec 


3,371 


Madison 


3.379 


Millinocket 


3,368 


Norway 


3,002 


Old Town 


6,630 


Orono 


3.555 


Portland 


69.272 


Presque Isle .... 




Rockland 


8,109 


Rumford 


7.016 


Saco 


6,817 


Sanford 


10,691 


Skowhegan 


5,981 


So. Portland .... 


9.254 


Van Buren .* 


4,594 


Waterville 


13,351 


West Brook 


9.435 


MARYLANE 




Annapolis 


11.214 


Baltimore 


733,826 


Bethesda 


4,751 


Brunswick 


3,905 


Cambridge 


7,467 


Crisfield 


4,116 


Cumberland 


29,837 


Easton City .... 


3,442 


Frederick 


11,066 


Frostburg 


6,nl7 


Hagerstown 


28,066 


Havre de Grace. . 


4,374 


Lonaconing 


S.i li M I 


Mt. Savage 


3,000 


Salisbury 


7,502 


Towson 


3,700 


(Balto. P. O.) 




Western Port . . : 


3.977 


Westminster .... 


3.521 



MASSACHUSETTS 

Abington 5,787 

Adams 14.214 

Agawn 5,023 

Amesbury 10,036 

Amherst 5,503 

Andover 7,489 

Arlington 18,665 

Athol 9.792 

Attleboro 19.731 



Auburn 3.S91 

Aver 3,052 

Barnstable 4,836 

Barre 3,357 

Belmont 10,749 

Beverly 22,561 

Billerica .... 3,646 

Blackstone 4,299 

Boston 748,060 

Braintree ....... 10,554 

Bridgewater 9,381 

Brockton 66.254 

Brookline 37,748 

Cambridge 109.694 

Canton 5,945 

Chelmsford 5,682 

Chelsea 43,184 

Chicopee 36,214 

Clinton 12,979 

Concord 6,461 

Dalton 3,752 

Dartmouth 6.493 

Dedham 10,783 

Dracut 5,280 

Dudley 3,701 

East Bridgewater 3,389 

East Hampton . . 10,360 

East Wevmouth . 3,200 

Everett ..... 40.120 

Fair Haven ..... 6,277 

Fall River . . 120,485 

Falmouth 3.500 

Fitchburg 41,029 

Foxboro ........ 3,755 

Framingham .... 17,033 

Franklin 6,497 

Galva 2.974 

Gardner 16,971 

Gloucester 22.917 

Grafton 6,887 

Great Barrington. 6.315 

Greenfield 15,462 

Hardwick 3,085 

Haverhill 53,884 

Hingham 5,599 

Holbrook 3,161 

Holyoke 60,203 

Hudson 7,607 

Indian Orchard . 6,000 

Ipswich 6,201 

Lawrence 94,270 

Lee 4,085 

Leicester 3,635 

Lenox 3,242 

Leominster 19,745 

Lexington 6,350 

Lowell 112.759 

Ludlow 7,470 

Lynn 99,148 

Maiden 49,103 

Mansfield 6.255 

Marblehead 7,324 

Marlboro 15,028 

Mavnard 7,086 

Medfield 3.594 

Medford 39,038 

Melrose 18,204 

Melrose Highlands 4,000 

Methuen 15,189 

5 



Middlesboro 9,048 

Milford 13,471 

Millbury 5,653 

Milton 9,382 

Mittineague 3,300 

Monson = . . 5,004 

Montague 7.6<5 

Nantucket 3,166 

Xatick 10,907 

Needham 7,012 

New Bedford . .. 121,217 

Xewburyport .... 15,618 

Newton 46,054 

Xewton Center . 4.646 

Xewton Highlands 3,907 

Xewtonville 4,850 

Xorth Adams . . . 22,282 

Northampton .... 21,951 

Xorth Andover . . 6,366 

Xorth Attleboro . . 9,238 

Northbridge . 10,174 

Xorth Easton . . . 3,000 

Xorth Grafton . . . 4.232 

Xorwood 12,627 

Orange 5.393 

Oxford 3,820 

Palmer 9,896 

Peabody 19.552 

Pittsfield 41.751 

Plymouth 13,032 

Provincetown . . . 4.246 

Quincy 47,611 

Randolph 4,756 

Reading 7,439 

Revere 28.823 

Rockland 7,074 

Rockport 3.878 

Salem 42,529 

Saugus Center . . 10,874 

Shrewsbury 3,708 

Somerset 3,377 

Somerville 93,091 

Southbridge 14,245 

So. Hadley Falls. 5.527 

So. Weymouth . . 3,800 

Spencer 5,930 

Springfield 129,563 

Stoneham 7,873 

Stoughton 6,982 

Swampscott .... 8,101 

Taunton 37,137 

Templeton 4,019 

Tewksbury 4,450 

Three Rivers 3,000 

Turners Falls ... 5,000 

Uxbridge 5,384 

Wakefield 13.025 

Walpole 5.490 

Waltham 30,915 

Ware 8,525 

Wareham 5,176 

Warren 3.467 

Watertown 21.457 

Webster 13,258 

Welle sley 6,439 

Westboro 5,789 

Westfield 18.603 

Westford 3,170 

West Medford . . 5.627 



UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



West Newton . . . 5,021 

Westport 3,262 

West Springfield. 13,443 

Weymouth 15,057 

Whitinsville 4,600 

Whitman 7,520 

William stown . . . 3,981 

Willimansett .... 5,286 

Winchendon .... 5,904 

Winchester 10,485 

Winthrop ....... 15,455 

Woburn 16,574 

Worcester . 179,754 

MICHIGAN 

Adrian 11,878 

Albion 8,354 

Allegan ......... 3,637 

Alma 7,542 

Alpena 11,101 

Ann Arbor ..... 19,516 

Battle Creek .... 36,164 

Bay City 47,554 

Belding 3,911 

Benton Harbor . . 12,233 

Bessemer 5,482 ■ 

Big Rapids 4,558 

Birmingham .... 3,694 

Boyne City 4,284 

Buchanan 3,187 

Cadillac .... 9,750 

Calumet 32,845 

Charlotte 5,126 

Cheboygan 5,642 

Coldwater 6,114 

Crystal Falls .... 3,394 

Detroit 993,739 

Dowagiac 5,440 

Ecorse 4,394 

Escanaba 13,103 

Fenton 3,000 

Flint 91,590 

Ford 4.294 

Gladstone 4,953 

Grand Haven . . . 7,224 

Grand Ledge . . . 3,043 

Grand Rapids . . . 137,834 

Greenville 4,045 

Hamtramck 48,615 

Hancock 12,079 

Hastings 5,132 

Highland Park .. 46,499 

Hillsdale 5,476 

Holland 12,166 

Houghton 5,113 

Ionia 6,935 

Iron River 4,295 

Iron Mountain . . 8.251 

Ironwood 15,739 

Ishpeming 10,500 

Jackson 48,374 

Kalamazoo 48,858 

Lansing 57,327 

Lapeer 4,723 

Ludington 8,810 

Manistee 9,694 

Manistique 6,380 

Marine City 3,731 



Marquette 12,718 

Marshall • 4,270 

Menominee .... 10,507 

Midland , . 5,483 

Monroe 11.573 

Mt. Clemens 9,488 

Mt. Pleasant 3,972 

Munising 5,037 

Muskegon 36,570 

Muskegon Hghts. 9,514 

Negaunee 7,419 

Niles 7,311 

Norway 4,533 

Otsego 3,168 

Owosso 12,575 

Petoskey 5,064 

Pontiac 34,273 

Port Huron 25,944 

River Rouge 9,822 

Royal Oak 5,600 

Saginaw 61,903 

St. Clair 3.204 

St. Johns 3,925 

St. Joseph 7,251 

St. Louis 3,036 

Sault Ste. Marie. 12,096 

South Haven . . . 3,829 

Sturgis .1.995 

Three Rivers . . . 5,209 

Traverse City ... 10,925 

Wakefield 4,151 

Wyandotte 13,851 

Ypsilanti 7,413 

MINNESOTA 

Albert Lea 8,056 

Alexandria 3,001 

Anoka 4,287 

Austin 10,118 

Bemidii 7,086 

Brainard 9,591 

Chisholm 0,039 

Coquet 7,031 

Crookston 6,806 

Duluth 98,917 

Ely 3.572 

Eveleth 7,205 

Fairmont 4,360 

Faribault 11,089 

Fergus Falls . . . . 7,581 

Hastings 3,983 

Hibbing 15,089 

Hopkins 3,022 

Hutchinson 3,379 

International Falls 4,500 

Lake City 3,142 

Little Falls 6,078 

Mankato 12,469 

Minneapolis 380,582 

Montevideo 3.056 

Moorhead 5.720 

New Ulm 6,745 

Northfield 3,265 

Owatonna ....... 7,252 

Pipestone 3,600 

Red Wing 8,637 

Rochester 13,722 

St. Cloud 15,873 

6 



St. Paul 


23435 


St. Peter 


4,335 


South St. Paul .. 


6,860 


Stillwater 


7,735 


Thief River Falls. 


4,685 


Two Harbors . . . 


4,546 


Virginia 


14,022 


Waseca 


3,908 
3.055 


West Minneapolis 


Willmar 


5,892 


Winona 


19,143 
3,481 


Worthington .... 



MISSISSIPPI 

Aberdeen 4,071 

Bay St. Louis .. 3,033 

Biloxi 10,937 

Brook Haven . . . 4,706 

Canton 3,252 

Clarksdale 7,552 

Columbus ....... 10,501 

Corinth 4,946 

Greenville 11,560 

Greenwood 7,793 

Gulfport 8,157 

Hattiesburg 16,482 

Holly Springs . . . 3,500 

Tackson 22,817 

Laurel 13,037 

McComb 7,775 

Meridian 23,399 

Moss Point 3,34d 

Natchez 12,608 

Pascagoula 6,082 

Tupelo 5,055 

Vicksburg 17,931 

Water Valley ... 4,064 

West Point 4,400 

Yazoo City 5,244 

MISSOURI 

Aurora 3,575 

Bonne Terre 5*000 

Boonville 4,665 

Brookfield 6,304 

Cameron .... 3,248 

Cape Girardeau . . 10,252 

Carrollton 3,218 

Carterville 4,539 

Carthage* 10,068 

Caruthersville . . . 4,750 

Chaffee 3,035 

Charleston 3,410 

Chillicothe 6,525 

Clinton 5,098 

Columbia 10,379 

De Soto 5,003 

Excelsior Springs 4,165 

Flat River 5,112 

Fredericktown . . . 3,124 

Fulton 5,595 

Hannibal 18,950 

Independence . . . 11,686 

Jefferson City . . . 14,067 

Toplin 29,902 

Kansas City 297,847 






UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



Kennett 3,622 

Kirksville ....... 7,213 

Kirk wood ....... 4,422 

Lexington 5,250 

Liberty 3,097 

Louisiana 4,UGU 

Macon . . . . . 3,584 

Marceline 3,760 

Marshall 5,200 

Maryville 4,711 

Mexico 6,013 

Moberly 12,789 

Monett ......... 4,200 

Neosho 3,968 

Nevada 7,170 

Poplar Bluff 8,042 

Richmond 4,409 

St. Charles ...... 8,503 

St. Joseph 77,039 

St. Louis 773,000 

Sedalia 25,000 

Sikeston 3,613 

Slater 3,797 

Springfield . , 39,631 

Trenton . . 6,951 

University City . 6,792 

YVarrensburg .... 4,811 

Washington 3,132 

Webb City 7,807 

Webster Grove . . 9,474 

West Plains 3,178 

MONTANA 

Anaconda 11,668 

Billings 15,100 

Bozeman 6,183 

Butte 41,611 

Deer Lodge 3,780 

Glendive 3,816 

Great Falls 24,121 

Havre 5,429 

Helena 12,500 

Kalispell 5,147 

Lewiston 6,120 

Livingston 6,326 

Miles City 7,937 

Missoula 12,668 

Red Lodge 4,860 

Round Up 3,500 

NEBRASKA 

Alliance 4,591 

Beatrice 9,664 

.Chadron 4,412 

Columbus 5,410 

Fairbury 5,294 

Falls City 3.255 

Fremont 9,925 

Grand Island . . . 13,960 

Hastings 11.647 

Havelock 3,602 

Holdrege 3,030 

Kearnev . . 7,702 

Lincoln 5^,948 

McCook 4,303 

Nebraska City . . 6,279 

Norfolk 8,634 



North Platte . . . 
Omaha ........ 

Plattsmouth .... 

Scotts Bluff . . . 
University Place 
r (Lincoln P. O.) 
York 



10,466 

191,601 

4,287 

6,912 

4,112 

5,388 



NEVADA 



Ely. 
Goldfield 

Reno . . . 
Tonopah 



3,000 
3,500 

14,869 
4,144 



NEW HAMPSHIRE 

Berlin .... 16,104 

Claremont 9,524 

Concord 22,167 

Dover . . 13,029 

Exeter . . . . 4,604 

Franklin .... 6,318 

Haverhill 3,406 

Keene 11,210 

Laconia 10,897 

Lancaster 3,054 

Lebanon „ 6,162 

Littleton 4,239 

Manchester 78.384 

Milford 8,939 

Nashua 28,379 

New Market .... 3,348 

Newport 4,109 

Portsmouth 13,569 

Rochester 9,673 

Somersworth .... 6,688 

Suncook 3,183 

NEW JERSEY 

Asbury Park 12,400 

Atlantic City . . . 50,682 

Audubon ... = .... 4,740 

Bayonne 69,893 

Belleville 15,060 

Bergenfield 3,667 

Bloomfield .. = ... 22.019 

Bogota 3,906 

Boonton 5,381 

Bordentown 4,371 

Bound Brook . . . 5,906 

Bridgeton 14,323 

Burlineton 9.049 

Caldwell 3,993 

Camden 116,309 

Carlstadt 4,472 

Carteret 4,400 

Chrome 4,000 

Cliffside Park . . . 5,709 

Clifton 26.470 

Collingswood .... 8.714 

Cranford 5,200 

Dover 9,817 

Dunnellen 3,394 

East Orange . . . 50,710 

East Rutherford.. 5,463 

Edgewater 3,530 

7 



Elizabeth 95,682 

Englewood 11,617 

Fairview 4,882 

Fort Lee 5,761 

Franklin 4,075 

Freehold 4,768 

Garfield 19,381 

Glassboro 3,000 

Glen Ridge 4,146 

Gloucester 12,162 

Guttenberg .... = . 6,726 

Hackensack 17,667 

Hackelstown .... 3,000 

Haddonfield 5,646 

Hammonton 6,417 

Harrison 15,721 

Hawthorne 5,135 

Highland Park . . 4,866 

Hoboken 68,166 

Irvington 25,480 

(Newark P. O.) 

Jersey City 297,864 

Kearney Tct 26,724 

(Newark P. O.) 

Keyport 4,415 

Lakewood 5,149 

Lambertville 4,660 

Lodi 8,175 

Long Branch . . . 13,521 

Lvndhurst 9,515 

Madison 4,658 

Merchantville . . . 4,754 

Metuchen 3,334 

Millburn 4,372 

Millville ........ 14,691 

Montclair 28,810 

Moorestown 3,600 

Morristown 12.505 

Mt. Holly 6,000 

Newark 414^216 

New Brunswick.. 32,779 

Newton 4,125 

North Plainfield. . 6,916 

Nutlev 9,421 

Orange 33,268 

Passaic , . . . 63,824 

Patefson 135,866 

Pennsgrove 6,050 

Perth Ambov . . . 41,707 

Philliosburg 16,923 

Plainfield 27,700 

Pleasantville .... 5,887 

Princeton 5,917 

Rahway 11,042 

Raritan 4,457 

Red Bank 9.251 

Ridgefield Park . 8,570 

Ridgewood 7,580 

Riverside 4,011 

Rochelle Park . . 5,438 

Roosevelt 11,047 

Roselle 5,737 

Rutherford 9,497 

Sacaucus 5,423 

Salem . 7,435 

Somerville 6,718 

South Amboy . . . 7,897 

South Orange . . . 7,274 

South River 6,596 



UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



Summit 10,174 

Tenafly , 5,650 

Town of Union.. 24,776 

Trenton 119,289 

Verona . . . . . 3,039 

Vineland 6,799 

Wellington 5,715 

Washington ..... 3,341 

Weehawken 13,488 

Westfield 9,026 

West Hoboken .. 40,068 

West New York. 29,926 

West Orange . . . 15,573 

Wildwood 4,000 

Woodbury 5,801 

Wrightstown .... 5,288 

NEW MEXICO 

Albuquerque. .... 15,157 

Carlsbad 3,000 

Clovis 6,000 

East Las Vegas.. 5,000 

Gallup 3,500 

Las Cruces 3,467 

Las Vegas 5,500 

Raton 5,544 

Roswell .o 6,172 

Santa Fe 7,000 

Silver City 3,217 

Tucumcari 3,500 

NEW YORK 

Albany 13,344 

Albion 4,683 

Amsterdam 33,524 

Auburn . . 36,192 

Babylon 3,100 

Baldwinsville 3,685 

Ballston Spa 4,103 

Batavia 13,541 

Bath 4,795 

Bayshore 3,025 

Beacon 10,996 

Binghamton 66,800 

Brockport 3,368 

Bronxville 3,055 

Buffalo t 506,775 

Canandaigua .... 7,356 

Canastota 3,995 

Carthage 4,320 

Catskill 4,728 

Cohoes 22,987 

Corning 15,820 

Cortland 13,294 

Dansville 4,681 

Depew 5,850 

Dobbs Ferry 4,030 

Dolgeville 3,448 

Dunkirk 19,336 

East Aurora 3,703 

East Rochester . . 3,471 

East Syracuse .. 4,106 

Ellenville 3,116 

Elmira - . 45,393 

Elmira Heights . . 4,188 

Endicott 9,500 

Fairport 3 556 



Frankfort . 4, IDS 

Fredonia 6,051 

Freeport 8,599 

Fulton 13,043 

Geneva 14,648 

Glen Cove 3,875 

Glens Falls 16,638 

Gloversville . 22,075 

Goshen 5,016 

Gouverneur 4,143 

Granville . 3,024 

Green Island . . . 4,411 

Greenport 3,735 

Hamburg 3,185 

Hastings Upon 

Hudson 5,526 

Flaverstraw 5,226 

Hempstead 6,382 

Herkimer 10,453 

Hoosick Falls . . . 4,896 

Hornell 15,025 

Hudson 11,745 

Hudson Falls . . . 5,761 

Huntington 5,000 

Ilion 10,169 

Irondequoit 3,000 

(P. O. Rochester) 

Ithaca 17,004 

Jamestowri 38,917 

Johnson City 8,587 

Johnstown 10,908 

Kenmore 3,160 

Kingston 26,688 

Lackawanna 17,918 

Lancaster 6,059 

La Salle 3,813 

Le Roy 4,203 

Little Falls 13,029 

Lockport 21,308 

Lowville 3,127 

Lynbrook 4,367 

Lyons 4,253 

Malone 7,556 

Mamarcneck .... 6,276 

Massena 5,993 

Mechanicsville . . 8.166 

Medina 6,011 

Middletown 18.420 

Mt. Morris 3,312 

Mt. Vernon 42,726 

Newark 6,964 

Newburgh 30,366 

New Rochelle ... 36,213 



GREATER NEW YORK 

New York 5,621,151 

Brooklyn 2,022,262 

Borough of Queens 466 811 
Bayside 4,400 

(Flushing P. O.) 
College Point . . . 9,952 

(Flushing P. O.) 
Corona 14,479 

(Flushing P. O.) 
Elmhurst 8,385 

(Flushing P. O.) 
"Far Rockaway . . 8,f>85 



Flushing 22,448 

Glendale Sta 8,459 

(Brooklyn P. O.) 

Jamaica '18,000 

Long Island City 60,019 

Maspeth 14,427 

(Flushing P. O.) 

Ozone Park 9,000 

(Jamaica P. O.) 

Richmond Hill .. 11,636 

(Jamaica P. O.) 

Rockaway Beach. 4,092 

(Far Rockaway 

P. O.) 

SpringfTd Gardens 3,199 

(Jamaica P. O.) 

Whitestone 5,722 

(Jamaica P. O.) 

W r infield 7,751 

(Flushing P. O.) 

Woodhaven 15,000 

(Jamaica P. O.) 

Woodside 5,385 

(Flushing P. O.) 
Borough of Rich- 
mond 115,959 

Mariners Harbor. 5,000 

(Port Richmond 

P. O.) 

New Brighton . . . 20,000 

Port Edward 3,'871 

Port Richmond . . 15,000 

Rosebank 5,000 

Stapleton 12,000 

Tompkinsville . . . 8,000 

Tottenville 3,000 

W. New Brighton 10,000 

Niagara Falls . . . 50,760 

North Tarrytown. 5,927 

No. Tonawanda . 15,482 

Norwich 8,269 

Nyack 4,444 

Ogdensburg 14,609 

Glean 20,506 

Oneida 10,541 

Oneonta 11,582 

Ossining 13,705 

Oswego 23,626 

Owego 4,147 

Patchogue 4,506 

Peekskill 15,868 

Penn Yan 5,215 

Perry 4,717 

Plattsburg 10,909 

Port Chester 16,573 

Port Jervis 10.171 

Port Washington. 5,722 

Potsdam 4,039 

Poughkeepsie .... 35,000 

Rensselaer 10,823 

Rochester 295,850 

Rockville Ctr. ... 5,223 

Rome 26,341 

Rye 5,308 

Sag Harbor 3,245 

Salamanca 9,276 

Saranac Lake . . . 5,174 

Saratoga Springs. 13,181 

Saugerties 4,013 



UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



Schenectady .... 88,723 

Scotia 4,358 

Seneca Falls 6,389 

Silver Creek 3,260 

Solvay 7,352 

Southampton 3,092 

Spring Valley . . . 4,42S 

Suffern 3,154 

Syracuse 171,717 

Tarrytown 5,807 

Tonawanda 10,068 

Troy 72,013 

Tupper Lake 3,910 

Union 3,303 

Utica 94,156 

Walden 5.493 

Walton 3,598 

Wappinger Falls. 3,235 

Warsaw 3.622 

Waterford 3,047 

Waterloo 3,809 

Watertown 31,285 

Watervliet 16,073 

Waverly 5,270 

Wellsboro 3,452 

Wellsville 5,046 

Westfield 3,413 

Whitehall 5,258 

White Plains 21.031 

Whitesboro 3,038 

Yonkers 100,226 

NORTH CAROLINA 

Asheville 28,504 

Burlington 5,952 

Charlotte 46,318 

Concord 9,903 

Durham 21,719 

Elizabeth City .. 8,925 

Fayetteville 8,877 

Gastonia 12,871 

Goldsboro 11,296 

Greensboro 19,746 

Greenville 5,772 

Henderson 5,267 

Hendersonville . . 3,720 

Hickory 5,076 

High Point 12.869 

Kinston 9,771 

Lenoir 3,718 

Lexington ....... 5.254 

Lincolnton 3,390 

Monroe 4.084 

Mooresville 4,315 

Mt. Airy 4,752 

New Bern 10.300 

Newton 3,021 

Oxford 3,606 

Raleigh 24,418 

Reidsville 5,333 

Rocky Mount . . . 12.742 

Roxboro 3.214 

Salisbury 13.884 

Shelby 3,609 

Statesville 7,895 

Tarboro 4.568 

Thoniasville 5,676 

Wahpeton 3.069 

Throop • 6,672 



Titusville 8,432 

Washington 6,166 

Wilmington 33,372 

Wilson 10,653 

Winston Salem . . 48,395 

NORTH DAKOTA 

Bismarck 6,951 

Devils Lake 5,140 

Dickinson 4,122 

Fargo 21,961 

Grand Forks .... 14,010 

Hebron 11,374 

Mandan 4,336 

Minot 10,476 

Valley City ' 4.6S6 

Williston 4,178 

OHIO 

Akron 208,435 

Alliance 21,603 

Ashland 9,249 

Ashtabula 22,082 

Athens 6,418 

Barberton 18,811 

Barnesville 4,865 

Bellaire 15,061 

Bellefontaine 9,237 

Beilevue 5,776 

Bowling Green . . 5,788 

Bridgeport 3,977 

Bryan 3,641 

Bucvrus 10,425 

Byesville 3,156 

Cambridge 13,104 

Canton 87,091 

Celina 4,226 

Chillicothe 15,831 

Cincinnati 401,247 

Circleville 7,049 

Cleveland . 796,836 

Cleveland Heights 15,236 

Clyde 3.099 

Columbus 237,031 

Conneaut 9,343 

Coshocton 10,847 

Crestline 3,807 

Crooksville 3,311 

Cuyahoga Falls . . 10,200 

Dayton 151,559 

Defiance S.876 

Delaware 8,756 

Delphos 5.745 

Dennison 5,524 

Dover 8,101 

East Cleveland . . 27,292 

East Liverpool . . 21,411 

East Palestine . . 5,750 

East Youngstown 11,237 

Eaton 3,210 

Elyria 20.474 

Euclid 3,363 

Fairport 4.211 

Findlay 17,015 

Fostoria 9,987 

Fremont 12,468 

Galion 7,374 

9 



Gallipolis 6,070 

Geneva 3,081 

Girard 6,556 

Glouster 3,140 

Greenfield 4,228 

Greenville 7,104 

Hamilton 39,675 

Hillsboro 4,356 

Hubbard 3,220 

Ironton 14,007 

Jackson 5,842 

Jamestown 6,627 

Kenmore 12,683 

Kent 7,070 

Kenton 7,690 

Lakewood 41,732 

(Cleveland P. O.) 

Lancaster 14,706 

Lima 41,306 

Lisbon 3,113 

Lockland 3,439 

(Cincinnati P. O.) 

Logan 5.493 

London 3,530 

Lorain 37,295 

Mansfield 27.824 

Marietta 15,14n 

Marion 27,891 

Martins Ferry . . . 11,634 

Marysville f;,635 

Massillon 17,428 

Medina 3.430 

Miamiburg 4,383 

Middleport 3,772 

Middletown 23,594 

Mingo Jet 4,616 

Mt. Vernon 9,237 

Napoleon 4,132 

Nelsonvilie 6.440 

Newark 26,718 

Newcomerstown . 3.200 

New Lexington . . 3,157 

New Philadelphia 10,718 

Niles 13,080 

Norwalk 7,379 

Norwood 24,966 

Oberlin 4,236 

Orrville 4,107 

Painesville 6^886 

Piqua 15,044 

Pomeroy 4,294 

Port Clinton 3,928 

Portsmouth 33,011 

Ravenna 7,219 

Reading 3,985 

St. Bernard 6.312 

(Cincinnati P. O.) 

St. Marys 5,679 

Salem 10.305 

Sandusky 22.897 

Sebring 3,541 

Shadyside 3,084 

Shelby 5,578 

Sidnev ...... 8.590 

Springfield 60.840 

Steuben ville 28,508 

Struthers 5,847 

Tiffin 14.375 

Toledo .o 243J09 



, UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



T oronto 4,684 

Troy 7,260 

Uhrichsville 6,428 

Union City, Ind.- 

Ohio Combined 

Pop, . 4,940 

Upper Sandusky . 3,708 

Urbana 7,621 

Van Wert 8,100 

Wadsworth 4,742 

Wapakoneta 5,295 

Warren 27,050 

Washington C. H. 7,962 

Wauseon 3,035 

Wellston 6,687 

Wellsville 8,849 

West Park 8,560 

Willard 3,889 

Wilmington 5,037 

Wooster 8,204 

Xenia 9,110 

Youngstown .... 132,358 

Zanesville 29,569 

OKLAHOMA 

Ada 8,012 

Altus 4,498 

Alva 3,912 

Anadarko 3,439 

Ardmore 14,181 

Bartlesville 14,417 

Blackwell 7,174 

Chickasha 15,447 

Claremore 3,435 

Coal Gate -. 3,255 

Collinsville 3,801 

Cushing 6,326 

Drumwright 6,460 

Duncan 3,463 

Durant 7,340 

Elk City 3,165 

El Reno 7,872 

Enid 16,576 

Frederick 3,822 

Guthrie 11,757 

Henryetta 5,889 

Hugo 6.36S 

Tdabei 3.067 

Lawton 8,930 

McAlester 18,504 

TMangum 3,405 

Miami 6,802 

Muskogee 30,277 

Norman 5,004 

Nowata 4,471 

Oilton 4,000 

Oklahoma City . . 91,258 

Okmulgee 4,176 

Pawhuska 6,414 

Perry 3,154 

Picher .. 9,676 

Ponca City 7,051 

Sand Springs .... 4",076 

Sapulpa 12,929 

Shamrock 5.000 

Shawnee 15,348 

Stillwater 4,701 

Sulphur 3,667 

Tar River 3,500 



iulsa 72,07 o 

Vinita 5,010 

Wagoner 3,436 

Walters 3,032 

Woodward 3,849 

OREGON 

Albany 4,283 

Ashland 5,020 

Astoria 14,027 

Baker 7,729 

Bend 5,415 

Corvallis 5,752 

Eugene 10,593 

Grants Pass .... 3,151 

Hood River 3,195 

Klamath Falls . . 4,801 

La Grande 6,913 

Marshneld 4,034 

Medford 5,756 

North Bend 3,268 

Oregon City 5,686 

Pendleton 7,387 

Portland 258,288 

Rosebud 4,738 

Roseburg 4,381 

Salem 17,679 

The Dalles 5,807 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Allentown 73,502 

Altoona 60,331 

Ambler 3,094 

Amibridge 12,730 

Apollo 3,227 

Archbold 8,603 

Ardmore 3,500 

Arnold 6,120 

Ashland 6,666 

Ashley 6,520 

Aspinwall 3,170 

Athens 4,384 

Avalon 5,277 

Avoca 4,950 

Bangor 5,402 

Beaver 4,135 

Beaver Falls .... 12,802 

Bellefonte 3,996 

Belle Vernon . . . 4,394 

Bellevue 8,198 

Bentlevville 3,679 

Bedwick 12,181 

Bethlehem 50,358 

Birdsboro 3,299 

Blairsville 4,391 

Blakely ......... 6,564 

Bloomsburg 7,819 

Boyertown 3,189 

Brackenridge .... 4,987 

Braddock 20,879 

Bradford 15,525 

Bridgeport 4,680 

Bridgeville 3,092 

Bristol 10,273 

Brookville 3,272 

Butler 23,778 

Canonsburg 10,632 

Carbondale 18,640 

Carlisle 10,916 

10 



Carnegie 11,516 

Carrick 10,504 

Catasauqua 4,714 

Centerville 4,793 

Chambersburg . . . 13,171 

Charleroi 11,516 

Cheltenham 11,015 

Chester 58,030 

Clairton 6,264 

Clearfield 8,529 

Clifton Heights . . 3,155 

Coaldale 6,336 

Coatesville 14,515 

Columbia 10,836 

Conemaugh 6,000 

Connellsville 13,804 

Conshohocken . . . 8,481 

Coraopolis 6,162 

Corry 7,228 

Coudersport .... 3,100 

Crafton 5,954 

Dale 3,115 

Danville 6,952 

Darby 7,922 

Derry 3,000 

Dickson City . . . 11,049 

Donora 14^131 

Dormont 6,455 

Dorranceton .... 6,334 

Dowington 4,024 

Doylestown 3,837 

Dubois 13,681 

Dunmore 20,250 

Dupont 4,576 

Duquesne 19,011 

Duryea 7,777 

East Conemaugh. 15,256 

E. Mauch Chunk. 3,868 

Easton 33,813 

E. Pittsburgh . . . 6,527 

E. Stroudsburg . . 5,278 

Edgewood 3,181 

Edwardsville 9,027 

(Wilkes B a r re 

P. O.) 

Elizabeth 7,410 

Ellwood 8,049 

Emanus 4,370 

Emporium 3,036 

Ephrata 3,192 

Erie 93,372 

Etna 6,341 

Exeter 4,176 

Farrell - 15,115 

Ford City 5,605 

Forest City 6,004 

Forty Fort 3,389 

Frackville 5,590 

Franklin 9,970 

Freedom ........ 3,452 

Freeland 6,666 

Galeton 5,705 

Gallitzin '. 3,504 

Gettysburg 4,439 

Gilberton 4,766 

Girardville 4,482 

Glassport 6,959 

Glen Lyon 3,500 

Greensburg 15,033 



UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 



Greenville 8,101 

Grove City 3,674 

Hanover 8,664 

Harrisburg 75,017 

Hazleton 32,277 

Hollidavsburg . . . 3,734 

Homestead 20,452 

Huntingdon 7,051 

Indiana 7,043 

Irwin 3,235 

Jeanette 10,627 

Jenkintown 3,366 

Jermyn 3,158 

Jersey Shore - 6,103 

Johnsonburg .... 4,334 

Johnstown 67,327 

Juniata 7,660 

Kane 7,283 

Kingston 8,952 

Kittanning 7,153 

Knoxville 7,201 

Kulpmont 4,695 

Lancaster 53,150 

Lansdale 4,728 

Lansdowne 4,066 

Lansford 9,625 

Larksville 9,438 

(Wilkes Barre 

P. O.) 

Latrobe 9,484 

Lebanon 24,643 

Leechburg 3,991 

Lehighton 6,102 

Lewisburg 3,204 

Lewistown 9,849 

Ligonier 3,596 

Lockhaven 8,557 

Luzerne 5,998 

McAdoo 4,674 

McDonald 5,547 

McKeesport 45,975 

McKees Rocks .. 16,713 

Mahano City 15,599 

Marcus Hook . . . 5,324 

Mauch Chunk ... 3,666 

Mayfield 3,662 

Meadville 14,568 

Mechanisburg . . . 4,688 

Media 3,562 

Meyersdale 3,716 

Middletown 5,920 

Midland 5,452 

Millvale 8,031 

Milton 8,638 

Miners Mills .... 4,365 

Minersville 7,845 

Minooka 3,100 

Monaca 3,838 

(ScrantonP. O.) 

Monessen 18,179 

Monongahela 8,688 

Mt. Carmel 17,469 

Mt. Oliver 5,575 

Mt. Pleasant 5,862 

Mt. Union 4,744 

Munhall . . . : 6,418 

(Homestead P. O.) 

Nanticoke 22,614 

Narberth 3,704 

Nazareth 3,978 



New Brighton . . . 9,361 

New Castle 44,938 

New Kensington. 11,987 

Norristown 32,319 

Northampton .... 9,349 

North Braddock . 14,928 

North East ..... 3,481 

Northumberland . 4,061 

Oakmont 4,512 

Oil City 21,274 

Old Forge 12,237 

Olyphant 10,236 

Palmerton 7,168 

Palmyra 3,646 

Parsons 5,638 

Patton 3,628 

Pen Argyl 3,967 

Pennsgrove 6,060 

Philadelphia 1,823,158 

Philipsburg 3,900 

Phoenixville 10,484 

Pitcairn 5,738 

Pittsburgh 588.193 

Pittston 18,497 

Plains 3,500 

Plymouth 16,500 

Portage 4,164 

Pottstown . . 17,431 

Pottsville 21,876 

Punxsutawney . . . 10,311 

Quakertown 3,081 

Rankin 7,301 

Reading 107,784 

Red Lion 3,108 

Renovo 5,877 

Reynoldsville . . . 4,116 

Ridgeway 6,037 

Rochester 6,937 

Roscoe 3,000 

Rossiter 3,500 

Royersford 3,278 

St. Clair 6,585 

St. Marys 6,967 

Sayre 8,078 

Schuylkill Haven. 5,437 

Scottdale 5,768 

Scranton 137,783 

Sewickley 4,955 

Shamok-in 21,204 

Sharon 21,747 

Sharpsburg 8,921 

Sharpsville 3,634 

Shenandoah 24,726 

Shippensburg .... 4,372 

Slatington 4,014 

Souderton 3,125 

So. Bethlehem . . 3,943 

South Fork 4,594 

So. Williamsport . 4,341 

Steelton 13,428 

Stroudsburg 5,278 

Summit Hill 5,499 

Sunbury 15,721 

Susquehanna .... 3,764 

Swissvale 10,908 

Swovers 3,648 

(Wilkes Barre 

P. O.) 

Swoyersville .... 6,876 
11 



Tamaqua 12,363 

Tarentum 8,925 

Taylor 9,876 

(Scranton P. O.) 

Towanda 4,260 

Turtle Creek 8,138 

Tyrone 9,084 

Union City 3,850 

Uniontown 15,609 

Vandergrift 9,531 

Vandergrift Hgts. 3,438 

Verona 3,938 

Warren 14,256 

Washington 21,480 

Wayne 3,000 

Waynesboro 9,720 

Wellsboro 3,183 

West Chester ... 11,717 

West Hazleton . . 5,854 

West Homestead. 3,435 

West Pittston ... 6,968 

West York 3,320 

Wilkes-Barre 73,833 

Wilkinsburg 24,403 

Williamsport 36,198 

Wilmerding 6,441 

Wilson 3,243 

Windber 9,462 

Winton 7,583 

Woodlawn 12,495 

Wyoming 3,582 

Yatesboro 3,500 

York 47,512 

RHODE ISLAND 

Barrington 3,897 

Bristol 11,375 

Central Falls 24,174 

Coventry 5,670 

Cranston 29,407 

Cumberland 10,077 

East Greenwich . 3,290 

East Providence . 18,113 

Lincoln 9,543 

Lonsdale 3,700 

Manville 6,000 

Natick 3,500 

Newport 30,255 

North Kingston . 3,397 

North Providence 7,697 

Pawtucket 64,248 

Providence 237,595 

South Kingstown. 5,183 

Tiverton 4,032 

Valley Falls 3,750 

Warren 7,841 

Warwick 13,481 

Westerley . 9,952 

West Warwick . . 15,461 

Woonsocket 43,496 

SOUTH CAROLINA 

Abbeville 4,459 

Aiken 4,103 

Anderson 10,535 

Bennettsville .... 3,197 

Camden 3,930 

Charleston 60,734 

Cheraw 3,150 



Chester 5,557 

Clinton 3,767 

Columbia 37,524 

Darlington 3,789 

Easley 3,568 

Edisto Island ... 3,000 

Florence 10,968 

GafTney 5,010 

Georgetown 5,530 

Great Falls 3,000 

Greenville 23,127 



/ 

UNITED STATES CENSUS— 1920 

Marliri .: 



Greenwood . 
Hartsville . . 


8,703 

3,624 


Laurens 


4,629 


Marion .... 


3,892 


Newberry . . 
Orangeburg 
Rock Hill . 
Spartan sburg 
Sumter .... 


5,$94 

7,290 

8,809 

22,638 

9,508 


Union 

SOUTH 

Aberdeen . . 
Brooklings . 
Deadwood . 

Huron 

Lead 

Madison . . . 


6,141 

DAKOTA 

14,537 

3,924 

3,653 

5,791 

9,763 

4,144 


Mitchell . . . 
Mobridge . . 


8,302 

3,517 


Pierre 


3,209 


Rapid City . 
Redfield . . . 


5,777 

3 060 


Sioux Falls 25,176 

VVatertown 9,400 

Yankton 5,024 

TENNESSEE 

Alcoa 3,358 

Alton Park 3,020 

Bristol 


Brownsville 
Chattanooga 
Clarksvill ■ . 
Cleveland . . 
Columbia . . 


3,062 

.... 57,895 

8,110 

6,522 

5 5^6 


Covington 3,410 

Dyersburg 6,444 

East Chattanooga 4,720 

Fayetteville 3,629 

Franklin 3 193 


Greeneville . 
Harriman . . 


3,775 

4,039 


Humboldt . . 
Tackson .... 


3,913 

18,860 


Johnson City 
Kingsport . . 
Knoxville . . 


12,442 

5,692 

.... 77,818 



La Follette 
Lebanon .... 
Lenoir City . 
Maryville . . . 
Memptiir. . . . 
Morristown . 
Murfreesboro 

Nashville 118^342 

Paris 4,730 

Rockwood 4,652 



3,056 
4.084 
4,210 
3,739 
162,351 
5,875 
5,367 



St. Elmo 
Shelbyville . 

Springfield . 
Tullahoma . 
Union City 



3,890 
4,000 
3,860 
3,479 
4,412 






TEX&S 



Abilene 

Amarillo 

Austin" 

Ballinger .... 

Bay City 

Beaumont £0,422 



10,274 

15,494 

34,876 

3,536 

3,500 



Beeville 
Belton ... 
Big Spring 
Bonham . 
Bowie . . . 
Brady . . . 
Brenham 



3,063 
5,098 

4,273 
6,008 
5,000 
3,200 
5,066 

Brownsville 11,791 

Brownwood 8,223 

Bryan 6,295 

Caldwell 3,000 

Calvert 3,500 

Cameron 3,263 

Childress 5,003 

Cisco 7,422 

Clarksville 3,386 

Cleburne 12,820 

Coleman 3,046 

Comanche 4,000 

Commerce . 3,842 

Corpus Christi . . 10,432 

Corsicana 11,356 

Crockett 4,500 

Cuero 3,671 

Dalhart 3,000 

Dallas 158,976 

Decatur 3,000 

De Leon 3,000 

Del Rio 10,589 

Dennison 17,065 

Denton 4,732 

Eagle Pass 8,000 

Eastland 9,368 

El Campo 3,000 

Electra 6,000 

El Paso 83,836 

Ennis - 7,224 

Fort Worth 106.482 



8,648 

44,255 

3,096 

3,128 

3,200 

10,t)99 

6,952 

Houston 138,076 



Gainesvill 
Galveston . . 
Georgetown 
Gonzales . . . 
Gorman 
Greenville . . 
Hillsboro 



Jacksonville 

Kingsville 

Laredo 

Lockhart 

Longview 

Lubbock 

Lufkin 

McAllen 

McKinney 

Magnolia Park . 

13 



3,72: : 
4,500 
22,710 
4,000 
5,713 
4,051 
4.878 
5,331 
6,677 
4,080 



4,310 

Marshall 14,1:71 

Mart 3,105 

Mercedes 3,41 I 

Mineral Wells ... 3,950 

Mission 3,841 

Mt. Pleasant ' 4,099 

Nacogdoches .... 3,546 

Navasota 5,060 

New Braunfels . . 3,700 

Orange 9,212 

Palestine 11,854 

Paris 14,939 

Plainview 3.989 

Polytechnic 4,338 

Port Arthur 22,251 

Quanah 3,127 

Ranger 16,205 

Rio Grande 3,000 

Royse City 15,000 



San Angelo 
San Antonio 
San Benito . 
San Diego . . 
San Marcos . 

Seguin 

Seymour 



14,500 
161,379 
3,000 
3,000 
4,327 
3,631 
3,000 

Sherman 15,031 

Silsbee 3,500 

Smithville 3,167 

Snyder 3,750 

Somerville 3,000 

Sour Lake 3,032 

Stamford 3,704 

Strawn 3,000 

Sulphur Springs . 5,558 

Sweetwater 5,000 

Tavlor 6,000 

Teague 3,288 

Temple 11,033 

Terrell 8,349 

Texarkana, Ark.- 

Tex 19,737 

Texarkana 11,480 

Tyler 12,085 



Uvalde 

Vernon 

Victoria 

Waco 

Waxahachie . 
Weatherford . 
Wichita Falls 
Yoakum 



!,885 
5,128 
5,000 

. 33,385 
7,958 
6,203 

. 40,079 
6,181 

UTAH 

Brigham 5,282 

Eureka 3,608 

Lehigh 3 078 

Logan . '. 9,439 

Murray \. 4,584 

Ogden 32.804 

Park City 3,393 

Pavson 3,031 

Provo 10,303 



Richfield 
Salt Lake City 
Spanish Fork . 
Springville 
Tooele 



3,262 
118,110 
4.036 
3,010 
3,602 



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